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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2012 June 23
Explanation: As seen from Frösön island in northern Sweden the Sun did set a day after the summer solstice. From that location below the arctic circle it settled slowly behind the northern horizon. During the sunset's final minute, this remarkable sequence of 7 images follows the distorted edge of the solar disk as it just disappears against a distant tree line, capturing both a green and blue flash. Not a myth even in a land of runes, the colorful but elusive glints are caused by atmospheric refraction enhanced by long, low, sight lines and strong atmospheric temperature gradients.
Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.
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cosmos day image photograph universe explanation astronomer island day summer solstice location circle horizon sunset minute sequence images edge disk tree line flash myth land runes glints refraction sight lines temperature gradients Authors editors rights service
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discover the cosmo! each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe be feature, along with a brief explanation write by a professional astronomer.
2012 June 23
Explanation: as see from Frösön island in northern Sweden the Sun do set a day after the summer solstice. from that location below the arctic circle it settle slowly behind the northern horizon. during the sunset's final minute, this remarkable sequence of 7 image follow the distorted edge of the solar disk as it just disappear against a distant tree line, capture both a green and blue flash. not a myth even in a land of rune, the colorful but elusive glint be cause by atmospheric refraction enhance by long, low, sight line and strong atmospheric temperature gradient.
author & editor:
Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific right apply.
a service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.
|
VERB DET cosmos PUNCT DET day DET ADJ image CCONJ photograph ADP PRON ADJ universe AUX VERB PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ explanation VERB ADP DET ADJ astronomer PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN NUM SPACE Explanation PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PROPN island ADP ADJ PROPN DET PROPN AUX VERB DET day ADP DET summer solstice PUNCT ADP DET location ADP DET ADJ circle PRON VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ horizon PUNCT ADP DET sunset PART ADJ minute PUNCT DET ADJ sequence ADP NUM images VERB DET ADJ edge ADP DET ADJ disk ADP PRON ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ tree line PUNCT VERB CCONJ DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ flash PUNCT PART DET myth ADV ADP DET land ADP runes PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ glints AUX VERB ADP ADJ refraction VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sight lines CCONJ ADJ ADJ temperature gradients PUNCT SPACE Authors CCONJ editors PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN Official PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADJ rights VERB PUNCT SPACE DET service ADP PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN SYM PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN
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VERB DET cosmos PUNCT DET day DET ADJ image CCONJ photograph ADP PRON ADJ universe AUX VERB PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ explanation VERB ADP DET ADJ astronomer PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN NUM SPACE Explanation PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PROPN island ADP ADJ PROPN DET PROPN AUX VERB DET day ADP DET summer solstice PUNCT ADP DET location ADP DET ADJ circle PRON VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ horizon PUNCT ADP DET sunset PART ADJ minute PUNCT DET ADJ sequence ADP NUM images VERB DET ADJ edge ADP DET ADJ disk ADP PRON ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ tree line PUNCT VERB CCONJ DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ flash PUNCT PART DET myth ADV ADP DET land ADP runes PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ glints AUX VERB ADP ADJ refraction VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sight lines CCONJ ADJ ADJ temperature gradients PUNCT SPACE Authors CCONJ editors PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN Official PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADJ rights VERB PUNCT SPACE DET service ADP PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN SYM PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN
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VERB DET cosmos PUNCT DET day DET ADJ image CCONJ photograph ADP PRON ADJ universe AUX VERB PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ explanation VERB ADP DET ADJ astronomer PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN NUM SPACE Explanation PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PROPN island ADP ADJ PROPN DET PROPN AUX VERB DET day ADP DET summer solstice PUNCT ADP DET location ADP DET ADJ circle PRON VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ horizon PUNCT ADP DET sunset PART ADJ minute PUNCT DET ADJ sequence ADP NUM images VERB DET ADJ edge ADP DET ADJ disk ADP PRON ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ tree line PUNCT VERB CCONJ DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ flash PUNCT PART DET myth ADV ADP DET land ADP runes PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ glints AUX VERB ADP ADJ refraction VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sight lines CCONJ ADJ ADJ temperature gradients PUNCT SPACE Authors CCONJ editors PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN Official PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADJ rights VERB PUNCT SPACE DET service ADP PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN SYM PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN
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ASL Literature and Art
This section is a collection of ASL storytelling, poetry, works of art, and other creative works. It also consists of posts on literary aspects of ASL.
Speech language can convey sound effects in storytelling, whereas sign language can convey cinematic effects in storytelling.
Poetry in sign language has its own poetic features such as rhymes, rhythms, meters, and other features that charactierize poetry which is not limited to speech.
Explore ASL literary arts in this section including some visual-linguistic literary works in ASL and discussion.
Selected works of interest
Deconstruct W.O.R.D.: an original poetry performance.
Knowing Fish: poetic narrative video.
Compare three versions of the poem "Spring Dawn" originally written by Meng Hao-jan. The poem is translated by the literary artist Jolanta Lapiak into ASL in video and unique one-of-a-kind photograph print. Watch how ASL rhymes arise in this signed poem.
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section collection storytelling poetry works art works posts aspects language effects storytelling sign language effects sign language features rhymes rhythms meters features poetry speech arts section works discussion works interest poetry performance narrative video versions poem poem artist video kind photograph print poem
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ASL Literature and Art
this section be a collection of ASL storytelling, poetry, work of art, and other creative work. it also consist of post on literary aspect of ASL.
Speech language can convey sound effect in storytelling, whereas sign language can convey cinematic effect in storytelle.
Poetry in sign language have its own poetic feature such as rhyme, rhythm, meter, and other feature that charactierize poetry which be not limit to speech.
Explore ASL literary art in this section include some visual-linguistic literary work in ASL and discussion.
select work of interest
Deconstruct W.O.R.D.: an original poetry performance.
know Fish: poetic narrative video.
compare three version of the poem "Spring Dawn" originally write by Meng Hao-jan. the poem be translate by the literary artist Jolanta Lapiak into ASL in video and unique one-of-a-kind photograph print. watch how ASL rhyme arise in this sign poem.
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PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN SPACE DET section AUX DET collection ADP PROPN storytelling PUNCT poetry PUNCT works ADP art PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ works PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADP posts ADP ADJ aspects ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Speech language AUX VERB ADJ effects ADP storytelling PUNCT SCONJ sign language AUX VERB ADJ effects ADP storytelling PUNCT SPACE Poetry ADP sign language AUX PRON ADJ ADJ features ADJ ADP rhymes PUNCT rhythms PUNCT meters PUNCT CCONJ ADJ features PRON VERB poetry DET AUX PART VERB ADP speech PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN ADJ arts ADP DET section VERB DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADJ works ADP PROPN CCONJ discussion PUNCT SPACE VERB works ADP interest SPACE VERB PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ poetry performance PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PUNCT ADJ narrative video PUNCT SPACE VERB NUM versions ADP DET poem PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET poem AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ artist PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP video CCONJ ADJ NUM PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT kind photograph print PUNCT VERB SCONJ PROPN rhymes VERB ADP DET VERB poem PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN SPACE DET section AUX DET collection ADP PROPN storytelling PUNCT poetry PUNCT works ADP art PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ works PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADP posts ADP ADJ aspects ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Speech language AUX VERB ADJ effects ADP storytelling PUNCT SCONJ sign language AUX VERB ADJ effects ADP storytelling PUNCT SPACE Poetry ADP sign language AUX PRON ADJ ADJ features ADJ ADP rhymes PUNCT rhythms PUNCT meters PUNCT CCONJ ADJ features PRON VERB poetry DET AUX PART VERB ADP speech PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN ADJ arts ADP DET section VERB DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADJ works ADP PROPN CCONJ discussion PUNCT SPACE VERB works ADP interest SPACE VERB PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ poetry performance PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PUNCT ADJ narrative video PUNCT SPACE VERB NUM versions ADP DET poem PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET poem AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ artist PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP video CCONJ ADJ NUM PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT kind photograph print PUNCT VERB SCONJ PROPN rhymes VERB ADP DET VERB poem PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN SPACE DET section AUX DET collection ADP PROPN storytelling PUNCT poetry PUNCT works ADP art PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ works PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADP posts ADP ADJ aspects ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Speech language AUX VERB ADJ effects ADP storytelling PUNCT SCONJ sign language AUX VERB ADJ effects ADP storytelling PUNCT SPACE Poetry ADP sign language AUX PRON ADJ ADJ features ADJ ADP rhymes PUNCT rhythms PUNCT meters PUNCT CCONJ ADJ features PRON VERB poetry DET AUX PART VERB ADP speech PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN ADJ arts ADP DET section VERB DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADJ works ADP PROPN CCONJ discussion PUNCT SPACE VERB works ADP interest SPACE VERB PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ poetry performance PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PUNCT ADJ narrative video PUNCT SPACE VERB NUM versions ADP DET poem PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET poem AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ artist PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP video CCONJ ADJ NUM PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT kind photograph print PUNCT VERB SCONJ PROPN rhymes VERB ADP DET VERB poem PUNCT
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May 19, 2008 A vaccine created by University of Rochester Medical Center scientists prevents the development of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in mice without causing inflammation or significant side effects.
Vaccinated mice generated an immune response to the protein known as amyloid-beta peptide, which accumulates in what are called "amyloid plaques" in brains of people with Alzheimer's. The vaccinated mice demonstrated normal learning skills and functioning memory in spite of being genetically designed to develop an aggressive form of the disease.
The Rochester scientists reported the findings in an article in the May issue of Molecular Therapy, the journal of The American Society of Gene Therapy.
"Our study demonstrates that we can create a potent but safe version of a vaccine that utilizes the strategy of immune response shaping to prevent Alzheimer's-related pathologies and memory deficits," said William Bowers, associate professor of neurology and of microbiology and immunology at the Medical Center and lead author of the article. "The vaccinated mice not only performed better, we found no evidence of signature amyloid plaque in their brains."
Alzheimer's is a progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with dementia and a decline in performance of normal activities. Hallmarks of the disease include the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brains of patients and the loss of normal functioning tau, a protein that stabilizes the transport networks in neurons. Abnormal tau function eventually leads to another classic hallmark of Alzheimer's, neurofibrillary tangle in nerve cells. After several decades of exposure to these insults, neurons ultimately succumb and die, leading to progressively damaged learning and memory centers in the brain.
The mice that received the vaccines were genetically engineered to express large amounts of amyloid beta protein. They also harbored a mutation that causes the tau-related tangle pathology. Prior to the start of the vaccine study, the mice were trained to navigate a maze using spatial clues. They were then tested periodically during the 10-month study on the amount of time and distance traveled to an escape pod and the number of errors made along the way.
"What we found exciting was that by targeting one pathology of Alzheimer's -- amyloid beta -- we were able to also prevent the transition of tau from its normal form to a form found in the disease state," Bowers said.
The goal of the vaccine is to prompt the immune system to recognize amyloid beta protein and remove it. To create the vaccine, Bowers and the research group use a herpes virus that is stripped of the viral genes that can cause disease or harm. They then load the virus container with the genetic code for amyloid beta and interleukin-4, a protein that stimulates immune responses involving type 2 T helper cells, which are lymphocytes that play an important role in the immune system.
The research group tested several versions of a vaccine. Mice were given three injections of empty virus alone, a vaccine carrying only the amyloid beta genetic code, or a vaccine encoding both amyloid beta and interlueikin-4, which was found to be the most effective.
"We have learned a great deal from this ongoing project," Bowers said. "Importantly, it has demonstrated the combined strengths of the gene delivery platform and the immune shaping concept for the creation of customized vaccines for Alzheimer's disease, as well as a number of other diseases. We are currently working on strategies we believe can make the vaccine even safer."
Bowers expects the vaccine eventually to be tested in people, but due to the number of studies required to satisfy regulatory requirements, it could be three or more years before human trials testing this type of Alzheimer's vaccine occur.
Grants from the National Institutes of Health supported the study. In addition to Bowers, authors of the Molecular Therapy article include Maria E. Frazer, Jennifer E. Hughes, Michael A. Mastrangelo and Jennifer Tibbens of the Medical Center and Howard J. Federoff of Georgetown University Medical Center.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
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vaccine scientists development disease pathology mice inflammation side effects mice response protein amyloid beta peptide amyloid plaques brains people mice learning skills memory spite form disease scientists findings article issue journal study version vaccine strategy response pathologies memory deficits professor microbiology immunology author article mice evidence signature amyloid plaque brains disease dementia decline performance activities Hallmarks disease accumulation amyloid plaques brains patients loss protein transport networks neurons tau function hallmark tangle nerve cells decades exposure insults neurons learning memory centers brain mice vaccines amounts amyloid beta protein mutation tangle pathology start vaccine study mice maze clues month study amount time distance escape pod number errors way pathology amyloid beta transition form form disease state Bowers goal vaccine system amyloid beta protein vaccine research group herpes virus genes disease harm virus container code amyloid beta protein responses type T helper cells lymphocytes role system research group versions vaccine Mice injections virus vaccine amyloid beta code vaccine amyloid beta deal project Bowers strengths gene delivery platform shaping concept creation vaccines disease number diseases strategies vaccine Bowers vaccine people number studies requirements years trials type vaccine Grants study addition Bowers authors article bookmarking sharing tools Note Materials content length information source Note author source
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May 19, 2008 a vaccine create by University of Rochester Medical Center scientist prevent the development of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in mouse without cause inflammation or significant side effect.
vaccinate mouse generate an immune response to the protein know as amyloid-beta peptide, which accumulate in what be call "amyloid plaque" in brain of people with Alzheimer's. the vaccinated mouse demonstrate normal learning skill and function memory in spite of be genetically design to develop an aggressive form of the disease.
the Rochester scientist report the finding in an article in the May issue of Molecular Therapy, the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy.
"our study demonstrate that we can create a potent but safe version of a vaccine that utilize the strategy of immune response shape to prevent Alzheimer's-relate pathology and memory deficit," say William Bowers, associate professor of neurology and of microbiology and immunology at the Medical Center and lead author of the article. "the vaccinated mouse not only perform well, we find no evidence of signature amyloid plaque in their brain."
Alzheimer's be a progressive neurodegenerative disease associate with dementia and a decline in performance of normal activity. hallmark of the disease include the accumulation of amyloid plaque in the brain of patient and the loss of normal function tau, a protein that stabilize the transport network in neuron. abnormal tau function eventually lead to another classic hallmark of Alzheimer's, neurofibrillary tangle in nerve cell. after several decade of exposure to these insult, neuron ultimately succumb and die, lead to progressively damage learning and memory center in the brain.
the mouse that receive the vaccine be genetically engineer to express large amount of amyloid beta protein. they also harbor a mutation that cause the tau-relate tangle pathology. prior to the start of the vaccine study, the mouse be train to navigate a maze use spatial clue. they be then test periodically during the 10-month study on the amount of time and distance travel to an escape pod and the number of error make along the way.
"what we find exciting be that by target one pathology of Alzheimer's -- amyloid beta -- we be able to also prevent the transition of tau from its normal form to a form find in the disease state," bower say.
the goal of the vaccine be to prompt the immune system to recognize amyloid beta protein and remove it. to create the vaccine, Bowers and the research group use a herpe virus that be strip of the viral gene that can cause disease or harm. they then load the virus container with the genetic code for amyloid beta and interleukin-4, a protein that stimulate immune response involve type 2 t helper cell, which be lymphocyte that play an important role in the immune system.
the research group test several version of a vaccine. mouse be give three injection of empty virus alone, a vaccine carry only the amyloid beta genetic code, or a vaccine encode both amyloid beta and interlueikin-4, which be find to be the most effective.
"we have learn a great deal from this ongoing project," bower say. "importantly, it have demonstrate the combined strength of the gene delivery platform and the immune shaping concept for the creation of customize vaccine for Alzheimer's disease, as well as a number of other disease. we be currently work on strategy we believe can make the vaccine even safe."
bower expect the vaccine eventually to be test in people, but due to the number of study require to satisfy regulatory requirement, it could be three or more year before human trial test this type of Alzheimer's vaccine occur.
grant from the National Institutes of Health support the study. in addition to bower, author of the Molecular Therapy article include Maria E. Frazer, Jennifer E. Hughes, Michael A. Mastrangelo and Jennifer Tibbens of the Medical Center and Howard J. Federoff of Georgetown University Medical Center.
other social bookmarking and sharing tool:
note: material may be edit for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cite above.
note: if no author be give, the source be cite instead.
|
PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM DET vaccine VERB ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN scientists VERB DET development ADP PROPN PART disease PUNCT ADJ pathology ADP mice ADP VERB inflammation CCONJ ADJ ADJ effects PUNCT SPACE VERB mice VERB DET ADJ response ADP DET protein VERB ADP amyloid PUNCT beta peptide PUNCT DET VERB ADP PRON AUX VERB PUNCT amyloid plaques PUNCT ADP brains ADP people ADP PROPN PART PUNCT DET VERB mice VERB ADJ learning skills CCONJ VERB memory ADP spite ADP AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET ADJ form ADP DET disease PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN scientists VERB DET findings ADP DET article ADP DET PROPN issue ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET journal ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON study VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ version ADP DET vaccine PRON VERB DET strategy ADP ADJ response shaping PART VERB PROPN PUNCT VERB pathologies CCONJ memory deficits PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ professor ADP neurology CCONJ ADP microbiology CCONJ immunology ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ author ADP DET article PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB mice PART ADV VERB ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET evidence ADP signature amyloid plaque ADP PRON brains PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART AUX DET ADJ ADJ disease VERB ADP dementia CCONJ DET decline ADP performance ADP ADJ activities PUNCT Hallmarks ADP DET disease VERB DET accumulation ADP amyloid plaques ADP DET brains ADP patients CCONJ DET loss ADP ADJ VERB tau PUNCT DET protein PRON VERB DET transport networks ADP neurons PUNCT ADJ tau function ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ hallmark ADP PROPN PART PUNCT ADJ tangle ADP nerve cells PUNCT ADP ADJ decades ADP exposure ADP DET insults PUNCT neurons ADV VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT VERB ADP ADV VERB learning CCONJ memory centers ADP DET brain PUNCT SPACE DET mice PRON VERB DET vaccines AUX ADV VERB PART VERB ADJ amounts ADP amyloid beta protein PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET mutation PRON VERB DET tau PUNCT VERB tangle pathology PUNCT ADV ADP DET start ADP DET vaccine study PUNCT DET mice AUX VERB PART VERB DET maze VERB ADJ clues PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP DET NUM PUNCT month study ADP DET amount ADP time CCONJ distance VERB ADP DET escape pod CCONJ DET number ADP errors VERB ADP DET way PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON PRON VERB ADJ AUX SCONJ ADP VERB NUM pathology ADP PROPN PART PUNCT amyloid beta PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART ADV VERB DET transition ADP tau ADP PRON ADJ form ADP DET form VERB ADP DET disease state PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE DET goal ADP DET vaccine AUX PART VERB DET ADJ system PART VERB amyloid beta protein CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT PART VERB DET vaccine PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET research group VERB DET herpes virus PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ genes PRON AUX VERB disease CCONJ harm PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET virus container ADP DET ADJ code ADP amyloid beta CCONJ interleukin-4 PUNCT DET protein PRON VERB ADJ responses VERB type NUM PROPN helper cells PUNCT DET AUX lymphocytes PRON VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ADJ system PUNCT SPACE DET research group VERB ADJ versions ADP DET vaccine PUNCT Mice AUX VERB NUM injections ADP ADJ virus ADV PUNCT DET vaccine VERB ADV DET amyloid beta ADJ code PUNCT CCONJ DET vaccine VERB DET amyloid beta CCONJ interlueikin-4 PUNCT DET AUX VERB PART AUX DET ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ deal ADP DET ADJ project PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET VERB strengths ADP DET gene delivery platform CCONJ DET ADJ shaping concept ADP DET creation ADP VERB vaccines ADP PROPN PART disease PUNCT ADV ADV ADP DET number ADP ADJ diseases PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP strategies PRON VERB AUX VERB DET vaccine ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB DET vaccine ADV PART AUX VERB ADP people PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADP DET number ADP studies VERB PART VERB ADJ requirements PUNCT PRON AUX AUX NUM CCONJ ADJ years ADP ADJ trials VERB DET type ADP PROPN PART vaccine VERB PUNCT SPACE Grants ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN VERB DET study PUNCT ADP addition ADP PROPN PUNCT authors ADP DET PROPN PROPN article VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ bookmarking CCONJ sharing tools PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT Materials AUX AUX VERB ADP content CCONJ length PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT INTJ VERB DET source VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET author AUX VERB PUNCT DET source AUX VERB ADV PUNCT
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PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM DET vaccine VERB ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN scientists VERB DET development ADP PROPN PART disease PUNCT ADJ pathology ADP mice ADP VERB inflammation CCONJ ADJ ADJ effects PUNCT SPACE VERB mice VERB DET ADJ response ADP DET protein VERB ADP amyloid PUNCT beta peptide PUNCT DET VERB ADP PRON AUX VERB PUNCT amyloid plaques PUNCT ADP brains ADP people ADP PROPN PART PUNCT DET VERB mice VERB ADJ learning skills CCONJ VERB memory ADP spite ADP AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET ADJ form ADP DET disease PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN scientists VERB DET findings ADP DET article ADP DET PROPN issue ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET journal ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON study VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ version ADP DET vaccine PRON VERB DET strategy ADP ADJ response shaping PART VERB PROPN PUNCT VERB pathologies CCONJ memory deficits PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ professor ADP neurology CCONJ ADP microbiology CCONJ immunology ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ author ADP DET article PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB mice PART ADV VERB ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET evidence ADP signature amyloid plaque ADP PRON brains PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART AUX DET ADJ ADJ disease VERB ADP dementia CCONJ DET decline ADP performance ADP ADJ activities PUNCT Hallmarks ADP DET disease VERB DET accumulation ADP amyloid plaques ADP DET brains ADP patients CCONJ DET loss ADP ADJ VERB tau PUNCT DET protein PRON VERB DET transport networks ADP neurons PUNCT ADJ tau function ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ hallmark ADP PROPN PART PUNCT ADJ tangle ADP nerve cells PUNCT ADP ADJ decades ADP exposure ADP DET insults PUNCT neurons ADV VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT VERB ADP ADV VERB learning CCONJ memory centers ADP DET brain PUNCT SPACE DET mice PRON VERB DET vaccines AUX ADV VERB PART VERB ADJ amounts ADP amyloid beta protein PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET mutation PRON VERB DET tau PUNCT VERB tangle pathology PUNCT ADV ADP DET start ADP DET vaccine study PUNCT DET mice AUX VERB PART VERB DET maze VERB ADJ clues PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP DET NUM PUNCT month study ADP DET amount ADP time CCONJ distance VERB ADP DET escape pod CCONJ DET number ADP errors VERB ADP DET way PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON PRON VERB ADJ AUX SCONJ ADP VERB NUM pathology ADP PROPN PART PUNCT amyloid beta PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART ADV VERB DET transition ADP tau ADP PRON ADJ form ADP DET form VERB ADP DET disease state PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE DET goal ADP DET vaccine AUX PART VERB DET ADJ system PART VERB amyloid beta protein CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT PART VERB DET vaccine PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET research group VERB DET herpes virus PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ genes PRON AUX VERB disease CCONJ harm PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET virus container ADP DET ADJ code ADP amyloid beta CCONJ interleukin-4 PUNCT DET protein PRON VERB ADJ responses VERB type NUM PROPN helper cells PUNCT DET AUX lymphocytes PRON VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ADJ system PUNCT SPACE DET research group VERB ADJ versions ADP DET vaccine PUNCT Mice AUX VERB NUM injections ADP ADJ virus ADV PUNCT DET vaccine VERB ADV DET amyloid beta ADJ code PUNCT CCONJ DET vaccine VERB DET amyloid beta CCONJ interlueikin-4 PUNCT DET AUX VERB PART AUX DET ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ deal ADP DET ADJ project PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET VERB strengths ADP DET gene delivery platform CCONJ DET ADJ shaping concept ADP DET creation ADP VERB vaccines ADP PROPN PART disease PUNCT ADV ADV ADP DET number ADP ADJ diseases PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP strategies PRON VERB AUX VERB DET vaccine ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB DET vaccine ADV PART AUX VERB ADP people PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADP DET number ADP studies VERB PART VERB ADJ requirements PUNCT PRON AUX AUX NUM CCONJ ADJ years ADP ADJ trials VERB DET type ADP PROPN PART vaccine VERB PUNCT SPACE Grants ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN VERB DET study PUNCT ADP addition ADP PROPN PUNCT authors ADP DET PROPN PROPN article VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ bookmarking CCONJ sharing tools PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT Materials AUX AUX VERB ADP content CCONJ length PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT INTJ VERB DET source VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET author AUX VERB PUNCT DET source AUX VERB ADV PUNCT
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PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM DET vaccine VERB ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN scientists VERB DET development ADP PROPN PART disease PUNCT ADJ pathology ADP mice ADP VERB inflammation CCONJ ADJ ADJ effects PUNCT SPACE VERB mice VERB DET ADJ response ADP DET protein VERB ADP amyloid PUNCT beta peptide PUNCT DET VERB ADP PRON AUX VERB PUNCT amyloid plaques PUNCT ADP brains ADP people ADP PROPN PART PUNCT DET VERB mice VERB ADJ learning skills CCONJ VERB memory ADP spite ADP AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET ADJ form ADP DET disease PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN scientists VERB DET findings ADP DET article ADP DET PROPN issue ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET journal ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON study VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ version ADP DET vaccine PRON VERB DET strategy ADP ADJ response shaping PART VERB PROPN PUNCT VERB pathologies CCONJ memory deficits PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ professor ADP neurology CCONJ ADP microbiology CCONJ immunology ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ author ADP DET article PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB mice PART ADV VERB ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET evidence ADP signature amyloid plaque ADP PRON brains PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART AUX DET ADJ ADJ disease VERB ADP dementia CCONJ DET decline ADP performance ADP ADJ activities PUNCT Hallmarks ADP DET disease VERB DET accumulation ADP amyloid plaques ADP DET brains ADP patients CCONJ DET loss ADP ADJ VERB tau PUNCT DET protein PRON VERB DET transport networks ADP neurons PUNCT ADJ tau function ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ hallmark ADP PROPN PART PUNCT ADJ tangle ADP nerve cells PUNCT ADP ADJ decades ADP exposure ADP DET insults PUNCT neurons ADV VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT VERB ADP ADV VERB learning CCONJ memory centers ADP DET brain PUNCT SPACE DET mice PRON VERB DET vaccines AUX ADV VERB PART VERB ADJ amounts ADP amyloid beta protein PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET mutation PRON VERB DET tau PUNCT VERB tangle pathology PUNCT ADV ADP DET start ADP DET vaccine study PUNCT DET mice AUX VERB PART VERB DET maze VERB ADJ clues PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP DET NUM PUNCT month study ADP DET amount ADP time CCONJ distance VERB ADP DET escape pod CCONJ DET number ADP errors VERB ADP DET way PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON PRON VERB ADJ AUX SCONJ ADP VERB NUM pathology ADP PROPN PART PUNCT amyloid beta PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART ADV VERB DET transition ADP tau ADP PRON ADJ form ADP DET form VERB ADP DET disease state PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE DET goal ADP DET vaccine AUX PART VERB DET ADJ system PART VERB amyloid beta protein CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT PART VERB DET vaccine PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET research group VERB DET herpes virus PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ genes PRON AUX VERB disease CCONJ harm PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET virus container ADP DET ADJ code ADP amyloid beta CCONJ interleukin-4 PUNCT DET protein PRON VERB ADJ responses VERB type NUM PROPN helper cells PUNCT DET AUX lymphocytes PRON VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ADJ system PUNCT SPACE DET research group VERB ADJ versions ADP DET vaccine PUNCT Mice AUX VERB NUM injections ADP ADJ virus ADV PUNCT DET vaccine VERB ADV DET amyloid beta ADJ code PUNCT CCONJ DET vaccine VERB DET amyloid beta CCONJ interlueikin-4 PUNCT DET AUX VERB PART AUX DET ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ deal ADP DET ADJ project PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET VERB strengths ADP DET gene delivery platform CCONJ DET ADJ shaping concept ADP DET creation ADP VERB vaccines ADP PROPN PART disease PUNCT ADV ADV ADP DET number ADP ADJ diseases PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP strategies PRON VERB AUX VERB DET vaccine ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB DET vaccine ADV PART AUX VERB ADP people PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADP DET number ADP studies VERB PART VERB ADJ requirements PUNCT PRON AUX AUX NUM CCONJ ADJ years ADP ADJ trials VERB DET type ADP PROPN PART vaccine VERB PUNCT SPACE Grants ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN VERB DET study PUNCT ADP addition ADP PROPN PUNCT authors ADP DET PROPN PROPN article VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ bookmarking CCONJ sharing tools PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT Materials AUX AUX VERB ADP content CCONJ length PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT INTJ VERB DET source VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET author AUX VERB PUNCT DET source AUX VERB ADV PUNCT
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Nephila jurassica: The biggest spider fossil ever found
Spiders are small arthropods, famous for their elasticity, strength and web-making abilities. For some people, spiders are not welcome in the home; as soon as they see one crawling on the ceiling, the first thought that comes to mind is to swat it at once.
But spiders predate us humans by a long way. And while sometimes spiders are tiny creatures, a team of scientists has discovered the largest spider fossil ever in a layer of volcanic ash in Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China. The research was carried out by Paleontologist Professor Paul Selden, of the University of Kansas, with his team.
Named Nephila jurassica, this 165-million-year-old fossil is 2.5 cm in length and has a leg span of almost 9 cm. It is currently the largest known fossilized spider, and is from the family known as Nephilidae, the largest web-weaving spiders alive today.
According to research published online in the 20th April, 2011 issue of Biology Letters, this prehistoric spider was female and shows characteristics of the golden orb weaver. Widespread in warmer regions, the golden silk orb weavers are well-known for the fabulous webs they weave. Females of this family weave the largest orb webs known.
"When I first saw it, I immediately realized that it was very unique not only because of its size, but also because the preservation was excellent," said ChungKun Shih, study co-author, and a visiting professor at Capital Normal University in Beijing, China.
According to a press release: “This fossil finding provides evidence that golden orb-webs were being woven and capturing medium to large insects in Jurassic times, and predation by these spiders would have played an important role in the natural selection of contemporaneous insects.”
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spider fossil Spiders arthropods elasticity strength web abilities people spiders home ceiling thought mind spiders humans way spiders creatures team scientists spider fossil layer ash research team year fossil cm length leg span cm spider family web weaving spiders today research issue spider characteristics orb weaver regions silk orb weavers webs Females family orb webs size preservation study co - author professor press release fossil finding evidence orb webs medium insects times predation spiders role selection insects
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Nephila jurassica: the big spider fossil ever find
spider be small arthropod, famous for their elasticity, strength and web-make ability. for some people, spider be not welcome in the home; as soon as they see one crawl on the ceiling, the first thought that come to mind be to swat it at once.
but spider predate we human by a long way. and while sometimes spider be tiny creature, a team of scientist have discover the large spider fossil ever in a layer of volcanic ash in Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China. the research be carry out by Paleontologist Professor Paul Selden, of the University of Kansas, with his team.
name Nephila jurassica, this 165-million-year-old fossil be 2.5 cm in length and have a leg span of almost 9 cm. it be currently the large know fossilized spider, and be from the family know as Nephilidae, the large web-weaving spider alive today.
accord to research publish online in the 20th April, 2011 issue of Biology Letters, this prehistoric spider be female and show characteristic of the golden orb weaver. widespread in warm region, the golden silk orb weaver be well-know for the fabulous webs they weave. female of this family weave the large orb webs know.
"when I first see it, I immediately realize that it be very unique not only because of its size, but also because the preservation be excellent," say ChungKun Shih, study co-author, and a visit professor at Capital Normal University in Beijing, China.
accord to a press release: "this fossil finding provide evidence that golden orb-webs be be weave and capture medium to large insect in Jurassic time, and predation by these spider would have play an important role in the natural selection of contemporaneous insect."
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PROPN X PUNCT DET ADJ spider fossil ADV VERB SPACE Spiders AUX ADJ arthropods PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON elasticity PUNCT strength CCONJ web PUNCT VERB abilities PUNCT ADP DET people PUNCT spiders AUX PART ADJ ADP DET home PUNCT ADV ADV ADP PRON VERB NUM VERB ADP DET ceiling PUNCT DET ADJ thought PRON VERB ADP mind AUX PART VERB PRON ADP ADV PUNCT SPACE CCONJ spiders VERB PRON humans ADP DET ADJ way PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADV spiders AUX ADJ creatures PUNCT DET team ADP scientists AUX VERB DET ADJ spider fossil ADV ADP DET layer ADP ADJ ash ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET research AUX VERB ADP ADP Paleontologist PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON team PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT year PUNCT ADJ fossil AUX NUM cm ADP length CCONJ AUX DET leg span ADP ADV NUM cm PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ VERB ADJ spider PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADP DET family VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ web PUNCT VERB spiders ADJ today PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP research VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT NUM issue ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ spider AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB characteristics ADP DET ADJ orb weaver PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ regions PUNCT DET ADJ silk orb weavers AUX ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ webs PRON VERB PUNCT Females ADP DET family VERB DET ADJ orb webs VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ PRON ADV VERB PRON PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART ADV SCONJ ADP PRON size PUNCT CCONJ ADV SCONJ DET preservation AUX ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT study co - author PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB professor ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET press release PUNCT PUNCT DET fossil finding VERB evidence SCONJ ADJ orb PUNCT webs AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB medium PART ADJ insects ADP PROPN times PUNCT CCONJ predation ADP DET spiders AUX AUX VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ADJ selection ADP ADJ insects PUNCT PUNCT
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PROPN X PUNCT DET ADJ spider fossil ADV VERB SPACE Spiders AUX ADJ arthropods PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON elasticity PUNCT strength CCONJ web PUNCT VERB abilities PUNCT ADP DET people PUNCT spiders AUX PART ADJ ADP DET home PUNCT ADV ADV ADP PRON VERB NUM VERB ADP DET ceiling PUNCT DET ADJ thought PRON VERB ADP mind AUX PART VERB PRON ADP ADV PUNCT SPACE CCONJ spiders VERB PRON humans ADP DET ADJ way PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADV spiders AUX ADJ creatures PUNCT DET team ADP scientists AUX VERB DET ADJ spider fossil ADV ADP DET layer ADP ADJ ash ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET research AUX VERB ADP ADP Paleontologist PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON team PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT year PUNCT ADJ fossil AUX NUM cm ADP length CCONJ AUX DET leg span ADP ADV NUM cm PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ VERB ADJ spider PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADP DET family VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ web PUNCT VERB spiders ADJ today PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP research VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT NUM issue ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ spider AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB characteristics ADP DET ADJ orb weaver PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ regions PUNCT DET ADJ silk orb weavers AUX ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ webs PRON VERB PUNCT Females ADP DET family VERB DET ADJ orb webs VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ PRON ADV VERB PRON PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART ADV SCONJ ADP PRON size PUNCT CCONJ ADV SCONJ DET preservation AUX ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT study co - author PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB professor ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET press release PUNCT PUNCT DET fossil finding VERB evidence SCONJ ADJ orb PUNCT webs AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB medium PART ADJ insects ADP PROPN times PUNCT CCONJ predation ADP DET spiders AUX AUX VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ADJ selection ADP ADJ insects PUNCT PUNCT
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PROPN X PUNCT DET ADJ spider fossil ADV VERB SPACE Spiders AUX ADJ arthropods PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON elasticity PUNCT strength CCONJ web PUNCT VERB abilities PUNCT ADP DET people PUNCT spiders AUX PART ADJ ADP DET home PUNCT ADV ADV ADP PRON VERB NUM VERB ADP DET ceiling PUNCT DET ADJ thought PRON VERB ADP mind AUX PART VERB PRON ADP ADV PUNCT SPACE CCONJ spiders VERB PRON humans ADP DET ADJ way PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADV spiders AUX ADJ creatures PUNCT DET team ADP scientists AUX VERB DET ADJ spider fossil ADV ADP DET layer ADP ADJ ash ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET research AUX VERB ADP ADP Paleontologist PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON team PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT year PUNCT ADJ fossil AUX NUM cm ADP length CCONJ AUX DET leg span ADP ADV NUM cm PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ VERB ADJ spider PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADP DET family VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ web PUNCT VERB spiders ADJ today PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP research VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT NUM issue ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ spider AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB characteristics ADP DET ADJ orb weaver PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ regions PUNCT DET ADJ silk orb weavers AUX ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ webs PRON VERB PUNCT Females ADP DET family VERB DET ADJ orb webs VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ PRON ADV VERB PRON PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART ADV SCONJ ADP PRON size PUNCT CCONJ ADV SCONJ DET preservation AUX ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT study co - author PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB professor ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET press release PUNCT PUNCT DET fossil finding VERB evidence SCONJ ADJ orb PUNCT webs AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB medium PART ADJ insects ADP PROPN times PUNCT CCONJ predation ADP DET spiders AUX AUX VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ADJ selection ADP ADJ insects PUNCT PUNCT
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A fossilised little finger discovered in a cave in the mountains of southern Siberia belonged to a young girl from an unknown group of archaic humans, scientists say.
The missing human relatives are thought to have inhabited much of Asia as recently as 30,000 years ago, and so shared the land with early modern humans and Neanderthals.
The finding paints a complex picture of human history in which our early ancestors left Africa 70,000 years ago to rub shoulders with other distant relatives in addition to the stocky, barrel-chested Neanderthals.
The new ancestors have been named “Denisovans” after the Denisova cave in the Altai mountains of southern Siberia where the finger bone was unearthed in 2008.
A “Denis” is thus a member of an archaic human subspecies.
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finger cave mountains girl group humans scientists relatives years land humans Neanderthals finding picture history ancestors years shoulders relatives addition barrel Neanderthals ancestors Denisovans cave mountains finger bone member subspecies
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a fossilised little finger discover in a cave in the mountain of southern Siberia belong to a young girl from an unknown group of archaic human, scientist say.
the missing human relative be think to have inhabit much of Asia as recently as 30,000 year ago, and so share the land with early modern human and neanderthal.
the finding paint a complex picture of human history in which our early ancestor leave Africa 70,000 year ago to rub shoulder with other distant relative in addition to the stocky, barrel-cheste neanderthal.
the new ancestor have be name "denisovan" after the Denisova cave in the Altai mountain of southern Siberia where the finger bone be unearth in 2008.
a "Denis" be thus a member of an archaic human subspecie.
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DET ADJ ADJ finger VERB ADP DET cave ADP DET mountains ADP ADJ PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ girl ADP DET ADJ group ADP ADJ humans PUNCT scientists VERB PUNCT SPACE DET VERB ADJ relatives AUX VERB PART AUX VERB ADJ ADP PROPN ADV ADV ADP NUM years ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET land ADP ADJ ADJ humans CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET finding VERB DET ADJ picture ADP ADJ history ADP DET PRON ADJ ancestors VERB PROPN NUM years ADV PART VERB shoulders ADP ADJ ADJ relatives ADP addition ADP DET ADJ PUNCT barrel PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ancestors AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN cave ADP DET PROPN mountains ADP ADJ PROPN SCONJ DET finger bone AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV DET member ADP DET ADJ ADJ subspecies PUNCT
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DET ADJ ADJ finger VERB ADP DET cave ADP DET mountains ADP ADJ PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ girl ADP DET ADJ group ADP ADJ humans PUNCT scientists VERB PUNCT SPACE DET VERB ADJ relatives AUX VERB PART AUX VERB ADJ ADP PROPN ADV ADV ADP NUM years ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET land ADP ADJ ADJ humans CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET finding VERB DET ADJ picture ADP ADJ history ADP DET PRON ADJ ancestors VERB PROPN NUM years ADV PART VERB shoulders ADP ADJ ADJ relatives ADP addition ADP DET ADJ PUNCT barrel PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ancestors AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN cave ADP DET PROPN mountains ADP ADJ PROPN SCONJ DET finger bone AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV DET member ADP DET ADJ ADJ subspecies PUNCT
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DET ADJ ADJ finger VERB ADP DET cave ADP DET mountains ADP ADJ PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ girl ADP DET ADJ group ADP ADJ humans PUNCT scientists VERB PUNCT SPACE DET VERB ADJ relatives AUX VERB PART AUX VERB ADJ ADP PROPN ADV ADV ADP NUM years ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET land ADP ADJ ADJ humans CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET finding VERB DET ADJ picture ADP ADJ history ADP DET PRON ADJ ancestors VERB PROPN NUM years ADV PART VERB shoulders ADP ADJ ADJ relatives ADP addition ADP DET ADJ PUNCT barrel PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ancestors AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN cave ADP DET PROPN mountains ADP ADJ PROPN SCONJ DET finger bone AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV DET member ADP DET ADJ ADJ subspecies PUNCT
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Tips to Facilitate Workshops Effectively
Facilitators play a very important role in the creation of a respectful, positive learning environment during a workshop. Here you will find some tips to facilitate workshops effectively.
- Make sure everybody has a chance to participate. For example, through small group activities or direct questions to different participants. Help the group to avoid long discussions between two people who may isolate the rest of the/other participants. Promote the importance of sharing the space and listening to different voices and opinions.
- Be prepared to make adjustments to the agenda – sometimes you have to cross out activities, but the most important thing is to achieve the general goals of the workshop.
- Make every possible thing to have all the logistics ready beforehand to then be able to focus on the workshop’s agenda.
- Pay attention to the group’s energy and motivation – Plan activities where everyone is able to participate and to stay active and engaged.
- Provide space for the participants to be able to share their own experiences and knowledge. Remember that each one of us has a lot to learn and a lot to teach.
- Relax and have fun! Be a part of the process – You are learning, too, so you don’t have to know it all nor do everything perfect.
- Be prepared for difficult questions. Get familiarized with the topic, know the content of the workshop but remember you don’t have to know all the answers! You can ask other participants what they know about the topic, or you can find out the answers later and share them with the participants after the workshop.
- Focus on giving general information – Avoid answering questions about specific cases. Usually, this can change the direction of the conversation and might be considered as providing legal advice without a license to do so.
- Your work as facilitator is to help the group learn together, not necessarily to present all the information and be the “expert” in the topic.
- Try to be as clear as possible – especially when you are giving the exercises’ instructions. Work as a team with the other facilitators during the whole workshop.
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Tips Facilitators role creation environment workshop tips workshops chance example group activities questions participants group discussions people rest participants importance space voices opinions adjustments agenda activities thing goals workshop thing logistics workshop agenda attention group energy motivation Plan activities space participants experiences knowledge lot lot fun part process questions topic content workshop answers participants topic answers participants workshop Focus information questions cases direction conversation advice license work facilitator group information expert topic exercises instructions team facilitators workshop
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tip to Facilitate Workshops effectively
facilitator play a very important role in the creation of a respectful, positive learn environment during a workshop. here you will find some tip to facilitate workshop effectively.
- make sure everybody have a chance to participate. for example, through small group activity or direct question to different participant. help the group to avoid long discussion between two people who may isolate the rest of the/other participant. promote the importance of share the space and listen to different voice and opinion.
- be prepared to make adjustment to the agenda – sometimes you have to cross out activity, but the most important thing be to achieve the general goal of the workshop.
- make every possible thing to have all the logistic ready beforehand to then be able to focus on the workshop’s agenda.
- pay attention to the group’s energy and motivation – plan activity where everyone be able to participate and to stay active and engage.
- provide space for the participant to be able to share their own experience and knowledge. remember that each one of we have a lot to learn and a lot to teach.
- relax and have fun! be a part of the process – you be learn, too, so you donot have to know it all nor do everything perfect.
- be prepared for difficult question. get familiarize with the topic, know the content of the workshop but remember you donot have to know all the answer! you can ask other participant what they know about the topic, or you can find out the answer later and share they with the participant after the workshop.
- focus on give general information – avoid answer question about specific case. usually, this can change the direction of the conversation and might be consider as provide legal advice without a license to do so.
- your work as facilitator be to help the group learn together, not necessarily to present all the information and be the "expert" in the topic.
- try to be as clear as possible – especially when you be give the exercise' instruction. work as a team with the other facilitator during the whole workshop.
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Tips PART VERB Workshops ADV SPACE Facilitators VERB DET ADV ADJ role ADP DET creation ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ learning environment ADP DET workshop PUNCT ADV PRON AUX VERB DET tips PART VERB workshops ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADJ PRON AUX DET chance PART VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP ADJ group activities CCONJ VERB questions ADP ADJ participants PUNCT VERB DET group PART VERB ADJ discussions ADP NUM people PRON AUX VERB DET rest ADP DET SYM ADJ participants PUNCT VERB DET importance ADP VERB DET space CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ voices CCONJ opinions PUNCT SPACE PUNCT AUX ADJ PART VERB adjustments ADP DET agenda PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART VERB ADP activities PUNCT CCONJ DET ADV ADJ thing AUX PART VERB DET ADJ goals ADP DET workshop PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET ADJ thing PART AUX DET DET logistics ADJ ADV PART ADV AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP DET workshop PART agenda PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB attention ADP DET group PART energy CCONJ motivation PUNCT VERB activities SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB CCONJ PART VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB space ADP DET participants PART AUX ADJ PART VERB PRON ADJ experiences CCONJ knowledge PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET NUM ADP PRON AUX DET lot PART VERB CCONJ DET lot PART VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB CCONJ AUX fun PUNCT AUX DET part ADP DET process PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB PRON DET CCONJ AUX PRON ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT AUX VERB ADP ADJ questions PUNCT VERB VERB ADP DET topic PUNCT VERB DET content ADP DET workshop CCONJ VERB PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB DET DET answers PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ participants PRON PRON VERB ADP DET topic PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET answers ADV CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET participants ADP DET workshop PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADP VERB ADJ information PUNCT VERB VERB questions ADP ADJ cases PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET AUX VERB DET direction ADP DET conversation CCONJ AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ advice ADP DET license PART AUX ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON work ADP facilitator AUX PART VERB DET group VERB ADV PUNCT PART ADV PART VERB DET DET information CCONJ AUX DET PUNCT expert PUNCT ADP DET topic PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB PART AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET exercises PART instructions PUNCT VERB ADP DET team ADP DET ADJ facilitators ADP DET ADJ workshop PUNCT
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Tips PART VERB Workshops ADV SPACE Facilitators VERB DET ADV ADJ role ADP DET creation ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ learning environment ADP DET workshop PUNCT ADV PRON AUX VERB DET tips PART VERB workshops ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADJ PRON AUX DET chance PART VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP ADJ group activities CCONJ VERB questions ADP ADJ participants PUNCT VERB DET group PART VERB ADJ discussions ADP NUM people PRON AUX VERB DET rest ADP DET SYM ADJ participants PUNCT VERB DET importance ADP VERB DET space CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ voices CCONJ opinions PUNCT SPACE PUNCT AUX ADJ PART VERB adjustments ADP DET agenda PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART VERB ADP activities PUNCT CCONJ DET ADV ADJ thing AUX PART VERB DET ADJ goals ADP DET workshop PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET ADJ thing PART AUX DET DET logistics ADJ ADV PART ADV AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP DET workshop PART agenda PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB attention ADP DET group PART energy CCONJ motivation PUNCT VERB activities SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB CCONJ PART VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB space ADP DET participants PART AUX ADJ PART VERB PRON ADJ experiences CCONJ knowledge PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET NUM ADP PRON AUX DET lot PART VERB CCONJ DET lot PART VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB CCONJ AUX fun PUNCT AUX DET part ADP DET process PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB PRON DET CCONJ AUX PRON ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT AUX VERB ADP ADJ questions PUNCT VERB VERB ADP DET topic PUNCT VERB DET content ADP DET workshop CCONJ VERB PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB DET DET answers PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ participants PRON PRON VERB ADP DET topic PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET answers ADV CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET participants ADP DET workshop PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADP VERB ADJ information PUNCT VERB VERB questions ADP ADJ cases PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET AUX VERB DET direction ADP DET conversation CCONJ AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ advice ADP DET license PART AUX ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON work ADP facilitator AUX PART VERB DET group VERB ADV PUNCT PART ADV PART VERB DET DET information CCONJ AUX DET PUNCT expert PUNCT ADP DET topic PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB PART AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET exercises PART instructions PUNCT VERB ADP DET team ADP DET ADJ facilitators ADP DET ADJ workshop PUNCT
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Tips PART VERB Workshops ADV SPACE Facilitators VERB DET ADV ADJ role ADP DET creation ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ learning environment ADP DET workshop PUNCT ADV PRON AUX VERB DET tips PART VERB workshops ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADJ PRON AUX DET chance PART VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP ADJ group activities CCONJ VERB questions ADP ADJ participants PUNCT VERB DET group PART VERB ADJ discussions ADP NUM people PRON AUX VERB DET rest ADP DET SYM ADJ participants PUNCT VERB DET importance ADP VERB DET space CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ voices CCONJ opinions PUNCT SPACE PUNCT AUX ADJ PART VERB adjustments ADP DET agenda PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART VERB ADP activities PUNCT CCONJ DET ADV ADJ thing AUX PART VERB DET ADJ goals ADP DET workshop PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET ADJ thing PART AUX DET DET logistics ADJ ADV PART ADV AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP DET workshop PART agenda PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB attention ADP DET group PART energy CCONJ motivation PUNCT VERB activities SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB CCONJ PART VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB space ADP DET participants PART AUX ADJ PART VERB PRON ADJ experiences CCONJ knowledge PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET NUM ADP PRON AUX DET lot PART VERB CCONJ DET lot PART VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB CCONJ AUX fun PUNCT AUX DET part ADP DET process PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB PRON DET CCONJ AUX PRON ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT AUX VERB ADP ADJ questions PUNCT VERB VERB ADP DET topic PUNCT VERB DET content ADP DET workshop CCONJ VERB PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB DET DET answers PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ participants PRON PRON VERB ADP DET topic PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET answers ADV CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET participants ADP DET workshop PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADP VERB ADJ information PUNCT VERB VERB questions ADP ADJ cases PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET AUX VERB DET direction ADP DET conversation CCONJ AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ advice ADP DET license PART AUX ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON work ADP facilitator AUX PART VERB DET group VERB ADV PUNCT PART ADV PART VERB DET DET information CCONJ AUX DET PUNCT expert PUNCT ADP DET topic PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB PART AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET exercises PART instructions PUNCT VERB ADP DET team ADP DET ADJ facilitators ADP DET ADJ workshop PUNCT
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A new tool to identify the calls of bat species could help conservation efforts.
Because bats are nocturnal and difficult to observe or catch, the most effective way to study them is to monitor their echolocation calls. These sounds are emitted in order to hear the echo bouncing back from surfaces around the bats, allowing them to navigate, hunt and communicate.
Many different measurements can be taken from each call, such as its minimum and maximum frequency, or how quickly the frequency changes during the call, and these measurements are used to help identify the species of bat.
However, a paper by an international team of researchers, published in the Journal of Applied Ecology, asserts that poor standardisation of acoustic monitoring limits scientists’ ability to collate data.
Kate Jones, chairwoman of the UK-based Bat Conservation Trust
told the BBC that “without using the same identification methods everywhere, we cannot form reliable conclusions about how bat populations are doing and whether their distribution is changing.
"Because many bats migrate between different European countries, we need to monitor bats at a European - as well as country - scale.”
The team selected 1,350 calls from 34 different European bat species from EchoBank, a global echolocation library containing more than 200,000 bat call recordings. This raw data has allowed them to develop the identification tool, iBatsID
, which can identify 34 out of 45 species of bats.
This free online tool works anywhere in Europe, and its creators claim can identify most species correctly more than 80% of the time.
There are 18 species of bat residing in the UK, including the common pipistrelle and greater horseshoe bat.
Monitoring bats is vital not just to this species, but also to the whole ecosystem. Bats are extremely sensitive to changes in their environment, so if bat populations are declining, it can be an indication that other species might be affected in the future.
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tool calls bat species conservation efforts bats way echolocation calls sounds order echo surfaces bats hunt measurements call frequency frequency call measurements species bat paper team researchers standardisation monitoring scientists ability data chairwoman identification methods conclusions bat populations distribution bats countries bats country scale team calls bat species echolocation library bat call recordings data identification tool species bats tool creators species % time species bat pipistrelle horseshoe bat Monitoring bats species ecosystem Bats changes environment bat populations indication species future
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a new tool to identify the call of bat specie could help conservation effort.
because bat be nocturnal and difficult to observe or catch, the most effective way to study they be to monitor their echolocation call. these sound be emit in order to hear the echo bounce back from surface around the bat, allow they to navigate, hunt and communicate.
many different measurement can be take from each call, such as its minimum and maximum frequency, or how quickly the frequency change during the call, and these measurement be use to help identify the specie of bat.
however, a paper by an international team of researcher, publish in the Journal of Applied Ecology, assert that poor standardisation of acoustic monitoring limit scientist’ ability to collate datum.
Kate Jones, chairwoman of the UK-base Bat Conservation Trust
tell the BBC that "without use the same identification method everywhere, we cannot form reliable conclusion about how bat population be do and whether their distribution be change.
"because many bat migrate between different european country, we need to monitor bat at a European - as well as country - scale."
the team select 1,350 call from 34 different european bat specie from EchoBank, a global echolocation library contain more than 200,000 bat call recording. this raw datum have allow they to develop the identification tool, iBatsID
, which can identify 34 out of 45 specie of bat.
this free online tool work anywhere in Europe, and its creator claim can identify most specie correctly more than 80% of the time.
there be 18 specie of bat reside in the UK, include the common pipistrelle and great horseshoe bat.
monitoring bat be vital not just to this specie, but also to the whole ecosystem. bat be extremely sensitive to change in their environment, so if bat population be decline, it can be an indication that other specie might be affect in the future.
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DET ADJ tool PART VERB DET calls ADP bat species AUX VERB conservation efforts PUNCT SPACE SCONJ bats AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ PART VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET ADV ADJ way PART VERB PRON AUX PART VERB PRON echolocation calls PUNCT DET sounds AUX VERB ADP order PART VERB DET echo VERB ADV ADP surfaces ADP DET bats PUNCT VERB PRON PART VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ measurements AUX AUX VERB ADP DET call PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON minimum CCONJ ADJ frequency PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADV DET frequency VERB ADP DET call PUNCT CCONJ DET measurements AUX VERB PART VERB VERB DET species ADP bat PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET paper ADP DET ADJ team ADP researchers PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ standardisation ADP ADJ monitoring VERB scientists PART ability PART VERB data PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT chairwoman ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE VERB DET PROPN SCONJ PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ identification methods ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADJ conclusions ADP SCONJ bat populations AUX VERB CCONJ SCONJ PRON distribution AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ ADJ bats VERB ADP ADJ ADJ countries PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB bats ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADP country PUNCT scale PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET team VERB NUM calls ADP NUM ADJ ADJ bat species ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ echolocation library VERB ADJ ADP NUM bat call recordings PUNCT DET ADJ data AUX VERB PRON PART VERB DET identification tool PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT DET AUX VERB NUM ADP ADP NUM species ADP bats PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ADJ tool VERB ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON creators VERB AUX VERB ADJ species ADV ADJ ADP NUM% ADP DET time PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM species ADP bat VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ pipistrelle CCONJ ADJ horseshoe bat PUNCT SPACE VERB bats AUX ADJ PART ADV ADP DET species PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ ecosystem PUNCT Bats AUX ADV ADJ ADP changes ADP PRON environment PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ bat populations AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET indication SCONJ ADJ species AUX AUX VERB ADP DET future PUNCT
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DET ADJ tool PART VERB DET calls ADP bat species AUX VERB conservation efforts PUNCT SPACE SCONJ bats AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ PART VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET ADV ADJ way PART VERB PRON AUX PART VERB PRON echolocation calls PUNCT DET sounds AUX VERB ADP order PART VERB DET echo VERB ADV ADP surfaces ADP DET bats PUNCT VERB PRON PART VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ measurements AUX AUX VERB ADP DET call PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON minimum CCONJ ADJ frequency PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADV DET frequency VERB ADP DET call PUNCT CCONJ DET measurements AUX VERB PART VERB VERB DET species ADP bat PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET paper ADP DET ADJ team ADP researchers PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ standardisation ADP ADJ monitoring VERB scientists PART ability PART VERB data PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT chairwoman ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE VERB DET PROPN SCONJ PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ identification methods ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADJ conclusions ADP SCONJ bat populations AUX VERB CCONJ SCONJ PRON distribution AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ ADJ bats VERB ADP ADJ ADJ countries PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB bats ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADP country PUNCT scale PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET team VERB NUM calls ADP NUM ADJ ADJ bat species ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ echolocation library VERB ADJ ADP NUM bat call recordings PUNCT DET ADJ data AUX VERB PRON PART VERB DET identification tool PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT DET AUX VERB NUM ADP ADP NUM species ADP bats PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ADJ tool VERB ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON creators VERB AUX VERB ADJ species ADV ADJ ADP NUM% ADP DET time PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM species ADP bat VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ pipistrelle CCONJ ADJ horseshoe bat PUNCT SPACE VERB bats AUX ADJ PART ADV ADP DET species PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ ecosystem PUNCT Bats AUX ADV ADJ ADP changes ADP PRON environment PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ bat populations AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET indication SCONJ ADJ species AUX AUX VERB ADP DET future PUNCT
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DET ADJ tool PART VERB DET calls ADP bat species AUX VERB conservation efforts PUNCT SPACE SCONJ bats AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ PART VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET ADV ADJ way PART VERB PRON AUX PART VERB PRON echolocation calls PUNCT DET sounds AUX VERB ADP order PART VERB DET echo VERB ADV ADP surfaces ADP DET bats PUNCT VERB PRON PART VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ measurements AUX AUX VERB ADP DET call PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON minimum CCONJ ADJ frequency PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADV DET frequency VERB ADP DET call PUNCT CCONJ DET measurements AUX VERB PART VERB VERB DET species ADP bat PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET paper ADP DET ADJ team ADP researchers PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ standardisation ADP ADJ monitoring VERB scientists PART ability PART VERB data PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT chairwoman ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE VERB DET PROPN SCONJ PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ identification methods ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADJ conclusions ADP SCONJ bat populations AUX VERB CCONJ SCONJ PRON distribution AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ ADJ bats VERB ADP ADJ ADJ countries PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB bats ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADP country PUNCT scale PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET team VERB NUM calls ADP NUM ADJ ADJ bat species ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ echolocation library VERB ADJ ADP NUM bat call recordings PUNCT DET ADJ data AUX VERB PRON PART VERB DET identification tool PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT DET AUX VERB NUM ADP ADP NUM species ADP bats PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ADJ tool VERB ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON creators VERB AUX VERB ADJ species ADV ADJ ADP NUM% ADP DET time PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM species ADP bat VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ pipistrelle CCONJ ADJ horseshoe bat PUNCT SPACE VERB bats AUX ADJ PART ADV ADP DET species PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ ecosystem PUNCT Bats AUX ADV ADJ ADP changes ADP PRON environment PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ bat populations AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET indication SCONJ ADJ species AUX AUX VERB ADP DET future PUNCT
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The common name for sedums is Stonecrop. There is a Stonecrop Nursery in eastern New York which was the first garden created by Frank Cabot. Frank created the Garden Conservancy, an organization which strives to preserve some of our exceptional gardens for posterity. Each year it also runs its Open Days Program which opens gardens to the public throughout the country. Frank Cabot went on to create Les Quatre Vents, an outstanding garden at his family home in Quebec.
There are two sedums which most gardeners grow; Sedum acre, a tiny low-growing
groundcover plant with bright yellow flowers. This is being used effectively in the Peace Garden in the plaza between the library and city hall.
The other is Autumn Joy which is in bloom now and will continue to provide color for
months to come. Some references say it requires full sun. Not so! I have it in three locations in my garden. I have several plants growing out of a south-facing wall. But there are tall oaks and maples to the south so that the only time it gets direct sun is in spring before the oaks leaf out. The rest of the year it is dappled light. Another plant is in the east-facing bed on top of my long stone wall where it gets only morning sun. The third plant is in my shrub-perennial border where it gets a bit of sun mid-day. Mine is the ordinary run-of-the-mill Autumn Joy, but there are several cultivars offered in nurseries. Among these are: Crimson, Iceberg, which has white flowers, Autumn Fire and Chocolate Drop, growing only eight inches tall with brown leaves and pink flowers.
There are two native sedums: Roseroot, Sedum rosa and Wild Stonecrop, Sedum ternatum. A third Wild Live-forever, Sedum teliphiodes, grows on cliffs and rocks in Pennsylvania and southward.
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name sedums garden organization gardens posterity year gardens public country garden family home sedums gardeners groundcover plant flowers plaza library city hall bloom color months references sun locations garden plants wall oaks maples south time sun spring oaks rest year light plant east bed top stone wall morning sun plant shrub border bit sun mid - day run mill cultivars nurseries flowers inches leaves flowers sedums ternatum teliphiodes cliffs rocks
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the common name for sedum be Stonecrop. there be a Stonecrop Nursery in eastern New York which be the first garden create by Frank Cabot. Frank create the Garden Conservancy, an organization which strive to preserve some of our exceptional garden for posterity. each year it also run its Open Days Program which open garden to the public throughout the country. Frank Cabot go on to create Les Quatre Vents, an outstanding garden at his family home in Quebec.
there be two sedum which most gardener grow; Sedum acre, a tiny low-grow
groundcover plant with bright yellow flower. this be be use effectively in the Peace Garden in the plaza between the library and city hall.
the other be Autumn Joy which be in bloom now and will continue to provide color for
month to come. some reference say it require full sun. not so! I have it in three location in my garden. I have several plant grow out of a south-face wall. but there be tall oak and maple to the south so that the only time it get direct sun be in spring before the oak leaf out. the rest of the year it be dapple light. another plant be in the east-face bed on top of my long stone wall where it get only morning sun. the third plant be in my shrub-perennial border where it get a bit of sun mid-day. mine be the ordinary run-of-the-mill Autumn Joy, but there be several cultivar offer in nursery. among these be: Crimson, Iceberg, which have white flower, Autumn Fire and Chocolate Drop, grow only eight inch tall with brown leaf and pink flower.
there be two native sedum: Roseroot, Sedum rosa and Wild Stonecrop, Sedum ternatum. a third Wild Live-forever, Sedum teliphiode, grow on cliff and rock in Pennsylvania and southward.
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DET ADJ name ADP sedums AUX PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX DET PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN PROPN DET AUX DET ADJ garden VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET organization DET VERB PART VERB DET ADP PRON ADJ gardens ADP posterity PUNCT DET year PRON ADV VERB PRON PROPN PROPN PROPN DET VERB gardens ADP DET public ADP DET country PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PART VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ garden ADP PRON family home ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM sedums DET ADJ gardeners VERB PUNCT Sedum acre PUNCT DET ADJ ADV PUNCT VERB SPACE groundcover plant ADP ADJ ADJ flowers PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET plaza ADP DET library CCONJ city hall PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ AUX PROPN PROPN DET AUX ADP bloom ADV CCONJ AUX VERB PART VERB color ADP SPACE months PART VERB PUNCT DET references VERB PRON VERB ADJ sun PUNCT PART ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PRON ADP NUM locations ADP PRON garden PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ plants VERB ADP ADP DET south PUNCT VERB wall PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ oaks CCONJ maples ADP DET south SCONJ SCONJ DET ADJ time PRON VERB ADJ sun AUX ADP spring ADP DET oaks VERB ADP PUNCT DET rest ADP DET year PRON AUX VERB light PUNCT DET plant AUX ADP DET east PUNCT VERB bed ADP top ADP PRON ADJ stone wall SCONJ PRON VERB ADJ morning sun PUNCT DET ADJ plant AUX ADP PRON shrub PUNCT ADJ border SCONJ PRON VERB DET bit ADP sun ADV - day PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ run PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT mill PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ cultivars VERB ADP nurseries PUNCT ADP DET AUX PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADJ flowers PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADV NUM inches ADJ ADP ADJ leaves CCONJ ADJ flowers PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM ADJ sedums PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN rosa CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ternatum PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT forever PUNCT PROPN teliphiodes PUNCT VERB ADP cliffs CCONJ rocks ADP PROPN CCONJ ADV PUNCT
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DET ADJ name ADP sedums AUX PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX DET PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN PROPN DET AUX DET ADJ garden VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET organization DET VERB PART VERB DET ADP PRON ADJ gardens ADP posterity PUNCT DET year PRON ADV VERB PRON PROPN PROPN PROPN DET VERB gardens ADP DET public ADP DET country PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PART VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ garden ADP PRON family home ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM sedums DET ADJ gardeners VERB PUNCT Sedum acre PUNCT DET ADJ ADV PUNCT VERB SPACE groundcover plant ADP ADJ ADJ flowers PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET plaza ADP DET library CCONJ city hall PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ AUX PROPN PROPN DET AUX ADP bloom ADV CCONJ AUX VERB PART VERB color ADP SPACE months PART VERB PUNCT DET references VERB PRON VERB ADJ sun PUNCT PART ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PRON ADP NUM locations ADP PRON garden PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ plants VERB ADP ADP DET south PUNCT VERB wall PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ oaks CCONJ maples ADP DET south SCONJ SCONJ DET ADJ time PRON VERB ADJ sun AUX ADP spring ADP DET oaks VERB ADP PUNCT DET rest ADP DET year PRON AUX VERB light PUNCT DET plant AUX ADP DET east PUNCT VERB bed ADP top ADP PRON ADJ stone wall SCONJ PRON VERB ADJ morning sun PUNCT DET ADJ plant AUX ADP PRON shrub PUNCT ADJ border SCONJ PRON VERB DET bit ADP sun ADV - day PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ run PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT mill PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ cultivars VERB ADP nurseries PUNCT ADP DET AUX PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADJ flowers PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADV NUM inches ADJ ADP ADJ leaves CCONJ ADJ flowers PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM ADJ sedums PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN rosa CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ternatum PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT forever PUNCT PROPN teliphiodes PUNCT VERB ADP cliffs CCONJ rocks ADP PROPN CCONJ ADV PUNCT
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DET ADJ name ADP sedums AUX PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX DET PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN PROPN DET AUX DET ADJ garden VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET organization DET VERB PART VERB DET ADP PRON ADJ gardens ADP posterity PUNCT DET year PRON ADV VERB PRON PROPN PROPN PROPN DET VERB gardens ADP DET public ADP DET country PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PART VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ garden ADP PRON family home ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM sedums DET ADJ gardeners VERB PUNCT Sedum acre PUNCT DET ADJ ADV PUNCT VERB SPACE groundcover plant ADP ADJ ADJ flowers PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET plaza ADP DET library CCONJ city hall PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ AUX PROPN PROPN DET AUX ADP bloom ADV CCONJ AUX VERB PART VERB color ADP SPACE months PART VERB PUNCT DET references VERB PRON VERB ADJ sun PUNCT PART ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PRON ADP NUM locations ADP PRON garden PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ plants VERB ADP ADP DET south PUNCT VERB wall PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ oaks CCONJ maples ADP DET south SCONJ SCONJ DET ADJ time PRON VERB ADJ sun AUX ADP spring ADP DET oaks VERB ADP PUNCT DET rest ADP DET year PRON AUX VERB light PUNCT DET plant AUX ADP DET east PUNCT VERB bed ADP top ADP PRON ADJ stone wall SCONJ PRON VERB ADJ morning sun PUNCT DET ADJ plant AUX ADP PRON shrub PUNCT ADJ border SCONJ PRON VERB DET bit ADP sun ADV - day PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ run PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT mill PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ cultivars VERB ADP nurseries PUNCT ADP DET AUX PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADJ flowers PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADV NUM inches ADJ ADP ADJ leaves CCONJ ADJ flowers PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM ADJ sedums PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN rosa CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ternatum PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT forever PUNCT PROPN teliphiodes PUNCT VERB ADP cliffs CCONJ rocks ADP PROPN CCONJ ADV PUNCT
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A Soyuz rocket launched two Galileo satellites into orbit on Friday, marking a crucial step for Europe’s planned navigation system, operator Arianespace announced.
The launch took place at the Kourou space base in French Guiana, at 3:15pm (6:15pm GMT).
Three and three-quarter hours later, the 700kg satellites were placed into orbit.
The new satellites add to the first two in the Galileo navigation system, which were launched on Oct. 21, last year.
Together they create a “mini-constellation.” Four is the minimum number of satellites needed to gain a navigational fix on the ground, using signals from the satellite to get a position for latitude, longitude, altitude and a time reference.
Galileo will ultimately consist of 30 satellites, six more than the US Global Positioning System.
By 2015, 18 satellites should be in place, which is sufficient for launching services to the public, followed by the rest in 2020, according to the European Space Agency.
It is claimed that the system will be accurate to within one meter. The US Global Positioning System, which became operational in 1995 and is currently being upgraded, is currently accurate to between three and eight meters.
In May, the European Commission said the cost by 2015 would be 5 billion euros (US$6.45 billion).
As a medium-sized launcher, Soyuz complements Europe’s heavyweight Ariane 5 and lightweight Vega rockets.
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rocket satellites orbit step navigation system operator launch place space base quarter hours kg satellites orbit satellites navigation system year mini - constellation number satellites fix ground signals satellite position latitude longitude altitude time reference satellites satellites place services public rest system meter meters cost euros launcher complements rockets
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a Soyuz rocket launch two Galileo satellite into orbit on Friday, mark a crucial step for Europe’s plan navigation system, operator Arianespace announce.
the launch take place at the Kourou space base in French Guiana, at 3:15pm (6:15pm GMT).
three and three-quarter hour later, the 700kg satellite be place into orbit.
the new satellite add to the first two in the Galileo navigation system, which be launch on Oct. 21, last year.
together they create a "mini-constellation." four be the minimum number of satellite need to gain a navigational fix on the ground, use signal from the satellite to get a position for latitude, longitude, altitude and a time reference.
Galileo will ultimately consist of 30 satellite, six more than the US Global Positioning System.
by 2015, 18 satellite should be in place, which be sufficient for launch service to the public, follow by the rest in 2020, accord to the European Space Agency.
it be claim that the system will be accurate to within one meter. the US Global Positioning System, which become operational in 1995 and be currently be upgrade, be currently accurate to between three and eight meter.
in May, the European Commission say the cost by 2015 would be 5 billion euro (us$6.45 billion).
as a medium-sized launcher, Soyuz complement Europe’s heavyweight Ariane 5 and lightweight Vega rocket.
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DET PROPN rocket VERB NUM PROPN satellites ADP orbit ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ step ADP PROPN PART VERB navigation system PUNCT operator PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE DET launch VERB place ADP DET PROPN space base ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT NUM GMT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT quarter hours ADV PUNCT DET NUM kg satellites AUX VERB ADP orbit PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ satellites VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM ADP DET PROPN navigation system PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADJ year PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON VERB DET PUNCT mini - constellation PUNCT PUNCT NUM AUX DET ADJ number ADP satellites VERB PART VERB DET ADJ fix ADP DET ground PUNCT VERB signals ADP DET satellite PART VERB DET position ADP latitude PUNCT longitude PUNCT altitude CCONJ DET time reference PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM satellites PUNCT NUM ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT NUM satellites AUX AUX ADP place PUNCT DET AUX ADJ ADP VERB services ADP DET public PUNCT VERB ADP DET rest ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET system AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADP NUM meter PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB ADJ ADP NUM CCONJ AUX ADV AUX VERB PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADP NUM CCONJ NUM meters PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET cost ADP NUM AUX AUX NUM NUM euros PUNCT SYM NUM NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ launcher PUNCT PROPN VERB PROPN PART ADJ PROPN NUM CCONJ ADJ PROPN rockets PUNCT
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DET PROPN rocket VERB NUM PROPN satellites ADP orbit ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ step ADP PROPN PART VERB navigation system PUNCT operator PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE DET launch VERB place ADP DET PROPN space base ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT NUM GMT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT quarter hours ADV PUNCT DET NUM kg satellites AUX VERB ADP orbit PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ satellites VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM ADP DET PROPN navigation system PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADJ year PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON VERB DET PUNCT mini - constellation PUNCT PUNCT NUM AUX DET ADJ number ADP satellites VERB PART VERB DET ADJ fix ADP DET ground PUNCT VERB signals ADP DET satellite PART VERB DET position ADP latitude PUNCT longitude PUNCT altitude CCONJ DET time reference PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM satellites PUNCT NUM ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT NUM satellites AUX AUX ADP place PUNCT DET AUX ADJ ADP VERB services ADP DET public PUNCT VERB ADP DET rest ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET system AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADP NUM meter PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB ADJ ADP NUM CCONJ AUX ADV AUX VERB PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADP NUM CCONJ NUM meters PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET cost ADP NUM AUX AUX NUM NUM euros PUNCT SYM NUM NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ launcher PUNCT PROPN VERB PROPN PART ADJ PROPN NUM CCONJ ADJ PROPN rockets PUNCT
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DET PROPN rocket VERB NUM PROPN satellites ADP orbit ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ step ADP PROPN PART VERB navigation system PUNCT operator PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE DET launch VERB place ADP DET PROPN space base ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT NUM GMT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT quarter hours ADV PUNCT DET NUM kg satellites AUX VERB ADP orbit PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ satellites VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM ADP DET PROPN navigation system PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADJ year PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON VERB DET PUNCT mini - constellation PUNCT PUNCT NUM AUX DET ADJ number ADP satellites VERB PART VERB DET ADJ fix ADP DET ground PUNCT VERB signals ADP DET satellite PART VERB DET position ADP latitude PUNCT longitude PUNCT altitude CCONJ DET time reference PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM satellites PUNCT NUM ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT NUM satellites AUX AUX ADP place PUNCT DET AUX ADJ ADP VERB services ADP DET public PUNCT VERB ADP DET rest ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET system AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADP NUM meter PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB ADJ ADP NUM CCONJ AUX ADV AUX VERB PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADP NUM CCONJ NUM meters PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET cost ADP NUM AUX AUX NUM NUM euros PUNCT SYM NUM NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ launcher PUNCT PROPN VERB PROPN PART ADJ PROPN NUM CCONJ ADJ PROPN rockets PUNCT
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Emacs Lisp uses two kinds of storage for user-created Lisp objects: normal storage and pure storage. Normal storage is where all the new data created during an Emacs session are kept (see Garbage Collection). Pure storage is used for certain data in the preloaded standard Lisp files—data that should never change during actual use of Emacs.
Pure storage is allocated only while temacs is loading the
standard preloaded Lisp libraries. In the file emacs, it is
marked as read-only (on operating systems that permit this), so that
the memory space can be shared by all the Emacs jobs running on the
machine at once. Pure storage is not expandable; a fixed amount is
allocated when Emacs is compiled, and if that is not sufficient for
the preloaded libraries, temacs allocates dynamic memory for
the part that didn't fit. The resulting image will work, but garbage
collection (see Garbage Collection) is disabled in this situation,
causing a memory leak. Such an overflow normally won't happen unless
you try to preload additional libraries or add features to the
standard ones. Emacs will display a warning about the overflow when
it starts. If this happens, you should increase the compilation
SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA in the file
src/puresize.h and rebuild Emacs.
This function makes a copy in pure storage of object, and returns it. It copies a string by simply making a new string with the same characters, but without text properties, in pure storage. It recursively copies the contents of vectors and cons cells. It does not make copies of other objects such as symbols, but just returns them unchanged. It signals an error if asked to copy markers.
This function is a no-op except while Emacs is being built and dumped; it is usually called only in preloaded Lisp files.
The value of this variable is the number of bytes of pure storage allocated so far. Typically, in a dumped Emacs, this number is very close to the total amount of pure storage available—if it were not, we would preallocate less.
This variable determines whether
defunshould make a copy of the function definition in pure storage. If it is non-
nil, then the function definition is copied into pure storage.
This flag is
twhile loading all of the basic functions for building Emacs initially (allowing those functions to be shareable and non-collectible). Dumping Emacs as an executable always writes
nilin this variable, regardless of the value it actually has before and after dumping.
You should not change this flag in a running Emacs.
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kinds storage user storage storage storage data session storage data files data use storage temacs libraries file emacs read operating systems memory space jobs machine storage amount libraries temacs memory part image garbage collection situation memory leak overflow libraries features ones warning overflow compilation SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA file puresize.h function copy storage object string string characters text properties storage contents vectors cons cells copies objects symbols error markers function no op files value variable number bytes storage number amount storage variable copy function definition storage nil function definition storage flag twhile functions functions executable nilin variable value flag
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Emacs Lisp use two kind of storage for user-create Lisp object: normal storage and pure storage. normal storage be where all the new datum create during an Emacs session be keep (see Garbage Collection). pure storage be use for certain datum in the preloaded standard Lisp file—datum that should never change during actual use of Emacs.
pure storage be allocate only while temac be load the
standard preloade Lisp library. in the file emac, it be
mark as read-only (on operating system that permit this), so that
the memory space can be share by all the Emacs job run on the
machine at once. pure storage be not expandable; a fix amount be
allocate when Emacs be compile, and if that be not sufficient for
the preloaded library, temac allocate dynamic memory for
the part that donot fit. the result image will work, but garbage
collection (see Garbage Collection) be disabled in this situation,
cause a memory leak. such an overflow normally willnot happen unless
you try to preload additional library or add feature to the
standard one. Emacs will display a warning about the overflow when
it start. if this happen, you should increase the compilation
system_puresize_extra in the file
src/puresize.h and rebuild Emacs.
this function make a copy in pure storage of object, and return it. it copy a string by simply make a new string with the same character, but without text property, in pure storage. it recursively copy the content of vector and con cell. it do not make copy of other object such as symbol, but just return they unchanged. it signal an error if ask to copy marker.
this function be a no-op except while Emacs be be build and dump; it be usually call only in preloade Lisp file.
the value of this variable be the number of byte of pure storage allocate so far. typically, in a dump Emacs, this number be very close to the total amount of pure storage available—if it be not, we would preallocate less.
this variable determine whether
defunshould make a copy of the function definition in pure storage. if it be non-
nil, then the function definition be copy into pure storage.
this flag be
twhile load all of the basic function for build Emacs initially (allow those function to be shareable and non-collectible). dump Emacs as an executable always write
nilin this variable, regardless of the value it actually have before and after dump.
you should not change this flag in a run Emacs.
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PROPN PROPN VERB NUM kinds ADP storage ADP user PUNCT VERB PROPN objects PUNCT ADJ storage CCONJ ADJ storage PUNCT ADJ storage AUX SCONJ DET DET ADJ data VERB ADP DET PROPN session AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADJ storage AUX VERB ADP ADJ data ADP DET VERB ADJ PROPN files PUNCT data PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ use ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ storage AUX VERB ADV SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB DET SPACE ADJ VERB PROPN libraries PUNCT ADP DET file PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX SPACE VERB ADP VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP VERB systems PRON VERB DET PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ SCONJ SPACE DET memory space AUX AUX VERB ADP DET DET PROPN jobs VERB ADP DET SPACE machine ADP ADV PUNCT ADJ storage AUX PART ADJ PUNCT DET VERB amount AUX SPACE VERB SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET AUX PART ADJ ADP SPACE DET VERB libraries PUNCT PROPN VERB ADJ memory ADP SPACE DET part PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT DET VERB image AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ garbage SPACE collection PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET situation PUNCT SPACE VERB DET memory leak PUNCT DET DET overflow ADV AUX PART VERB SCONJ SPACE PRON VERB PART VERB ADJ libraries CCONJ VERB features ADP DET SPACE ADJ ones PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB DET warning ADP DET overflow SCONJ SPACE PRON VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET compilation SPACE SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA ADP DET file SPACE X X puresize.h CCONJ VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET function VERB DET copy ADP ADJ storage ADP object PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT PRON VERB DET string ADP ADV VERB DET ADJ string ADP DET ADJ characters PUNCT CCONJ ADP text properties PUNCT ADP ADJ storage PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET contents ADP vectors CCONJ cons cells PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB copies ADP ADJ objects ADJ ADP symbols PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PRON ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB DET error SCONJ VERB PART VERB markers PUNCT SPACE DET function AUX DET no PUNCT op SCONJ SCONJ PROPN AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP VERB PROPN files PUNCT SPACE DET value ADP DET variable AUX DET number ADP bytes ADP ADJ storage VERB ADV ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT DET number AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ amount ADP ADJ storage ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET variable VERB SCONJ SPACE AUX VERB DET copy ADP DET function definition ADP ADJ storage PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SPACE ADJ PUNCT ADV DET function definition AUX VERB ADP ADJ storage PUNCT SPACE DET flag AUX SPACE ADP VERB DET ADP DET ADJ functions ADP VERB PROPN ADV PUNCT VERB DET functions PART AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN ADP DET executable ADV VERB SPACE VERB DET variable PUNCT ADV ADP DET value PRON ADV AUX ADP CCONJ ADP VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART VERB DET flag ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN VERB NUM kinds ADP storage ADP user PUNCT VERB PROPN objects PUNCT ADJ storage CCONJ ADJ storage PUNCT ADJ storage AUX SCONJ DET DET ADJ data VERB ADP DET PROPN session AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADJ storage AUX VERB ADP ADJ data ADP DET VERB ADJ PROPN files PUNCT data PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ use ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ storage AUX VERB ADV SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB DET SPACE ADJ VERB PROPN libraries PUNCT ADP DET file PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX SPACE VERB ADP VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP VERB systems PRON VERB DET PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ SCONJ SPACE DET memory space AUX AUX VERB ADP DET DET PROPN jobs VERB ADP DET SPACE machine ADP ADV PUNCT ADJ storage AUX PART ADJ PUNCT DET VERB amount AUX SPACE VERB SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET AUX PART ADJ ADP SPACE DET VERB libraries PUNCT PROPN VERB ADJ memory ADP SPACE DET part PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT DET VERB image AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ garbage SPACE collection PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET situation PUNCT SPACE VERB DET memory leak PUNCT DET DET overflow ADV AUX PART VERB SCONJ SPACE PRON VERB PART VERB ADJ libraries CCONJ VERB features ADP DET SPACE ADJ ones PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB DET warning ADP DET overflow SCONJ SPACE PRON VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET compilation SPACE SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA ADP DET file SPACE X X puresize.h CCONJ VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET function VERB DET copy ADP ADJ storage ADP object PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT PRON VERB DET string ADP ADV VERB DET ADJ string ADP DET ADJ characters PUNCT CCONJ ADP text properties PUNCT ADP ADJ storage PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET contents ADP vectors CCONJ cons cells PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB copies ADP ADJ objects ADJ ADP symbols PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PRON ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB DET error SCONJ VERB PART VERB markers PUNCT SPACE DET function AUX DET no PUNCT op SCONJ SCONJ PROPN AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP VERB PROPN files PUNCT SPACE DET value ADP DET variable AUX DET number ADP bytes ADP ADJ storage VERB ADV ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT DET number AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ amount ADP ADJ storage ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET variable VERB SCONJ SPACE AUX VERB DET copy ADP DET function definition ADP ADJ storage PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SPACE ADJ PUNCT ADV DET function definition AUX VERB ADP ADJ storage PUNCT SPACE DET flag AUX SPACE ADP VERB DET ADP DET ADJ functions ADP VERB PROPN ADV PUNCT VERB DET functions PART AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN ADP DET executable ADV VERB SPACE VERB DET variable PUNCT ADV ADP DET value PRON ADV AUX ADP CCONJ ADP VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART VERB DET flag ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN VERB NUM kinds ADP storage ADP user PUNCT VERB PROPN objects PUNCT ADJ storage CCONJ ADJ storage PUNCT ADJ storage AUX SCONJ DET DET ADJ data VERB ADP DET PROPN session AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADJ storage AUX VERB ADP ADJ data ADP DET VERB ADJ PROPN files PUNCT data PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ use ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ storage AUX VERB ADV SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB DET SPACE ADJ VERB PROPN libraries PUNCT ADP DET file PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX SPACE VERB ADP VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP VERB systems PRON VERB DET PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ SCONJ SPACE DET memory space AUX AUX VERB ADP DET DET PROPN jobs VERB ADP DET SPACE machine ADP ADV PUNCT ADJ storage AUX PART ADJ PUNCT DET VERB amount AUX SPACE VERB SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET AUX PART ADJ ADP SPACE DET VERB libraries PUNCT PROPN VERB ADJ memory ADP SPACE DET part PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT DET VERB image AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ garbage SPACE collection PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET situation PUNCT SPACE VERB DET memory leak PUNCT DET DET overflow ADV AUX PART VERB SCONJ SPACE PRON VERB PART VERB ADJ libraries CCONJ VERB features ADP DET SPACE ADJ ones PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB DET warning ADP DET overflow SCONJ SPACE PRON VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET compilation SPACE SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA ADP DET file SPACE X X puresize.h CCONJ VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET function VERB DET copy ADP ADJ storage ADP object PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT PRON VERB DET string ADP ADV VERB DET ADJ string ADP DET ADJ characters PUNCT CCONJ ADP text properties PUNCT ADP ADJ storage PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET contents ADP vectors CCONJ cons cells PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB copies ADP ADJ objects ADJ ADP symbols PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PRON ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB DET error SCONJ VERB PART VERB markers PUNCT SPACE DET function AUX DET no PUNCT op SCONJ SCONJ PROPN AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP VERB PROPN files PUNCT SPACE DET value ADP DET variable AUX DET number ADP bytes ADP ADJ storage VERB ADV ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT DET number AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ amount ADP ADJ storage ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET variable VERB SCONJ SPACE AUX VERB DET copy ADP DET function definition ADP ADJ storage PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SPACE ADJ PUNCT ADV DET function definition AUX VERB ADP ADJ storage PUNCT SPACE DET flag AUX SPACE ADP VERB DET ADP DET ADJ functions ADP VERB PROPN ADV PUNCT VERB DET functions PART AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN ADP DET executable ADV VERB SPACE VERB DET variable PUNCT ADV ADP DET value PRON ADV AUX ADP CCONJ ADP VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART VERB DET flag ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT
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35 - The Philosopher's Toolkit: Aristotle's Logical Works
Peter discusses Aristotle’s pioneering work in logic, and looks at related issues like the ten categories and the famous “sea battle” argument for determinism.
You are missing some Flash content that should appear here! Perhaps your browser cannot display it, or maybe it did not initialize correctly.
• J. Hintikka, Time and Necessity. Studies in Aristotle's Theory of Modality (Oxford:1973).
• W. Leszl, “Aristotle's Logical Works and His Conception of Logic,” Topoi 23 (2004), 71–100.
• R. Smith, "Logic," in J. Barnes (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle (Cambridge: 1995), 27-65.
• S. Waterlow, Passage and Possibility (Oxford: 1982).
On the "sea battle" problem:
• G.E.M. Anscombe, “Aristotle and the Sea Battle,” in J.M.E. Moravcsik (ed.), Aristotle: a Collection of Critical Essays, (1967), reprinted from Mind 65 (1956).
• D. Frede, “The Sea-Battle Reconsidered: a Defence of the Traditional Interpretation,” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 3 (1985).
• J. Hintikka, “The Once and Future Sea Fight: Aristotle’s Discussion of Future Contingents in de Interpretatione 9,” in his Time and Necessity (see above).
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Toolkit work logic issues categories sea battle argument determinism content browser Studies Theory Oxford:1973 sea battle problem
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35 - the Philosopher's toolkit: Aristotle's Logical Works
Peter discuss Aristotle’s pioneer work in logic, and look at relate issue like the ten category and the famous "sea battle" argument for determinism.
you be miss some Flash content that should appear here! perhaps your browser cannot display it, or maybe it do not initialize correctly.
• J. Hintikka, Time and Necessity. study in Aristotle's theory of Modality (oxford:1973).
• W. Leszl, "Aristotle's Logical Works and his Conception of Logic," Topoi 23 (2004), 71–100.
• R. Smith, "Logic," in J. Barnes (ed.), the Cambridge Companion to Aristotle (Cambridge: 1995), 27-65.
• S. Waterlow, Passage and Possibility (Oxford: 1982).
on the "sea battle" problem:
• G.E.M. Anscombe, "Aristotle and the Sea Battle," in J.M.E. Moravcsik (ed.), Aristotle: a Collection of Critical Essays, (1967), reprint from Mind 65 (1956).
• D. Frede, "the Sea-Battle Reconsidered: a Defence of the Traditional Interpretation," Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 3 (1985).
• J. Hintikka, "the Once and Future Sea Fight: Aristotle’s Discussion of Future Contingents in de Interpretatione 9," in his Time and Necessity (see above).
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NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN VERB PROPN PART ADJ work ADP logic PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ issues ADP DET NUM categories CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ battle PUNCT argument ADP determinism PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN content PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADV PRON browser AUX PART VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ ADV PRON AUX PART VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ PROPN CCONJ PRON Conception ADP Logic PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ed . PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PUNCT sea battle PUNCT problem PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ed PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET Sea PUNCT Battle VERB PUNCT DET PROPN ADP DET ADJ Interpretation PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV CCONJ ADJ Sea Fight PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP X X NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP PRON Time CCONJ Necessity PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT PUNCT
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NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN VERB PROPN PART ADJ work ADP logic PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ issues ADP DET NUM categories CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ battle PUNCT argument ADP determinism PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN content PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADV PRON browser AUX PART VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ ADV PRON AUX PART VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ PROPN CCONJ PRON Conception ADP Logic PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ed . PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PUNCT sea battle PUNCT problem PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ed PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET Sea PUNCT Battle VERB PUNCT DET PROPN ADP DET ADJ Interpretation PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV CCONJ ADJ Sea Fight PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP X X NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP PRON Time CCONJ Necessity PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT PUNCT
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scintillation counterArticle Free Pass
scintillation counter, radiation detector that is triggered by a flash of light (or scintillation) produced when ionizing radiation traverses certain solid or liquid substances (phosphors), among which are thallium-activated sodium iodide, zinc sulfide, and organic compounds such as anthracene incorporated into solid plastics or liquid solvents. The light flashes are converted into electric pulses by a photoelectric alloy of cesium and antimony, amplified about a million times by a photomultiplier tube, and finally counted. Sensitive to X rays, gamma rays, and charged particles, scintillation counters permit high-speed counting of particles and measurement of the energy of incident radiation.
What made you want to look up "scintillation counter"? Please share what surprised you most...
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scintillation counterArticle scintillation counter radiation detector flash light scintillation radiation traverses substances phosphors thallium sodium iodide zinc sulfide compounds plastics solvents flashes pulses photoelectric alloy cesium antimony times tube X rays gamma rays particles scintillation counters speed counting particles measurement energy incident radiation scintillation counter
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scintillation counterarticle Free Pass
scintillation counter, radiation detector that be trigger by a flash of light (or scintillation) produce when ionize radiation traverse certain solid or liquid substance (phosphor), among which be thallium-activate sodium iodide, zinc sulfide, and organic compound such as anthracene incorporate into solid plastic or liquid solvent. the light flash be convert into electric pulse by a photoelectric alloy of cesium and antimony, amplify about a million time by a photomultiplier tube, and finally count. sensitive to x ray, gamma ray, and charge particle, scintillation counter permit high-speed counting of particle and measurement of the energy of incident radiation.
what make you want to look up "scintillation counter"? please share what surprise you most...
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scintillation counterArticle PROPN PROPN SPACE scintillation counter PUNCT radiation detector PRON AUX VERB ADP DET flash ADP light PUNCT CCONJ scintillation PUNCT VERB SCONJ VERB radiation VERB ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ substances PUNCT phosphors PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET AUX thallium PUNCT VERB sodium iodide PUNCT zinc sulfide PUNCT CCONJ ADJ compounds ADJ ADP anthracene VERB ADP ADJ plastics CCONJ liquid solvents PUNCT DET ADJ flashes AUX VERB ADP ADJ pulses ADP DET ADJ alloy ADP cesium CCONJ antimony PUNCT VERB ADP DET NUM times ADP DET ADJ tube PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT ADJ ADP X rays PUNCT gamma rays PUNCT CCONJ VERB particles PUNCT scintillation counters VERB ADJ PUNCT speed counting ADP particles CCONJ measurement ADP DET energy ADP incident radiation PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PUNCT scintillation counter PUNCT PUNCT INTJ VERB PRON VERB PRON ADV PUNCT
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scintillation counterArticle PROPN PROPN SPACE scintillation counter PUNCT radiation detector PRON AUX VERB ADP DET flash ADP light PUNCT CCONJ scintillation PUNCT VERB SCONJ VERB radiation VERB ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ substances PUNCT phosphors PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET AUX thallium PUNCT VERB sodium iodide PUNCT zinc sulfide PUNCT CCONJ ADJ compounds ADJ ADP anthracene VERB ADP ADJ plastics CCONJ liquid solvents PUNCT DET ADJ flashes AUX VERB ADP ADJ pulses ADP DET ADJ alloy ADP cesium CCONJ antimony PUNCT VERB ADP DET NUM times ADP DET ADJ tube PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT ADJ ADP X rays PUNCT gamma rays PUNCT CCONJ VERB particles PUNCT scintillation counters VERB ADJ PUNCT speed counting ADP particles CCONJ measurement ADP DET energy ADP incident radiation PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PUNCT scintillation counter PUNCT PUNCT INTJ VERB PRON VERB PRON ADV PUNCT
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scintillation counterArticle PROPN PROPN SPACE scintillation counter PUNCT radiation detector PRON AUX VERB ADP DET flash ADP light PUNCT CCONJ scintillation PUNCT VERB SCONJ VERB radiation VERB ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ substances PUNCT phosphors PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET AUX thallium PUNCT VERB sodium iodide PUNCT zinc sulfide PUNCT CCONJ ADJ compounds ADJ ADP anthracene VERB ADP ADJ plastics CCONJ liquid solvents PUNCT DET ADJ flashes AUX VERB ADP ADJ pulses ADP DET ADJ alloy ADP cesium CCONJ antimony PUNCT VERB ADP DET NUM times ADP DET ADJ tube PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT ADJ ADP X rays PUNCT gamma rays PUNCT CCONJ VERB particles PUNCT scintillation counters VERB ADJ PUNCT speed counting ADP particles CCONJ measurement ADP DET energy ADP incident radiation PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PUNCT scintillation counter PUNCT PUNCT INTJ VERB PRON VERB PRON ADV PUNCT
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Digital Audio Networking Demystified
The OSI model helps bring order to the chaos of various digital audio network options.
Credit: Randall Fung/Corbis
Networking has been a source of frustration and confusion for pro AV professionals for decades. Fortunately, the International Organization of Standardization, more commonly referred to as ISO, created a framework in the early 1980s called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model, a seven-layer framework that defines network functions, to help simplify matters.
Providing a common understanding of how to communicate to each layer, the OSI model (Fig. 1) is basically the foundation of what makes data networking work. Although it's not important for AV professionals to know the intricate details of each layer, it is vital to at least have a grasp of the purpose of each layer as well as general knowledge of the common protocols in each one. Let's take a look at the some key points.
The Seven Layers
Starting from the bottom up, the seven layers of the OSI Reference Model are Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. The Physical layer is just that — the hardware's physical connection that describes its electrical characteristics. The Data Link layer is the logic connection, defining the type of network. For example, the Data Link layer defines whether or not it is an Ethernet or Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network. There is also more than one data network transport protocol. The Data Link layer is divided into two sub-layers: the Media Access Control (MAC) and the Logical Link Control (above the MAC as you move up the OSI Reference Model).
The seven layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model for network functions.
Here is one concrete example of how the OSI model helps us understand networking technologies. Some people assume that any device with a CAT-5 cable connected to it is an Ethernet device. But it is Ethernet's Physical layer that defines an electrical specification and physical connection — CAT-5 terminated with an RJ-45 connector just happens to be one of them. For a technology to fully qualify as an Ethernet standard, it requires full implementation of both the Physical and Data Link layers.
The Network layer — the layer at which network routers operate — “packetizes” the data and provides routing information. The common protocol for this layer is the Internet Protocol (IP).
Layer four is the Transport layer. Keep in mind that this layer has a different meaning in the OSI Reference Model compared to how we use the term “transport” for moving audio around. The Transport layer provides protocols to determine the delivery method. The most popular layer four protocol is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Many discuss TCP/IP as one protocol, but actually they are two separate protocols on two different layers. TCP/IP is usually used as the data transport for file transfers or audio control applications.
Comparison of four digital audio technologies using the OSI model as a framework.
TCP provides a scheme where it sends an acknowledge message for each packet received by a sending device. If it senses that it is missing a packet of information, it will send a message back to the sender to resend. This feature is great for applications that are not time-dependent, but is not useful in real-time applications like audio and video.
Streaming media technologies most common on the Web use another method called User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which simply streams the packets. The sender never knows if it actually arrives or not. Professional audio applications have not used UDP because they are typically Physical layer or Data Link layer technologies — not Transport layer. However, a newcomer to professional audio networking, Australia-based Audinate, has recently become the first professional audio networking technology to use UDP/IP technology over Ethernet with its product called Dante.
The Session and Presentation layers are not commonly used in professional audio networks; therefore, they will not be covered in this article. Because these layers can be important to some integration projects, you may want to research the OSI model further to complete your understanding of this useful tool.
The purpose of the Application layer is to provide the interface tools that make networking useful. It is not used to move audio around the network. It controls, manages, and monitors audio devices on a network. Popular protocols are File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Telnet, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Domain Name System (DNS), and Virtual Private Network (VPN), to name just a few.
Now that you have a basic familiarity with the seven layers that make up the OSI model, let's dig a little deeper into the inner workings of a digital audio network.
Breaking Down Audio Networks
Audio networking can be broken into in two main concepts: control and transport. Configuring, monitoring, and actual device control all fall into the control category and use several standard communication protocols. Intuitively, getting digital audio from here to there is the role of transport.
Control applications can be found in standard protocols of the Application layer. Application layer protocols that are found in audio are Telnet, HTTP, and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). Telnet is short for TELetype NETwork and was one of the first Internet protocols. Telnet provides command-line style communication to a machine. One example of Telnet usage in audio is the Peavey MediaMatrix, which uses this technology, known as RATC, as a way to control MediaMatrix devices remotely.
SNMP is a protocol for monitoring devices on a network. There are several professional audio and video manufacturers that support this protocol, which provides a method for managing the status or health of devices on a network. SNMP is a key technology in Network Operation Center (NOC) monitoring. It is an Application layer protocol that communicates to devices on the network through UDP/IP protocols, which can be communicated over a variety of data transport technologies.
Control systems can be manufacturer-specific, such as Harman Pro's HiQnet, QSC Audio's QSControl, or third party such as Crestron's CresNet, where the control software communicates to audio devices through TCP/IP. In many cases, TCP/IP-based control can run on the same network as the audio signal transport, and some technologies (such as CobraNet and Dante) are designed to allow data traffic to coexist with audio traffic.
The organizing and managing of audio bits is the job of the audio Transport. This is usually done by the audio protocol. Aviom, CobraNet, and EtherSound are protocols that organize bits for transport on the network. The transport can be divided into two categories: logical and physical.
Purely physical layer technologies, such as Aviom, use hardware to organize and move digital bits. More often than not, a proprietary chip is used to organize and manage them. Ethernet-based technologies packetize the audio and send it to the Data Link and Physical layers to be transported on Ethernet devices. Ethernet is both a logical and physical technology that packetizes or “frames” the audio in the Data Link layer and sends it to the Physical layer to be moved to another device on the network. Ethernet's Physical layer also has a Physical layer chip, referred to as the PHY chip, which can be purchased from several manufacturers.
Comparing Digital Audio Systems
The more familiar you are with the OSI model, the easier it will be to understand the similarities and differences of the various digital audio systems. For many people, there is a tendency to gloss over the OSI model and just talk about networking-branded protocols. However, understanding the OSI model will bring clarity to your understanding of digital audio networking (Fig. 2).
Due to the integration of pro AV systems, true networking schemes are vitally important. A distinction must be made between audio networking and digital audio transports. Audio networks are defined as those meeting the commonly used standard protocols, where at least the Physical and Data Link layer technologies and standard network appliances (such as hubs and switches) can be used. There are several technologies that meet this requirement using IEEE 1394 (Firewire), Ethernet, and ATM technologies, to name a few. However, because Ethernet is widely deployed in applications ranging from large enterprises to the home, this will be the technology of focus. All other technologies that do not meet this definition will be considered digital audio transport systems, and not a digital audio network.
There are at least 15 schemes for digital audio transport systems and audio networking. Three of the four technologies presented here have been selected because of their wide acceptance in the industry based on the number of manufacturers that support it.
Let's compare four CAT-5/Ethernet technologies: Aviom, EtherSound, CobraNet, and Dante. This is not to be considered a “shoot-out” between technologies but rather a discussion to gain understanding of some of the many digital system options available to the AV professional.
As previously noted, Aviom is a Physical layer–only technology based on the classifications outlined above. It does use an Ethernet PHY chip, but doesn't meet the electrical characteristics of Ethernet. Therefore, it cannot be connected to standard Ethernet hubs or switches. Aviom uses a proprietary chip to organize multiple channels of audio bits to be transported throughout a system, and it falls in the classification of a digital audio transport system.
EtherSound and CobraNet are both 802.3 Ethernet– compliant technologies that can be used on standard data Ethernet switches. There is some debate as to whether EtherSound technology can be considered a true Ethernet technology because it requires a dedicated network. EtherSound uses a proprietary scheme for network control, and CobraNet uses standard data networking methods. The key difference for both the AV and data professional is that EtherSound uses a dedicated network, and CobraNet does not. There are other differences that may be considered before choosing between CobraNet and EtherSound, but both are considered to be layer two (Data Link) technologies.
Dante uses Ethernet, but it is considered a layer four technology (Transport). It uses UDP for audio transport and IP for audio routing on an Ethernet transport, commonly referred to as UDP/IP over Ethernet.
At this point you may be asking yourself why does the audio industry have so many technologies? Why can't there be one standard like there is in the data industry?
The answer to the first question relates to time. Audio requires synchronous delivery of bits. Early Ethernet networks weren't much concerned with time. Ethernet is asynchronous, meaning there isn't a concern when and how data arrives as long as it gets there. Therefore, to put digital audio on a data network requires a way to add a timing mechanism. Time is an issue in another sense, in that your options depend on technology or market knowledge available at the time when you develop your solution. When and how you develop your solution leads to the question of a single industry standard.
Many people don't realize that the data industry does in fact have more than one standard: Ethernet, ATM, FiberChannel, and SONET. Each layer of the OSI model has numerous protocols for different purposes. The key is that developers follow the OSI model as a framework for network functions and rules for communicating between them. If the developer wants to use Ethernet, he or she is required to have this technology follow the rules for communicating to the Data Link layer, as required by the Ethernet standard.
Because one of the key issues for audio involves time, it's important to use it wisely.
There are two types of time that we need to be concerned with in networking: clock time and latency. Clock time in this context is a timing mechanism that is broken down into measurable units, such as milliseconds. In digital audio systems, latency is the time duration between when audio or a bit of audio goes into a system until the bit comes out the other side. Latency has many causes, but arguably the root cause in audio networks is the design of its timing mechanism. In addition, there is a tradeoff between the timing method and bandwidth. A general rule of thumb is that as the resolution of the timing mechanism increases, the more bandwidth that's required from the network.
Ethernet, being an asynchronous technology, requires a timing method to be added to support the synchronous nature of audio. The concepts and methodology of clocking networks for audio are key differences among the various technologies.
CobraNet uses a time mechanism called a beat packet. This packet is sent out in 1.33 millisecond intervals and communicates with CobraNet devices. Therefore, the latency of a CobraNet audio network can't be less than 1.33 milliseconds. CobraNet was introduced in 1995 when large-scale DSP-based digital systems started replacing analog designs in the market. Because the “sound system in a box” was new, there was great scrutiny of these systems. A delay or latency in some time-critical applications was noticed, considered to be a challenge of using digital systems. However, many believe that latency is an overly exaggerated issue in most applications where digital audio systems are deployed. In fact, this topic could be an article unto itself.
A little history of digital systems and networking will provide some insight on the reason why there are several networking technologies available today. In the late '90s, there were two “critical” concerns in the digital audio industry: Year of 2000 compliance (Y2K) and latency. To many audio pros, using audio networks like CobraNet seemed impossible because of the delay —at that time, approximately 5 milliseconds, or in video terms, less time than a frame of video.
Enter EtherSound, introduced in 2001, which addressed the issue of latency by providing an Ethernet networking scheme with low latency and better bit-depth and higher sampling rate than CobraNet. The market timing and concern over latency gave EtherSound an excellent entry point. But since reducing latency down to 124 microseconds limits available bandwidth for data traffic, a dedicated network is required for a 100-MB EtherSound network. Later, to meet the market demands of lower latency requirements, CobraNet introduced variable latency, with 1.33 milliseconds being the minimum. With the Ethernet technologies discussion thus far, there is a relationship between the bit-depth and sample rate to the clocking system.
Audio is not the only industry with a need for real-time clocking schemes. Communications, military, and industrial applications also require multiple devices to be connected together on a network and function in real-time. A group was formed from these markets, and they took on the issue of real-time clocking while leveraging the widely deployed Ethernet technology. The outcome was the IEEE 1588 standard for a real-time clocking system for Ethernet networks in 2002.
As a late entry to the networking party, Audinate's Dante comes to the market with the advantage of using new technologies like IEEE 1588 to solve many of the current challenges in networking audio. Using this clocking technology in Ethernet allows Dante to provide sample accurate timing and synchronization while achieving latency as low as 34 microseconds. Coming to the market later also has the benefit of Gigabit networking being widely supported, which provides the increased bandwidth requirement of ultra-low latency. It should be noted here that EtherSound does have a Gigabit version, and CobraNet does work on Gigabit infrastructure with added benefits but it is currently a Fast Ethernet technology.
Dante provides a flexible solution to many of the current tradeoffs that require one system on another due to design requirements of latency verses bandwidth, because Dante can support different latency, bit depth, and sample rates in the same system. For example, this allows a user to provide a low-latency, higher bandwidth assignment to in-ear monitoring while at the same time use a higher latency assignment in areas where latency is less of a concern (such as front of house), thereby reducing the overall network bandwidth requirement.
The developers of CobraNet and Dante are both working toward advancing software so that AV professionals and end-users can configure, route audio, and manage audio devices on a network. The goal is to make audio networks “plug-and-play” for those that don't want to know anything about networking technologies. One of the advances to note is called “device discovery,” where the software finds all of the audio devices on the network so you don't have to configure them in advance. The software also has advance features for those who want to dive into the details of their audio system.
Advances in digital audio systems and networking technologies will continue to change to meet market applications and their specific requirements. Aviom's initial focus was to create a personal monitoring system, and it developed a digital audio transport to better serve this application. Aviom's low-latency transport provided a solution to the market that made it the perfect transport for many live applications. CobraNet provides the AV professional with a solution to integrate audio, video, and data systems on an enterprise switched network. EtherSound came to the market by providing a low-latency audio transport using standard Ethernet 802.3 technology. Dante comes to the market after significant change and growth and Gigabit networking and new technologies like IEEE 1588 to solve many of challenges of using Ethernet in real-time systems.
Networking audio and video can seem chaotic, but gaining an understanding of the OSI model helps bring order to the chaos. It not only provides an understanding of the various types of technology, but it also provides a common language to communicate for both AV and data professionals. Keeping it simple by using the OSI model as the foundation and breaking audio networking down into two functional parts (control and transport) will help you determine which networking technology will best suit your particular application.
Brent Harshbarger is the founder of m3tools located in Atlanta. He can be reached at [email protected].
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clocking schemes Communications military applications devices network function time group markets issue time clocking Ethernet technology outcome standard time clocking system networks entry party market advantage technologies challenges audio clocking technology sample timing synchronization latency microseconds market benefit networking requirement latency version infrastructure benefits technology solution tradeoffs system design requirements latency verses latency bit sample rates system example user latency assignment ear monitoring time latency assignment areas latency concern front house network requirement developers software professionals end users route audio devices network goal audio networks play technologies advances device discovery software devices network advance software advance features details system Advances systems technologies market applications requirements focus monitoring system transport application latency transport solution market transport applications AV 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Digital Audio Networking Demystified
the OSI model help bring order to the chaos of various digital audio network option.
credit: Randall Fung/Corbis
networking have be a source of frustration and confusion for pro AV professional for decade. fortunately, the International Organization of Standardization, more commonly refer to as ISO, create a framework in the early 1980 call the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model, a seven-layer framework that define network function, to help simplify matter.
provide a common understanding of how to communicate to each layer, the OSI model (Fig. 1) be basically the foundation of what make datum network work. although itbe not important for AV professional to know the intricate detail of each layer, it be vital to at least have a grasp of the purpose of each layer as well as general knowledge of the common protocol in each one. letus take a look at the some key point.
the seven layer
start from the bottom up, the seven layer of the OSI Reference Model be Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and application. the physical layer be just that — the hardware's physical connection that describe its electrical characteristic. the Data Link layer be the logic connection, define the type of network. for example, the Data Link layer define whether or not it be an Ethernet or asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network. there be also more than one datum network transport protocol. the Data Link layer be divide into two sub-layer: the Media Access Control (MAC) and the Logical Link Control (above the MAC as you move up the OSI Reference Model).
the seven layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model for network function.
here be one concrete example of how the OSI model help we understand network technology. some people assume that any device with a CAT-5 cable connect to it be an ethernet device. but it be Ethernet's physical layer that define an electrical specification and physical connection — CAT-5 terminate with an rj-45 connector just happen to be one of they. for a technology to fully qualify as an Ethernet standard, it require full implementation of both the Physical and Data Link layer.
the Network layer — the layer at which network router operate — "packetize" the datum and provide rout information. the common protocol for this layer be the Internet Protocol (IP).
Layer four be the transport layer. keep in mind that this layer have a different meaning in the OSI Reference Model compare to how we use the term "transport" for move audio around. the transport layer provide protocol to determine the delivery method. the most popular layer four protocol be Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). many discuss TCP/IP as one protocol, but actually they be two separate protocol on two different layer. TCP/IP be usually use as the data transport for file transfer or audio control application.
Comparison of four digital audio technology use the OSI model as a framework.
TCP provide a scheme where it send an acknowledge message for each packet receive by a send device. if it sense that it be miss a packet of information, it will send a message back to the sender to resend. this feature be great for application that be not time-dependent, but be not useful in real-time application like audio and video.
streaming medium technology most common on the web use another method call User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which simply stream the packet. the sender never know if it actually arrive or not. professional audio application have not use udp because they be typically physical layer or Data Link layer technology — not transport layer. however, a newcomer to professional audio networking, Australia-base Audinate, have recently become the first professional audio network technology to use UDP/ip technology over ethernet with its product call Dante.
the Session and Presentation layer be not commonly use in professional audio network; therefore, they will not be cover in this article. because these layer can be important to some integration project, you may want to research the OSI model far to complete your understanding of this useful tool.
the purpose of the application layer be to provide the interface tool that make network useful. it be not use to move audio around the network. it control, manage, and monitor audio device on a network. popular protocol be File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Telnet, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Domain name System (DNS), and Virtual Private Network (VPN), to name just a few.
now that you have a basic familiarity with the seven layer that make up the OSI model, letus dig a little deep into the inner working of a digital audio network.
break down Audio Networks
Audio networking can be break into in two main concept: control and transport. configuring, monitoring, and actual device control all fall into the control category and use several standard communication protocol. intuitively, get digital audio from here to there be the role of transport.
control application can be find in standard protocol of the application layer. application layer protocol that be find in audio be Telnet, HTTP, and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). Telnet be short for TELetype NETwork and be one of the first internet protocol. Telnet provide command-line style communication to a machine. one example of Telnet usage in audio be the Peavey MediaMatrix, which use this technology, know as RATC, as a way to control MediaMatrix device remotely.
SNMP be a protocol for monitoring device on a network. there be several professional audio and video manufacturer that support this protocol, which provide a method for manage the status or health of device on a network. SNMP be a key technology in Network Operation Center (NOC) monitoring. it be an application layer protocol that communicate to device on the network through UDP/ip protocol, which can be communicate over a variety of datum transport technology.
control system can be manufacturer-specific, such as Harman Pro's HiQnet, QSC Audio's qscontrol, or third party such as Crestron's CresNet, where the control software communicate to audio device through TCP/IP. in many case, TCP/IP-base control can run on the same network as the audio signal transport, and some technology (such as CobraNet and Dante) be design to allow datum traffic to coexist with audio traffic.
the organizing and managing of audio bit be the job of the audio Transport. this be usually do by the audio protocol. Aviom, CobraNet, and EtherSound be protocol that organize bit for transport on the network. the transport can be divide into two category: logical and physical.
purely physical layer technology, such as Aviom, use hardware to organize and move digital bit. more often than not, a proprietary chip be use to organize and manage they. ethernet-base technology packetize the audio and send it to the Data Link and physical layer to be transport on Ethernet device. ethernet be both a logical and physical technology that packetize or "frame" the audio in the Data Link layer and send it to the physical layer to be move to another device on the network. Ethernet's physical layer also have a physical layer chip, refer to as the PHY chip, which can be purchase from several manufacturer.
compare Digital Audio Systems
the more familiar you be with the OSI model, the easy it will be to understand the similarity and difference of the various digital audio system. for many people, there be a tendency to gloss over the OSI model and just talk about networking-brand protocol. however, understand the OSI model will bring clarity to your understanding of digital audio network (Fig. 2).
due to the integration of pro av system, true network scheme be vitally important. a distinction must be make between audio networking and digital audio transport. audio network be define as those meet the commonly use standard protocol, where at least the Physical and Data Link layer technology and standard network appliance (such as hub and switch) can be use. there be several technology that meet this requirement use IEEE 1394 (Firewire), Ethernet, and ATM technology, to name a few. however, because Ethernet be widely deploy in application range from large enterprise to the home, this will be the technology of focus. all other technology that do not meet this definition will be consider digital audio transport system, and not a digital audio network.
there be at least 15 scheme for digital audio transport system and audio networking. three of the four technology present here have be select because of their wide acceptance in the industry base on the number of manufacturer that support it.
letus compare four CAT-5/ethernet technology: Aviom, EtherSound, CobraNet, and Dante. this be not to be consider a "shoot-out" between technology but rather a discussion to gain understanding of some of the many digital system option available to the AV professional.
as previously note, Aviom be a physical layer–only technology base on the classification outline above. it do use an Ethernet PHY chip, but donot meet the electrical characteristic of Ethernet. therefore, it cannot be connect to standard Ethernet hub or switch. Aviom use a proprietary chip to organize multiple channel of audio bit to be transport throughout a system, and it fall in the classification of a digital audio transport system.
EtherSound and CobraNet be both 802.3 ethernet– compliant technology that can be use on standard datum ethernet switch. there be some debate as to whether EtherSound technology can be consider a true ethernet technology because it require a dedicated network. EtherSound use a proprietary scheme for network control, and CobraNet use standard datum network method. the key difference for both the AV and datum professional be that EtherSound use a dedicated network, and CobraNet do not. there be other difference that may be consider before choose between CobraNet and EtherSound, but both be consider to be layer two (Data Link) technology.
Dante use Ethernet, but it be consider a layer four technology (Transport). it use UDP for audio transport and IP for audio routing on an Ethernet transport, commonly refer to as udp/IP over Ethernet.
at this point you may be ask yourself why do the audio industry have so many technology? why cannot there be one standard like there be in the data industry?
the answer to the first question relate to time. audio require synchronous delivery of bit. early Ethernet network benot much concerned with time. ethernet be asynchronous, mean there benot a concern when and how datum arrive as long as it get there. therefore, to put digital audio on a data network require a way to add a timing mechanism. time be an issue in another sense, in that your option depend on technology or market knowledge available at the time when you develop your solution. when and how you develop your solution lead to the question of a single industry standard.
many people donot realize that the data industry do in fact have more than one standard: Ethernet, ATM, FiberChannel, and SONET. each layer of the OSI model have numerous protocol for different purpose. the key be that developer follow the OSI model as a framework for network function and rule for communicate between they. if the developer want to use Ethernet, he or she be require to have this technology follow the rule for communicate to the Data Link layer, as require by the Ethernet standard.
because one of the key issue for audio involve time, itbe important to use it wisely.
there be two type of time that we need to be concern with in network: clock time and latency. clock time in this context be a timing mechanism that be break down into measurable unit, such as millisecond. in digital audio system, latency be the time duration between when audio or a bit of audio go into a system until the bit come out the other side. Latency have many cause, but arguably the root cause in audio network be the design of its timing mechanism. in addition, there be a tradeoff between the timing method and bandwidth. a general rule of thumb be that as the resolution of the timing mechanism increase, the more bandwidth thatbe require from the network.
Ethernet, be an asynchronous technology, require a timing method to be add to support the synchronous nature of audio. the concept and methodology of clock network for audio be key difference among the various technology.
CobraNet use a time mechanism call a beat packet. this packet be send out in 1.33 millisecond interval and communicate with CobraNet device. therefore, the latency of a CobraNet audio network cannot be less than 1.33 millisecond. CobraNet be introduce in 1995 when large-scale DSP-base digital system start replace analog design in the market. because the "sound system in a box" be new, there be great scrutiny of these system. a delay or latency in some time-critical application be notice, consider to be a challenge of use digital system. however, many believe that latency be an overly exaggerated issue in most application where digital audio system be deploy. in fact, this topic could be an article unto itself.
a little history of digital system and networking will provide some insight on the reason why there be several network technology available today. in the late '90, there be two "critical" concern in the digital audio industry: year of 2000 compliance (Y2K) and latency. to many audio pro, use audio network like CobraNet seem impossible because of the delay —at that time, approximately 5 millisecond, or in video term, less time than a frame of video.
Enter EtherSound, introduce in 2001, which address the issue of latency by provide an Ethernet network scheme with low latency and well bit-depth and high sampling rate than CobraNet. the market timing and concern over latency give EtherSound an excellent entry point. but since reduce latency down to 124 microsecond limit available bandwidth for datum traffic, a dedicated network be require for a 100-mb EtherSound network. later, to meet the market demand of low latency requirement, CobraNet introduce variable latency, with 1.33 millisecond be the minimum. with the Ethernet technology discussion thus far, there be a relationship between the bit-depth and sample rate to the clocking system.
Audio be not the only industry with a need for real-time clocking scheme. communication, military, and industrial application also require multiple device to be connect together on a network and function in real-time. a group be form from these market, and they take on the issue of real-time clocking while leverage the widely deploy ethernet technology. the outcome be the IEEE 1588 standard for a real-time clocking system for Ethernet network in 2002.
as a late entry to the network party, Audinate's Dante come to the market with the advantage of use new technology like IEEE 1588 to solve many of the current challenge in network audio. use this clocking technology in Ethernet allow Dante to provide sample accurate timing and synchronization while achieve latency as low as 34 microsecond. come to the market later also have the benefit of Gigabit networking be widely support, which provide the increase bandwidth requirement of ultra-low latency. it should be note here that EtherSound do have a Gigabit version, and CobraNet do work on Gigabit infrastructure with add benefit but it be currently a Fast Ethernet technology.
Dante provide a flexible solution to many of the current tradeoff that require one system on another due to design requirement of latency verse bandwidth, because Dante can support different latency, bit depth, and sample rate in the same system. for example, this allow a user to provide a low-latency, high bandwidth assignment to in-ear monitoring while at the same time use a high latency assignment in area where latency be less of a concern (such as front of house), thereby reduce the overall network bandwidth requirement.
the developer of CobraNet and Dante be both work toward advance software so that AV professional and end-user can configure, route audio, and manage audio device on a network. the goal be to make audio network "plug-and-play" for those that donot want to know anything about network technology. one of the advance to note be call "device discovery," where the software find all of the audio device on the network so you donot have to configure they in advance. the software also have advance feature for those who want to dive into the detail of their audio system.
advance in digital audio system and network technology will continue to change to meet market application and their specific requirement. Aviom's initial focus be to create a personal monitoring system, and it develop a digital audio transport to well serve this application. Aviom's low-latency transport provide a solution to the market that make it the perfect transport for many live application. CobraNet provide the av professional with a solution to integrate audio, video, and data system on an enterprise switch network. EtherSound come to the market by provide a low-latency audio transport use standard Ethernet 802.3 technology. Dante come to the market after significant change and growth and gigabit network and new technology like IEEE 1588 to solve many of challenge of use Ethernet in real-time system.
network audio and video can seem chaotic, but gain an understanding of the OSI model help bring order to the chaos. it not only provide an understanding of the various type of technology, but it also provide a common language to communicate for both av and datum professional. keep it simple by use the OSI model as the foundation and break audio network down into two functional part (control and transport) will help you determine which network technology will well suit your particular application.
Brent Harshbarger be the founder of m3tool locate in Atlanta. he can be reach at [email protected].
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DET details ADP PRON ADJ system PUNCT SPACE Advances ADP ADJ ADJ systems CCONJ networking technologies AUX VERB PART VERB PART VERB market applications CCONJ PRON ADJ requirements PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ focus AUX PART VERB DET ADJ monitoring system PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB DET ADJ ADJ transport PART ADV VERB DET application PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ PUNCT latency transport VERB DET solution ADP DET market PRON VERB PRON DET ADJ transport ADP ADJ ADJ applications PUNCT PROPN VERB DET AV professional ADP DET solution PART VERB audio PUNCT video PUNCT CCONJ data systems ADP DET enterprise VERB network PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP DET market ADP VERB DET ADJ PUNCT latency audio transport VERB ADJ PROPN NUM technology PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP DET market ADP ADJ change CCONJ growth CCONJ PROPN networking CCONJ ADJ technologies ADP PROPN NUM PART VERB ADJ ADP challenges ADP VERB PROPN ADP ADJ PUNCT time systems PUNCT SPACE VERB audio CCONJ video AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET understanding ADP DET PROPN model VERB VERB order ADP DET chaos PUNCT PRON PART ADV VERB DET understanding ADP DET ADJ types ADP technology PUNCT CCONJ PRON ADV VERB DET ADJ language PART VERB ADP DET AV CCONJ data professionals PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ ADP VERB DET PROPN model ADP DET foundation CCONJ VERB audio networking ADP ADP NUM ADJ parts PUNCT control CCONJ transport PUNCT AUX VERB PRON VERB DET networking technology AUX ADV VERB PRON ADJ application PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX DET founder ADP PROPN VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP X PUNCT
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PROPN Audio PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN model VERB VERB order ADP DET chaos ADP ADJ ADJ audio network options PUNCT SPACE Credit PUNCT PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN SPACE Networking AUX AUX DET source ADP frustration CCONJ confusion ADP ADJ AV professionals ADP decades PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV ADV VERB ADP ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET framework ADP DET ADJ NUM VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT layer framework PRON VERB network functions PUNCT PART VERB VERB matters PUNCT SPACE VERB DET ADJ understanding ADP SCONJ PART VERB ADP DET layer PUNCT DET PROPN model PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT AUX ADV DET foundation ADP PRON VERB data networking VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART ADJ ADP AV professionals PART VERB DET ADJ details ADP DET layer PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART ADP ADJ AUX DET grasp ADP DET purpose ADP DET layer ADV ADV ADP ADJ knowledge ADP DET ADJ protocols ADP DET NUM PUNCT VERB PRON VERB DET look ADP DET DET ADJ points PUNCT SPACE 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PUNCT DET people VERB SCONJ DET device ADP DET PROPN cable VERB ADP PRON AUX DET PROPN device PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX PROPN PART ADJ layer PRON VERB DET ADJ specification CCONJ ADJ connection PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP DET NUM connector ADV VERB PART AUX NUM ADP PRON PUNCT ADP DET technology PART ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN standard PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ implementation ADP CCONJ DET ADJ CCONJ PROPN PROPN layers PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN layer PUNCT DET layer ADP DET network routers VERB PUNCT PUNCT VERB PUNCT DET data CCONJ VERB routing information PUNCT DET ADJ protocol ADP DET layer AUX DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Layer NUM AUX DET PROPN layer PUNCT VERB ADP mind SCONJ DET layer AUX DET ADJ meaning ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADP SCONJ PRON VERB DET term PUNCT transport PUNCT ADP VERB audio ADV PUNCT DET PROPN layer VERB protocols PART VERB DET delivery method PUNCT DET ADV ADJ layer NUM protocol AUX PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADJ VERB PROPN SYM PROPN ADP NUM protocol PUNCT CCONJ ADV PRON AUX NUM ADJ protocols ADP NUM ADJ layers PUNCT PROPN SYM PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP DET data transport ADP file transfers CCONJ audio control applications PUNCT SPACE Comparison ADP NUM ADJ audio technologies VERB DET PROPN model ADP DET framework PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB DET scheme SCONJ PRON VERB DET ADJ message ADP DET packet VERB ADP DET VERB device PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET packet ADP information PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET message ADV ADP DET sender PART VERB PUNCT DET feature AUX ADJ ADP applications PRON AUX PART time PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ AUX PART ADJ ADP ADJ PUNCT time applications ADP audio CCONJ video PUNCT SPACE VERB media technologies ADV ADJ ADP DET Web VERB DET method VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV VERB DET packets PUNCT DET sender ADV VERB SCONJ PRON ADV VERB CCONJ PART PUNCT ADJ audio applications AUX PART VERB PROPN SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ layer CCONJ PROPN PROPN layer technologies PUNCT PART PROPN layer PUNCT ADV 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AUX DET ADJ familiarity ADP DET NUM layers PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN model PUNCT VERB PRON VERB DET ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ workings ADP DET ADJ audio network PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE Audio networking AUX AUX VERB ADP ADP NUM ADJ concepts PUNCT control CCONJ transport PUNCT Configuring PUNCT monitoring PUNCT CCONJ ADJ device control DET VERB ADP DET control category CCONJ VERB ADJ ADJ communication protocols PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADJ audio ADP ADV ADP ADV AUX DET role ADP transport PUNCT SPACE Control applications AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ protocols ADP DET Application layer PUNCT Application layer protocols PRON AUX VERB ADP audio AUX PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ AUX NUM ADP DET ADJ Internet protocols PUNCT PROPN VERB command PUNCT line style communication ADP DET machine PUNCT NUM example ADP PROPN usage ADP audio AUX DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB DET technology PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP DET way PART VERB PROPN devices ADV PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX DET protocol ADP VERB devices ADP DET network PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADJ audio CCONJ video manufacturers PRON VERB DET protocol PUNCT DET VERB DET method ADP VERB DET status CCONJ health ADP devices ADP DET network PUNCT PROPN AUX DET ADJ technology ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT monitoring PUNCT PRON AUX DET Application layer protocol PRON VERB ADP devices ADP DET network ADP PROPN SYM IP protocols PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB ADP DET variety ADP data transport technologies PUNCT SPACE Control systems AUX AUX manufacturer PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADJ party ADJ ADP PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET control software VERB ADP ADJ devices ADP PROPN SYM PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ cases PUNCT PROPN SYM IP PUNCT VERB control AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ network ADP DET ADJ signal transport PUNCT CCONJ DET technologies PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB PART VERB data traffic PART VERB ADP ADJ traffic PUNCT SPACE DET organizing CCONJ managing ADP ADJ bits AUX DET job ADP DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ protocol PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN AUX protocols PRON VERB bits ADP transport ADP DET network PUNCT DET transport AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM categories PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADV ADJ layer technologies PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB hardware PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ bits PUNCT ADV ADV ADP PART PUNCT DET ADJ chip AUX VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB technologies VERB DET audio CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN layers PART AUX VERB ADP PROPN devices PUNCT PROPN AUX CCONJ DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ technology PRON VERB CCONJ PUNCT VERB PUNCT DET audio ADP DET PROPN PROPN layer CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET PROPN layer PART AUX VERB ADP DET device ADP DET network PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ layer ADV AUX DET ADJ layer chip PUNCT VERB ADP ADP DET PROPN chip PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ manufacturers PUNCT SPACE VERB 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technology PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PROPN ADP ADJ transport CCONJ IP ADP ADJ routing ADP DET PROPN transport PUNCT ADV VERB ADP ADP PROPN SYM IP ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET point PRON AUX AUX VERB PRON SCONJ AUX DET audio industry AUX ADV ADJ technologies PUNCT SCONJ AUX PART PRON AUX NUM standard ADP PRON AUX ADP DET data industry PUNCT SPACE DET answer ADP DET ADJ question VERB ADP time PUNCT Audio VERB ADJ delivery ADP bits PUNCT ADJ PROPN networks AUX PART ADV ADJ ADP time PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT VERB PRON AUX PART DET concern SCONJ CCONJ SCONJ data VERB ADV ADV ADP PRON VERB ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT PART VERB ADJ audio ADP DET data network VERB DET way PART VERB DET timing mechanism PUNCT Time AUX DET issue ADP DET sense PUNCT ADP SCONJ PRON options VERB ADP technology CCONJ market knowledge ADJ ADP DET time SCONJ PRON VERB PRON solution PUNCT SCONJ CCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB PRON solution VERB ADP DET question ADP DET ADJ industry standard PUNCT SPACE ADJ people AUX PART VERB 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ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ scrutiny ADP DET systems PUNCT DET delay CCONJ latency ADP DET time PUNCT ADJ applications AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PART AUX DET challenge ADP VERB ADJ systems PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ VERB SCONJ latency AUX DET ADV ADJ issue ADP ADJ applications SCONJ ADJ audio systems AUX VERB PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT DET topic AUX AUX DET article ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ history ADP ADJ systems CCONJ networking AUX VERB DET insight ADP DET reason SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ networking technologies ADJ today PUNCT ADP DET ADJ' 90s PUNCT PRON AUX NUM PUNCT ADJ PUNCT concerns ADP DET ADJ audio industry PUNCT PROPN ADP NUM compliance PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ latency PUNCT ADP ADJ audio pros PUNCT VERB audio networks ADP PROPN VERB ADJ SCONJ ADP DET delay PUNCT ADP DET time PUNCT ADV NUM milliseconds PUNCT CCONJ ADP video terms PUNCT ADJ time ADP DET frame ADP video PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP NUM PUNCT DET VERB DET issue ADP latency ADP VERB DET PROPN networking scheme ADP ADJ latency CCONJ ADJ bit PUNCT depth CCONJ ADJ sampling rate ADP PROPN PUNCT DET market timing CCONJ concern ADP latency VERB PROPN DET ADJ entry point PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ VERB latency ADV ADP NUM microseconds VERB ADJ bandwidth ADP data traffic PUNCT DET ADJ network AUX VERB ADP DET NUM PUNCT MB PROPN network PUNCT ADV PUNCT PART VERB DET market demands ADP ADJ latency requirements PUNCT PROPN VERB ADJ latency PUNCT ADP NUM milliseconds AUX DET minimum PUNCT ADP DET PROPN technologies discussion ADV ADV PUNCT PRON AUX DET relationship ADP DET bit PUNCT depth CCONJ sample rate ADP DET clocking system PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX PART DET ADJ industry ADP DET need ADP ADJ PUNCT time clocking schemes PUNCT Communications PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ applications ADV VERB ADJ devices PART AUX VERB ADV ADP DET network CCONJ function ADP ADJ PUNCT time PUNCT DET group AUX VERB ADP DET markets PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET issue ADP ADJ PUNCT time clocking SCONJ VERB DET ADV VERB PROPN technology PUNCT DET outcome AUX DET PROPN NUM standard ADP DET ADJ PUNCT time clocking system ADP PROPN networks ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ entry ADP DET networking party PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN VERB ADP DET market ADP DET advantage ADP VERB ADJ technologies ADP PROPN NUM PART VERB ADJ ADP DET ADJ challenges ADP VERB audio PUNCT VERB DET clocking technology ADP PROPN VERB PROPN PART VERB sample ADJ timing CCONJ synchronization SCONJ VERB latency ADV ADJ ADP NUM microseconds PUNCT VERB ADP DET market ADV ADV AUX DET benefit ADP PROPN networking AUX ADV VERB PUNCT DET VERB DET VERB bandwidth requirement ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ latency PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADV SCONJ PROPN AUX AUX DET PROPN version PUNCT CCONJ PROPN AUX work ADP PROPN infrastructure ADP VERB benefits CCONJ PRON AUX ADV DET PROPN PROPN technology PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB DET ADJ solution ADP ADJ ADP DET ADJ tradeoffs PRON VERB NUM system ADP DET ADP ADP design requirements ADP latency ADP bandwidth PUNCT SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB ADJ latency PUNCT bit depth PUNCT CCONJ sample rates ADP DET ADJ system PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET VERB DET user PART VERB DET ADJ PUNCT latency PUNCT ADJ bandwidth assignment ADP ADP PUNCT ear monitoring SCONJ ADP DET ADJ time VERB DET ADJ latency assignment ADP areas SCONJ latency AUX ADJ ADP DET concern PUNCT ADJ ADP front ADP house PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB DET ADJ network bandwidth requirement PUNCT SPACE DET developers ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN AUX DET VERB ADP VERB software SCONJ SCONJ AV professionals CCONJ end PUNCT users AUX VERB PUNCT VERB audio PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ devices ADP DET network PUNCT DET goal AUX PART VERB audio networks PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADP DET PRON AUX PART VERB PART VERB PRON ADP networking technologies PUNCT NUM ADP DET advances PART VERB AUX VERB PUNCT device discovery PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ DET software VERB DET ADP DET ADJ devices ADP DET network SCONJ PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB PRON ADP advance PUNCT DET software ADV AUX advance features ADP DET PRON VERB PART VERB ADP DET details ADP PRON ADJ system PUNCT SPACE Advances ADP ADJ ADJ systems CCONJ networking technologies AUX VERB PART VERB PART VERB market applications CCONJ PRON ADJ requirements PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ focus AUX PART VERB DET ADJ monitoring system PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB DET ADJ ADJ transport PART ADV VERB DET application PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ PUNCT latency transport VERB DET solution ADP DET market PRON VERB PRON DET ADJ transport ADP ADJ ADJ applications PUNCT PROPN VERB DET AV professional ADP DET solution PART VERB audio PUNCT video PUNCT CCONJ data systems ADP DET enterprise VERB network PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP DET market ADP VERB DET ADJ PUNCT latency audio transport VERB ADJ PROPN NUM technology PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP DET market ADP ADJ change CCONJ growth CCONJ PROPN networking CCONJ ADJ technologies ADP PROPN NUM PART VERB ADJ ADP challenges ADP VERB PROPN ADP ADJ PUNCT time systems PUNCT SPACE VERB audio CCONJ video AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET understanding ADP DET PROPN model VERB VERB order ADP DET chaos PUNCT PRON PART ADV VERB DET understanding ADP DET ADJ types ADP technology PUNCT CCONJ PRON ADV VERB DET ADJ language PART VERB ADP DET AV CCONJ data professionals PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ ADP VERB DET PROPN model ADP DET foundation CCONJ VERB audio networking ADP ADP NUM ADJ parts PUNCT control CCONJ transport PUNCT AUX VERB PRON VERB DET networking technology AUX ADV VERB PRON ADJ application PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX DET founder ADP PROPN VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP X PUNCT
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PROPN Audio PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN model VERB VERB order ADP DET chaos ADP ADJ ADJ audio network options PUNCT SPACE Credit PUNCT PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN SPACE Networking AUX AUX DET source ADP frustration CCONJ confusion ADP ADJ AV professionals ADP decades PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV ADV VERB ADP ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET framework ADP DET ADJ NUM VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT layer framework PRON VERB network functions PUNCT PART VERB VERB matters PUNCT SPACE VERB DET ADJ understanding ADP SCONJ PART VERB ADP DET layer PUNCT DET PROPN model PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT AUX ADV DET foundation ADP PRON VERB data networking VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART ADJ ADP AV professionals PART VERB DET ADJ details ADP DET layer PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART ADP ADJ AUX DET grasp ADP DET purpose ADP DET layer ADV ADV ADP ADJ knowledge ADP DET ADJ protocols ADP DET NUM PUNCT VERB PRON VERB DET look ADP DET DET ADJ points PUNCT SPACE DET NUM Layers SPACE VERB ADP DET bottom ADV PUNCT DET NUM layers ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT Network PUNCT Transport PUNCT Session PUNCT Presentation PUNCT CCONJ Application PUNCT DET ADJ layer AUX ADV DET PUNCT DET hardware PART ADJ connection PRON VERB PRON ADJ characteristics PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN layer AUX DET logic connection PUNCT VERB DET type ADP network PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN layer VERB SCONJ CCONJ PART PRON AUX DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT network PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP NUM data network transport protocol PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN layer AUX VERB ADP NUM sub - layers PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN ADP PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET NUM layers ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP network functions PUNCT SPACE ADV AUX NUM ADJ example ADP SCONJ DET PROPN model VERB PRON VERB networking technologies PUNCT DET people VERB SCONJ DET device ADP DET PROPN cable VERB ADP PRON AUX DET PROPN device PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX PROPN PART ADJ layer PRON VERB DET ADJ specification CCONJ ADJ connection PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP DET NUM connector ADV VERB PART AUX NUM ADP PRON PUNCT ADP DET technology PART ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN standard PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ implementation ADP CCONJ DET ADJ CCONJ PROPN PROPN layers PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN layer PUNCT DET layer ADP DET network routers VERB PUNCT PUNCT VERB PUNCT DET data CCONJ VERB routing information PUNCT DET ADJ protocol ADP DET layer AUX DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Layer NUM AUX DET PROPN layer PUNCT VERB ADP mind SCONJ DET layer AUX DET ADJ meaning ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADP SCONJ PRON VERB DET term PUNCT transport PUNCT ADP VERB audio ADV PUNCT DET PROPN layer VERB protocols PART VERB DET delivery method PUNCT DET ADV ADJ layer NUM protocol AUX PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADJ VERB PROPN SYM PROPN ADP NUM protocol PUNCT CCONJ ADV PRON AUX NUM ADJ protocols ADP NUM ADJ layers PUNCT PROPN SYM PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP DET data transport ADP file transfers CCONJ audio control applications PUNCT SPACE Comparison ADP NUM ADJ audio technologies VERB DET PROPN model ADP DET framework PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB DET scheme SCONJ PRON VERB DET ADJ message ADP DET packet VERB ADP DET VERB device PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET packet ADP information PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET message ADV ADP DET sender PART VERB PUNCT DET feature AUX ADJ ADP applications PRON AUX PART time PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ AUX PART ADJ ADP ADJ PUNCT time applications ADP audio CCONJ video PUNCT SPACE VERB media technologies ADV ADJ ADP DET Web VERB DET method VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV VERB DET packets PUNCT DET sender ADV VERB SCONJ PRON ADV VERB CCONJ PART PUNCT ADJ audio applications AUX PART VERB PROPN SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ layer CCONJ PROPN PROPN layer technologies PUNCT PART PROPN layer PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET newcomer ADP ADJ audio networking PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV VERB DET ADJ ADJ audio networking technology PART VERB UDP SYM IP technology ADP Ethernet ADP PRON product VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN layers AUX PART ADV VERB ADP ADJ audio networks PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART AUX VERB ADP DET article PUNCT SCONJ DET layers AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET integration projects PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART VERB DET PROPN model ADV PART VERB PRON understanding ADP DET ADJ tool PUNCT SPACE DET purpose ADP DET Application layer AUX PART VERB DET interface tools PRON VERB networking ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB PART VERB audio ADP DET network PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ devices ADP DET network PUNCT ADJ protocols AUX PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PART VERB ADV DET ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADV SCONJ PRON 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technology PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PROPN ADP ADJ transport CCONJ IP ADP ADJ routing ADP DET PROPN transport PUNCT ADV VERB ADP ADP PROPN SYM IP ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET point PRON AUX AUX VERB PRON SCONJ AUX DET audio industry AUX ADV ADJ technologies PUNCT SCONJ AUX PART PRON AUX NUM standard ADP PRON AUX ADP DET data industry PUNCT SPACE DET answer ADP DET ADJ question VERB ADP time PUNCT Audio VERB ADJ delivery ADP bits PUNCT ADJ PROPN networks AUX PART ADV ADJ ADP time PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT VERB PRON AUX PART DET concern SCONJ CCONJ SCONJ data VERB ADV ADV ADP PRON VERB ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT PART VERB ADJ audio ADP DET data network VERB DET way PART VERB DET timing mechanism PUNCT Time AUX DET issue ADP DET sense PUNCT ADP SCONJ PRON options VERB ADP technology CCONJ market knowledge ADJ ADP DET time SCONJ PRON VERB PRON solution PUNCT SCONJ CCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB PRON solution VERB ADP DET question ADP DET ADJ industry standard PUNCT SPACE ADJ people AUX PART VERB 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ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ scrutiny ADP DET systems PUNCT DET delay CCONJ latency ADP DET time PUNCT ADJ applications AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PART AUX DET challenge ADP VERB ADJ systems PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ VERB SCONJ latency AUX DET ADV ADJ issue ADP ADJ applications SCONJ ADJ audio systems AUX VERB PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT DET topic AUX AUX DET article ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ history ADP ADJ systems CCONJ networking AUX VERB DET insight ADP DET reason SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ networking technologies ADJ today PUNCT ADP DET ADJ' 90s PUNCT PRON AUX NUM PUNCT ADJ PUNCT concerns ADP DET ADJ audio industry PUNCT PROPN ADP NUM compliance PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ latency PUNCT ADP ADJ audio pros PUNCT VERB audio networks ADP PROPN VERB ADJ SCONJ ADP DET delay PUNCT ADP DET time PUNCT ADV NUM milliseconds PUNCT CCONJ ADP video terms PUNCT ADJ time ADP DET frame ADP video PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP NUM PUNCT DET VERB DET issue ADP latency ADP VERB DET PROPN networking scheme ADP ADJ latency CCONJ ADJ bit PUNCT depth CCONJ ADJ sampling rate ADP PROPN PUNCT DET market timing CCONJ concern ADP latency VERB PROPN DET ADJ entry point PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ VERB latency ADV ADP NUM microseconds VERB ADJ bandwidth ADP data traffic PUNCT DET ADJ network AUX VERB ADP DET NUM PUNCT MB PROPN network PUNCT ADV PUNCT PART VERB DET market demands ADP ADJ latency requirements PUNCT PROPN VERB ADJ latency PUNCT ADP NUM milliseconds AUX DET minimum PUNCT ADP DET PROPN technologies discussion ADV ADV PUNCT PRON AUX DET relationship ADP DET bit PUNCT depth CCONJ sample rate ADP DET clocking system PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX PART DET ADJ industry ADP DET need ADP ADJ PUNCT time clocking schemes PUNCT Communications PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ applications ADV VERB ADJ devices PART AUX VERB ADV ADP DET network CCONJ function ADP ADJ PUNCT time PUNCT DET group AUX VERB ADP DET markets PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET issue ADP ADJ PUNCT time clocking SCONJ VERB DET ADV VERB PROPN technology PUNCT DET outcome 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PUNCT CCONJ sample rates ADP DET ADJ system PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET VERB DET user PART VERB DET ADJ PUNCT latency PUNCT ADJ bandwidth assignment ADP ADP PUNCT ear monitoring SCONJ ADP DET ADJ time VERB DET ADJ latency assignment ADP areas SCONJ latency AUX ADJ ADP DET concern PUNCT ADJ ADP front ADP house PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB DET ADJ network bandwidth requirement PUNCT SPACE DET developers ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN AUX DET VERB ADP VERB software SCONJ SCONJ AV professionals CCONJ end PUNCT users AUX VERB PUNCT VERB audio PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ devices ADP DET network PUNCT DET goal AUX PART VERB audio networks PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADP DET PRON AUX PART VERB PART VERB PRON ADP networking technologies PUNCT NUM ADP DET advances PART VERB AUX VERB PUNCT device discovery PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ DET software VERB DET ADP DET ADJ devices ADP DET network SCONJ PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB PRON ADP advance PUNCT DET software ADV AUX advance features ADP DET PRON VERB PART VERB ADP DET details ADP PRON ADJ system PUNCT SPACE Advances ADP ADJ ADJ systems CCONJ networking technologies AUX VERB PART VERB PART VERB market applications CCONJ PRON ADJ requirements PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ focus AUX PART VERB DET ADJ monitoring system PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB DET ADJ ADJ transport PART ADV VERB DET application PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ PUNCT latency transport VERB DET solution ADP DET market PRON VERB PRON DET ADJ transport ADP ADJ ADJ applications PUNCT PROPN VERB DET AV professional ADP DET solution PART VERB audio PUNCT video PUNCT CCONJ data systems ADP DET enterprise VERB network PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP DET market ADP VERB DET ADJ PUNCT latency audio transport VERB ADJ PROPN NUM technology PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP DET market ADP ADJ change CCONJ growth CCONJ PROPN networking CCONJ ADJ technologies ADP PROPN NUM PART VERB ADJ ADP challenges ADP VERB PROPN ADP ADJ PUNCT time systems PUNCT SPACE VERB audio CCONJ video AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET understanding ADP DET PROPN model VERB VERB order ADP DET chaos PUNCT PRON PART ADV VERB DET understanding ADP DET ADJ types ADP technology PUNCT CCONJ PRON ADV VERB DET ADJ language PART VERB ADP DET AV CCONJ data professionals PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ ADP VERB DET PROPN model ADP DET foundation CCONJ VERB audio networking ADP ADP NUM ADJ parts PUNCT control CCONJ transport PUNCT AUX VERB PRON VERB DET networking technology AUX ADV VERB PRON ADJ application PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX DET founder ADP PROPN VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP X PUNCT
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"From the creators of Animachines, a playful way for kids to learn actions, animals, and opposites."
Opposites are everywhere in our world. A day at the park will reveal busy kids and active animals doing opposite actions. There, on the slide: Sam goes up as Hiroko zips down. And there, in the tree: one squirrel climbs up and another scurries down. Not far away, Daddy is quiet but Simon is LOUD, while a mother bird is silent as she feeds her chirping babies.
In Kids Do, Animals Too ten pairs explain opposites to young children. Each pair features people and a different animal, including: fast, slow -- dogs in, out -- mice up, down -- squirrels on, off -- frogs ahead, behind -- ants quiet, loud -- birds under, over -- spiders wet, dry -- ducks toward, away -- butterflies asleep, awake -- squirrels, bats
The softly colored artwork features familiar park settings, and includes look-and-find details that cleverly connect each active scene. Meanwhile, the aptly crafted language keeps the action moving and the learning fun.
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creators way kids actions animals opposites Opposites world day park kids animals actions slide zips tree squirrel scurries Daddy mother bird babies Kids pairs opposites children pair people animal dogs mice frogs ants birds spiders ducks butterflies squirrels bats artwork park settings details scene language action fun
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"from the creator of Animachines, a playful way for kid to learn action, animal, and opposite."
opposite be everywhere in our world. a day at the park will reveal busy kid and active animal do opposite action. there, on the slide: Sam go up as Hiroko zips down. and there, in the tree: one squirrel climb up and another scurry down. not far away, daddy be quiet but Simon be LOUD, while a mother bird be silent as she feed her chirping baby.
in kid do, Animals too ten pair explain opposite to young child. each pair feature people and a different animal, include: fast, slow -- dog in, out -- mouse up, down -- squirrel on, off -- frog ahead, behind -- ant quiet, loud -- bird under, over -- spider wet, dry -- duck toward, away -- butterfly asleep, awake -- squirrel, bat
the softly color artwork feature familiar park setting, and include look-and-find detail that cleverly connect each active scene. meanwhile, the aptly craft language keep the action move and the learn fun.
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PUNCT ADP DET creators ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ way ADP kids PART VERB actions PUNCT animals PUNCT CCONJ opposites PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Opposites AUX ADV ADP PRON world PUNCT DET day ADP DET park AUX VERB ADJ kids CCONJ ADJ animals VERB ADJ actions PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET slide PUNCT PROPN VERB ADV ADP PROPN VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV PUNCT ADP DET tree PUNCT NUM squirrel VERB ADV CCONJ DET VERB ADV PUNCT PART ADV ADV PUNCT Daddy AUX ADJ CCONJ PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT SCONJ DET mother bird AUX ADJ ADP PRON VERB PRON VERB babies PUNCT SPACE ADP Kids AUX PUNCT Animals ADV NUM pairs VERB opposites ADP ADJ children PUNCT DET pair VERB people CCONJ DET ADJ animal PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT dogs ADP PUNCT ADV PUNCT mice ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT squirrels ADP PUNCT ADV PUNCT frogs ADV PUNCT ADP PUNCT ants ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT birds ADV PUNCT ADP PUNCT spiders ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ducks ADP PUNCT ADV PUNCT butterflies ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT squirrels PUNCT bats SPACE DET ADV VERB artwork VERB ADJ park settings PUNCT CCONJ VERB VERB PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT VERB details PRON ADV VERB DET ADJ scene PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADV VERB language VERB DET action VERB CCONJ DET learning fun PUNCT
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PUNCT ADP DET creators ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ way ADP kids PART VERB actions PUNCT animals PUNCT CCONJ opposites PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Opposites AUX ADV ADP PRON world PUNCT DET day ADP DET park AUX VERB ADJ kids CCONJ ADJ animals VERB ADJ actions PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET slide PUNCT PROPN VERB ADV ADP PROPN VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV PUNCT ADP DET tree PUNCT NUM squirrel VERB ADV CCONJ DET VERB ADV PUNCT PART ADV ADV PUNCT Daddy AUX ADJ CCONJ PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT SCONJ DET mother bird AUX ADJ ADP PRON VERB PRON VERB babies PUNCT SPACE ADP Kids AUX PUNCT Animals ADV NUM pairs VERB opposites ADP ADJ children PUNCT DET pair VERB people CCONJ DET ADJ animal PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT dogs ADP PUNCT ADV PUNCT mice ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT squirrels ADP PUNCT ADV PUNCT frogs ADV PUNCT ADP PUNCT ants ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT birds ADV PUNCT ADP PUNCT spiders ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ducks ADP PUNCT ADV PUNCT butterflies ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT squirrels PUNCT bats SPACE DET ADV VERB artwork VERB ADJ park settings PUNCT CCONJ VERB VERB PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT VERB details PRON ADV VERB DET ADJ scene PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADV VERB language VERB DET action VERB CCONJ DET learning fun PUNCT
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PUNCT ADP DET creators ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ way ADP kids PART VERB actions PUNCT animals PUNCT CCONJ opposites PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Opposites AUX ADV ADP PRON world PUNCT DET day ADP DET park AUX VERB ADJ kids CCONJ ADJ animals VERB ADJ actions PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET slide PUNCT PROPN VERB ADV ADP PROPN VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV PUNCT ADP DET tree PUNCT NUM squirrel VERB ADV CCONJ DET VERB ADV PUNCT PART ADV ADV PUNCT Daddy AUX ADJ CCONJ PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT SCONJ DET mother bird AUX ADJ ADP PRON VERB PRON VERB babies PUNCT SPACE ADP Kids AUX PUNCT Animals ADV NUM pairs VERB opposites ADP ADJ children PUNCT DET pair VERB people CCONJ DET ADJ animal PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT dogs ADP PUNCT ADV PUNCT mice ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT squirrels ADP PUNCT ADV PUNCT frogs ADV PUNCT ADP PUNCT ants ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT birds ADV PUNCT ADP PUNCT spiders ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ducks ADP PUNCT ADV PUNCT butterflies ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT squirrels PUNCT bats SPACE DET ADV VERB artwork VERB ADJ park settings PUNCT CCONJ VERB VERB PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT VERB details PRON ADV VERB DET ADJ scene PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADV VERB language VERB DET action VERB CCONJ DET learning fun PUNCT
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- Types of home dialysis
- Daily HHD
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- For professionals
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...everything you need to know about doing dialysis at home.
Here we present a chronological tour of dialysis from the beginning.
All photos by Jim Curtis; descriptions courtesy of Baxter.
The first practical artificial kidney was developed during World War II by the Dutch physician Willem Kolff. The Kolff kidney used a 20-meter long tube of cellophane sausage casing as a dialyzing membrane. The tube was wrapped around a slatted wooden drum. Powered by an electric motor, the drum revolved in a tank filled with dialyzing solution. The patient’s blood was drawn through the cellophane tubing by gravity as the drum revolved. Toxic molecules in the blood diffused through the tubing into the dialyzing solution. Complete dialysis took about six hours. The Kolff kidney effectively removed toxins from the blood, but because it operated at low pressure, it was unable to remove excess fluid from the patient’s blood. Modern dialysis machines are designed to filter out excess fluid while cleansing the blood of wastes.
Blood was drained from the patient into a sterile container. Anticlotting drugs were added, and the filled container was hung on a post above the artificial kidney and connected to the cellulose acetate tubing that was wound around the wooden drum. A motor turned the drum, pulling the blood through the tubing by gravity.
The tank underneath the drum was filled with dialyzing fluid. As the blood-filled tubing passed through this fluid, waste products from the blood diffused through the tubing into the dialyzing fluid. The cleansed blood collected in a second sterile container at the other end of the machine. When all of the blood had passed through the machine, this second container was raised to drain the blood back into the patient.
George Thorn, MD, of the Peter Bent Hospital in Boston, MA, invited Willem Kolff, MD, to meet with Carl Walters, MD, and John Merrill, MD, to redesign and modify the original Kolff Rotating Drum Kidney. The artificial kidney was to be used to support the first proposed transplant program in the United States. This device was built by Edward Olson, an engineer, who would produce over forty of these devices, which were shipped all over the world.
Cellulose acetate tubular membrane, the same type of membrane that is used as sausage casing, was wrapped around the drum and connected to latex tubing that would be attached to the patient’s bloodstream. The drum would be rotating in the dialyzing fluid bath that is located under the drum.
The patient’s blood was propelled through the device by the “Archimedes screw principle” and a pulsatile pump. A split coupling was developed to connect the tubing to the membrane, a component necessary to prevent the tubing and membrane from twisting. This connection is at the inlet and outlet of the rotating drum.
The membrane surface area could be adjusted by increasing or decreasing the number of wraps of tubing. The Plexiglas™ hood was designed to control the temperature of the blood. The cost of this device was $5,600 in 1950.
Murphy WP Jr., Swan RC Jr., Walter CW, Weller JM, Merrill JP. Use of an artificial kidney. III. Current procedures in clinical hemodialysis. J Lab Clin Med. 1952 Sep; 40(3): 436-44.
Leonard Skeggs, PhD, and Jack Leonards, MD, developed the first parallel flow artificial kidney at Case Western Reserve in Cleveland, OH. The artificial kidney was designed to have a low resistance to blood flow and to have an adjustable surface area.
Two sheets of membrane are sandwiched between two rubber pads in order to reduce the blood volume and to ensure uniform distribution of blood across the membrane to maximize efficiency. Multiple layers were utilized. The device required a great deal of time to construct and it often leaked. This was corrected by the use of bone wax to stop the leak.
The device had a very low resistance to blood flow and it could be used without a blood pump. If more than one of these units were used at a time, a blood pump was required. Skeggs was able to remove water from the blood in the artificial kidney by creating a siphon on the effluent of the dialyzing fluid. This appears to be the first reference to negative pressure dialysis.
This technology was later adapted by Leonard Skeggs to do blood chemistries. It was called the SMA 12-60 Autoanalyzer.
This artificial kidney was developed to reduce the amount of blood outside of the body and to eliminate the need for pumping the blood through the device.
Guarino used cellulose acetate tubing. The dialyzing fluid was directed inside the tubing and the blood, entering the device from the top, cascading down the membrane. The metal tubing inside the membrane gave support to the membrane.
The artificial kidney ahd a very low blood volume, but it had limited use because there was concern regarding the possibility of the dialyzing fluid leaking into the blood.
Von Garrelts had constructed a dialyzer in 1948 by wrapping a cellulose acetate membrane around a core. The layers of membrane were separated by rods. It was very bulky and weighed over 100 pounds.
William Inouye, MD, took this concept and miniaturized it by wrapping the cellulose acetate tubing around a beaker and separating the layers with fiberglass screening. He placed this “coil” in a Presto Pressure Cooker in order to enclose it and control the temperature. In addition, he made openings in the pot for the dialyzing fluid. With the use of a vacuum on the dialysate leaving the pot, he was able to draw the excess water out of the patient’s blood. A blood pump was required to overcome resistance within the device.
This device was used clinically and when it was used in a closed circuit, the exact amount of fluid removed could be determined.
Inouye WY, Engelberg J. A simplified artificial dialyzer and ultrafilter. Surg Forum. Proceedings of the Forum Sessions, Thirty-ninth Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois, October, 1953; 4: 438-42.
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Types home dialysis events Message boards professionals dialysis home tour dialysis beginning photos descriptions courtesy kidney physician kidney meter tube cellophane sausage casing dialyzing membrane tube drum motor drum tank dialyzing solution patient blood cellophane tubing gravity drum molecules blood tubing dialyzing solution dialysis hours kidney toxins blood pressure fluid patient blood dialysis machines fluid blood wastes Blood patient container drugs container post kidney cellulose acetate tubing drum motor drum blood tubing gravity tank drum fluid blood tubing fluid waste products blood tubing fluid blood container end machine blood machine container blood patient kidney transplant program device engineer devices world membrane type membrane sausage casing drum latex tubing patient bloodstream drum fluid bath drum patient blood device principle pump coupling tubing membrane component tubing membrane twisting connection inlet outlet drum membrane surface area number wraps tubing hood temperature blood cost device Use kidney procedures hemodialysis PhD flow kidney kidney resistance blood flow surface area sheets membrane rubber pads order blood volume distribution blood membrane efficiency layers device deal time use bone wax leak device resistance blood flow blood pump units time blood pump water blood kidney siphon effluent fluid reference pressure dialysis technology blood chemistries kidney amount blood body need blood device cellulose acetate tubing dialyzing fluid tubing blood device top membrane metal tubing membrane support membrane kidney blood volume use concern possibility dialyzing fluid blood dialyzer cellulose acetate membrane core layers membrane rods pounds concept cellulose acetate tubing beaker layers fiberglass screening coil order temperature addition openings pot fluid use vacuum dialysate pot water patient blood blood pump resistance device device circuit amount dialyzer ultrafilter Proceedings contributions Sponsor
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...everything you need to know about do dialysis at home.
here we present a chronological tour of dialysis from the beginning.
all photo by Jim Curtis; description courtesy of Baxter.
the first practical artificial kidney be develop during World War II by the dutch physician Willem Kolff. the Kolff kidney use a 20-meter long tube of cellophane sausage casing as a dialyzing membrane. the tube be wrap around a slat wooden drum. power by an electric motor, the drum revolve in a tank fill with dialyzing solution. the patient’s blood be draw through the cellophane tubing by gravity as the drum revolve. toxic molecule in the blood diffuse through the tubing into the dialyzing solution. complete dialysis take about six hour. the Kolff kidney effectively remove toxin from the blood, but because it operate at low pressure, it be unable to remove excess fluid from the patient’s blood. modern dialysis machine be design to filter out excess fluid while cleanse the blood of waste.
blood be drain from the patient into a sterile container. anticlotte drug be add, and the fill container be hang on a post above the artificial kidney and connect to the cellulose acetate tubing that be wind around the wooden drum. a motor turn the drum, pull the blood through the tubing by gravity.
the tank underneath the drum be fill with dialyze fluid. as the blood-fill tubing pass through this fluid, waste product from the blood diffuse through the tubing into the dialyze fluid. the cleanse blood collect in a second sterile container at the other end of the machine. when all of the blood have pass through the machine, this second container be raise to drain the blood back into the patient.
George Thorn, MD, of the Peter Bent Hospital in Boston, MA, invite Willem Kolff, MD, to meet with Carl Walters, MD, and John Merrill, MD, to redesign and modify the original Kolff Rotating Drum Kidney. the artificial kidney be to be use to support the first propose transplant program in the United States. this device be build by Edward Olson, an engineer, who would produce over forty of these device, which be ship all over the world.
Cellulose acetate tubular membrane, the same type of membrane that be use as sausage casing, be wrap around the drum and connect to latex tubing that would be attach to the patient’s bloodstream. the drum would be rotate in the dialyzing fluid bath that be locate under the drum.
the patient’s blood be propel through the device by the "Archimedes screw principle" and a pulsatile pump. a split coupling be develop to connect the tubing to the membrane, a component necessary to prevent the tubing and membrane from twisting. this connection be at the inlet and outlet of the rotate drum.
the membrane surface area could be adjust by increase or decrease the number of wrap of tubing. the Plexiglas™ hood be design to control the temperature of the blood. the cost of this device be $5,600 in 1950.
Murphy WP Jr., Swan RC Jr., Walter CW, Weller JM, Merrill JP. use of an artificial kidney. III. current procedure in clinical hemodialysis. J Lab Clin Med. 1952 Sep; 40(3): 436-44.
Leonard Skeggs, phd, and Jack Leonards, MD, develop the first parallel flow artificial kidney at Case Western Reserve in Cleveland, OH. the artificial kidney be design to have a low resistance to blood flow and to have an adjustable surface area.
two sheet of membrane be sandwich between two rubber pad in order to reduce the blood volume and to ensure uniform distribution of blood across the membrane to maximize efficiency. multiple layer be utilize. the device require a great deal of time to construct and it often leak. this be correct by the use of bone wax to stop the leak.
the device have a very low resistance to blood flow and it could be use without a blood pump. if more than one of these unit be use at a time, a blood pump be require. Skeggs be able to remove water from the blood in the artificial kidney by create a siphon on the effluent of the dialyze fluid. this appear to be the first reference to negative pressure dialysis.
this technology be later adapt by Leonard Skeggs to do blood chemistry. it be call the SMA 12-60 Autoanalyzer.
this artificial kidney be develop to reduce the amount of blood outside of the body and to eliminate the need for pump the blood through the device.
Guarino use cellulose acetate tubing. the dialyzing fluid be direct inside the tubing and the blood, enter the device from the top, cascade down the membrane. the metal tubing inside the membrane give support to the membrane.
the artificial kidney ahd a very low blood volume, but it have limit use because there be concern regard the possibility of the dialyzing fluid leak into the blood.
Von Garrelts have construct a dialyzer in 1948 by wrap a cellulose acetate membrane around a core. the layer of membrane be separate by rod. it be very bulky and weigh over 100 pound.
William Inouye, MD, take this concept and miniaturize it by wrap the cellulose acetate tubing around a beaker and separate the layer with fiberglass screening. he place this "coil" in a Presto Pressure Cooker in order to enclose it and control the temperature. in addition, he make opening in the pot for the dialyze fluid. with the use of a vacuum on the dialysate leave the pot, he be able to draw the excess water out of the patient’s blood. a blood pump be require to overcome resistance within the device.
this device be use clinically and when it be use in a closed circuit, the exact amount of fluid remove could be determine.
Inouye WY, Engelberg J. A simplified artificial dialyzer and ultrafilter. Surg Forum. proceeding of the Forum Sessions, thirty-ninth Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois, October, 1953; 4: 438-42.
Home Dialysis Central be make possible through the generous annual contribution of our corporate Sponsors. learn more about become a corporate sponsor.
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PUNCT Types ADP home dialysis SPACE PUNCT ADJ HHD SPACE PUNCT ADJ HHD SPACE PUNCT ADJ HHD SPACE PUNCT News CCONJ events SPACE PUNCT Message boards SPACE PUNCT ADP professionals SPACE PUNCT ADP PRON SPACE PUNCT PRON PRON VERB PART VERB ADP VERB dialysis ADP home PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON VERB DET ADJ tour ADP dialysis ADP DET beginning PUNCT SPACE DET photos ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT descriptions courtesy ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ADJ ADJ kidney AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ physician PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN kidney VERB DET NUM PUNCT meter ADJ tube ADP cellophane sausage casing ADP DET dialyzing membrane PUNCT DET tube AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ drum PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ motor PUNCT DET drum VERB ADP DET tank VERB ADP dialyzing solution PUNCT DET patient PART blood AUX VERB ADP DET cellophane tubing ADP gravity ADP DET drum VERB PUNCT ADJ molecules ADP DET blood VERB ADP DET tubing ADP DET dialyzing solution PUNCT ADJ dialysis VERB ADV NUM hours PUNCT DET PROPN kidney ADV VERB toxins ADP DET blood PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB ADP ADJ pressure PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ fluid ADP DET patient PART blood PUNCT ADJ dialysis machines AUX VERB PART VERB ADP ADJ fluid SCONJ VERB DET blood ADP wastes PUNCT SPACE Blood AUX VERB ADP DET patient ADP DET ADJ container PUNCT ADJ drugs AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB container AUX VERB ADP DET post ADP DET ADJ kidney CCONJ VERB ADP DET cellulose acetate tubing PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ drum PUNCT DET motor VERB DET drum PUNCT VERB DET blood ADP DET tubing ADP gravity PUNCT SPACE DET tank ADP DET drum AUX VERB ADP VERB fluid PUNCT ADP DET blood PUNCT VERB tubing VERB ADP DET fluid PUNCT waste products ADP DET blood VERB ADP DET tubing ADP DET VERB fluid PUNCT DET VERB blood VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ container ADP DET ADJ end ADP DET machine PUNCT SCONJ DET ADP DET blood AUX VERB ADP DET machine PUNCT DET ADJ container AUX VERB PART VERB DET blood ADV ADP DET patient PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PART VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PART VERB CCONJ VERB DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ kidney AUX PART AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ VERB transplant program ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET device AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET engineer PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP DET devices PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADV ADP DET world PUNCT SPACE Cellulose acetate ADJ membrane PUNCT DET ADJ type ADP membrane PRON AUX VERB ADP sausage casing PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET drum CCONJ VERB ADP latex tubing PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET patient PART bloodstream PUNCT DET drum AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ fluid bath PRON AUX VERB ADP DET drum PUNCT SPACE DET patient PART blood AUX VERB ADP DET device ADP DET PUNCT PROPN screw principle PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ pump PUNCT DET ADJ coupling AUX VERB PART VERB DET tubing ADP DET membrane PUNCT DET component ADJ PART VERB DET tubing CCONJ membrane ADP VERB PUNCT DET connection AUX ADP DET inlet CCONJ outlet ADP DET VERB drum PUNCT SPACE DET membrane surface area AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB CCONJ VERB DET number ADP wraps ADP tubing PUNCT DET PROPN NUM hood AUX VERB PART VERB DET temperature ADP DET blood PUNCT DET cost ADP DET device AUX SYM NUM ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT Use ADP DET ADJ kidney PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ procedures ADP ADJ hemodialysis PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ ADJ flow ADJ kidney ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ kidney AUX VERB PART AUX DET ADJ resistance ADP blood flow CCONJ PART AUX DET ADJ surface area PUNCT SPACE NUM sheets ADP membrane AUX VERB ADP NUM rubber pads ADP order PART VERB DET blood volume CCONJ PART VERB ADJ distribution ADP blood ADP DET membrane PART VERB efficiency PUNCT ADJ layers AUX VERB PUNCT DET device VERB DET ADJ deal ADP time PART VERB CCONJ PRON ADV VERB PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET use ADP bone wax PART VERB DET leak PUNCT SPACE DET device AUX DET ADV ADJ resistance ADP blood flow CCONJ PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET blood pump PUNCT SCONJ ADJ ADP NUM ADP DET units AUX VERB ADP DET time PUNCT DET blood pump AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ PART VERB water ADP DET blood ADP DET ADJ kidney ADP VERB DET siphon ADP DET effluent ADP DET VERB fluid PUNCT DET VERB PART AUX DET ADJ reference ADP ADJ pressure dialysis PUNCT SPACE DET technology AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART AUX blood chemistries PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ kidney AUX VERB PART VERB DET amount ADP blood ADP ADP DET body CCONJ PART VERB DET need ADP VERB DET blood ADP DET device PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB cellulose acetate tubing PUNCT DET VERB fluid AUX VERB ADP DET tubing CCONJ DET blood PUNCT VERB DET device ADP DET top PUNCT VERB ADP DET membrane PUNCT DET metal tubing ADP DET membrane VERB support ADP DET membrane PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ kidney VERB DET ADV ADJ blood volume PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ use SCONJ PRON AUX concern VERB DET possibility ADP DET VERB fluid VERB ADP DET blood PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET dialyzer ADP NUM ADP VERB DET cellulose acetate membrane ADP DET core PUNCT DET layers ADP membrane AUX VERB ADP rods PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ VERB ADP NUM pounds PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET concept CCONJ VERB PRON ADP VERB DET cellulose acetate tubing ADP DET beaker CCONJ VERB DET layers ADP fiberglass screening PUNCT PRON VERB DET PUNCT coil PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP order PART VERB PRON CCONJ VERB DET temperature PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT PRON VERB openings ADP DET pot ADP DET VERB fluid PUNCT ADP DET use ADP DET vacuum ADP DET dialysate VERB DET pot PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB DET ADJ water ADP ADP DET patient PART blood PUNCT DET blood pump AUX VERB PART VERB resistance ADP DET device PUNCT SPACE DET device AUX VERB ADV CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET VERB circuit PUNCT DET ADJ amount ADP fluid VERB AUX AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN DET ADJ ADJ dialyzer CCONJ ultrafilter PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT Proceedings ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET ADJ ADJ contributions ADP PRON ADJ Sponsors PUNCT VERB ADJ ADP VERB DET PROPN Sponsor PUNCT
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PUNCT Types ADP home dialysis SPACE PUNCT ADJ HHD SPACE PUNCT ADJ HHD SPACE PUNCT ADJ HHD SPACE PUNCT News CCONJ events SPACE PUNCT Message boards SPACE PUNCT ADP professionals SPACE PUNCT ADP PRON SPACE PUNCT PRON PRON VERB PART VERB ADP VERB dialysis ADP home PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON VERB DET ADJ tour ADP dialysis ADP DET beginning PUNCT SPACE DET photos ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT descriptions courtesy ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ADJ ADJ kidney AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ physician PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN kidney VERB DET NUM PUNCT meter ADJ tube ADP cellophane sausage casing ADP DET dialyzing membrane PUNCT DET tube AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ drum PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ motor PUNCT DET drum VERB ADP DET tank VERB ADP dialyzing solution PUNCT DET patient PART blood AUX VERB ADP DET cellophane tubing ADP gravity ADP DET drum VERB PUNCT ADJ molecules ADP DET blood VERB ADP DET tubing ADP DET dialyzing solution PUNCT ADJ dialysis VERB ADV NUM hours PUNCT DET PROPN kidney ADV VERB toxins ADP DET blood PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB ADP ADJ pressure PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ fluid ADP DET patient PART blood PUNCT ADJ dialysis machines AUX VERB PART VERB ADP ADJ fluid SCONJ VERB DET blood ADP wastes PUNCT SPACE Blood AUX VERB ADP DET patient ADP DET ADJ container PUNCT ADJ drugs AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB container AUX VERB ADP DET post ADP DET ADJ kidney CCONJ VERB ADP DET cellulose acetate tubing PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ drum PUNCT DET motor VERB DET drum PUNCT VERB DET blood ADP DET tubing ADP gravity PUNCT SPACE DET tank ADP DET drum AUX VERB ADP VERB fluid PUNCT ADP DET blood PUNCT VERB tubing VERB ADP DET fluid PUNCT waste products ADP DET blood VERB ADP DET tubing ADP DET VERB fluid PUNCT DET VERB blood VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ container ADP DET ADJ end ADP DET machine PUNCT SCONJ DET ADP DET blood AUX VERB ADP DET machine PUNCT DET ADJ container AUX VERB PART VERB DET blood ADV ADP DET patient PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET 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ADP VERB PUNCT DET connection AUX ADP DET inlet CCONJ outlet ADP DET VERB drum PUNCT SPACE DET membrane surface area AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB CCONJ VERB DET number ADP wraps ADP tubing PUNCT DET PROPN NUM hood AUX VERB PART VERB DET temperature ADP DET blood PUNCT DET cost ADP DET device AUX SYM NUM ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT Use ADP DET ADJ kidney PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ procedures ADP ADJ hemodialysis PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ ADJ flow ADJ kidney ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ kidney AUX VERB PART AUX DET ADJ resistance ADP blood flow CCONJ PART AUX DET ADJ surface area PUNCT SPACE NUM sheets ADP membrane AUX VERB ADP NUM rubber pads ADP order PART VERB DET blood volume CCONJ PART VERB ADJ distribution ADP blood ADP DET membrane PART VERB efficiency PUNCT ADJ layers AUX VERB PUNCT DET device VERB DET ADJ deal ADP time PART VERB CCONJ PRON ADV VERB PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET use ADP bone wax PART VERB DET leak PUNCT SPACE DET device AUX DET ADV ADJ resistance ADP blood flow CCONJ PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET blood pump PUNCT SCONJ ADJ ADP NUM ADP DET units AUX VERB ADP DET time PUNCT DET blood pump AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ PART VERB water ADP DET blood ADP DET ADJ kidney ADP VERB DET siphon ADP DET effluent ADP DET VERB fluid PUNCT DET VERB PART AUX DET ADJ reference ADP ADJ pressure dialysis PUNCT SPACE DET technology AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART AUX blood chemistries PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ kidney AUX VERB PART VERB DET amount ADP blood ADP ADP DET body CCONJ PART VERB DET need ADP VERB DET blood ADP DET device PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB cellulose acetate tubing PUNCT DET VERB fluid AUX VERB ADP DET tubing CCONJ DET blood PUNCT VERB DET device ADP DET top PUNCT VERB ADP DET membrane PUNCT DET metal tubing ADP DET membrane VERB support ADP DET membrane PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ kidney VERB DET ADV ADJ blood volume PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ use SCONJ PRON AUX concern VERB DET possibility ADP DET VERB fluid VERB ADP DET blood PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET dialyzer ADP NUM ADP VERB DET cellulose acetate membrane ADP DET core PUNCT DET layers ADP membrane AUX VERB ADP rods PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ VERB ADP NUM pounds PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET concept CCONJ VERB PRON ADP VERB DET cellulose acetate tubing ADP DET beaker CCONJ VERB DET layers ADP fiberglass screening PUNCT PRON VERB DET PUNCT coil PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP order PART VERB PRON CCONJ VERB DET temperature PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT PRON VERB openings ADP DET pot ADP DET VERB fluid PUNCT ADP DET use ADP DET vacuum ADP DET dialysate VERB DET pot PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB DET ADJ water ADP ADP DET patient PART blood PUNCT DET blood pump AUX VERB PART VERB resistance ADP DET device PUNCT SPACE DET device AUX VERB ADV CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET VERB circuit PUNCT DET ADJ amount ADP fluid VERB AUX AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN DET ADJ ADJ dialyzer CCONJ ultrafilter PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT Proceedings ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET ADJ ADJ contributions ADP PRON ADJ Sponsors PUNCT VERB ADJ ADP VERB DET PROPN Sponsor PUNCT
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PUNCT Types ADP home dialysis SPACE PUNCT ADJ HHD SPACE PUNCT ADJ HHD SPACE PUNCT ADJ HHD SPACE PUNCT News CCONJ events SPACE PUNCT Message boards SPACE PUNCT ADP professionals SPACE PUNCT ADP PRON SPACE PUNCT PRON PRON VERB PART VERB ADP VERB dialysis ADP home PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON VERB DET ADJ tour ADP dialysis ADP DET beginning PUNCT SPACE DET photos ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT descriptions courtesy ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ADJ ADJ kidney AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ physician PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN kidney VERB DET NUM PUNCT meter ADJ tube ADP cellophane sausage casing ADP DET dialyzing membrane PUNCT DET tube AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ drum PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ motor PUNCT DET drum VERB ADP DET tank VERB ADP dialyzing solution PUNCT DET patient PART blood AUX VERB ADP DET cellophane tubing ADP gravity ADP DET drum VERB PUNCT ADJ molecules ADP DET blood VERB ADP DET tubing ADP DET dialyzing solution PUNCT ADJ dialysis VERB ADV NUM hours PUNCT DET PROPN kidney ADV VERB toxins ADP DET blood PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB ADP ADJ pressure PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ fluid ADP DET patient PART blood PUNCT ADJ dialysis machines AUX VERB PART VERB ADP ADJ fluid SCONJ VERB DET blood ADP wastes PUNCT SPACE Blood AUX VERB ADP DET patient ADP DET ADJ container PUNCT ADJ drugs AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB container AUX VERB ADP DET post ADP DET ADJ kidney CCONJ VERB ADP DET cellulose acetate tubing PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ drum PUNCT DET motor VERB DET drum PUNCT VERB DET blood ADP DET tubing ADP gravity PUNCT SPACE DET tank ADP DET drum AUX VERB ADP VERB fluid PUNCT ADP DET blood PUNCT VERB tubing VERB ADP DET fluid PUNCT waste products ADP DET blood VERB ADP DET tubing ADP DET VERB fluid PUNCT DET VERB blood VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ container ADP DET ADJ end ADP DET machine PUNCT SCONJ DET ADP DET blood AUX VERB ADP DET machine PUNCT DET ADJ container AUX VERB PART VERB DET blood ADV ADP DET patient PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PART VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PART VERB CCONJ VERB DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ kidney AUX PART AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ VERB transplant program ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET device AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET engineer PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP DET devices PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADV ADP DET world PUNCT SPACE Cellulose acetate ADJ membrane PUNCT DET ADJ type ADP membrane PRON AUX VERB ADP sausage casing PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET drum CCONJ VERB ADP latex tubing PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET patient PART bloodstream PUNCT DET drum AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ fluid bath PRON AUX VERB ADP DET drum PUNCT SPACE DET patient PART blood AUX VERB ADP DET device ADP DET PUNCT PROPN screw principle PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ pump PUNCT DET ADJ coupling AUX VERB PART VERB DET tubing ADP DET membrane PUNCT DET component ADJ PART VERB DET tubing CCONJ membrane ADP VERB PUNCT DET connection AUX ADP DET inlet CCONJ outlet ADP DET VERB drum PUNCT SPACE DET membrane surface area AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB CCONJ VERB DET number ADP wraps ADP tubing PUNCT DET PROPN NUM hood AUX VERB PART VERB DET temperature ADP DET blood PUNCT DET cost ADP DET device AUX SYM NUM ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT Use ADP DET ADJ kidney PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ procedures ADP ADJ hemodialysis PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ ADJ flow ADJ kidney ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ kidney AUX VERB PART AUX DET ADJ resistance ADP blood flow CCONJ PART AUX DET ADJ surface area PUNCT SPACE NUM sheets ADP membrane AUX VERB ADP NUM rubber pads ADP order PART VERB DET blood volume CCONJ PART VERB ADJ distribution ADP blood ADP DET membrane PART VERB efficiency PUNCT ADJ layers AUX VERB PUNCT DET device VERB DET ADJ deal ADP time PART VERB CCONJ PRON ADV VERB PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET use ADP bone wax PART VERB DET leak PUNCT SPACE DET device AUX DET ADV ADJ resistance ADP blood flow CCONJ PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET blood pump PUNCT SCONJ ADJ ADP NUM ADP DET units AUX VERB ADP DET time PUNCT DET blood pump AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ PART VERB water ADP DET blood ADP DET ADJ kidney ADP VERB DET siphon ADP DET effluent ADP DET VERB fluid PUNCT DET VERB PART AUX DET ADJ reference ADP ADJ pressure dialysis PUNCT SPACE DET technology AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART AUX blood chemistries PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ kidney AUX VERB PART VERB DET amount ADP blood ADP ADP DET body CCONJ PART VERB DET need ADP VERB DET blood ADP DET device PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB cellulose acetate tubing PUNCT DET VERB fluid AUX VERB ADP DET tubing CCONJ DET blood PUNCT VERB DET device ADP DET top PUNCT VERB ADP DET membrane PUNCT DET metal tubing ADP DET membrane VERB support ADP DET membrane PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ kidney VERB DET ADV ADJ blood volume PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ use SCONJ PRON AUX concern VERB DET possibility ADP DET VERB fluid VERB ADP DET blood PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET dialyzer ADP NUM ADP VERB DET cellulose acetate membrane ADP DET core PUNCT DET layers ADP membrane AUX VERB ADP rods PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ VERB ADP NUM pounds PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET concept CCONJ VERB PRON ADP VERB DET cellulose acetate tubing ADP DET beaker CCONJ VERB DET layers ADP fiberglass screening PUNCT PRON VERB DET PUNCT coil PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP order PART VERB PRON CCONJ VERB DET temperature PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT PRON VERB openings ADP DET pot ADP DET VERB fluid PUNCT ADP DET use ADP DET vacuum ADP DET dialysate VERB DET pot PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB DET ADJ water ADP ADP DET patient PART blood PUNCT DET blood pump AUX VERB PART VERB resistance ADP DET device PUNCT SPACE DET device AUX VERB ADV CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET VERB circuit PUNCT DET ADJ amount ADP fluid VERB AUX AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN DET ADJ ADJ dialyzer CCONJ ultrafilter PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT Proceedings ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET ADJ ADJ contributions ADP PRON ADJ Sponsors PUNCT VERB ADJ ADP VERB DET PROPN Sponsor PUNCT
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Protractors - Innovation
While only one patent model for a protractor survives in the Smithsonian collections—from an inventor with a colorful personal history—several of the other objects also provide examples of technical innovation. For instance, some are manufactured versions of patented inventions. Others were named for the person with whom they were associated, even if that engineer or craftsman laid no claim to designing that protractor.
"Protractors - Innovation" showing 1 items.
- This brass semicircular protractor is divided by single degrees and marked by tens from 10° to 90° to 10°. It is attached with metal screws to a set of brass parallel rules. Brass S-shaped hinges connect the rules to each other. The bottom left screw on the parallel rules does not attach to the bottom piece. A rectangular brass arm is screwed to the center of the protractor. A thin brass piece screwed to the arm is marked with a small arrow for pointing to the angle markings. The protractor is stored in a wooden case, which also contains a pair of metal dividers (5-1/4" long).
- The base of the protractor is signed: L. Dod, Newark. Lebbeus Dod (1739–1816) manufactured mathematical instruments in New Jersey and is credited with inventing the "parallel rule protractor." He served as a captain of artillery during the Revolutionary War, mainly by making muskets. His three sons, Stephen (1770–1855), Abner (1772–1847), and Daniel (1778–1823), were also noted instrument and clock makers. The family was most associated with Mendham, N.J. (where a historic marker on N.J. Route 24 indicates Dod's house), but Dod is known to have also lived at various times in Newark.
- ID number MA*310890 is a similar protractor and parallel rule.
- References: Bethuel Lewis Dodd and John Robertson Burnet, "Biographical Sketch of Lebbeus Dod," in Genealogies of the Male Descendants of Daniel Dod . . . 1646–1863 (Newark, N.J., 1864), 144–147; Alexander Farnham, "More Information About New Jersey Toolmakers," The Tool Shed, no. 120 (February 2002), http://www.craftsofnj.org/Newjerseytools/Alex%20Farnham%20more%20Jeraey%20Tools/Alex%20Farnham.htm; Deborah J. Warner, “Surveyor's Compass,” National Museum of American History Physical Sciences Collection: Surveying and Geodesy, http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/surveying/object.cfm?recordnumber=747113; Peggy A. Kidwell, "American Parallel Rules: Invention on the Fringes of Industry," Rittenhouse 10, no. 39 (1996): 90–96.
- date made
- late 1700s
- Dod, Lebbeus
- ID Number
- accession number
- catalog number
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center
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patent model protractor collections inventor history objects examples innovation instance versions inventions Others person engineer craftsman claim protractor items brass protractor degrees tens ° ° ° metal screws set brass rules hinges rules bottom screw rules piece brass arm center protractor brass piece arm arrow angle markings protractor case pair metal dividers base protractor instruments rule protractor captain artillery muskets sons instrument clock makers family marker house times number protractor rule References Information . Compass Surveying A. Invention . date 1700s Number accession number catalog number
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Protractors - Innovation
while only one patent model for a protractor survive in the smithsonian collection—from an inventor with a colorful personal history—several of the other object also provide example of technical innovation. for instance, some be manufacture version of patent invention. other be name for the person with whom they be associate, even if that engineer or craftsman lay no claim to design that protractor.
"Protractors - Innovation" show 1 item.
- this brass semicircular protractor be divide by single degree and mark by ten from 10° to 90° to 10°. it be attach with metal screw to a set of brass parallel rule. Brass S-shape hinge connect the rule to each other. the bottom leave screw on the parallel rule do not attach to the bottom piece. a rectangular brass arm be screw to the center of the protractor. a thin brass piece screw to the arm be mark with a small arrow for point to the angle marking. the protractor be store in a wooden case, which also contain a pair of metal divider (5-1/4" long).
- the base of the protractor be sign: L. Dod, Newark. Lebbeus Dod (1739–1816) manufacture mathematical instrument in New Jersey and be credit with invent the "parallel rule protractor." he serve as a captain of artillery during the Revolutionary War, mainly by make musket. his three son, Stephen (1770–1855), Abner (1772–1847), and Daniel (1778–1823), be also note instrument and clock maker. the family be most associate with Mendham, N.J. (where a historic marker on N.J. Route 24 indicate Dod's house), but Dod be know to have also live at various time in Newark.
- ID number MA*310890 be a similar protractor and parallel rule.
- reference: Bethuel Lewis Dodd and John Robertson Burnet, "Biographical Sketch of Lebbeus Dod," in Genealogies of the Male Descendants of Daniel Dod . . . 1646–1863 (Newark, N.J., 1864), 144–147; Alexander Farnham, "More information about New Jersey Toolmakers," the Tool Shed, no. 120 (February 2002), http://www.craftsofnj.org/newjerseytools/alex%20farnham%20more%20jeraey%20tools/alex%20farnham.htm; Deborah J. Warner, "Surveyor's compass," National Museum of American History Physical Sciences Collection: surveying and Geodesy, http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/surveying/object.cfm?recordnumber=747113; Peggy a. Kidwell, "American Parallel Rules: invention on the Fringes of Industry," Rittenhouse 10, no. 39 (1996): 90–96.
- date make
- late 1700
- Dod, Lebbeus
- ID number
- accession number
- catalog number
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center
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PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE SCONJ ADV NUM patent model ADP DET protractor VERB ADP DET PROPN collections PUNCT ADP DET inventor ADP DET ADJ ADJ history PUNCT ADJ ADP DET ADJ objects ADV VERB examples ADP ADJ innovation PUNCT ADP instance PUNCT DET AUX VERB versions ADP VERB inventions PUNCT Others AUX VERB ADP DET person ADP PRON PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET engineer CCONJ craftsman VERB DET claim ADP VERB DET protractor PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Innovation PUNCT VERB NUM items PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET brass ADJ protractor AUX VERB ADP ADJ degrees CCONJ VERB ADP tens ADP NUM ° ADP NUM ° ADP NUM ° PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP metal screws ADP DET set ADP brass ADJ rules PUNCT Brass S PUNCT VERB hinges VERB DET rules ADP DET ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ screw ADP DET ADJ rules AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ piece PUNCT DET ADJ brass arm AUX VERB ADP DET center ADP DET protractor PUNCT DET ADJ brass piece VERB ADP DET arm AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ arrow ADP VERB ADP DET angle markings PUNCT DET protractor AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ case PUNCT DET ADV VERB DET pair ADP metal dividers PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM " ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET base ADP DET protractor AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB ADJ instruments ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ AUX VERB ADP VERB DET PUNCT ADJ rule protractor PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET captain ADP artillery ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP VERB muskets PUNCT PRON NUM sons PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT AUX ADV VERB instrument CCONJ clock makers PUNCT DET family AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ marker ADP PROPN PROPN NUM VERB PROPN PART house PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN AUX VERB PART AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ times ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT ID number NUM AUX DET ADJ protractor CCONJ ADJ rule PUNCT SPACE PUNCT References PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADJ Sketch ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN ADP DET ADJ Descendants ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT no . NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN A. PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP DET Fringes ADP Industry PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT no . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT date VERB SPACE PUNCT ADJ 1700s SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT ID Number SPACE PUNCT accession number SPACE PUNCT catalog number SPACE PUNCT Data PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN
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PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE SCONJ ADV NUM patent model ADP DET protractor VERB ADP DET PROPN collections PUNCT ADP DET inventor ADP DET ADJ ADJ history PUNCT ADJ ADP DET ADJ objects ADV VERB examples ADP ADJ innovation PUNCT ADP instance PUNCT DET AUX VERB versions ADP VERB inventions PUNCT Others AUX VERB ADP DET person ADP PRON PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET engineer CCONJ craftsman VERB DET claim ADP VERB DET protractor PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Innovation PUNCT VERB NUM items PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET brass ADJ protractor AUX VERB ADP ADJ degrees CCONJ VERB ADP tens ADP NUM ° ADP NUM ° ADP NUM ° PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP metal screws ADP DET set ADP brass ADJ rules PUNCT Brass S PUNCT VERB hinges VERB DET rules ADP DET ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ screw ADP DET ADJ rules AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ piece PUNCT DET ADJ brass arm AUX VERB ADP DET center ADP DET protractor PUNCT DET ADJ brass piece VERB ADP DET arm AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ arrow ADP VERB ADP DET angle markings PUNCT DET protractor AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ case PUNCT DET ADV VERB DET pair ADP metal dividers PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM " ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET base ADP DET protractor AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB ADJ instruments ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ AUX VERB ADP VERB DET PUNCT ADJ rule protractor PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET captain ADP artillery ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP VERB muskets PUNCT PRON NUM sons PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT AUX ADV VERB instrument CCONJ clock makers PUNCT DET family AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ marker ADP PROPN PROPN NUM VERB PROPN PART house PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN AUX VERB PART AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ times ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT ID number NUM AUX DET ADJ protractor CCONJ ADJ rule PUNCT SPACE PUNCT References PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADJ Sketch ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN ADP DET ADJ Descendants ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT no . NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN A. PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP DET Fringes ADP Industry PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT no . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT date VERB SPACE PUNCT ADJ 1700s SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT ID Number SPACE PUNCT accession number SPACE PUNCT catalog number SPACE PUNCT Data PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN
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PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE SCONJ ADV NUM patent model ADP DET protractor VERB ADP DET PROPN collections PUNCT ADP DET inventor ADP DET ADJ ADJ history PUNCT ADJ ADP DET ADJ objects ADV VERB examples ADP ADJ innovation PUNCT ADP instance PUNCT DET AUX VERB versions ADP VERB inventions PUNCT Others AUX VERB ADP DET person ADP PRON PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET engineer CCONJ craftsman VERB DET claim ADP VERB DET protractor PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Innovation PUNCT VERB NUM items PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET brass ADJ protractor AUX VERB ADP ADJ degrees CCONJ VERB ADP tens ADP NUM ° ADP NUM ° ADP NUM ° PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP metal screws ADP DET set ADP brass ADJ rules PUNCT Brass S PUNCT VERB hinges VERB DET rules ADP DET ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ screw ADP DET ADJ rules AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ piece PUNCT DET ADJ brass arm AUX VERB ADP DET center ADP DET protractor PUNCT DET ADJ brass piece VERB ADP DET arm AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ arrow ADP VERB ADP DET angle markings PUNCT DET protractor AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ case PUNCT DET ADV VERB DET pair ADP metal dividers PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM " ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET base ADP DET protractor AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB ADJ instruments ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ AUX VERB ADP VERB DET PUNCT ADJ rule protractor PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET captain ADP artillery ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP VERB muskets PUNCT PRON NUM sons PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT AUX ADV VERB instrument CCONJ clock makers PUNCT DET family AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ marker ADP PROPN PROPN NUM VERB PROPN PART house PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN AUX VERB PART AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ times ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT ID number NUM AUX DET ADJ protractor CCONJ ADJ rule PUNCT SPACE PUNCT References PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADJ Sketch ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN ADP DET ADJ Descendants ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT no . NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN A. PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP DET Fringes ADP Industry PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT no . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT date VERB SPACE PUNCT ADJ 1700s SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT ID Number SPACE PUNCT accession number SPACE PUNCT catalog number SPACE PUNCT Data PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN
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Simple technique appears to be safe and effective, review suggests
By Robert Preidt
MONDAY, Oct. 15 (HealthDay News) -- A technique called the "mother's kiss" is a safe and effective way to remove foreign objects from the nostrils of young children, according to British researchers.
In the mother's kiss, a child's mother or other trusted adult covers the child's mouth with their mouth to form a seal, blocks the clear nostril with their finger, and then blows into the child's mouth. The pressure from the breath may expel the object in the blocked nostril.
Before using it, the adult should explain the technique to the child so that he or she is not frightened. If the first attempt is unsuccessful, the technique can be tried several times, according to a review published in the current issue of the CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal).
For their report, researchers in Australia and the United Kingdom examined eight case studies in which the mother's kiss was used on children aged 1 to 8 years.
"The mother's kiss appears to be a safe and effective technique for first-line treatment in the removal of a foreign body from the nasal cavity," Dr. Stephanie Cook, of the Buxted Medical Centre in England, and colleagues concluded. "In addition, it may prevent the need for general anesthesia in some cases."
Further research is needed to compare various positive-pressure techniques and test how effective they are in different situations where objects are in various locations and have spent different lengths of time in the nasal passages, the researchers noted in a journal news release.
The U.S. National Library of Medicine has more about foreign objects in the nose.
SOURCE: CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal), news release, Oct. 15, 2012
Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved. URL:http://www.healthscout.com/template.asp?id=669525
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technique review technique mother kiss way objects nostrils children researchers mother kiss child mother adult child mouth mouth seal nostril finger child mouth pressure breath object nostril adult technique child attempt technique times review issue report researchers case studies mother kiss children years mother kiss technique line treatment removal body cavity colleagues addition need anesthesia cases research pressure techniques situations objects locations lengths time passages researchers journal news release objects nose SOURCE news release rights template.asp?id=669525
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simple technique appear to be safe and effective, review suggest
by Robert Preidt
MONDAY, Oct. 15 (HealthDay News) -- a technique call the "mother's kiss" be a safe and effective way to remove foreign object from the nostril of young child, accord to british researcher.
in the mother's kiss, a child's mother or other trust adult cover the child's mouth with their mouth to form a seal, block the clear nostril with their finger, and then blow into the child's mouth. the pressure from the breath may expel the object in the block nostril.
before use it, the adult should explain the technique to the child so that he or she be not frightened. if the first attempt be unsuccessful, the technique can be try several time, accord to a review publish in the current issue of the CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal).
for their report, researcher in Australia and the United Kingdom examine eight case study in which the mother's kiss be use on child age 1 to 8 year.
"the mother's kiss appear to be a safe and effective technique for first-line treatment in the removal of a foreign body from the nasal cavity," Dr. Stephanie Cook, of the Buxted Medical Centre in England, and colleague conclude. "in addition, it may prevent the need for general anesthesia in some case."
further research be need to compare various positive-pressure technique and test how effective they be in different situation where object be in various location and have spend different length of time in the nasal passage, the researcher note in a journal news release.
the U.S. National Library of Medicine have more about foreign object in the nose.
source: CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal), news release, Oct. 15, 2012
Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. all right reserve. URL:http://www.healthscout.com/template.asp?id=669525
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ADJ technique VERB PART AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT review VERB SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET technique VERB DET PUNCT mother PART kiss PUNCT AUX DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ way PART VERB ADJ objects ADP DET nostrils ADP ADJ children PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ researchers PUNCT SPACE ADP DET mother PART kiss PUNCT DET child PART mother CCONJ ADJ VERB adult VERB DET child PART mouth ADP PRON mouth PART VERB DET seal PUNCT VERB DET ADJ nostril ADP PRON finger PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB ADP DET child PART mouth PUNCT DET pressure ADP DET breath AUX VERB DET object ADP DET VERB nostril PUNCT SPACE ADP VERB PRON PUNCT DET adult AUX VERB DET technique ADP DET child SCONJ SCONJ PRON CCONJ PRON AUX PART ADJ PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ attempt AUX ADJ PUNCT DET technique AUX AUX VERB ADJ times PUNCT VERB ADP DET review VERB ADP DET ADJ issue ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP PRON report PUNCT researchers ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN VERB NUM case studies ADP DET DET mother PART kiss AUX VERB ADP children VERB NUM PART NUM years PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET mother PART kiss VERB PART AUX DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ technique ADP ADJ PUNCT line treatment ADP DET removal ADP DET ADJ body ADP DET ADJ cavity PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ colleagues VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET need ADP ADJ anesthesia ADP DET cases PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ research AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ ADJ PUNCT pressure techniques CCONJ VERB SCONJ ADJ PRON AUX ADP ADJ situations SCONJ objects AUX ADP ADJ locations CCONJ AUX VERB ADJ lengths ADP time ADP DET ADJ passages PUNCT DET researchers VERB ADP DET journal news release PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN AUX ADJ ADP ADJ objects ADP DET nose PUNCT SPACE SOURCE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT news release PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM SPACE Copyright © NUM PROPN PUNCT DET rights VERB PUNCT URL PUNCT X X X
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ADJ technique VERB PART AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT review VERB SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET technique VERB DET PUNCT mother PART kiss PUNCT AUX DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ way PART VERB ADJ objects ADP DET nostrils ADP ADJ children PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ researchers PUNCT SPACE ADP DET mother PART kiss PUNCT DET child PART mother CCONJ ADJ VERB adult VERB DET child PART mouth ADP PRON mouth PART VERB DET seal PUNCT VERB DET ADJ nostril ADP PRON finger PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB ADP DET child PART mouth PUNCT DET pressure ADP DET breath AUX VERB DET object ADP DET VERB nostril PUNCT SPACE ADP VERB PRON PUNCT DET adult AUX VERB DET technique ADP DET child SCONJ SCONJ PRON CCONJ PRON AUX PART ADJ PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ attempt AUX ADJ PUNCT DET technique AUX AUX VERB ADJ times PUNCT VERB ADP DET review VERB ADP DET ADJ issue ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP PRON report PUNCT researchers ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN VERB NUM case studies ADP DET DET mother PART kiss AUX VERB ADP children VERB NUM PART NUM years PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET mother PART kiss VERB PART AUX DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ technique ADP ADJ PUNCT line treatment ADP DET removal ADP DET ADJ body ADP DET ADJ cavity PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ colleagues VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET need ADP ADJ anesthesia ADP DET cases PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ research AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ ADJ PUNCT pressure techniques CCONJ VERB SCONJ ADJ PRON AUX ADP ADJ situations SCONJ objects AUX ADP ADJ locations CCONJ AUX VERB ADJ lengths ADP time ADP DET ADJ passages PUNCT DET researchers VERB ADP DET journal news release PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN AUX ADJ ADP ADJ objects ADP DET nose PUNCT SPACE SOURCE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT news release PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM SPACE Copyright © NUM PROPN PUNCT DET rights VERB PUNCT URL PUNCT X X X
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ADJ technique VERB PART AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT review VERB SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET technique VERB DET PUNCT mother PART kiss PUNCT AUX DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ way PART VERB ADJ objects ADP DET nostrils ADP ADJ children PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ researchers PUNCT SPACE ADP DET mother PART kiss PUNCT DET child PART mother CCONJ ADJ VERB adult VERB DET child PART mouth ADP PRON mouth PART VERB DET seal PUNCT VERB DET ADJ nostril ADP PRON finger PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB ADP DET child PART mouth PUNCT DET pressure ADP DET breath AUX VERB DET object ADP DET VERB nostril PUNCT SPACE ADP VERB PRON PUNCT DET adult AUX VERB DET technique ADP DET child SCONJ SCONJ PRON CCONJ PRON AUX PART ADJ PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ attempt AUX ADJ PUNCT DET technique AUX AUX VERB ADJ times PUNCT VERB ADP DET review VERB ADP DET ADJ issue ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP PRON report PUNCT researchers ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN VERB NUM case studies ADP DET DET mother PART kiss AUX VERB ADP children VERB NUM PART NUM years PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET mother PART kiss VERB PART AUX DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ technique ADP ADJ PUNCT line treatment ADP DET removal ADP DET ADJ body ADP DET ADJ cavity PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ colleagues VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET need ADP ADJ anesthesia ADP DET cases PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ research AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ ADJ PUNCT pressure techniques CCONJ VERB SCONJ ADJ PRON AUX ADP ADJ situations SCONJ objects AUX ADP ADJ locations CCONJ AUX VERB ADJ lengths ADP time ADP DET ADJ passages PUNCT DET researchers VERB ADP DET journal news release PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN AUX ADJ ADP ADJ objects ADP DET nose PUNCT SPACE SOURCE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT news release PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM SPACE Copyright © NUM PROPN PUNCT DET rights VERB PUNCT URL PUNCT X X X
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The atlas of climate change: mapping the world's greatest challenge
University of California Press
, 2007 - Science
- 112 pages
Today's headlines and recent events reflect the gravity of climate change. Heat waves, droughts, and floods are bringing death to vulnerable populations, destroying livelihoods, and driving people from their homes.
Rigorous in its science and insightful in its message, this atlas examines the causes of climate change and considers its possible impact on subsistence, water resources, ecosystems, biodiversity, health, coastal megacities, and cultural treasures. It reviews historical contributions to greenhouse gas levels, progress in meeting international commitments, and local efforts to meet the challenge of climate change.
With more than 50 full-color maps and graphics, this is an essential resource for policy makers, environmentalists, students, and everyone concerned with this pressing subject.
The Atlas covers a wide range of topics, including:
* Warning signs
* Future scenarios
* Vulnerable populations
* Renewable energy
* Emissions reduction
* Personal and public action
Copub: Myriad Editions
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atlas climate change world challenge pages Today headlines events gravity climate change Heat waves droughts floods death populations livelihoods people homes science message causes climate change impact subsistence water resources ecosystems biodiversity health megacities treasures contributions greenhouse gas levels progress commitments efforts challenge climate change color maps graphics resource policy makers environmentalists students subject range topics Warning signs scenarios populations energy Emissions reduction action Copub
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the atla of climate change: map the world's great challenge
University of California Press
, 2007 - Science
- 112 page
today's headline and recent event reflect the gravity of climate change. heat wave, drought, and flood be bring death to vulnerable population, destroy livelihood, and drive people from their home.
rigorous in its science and insightful in its message, this atlas examine the cause of climate change and consider its possible impact on subsistence, water resource, ecosystem, biodiversity, health, coastal megacitie, and cultural treasure. it review historical contribution to greenhouse gas level, progress in meet international commitment, and local effort to meet the challenge of climate change.
with more than 50 full-color map and graphic, this be an essential resource for policy maker, environmentalist, student, and everyone concern with this press subject.
the Atlas cover a wide range of topic, include:
* warning sign
* future scenario
* vulnerable population
* renewable energy
* emission reduction
* personal and public action
copub: Myriad Editions
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DET atlas ADP climate change PUNCT VERB DET world PART ADJ challenge SPACE PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT NUM PUNCT Science SPACE PUNCT NUM pages SPACE Today PART headlines CCONJ ADJ events VERB DET gravity ADP climate change PUNCT Heat waves PUNCT droughts PUNCT CCONJ floods AUX VERB death ADP ADJ populations PUNCT VERB livelihoods PUNCT CCONJ VERB people ADP PRON homes PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADP PRON science CCONJ ADJ ADP PRON message PUNCT DET atlas VERB DET causes ADP climate change CCONJ VERB PRON ADJ impact ADP subsistence PUNCT water resources PUNCT ecosystems PUNCT biodiversity PUNCT health PUNCT ADJ megacities PUNCT CCONJ ADJ treasures PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ contributions ADP greenhouse gas levels PUNCT progress ADP VERB ADJ commitments PUNCT CCONJ ADJ efforts PART VERB DET challenge ADP climate change PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ ADP NUM ADJ PUNCT color maps CCONJ graphics PUNCT DET AUX DET ADJ resource ADP policy makers PUNCT environmentalists PUNCT students PUNCT CCONJ PRON ADJ ADP DET ADJ subject PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN VERB DET ADJ range ADP topics PUNCT VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Warning signs SPACE PUNCT Future scenarios SPACE PUNCT ADJ populations SPACE PUNCT ADJ energy SPACE PUNCT Emissions reduction SPACE PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ action SPACE Copub PUNCT PROPN Editions
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DET atlas ADP climate change PUNCT VERB DET world PART ADJ challenge SPACE PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT NUM PUNCT Science SPACE PUNCT NUM pages SPACE Today PART headlines CCONJ ADJ events VERB DET gravity ADP climate change PUNCT Heat waves PUNCT droughts PUNCT CCONJ floods AUX VERB death ADP ADJ populations PUNCT VERB livelihoods PUNCT CCONJ VERB people ADP PRON homes PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADP PRON science CCONJ ADJ ADP PRON message PUNCT DET atlas VERB DET causes ADP climate change CCONJ VERB PRON ADJ impact ADP subsistence PUNCT water resources PUNCT ecosystems PUNCT biodiversity PUNCT health PUNCT ADJ megacities PUNCT CCONJ ADJ treasures PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ contributions ADP greenhouse gas levels PUNCT progress ADP VERB ADJ commitments PUNCT CCONJ ADJ efforts PART VERB DET challenge ADP climate change PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ ADP NUM ADJ PUNCT color maps CCONJ graphics PUNCT DET AUX DET ADJ resource ADP policy makers PUNCT environmentalists PUNCT students PUNCT CCONJ PRON ADJ ADP DET ADJ subject PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN VERB DET ADJ range ADP topics PUNCT VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Warning signs SPACE PUNCT Future scenarios SPACE PUNCT ADJ populations SPACE PUNCT ADJ energy SPACE PUNCT Emissions reduction SPACE PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ action SPACE Copub PUNCT PROPN Editions
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DET atlas ADP climate change PUNCT VERB DET world PART ADJ challenge SPACE PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT NUM PUNCT Science SPACE PUNCT NUM pages SPACE Today PART headlines CCONJ ADJ events VERB DET gravity ADP climate change PUNCT Heat waves PUNCT droughts PUNCT CCONJ floods AUX VERB death ADP ADJ populations PUNCT VERB livelihoods PUNCT CCONJ VERB people ADP PRON homes PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADP PRON science CCONJ ADJ ADP PRON message PUNCT DET atlas VERB DET causes ADP climate change CCONJ VERB PRON ADJ impact ADP subsistence PUNCT water resources PUNCT ecosystems PUNCT biodiversity PUNCT health PUNCT ADJ megacities PUNCT CCONJ ADJ treasures PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ contributions ADP greenhouse gas levels PUNCT progress ADP VERB ADJ commitments PUNCT CCONJ ADJ efforts PART VERB DET challenge ADP climate change PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ ADP NUM ADJ PUNCT color maps CCONJ graphics PUNCT DET AUX DET ADJ resource ADP policy makers PUNCT environmentalists PUNCT students PUNCT CCONJ PRON ADJ ADP DET ADJ subject PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN VERB DET ADJ range ADP topics PUNCT VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Warning signs SPACE PUNCT Future scenarios SPACE PUNCT ADJ populations SPACE PUNCT ADJ energy SPACE PUNCT Emissions reduction SPACE PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ action SPACE Copub PUNCT PROPN Editions
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"One death is a tragedy. A million deaths is a statistic." -Joseph Stalin
When figuring out how people will respond to a foreign tragedy, it comes down to three things: location, location, location.
And TV cameras too.The September 11, 2001 homicide attacks
killed about 3,000 people yet it's had more impact on American politics and foreign policy than anything since World War II. And to the great extent that American foreign policy impacts the rest of the world, it had a huge impact on international affairs as well.
While 3,000 is pretty big death toll for a single incident, there have been other wars and attacks with greater loss of life that had a relatively miniscule influence on American or international affairs. Why? Because those attacks didn't occur in the heart of New York City. The international response would've been significantly less if the attack had been launched in Kathmandu, Bogota or Algiers (in countries with homegrown terrorist problems).The Asian tsunami of 2004
had a devastating effect and cost an estimated 283,000 lives and over a million displaced. It generated an international response that was probably unprecedented in scale. As someone who regularly reads articles on underfunded international crisis appeals, I was heartened by the response to the tsunami. That it hit easily accessible coastal regions, including many tourist areas, made it easier to TV crews to get images. That Europeans and Americans were amongst the victims, if a tiny fraction, ensured that it got coverage in the western media.
But if I told you there was a conflict that has cost almost 15 times as many lives as the tsunami, could you name that crisis? If I told you there was a crisis that, in mortality terms, was the equivalent of a three 9/11s every week for the last 7 years
, would you know which one I'm talking about?
I bet few westerners could, even though it's by far the deadiest conflict of the last 60 years.
The war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) is killing an estimated 38,000 people each month, according to the British medical journal The Lancet
. And if not for the involvement of humanitarian non-governmental organizations and UN relief agencies, the toll would be much higher.Most of the deaths are not caused by violence but by malnutrition and preventable diseases after the collapse of health services, the study said
, notes the BBC. Since the war began in 1998, some 4m people have died, making it the world's most deadly war since 1945, it said.
A peace deal has ended most of the fighting but armed gangs continue to roam the east, killing and looting.
The political process in the DRC is slowly inching in the right direction. Voters in the country recently approved a new constitution
, to replace the one imposed on it by the outgoing Belgian colonialists. EU officials praised the referendum as free and fair, probably the first truly open poll in the country's history. Elections are scheduled for June of this year.
However, instability reigns in much of the country, particularly the east. And central government throughout the entireity of the country has never been strong in this gigantic country. There are 17,000 UN peacekeepers doing the best they can but the country's the size of Western Europe. (By contrast the Americans and British have ten times as many troops in Iraq, a country that's less than 1/5 the size of the DRC. And we know how many problems they're having there)
And this shows why war should ALWAYS be a last resort. Most of the deaths have not been directly caused by war
(bullet wounds, landmines, etc). Most of the deaths have been caused by factors provoked by war's instability and destruction. The destruction of all infrastructure like roads and medical clinics. The inability to get to sources of clean water. The fear of leaving the house to tend the fields or go to the market.
38,000 people a month. If you get pissed off at Howard Dean or Pat Robertson, spare a little outrage for this.
And maybe a few bucks.
WANNA HELP? TAKE YOUR PICK
-Doctors Without Borders
-World Food Program
-Catholic Relief Services
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death tragedy deaths statistic people tragedy things location location location TV cameras homicide attacks people impact politics policy extent policy rest world impact affairs death toll incident wars attacks loss life influence affairs attacks heart response attack countries tsunami effect lives response scale articles crisis appeals response tsunami regions tourist areas TV crews images victims fraction coverage media conflict times tsunami crisis crisis mortality terms equivalent week years one westerners conflict years war people month journal involvement organizations relief agencies toll deaths violence malnutrition diseases collapse health services study war m people world war peace deal fighting gangs east killing looting process direction Voters country constitution one colonialists officials referendum poll country history Elections year instability reigns country east government entireity country country peacekeepers country size contrast times troops country size problems war resort deaths war bullet wounds landmines deaths factors war instability destruction destruction infrastructure roads clinics inability sources water fear house fields market people month outrage bucks HELP PICK -Doctors
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"one death be a tragedy. a million death be a statistic." -Joseph Stalin
when figure out how people will respond to a foreign tragedy, it come down to three thing: location, location, location.
and tv camera too.the September 11, 2001 homicide attack
kill about 3,000 people yet itbe have more impact on american politic and foreign policy than anything since World War II. and to the great extent that american foreign policy impact the rest of the world, it have a huge impact on international affair as well.
while 3,000 be pretty big death toll for a single incident, there have be other war and attack with great loss of life that have a relatively miniscule influence on american or international affair. why? because those attack donot occur in the heart of New York City. the international response would've be significantly less if the attack have be launch in Kathmandu, Bogota or Algiers (in country with homegrown terrorist problems).The asian tsunami of 2004
have a devastating effect and cost an estimate 283,000 life and over a million displace. it generate an international response that be probably unprecedented in scale. as someone who regularly read article on underfunded international crisis appeal, I be hearten by the response to the tsunami. that it hit easily accessible coastal region, include many tourist area, make it easy to tv crew to get image. that Europeans and Americans be amongst the victim, if a tiny fraction, ensure that it get coverage in the western medium.
but if I tell you there be a conflict that have cost almost 15 time as many live as the tsunami, could you name that crisis? if I tell you there be a crisis that, in mortality term, be the equivalent of a three 9/11s every week for the last 7 year
, would you know which one Ibe talk about?
I bet few westerner could, even though itbe by far the deadi conflict of the last 60 year.
the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) be kill an estimate 38,000 people each month, accord to the british medical journal the Lancet
. and if not for the involvement of humanitarian non-governmental organization and UN relief agency, the toll would be much high.Most of the death be not cause by violence but by malnutrition and preventable disease after the collapse of health service, the study say
, note the BBC. since the war begin in 1998, some 4m people have die, make it the world's most deadly war since 1945, it say.
a peace deal have end most of the fighting but armed gang continue to roam the east, killing and looting.
the political process in the DRC be slowly inch in the right direction. voter in the country recently approve a new constitution
, to replace the one impose on it by the outgoing belgian colonialist. EU official praise the referendum as free and fair, probably the first truly open poll in the country's history. election be schedule for June of this year.
however, instability reign in much of the country, particularly the east. and central government throughout the entireity of the country have never be strong in this gigantic country. there be 17,000 UN peacekeeper do the good they can but the country's the size of Western Europe. (by contrast the Americans and British have ten time as many troop in Iraq, a country thatbe less than 1/5 the size of the DRC. and we know how many problem theybe have there)
and this show why war should always be a last resort. Most of the death have not be directly cause by war
(bullet wound, landmine, etc). Most of the death have be cause by factor provoke by war's instability and destruction. the destruction of all infrastructure like road and medical clinic. the inability to get to source of clean water. the fear of leave the house to tend the field or go to the market.
38,000 people a month. if you get piss off at Howard Dean or Pat Robertson, spare a little outrage for this.
and maybe a few buck.
wanna help? take your PICK
-doctor without Borders
-World Food Program
-Catholic Relief Services
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PUNCT NUM death AUX DET tragedy PUNCT DET NUM deaths AUX DET statistic PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE SCONJ VERB ADP SCONJ people AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ tragedy PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADP NUM things PUNCT location PUNCT location PUNCT location PUNCT SPACE CCONJ TV cameras ADV PUNCT DET PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM homicide attacks SPACE VERB ADP NUM people CCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ impact ADP ADJ politics CCONJ ADJ policy ADP PRON SCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ extent SCONJ ADJ ADJ policy VERB DET rest ADP DET world PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ impact ADP ADJ affairs ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE SCONJ NUM AUX ADV ADJ death toll ADP DET ADJ incident PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ wars CCONJ attacks ADP ADJ loss ADP life PRON AUX DET ADV ADJ influence ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ affairs PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT SCONJ DET attacks AUX PART VERB ADP DET heart ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ response AUX AUX AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ DET attack AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP countries ADP ADJ ADJ problems).The ADJ tsunami ADP NUM SPACE AUX DET ADJ effect CCONJ VERB DET VERB NUM lives CCONJ ADP DET NUM VERB PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ response PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP scale PUNCT ADP PRON PRON ADV VERB articles ADP ADJ ADJ crisis appeals PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET response ADP DET tsunami PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADV ADJ ADJ regions PUNCT VERB ADJ tourist areas PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ ADP TV crews PART VERB images PUNCT SCONJ PROPN CCONJ PROPN AUX ADP DET victims PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ fraction PUNCT VERB SCONJ PRON VERB coverage ADP DET ADJ media PUNCT SPACE CCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB PRON PRON AUX DET conflict PRON AUX VERB ADV NUM times ADV ADJ lives ADP DET tsunami PUNCT AUX PRON VERB DET crisis PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PRON PRON AUX DET crisis PRON PUNCT ADP mortality terms PUNCT AUX DET equivalent ADP DET NUM NUM DET week ADP DET ADJ NUM years SPACE PUNCT AUX PRON VERB DET one PRON AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB ADJ westerners AUX PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX ADP ADV DET ADJ conflict ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT SPACE DET war ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADV PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB DET VERB NUM people DET month PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ journal DET PROPN SPACE PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PART ADP DET involvement ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ organizations CCONJ PROPN relief agencies PUNCT DET toll AUX AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADP DET deaths AUX PART VERB ADP violence CCONJ ADP malnutrition CCONJ ADJ diseases ADP DET collapse ADP health services PUNCT DET study VERB SPACE PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET war VERB ADP NUM PUNCT DET NUM NUM people AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PRON DET world PART ADV ADJ war SCONJ NUM PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE DET peace deal AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET fighting CCONJ ADJ gangs VERB PART VERB DET east PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ process ADP DET PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ direction PUNCT Voters ADP DET country ADV VERB DET ADJ constitution SPACE PUNCT PART VERB DET NUM VERB ADP PRON ADP DET ADJ ADJ colonialists PUNCT PROPN officials VERB DET referendum ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADV DET ADJ ADV ADJ poll ADP DET country PART history PUNCT Elections AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET year PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT instability VERB ADP ADJ ADP DET country PUNCT ADV DET east PUNCT CCONJ ADJ government ADP DET entireity ADP DET country AUX ADV AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ country PUNCT PRON AUX NUM PROPN peacekeepers VERB DET ADJ PRON AUX CCONJ DET country PART DET size ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP contrast DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN AUX NUM times ADP ADJ troops ADP PROPN PUNCT DET country PRON AUX ADJ ADP NUM DET size ADP DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ ADJ problems PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE CCONJ DET VERB SCONJ war AUX ADV AUX DET ADJ resort PUNCT ADJ ADP DET deaths AUX PART AUX ADV VERB ADP war SPACE PUNCT bullet wounds PUNCT landmines PUNCT X PUNCT PUNCT ADJ ADP DET deaths AUX AUX VERB ADP factors VERB ADP war PART instability CCONJ destruction PUNCT DET destruction ADP DET infrastructure ADP roads CCONJ ADJ clinics PUNCT DET inability PART VERB ADP sources ADP ADJ water PUNCT DET fear ADP VERB DET house PART VERB DET fields CCONJ VERB ADP DET market PUNCT SPACE NUM people DET month PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB VERB ADP ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ outrage ADP DET PUNCT SPACE CCONJ ADV DET ADJ bucks PUNCT SPACE VERB VERB PUNCT VERB PRON PICK SPACE PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN
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PUNCT NUM death AUX DET tragedy PUNCT DET NUM deaths AUX DET statistic PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE SCONJ VERB ADP SCONJ people AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ tragedy PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADP NUM things PUNCT location PUNCT location PUNCT location PUNCT SPACE CCONJ TV cameras ADV PUNCT DET PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM homicide attacks SPACE VERB ADP NUM people CCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ impact ADP ADJ politics CCONJ ADJ policy ADP PRON SCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ extent SCONJ ADJ ADJ policy VERB DET rest ADP DET world PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ impact ADP ADJ affairs ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE SCONJ NUM AUX ADV ADJ death toll ADP DET ADJ incident PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ wars CCONJ attacks ADP ADJ loss ADP life PRON AUX DET ADV ADJ influence ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ affairs PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT SCONJ DET attacks AUX PART VERB ADP DET heart ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ response AUX AUX AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ DET attack AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP countries ADP ADJ ADJ problems).The ADJ tsunami ADP NUM SPACE AUX DET ADJ effect CCONJ VERB DET VERB NUM lives CCONJ ADP DET NUM VERB PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ response PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP scale PUNCT ADP PRON PRON ADV VERB articles ADP ADJ ADJ crisis appeals PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET response ADP DET tsunami PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADV ADJ ADJ regions PUNCT VERB ADJ tourist areas PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ ADP TV crews PART VERB images PUNCT SCONJ PROPN CCONJ PROPN AUX ADP DET victims PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ fraction PUNCT VERB SCONJ PRON VERB coverage ADP DET ADJ media PUNCT SPACE CCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB PRON PRON AUX DET conflict PRON AUX VERB ADV NUM times ADV ADJ lives ADP DET tsunami PUNCT AUX PRON VERB DET crisis PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PRON PRON AUX DET crisis PRON PUNCT ADP mortality terms PUNCT AUX DET equivalent ADP DET NUM NUM DET week ADP DET ADJ NUM years SPACE PUNCT AUX PRON VERB DET one PRON AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB ADJ westerners AUX PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX ADP ADV DET ADJ conflict ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT SPACE DET war ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADV PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB DET VERB NUM people DET month PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ journal DET PROPN SPACE PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PART ADP DET involvement ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ organizations CCONJ PROPN relief agencies PUNCT DET toll AUX AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADP DET deaths AUX PART VERB ADP violence CCONJ ADP malnutrition CCONJ ADJ diseases ADP DET collapse ADP health services PUNCT DET study VERB SPACE PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET war VERB ADP NUM PUNCT DET NUM NUM people AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PRON DET world PART ADV ADJ war SCONJ NUM PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE DET peace deal AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET fighting CCONJ ADJ gangs VERB PART VERB DET east PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ process ADP DET PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ direction PUNCT Voters ADP DET country ADV VERB DET ADJ constitution SPACE PUNCT PART VERB DET NUM VERB ADP PRON ADP DET ADJ ADJ colonialists PUNCT PROPN officials VERB DET referendum ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADV DET ADJ ADV ADJ poll ADP DET country PART history PUNCT Elections AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET year PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT instability VERB ADP ADJ ADP DET country PUNCT ADV DET east PUNCT CCONJ ADJ government ADP DET entireity ADP DET country AUX ADV AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ country PUNCT PRON AUX NUM PROPN peacekeepers VERB DET ADJ PRON AUX CCONJ DET country PART DET size ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP contrast DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN AUX NUM times ADP ADJ troops ADP PROPN PUNCT DET country PRON AUX ADJ ADP NUM DET size ADP DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ ADJ problems PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE CCONJ DET VERB SCONJ war AUX ADV AUX DET ADJ resort PUNCT ADJ ADP DET deaths AUX PART AUX ADV VERB ADP war SPACE PUNCT bullet wounds PUNCT landmines PUNCT X PUNCT PUNCT ADJ ADP DET deaths AUX AUX VERB ADP factors VERB ADP war PART instability CCONJ destruction PUNCT DET destruction ADP DET infrastructure ADP roads CCONJ ADJ clinics PUNCT DET inability PART VERB ADP sources ADP ADJ water PUNCT DET fear ADP VERB DET house PART VERB DET fields CCONJ VERB ADP DET market PUNCT SPACE NUM people DET month PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB VERB ADP ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ outrage ADP DET PUNCT SPACE CCONJ ADV DET ADJ bucks PUNCT SPACE VERB VERB PUNCT VERB PRON PICK SPACE PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN
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PUNCT NUM death AUX DET tragedy PUNCT DET NUM deaths AUX DET statistic PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE SCONJ VERB ADP SCONJ people AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ tragedy PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADP NUM things PUNCT location PUNCT location PUNCT location PUNCT SPACE CCONJ TV cameras ADV PUNCT DET PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM homicide attacks SPACE VERB ADP NUM people CCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ impact ADP ADJ politics CCONJ ADJ policy ADP PRON SCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ extent SCONJ ADJ ADJ policy VERB DET rest ADP DET world PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ impact ADP ADJ affairs ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE SCONJ NUM AUX ADV ADJ death toll ADP DET ADJ incident PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ wars CCONJ attacks ADP ADJ loss ADP life PRON AUX DET ADV ADJ influence ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ affairs PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT SCONJ DET attacks AUX PART VERB ADP DET heart ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ response AUX AUX AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ DET attack AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP countries ADP ADJ ADJ problems).The ADJ tsunami ADP NUM SPACE AUX DET ADJ effect CCONJ VERB DET VERB NUM lives CCONJ ADP DET NUM VERB PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ response PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP scale PUNCT ADP PRON PRON ADV VERB articles ADP ADJ ADJ crisis appeals PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET response ADP DET tsunami PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADV ADJ ADJ regions PUNCT VERB ADJ tourist areas PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ ADP TV crews PART VERB images PUNCT SCONJ PROPN CCONJ PROPN AUX ADP DET victims PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ fraction PUNCT VERB SCONJ PRON VERB coverage ADP DET ADJ media PUNCT SPACE CCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB PRON PRON AUX DET conflict PRON AUX VERB ADV NUM times ADV ADJ lives ADP DET tsunami PUNCT AUX PRON VERB DET crisis PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PRON PRON AUX DET crisis PRON PUNCT ADP mortality terms PUNCT AUX DET equivalent ADP DET NUM NUM DET week ADP DET ADJ NUM years SPACE PUNCT AUX PRON VERB DET one PRON AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB ADJ westerners AUX PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX ADP ADV DET ADJ conflict ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT SPACE DET war ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADV PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB DET VERB NUM people DET month PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ journal DET PROPN SPACE PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PART ADP DET involvement ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ organizations CCONJ PROPN relief agencies PUNCT DET toll AUX AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADP DET deaths AUX PART VERB ADP violence CCONJ ADP malnutrition CCONJ ADJ diseases ADP DET collapse ADP health services PUNCT DET study VERB SPACE PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET war VERB ADP NUM PUNCT DET NUM NUM people AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PRON DET world PART ADV ADJ war SCONJ NUM PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE DET peace deal AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET fighting CCONJ ADJ gangs VERB PART VERB DET east PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ process ADP DET PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ direction PUNCT Voters ADP DET country ADV VERB DET ADJ constitution SPACE PUNCT PART VERB DET NUM VERB ADP PRON ADP DET ADJ ADJ colonialists PUNCT PROPN officials VERB DET referendum ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADV DET ADJ ADV ADJ poll ADP DET country PART history PUNCT Elections AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET year PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT instability VERB ADP ADJ ADP DET country PUNCT ADV DET east PUNCT CCONJ ADJ government ADP DET entireity ADP DET country AUX ADV AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ country PUNCT PRON AUX NUM PROPN peacekeepers VERB DET ADJ PRON AUX CCONJ DET country PART DET size ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP contrast DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN AUX NUM times ADP ADJ troops ADP PROPN PUNCT DET country PRON AUX ADJ ADP NUM DET size ADP DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ ADJ problems PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE CCONJ DET VERB SCONJ war AUX ADV AUX DET ADJ resort PUNCT ADJ ADP DET deaths AUX PART AUX ADV VERB ADP war SPACE PUNCT bullet wounds PUNCT landmines PUNCT X PUNCT PUNCT ADJ ADP DET deaths AUX AUX VERB ADP factors VERB ADP war PART instability CCONJ destruction PUNCT DET destruction ADP DET infrastructure ADP roads CCONJ ADJ clinics PUNCT DET inability PART VERB ADP sources ADP ADJ water PUNCT DET fear ADP VERB DET house PART VERB DET fields CCONJ VERB ADP DET market PUNCT SPACE NUM people DET month PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB VERB ADP ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ outrage ADP DET PUNCT SPACE CCONJ ADV DET ADJ bucks PUNCT SPACE VERB VERB PUNCT VERB PRON PICK SPACE PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN
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Want to stay on top of all the space news? Follow @universetoday on TwitterSedimentary rock covers 70% of the Earth. Erosion is constantly changing the face of the Earth. Weathering agents…wind, water, and ice…break rock into smaller pieces that flow down waterways until the settle to the bottom permanently. These sediments( pebbles, sand, clay, and gravel) pile up and for new layers. After hundred or thousands of years these rocks become pressed together to form sedimentary rock.
Sedimentary rock can form in two different ways. When layer after layer of sediment forms it puts pressure on the lower layers which then form into a solid piece of rock. The other way is called cementing. Certain minerals in the water interact to form a bond between rocks. This process is similar to making modern cement. Any animal carcasses or organisms that are caught in the layers of sediment will eventually turn into fossils. Sedimentary rock is the source of quite a few of our dinosaur findings.
There are four common types of sedimentary rock: sandstone, limestone, shale, and conglomerate. Each is formed in a different way from different materials. Sandstone is formed when grains of sand are pressed together. Sandstone may be the most common type of rock on the planet. Limestone is formed by the tiny pieces of shell that have been cemented together over the years. Conglomerate rock consists of sand and pebbles that have been cemented together. Shale forms under still waters like those found in bogs or swamps. The mud and clay at the bottom is pressed together to form it.
Sedimentary rock has the following general characteristics:
- it is classified by texture and composition
- it often contains fossils
- occasionally reacts with acid
- has layers that can be flat or curved
- it is usually composed of material that is cemented or pressed together
- a great variety of color
- particle size varies
- there are pores between pieces
- can have cross bedding, worm holes, mud cracks, and raindrop impressions
This is only meant to be a brief introduction to sedimentary rock. There are many more in depth articles and entire books that have been written on the subject. Here is a link to a very interesting introduction to rocks. Here on Universe Today there is a great article on how sedimentary rock show very old signs of life. Astronomy Cast has a good episode on the Earth’s formation.
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top space news rock % Erosion face agents wind water ice break rock pieces waterways settle bottom sediments pebbles sand clay gravel pile layers thousands years rocks rock rock ways layer layer forms pressure layers piece rock way minerals water bond rocks process cement animal carcasses organisms layers sediment fossils rock source dinosaur findings types rock sandstone limestone conglomerate way materials grains sand type rock planet pieces shell years rock sand pebbles forms waters bogs swamps mud clay bottom rock characteristics texture composition fossils reacts acid layers material variety color particle size pores pieces worm holes mud cracks raindrop impressions introduction rock depth articles books subject link introduction rocks Today article rock signs life episode formation
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want to stay on top of all the space news? follow @universetoday on TwitterSedimentary rock cover 70% of the Earth. erosion be constantly change the face of the Earth. weathering agent…wind, water, and ice…break rock into small piece that flow down waterway until the settle to the bottom permanently. these sediment( pebble, sand, clay, and gravel) pile up and for new layer. after hundred or thousand of year these rock become pressed together to form sedimentary rock.
Sedimentary rock can form in two different way. when layer after layer of sediment form it put pressure on the low layer which then form into a solid piece of rock. the other way be call cement. certain mineral in the water interact to form a bond between rock. this process be similar to make modern cement. any animal carcass or organism that be catch in the layer of sediment will eventually turn into fossil. Sedimentary rock be the source of quite a few of our dinosaur finding.
there be four common type of sedimentary rock: sandstone, limestone, shale, and conglomerate. each be form in a different way from different material. Sandstone be form when grain of sand be press together. Sandstone may be the most common type of rock on the planet. Limestone be form by the tiny piece of shell that have be cement together over the year. conglomerate rock consist of sand and pebble that have be cement together. shale form under still water like those find in bog or swamp. the mud and clay at the bottom be press together to form it.
Sedimentary rock have the following general characteristic:
- it be classify by texture and composition
- it often contain fossil
- occasionally react with acid
- have layer that can be flat or curve
- it be usually compose of material that be cement or press together
- a great variety of color
- particle size vary
- there be pore between piece
- can have cross bed, worm hole, mud crack, and raindrop impression
this be only mean to be a brief introduction to sedimentary rock. there be many more in depth article and entire book that have be write on the subject. here be a link to a very interesting introduction to rock. here on Universe today there be a great article on how sedimentary rock show very old sign of life. Astronomy Cast have a good episode on the Earth’s formation.
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VERB PART VERB ADP top ADP DET DET space news PUNCT VERB PROPN ADP ADJ rock VERB NUM% ADP DET PROPN PUNCT Erosion AUX ADV VERB DET face ADP DET PROPN PUNCT Weathering agents PUNCT wind PUNCT water PUNCT CCONJ ice PUNCT VERB rock ADP ADJ pieces PRON VERB ADP waterways ADP DET VERB ADP DET bottom ADV PUNCT DET sediments PUNCT pebbles PUNCT sand PUNCT clay PUNCT CCONJ gravel PUNCT VERB ADP CCONJ ADP ADJ layers PUNCT ADP NUM CCONJ thousands ADP years DET rocks VERB VERB ADP PART VERB ADJ rock PUNCT SPACE ADJ rock AUX VERB ADP NUM ADJ ways PUNCT SCONJ layer ADP layer ADP sediment VERB PRON VERB pressure ADP DET ADJ layers DET ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ piece ADP rock PUNCT DET ADJ way AUX VERB cementing PUNCT ADJ minerals ADP DET water VERB PART VERB DET bond ADP rocks PUNCT DET process AUX ADJ ADP VERB ADJ cement PUNCT DET animal carcasses CCONJ organisms PRON AUX VERB ADP DET layers ADP sediment AUX ADV VERB ADP fossils PUNCT ADJ rock AUX DET source ADP DET DET ADJ ADP PRON dinosaur findings PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM ADJ types ADP ADJ rock PUNCT sandstone PUNCT limestone PUNCT shale PUNCT CCONJ conglomerate PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ way ADP ADJ materials PUNCT Sandstone AUX VERB SCONJ grains ADP sand AUX VERB ADV PUNCT Sandstone AUX AUX DET ADV ADJ type ADP rock ADP DET planet PUNCT Limestone AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ pieces ADP shell PRON AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET years PUNCT ADJ rock VERB ADP sand CCONJ pebbles PRON AUX AUX VERB ADV PUNCT Shale VERB ADP ADJ waters ADP DET VERB ADP bogs CCONJ swamps PUNCT DET mud CCONJ clay ADP DET bottom AUX VERB ADV PART VERB PRON PUNCT SPACE ADJ rock AUX DET ADJ ADJ characteristics PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP texture CCONJ composition SPACE PUNCT PRON ADV VERB fossils SPACE PUNCT ADV VERB ADP acid SPACE PUNCT AUX layers PRON AUX AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP material PRON AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADV SPACE PUNCT DET ADJ variety ADP color SPACE PUNCT particle size VERB SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX pores ADP pieces SPACE PUNCT AUX AUX cross bedding PUNCT worm holes PUNCT mud cracks PUNCT CCONJ raindrop impressions SPACE DET AUX ADV VERB PART AUX DET ADJ introduction ADP ADJ rock PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADJ ADP depth articles CCONJ ADJ books PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET subject PUNCT ADV AUX DET link ADP DET ADV ADJ introduction ADP rocks PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PRON AUX DET ADJ article ADP SCONJ ADJ rock VERB ADV ADJ signs ADP life PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ episode ADP DET Earth PART formation PUNCT
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VERB PART VERB ADP top ADP DET DET space news PUNCT VERB PROPN ADP ADJ rock VERB NUM% ADP DET PROPN PUNCT Erosion AUX ADV VERB DET face ADP DET PROPN PUNCT Weathering agents PUNCT wind PUNCT water PUNCT CCONJ ice PUNCT VERB rock ADP ADJ pieces PRON VERB ADP waterways ADP DET VERB ADP DET bottom ADV PUNCT DET sediments PUNCT pebbles PUNCT sand PUNCT clay PUNCT CCONJ gravel PUNCT VERB ADP CCONJ ADP ADJ layers PUNCT ADP NUM CCONJ thousands ADP years DET rocks VERB VERB ADP PART VERB ADJ rock PUNCT SPACE ADJ rock AUX VERB ADP NUM ADJ ways PUNCT SCONJ layer ADP layer ADP sediment VERB PRON VERB pressure ADP DET ADJ layers DET ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ piece ADP rock PUNCT DET ADJ way AUX VERB cementing PUNCT ADJ minerals ADP DET water VERB PART VERB DET bond ADP rocks PUNCT DET process AUX ADJ ADP VERB ADJ cement PUNCT DET animal carcasses CCONJ organisms PRON AUX VERB ADP DET layers ADP sediment AUX ADV VERB ADP fossils PUNCT ADJ rock AUX DET source ADP DET DET ADJ ADP PRON dinosaur findings PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM ADJ types ADP ADJ rock PUNCT sandstone PUNCT limestone PUNCT shale PUNCT CCONJ conglomerate PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ way ADP ADJ materials PUNCT Sandstone AUX VERB SCONJ grains ADP sand AUX VERB ADV PUNCT Sandstone AUX AUX DET ADV ADJ type ADP rock ADP DET planet PUNCT Limestone AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ pieces ADP shell PRON AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET years PUNCT ADJ rock VERB ADP sand CCONJ pebbles PRON AUX AUX VERB ADV PUNCT Shale VERB ADP ADJ waters ADP DET VERB ADP bogs CCONJ swamps PUNCT DET mud CCONJ clay ADP DET bottom AUX VERB ADV PART VERB PRON PUNCT SPACE ADJ rock AUX DET ADJ ADJ characteristics PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP texture CCONJ composition SPACE PUNCT PRON ADV VERB fossils SPACE PUNCT ADV VERB ADP acid SPACE PUNCT AUX layers PRON AUX AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP material PRON AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADV SPACE PUNCT DET ADJ variety ADP color SPACE PUNCT particle size VERB SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX pores ADP pieces SPACE PUNCT AUX AUX cross bedding PUNCT worm holes PUNCT mud cracks PUNCT CCONJ raindrop impressions SPACE DET AUX ADV VERB PART AUX DET ADJ introduction ADP ADJ rock PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADJ ADP depth articles CCONJ ADJ books PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET subject PUNCT ADV AUX DET link ADP DET ADV ADJ introduction ADP rocks PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PRON AUX DET ADJ article ADP SCONJ ADJ rock VERB ADV ADJ signs ADP life PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ episode ADP DET Earth PART formation PUNCT
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VERB PART VERB ADP top ADP DET DET space news PUNCT VERB PROPN ADP ADJ rock VERB NUM% ADP DET PROPN PUNCT Erosion AUX ADV VERB DET face ADP DET PROPN PUNCT Weathering agents PUNCT wind PUNCT water PUNCT CCONJ ice PUNCT VERB rock ADP ADJ pieces PRON VERB ADP waterways ADP DET VERB ADP DET bottom ADV PUNCT DET sediments PUNCT pebbles PUNCT sand PUNCT clay PUNCT CCONJ gravel PUNCT VERB ADP CCONJ ADP ADJ layers PUNCT ADP NUM CCONJ thousands ADP years DET rocks VERB VERB ADP PART VERB ADJ rock PUNCT SPACE ADJ rock AUX VERB ADP NUM ADJ ways PUNCT SCONJ layer ADP layer ADP sediment VERB PRON VERB pressure ADP DET ADJ layers DET ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ piece ADP rock PUNCT DET ADJ way AUX VERB cementing PUNCT ADJ minerals ADP DET water VERB PART VERB DET bond ADP rocks PUNCT DET process AUX ADJ ADP VERB ADJ cement PUNCT DET animal carcasses CCONJ organisms PRON AUX VERB ADP DET layers ADP sediment AUX ADV VERB ADP fossils PUNCT ADJ rock AUX DET source ADP DET DET ADJ ADP PRON dinosaur findings PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM ADJ types ADP ADJ rock PUNCT sandstone PUNCT limestone PUNCT shale PUNCT CCONJ conglomerate PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ way ADP ADJ materials PUNCT Sandstone AUX VERB SCONJ grains ADP sand AUX VERB ADV PUNCT Sandstone AUX AUX DET ADV ADJ type ADP rock ADP DET planet PUNCT Limestone AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ pieces ADP shell PRON AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET years PUNCT ADJ rock VERB ADP sand CCONJ pebbles PRON AUX AUX VERB ADV PUNCT Shale VERB ADP ADJ waters ADP DET VERB ADP bogs CCONJ swamps PUNCT DET mud CCONJ clay ADP DET bottom AUX VERB ADV PART VERB PRON PUNCT SPACE ADJ rock AUX DET ADJ ADJ characteristics PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP texture CCONJ composition SPACE PUNCT PRON ADV VERB fossils SPACE PUNCT ADV VERB ADP acid SPACE PUNCT AUX layers PRON AUX AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP material PRON AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADV SPACE PUNCT DET ADJ variety ADP color SPACE PUNCT particle size VERB SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX pores ADP pieces SPACE PUNCT AUX AUX cross bedding PUNCT worm holes PUNCT mud cracks PUNCT CCONJ raindrop impressions SPACE DET AUX ADV VERB PART AUX DET ADJ introduction ADP ADJ rock PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADJ ADP depth articles CCONJ ADJ books PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET subject PUNCT ADV AUX DET link ADP DET ADV ADJ introduction ADP rocks PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PRON AUX DET ADJ article ADP SCONJ ADJ rock VERB ADV ADJ signs ADP life PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ episode ADP DET Earth PART formation PUNCT
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by George Heymann | @techeadlines
Google has started a new page on Google Plus to share their vision of what its augmented reality glasses could be. They are soliciting suggestions from users on what they would like to see from Project Glass.
“We think technology should work for you—to be there when you need it and get out of your way when you don’t.
A group of us from Google[x] started Project Glass to build this kind of technology, one that helps you explore and share your world, putting you back in the moment. We’re sharing this information now because we want to start a conversation and learn from your valuable input. So we took a few design photos to show what this technology could look like and created a video to demonstrate what it might enable you to do.”
Video after the break.
Read the rest of this entry »
Filed under: Android, General technology, Google, Media, Services, Augmented reality, eyeglasses, feature, featured, glasses, Google, Google Plus, Google Project Gass, google virtual reality glasses, New York Times, Project Glass, technology, turn by turn directions, UI, User interface, video chat, Virtual reality, Virtual reality glasses
January 18, 2012 • 11:07 am
$3 million grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation will fund development
by Eric Klopfer
MIT Education Arcade
With a new $3 million grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the MIT Education Arcade is about to design, build and research a massively multiplayer online game (MMOG) to help high school students learn math and biology.
In contrast to the way that Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) are currently taught in secondary schools — which often results in students becoming disengaged and disinterested in the subjects at an early age — educational games such as the one to be developed give students the chance to explore STEM topics in a way that deepens their knowledge while also developing 21st-century skills.
Read the rest of this entry »
Filed under: Gaming, Services, Software, 3 million dollar grant, Associate Professor, Augmented reality, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Common Core, Common Core standards, Education, education arcade, education program, Eric Klopfer, Filament Games, game to help teach math and science, High school, Math, mit, MIT education arcade, MMOG, Next generation science, StarLogo TNG, STEM, Washington, Washington D.C.
by George Heymann
Blackberry no sooner made its official Blackberry Bold 9900 announcement and then T-mobile tweeted that it would be carrying the device. The 9900 will be T-mobile’s first 4G capable Blackberry. It is rumored to be available on T-Mobile in the June/July timeframe.
The Blackberry Bold 9900/9930 will be a touch screen device with a 1.2 GHz processor, 8 GB of onboard memory, expandable to 32GB, HSPA+ 14.4 capable, 5 megapixel camera with flash, 720p HD video recording, dual-band WiFi, a built-in compass (magnetometer) and Near Field Communication (NFC) technology featuring the new Blackberry 7 OS.
Press release after the break
Filed under: Blackberry, Hardware, 4G, Augmented reality, BlackBerry, Blackberry Bold 9900, Blackberry Bold 9930, Evolution-Data Optimized, Evolved HSPA, Hertz, High-definition video, HSPA+, Research In Motion, T-Mobile, Touchscreen, Wi-Fi
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| page vision reality glasses suggestions users technology way group kind technology world moment information conversation input design photos technology video Video break rest entry » technology reality eyeglasses feature glasses reality glasses technology turn directions interface video chat reality reality glasses am grant development grant multiplayer game school students math biology contrast way schools students subjects age games students chance topics way knowledge century skills rest entry » dollar grant reality standards education arcade education program game math science school mit education arcade generation science announcement mobile device T mobile G timeframe touch screen device GHz processor memory GB megapixel camera flash video recording band compass magnetometer technology OS Press release break G reality definition video HSPA+ Fi
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by George Heymann | @techeadlines
Google have start a new page on Google Plus to share their vision of what its augmented reality glass could be. they be solicit suggestion from user on what they would like to see from Project Glass.
"we think technology should work for you—to be there when you need it and get out of your way when you don’t.
a group of we from Google[x] start Project Glass to build this kind of technology, one that help you explore and share your world, put you back in the moment. we’re share this information now because we want to start a conversation and learn from your valuable input. so we take a few design photo to show what this technology could look like and create a video to demonstrate what it might enable you to do."
video after the break.
read the rest of this entry »
file under: Android, General technology, Google, Media, Services, augmented reality, eyeglass, feature, featured, glass, Google, Google Plus, Google Project Gass, google virtual reality glass, New York Times, Project Glass, technology, turn by turn direction, UI, User interface, video chat, virtual reality, virtual reality glass
January 18, 2012 • 11:07 am
$3 million grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation will fund development
by Eric Klopfer
MIT Education Arcade
with a new $3 million grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the MIT Education Arcade be about to design, build and research a massively multiplayer online game (MMOG) to help high school student learn math and biology.
in contrast to the way that Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) be currently teach in secondary school — which often result in student become disengage and disintereste in the subject at an early age — educational game such as the one to be develop give student the chance to explore STEM topic in a way that deepen their knowledge while also develop 21st-century skill.
read the rest of this entry »
file under: Gaming, Services, Software, 3 million dollar grant, Associate Professor, Augmented reality, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Common Core, Common Core standard, Education, education arcade, education program, Eric Klopfer, Filament Games, game to help teach math and science, high school, Math, mit, MIT education arcade, MMOG, next generation science, StarLogo TNG, STEM, Washington, Washington D.C.
by George Heymann
Blackberry no soon make its official Blackberry Bold 9900 announcement and then T-mobile tweet that it would be carry the device. the 9900 will be t-mobile’s first 4g capable Blackberry. it be rumor to be available on T-Mobile in the June/July timeframe.
the Blackberry Bold 9900/9930 will be a touch screen device with a 1.2 ghz processor, 8 GB of onboard memory, expandable to 32GB, HSPA+ 14.4 capable, 5 megapixel camera with flash, 720p HD video recording, dual-band WiFi, a build-in compass (magnetometer) and Near Field Communication (NFC) technology feature the new Blackberry 7 os.
press release after the break
file under: Blackberry, Hardware, 4g, augmented reality, BlackBerry, Blackberry Bold 9900, Blackberry Bold 9930, Evolution-Data Optimized, Evolved HSPA, Hertz, high-definition video, hspa+, Research in Motion, T-Mobile, Touchscreen, Wi-fi
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ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PROPN AUX VERB DET ADJ page ADP PROPN PROPN PART VERB PRON vision ADP PRON PRON VERB reality glasses AUX AUX PUNCT PRON AUX VERB suggestions ADP users ADP PRON PRON AUX VERB PART VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB technology AUX VERB ADP PRON PUNCT PART AUX ADV SCONJ PRON VERB PRON CCONJ VERB ADP ADP PRON way SCONJ PRON AUX PART PUNCT SPACE DET group ADP PRON ADP X X VERB PROPN PROPN PART VERB DET kind ADP technology PUNCT NUM PRON VERB PRON VERB CCONJ VERB PRON world PUNCT VERB PRON ADV ADP DET moment PUNCT PRON VERB VERB DET information ADV SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB DET conversation CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADJ input PUNCT ADV PRON VERB DET ADJ design photos PART VERB PRON DET technology AUX VERB ADP CCONJ VERB DET video PART VERB PRON PRON AUX VERB PRON PART AUX PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Video ADP DET break PUNCT SPACE VERB DET rest ADP DET entry PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ technology PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Services PUNCT ADJ reality PUNCT eyeglasses PUNCT feature PUNCT VERB PUNCT glasses PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT google ADJ reality glasses PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT technology PUNCT VERB ADP turn directions PUNCT UI PUNCT User interface PUNCT video chat PUNCT ADJ reality PUNCT ADJ reality glasses SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM am SPACE SYM NUM NUM grant ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB development SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE ADP DET ADJ SYM NUM NUM grant ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ PART VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB DET ADV ADJ ADJ game PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PART VERB ADJ school students VERB math CCONJ biology PUNCT SPACE ADP contrast ADP DET way PRON PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ schools PUNCT DET ADV VERB ADP students VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADP DET subjects ADP DET ADJ age PUNCT ADJ games ADJ ADP DET one PART AUX VERB VERB students DET chance PART VERB PROPN topics ADP DET way PRON VERB PRON knowledge SCONJ ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT century skills PUNCT SPACE VERB DET rest ADP DET entry PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Services PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM NUM dollar grant PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ reality PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN standards PUNCT PROPN PUNCT education arcade PUNCT education program PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT game PART VERB VERB math CCONJ science PUNCT ADJ school PUNCT PROPN PUNCT mit PUNCT PROPN education arcade PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ generation science PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN ADV ADV VERB PRON ADJ PROPN PROPN NUM announcement CCONJ ADV PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB SCONJ PRON AUX AUX VERB DET device PUNCT DET NUM AUX AUX PROPN PROPN PROPN PART ADJ NUM G ADJ PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART AUX ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN SYM PROPN timeframe PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN NUM AUX AUX DET touch screen device ADP DET NUM GHz processor PUNCT NUM GB ADP ADJ memory PUNCT ADJ ADP NUM GB PUNCT PROPN NUM ADJ PUNCT NUM megapixel camera ADP flash PUNCT NUM HD video recording PUNCT ADJ PUNCT band WiFi PUNCT DET VERB PUNCT ADP compass PUNCT magnetometer PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT technology VERB DET ADJ PROPN NUM PROPN PUNCT SPACE Press release ADP DET break SPACE VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PROPN PUNCT ADJ reality PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ PUNCT definition video PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Touchscreen PUNCT Wi - Fi
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Culinary arts is the art of preparing and cooking foods. The word "culinary" is defined as something related to, or connected with, cooking. A culinarian is a person working in the culinary arts. A culinarian working in restaurants is commonly known as a cook or a chef. Culinary artists are responsible for skilfully preparing meals that are as pleasing to the palate as to the eye. They are required to have a knowledge of the science of food and an understanding of diet and nutrition. They work primarily in restaurants, delicatessens, hospitals and other institutions. Kitchen conditions vary depending on the type of business, restaurant, nursing home, etc. The Table arts or the art of having food can also be called as "Culinary arts".
Careers in culinary arts
Related careers
Below is a list of the wide variety of culinary arts occupations.
- Consulting and Design Specialists – Work with restaurant owners in developing menus, the layout and design of dining rooms, and service protocols.
- Dining Room Service – Manage a restaurant, cafeterias, clubs, etc. Diplomas and degree programs are offered in restaurant management by colleges around the world.
- Food and Beverage Controller – Purchase and source ingredients in large hotels as well as manage the stores and stock control.
- Entrepreneurship – Deepen and invest in businesses, such as bakeries, restaurants, or specialty foods (such as chocolates, cheese, etc.).
- Food and Beverage Managers – Manage all food and beverage outlets in hotels and other large establishments.
- Food Stylists and Photographers – Work with magazines, books, catalogs and other media to make food visually appealing.
- Food Writers and Food Critics – Communicate with the public on food trends, chefs and restaurants though newspapers, magazines, blogs, and books. Notables in this field include Julia Child, Craig Claiborne and James Beard.
- Research and Development Kitchens – Develop new products for commercial manufacturers and may also work in test kitchens for publications, restaurant chains, grocery chains, or others.
- Sales – Introduce chefs and business owners to new products and equipment relevant to food production and service.
- Instructors – Teach aspects of culinary arts in high school, vocational schools, colleges, recreational programs, and for specialty businesses (for example, the professional and recreational courses in baking at King Arthur Flour).
Occupational outlook
The occupation outlook for chefs, restaurant managers, dietitians, and nutritionists is fairly good, with "as fast as the average" growth. Increasingly a college education with formal qualifications is required for success in this field. The culinary industry continues to be male-dominated, with the latest statistics showing only 19% of all 'chefs and head cooks' being female.
Notable culinary colleges around the world
- JaganNath Institute of Management Sciences, Rohini, Delhi, India
- College of Tourism & Hotel Management, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
- Culinary Academy of India, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Culinary Academy of India, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
- ITM School of Culinary Arts, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Welcomgroup Graduate School of Hotel Administration, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Technical Education (College West) – School of Hospitality, Singapore
- ITM (Institute of Technology and Management) – Institute of Hotel Management, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Apicius International School of Hospitality, Florence, Italy
- Le Cordon Bleu, Paris, France
- École des trois gourmandes, Paris, France
- HRC Culinary Academy, Bulgaria
- Institut Paul Bocuse, Ecully, France
- Mutfak Sanatlari Akademisi, Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Culinary Arts and Food Technology, DIT, Dublin, Ireland
- Scuola di Arte Culinaria Cordon Bleu, Florence, Italy
- Westminster Kingsway College (London)
- University of West London (London)
- School of Restaurant and Culinary Arts, Umeå University (Sweden)
- Camosun College (Victoria, BC)
- Canadore College (North Bay, ON)
- The Culinary Institute of Canada (Charlottetown, PE)
- Georgian College (Owen Sound, ON)
- George Brown College (Toronto, ON)
- Humber College (Toronto, ON)
- Institut de tourisme et d'hôtellerie du Québec (Montreal, QC)
- Niagara Culinary Institute (Niagara College, Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON)
- Northwest Culinary Academy of Vancouver (Vancouver, BC)
- Nova Scotia Community College (Nova Scotia)
- Pacific Institute of Culinary Arts (Vancouver, BC)
- Vancouver Community College (Vancouver, BC)
- Culinary Institute of Vancouver Island (Nanaimo, BC)
- Sault College (Sault Ste. Marie, ON)
- Baltimore International College, Baltimore, Maryland
- California Culinary Academy, San Francisco, California
- California School of Culinary Arts, Pasadena, California
- California State, Pomona, California
- California State University Hospitality Management Education Initiative
- Chattahoochee Technical College in Marietta, Georgia
- Cooking and Hospitality Institute of Chicago
- Coosa Valley Technical College, Rome, Georgia
- Culinard, the Culinary Institute of Virginia College
- Cypress Community College Hotel, Restaurant Management, & Culinary Arts Program in Anaheim
- Classic Cooking Academy, Scottsdale, Arizona
- Center for Kosher Culinary Arts, Brooklyn, New York
- Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, New York
- Culinary Institute of America at Greystone in St. Helena, California
- The Culinary Institute of Charleston, South Carolina
- L'Ecole Culinaire in Saint Louis, Missouri and Memphis, Tennessee
- Glendale Community College (California)
- International Culinary Centers in NY and CA which include:
- Institute for the Culinary Arts at Metropolitan Community College, Omaha, Nebraska
- Johnson & Wales University, College of Culinary Arts
- Kendall College in Chicago, Illinois
- Lincoln College of Technology
- Manchester Community College in Connecticut
- New England Culinary Institute in Vermont
- Orlando Culinary Academy
- Pennsylvania Culinary Institute
- The Restaurant School at Walnut Hill College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
- Scottsdale Culinary Institute
- Secchia Institute for Culinary Education: Grand Rapids Community College, Grand Rapids, MI
- The Southeast Culinary and Hospitality College in Bristol, Virginia
- Sullivan University Louisville, Kentucky
- Los Angeles Trade–Technical College
- Texas Culinary Academy
- Central New Mexico Community College, Albuquerque, NM
- AUT University (Auckland University of Technology)
- MIT (Manukau Institute of Technology)
- Wintec, Waikato Institute of Technology
See also
- McBride, Kate, ed. The Professional Chef/ the Culinary Institute of America, 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, INC, 2006.
Further reading
- Beal, Eileen. Choosing a career in the restaurant industry. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1997.
- Institute for Research. Careers and jobs in the restaurant business: jobs, management, ownership. Chicago: The Institute, 1977.
External links
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article issues issues talk page article accuracy date information article citations verification ||An editor concern article weight ideas incidents controversies matters article whole arts art cooking foods word culinarian person arts culinarian restaurants cook chef artists meals palate eye knowledge science food understanding diet nutrition restaurants delicatessens hospitals institutions Kitchen conditions type business restaurant nursing home arts art food arts Careers arts careers list variety arts occupations restaurant owners menus layout design dining rooms service protocols restaurant clubs degree programs restaurant management colleges world source ingredients hotels stores stock control businesses bakeries restaurants specialty foods chocolates cheese food beverage outlets hotels establishments magazines books catalogs media food public food trends chefs restaurants newspapers magazines blogs books Notables field products manufacturers test kitchens publications restaurant chains grocery chains others Sales chefs business owners products equipment food production service aspects arts school schools colleges programs specialty businesses example courses outlook occupation outlook chefs restaurant managers dietitians nutritionists growth college education qualifications success field industry male statistics % chefs cooks colleges world trois gourmandes ed career restaurant industry Careers jobs restaurant business jobs management ownership links
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||this article have multiple issue. please help improve it or discuss these issue on the talk page.
||this article's factual accuracy may be compromise due to out-of-date information. (July 2012)
||this article need additional citation for verification. (July 2012)
||An editor have express a concern that this article lend undue weight to certain idea, incident, controversy or matter relative to the article subject as a whole. (July 2012)
Culinary art be the art of prepare and cooking food. the word "culinary" be define as something relate to, or connect with, cook. a culinarian be a person work in the culinary art. a culinarian work in restaurant be commonly know as a cook or a chef. culinary artist be responsible for skilfully prepare meal that be as pleasing to the palate as to the eye. they be require to have a knowledge of the science of food and an understanding of diet and nutrition. they work primarily in restaurant, delicatessen, hospital and other institution. kitchen condition vary depend on the type of business, restaurant, nursing home, etc. the Table art or the art of have food can also be call as "culinary art".
career in culinary art
relate career
Below be a list of the wide variety of culinary art occupation.
- Consulting and Design Specialists – work with restaurant owner in develop menu, the layout and design of dining room, and service protocol.
- Dining Room Service – manage a restaurant, cafeterias, club, etc. Diplomas and degree program be offer in restaurant management by college around the world.
- Food and Beverage Controller – Purchase and source ingredient in large hotel as well as manage the store and stock control.
- Entrepreneurship – deepen and invest in business, such as bakery, restaurant, or specialty food (such as chocolate, cheese, etc.).
- Food and Beverage Managers – manage all food and beverage outlet in hotel and other large establishment.
- Food Stylists and Photographers – work with magazine, book, catalog and other medium to make food visually appealing.
- Food Writers and Food Critics – Communicate with the public on food trend, chef and restaurant though newspaper, magazine, blog, and book. notable in this field include Julia Child, Craig Claiborne and James Beard.
- Research and Development Kitchens – develop new product for commercial manufacturer and may also work in test kitchen for publication, restaurant chain, grocery chain, or other.
- sale – introduce chef and business owner to new product and equipment relevant to food production and service.
- Instructors – teach aspect of culinary art in high school, vocational school, college, recreational program, and for specialty business (for example, the professional and recreational course in bake at King Arthur Flour).
occupational outlook
the occupation outlook for chef, restaurant manager, dietitian, and nutritionist be fairly good, with "as fast as the average" growth. increasingly a college education with formal qualification be require for success in this field. the culinary industry continue to be male-dominate, with the late statistic show only 19% of all 'chef and head cook' be female.
notable culinary college around the world
- JaganNath Institute of Management Sciences, Rohini, Delhi, India
- College of Tourism & Hotel Management, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
- Culinary Academy of India, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Culinary Academy of India, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
- ITM School of Culinary Arts, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Welcomgroup Graduate School of Hotel Administration, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Institute of Technical Education (College West) – School of Hospitality, Singapore
- ITM (Institute of Technology and Management) – Institute of Hotel Management, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Apicius International School of Hospitality, Florence, Italy
- Le Cordon Bleu, Paris, France
- École des trois gourmande, Paris, France
- HRC Culinary Academy, Bulgaria
- Institut Paul Bocuse, Ecully, France
- Mutfak Sanatlari Akademisi, Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Culinary Arts and Food Technology, DIT, Dublin, Ireland
- Scuola di Arte Culinaria Cordon Bleu, Florence, Italy
- Westminster Kingsway College (London)
- University of West London (London)
- School of Restaurant and Culinary Arts, Umeå University (Sweden)
- Camosun College (Victoria, BC)
- Canadore College (North Bay, ON)
- the Culinary Institute of Canada (Charlottetown, PE)
- Georgian College (Owen Sound, ON)
- George Brown College (Toronto, ON)
- Humber College (Toronto, ON)
- Institut de tourisme et d'hôtellerie du Québec (Montreal, QC)
- Niagara Culinary Institute (Niagara College, Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON)
- Northwest Culinary Academy of Vancouver (Vancouver, BC)
- Nova Scotia Community College (Nova Scotia)
- Pacific Institute of Culinary Arts (Vancouver, BC)
- Vancouver Community College (Vancouver, BC)
- Culinary Institute of Vancouver Island (Nanaimo, BC)
- Sault College (Sault Ste. Marie, ON)
- Baltimore International College, Baltimore, Maryland
- California Culinary Academy, San Francisco, California
- California School of Culinary Arts, Pasadena, California
- California State, Pomona, California
- California State University Hospitality Management Education Initiative
- Chattahoochee Technical College in Marietta, Georgia
- Cooking and Hospitality Institute of Chicago
- Coosa Valley Technical College, Rome, Georgia
- Culinard, the Culinary Institute of Virginia College
- Cypress Community College Hotel, Restaurant Management, & Culinary Arts Program in Anaheim
- Classic Cooking Academy, Scottsdale, Arizona
- Center for Kosher Culinary Arts, Brooklyn, New York
- Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, New York
- Culinary Institute of America at Greystone in St. Helena, California
- the Culinary Institute of Charleston, South Carolina
- L'Ecole Culinaire in Saint Louis, Missouri and Memphis, Tennessee
- Glendale Community College (California)
- International Culinary Centers in NY and CA which include:
- Institute for the Culinary Arts at Metropolitan Community College, Omaha, Nebraska
- Johnson & Wales University, College of Culinary Arts
- Kendall College in Chicago, Illinois
- Lincoln College of Technology
- Manchester Community College in Connecticut
- New England Culinary Institute in Vermont
- Orlando Culinary Academy
- Pennsylvania Culinary Institute
- the Restaurant School at Walnut Hill College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
- Scottsdale Culinary Institute
- Secchia Institute for Culinary Education: Grand Rapids Community College, Grand Rapids, MI
- the Southeast Culinary and Hospitality College in Bristol, Virginia
- Sullivan University Louisville, Kentucky
- Los Angeles Trade–Technical College
- Texas Culinary Academy
- Central New Mexico Community College, Albuquerque, NM
- AUT University (Auckland University of Technology)
- MIT (Manukau Institute of Technology)
- wintec, Waikato Institute of Technology
see also
- McBride, Kate, ed. the Professional Chef/ the Culinary Institute of America, 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, INC, 2006.
far read
- Beal, Eileen. choose a career in the restaurant industry. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1997.
- Institute for Research. career and job in the restaurant business: job, management, ownership. Chicago: the Institute, 1977.
external link
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DET article AUX ADJ issues PUNCT INTJ VERB VERB PRON CCONJ VERB DET issues ADP DET talk page PUNCT SPACE DET article PART ADJ accuracy AUX AUX VERB ADP ADP ADV PUNCT ADP PUNCT date information PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE DET article VERB ADJ citations ADP verification PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE DET editor AUX VERB DET concern SCONJ DET article VERB ADJ weight ADP ADJ ideas PUNCT incidents PUNCT controversies CCONJ matters ADJ ADP DET article subject ADP DET whole PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE ADJ arts AUX DET art ADP VERB CCONJ VERB foods PUNCT DET word PUNCT ADJ PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PRON VERB ADP PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP PUNCT cooking PUNCT DET culinarian AUX DET person VERB ADP DET ADJ arts PUNCT DET culinarian VERB ADP restaurants AUX ADV VERB ADP DET cook CCONJ DET chef PUNCT ADJ artists AUX ADJ ADP ADV VERB meals PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET palate ADP ADP DET eye PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART AUX DET knowledge ADP DET science ADP food CCONJ DET understanding ADP diet CCONJ nutrition PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADP restaurants PUNCT delicatessens PUNCT hospitals CCONJ ADJ institutions PUNCT Kitchen conditions VERB VERB ADP DET type ADP business PUNCT restaurant PUNCT nursing home PUNCT X PUNCT DET PROPN arts CCONJ DET art ADP VERB food AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ arts PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Careers ADP ADJ arts SPACE ADJ careers SPACE ADV AUX DET list ADP DET ADJ variety ADP ADJ arts occupations PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP restaurant owners ADP VERB menus PUNCT DET layout CCONJ design ADP dining rooms PUNCT CCONJ service protocols PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN Service PUNCT VERB DET restaurant PUNCT cafeterias PUNCT clubs PUNCT X PUNCT Diplomas CCONJ degree programs AUX VERB ADP restaurant management ADP colleges ADP DET world PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Food CCONJ Beverage Controller PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB ingredients ADP ADJ hotels ADV ADV ADP VERB DET stores CCONJ stock control PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Entrepreneurship PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB ADP businesses PUNCT ADJ ADP bakeries PUNCT restaurants PUNCT CCONJ specialty foods PUNCT ADJ ADP chocolates PUNCT cheese PUNCT X X PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Food CCONJ Beverage Managers PUNCT VERB DET food CCONJ beverage outlets ADP hotels CCONJ ADJ ADJ establishments PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Food Stylists CCONJ Photographers PUNCT VERB ADP magazines PUNCT books PUNCT catalogs CCONJ ADJ media PART VERB food ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET public ADP food trends PUNCT chefs CCONJ restaurants SCONJ newspapers PUNCT magazines PUNCT blogs PUNCT CCONJ books PUNCT Notables ADP DET field VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ products ADP ADJ manufacturers CCONJ AUX ADV VERB ADP test kitchens ADP publications PUNCT restaurant chains PUNCT grocery chains PUNCT CCONJ others PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Sales PUNCT VERB chefs CCONJ business owners ADP ADJ products CCONJ equipment ADJ ADP food production CCONJ service PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Instructors PUNCT VERB aspects ADP ADJ arts ADP ADJ school PUNCT ADJ schools PUNCT colleges PUNCT ADJ programs PUNCT CCONJ ADP specialty businesses PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ courses ADP baking ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ outlook SPACE DET occupation outlook ADP chefs PUNCT restaurant managers PUNCT dietitians PUNCT CCONJ nutritionists AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT growth PUNCT ADV DET college education ADP ADJ qualifications AUX VERB ADP success ADP DET field PUNCT DET ADJ industry VERB PART AUX male PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADP DET ADJ statistics VERB ADV NUM% ADP DET PUNCT chefs CCONJ head cooks PUNCT AUX ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ colleges ADP DET world SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN X X PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN X PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN X X X X X PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT 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ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE VERB ADV SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ed PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ ed PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE ADJ reading SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET career ADP DET restaurant industry PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT Careers CCONJ jobs ADP DET restaurant business PUNCT jobs PUNCT management PUNCT ownership PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE ADJ links
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DET article AUX ADJ issues PUNCT INTJ VERB VERB PRON CCONJ VERB DET issues ADP DET talk page PUNCT SPACE DET article PART ADJ accuracy AUX AUX VERB ADP ADP ADV PUNCT ADP PUNCT date information PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE DET article VERB ADJ citations ADP verification PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE DET editor AUX VERB DET concern SCONJ DET article VERB ADJ weight ADP ADJ ideas PUNCT incidents PUNCT controversies CCONJ matters ADJ ADP DET article subject ADP DET whole PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE ADJ arts AUX DET art ADP VERB CCONJ VERB foods PUNCT DET word PUNCT ADJ PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PRON VERB ADP PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP PUNCT cooking PUNCT DET culinarian AUX DET person VERB ADP DET ADJ arts PUNCT DET culinarian VERB ADP restaurants AUX ADV VERB ADP DET cook CCONJ DET chef PUNCT ADJ artists AUX ADJ ADP ADV VERB meals PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET palate ADP ADP DET eye PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART AUX DET knowledge ADP DET science ADP food CCONJ DET understanding ADP diet CCONJ nutrition PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADP restaurants PUNCT delicatessens PUNCT hospitals CCONJ ADJ institutions PUNCT Kitchen conditions VERB VERB ADP DET type ADP business PUNCT restaurant PUNCT nursing home PUNCT X PUNCT DET PROPN arts CCONJ DET art ADP VERB food AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ arts PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Careers ADP ADJ arts SPACE ADJ careers SPACE ADV AUX DET list ADP DET ADJ variety ADP ADJ arts occupations PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP restaurant owners ADP VERB menus PUNCT DET layout CCONJ design ADP dining rooms PUNCT CCONJ service protocols PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN Service PUNCT VERB DET restaurant PUNCT cafeterias PUNCT clubs PUNCT X PUNCT Diplomas CCONJ degree programs AUX VERB ADP restaurant management ADP colleges ADP DET world PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Food CCONJ Beverage Controller PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB ingredients ADP ADJ hotels ADV ADV ADP VERB DET stores CCONJ stock control PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Entrepreneurship PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB ADP businesses PUNCT ADJ ADP bakeries PUNCT restaurants PUNCT CCONJ specialty foods PUNCT ADJ ADP chocolates PUNCT cheese PUNCT X X PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Food CCONJ Beverage Managers PUNCT VERB DET food CCONJ beverage outlets ADP hotels CCONJ ADJ ADJ establishments PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Food Stylists CCONJ Photographers PUNCT VERB ADP magazines PUNCT books PUNCT catalogs CCONJ ADJ media PART VERB food ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET public ADP food trends PUNCT chefs CCONJ restaurants SCONJ newspapers PUNCT magazines PUNCT blogs PUNCT CCONJ books PUNCT Notables ADP DET field VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ products ADP ADJ manufacturers CCONJ AUX ADV VERB ADP test kitchens ADP publications PUNCT restaurant chains PUNCT grocery chains PUNCT CCONJ others PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Sales PUNCT VERB chefs CCONJ business owners ADP ADJ products CCONJ equipment ADJ ADP food production CCONJ service PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Instructors PUNCT VERB aspects ADP ADJ arts ADP ADJ school PUNCT ADJ schools PUNCT colleges PUNCT ADJ programs PUNCT CCONJ ADP specialty businesses PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ courses ADP baking ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ outlook SPACE DET occupation outlook ADP chefs PUNCT restaurant managers PUNCT dietitians PUNCT CCONJ nutritionists AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT growth PUNCT ADV DET college education ADP ADJ qualifications AUX VERB ADP success ADP DET field PUNCT DET ADJ industry VERB PART AUX male PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADP DET ADJ statistics VERB ADV NUM% ADP DET PUNCT chefs CCONJ head cooks PUNCT AUX ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ colleges ADP DET world SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN X X PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN X PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT 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PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT 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ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE VERB ADV SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ed PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ ed PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE ADJ reading SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET career ADP DET restaurant industry PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT Careers CCONJ jobs ADP DET restaurant business PUNCT jobs PUNCT management PUNCT ownership PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE ADJ links
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With the arrival of cold weather, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration is reminding employers to take necessary precautions to protect workers from the serious, and sometimes fatal, effects of carbon monoxide exposure.
Recently, a worker in a New England warehouse was found unconscious and seizing, suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning. Several other workers at the site also became sick. All of the windows and doors were closed to conserve heat, there was no exhaust ventilation in the facility, and very high levels of carbon monoxide were measured at the site.
Every year, workers die from carbon monoxide poisoning, usually while using fuel-burning equipment and tools in buildings or semi-enclosed spaces without adequate ventilation. This can be especially true during the winter months when employees use this type of equipment in indoor spaces that have been sealed tightly to block out cold temperatures and wind. Symptoms of carbon monoxide exposure can include everything from headaches, dizziness and drowsiness to nausea, vomiting or tightness across the chest. Severe carbon monoxide poisoning can cause neurological damage, coma and death.
Sources of carbon monoxide can include anything that uses combustion to operate, such as gas generators, power tools, compressors, pumps, welding equipment, space heaters and furnaces.
To reduce the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning in the workplace, employers should install an effective ventilation system, avoid the use of fuel-burning equipment in enclosed or partially-enclosed spaces, use carbon monoxide detectors in areas where the hazard is a concern and take other precautions outlined in OSHA's Carbon Monoxide Fact Sheet. For additional information on carbon monoxide poisoning and preventing exposure in the workplace, see OSHA's Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Quick Cards (in English and Spanish).
Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, employers are responsible for providing safe and healthful workplaces for their employees. OSHA's role is to ensure these conditions for America's working men and women by setting and enforcing standards, and providing training, education and assistance. For more information, visit www.osha.gov.
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arrival weather employers precautions workers effects carbon monoxide exposure worker warehouse carbon monoxide poisoning workers site windows doors heat exhaust ventilation facility levels carbon monoxide site year workers carbon monoxide poisoning fuel equipment tools buildings spaces ventilation winter months employees type equipment spaces temperatures wind Symptoms carbon monoxide exposure headaches dizziness drowsiness nausea vomiting tightness chest carbon monoxide poisoning damage coma death Sources carbon monoxide combustion gas generators power tools compressors pumps welding equipment space heaters furnaces risk carbon monoxide poisoning workplace employers ventilation system use fuel equipment spaces carbon monoxide detectors areas hazard concern precautions information carbon monoxide poisoning exposure workplace employers workplaces employees role conditions men women standards training education assistance information
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with the arrival of cold weather, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration be remind employer to take necessary precaution to protect worker from the serious, and sometimes fatal, effect of carbon monoxide exposure.
recently, a worker in a New England warehouse be find unconscious and seize, suffer from carbon monoxide poisoning. several other worker at the site also become sick. all of the window and door be close to conserve heat, there be no exhaust ventilation in the facility, and very high level of carbon monoxide be measure at the site.
every year, worker die from carbon monoxide poisoning, usually while use fuel-burn equipment and tool in building or semi-enclosed space without adequate ventilation. this can be especially true during the winter month when employee use this type of equipment in indoor space that have be seal tightly to block out cold temperature and wind. symptom of carbon monoxide exposure can include everything from headache, dizziness and drowsiness to nausea, vomiting or tightness across the chest. severe carbon monoxide poisoning can cause neurological damage, coma and death.
source of carbon monoxide can include anything that use combustion to operate, such as gas generator, power tool, compressor, pump, welding equipment, space heater and furnace.
to reduce the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning in the workplace, employer should install an effective ventilation system, avoid the use of fuel-burn equipment in enclosed or partially-enclose space, use carbon monoxide detector in area where the hazard be a concern and take other precaution outline in OSHA's Carbon Monoxide Fact Sheet. for additional information on carbon monoxide poisoning and prevent exposure in the workplace, see OSHA's Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Quick Cards (in English and Spanish).
under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, employer be responsible for provide safe and healthful workplace for their employee. OSHA's role be to ensure these condition for America's work man and woman by set and enforce standard, and provide training, education and assistance. for more information, visit www.osha.gov.
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ADP DET arrival ADP ADJ weather PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB employers PART VERB ADJ precautions PART VERB workers ADP DET ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT effects ADP carbon monoxide exposure PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET worker ADP DET PROPN PROPN warehouse AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ VERB PUNCT VERB ADP carbon monoxide poisoning PUNCT ADJ ADJ workers ADP DET site ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT DET ADP DET windows CCONJ doors AUX VERB PART VERB heat PUNCT PRON AUX DET exhaust ventilation ADP DET facility PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ levels ADP carbon monoxide AUX VERB ADP DET site PUNCT SPACE DET year PUNCT workers VERB ADP carbon monoxide poisoning PUNCT ADV SCONJ VERB fuel PUNCT VERB equipment CCONJ tools ADP buildings CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ spaces ADP ADJ ventilation PUNCT DET AUX AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET winter months SCONJ employees VERB DET type ADP equipment ADP ADJ spaces PRON AUX AUX VERB ADV PART VERB ADP ADJ temperatures CCONJ wind PUNCT Symptoms ADP carbon monoxide exposure AUX VERB PRON ADP headaches PUNCT dizziness CCONJ drowsiness ADP nausea PUNCT vomiting CCONJ tightness ADP DET chest PUNCT ADJ carbon monoxide poisoning AUX VERB ADJ damage PUNCT coma CCONJ death PUNCT SPACE Sources ADP carbon monoxide AUX VERB PRON PRON VERB combustion PART VERB PUNCT ADJ ADP gas generators PUNCT power tools PUNCT compressors PUNCT pumps PUNCT welding equipment PUNCT space heaters CCONJ furnaces PUNCT SPACE PART VERB DET risk ADP carbon monoxide poisoning ADP DET workplace PUNCT employers AUX VERB DET ADJ ventilation system PUNCT VERB DET use ADP fuel PUNCT VERB equipment ADP ADJ CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB spaces PUNCT VERB carbon monoxide detectors ADP areas SCONJ DET hazard AUX DET concern CCONJ VERB ADJ precautions VERB ADP PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ information ADP carbon monoxide poisoning CCONJ VERB exposure ADP DET workplace PUNCT VERB PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT employers AUX ADJ ADP VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ workplaces ADP PRON employees PUNCT PROPN PART role AUX PART VERB DET conditions ADP PROPN PART VERB men CCONJ women ADP VERB CCONJ VERB standards PUNCT CCONJ VERB training PUNCT education CCONJ assistance PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT VERB X PUNCT
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ADP DET arrival ADP ADJ weather PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB employers PART VERB ADJ precautions PART VERB workers ADP DET ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT effects ADP carbon monoxide exposure PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET worker ADP DET PROPN PROPN warehouse AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ VERB PUNCT VERB ADP carbon monoxide poisoning PUNCT ADJ ADJ workers ADP DET site ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT DET ADP DET windows CCONJ doors AUX VERB PART VERB heat PUNCT PRON AUX DET exhaust ventilation ADP DET facility PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ levels ADP carbon monoxide AUX VERB ADP DET site PUNCT SPACE DET year PUNCT workers VERB ADP carbon monoxide poisoning PUNCT ADV SCONJ VERB fuel PUNCT VERB equipment CCONJ tools ADP buildings CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ spaces ADP ADJ ventilation PUNCT DET AUX AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET winter months SCONJ employees VERB DET type ADP equipment ADP ADJ spaces PRON AUX AUX VERB ADV PART VERB ADP ADJ temperatures CCONJ wind PUNCT Symptoms ADP carbon monoxide exposure AUX VERB PRON ADP headaches PUNCT dizziness CCONJ drowsiness ADP nausea PUNCT vomiting CCONJ tightness ADP DET chest PUNCT ADJ carbon monoxide poisoning AUX VERB ADJ damage PUNCT coma CCONJ death PUNCT SPACE Sources ADP carbon monoxide AUX VERB PRON PRON VERB combustion PART VERB PUNCT ADJ ADP gas generators PUNCT power tools PUNCT compressors PUNCT pumps PUNCT welding equipment PUNCT space heaters CCONJ furnaces PUNCT SPACE PART VERB DET risk ADP carbon monoxide poisoning ADP DET workplace PUNCT employers AUX VERB DET ADJ ventilation system PUNCT VERB DET use ADP fuel PUNCT VERB equipment ADP ADJ CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB spaces PUNCT VERB carbon monoxide detectors ADP areas SCONJ DET hazard AUX DET concern CCONJ VERB ADJ precautions VERB ADP PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ information ADP carbon monoxide poisoning CCONJ VERB exposure ADP DET workplace PUNCT VERB PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT employers AUX ADJ ADP VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ workplaces ADP PRON employees PUNCT PROPN PART role AUX PART VERB DET conditions ADP PROPN PART VERB men CCONJ women ADP VERB CCONJ VERB standards PUNCT CCONJ VERB training PUNCT education CCONJ assistance PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT VERB X PUNCT
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ADP DET arrival ADP ADJ weather PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB employers PART VERB ADJ precautions PART VERB workers ADP DET ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT effects ADP carbon monoxide exposure PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET worker ADP DET PROPN PROPN warehouse AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ VERB PUNCT VERB ADP carbon monoxide poisoning PUNCT ADJ ADJ workers ADP DET site ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT DET ADP DET windows CCONJ doors AUX VERB PART VERB heat PUNCT PRON AUX DET exhaust ventilation ADP DET facility PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ levels ADP carbon monoxide AUX VERB ADP DET site PUNCT SPACE DET year PUNCT workers VERB ADP carbon monoxide poisoning PUNCT ADV SCONJ VERB fuel PUNCT VERB equipment CCONJ tools ADP buildings CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ spaces ADP ADJ ventilation PUNCT DET AUX AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET winter months SCONJ employees VERB DET type ADP equipment ADP ADJ spaces PRON AUX AUX VERB ADV PART VERB ADP ADJ temperatures CCONJ wind PUNCT Symptoms ADP carbon monoxide exposure AUX VERB PRON ADP headaches PUNCT dizziness CCONJ drowsiness ADP nausea PUNCT vomiting CCONJ tightness ADP DET chest PUNCT ADJ carbon monoxide poisoning AUX VERB ADJ damage PUNCT coma CCONJ death PUNCT SPACE Sources ADP carbon monoxide AUX VERB PRON PRON VERB combustion PART VERB PUNCT ADJ ADP gas generators PUNCT power tools PUNCT compressors PUNCT pumps PUNCT welding equipment PUNCT space heaters CCONJ furnaces PUNCT SPACE PART VERB DET risk ADP carbon monoxide poisoning ADP DET workplace PUNCT employers AUX VERB DET ADJ ventilation system PUNCT VERB DET use ADP fuel PUNCT VERB equipment ADP ADJ CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB spaces PUNCT VERB carbon monoxide detectors ADP areas SCONJ DET hazard AUX DET concern CCONJ VERB ADJ precautions VERB ADP PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ information ADP carbon monoxide poisoning CCONJ VERB exposure ADP DET workplace PUNCT VERB PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT employers AUX ADJ ADP VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ workplaces ADP PRON employees PUNCT PROPN PART role AUX PART VERB DET conditions ADP PROPN PART VERB men CCONJ women ADP VERB CCONJ VERB standards PUNCT CCONJ VERB training PUNCT education CCONJ assistance PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT VERB X PUNCT
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Sitting around a table at Meyers Center BOCES in Saratoga, students, teaching assistants, and teachers were busy crocheting. They weren’t making afghans or shawls– but rather, they were turning plastic into possibility. Little did they know they were also making history.
Profiles of 17 human rights defenders from around the globe, with links to accompanying lesson plans.
Browse the curriculum. Download the complete 158-page guide or individual lesson plans.
Speak Truth to Power: Voices from Beyond the Dark brings the voices of human rights defenders into your classroom.
Find out how you can support your students in their efforts to defend human rights.
The Speak Truth to Power project will enter the video documentary world with a contest challenging middle and high school students in New York to create a film based on the experience of courageous human rights defenders around the world.
It is with great sadness that the family of Professor Wangari Maathai announces her passing away on 25th September, 2011, at the Nairobi Hospital, after a prolonged and bravely borne struggle with cancer.
New to the STTP site this month is a lesson plan based on the work of Congressman John Lewis, who has dedicated his life to protecting human rights, securing civil liberties, and building what he described as “The Beloved Community” in America.
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table students assistants teachers afghans shawls plastic possibility history Profiles rights defenders globe links lesson plans curriculum page guide lesson plans Power Voices voices rights defenders classroom students efforts rights project video documentary world contest school students film experience rights defenders world sadness family struggle cancer site month lesson plan work life rights liberties
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sit around a table at Meyers Center BOCES in Saratoga, student, teach assistant, and teacher be busy crochet. they benot make afghan or shawl– but rather, they be turn plastic into possibility. little do they know they be also make history.
profile of 17 human right defender from around the globe, with link to accompany lesson plan.
browse the curriculum. Download the complete 158-page guide or individual lesson plan.
speak Truth to power: voice from beyond the Dark bring the voice of human right defender into your classroom.
find out how you can support your student in their effort to defend human right.
the Speak Truth to Power project will enter the video documentary world with a contest challenge middle and high school student in New York to create a film base on the experience of courageous human right defender around the world.
it be with great sadness that the family of Professor Wangari Maathai announce she pass away on 25th September, 2011, at the Nairobi Hospital, after a prolonged and bravely bear struggle with cancer.
New to the STTP site this month be a lesson plan base on the work of Congressman John Lewis, who have dedicate his life to protect human right, secure civil liberty, and build what he describe as "the Beloved Community" in America.
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VERB ADP DET table ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT students PUNCT teaching assistants PUNCT CCONJ teachers AUX ADJ VERB PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB afghans CCONJ shawls PUNCT CCONJ ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB plastic ADP possibility PUNCT ADV AUX PRON VERB PRON AUX ADV VERB history PUNCT SPACE Profiles ADP NUM ADJ rights defenders ADP ADP DET globe PUNCT ADP links ADP VERB lesson plans PUNCT SPACE VERB DET curriculum PUNCT VERB DET ADJ NUM PUNCT page guide CCONJ ADJ lesson plans PUNCT SPACE VERB Truth ADP Power PUNCT PROPN ADP ADP DET PROPN VERB DET voices ADP ADJ rights defenders ADP PRON classroom PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PRON students ADP PRON efforts PART VERB ADJ rights PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN Truth ADP PROPN project AUX VERB DET video documentary world ADP DET contest VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ school students ADP PROPN PROPN PART VERB DET film VERB ADP DET experience ADP ADJ ADJ rights defenders ADP DET world PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADP ADJ sadness PRON DET family ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PRON VERB ADV ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADV VERB struggle ADP cancer PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADP DET PROPN site DET month AUX DET lesson plan VERB ADP DET work ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PRON life ADP VERB ADJ rights PUNCT VERB ADJ liberties PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON PRON VERB ADP PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT
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VERB ADP DET table ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT students PUNCT teaching assistants PUNCT CCONJ teachers AUX ADJ VERB PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB afghans CCONJ shawls PUNCT CCONJ ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB plastic ADP possibility PUNCT ADV AUX PRON VERB PRON AUX ADV VERB history PUNCT SPACE Profiles ADP NUM ADJ rights defenders ADP ADP DET globe PUNCT ADP links ADP VERB lesson plans PUNCT SPACE VERB DET curriculum PUNCT VERB DET ADJ NUM PUNCT page guide CCONJ ADJ lesson plans PUNCT SPACE VERB Truth ADP Power PUNCT PROPN ADP ADP DET PROPN VERB DET voices ADP ADJ rights defenders ADP PRON classroom PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PRON students ADP PRON efforts PART VERB ADJ rights PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN Truth ADP PROPN project AUX VERB DET video documentary world ADP DET contest VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ school students ADP PROPN PROPN PART VERB DET film VERB ADP DET experience ADP ADJ ADJ rights defenders ADP DET world PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADP ADJ sadness PRON DET family ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PRON VERB ADV ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADV VERB struggle ADP cancer PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADP DET PROPN site DET month AUX DET lesson plan VERB ADP DET work ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PRON life ADP VERB ADJ rights PUNCT VERB ADJ liberties PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON PRON VERB ADP PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT
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VERB ADP DET table ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT students PUNCT teaching assistants PUNCT CCONJ teachers AUX ADJ VERB PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB afghans CCONJ shawls PUNCT CCONJ ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB plastic ADP possibility PUNCT ADV AUX PRON VERB PRON AUX ADV VERB history PUNCT SPACE Profiles ADP NUM ADJ rights defenders ADP ADP DET globe PUNCT ADP links ADP VERB lesson plans PUNCT SPACE VERB DET curriculum PUNCT VERB DET ADJ NUM PUNCT page guide CCONJ ADJ lesson plans PUNCT SPACE VERB Truth ADP Power PUNCT PROPN ADP ADP DET PROPN VERB DET voices ADP ADJ rights defenders ADP PRON classroom PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PRON students ADP PRON efforts PART VERB ADJ rights PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN Truth ADP PROPN project AUX VERB DET video documentary world ADP DET contest VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ school students ADP PROPN PROPN PART VERB DET film VERB ADP DET experience ADP ADJ ADJ rights defenders ADP DET world PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADP ADJ sadness PRON DET family ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PRON VERB ADV ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADV VERB struggle ADP cancer PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADP DET PROPN site DET month AUX DET lesson plan VERB ADP DET work ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PRON life ADP VERB ADJ rights PUNCT VERB ADJ liberties PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON PRON VERB ADP PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT
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The Ancient Forests of North America are extremely diverse. They include the boreal forest belt stretching between Newfoundland and Alaska, the coastal temperate rainforest of Alaska and Western Canada, and the myriad of residual pockets of temperate forest surviving in more remote regions.
Together, these forests store huge amounts of carbon, helping tostabilise climate change. They also provide a refuge for large mammalssuch as the grizzly bear, puma and grey wolf, which once ranged widelyacross the continent.
In Canada it is estimated that ancient forest provides habitat forabout two-thirds of the country's 140,000 species of plants, animalsand microorganisms. Many of these species are yet to be studied byscience.
The Ancient Forests of North America also provide livelihoods forthousands of indigenous people, such as the Eyak and Chugach people ofSouthcentral Alaska, and the Hupa and Yurok of Northern California.
Of Canada's one million indigenous people (First Nation, Inuit andMétis), almost 80 percent live in reserves and communities in boreal ortemperate forests, where historically the forest provided their foodand shelter, and shaped their way of life.
Through the Trees - The truth behind logging in Canada (PDF)
On the Greenpeace Canada website:
Interactive map of Canada's Borel forest (Flash)
Fun animation that graphically illustrates the problem (Flash)
Defending America's Ancient Forests
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boreal forest belt temperate rainforest myriad pockets temperate forest surviving regions forests amounts carbon tostabilise climate change refuge mammalssuch grizzly bear continent forest thirds country species plants animalsand microorganisms species byscience livelihoods forthousands people people people percent reserves communities ortemperate forests forest shelter way life truth website map forest animation problem Forests
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the Ancient Forests of North America be extremely diverse. they include the boreal forest belt stretch between Newfoundland and Alaska, the coastal temperate rainforest of Alaska and Western Canada, and the myriad of residual pocket of temperate forest surviving in more remote region.
together, these forest store huge amount of carbon, help tostabilise climate change. they also provide a refuge for large mammalssuch as the grizzly bear, puma and grey wolf, which once range widelyacross the continent.
in Canada it be estimate that ancient forest provide habitat forabout two-third of the country's 140,000 specie of plant, animalsand microorganism. many of these specie be yet to be study byscience.
the Ancient Forests of North America also provide livelihood forthousand of indigenous people, such as the Eyak and Chugach people ofSouthcentral Alaska, and the Hupa and Yurok of Northern California.
of Canada's one million indigenous people (First Nation, Inuit andMétis), almost 80 percent live in reserve and community in boreal ortemperate forest, where historically the forest provide their foodand shelter, and shape their way of life.
through the Trees - the truth behind log in Canada (PDF)
on the Greenpeace Canada website:
interactive map of Canada's Borel forest (Flash)
Fun animation that graphically illustrate the problem (Flash)
defend America's Ancient forest
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DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ forest belt VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ rainforest ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET myriad ADP ADJ pockets ADP ADJ forest VERB ADP ADV ADJ regions PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET forests VERB ADJ amounts ADP carbon PUNCT VERB VERB climate change PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET refuge ADP ADJ mammalssuch ADP DET ADJ bear PUNCT puma CCONJ ADJ wolf PUNCT DET ADV VERB ADP DET continent PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PRON AUX VERB SCONJ ADJ forest VERB habitat ADP NUM PUNCT thirds ADP DET country PART NUM species ADP plants PUNCT animalsand microorganisms PUNCT ADJ ADP DET species AUX ADV PART AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADV VERB livelihoods forthousands ADP ADJ people PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN people ADJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PART NUM NUM ADJ people PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADV NUM percent VERB ADP reserves CCONJ communities ADP ADJ ADJ forests PUNCT SCONJ ADV DET forest VERB PRON foodand shelter PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON way ADP life PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET truth ADP logging ADP PROPN PUNCT PDF PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN PROPN website PUNCT SPACE ADJ map ADP PROPN PART PROPN forest PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ animation PRON ADV VERB DET problem PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PART ADJ Forests
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DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ forest belt VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ rainforest ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET myriad ADP ADJ pockets ADP ADJ forest VERB ADP ADV ADJ regions PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET forests VERB ADJ amounts ADP carbon PUNCT VERB VERB climate change PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET refuge ADP ADJ mammalssuch ADP DET ADJ bear PUNCT puma CCONJ ADJ wolf PUNCT DET ADV VERB ADP DET continent PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PRON AUX VERB SCONJ ADJ forest VERB habitat ADP NUM PUNCT thirds ADP DET country PART NUM species ADP plants PUNCT animalsand microorganisms PUNCT ADJ ADP DET species AUX ADV PART AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADV VERB livelihoods forthousands ADP ADJ people PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN people ADJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PART NUM NUM ADJ people PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADV NUM percent VERB ADP reserves CCONJ communities ADP ADJ ADJ forests PUNCT SCONJ ADV DET forest VERB PRON foodand shelter PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON way ADP life PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET truth ADP logging ADP PROPN PUNCT PDF PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN PROPN website PUNCT SPACE ADJ map ADP PROPN PART PROPN forest PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ animation PRON ADV VERB DET problem PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PART ADJ Forests
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DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ forest belt VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ rainforest ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET myriad ADP ADJ pockets ADP ADJ forest VERB ADP ADV ADJ regions PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET forests VERB ADJ amounts ADP carbon PUNCT VERB VERB climate change PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET refuge ADP ADJ mammalssuch ADP DET ADJ bear PUNCT puma CCONJ ADJ wolf PUNCT DET ADV VERB ADP DET continent PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PRON AUX VERB SCONJ ADJ forest VERB habitat ADP NUM PUNCT thirds ADP DET country PART NUM species ADP plants PUNCT animalsand microorganisms PUNCT ADJ ADP DET species AUX ADV PART AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADV VERB livelihoods forthousands ADP ADJ people PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN people ADJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PART NUM NUM ADJ people PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADV NUM percent VERB ADP reserves CCONJ communities ADP ADJ ADJ forests PUNCT SCONJ ADV DET forest VERB PRON foodand shelter PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON way ADP life PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET truth ADP logging ADP PROPN PUNCT PDF PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN PROPN website PUNCT SPACE ADJ map ADP PROPN PART PROPN forest PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ animation PRON ADV VERB DET problem PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PART ADJ Forests
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This week’s illustration post focuses on perhaps the most popular illustrated genre of the Renaissance: the emblem book. Emblem books were a genre developed in the early 16th century as digestible and curious works which combined an image, a motto and an explanatory text. This genre remained popular on the continent well into the 17th century, although, strangely, it never found any real footing in the U.K. The illustrations were most commonly woodcuts and the mottoes Latin, however Greek and vernacular mottoes were common as well.
The intention of most emblem books was to deliver a moral lesson through text and image, but often the connection between these two elements is obscure. There are many projects that have developed over the last decade to provide a digital repository for these books worth exploring (Emblematica Online [Univeristy of Illinois and Herzog August Bibliothek], University of Glasgow and the Emblem Project Utrecht are good examples).
Although St Andrews 17th century holdings remain largely unexplored, I did come across a wonderful example of a Spanish emblem book published at the height of the genre’s popularity. This week’s post features the emblems from Sebastián de Covarrubias y Orozco’s Emblemas morales (1610). This work was published under the direction of Don Francisco Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma, shortly after Covarrubias had recovered from a serious illness. This is perhaps Covarrubias’s most popular publication on emblems, but he is most well-known for his Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española (1611).
From the beginning of this book it is quite obvious that the author’s roots, both as a canon in the Catholic Church and as a keen lexicographer, are quite influential. However, Covarrubias does stray off into the weirder and esoteric world of the emblem books of the day: dragons, serpents, snake-eating deer and oversized-tops (above, which look like the ship from Flight of the Navigator to this blogger). Covarrubias also draws on everyday scenes of fishermen and farmers toiling in the field to root this emblem book in the real-world.
I’ve sampled here some of my favourites from this book, however a full scan is available at Emblematica Online. This work was not Covarrubias’s first foray into the world of emblem books, in 1589 he published a work, also entitled Emblemas morales, which provides almost 100 pages worth of text about emblems and their origins and then provides 100 examples afterword (none of which are repeated in his 1610 work). This work was republished in 1604 with the same text but with new woodcuts.
Covarrubias’s 1610 Emblemas morales, however, is a completely new work, featuring new emblems and mottoes with shorter verse explanations.
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week illustration post genre emblem book books genre century works image motto text genre continent century footing illustrations woodcuts mottoes mottoes intention emblem books lesson text image connection elements projects decade repository books examples century holdings example emblem book height genre popularity week post emblems morales work direction illness publication emblems beginning book author roots canon lexicographer world emblem books day dragons serpents snake deer tops ship blogger scenes fishermen farmers field emblem book world favourites book scan work foray world emblem books work morales pages text emblems origins examples afterword none work work text woodcuts morales work emblems mottoes verse explanations
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this week’s illustration post focus on perhaps the most popular illustrate genre of the Renaissance: the emblem book. Emblem book be a genre develop in the early 16th century as digestible and curious work which combine an image, a motto and an explanatory text. this genre remain popular on the continent well into the 17th century, although, strangely, it never find any real footing in the U.K. the illustration be most commonly woodcut and the motto Latin, however greek and vernacular motto be common as well.
the intention of most emblem book be to deliver a moral lesson through text and image, but often the connection between these two element be obscure. there be many project that have develop over the last decade to provide a digital repository for these book worth explore (Emblematica Online [Univeristy of Illinois and Herzog August Bibliothek], University of Glasgow and the Emblem Project Utrecht be good example).
although St Andrews 17th century holding remain largely unexplored, I do come across a wonderful example of a spanish emblem book publish at the height of the genre’s popularity. this week’s post feature the emblem from Sebastián de Covarrubias y Orozco’s Emblemas morale (1610). this work be publish under the direction of Don Francisco Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma, shortly after Covarrubias have recover from a serious illness. this be perhaps Covarrubias’s most popular publication on emblem, but he be most well-know for his Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española (1611).
from the beginning of this book it be quite obvious that the author’s root, both as a canon in the Catholic Church and as a keen lexicographer, be quite influential. however, Covarrubias do stray off into the weird and esoteric world of the emblem book of the day: dragon, serpent, snake-eat deer and oversized-top (above, which look like the ship from Flight of the Navigator to this blogger). Covarrubias also draw on everyday scene of fisherman and farmer toil in the field to root this emblem book in the real-world.
I’ve sample here some of my favourite from this book, however a full scan be available at Emblematica Online. this work be not Covarrubias’s first foray into the world of emblem book, in 1589 he publish a work, also entitle Emblemas morale, which provide almost 100 page worth of text about emblem and their origin and then provide 100 example afterword (none of which be repeat in his 1610 work). this work be republish in 1604 with the same text but with new woodcut.
Covarrubias’s 1610 Emblemas morale, however, be a completely new work, feature new emblem and motto with short verse explanation.
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DET week PART illustration post VERB ADP ADV DET ADV ADJ VERB genre ADP DET Renaissance PUNCT DET emblem book PUNCT Emblem books AUX DET genre VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ century ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ works DET VERB DET image PUNCT DET motto CCONJ DET ADJ text PUNCT DET genre VERB ADJ ADP DET continent ADV ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET ADJ footing ADP DET PROPN DET illustrations AUX ADV ADV woodcuts CCONJ DET mottoes PROPN PUNCT ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ mottoes AUX ADJ ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE DET intention ADP ADJ emblem books AUX PART VERB DET ADJ lesson ADP text CCONJ image PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET connection ADP DET NUM elements AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ projects PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ decade PART VERB DET ADJ repository ADP DET books ADJ VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ examples PUNCT PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PROPN PROPN ADJ century holdings VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ example ADP DET ADJ emblem book VERB ADP DET height ADP DET genre PART popularity PUNCT DET week PART post VERB DET emblems ADP PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PART PROPN morales PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET work AUX VERB ADP DET direction ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ illness PUNCT DET AUX ADV PROPN PART ADV ADJ publication ADP emblems PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADV PUNCT VERB ADP PRON PROPN X X X X CCONJ X PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET beginning ADP DET book PRON AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ DET author PART roots PUNCT DET ADP DET canon ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADP DET ADJ lexicographer PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ world ADP DET emblem books ADP DET day PUNCT dragons PUNCT serpents PUNCT snake PUNCT VERB deer CCONJ ADJ PUNCT tops PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET VERB ADP DET ship ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET blogger PUNCT PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB ADP ADJ scenes ADP fishermen CCONJ farmers VERB ADP DET field PART VERB DET emblem book ADP DET ADJ PUNCT world PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB VERB ADV DET ADP PRON favourites ADP DET book PUNCT ADV DET ADJ scan AUX ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET work AUX PART PROPN PART ADJ foray ADP DET world ADP emblem books PUNCT ADP NUM PRON VERB DET work PUNCT ADV VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB ADV NUM pages worth ADP text ADP emblems CCONJ PRON origins CCONJ ADV VERB NUM examples afterword PUNCT none ADP DET AUX VERB ADP PRON NUM work PUNCT PUNCT DET work AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP DET ADJ text CCONJ ADP ADJ woodcuts PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART NUM PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX DET ADV ADJ work PUNCT VERB ADJ emblems CCONJ mottoes ADP ADJ verse explanations PUNCT
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DET week PART illustration post VERB ADP ADV DET ADV ADJ VERB genre ADP DET Renaissance PUNCT DET emblem book PUNCT Emblem books AUX DET genre VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ century ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ works DET VERB DET image PUNCT DET motto CCONJ DET ADJ text PUNCT DET genre VERB ADJ ADP DET continent ADV ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET ADJ footing ADP DET PROPN DET illustrations AUX ADV ADV woodcuts CCONJ DET mottoes PROPN PUNCT ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ mottoes AUX ADJ ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE DET intention ADP ADJ emblem books AUX PART VERB DET ADJ lesson ADP text CCONJ image PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET connection ADP DET NUM elements AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ projects PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ decade PART VERB DET ADJ repository ADP DET books ADJ VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ examples PUNCT PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PROPN PROPN ADJ century holdings VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ example ADP DET ADJ emblem book VERB ADP DET height ADP DET genre PART popularity PUNCT DET week PART post VERB DET emblems ADP PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PART PROPN morales PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET work AUX VERB ADP DET direction ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ illness PUNCT DET AUX ADV PROPN PART ADV ADJ publication ADP emblems PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADV PUNCT VERB ADP PRON PROPN X X X X CCONJ X PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET beginning ADP DET book PRON AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ DET author PART roots PUNCT DET ADP DET canon ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADP DET ADJ lexicographer PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ world ADP DET emblem books ADP DET day PUNCT dragons PUNCT serpents PUNCT snake PUNCT VERB deer CCONJ ADJ PUNCT tops PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET VERB ADP DET ship ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET blogger PUNCT PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB ADP ADJ scenes ADP fishermen CCONJ farmers VERB ADP DET field PART VERB DET emblem book ADP DET ADJ PUNCT world PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB VERB ADV DET ADP PRON favourites ADP DET book PUNCT ADV DET ADJ scan AUX ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET work AUX PART PROPN PART ADJ foray ADP DET world ADP emblem books PUNCT ADP NUM PRON VERB DET work PUNCT ADV VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB ADV NUM pages worth ADP text ADP emblems CCONJ PRON origins CCONJ ADV VERB NUM examples afterword PUNCT none ADP DET AUX VERB ADP PRON NUM work PUNCT PUNCT DET work AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP DET ADJ text CCONJ ADP ADJ woodcuts PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART NUM PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX DET ADV ADJ work PUNCT VERB ADJ emblems CCONJ mottoes ADP ADJ verse explanations PUNCT
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DET week PART illustration post VERB ADP ADV DET ADV ADJ VERB genre ADP DET Renaissance PUNCT DET emblem book PUNCT Emblem books AUX DET genre VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ century ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ works DET VERB DET image PUNCT DET motto CCONJ DET ADJ text PUNCT DET genre VERB ADJ ADP DET continent ADV ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET ADJ footing ADP DET PROPN DET illustrations AUX ADV ADV woodcuts CCONJ DET mottoes PROPN PUNCT ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ mottoes AUX ADJ ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE DET intention ADP ADJ emblem books AUX PART VERB DET ADJ lesson ADP text CCONJ image PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET connection ADP DET NUM elements AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ projects PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ decade PART VERB DET ADJ repository ADP DET books ADJ VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ examples PUNCT PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PROPN PROPN ADJ century holdings VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ example ADP DET ADJ emblem book VERB ADP DET height ADP DET genre PART popularity PUNCT DET week PART post VERB DET emblems ADP PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PART PROPN morales PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET work AUX VERB ADP DET direction ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ illness PUNCT DET AUX ADV PROPN PART ADV ADJ publication ADP emblems PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADV PUNCT VERB ADP PRON PROPN X X X X CCONJ X PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET beginning ADP DET book PRON AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ DET author PART roots PUNCT DET ADP DET canon ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADP DET ADJ lexicographer PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ world ADP DET emblem books ADP DET day PUNCT dragons PUNCT serpents PUNCT snake PUNCT VERB deer CCONJ ADJ PUNCT tops PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET VERB ADP DET ship ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET blogger PUNCT PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB ADP ADJ scenes ADP fishermen CCONJ farmers VERB ADP DET field PART VERB DET emblem book ADP DET ADJ PUNCT world PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB VERB ADV DET ADP PRON favourites ADP DET book PUNCT ADV DET ADJ scan AUX ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET work AUX PART PROPN PART ADJ foray ADP DET world ADP emblem books PUNCT ADP NUM PRON VERB DET work PUNCT ADV VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB ADV NUM pages worth ADP text ADP emblems CCONJ PRON origins CCONJ ADV VERB NUM examples afterword PUNCT none ADP DET AUX VERB ADP PRON NUM work PUNCT PUNCT DET work AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP DET ADJ text CCONJ ADP ADJ woodcuts PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART NUM PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX DET ADV ADJ work PUNCT VERB ADJ emblems CCONJ mottoes ADP ADJ verse explanations PUNCT
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The latest weapon unleashed to battle California's growing energy demand comes in the form of free software. The State of California Energy Commission's Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program is responsible for the development of a free software package dubbed the Sensor Placement and Orientation Tool (SPOT). The purpose of this software is to help designers establish correct photosensor placement relative to a given daylighting and electric lighting design.
Daylighting systems, which use natural lighting to supplement electric lighting, are sensitive to photosensor placement and performance. However, until now, there have been no easy-to-use tools to help designers predict performance and determine optimum sensor positioning. Using an Excel worksheet interface, SPOT accounts for variables such as room geometry, surface reflectances, solar orientation, electric lighting layout, and window design to help determine the best location for photosensors. It also helps designers comply with the daylighting requirements in California's Title 24 energy code, which calls for separate controls for daylit areas and offers substantial energy budget credits for automatic daylighting controls.
This software may be downloaded for free at www.archenergy.com/SPOT/index.html.
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weapon energy demand form software program development software package purpose software designers photosensor placement daylighting lighting design Daylighting systems lighting lighting placement performance tools designers performance sensor positioning worksheet interface variables room geometry surface reflectances orientation lighting layout window design location photosensors designers daylighting requirements energy code controls daylit areas energy budget credits controls software
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the late weapon unleash to battle California's grow energy demand come in the form of free software. the State of California Energy Commission's Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program be responsible for the development of a free software package dub the Sensor Placement and Orientation Tool (SPOT). the purpose of this software be to help designer establish correct photosensor placement relative to a give daylighting and electric lighting design.
daylighting system, which use natural lighting to supplement electric lighting, be sensitive to photosensor placement and performance. however, until now, there have be no easy-to-use tool to help designer predict performance and determine optimum sensor positioning. use an Excel worksheet interface, SPOT account for variable such as room geometry, surface reflectance, solar orientation, electric lighting layout, and window design to help determine the good location for photosensor. it also help designer comply with the daylighting requirement in California's Title 24 energy code, which call for separate control for daylit area and offer substantial energy budget credit for automatic daylighting control.
this software may be download for free at www.archenergy.com/SPOT/index.html.
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DET ADJ weapon VERB PART VERB PROPN PART VERB energy demand VERB ADP DET form ADP ADJ software PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT program AUX ADJ ADP DET development ADP DET ADJ software package VERB DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET purpose ADP DET software AUX PART VERB designers VERB ADJ photosensor placement ADJ ADP DET VERB daylighting CCONJ ADJ lighting design PUNCT SPACE Daylighting systems PUNCT DET VERB ADJ lighting PART VERB ADJ lighting PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP photosensor placement CCONJ performance PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP ADV PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ PUNCT PART PUNCT VERB tools PART VERB designers VERB performance CCONJ VERB ADJ sensor positioning PUNCT VERB DET PROPN worksheet interface PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP variables ADJ ADP room geometry PUNCT surface reflectances PUNCT ADJ orientation PUNCT ADJ lighting layout PUNCT CCONJ window design PART VERB VERB DET ADJ location ADP photosensors PUNCT PRON ADV VERB designers VERB ADP DET daylighting requirements ADP PROPN PART Title NUM energy code PUNCT DET VERB ADP ADJ controls ADP ADJ areas CCONJ VERB ADJ energy budget credits ADP ADJ daylighting controls PUNCT SPACE DET software AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADP X PUNCT
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DET ADJ weapon VERB PART VERB PROPN PART VERB energy demand VERB ADP DET form ADP ADJ software PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT program AUX ADJ ADP DET development ADP DET ADJ software package VERB DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET purpose ADP DET software AUX PART VERB designers VERB ADJ photosensor placement ADJ ADP DET VERB daylighting CCONJ ADJ lighting design PUNCT SPACE Daylighting systems PUNCT DET VERB ADJ lighting PART VERB ADJ lighting PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP photosensor placement CCONJ performance PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP ADV PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ PUNCT PART PUNCT VERB tools PART VERB designers VERB performance CCONJ VERB ADJ sensor positioning PUNCT VERB DET PROPN worksheet interface PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP variables ADJ ADP room geometry PUNCT surface reflectances PUNCT ADJ orientation PUNCT ADJ lighting layout PUNCT CCONJ window design PART VERB VERB DET ADJ location ADP photosensors PUNCT PRON ADV VERB designers VERB ADP DET daylighting requirements ADP PROPN PART Title NUM energy code PUNCT DET VERB ADP ADJ controls ADP ADJ areas CCONJ VERB ADJ energy budget credits ADP ADJ daylighting controls PUNCT SPACE DET software AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADP X PUNCT
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DET ADJ weapon VERB PART VERB PROPN PART VERB energy demand VERB ADP DET form ADP ADJ software PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT program AUX ADJ ADP DET development ADP DET ADJ software package VERB DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET purpose ADP DET software AUX PART VERB designers VERB ADJ photosensor placement ADJ ADP DET VERB daylighting CCONJ ADJ lighting design PUNCT SPACE Daylighting systems PUNCT DET VERB ADJ lighting PART VERB ADJ lighting PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP photosensor placement CCONJ performance PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP ADV PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ PUNCT PART PUNCT VERB tools PART VERB designers VERB performance CCONJ VERB ADJ sensor positioning PUNCT VERB DET PROPN worksheet interface PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP variables ADJ ADP room geometry PUNCT surface reflectances PUNCT ADJ orientation PUNCT ADJ lighting layout PUNCT CCONJ window design PART VERB VERB DET ADJ location ADP photosensors PUNCT PRON ADV VERB designers VERB ADP DET daylighting requirements ADP PROPN PART Title NUM energy code PUNCT DET VERB ADP ADJ controls ADP ADJ areas CCONJ VERB ADJ energy budget credits ADP ADJ daylighting controls PUNCT SPACE DET software AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADP X PUNCT
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The Handel and Haydn Society is a chorus and period instrument orchestra in the city of Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1815, it is one of the oldest performing arts organizations in the USA. Most widely known for its performances of George Frideric Handel's Messiah, the group gave its American premiere in 1818 and has performed the piece annually since 1854.
The Handel and Haydn Society was founded as an oratorio society in Boston on April 20, 1815, by Gottlieb Graupner, Thomas Smith Webb, Amasa Winchester, and Matthew S. Parker, a group of Boston merchants and musicians who were eager to improve the performance of choral music in a city that, at the time, offered very little music of any kind. The name of the Society reflects the foundersí wish to bring Boston audiences the best of the old (G.F. Handel) and the best of the new (Haydn) in concerts of the highest artistic quality. The first performance by the Society was held on Christmas night in 1815 at King's Chapel, and included a chorus of 90 men and 10 women.
From its earliest years, the Handel and Haydn Society established a tradition of innovation, performing the American premieres of G.F. Handelís Messiah in 1818, Haydnís The Creation in 1819, Verdiís Requiem in 1878, Amy Beach's Mass in 1892, and numerous other works by G.F. Handel, Mozart, J.S. Bach, and others.
The Society was also an early promoter of composer Lowell Mason, publishing his first collection of hymns and later electing him as the group's President. Mason's music was extremely influential and much of it is still performed today. He is best known for composing the music for the popular carol, Joy to the World. Mason was also instrumental in establishing music education in the USA.
Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, Handel and Haydn staged music festivals to commemorate its own anniversaries and such significant events as the end of the Civil War. The Society organized Americaís first great music festival in 1857, and in later years gave benefit concerts to aid the Union Army, victims of the Chicago fire in 1871, and Russian Jewish refugees in 1882. Over the years, the Handel and Haydn Society has performed for such luminaries as President James Monroe, Grand Duke Alexis of Russia, Admiral Dewey, and Queen Elizabeth II.
By the mid 20th century, the Handel and Haydn Society had begun to move toward vocal and instrumental authenticity. In 1967, an acknowledged expert in Baroque performance practice, Thomas Dunn, became the Society's Artistic Director and transformed the group's large amateur chorus into one of approximately 30 professional singers. In 1986, Christopher Hogwood succeeded Thomas Dunn as Artistic Director and added period-instrument performances and a new verve to the high choral standards of the Society. In October 1986, Handel and Haydn presented its first period instrument orchestra concert under Christopher Hogwoodís baton, and by the 1989-1990 season all of the Society's concerts were performed on period instruments. The Society has remained committed to historically informed performance following the end of Christopher Hogwood's tenure as Artistic Director in the spring of 2001.
Handel and Haydn Society announced the appointment of Harry Christophers as Artistic Director on September 26, 2008. Harry Christophers, a regular guest conductor of the Society, began his tenure as Artistic Director with the 2009-2010 season and is the organizationís thirteenth artistic leader since its founding in 1815. The initial term of Harry Christophersí contract with the Society extends through the 2011-2012 season.
Harry Christophers has conducted the Handel and Haydn Society each season since his first appearance in September 2006, when he led a sold-out performance in the Esterházy Palace at the Haydn Festival in Eisenstadt, Austria. Held in the same location where Haydn lived and worked for nearly 40 years, this Austrian appearance marked the Societyís first in Europe in its then 191-year history. Harry Christophers returned to conduct the Society in Boston in a critically acclaimed performance of G.F. Handelís Messiah in December 2007, followed by an appearance at Symphony Hall in January 2008. Founder and Music Director of the renowned UK-based choir and period-instrument orchestra, The Sixteen, he is also in demand as a guest conductor for leading orchestras and opera companies worldwide and in the USA.
Welsh conductor Grant Llewellyn joined Handel and Haydn in the 2001-2002 season as Music Director. Grant Llewellyn did not have a background in period-instrument performance prior to joining the Society, but has won wide acclaim from critics and musicians for his energetic and compelling conducting. He has been noted for his charming personality and for his ability to produce exceptional performances from the Society's musicians.
During his tenure as Music Director, the Society produced several recordings that have met with considerable commercial success, including Peace and All is Bright which both appeared on Billboard Magazine's Classical Top 10 chart. Handel and Haydn Society was also awarded its first Grammy Award for a collaboration with the San Francisco choral ensemble Chanticleer for the 2003 recording of Sir John Tavener's Lamentations and Praises.
The Society also entered into a multi-year relationship with Chinese director Chen Shi-Zheng starting in 2003. This has yielded fully-staged productions of Monteverdi's Vespers (in 2003) and Orfeo (in 2006) that Chen sees as the start of a cycle of Monteverdi's surviving operas and his Vespers. The 2006 Orfeo was co-produced by the English National Opera. Chen also directed a production of Purcell's Dido and Aeneas in 2005 for Handel and Haydn. Grant Llewellyn concluded his tenure in 2006.
In July 2007, the ensemble made a historic appearance at London's Royal Albert Hall as part of the BBC Proms concert series, presenting Haydn's oratorio Die Jahreszeiten (The Seasons), with Sir Roger Norrington conducting.
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chorus period instrument orchestra city arts organizations performances group premiere piece oratorio society group merchants musicians performance music city time music kind name foundersí audiences concerts quality performance night Chapel chorus men women years tradition innovation premieres works others promoter composer collection hymns group music today music carol music education centuries music festivals anniversaries events end music festival years benefit concerts victims fire refugees years luminaries century authenticity expert performance practice group chorus singers period instrument performances verve standards period instrument concert season concerts period instruments performance end tenure spring appointment guest conductor tenure season organizationís leader founding term contract season season appearance performance location years appearance Societyís year history performance appearance Founder choir period instrument orchestra demand guest conductor orchestras opera companies conductor season background period instrument performance acclaim critics musicians conducting personality ability performances musicians tenure recordings success chart collaboration Chanticleer recording year relationship director productions start cycle operas production tenure ensemble appearance part concert series oratorio
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the Handel and Haydn Society be a chorus and period instrument orchestra in the city of Boston, Massachusetts. found in 1815, it be one of the old perform art organization in the USA. most widely know for its performance of George Frideric Handel's Messiah, the group give its american premiere in 1818 and have perform the piece annually since 1854.
the Handel and Haydn Society be found as an oratorio society in Boston on April 20, 1815, by Gottlieb Graupner, Thomas Smith Webb, Amasa Winchester, and Matthew S. Parker, a group of Boston merchant and musician who be eager to improve the performance of choral music in a city that, at the time, offer very little music of any kind. the name of the Society reflect the foundersí wish to bring Boston audience the good of the old (G.F. Handel) and the good of the new (Haydn) in concert of the high artistic quality. the first performance by the Society be hold on Christmas night in 1815 at King's chapel, and include a chorus of 90 man and 10 woman.
from its early year, the Handel and Haydn Society establish a tradition of innovation, perform the american premiere of G.F. Handelís Messiah in 1818, Haydnís the Creation in 1819, Verdiís Requiem in 1878, Amy Beach's Mass in 1892, and numerous other work by G.F. Handel, Mozart, J.S. Bach, and other.
the Society be also an early promoter of composer Lowell Mason, publish his first collection of hymn and later elect he as the group's President. Mason's music be extremely influential and much of it be still perform today. he be well know for compose the music for the popular carol, Joy to the World. Mason be also instrumental in establish music education in the USA.
throughout the 19th and 20th century, Handel and Haydn stag music festival to commemorate its own anniversary and such significant event as the end of the Civil War. the Society organize Americaís first great music festival in 1857, and in later year give benefit concert to aid the Union Army, victim of the Chicago fire in 1871, and russian jewish refugee in 1882. over the year, the Handel and Haydn Society have perform for such luminary as President James Monroe, Grand Duke Alexis of Russia, Admiral Dewey, and Queen Elizabeth II.
by the mid 20th century, the Handel and Haydn Society have begin to move toward vocal and instrumental authenticity. in 1967, an acknowledge expert in Baroque performance practice, Thomas Dunn, become the Society's Artistic Director and transform the group's large amateur chorus into one of approximately 30 professional singer. in 1986, Christopher Hogwood succeed Thomas Dunn as Artistic Director and add period-instrument performance and a new verve to the high choral standard of the Society. in October 1986, Handel and Haydn present its first period instrument orchestra concert under Christopher Hogwoodís baton, and by the 1989-1990 season all of the Society's concert be perform on period instrument. the Society have remain committed to historically inform performance follow the end of Christopher Hogwood's tenure as Artistic Director in the spring of 2001.
Handel and Haydn Society announce the appointment of Harry Christophers as Artistic Director on September 26, 2008. Harry Christophers, a regular guest conductor of the Society, begin his tenure as Artistic Director with the 2009-2010 season and be the organizationís thirteenth artistic leader since its founding in 1815. the initial term of Harry Christophersí contract with the Society extend through the 2011-2012 season.
Harry Christophers have conduct the Handel and Haydn Society each season since his first appearance in September 2006, when he lead a sell-out performance in the Esterházy Palace at the Haydn Festival in Eisenstadt, Austria. hold in the same location where Haydn live and work for nearly 40 year, this austrian appearance mark the societyí first in Europe in its then 191-year history. Harry Christophers return to conduct the Society in Boston in a critically acclaim performance of G.F. Handelís Messiah in December 2007, follow by an appearance at Symphony Hall in January 2008. founder and Music Director of the renowned UK-base choir and period-instrument orchestra, the Sixteen, he be also in demand as a guest conductor for lead orchestra and opera company worldwide and in the USA.
Welsh conductor Grant Llewellyn join Handel and Haydn in the 2001-2002 season as Music Director. Grant Llewellyn do not have a background in period-instrument performance prior to join the Society, but have win wide acclaim from critic and musician for his energetic and compelling conducting. he have be note for his charming personality and for his ability to produce exceptional performance from the Society's musician.
during his tenure as Music Director, the Society produce several recording that have meet with considerable commercial success, include Peace and all be bright which both appear on Billboard Magazine's Classical Top 10 chart. Handel and Haydn Society be also award its first Grammy Award for a collaboration with the San Francisco choral ensemble chanticleer for the 2003 recording of Sir John Tavener's Lamentations and Praises.
the Society also enter into a multi-year relationship with chinese director Chen Shi-Zheng start in 2003. this have yield fully-stag production of Monteverdi's Vespers (in 2003) and Orfeo (in 2006) that Chen see as the start of a cycle of Monteverdi's survive opera and his Vespers. the 2006 Orfeo be co-produce by the English National Opera. Chen also direct a production of Purcell's Dido and Aeneas in 2005 for Handel and Haydn. Grant Llewellyn conclude his tenure in 2006.
in July 2007, the ensemble make a historic appearance at London's Royal Albert Hall as part of the BBC Proms concert series, present Haydn's oratorio die Jahreszeiten (the Seasons), with Sir Roger Norrington conduct.
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DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX DET chorus CCONJ period instrument orchestra ADP DET city ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP NUM PUNCT PRON AUX NUM ADP DET ADJ VERB arts organizations ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADV ADV ADJ ADP PRON performances ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT DET group VERB PRON ADJ premiere ADP NUM CCONJ AUX VERB DET piece ADV SCONJ NUM PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET oratorio society ADP PROPN ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET group ADP PROPN merchants CCONJ musicians PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB DET performance ADP ADJ music ADP DET city PRON PUNCT ADP DET time PUNCT VERB ADV ADJ music ADP DET kind PUNCT DET name ADP DET PROPN VERB DET foundersí wish PART VERB PROPN audiences DET ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP concerts ADP DET ADJ ADJ quality PUNCT DET ADJ performance ADP DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP PROPN night ADP NUM ADP PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET chorus ADP NUM men CCONJ NUM women PUNCT SPACE ADP PRON ADJ years PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB DET tradition ADP innovation PUNCT VERB DET ADJ premieres ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN DET PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ works ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ others PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN AUX ADV DET ADJ promoter ADP composer PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ collection ADP hymns CCONJ ADV VERB PRON ADP DET group PART PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART music AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADP PRON AUX ADV VERB today PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP VERB DET music ADP DET ADJ carol PUNCT Joy ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV ADJ ADP VERB music education ADP DET PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ centuries PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB music festivals PART VERB PRON ADJ anniversaries CCONJ ADJ ADJ events ADP DET end ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN VERB PROPN ADJ ADJ music festival ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ years VERB benefit concerts PART VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT victims ADP DET PROPN fire ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ refugees ADP NUM PUNCT ADP DET years PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP ADJ luminaries ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ ADJ century PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ authenticity PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET VERB expert ADP ADJ performance practice PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PART PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB DET group PART ADJ ADJ chorus ADP NUM ADP ADV NUM ADJ singers PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB period PUNCT instrument performances CCONJ DET ADJ verve ADP DET ADJ ADJ standards ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB PRON ADJ period instrument orchestra concert ADP PROPN PROPN baton PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET NUM SYM NUM season DET ADP DET PROPN PART concerts AUX VERB ADP period instruments PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB ADJ ADP ADV ADJ performance VERB DET end ADP PROPN PROPN PART tenure ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET spring ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB DET appointment ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ guest conductor ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON tenure ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET NUM SYM NUM season CCONJ AUX DET organizationís ADJ ADJ leader SCONJ PRON founding ADP NUM PUNCT DET ADJ term ADP PROPN PROPN contract ADP DET PROPN VERB ADP DET NUM SYM NUM season PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN DET season SCONJ PRON ADJ appearance ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET VERB PUNCT ADP performance ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ location SCONJ PROPN VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADV NUM years PUNCT DET ADJ appearance VERB DET PROPN ADJ ADP PROPN ADP PRON ADV NUM PUNCT year history PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB DET PROPN ADP PROPN ADP DET ADV VERB performance ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET appearance ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT Founder CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT VERB choir CCONJ period PUNCT instrument orchestra PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADP demand ADP DET guest conductor ADP VERB orchestras CCONJ opera companies ADV CCONJ ADP DET PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ conductor PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP DET NUM SYM NUM season ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX PART AUX DET background ADP period PUNCT instrument performance ADV ADP VERB DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADJ acclaim ADP critics CCONJ musicians ADP PRON ADJ CCONJ ADJ conducting PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP PRON ADJ personality CCONJ ADP PRON ability PART VERB ADJ performances ADP DET PROPN PART musicians PUNCT SPACE ADP PRON tenure ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN VERB ADJ recordings PRON AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADJ success PUNCT VERB PROPN CCONJ DET AUX ADJ DET DET VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PROPN NUM chart PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB PRON ADJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET collaboration ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADJ ensemble PROPN ADP DET NUM recording ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ relationship ADP ADJ director PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP NUM PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADV PUNCT VERB productions ADP PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT PRON PROPN VERB ADP DET start ADP DET cycle ADP PROPN PART VERB operas CCONJ PRON PROPN PUNCT DET NUM PROPN AUX VERB VERB VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB DET production ADP PROPN PART PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP NUM ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PRON tenure ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET ensemble VERB DET ADJ appearance ADP PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP part ADP DET PROPN PROPN concert series PUNCT VERB PROPN PART oratorio X PROPN PUNCT DET Seasons PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT
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DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX DET chorus CCONJ period instrument orchestra ADP DET city ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP NUM PUNCT PRON AUX NUM ADP DET ADJ VERB arts organizations ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADV ADV ADJ ADP PRON performances ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT DET group VERB PRON ADJ premiere ADP NUM CCONJ AUX VERB DET piece ADV SCONJ NUM PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET oratorio society ADP PROPN ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET group ADP PROPN merchants CCONJ musicians PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB DET performance ADP ADJ music ADP DET city PRON PUNCT ADP DET time PUNCT VERB ADV ADJ music ADP DET kind PUNCT DET name ADP DET PROPN VERB DET foundersí wish PART VERB PROPN audiences DET ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP concerts ADP DET ADJ ADJ quality PUNCT DET ADJ performance ADP DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP PROPN night ADP NUM ADP PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET chorus ADP NUM men CCONJ NUM women PUNCT SPACE ADP PRON ADJ years PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB DET tradition ADP innovation PUNCT VERB DET ADJ premieres ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN DET PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ works ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ others PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN AUX ADV DET ADJ promoter ADP composer PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ collection ADP hymns CCONJ ADV VERB PRON ADP DET group PART PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART music AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADP PRON AUX ADV VERB today PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP VERB DET music ADP DET ADJ carol PUNCT Joy ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV ADJ ADP VERB music education ADP DET PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ centuries PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB music festivals PART VERB PRON ADJ anniversaries CCONJ ADJ ADJ events ADP DET end ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN VERB PROPN ADJ ADJ music festival ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ years VERB benefit concerts PART VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT victims ADP DET PROPN fire ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ refugees ADP NUM PUNCT ADP DET years PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP ADJ luminaries ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ ADJ century PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ authenticity PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET VERB expert ADP ADJ performance practice PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PART PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB DET group PART ADJ ADJ chorus ADP NUM ADP ADV NUM ADJ singers PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB period PUNCT instrument performances CCONJ DET ADJ verve ADP DET ADJ ADJ standards ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB PRON ADJ period instrument orchestra concert ADP PROPN PROPN baton PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET NUM SYM NUM season DET ADP DET PROPN PART concerts AUX VERB ADP period instruments PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB ADJ ADP ADV ADJ performance VERB DET end ADP PROPN PROPN PART tenure ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET spring ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB DET appointment ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ guest conductor ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON tenure ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET NUM SYM NUM season CCONJ AUX DET organizationís ADJ ADJ leader SCONJ PRON founding ADP NUM PUNCT DET ADJ term ADP PROPN PROPN contract ADP DET PROPN VERB ADP DET NUM SYM NUM season PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN DET season SCONJ PRON ADJ appearance ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET VERB PUNCT ADP performance ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ location SCONJ PROPN VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADV NUM years PUNCT DET ADJ appearance VERB DET PROPN ADJ ADP PROPN ADP PRON ADV NUM PUNCT year history PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB DET PROPN ADP PROPN ADP DET ADV VERB performance ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET appearance ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT Founder CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT VERB choir CCONJ period PUNCT instrument orchestra PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADP demand ADP DET guest conductor ADP VERB orchestras CCONJ opera companies ADV CCONJ ADP DET PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ conductor PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP DET NUM SYM NUM season ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX PART AUX DET background ADP period PUNCT instrument performance ADV ADP VERB DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADJ acclaim ADP critics CCONJ musicians ADP PRON ADJ CCONJ ADJ conducting PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP PRON ADJ personality CCONJ ADP PRON ability PART VERB ADJ performances ADP DET PROPN PART musicians PUNCT SPACE ADP PRON tenure ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN VERB ADJ recordings PRON AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADJ success PUNCT VERB PROPN CCONJ DET AUX ADJ DET DET VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PROPN NUM chart PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB PRON ADJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET collaboration ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADJ ensemble PROPN ADP DET NUM recording ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ relationship ADP ADJ director PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP NUM PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADV PUNCT VERB productions ADP PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT PRON PROPN VERB ADP DET start ADP DET cycle ADP PROPN PART VERB operas CCONJ PRON PROPN PUNCT DET NUM PROPN AUX VERB VERB VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB DET production ADP PROPN PART PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP NUM ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PRON tenure ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET ensemble VERB DET ADJ appearance ADP PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP part ADP DET PROPN PROPN concert series PUNCT VERB PROPN PART oratorio X PROPN PUNCT DET Seasons PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT
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DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX DET chorus CCONJ period instrument orchestra ADP DET city ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP NUM PUNCT PRON AUX NUM ADP DET ADJ VERB arts organizations ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADV ADV ADJ ADP PRON performances ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT DET group VERB PRON ADJ premiere ADP NUM CCONJ AUX VERB DET piece ADV SCONJ NUM PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET oratorio society ADP PROPN ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET group ADP PROPN merchants CCONJ musicians PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB DET performance ADP ADJ music ADP DET city PRON PUNCT ADP DET time PUNCT VERB ADV ADJ music ADP DET kind PUNCT DET name ADP DET PROPN VERB DET foundersí wish PART VERB PROPN audiences DET ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP concerts ADP DET ADJ ADJ quality PUNCT DET ADJ performance ADP DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP PROPN night ADP NUM ADP PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET chorus ADP NUM men CCONJ NUM women PUNCT SPACE ADP PRON ADJ years PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB DET tradition ADP innovation PUNCT VERB DET ADJ premieres ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN DET PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ works ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ others PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN AUX ADV DET ADJ promoter ADP composer PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ collection ADP hymns CCONJ ADV VERB PRON ADP DET group PART PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART music AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADP PRON AUX ADV VERB today PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP VERB DET music ADP DET ADJ carol PUNCT Joy ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV ADJ ADP VERB music education ADP DET PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ centuries PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB music festivals PART VERB PRON ADJ anniversaries CCONJ ADJ ADJ events ADP DET end ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN VERB PROPN ADJ ADJ music festival ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ years VERB benefit concerts PART VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT victims ADP DET PROPN fire ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ refugees ADP NUM PUNCT ADP DET years PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP ADJ luminaries ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ ADJ century PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ authenticity PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET VERB expert ADP ADJ performance practice PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PART PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB DET group PART ADJ ADJ chorus ADP NUM ADP ADV NUM ADJ singers PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB period PUNCT instrument performances CCONJ DET ADJ verve ADP DET ADJ ADJ standards ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB PRON ADJ period instrument orchestra concert ADP PROPN PROPN baton PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET NUM SYM NUM season DET ADP DET PROPN PART concerts AUX VERB ADP period instruments PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB ADJ ADP ADV ADJ performance VERB DET end ADP PROPN PROPN PART tenure ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET spring ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB DET appointment ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ guest conductor ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON tenure ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET NUM SYM NUM season CCONJ AUX DET organizationís ADJ ADJ leader SCONJ PRON founding ADP NUM PUNCT DET ADJ term ADP PROPN PROPN contract ADP DET PROPN VERB ADP DET NUM SYM NUM season PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN DET season SCONJ PRON ADJ appearance ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET VERB PUNCT ADP performance ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ location SCONJ PROPN VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADV NUM years PUNCT DET ADJ appearance VERB DET PROPN ADJ ADP PROPN ADP PRON ADV NUM PUNCT year history PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB DET PROPN ADP PROPN ADP DET ADV VERB performance ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET appearance ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT Founder CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT VERB choir CCONJ period PUNCT instrument orchestra PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADP demand ADP DET guest conductor ADP VERB orchestras CCONJ opera companies ADV CCONJ ADP DET PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ conductor PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP DET NUM SYM NUM season ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX PART AUX DET background ADP period PUNCT instrument performance ADV ADP VERB DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADJ acclaim ADP critics CCONJ musicians ADP PRON ADJ CCONJ ADJ conducting PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP PRON ADJ personality CCONJ ADP PRON ability PART VERB ADJ performances ADP DET PROPN PART musicians PUNCT SPACE ADP PRON tenure ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN VERB ADJ recordings PRON AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADJ success PUNCT VERB PROPN CCONJ DET AUX ADJ DET DET VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PROPN NUM chart PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB PRON ADJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET collaboration ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADJ ensemble PROPN ADP DET NUM recording ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ relationship ADP ADJ director PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP NUM PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADV PUNCT VERB productions ADP PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT PRON PROPN VERB ADP DET start ADP DET cycle ADP PROPN PART VERB operas CCONJ PRON PROPN PUNCT DET NUM PROPN AUX VERB VERB VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB DET production ADP PROPN PART PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP NUM ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PRON tenure ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET ensemble VERB DET ADJ appearance ADP PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP part ADP DET PROPN PROPN concert series PUNCT VERB PROPN PART oratorio X PROPN PUNCT DET Seasons PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT
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Capital and oldest city of the kingdom of Navarra, Spain. Next to Tudela, it possessed the most important Jewish community. The Jewry was situated in the Navarreria, the oldest quarter of the city. When Navarra came under the guardianship of Philip the Fair, and the Pamplonians refused to pay him homage, the Jewry was destroyed by the French troops, the houses were plundered, and many Jews were killed (1277). In 1280, upon the complaint of the Jews, the city was directed to restore to them the confiscated propertiesand to assign to them other ground for building purposes. In 1319 the city council, in conjunction with the bishop, to whom the Jews were tributary, had resolved, in compliance with the wish of King Charles I., to rebuild the Jewry; but this was not done until 1336.
The new Jewry was near the Puente de la Magdalena, and was surrounded with strong walls to guard it against invasion. In the Jewry was the Alcaceria, where the Jews carried on considerable traffic in silk goods, while in a separate street were stores in which they sold jewelry, shoes, etc. Some of the Jews were artisans, and were employed by the royal court; others practised medicine. The physician Samuel, in recognition of his services as surgeon to the English knight Thomas Trivet, was presented by King Charles in 1389 with several houses situated in the Jewry and which had formerly been in the possession of Bonafos and his son Sento, two jugglers. In 1433 the physician Maestre Jacob Aboazar, who had his house near the Great Synagogue, accompanied the queen on a journey abroad. Contemporary with him was the physician Juce (Joseph).
In 1375 the Jews of Pamplona numbered about 220 families, and paid a yearly tax of 2,592 pounds to the king alone. They had, as in Estella and Tudela, their independent magistracy, consisting of two presidents and twenty representatives. Gradually the taxes became so burdensome that they could no longer be borne. In 1407 King Charles III. issued an order that the movable property of the Jews should be sold at auction, and the most notable members placed under arrest, unless they paid the tax due to him. To escape these frequent vexations many of the Jews resolved to emigrate; and a part of the Jewry was thus left uninhabited. No sooner had Leonora ascended the throne as coregent (1469) than she issued an order to the city magistrate to require the Jews to repair the dilapidated houses.
The policy of Ferdinand and Isabella triumphed in the Cortes of Pamplona in 1496. Two years later the Jews were expelled from Navarra. Many emigrated; and those who were unable to leave the city embraced Christianity. Ḥayyim Galipapa was rabbi of Pamplona in the fourteenth century; and the scholar Samuel b. Moses Abbas was a resident of the city.
- Kayserling, Gesch. der Juden in Spanien, i. 34, 43. 73, 93, 105 et seq.;
- Rios, Hist. ii. 452, iii. 200;
- Jacobs, Sources, s.v. Pamplona.
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Capital city kingdom community quarter city guardianship homage troops houses complaint city propertiesand ground purposes city council conjunction tributary compliance wish walls invasion traffic silk goods street stores jewelry shoes artisans court others medicine physician recognition services surgeon knight houses possession son jugglers physician house queen journey physician families tax pounds king magistracy presidents representatives taxes order property auction members arrest tax vexations part throne coregent order city magistrate houses policy years city century scholar resident city i. et
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capital and old city of the kingdom of Navarra, Spain. next to Tudela, it possess the most important jewish community. the Jewry be situate in the Navarreria, the old quarter of the city. when Navarra come under the guardianship of Philip the Fair, and the Pamplonians refuse to pay he homage, the Jewry be destroy by the french troop, the house be plunder, and many Jews be kill (1277). in 1280, upon the complaint of the Jews, the city be direct to restore to they the confiscate propertiesand to assign to they other ground for build purpose. in 1319 the city council, in conjunction with the bishop, to whom the Jews be tributary, have resolve, in compliance with the wish of King Charles I., to rebuild the Jewry; but this be not do until 1336.
the new Jewry be near the Puente de la Magdalena, and be surround with strong wall to guard it against invasion. in the Jewry be the Alcaceria, where the Jews carry on considerable traffic in silk good, while in a separate street be store in which they sell jewelry, shoe, etc. some of the Jews be artisan, and be employ by the royal court; other practise medicine. the physician Samuel, in recognition of his service as surgeon to the english knight Thomas Trivet, be present by King Charles in 1389 with several house situate in the Jewry and which have formerly be in the possession of Bonafos and his son Sento, two juggler. in 1433 the physician Maestre Jacob Aboazar, who have his house near the Great Synagogue, accompany the queen on a journey abroad. contemporary with he be the physician Juce (Joseph).
in 1375 the Jews of Pamplona number about 220 family, and pay a yearly tax of 2,592 pound to the king alone. they have, as in Estella and Tudela, their independent magistracy, consist of two president and twenty representative. gradually the taxis become so burdensome that they could no long be bear. in 1407 King Charles III. issue an order that the movable property of the Jews should be sell at auction, and the most notable member place under arrest, unless they pay the tax due to he. to escape these frequent vexation many of the Jews resolve to emigrate; and a part of the Jewry be thus leave uninhabited. no soon have Leonora ascend the throne as coregent (1469) than she issue an order to the city magistrate to require the Jews to repair the dilapidated house.
the policy of Ferdinand and Isabella triumph in the Cortes of Pamplona in 1496. two year later the Jews be expel from Navarra. many emigrate; and those who be unable to leave the city embrace Christianity. Ḥayyim Galipapa be rabbi of Pamplona in the fourteenth century; and the scholar Samuel b. Moses Abbas be a resident of the city.
- Kayserling, Gesch. der Juden in Spanien, i. 34, 43. 73, 93, 105 et seq.;
- Rios, Hist. ii. 452, iii. 200;
- Jacobs, Sources, s.v. Pamplona.
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Capital CCONJ ADJ city ADP DET kingdom ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADV ADJ ADJ community PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ quarter ADP DET city PUNCT SCONJ PROPN VERB ADP DET guardianship ADP PROPN DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN VERB PART VERB PRON homage PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ troops PUNCT DET houses AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT SCONJ DET complaint ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET city AUX VERB PART VERB ADP PRON DET VERB propertiesand PART VERB ADP PRON ADJ ground ADP building purposes PUNCT ADP NUM DET city council PUNCT ADP conjunction ADP DET bishop PUNCT ADP PRON DET PROPN AUX tributary PUNCT AUX VERB PUNCT ADP compliance ADP DET wish ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PART VERB DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX PART VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ PROPN AUX ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADP ADJ walls PART VERB PRON ADP invasion PUNCT ADP DET PROPN AUX DET PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET PROPN VERB ADP ADJ traffic ADP silk goods PUNCT SCONJ ADP DET ADJ street AUX stores ADP DET PRON VERB jewelry PUNCT shoes PUNCT X PUNCT DET ADP DET PROPN AUX artisans PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ court PUNCT others VERB medicine PUNCT DET physician PROPN PUNCT ADP recognition ADP PRON services ADP surgeon ADP DET ADJ knight PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM ADP ADJ houses VERB ADP DET PROPN CCONJ DET AUX ADV AUX ADP DET possession ADP PROPN CCONJ PRON son PROPN PUNCT NUM jugglers PUNCT ADP NUM DET physician PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX PRON house ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET queen ADP DET journey ADV PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON AUX DET physician PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM DET PROPN ADP PROPN VERB ADV NUM families PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET ADJ tax ADP NUM pounds ADP DET king ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PUNCT ADP ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PRON ADJ magistracy PUNCT VERB ADP NUM presidents CCONJ NUM representatives PUNCT ADV DET taxes VERB ADV ADJ SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADV AUX VERB PUNCT ADP NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET order SCONJ DET ADJ property ADP DET PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP auction PUNCT CCONJ DET ADV ADJ members VERB ADP arrest PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET tax ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT PART VERB DET ADJ vexations ADJ ADP DET PROPN VERB PART VERB PUNCT CCONJ DET part ADP DET PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV AUX PROPN VERB DET throne ADP X PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PRON VERB DET order ADP DET city magistrate PART VERB DET PROPN PART VERB DET ADJ houses PUNCT SPACE DET policy ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT NUM years ADV DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ VERB PUNCT CCONJ DET PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB DET city VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX rabbi ADP PROPN ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT CCONJ DET scholar PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX DET resident ADP DET city PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT i. NUM PUNCT NUM . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM et seq PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Hist . NUM PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM . NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT s.v . PROPN PUNCT
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Capital CCONJ ADJ city ADP DET kingdom ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADV ADJ ADJ community PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ quarter ADP DET city PUNCT SCONJ PROPN VERB ADP DET guardianship ADP PROPN DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN VERB PART VERB PRON homage PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ troops PUNCT DET houses AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT SCONJ DET complaint ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET city AUX VERB PART VERB ADP PRON DET VERB propertiesand PART VERB ADP PRON ADJ ground ADP building purposes PUNCT ADP NUM DET city council PUNCT ADP conjunction ADP DET bishop PUNCT ADP PRON DET PROPN AUX tributary PUNCT AUX VERB PUNCT ADP compliance ADP DET wish ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PART VERB DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX PART VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ PROPN AUX ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADP ADJ walls PART VERB PRON ADP invasion PUNCT ADP DET PROPN AUX DET PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET PROPN VERB ADP ADJ traffic ADP silk goods PUNCT SCONJ ADP DET ADJ street AUX stores ADP DET PRON VERB jewelry PUNCT shoes PUNCT X PUNCT DET ADP DET PROPN AUX artisans PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ court PUNCT others VERB medicine PUNCT DET physician PROPN PUNCT ADP recognition ADP PRON services ADP surgeon ADP DET ADJ knight PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM ADP ADJ houses VERB ADP DET PROPN CCONJ DET AUX ADV AUX ADP DET possession ADP PROPN CCONJ PRON son PROPN PUNCT NUM jugglers PUNCT ADP NUM DET physician PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX PRON house ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET queen ADP DET journey ADV PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON AUX DET physician PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM DET PROPN ADP PROPN VERB ADV NUM families PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET ADJ tax ADP NUM pounds ADP DET king ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PUNCT ADP ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PRON ADJ magistracy PUNCT VERB ADP NUM presidents CCONJ NUM representatives PUNCT ADV DET taxes VERB ADV ADJ SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADV AUX VERB PUNCT ADP NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET order SCONJ DET ADJ property ADP DET PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP auction PUNCT CCONJ DET ADV ADJ members VERB ADP arrest PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET tax ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT PART VERB DET ADJ vexations ADJ ADP DET PROPN VERB PART VERB PUNCT CCONJ DET part ADP DET PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV AUX PROPN VERB DET throne ADP X PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PRON VERB DET order ADP DET city magistrate PART VERB DET PROPN PART VERB DET ADJ houses PUNCT SPACE DET policy ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT NUM years ADV DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ VERB PUNCT CCONJ DET PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB DET city VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX rabbi ADP PROPN ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT CCONJ DET scholar PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX DET resident ADP DET city PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT i. NUM PUNCT NUM . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM et seq PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Hist . NUM PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM . NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT s.v . PROPN PUNCT
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Capital CCONJ ADJ city ADP DET kingdom ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADV ADJ ADJ community PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ quarter ADP DET city PUNCT SCONJ PROPN VERB ADP DET guardianship ADP PROPN DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN VERB PART VERB PRON homage PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ troops PUNCT DET houses AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT SCONJ DET complaint ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET city AUX VERB PART VERB ADP PRON DET VERB propertiesand PART VERB ADP PRON ADJ ground ADP building purposes PUNCT ADP NUM DET city council PUNCT ADP conjunction ADP DET bishop PUNCT ADP PRON DET PROPN AUX tributary PUNCT AUX VERB PUNCT ADP compliance ADP DET wish ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PART VERB DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX PART VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ PROPN AUX ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADP ADJ walls PART VERB PRON ADP invasion PUNCT ADP DET PROPN AUX DET PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET PROPN VERB ADP ADJ traffic ADP silk goods PUNCT SCONJ ADP DET ADJ street AUX stores ADP DET PRON VERB jewelry PUNCT shoes PUNCT X PUNCT DET ADP DET PROPN AUX artisans PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ court PUNCT others VERB medicine PUNCT DET physician PROPN PUNCT ADP recognition ADP PRON services ADP surgeon ADP DET ADJ knight PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM ADP ADJ houses VERB ADP DET PROPN CCONJ DET AUX ADV AUX ADP DET possession ADP PROPN CCONJ PRON son PROPN PUNCT NUM jugglers PUNCT ADP NUM DET physician PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX PRON house ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET queen ADP DET journey ADV PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON AUX DET physician PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM DET PROPN ADP PROPN VERB ADV NUM families PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET ADJ tax ADP NUM pounds ADP DET king ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PUNCT ADP ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PRON ADJ magistracy PUNCT VERB ADP NUM presidents CCONJ NUM representatives PUNCT ADV DET taxes VERB ADV ADJ SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADV AUX VERB PUNCT ADP NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET order SCONJ DET ADJ property ADP DET PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP auction PUNCT CCONJ DET ADV ADJ members VERB ADP arrest PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET tax ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT PART VERB DET ADJ vexations ADJ ADP DET PROPN VERB PART VERB PUNCT CCONJ DET part ADP DET PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV AUX PROPN VERB DET throne ADP X PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PRON VERB DET order ADP DET city magistrate PART VERB DET PROPN PART VERB DET ADJ houses PUNCT SPACE DET policy ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT NUM years ADV DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ VERB PUNCT CCONJ DET PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB DET city VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX rabbi ADP PROPN ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT CCONJ DET scholar PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX DET resident ADP DET city PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT i. NUM PUNCT NUM . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM et seq PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Hist . NUM PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM . NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT s.v . PROPN PUNCT
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Most exercise-related injuries have the same basic cause - the overstressing of muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones, and other tissue. With sufficient precautions and care, risks can be minimized. Warming up slowly and cooling down properly can help prevent many stress injuries. To be effective, your warm-up and cool-down exercises should use the same muscles as your main exercise. For example, if you jog, begin by walking for several minutes, then jog slowly, before breaking into a full stride. Do this before and after your regular exercise. Every athlete should include a 15-minute warm up and cool down program as part of the workout. This will increase flexibility, reduce muscle soreness, and improve overall performance. Other good principles to follow during exercise are: know your body's limitations and warning signals; drink plenty of water; and never combine heavy eating with heavy exercising. For more information on the benefits of warming up and cooling down, consult a physician.
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exercise injuries cause overstressing muscles tendons ligaments bones tissue precautions care risks stress injuries warm up exercises muscles exercise example minutes stride exercise athlete minute program part workout flexibility muscle soreness performance principles exercise body limitations warning signals plenty water eating exercising information benefits physician
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Most exercise-relate injury have the same basic cause - the overstressing of muscle, tendon, ligament, bone, and other tissue. with sufficient precaution and care, risk can be minimize. warm up slowly and cool down properly can help prevent many stress injury. to be effective, your warm-up and cool-down exercise should use the same muscle as your main exercise. for example, if you jog, begin by walk for several minute, then jog slowly, before break into a full stride. do this before and after your regular exercise. every athlete should include a 15-minute warm up and cool down program as part of the workout. this will increase flexibility, reduce muscle soreness, and improve overall performance. other good principle to follow during exercise be: know your body's limitation and warning signal; drink plenty of water; and never combine heavy eating with heavy exercising. for more information on the benefit of warm up and cool down, consult a physician.
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ADJ exercise PUNCT VERB injuries AUX DET ADJ ADJ cause PUNCT DET overstressing ADP muscles PUNCT tendons PUNCT ligaments PUNCT bones PUNCT CCONJ ADJ tissue PUNCT ADP ADJ precautions CCONJ care PUNCT risks AUX AUX VERB PUNCT VERB ADP ADV CCONJ VERB ADP ADV AUX VERB VERB ADJ stress injuries PUNCT PART AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT ADP CCONJ VERB PUNCT ADP exercises AUX VERB DET ADJ muscles ADP PRON ADJ exercise PUNCT ADP example PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT VERB ADP VERB ADP ADJ minutes PUNCT ADV VERB ADV PUNCT ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ stride PUNCT AUX DET ADP CCONJ ADP PRON ADJ exercise PUNCT DET athlete AUX VERB DET NUM PUNCT minute VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADP program ADP part ADP DET workout PUNCT DET AUX VERB flexibility PUNCT VERB muscle soreness PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ performance PUNCT ADJ ADJ principles PART VERB ADP exercise AUX PUNCT VERB PRON body PART limitations CCONJ warning signals PUNCT VERB plenty ADP water PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB ADJ eating ADP ADJ exercising PUNCT ADP ADJ information ADP DET benefits ADP VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADP PUNCT VERB DET physician PUNCT
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ADJ exercise PUNCT VERB injuries AUX DET ADJ ADJ cause PUNCT DET overstressing ADP muscles PUNCT tendons PUNCT ligaments PUNCT bones PUNCT CCONJ ADJ tissue PUNCT ADP ADJ precautions CCONJ care PUNCT risks AUX AUX VERB PUNCT VERB ADP ADV CCONJ VERB ADP ADV AUX VERB VERB ADJ stress injuries PUNCT PART AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT ADP CCONJ VERB PUNCT ADP exercises AUX VERB DET ADJ muscles ADP PRON ADJ exercise PUNCT ADP example PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT VERB ADP VERB ADP ADJ minutes PUNCT ADV VERB ADV PUNCT ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ stride PUNCT AUX DET ADP CCONJ ADP PRON ADJ exercise PUNCT DET athlete AUX VERB DET NUM PUNCT minute VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADP program ADP part ADP DET workout PUNCT DET AUX VERB flexibility PUNCT VERB muscle soreness PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ performance PUNCT ADJ ADJ principles PART VERB ADP exercise AUX PUNCT VERB PRON body PART limitations CCONJ warning signals PUNCT VERB plenty ADP water PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB ADJ eating ADP ADJ exercising PUNCT ADP ADJ information ADP DET benefits ADP VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADP PUNCT VERB DET physician PUNCT
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ADJ exercise PUNCT VERB injuries AUX DET ADJ ADJ cause PUNCT DET overstressing ADP muscles PUNCT tendons PUNCT ligaments PUNCT bones PUNCT CCONJ ADJ tissue PUNCT ADP ADJ precautions CCONJ care PUNCT risks AUX AUX VERB PUNCT VERB ADP ADV CCONJ VERB ADP ADV AUX VERB VERB ADJ stress injuries PUNCT PART AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT ADP CCONJ VERB PUNCT ADP exercises AUX VERB DET ADJ muscles ADP PRON ADJ exercise PUNCT ADP example PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT VERB ADP VERB ADP ADJ minutes PUNCT ADV VERB ADV PUNCT ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ stride PUNCT AUX DET ADP CCONJ ADP PRON ADJ exercise PUNCT DET athlete AUX VERB DET NUM PUNCT minute VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADP program ADP part ADP DET workout PUNCT DET AUX VERB flexibility PUNCT VERB muscle soreness PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ performance PUNCT ADJ ADJ principles PART VERB ADP exercise AUX PUNCT VERB PRON body PART limitations CCONJ warning signals PUNCT VERB plenty ADP water PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB ADJ eating ADP ADJ exercising PUNCT ADP ADJ information ADP DET benefits ADP VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADP PUNCT VERB DET physician PUNCT
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A group of researchers have developed a way to identify pirated movies by reducing the original to a signature genetic code. The system can match even videos that have been altered or had their colors changed to the source, an area where many video piracy mechanisms fall short.
Drs. Alex and Michael Bronstein and Professor Ron Kimmel have come up with a way to isolate a certain subset of data from video files that serves an analogous role to a fingerprint at a crime scene. While the creators haven't published research on this exact project in order to guard the proprietary technology, it works by applying a series of grids over the film to reduce it to a series of numbers.
Once the film has been systematically reduced, copyright holders can take the "DNA signature" of the video and scan sites that host pirated videos for it. According to the three researchers, the signature should be able to find correct matches even if the videos' borders have been changed, commercials have been added, or scenes have been edited out, which is a capability that sites that patrol for piracy, like YouTube, currently lack.
There are no details on the limitations of the system, such as video length, style, or quality. "We have a fully working prototype and have established a company that commercializes it," Dr. Bronstein told Ars.
While the website is no more revealing about how the video DNA matching works, Bronstein adds that they've already had a few companies interested in licensing the technology.
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group researchers way movies signature code system videos colors source area video piracy mechanisms way subset data video files role fingerprint crime scene creators research project order technology series grids film series numbers film copyright holders DNA signature video sites host videos researchers signature matches videos borders commercials scenes capability sites piracy details limitations system video length style quality prototype company website video DNA matching companies technology
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a group of researcher have develop a way to identify pirated movie by reduce the original to a signature genetic code. the system can match even video that have be alter or have their color change to the source, an area where many video piracy mechanism fall short.
Drs. Alex and Michael Bronstein and Professor Ron Kimmel have come up with a way to isolate a certain subset of datum from video file that serve an analogous role to a fingerprint at a crime scene. while the creator havenot publish research on this exact project in order to guard the proprietary technology, it work by apply a series of grid over the film to reduce it to a series of number.
once the film have be systematically reduce, copyright holder can take the "dna signature" of the video and scan site that host pirate video for it. accord to the three researcher, the signature should be able to find correct match even if the video' border have be change, commercial have be add, or scene have be edit out, which be a capability that site that patrol for piracy, like YouTube, currently lack.
there be no detail on the limitation of the system, such as video length, style, or quality. "we have a fully work prototype and have establish a company that commercialize it," Dr. Bronstein tell Ars.
while the website be no more revealing about how the video dna matching work, Bronstein add that theyhave already have a few company interested in license the technology.
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DET group ADP researchers AUX VERB DET way PART VERB VERB movies ADP VERB DET ADJ ADP DET signature ADJ code PUNCT DET system AUX VERB ADV videos PRON AUX AUX VERB CCONJ AUX PRON colors VERB ADP DET source PUNCT DET area SCONJ ADJ video piracy mechanisms VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP ADP DET way PART VERB DET ADJ subset ADP data ADP video files PRON VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET fingerprint ADP DET crime scene PUNCT SCONJ DET creators AUX PART VERB research ADP DET ADJ project ADP order PART VERB DET ADJ technology PUNCT PRON VERB ADP VERB DET series ADP grids ADP DET film PART VERB PRON ADP DET series ADP numbers PUNCT SPACE ADV DET film AUX AUX ADV VERB PUNCT copyright holders AUX VERB DET PUNCT DNA signature PUNCT ADP DET video CCONJ VERB sites PRON VERB VERB videos ADP PRON PUNCT VERB ADP DET NUM researchers PUNCT DET signature AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ matches ADV SCONJ DET videos PART borders AUX AUX VERB PUNCT commercials AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ scenes AUX AUX VERB ADP PUNCT DET AUX DET capability PRON sites PRON patrol ADP piracy PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET details ADP DET limitations ADP DET system PUNCT ADJ ADP video length PUNCT style PUNCT CCONJ quality PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADV VERB prototype CCONJ AUX VERB DET company PRON VERB PRON PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET website AUX DET ADV ADJ ADP SCONJ DET video DNA matching VERB PUNCT PROPN VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV AUX DET ADJ companies VERB ADP VERB DET technology PUNCT
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DET group ADP researchers AUX VERB DET way PART VERB VERB movies ADP VERB DET ADJ ADP DET signature ADJ code PUNCT DET system AUX VERB ADV videos PRON AUX AUX VERB CCONJ AUX PRON colors VERB ADP DET source PUNCT DET area SCONJ ADJ video piracy mechanisms VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP ADP DET way PART VERB DET ADJ subset ADP data ADP video files PRON VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET fingerprint ADP DET crime scene PUNCT SCONJ DET creators AUX PART VERB research ADP DET ADJ project ADP order PART VERB DET ADJ technology PUNCT PRON VERB ADP VERB DET series ADP grids ADP DET film PART VERB PRON ADP DET series ADP numbers PUNCT SPACE ADV DET film AUX AUX ADV VERB PUNCT copyright holders AUX VERB DET PUNCT DNA signature PUNCT ADP DET video CCONJ VERB sites PRON VERB VERB videos ADP PRON PUNCT VERB ADP DET NUM researchers PUNCT DET signature AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ matches ADV SCONJ DET videos PART borders AUX AUX VERB PUNCT commercials AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ scenes AUX AUX VERB ADP PUNCT DET AUX DET capability PRON sites PRON patrol ADP piracy PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET details ADP DET limitations ADP DET system PUNCT ADJ ADP video length PUNCT style PUNCT CCONJ quality PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADV VERB prototype CCONJ AUX VERB DET company PRON VERB PRON PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET website AUX DET ADV ADJ ADP SCONJ DET video DNA matching VERB PUNCT PROPN VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV AUX DET ADJ companies VERB ADP VERB DET technology PUNCT
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DET group ADP researchers AUX VERB DET way PART VERB VERB movies ADP VERB DET ADJ ADP DET signature ADJ code PUNCT DET system AUX VERB ADV videos PRON AUX AUX VERB CCONJ AUX PRON colors VERB ADP DET source PUNCT DET area SCONJ ADJ video piracy mechanisms VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP ADP DET way PART VERB DET ADJ subset ADP data ADP video files PRON VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET fingerprint ADP DET crime scene PUNCT SCONJ DET creators AUX PART VERB research ADP DET ADJ project ADP order PART VERB DET ADJ technology PUNCT PRON VERB ADP VERB DET series ADP grids ADP DET film PART VERB PRON ADP DET series ADP numbers PUNCT SPACE ADV DET film AUX AUX ADV VERB PUNCT copyright holders AUX VERB DET PUNCT DNA signature PUNCT ADP DET video CCONJ VERB sites PRON VERB VERB videos ADP PRON PUNCT VERB ADP DET NUM researchers PUNCT DET signature AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ matches ADV SCONJ DET videos PART borders AUX AUX VERB PUNCT commercials AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ scenes AUX AUX VERB ADP PUNCT DET AUX DET capability PRON sites PRON patrol ADP piracy PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET details ADP DET limitations ADP DET system PUNCT ADJ ADP video length PUNCT style PUNCT CCONJ quality PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADV VERB prototype CCONJ AUX VERB DET company PRON VERB PRON PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET website AUX DET ADV ADJ ADP SCONJ DET video DNA matching VERB PUNCT PROPN VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV AUX DET ADJ companies VERB ADP VERB DET technology PUNCT
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In the era of Facebook and Twitter, it's clear we love talking about ourselves—indeed, the topic makes up 40% of our everyday conversation. Now scientists can explain why: Doing so stimulates the brain the same way sex, food, and cash do. Researchers scanned subjects' brains and found that parts linked to those pleasures lit up when subjects chatted about themselves.
Researchers also offered study subjects up to 4 cents per question to talk about topics other than themselves, like President Obama. Turns out "people were even willing to forgo money in order to talk about themselves," says a researcher. Subjects would part with 17% to 25% of the potential cash for an opportunity for self-disclosure, the Wall Street Journal reports.
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era topic % conversation scientists brain way sex food cash Researchers subjects brains parts pleasures subjects Researchers study subjects cents question topics people money order researcher Subjects % % cash opportunity self disclosure
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in the era of Facebook and Twitter, itbe clear we love talk about ourselves—indeed, the topic make up 40% of our everyday conversation. now scientist can explain why: do so stimulate the brain the same way sex, food, and cash do. researcher scan subject' brain and find that part link to those pleasure light up when subject chat about themselves.
researcher also offer study subject up to 4 cent per question to talk about topic other than themselves, like President Obama. turn out "people be even willing to forgo money in order to talk about themselves," say a researcher. subject would part with 17% to 25% of the potential cash for an opportunity for self-disclosure, the Wall Street Journal report.
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ADP DET era ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PRON VERB VERB ADP PRON PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET topic VERB ADP NUM% ADP PRON ADJ conversation PUNCT ADV scientists AUX VERB SCONJ PUNCT VERB ADV VERB DET brain DET ADJ way sex PUNCT food PUNCT CCONJ cash AUX PUNCT Researchers VERB subjects PART brains CCONJ VERB SCONJ parts VERB ADP DET pleasures VERB ADP SCONJ subjects VERB ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE Researchers ADV VERB study subjects ADP PART NUM cents ADP question PART VERB ADP topics ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PUNCT people AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB money ADP order PART VERB ADP PRON PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET researcher PUNCT Subjects AUX VERB ADP NUM% PART NUM% ADP DET ADJ cash ADP DET opportunity ADP self PUNCT disclosure PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT
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ADP DET era ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PRON VERB VERB ADP PRON PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET topic VERB ADP NUM% ADP PRON ADJ conversation PUNCT ADV scientists AUX VERB SCONJ PUNCT VERB ADV VERB DET brain DET ADJ way sex PUNCT food PUNCT CCONJ cash AUX PUNCT Researchers VERB subjects PART brains CCONJ VERB SCONJ parts VERB ADP DET pleasures VERB ADP SCONJ subjects VERB ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE Researchers ADV VERB study subjects ADP PART NUM cents ADP question PART VERB ADP topics ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PUNCT people AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB money ADP order PART VERB ADP PRON PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET researcher PUNCT Subjects AUX VERB ADP NUM% PART NUM% ADP DET ADJ cash ADP DET opportunity ADP self PUNCT disclosure PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT
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ADP DET era ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PRON VERB VERB ADP PRON PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET topic VERB ADP NUM% ADP PRON ADJ conversation PUNCT ADV scientists AUX VERB SCONJ PUNCT VERB ADV VERB DET brain DET ADJ way sex PUNCT food PUNCT CCONJ cash AUX PUNCT Researchers VERB subjects PART brains CCONJ VERB SCONJ parts VERB ADP DET pleasures VERB ADP SCONJ subjects VERB ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE Researchers ADV VERB study subjects ADP PART NUM cents ADP question PART VERB ADP topics ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PUNCT people AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB money ADP order PART VERB ADP PRON PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET researcher PUNCT Subjects AUX VERB ADP NUM% PART NUM% ADP DET ADJ cash ADP DET opportunity ADP self PUNCT disclosure PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT
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by Nate Jones, Vertebrate Ecology Lab
(still in the Bering Sea) … Of course the bad weather I’ve been writing about was nothing compared to what happens on the Bering during the months of February or March, and the Gold Rush fishes regularly during that time of year, so I had complete faith in the seaworthiness of the ship and the judgment and skill of the crew. I took comfort in that thought, and stumbled down to my bunk for what became a grueling 72 hours of bumps, rolls, and queasy stomachs. During this stormy time the crew exchanged watches at the helm, keeping the ship pointed into the fury.
We all hoped for the best, but by the time the seas had calmed to (a more manageable?) 8-10’, the hungry ocean had damaged and ripped off much of our scientific equipment, snapping several ¼” steel bolts and ripping welds clean apart!
The Gold Rush itself weathered this storm in fine shape (wish we could say the same of our scientific equipment!), and there were no major injuries to anyone on board. It really was quite a minor event in the context of the Bering Sea; just another blowy, bumpy day or two out on the water.
But, it impressed me and I couldn’t help contemplating darker scenarios – what happens when there is a true emergency? What if someone had been swept overboard, or, worse yet, what if the ship itself had been damaged or taken on water and started to go down? Such things do happen, although not as frequently now as they have in the past (coast guard regulations and improvements in technology and crew training have contributed to much increased safety).
In my next post I’ll put up some images from training exercises that are routinely undertaken to help prepare crew and passengers (scientists) for emergencies at sea…
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weather months fishes time year faith seaworthiness ship judgment skill crew comfort thought bunk hours bumps rolls queasy stomachs time crew watches helm ship fury time seas ocean equipment ¼ steel bolts welds storm shape equipment injuries board event context day water scenarios emergency ship water things past guard regulations improvements technology crew training safety post images exercises crew passengers scientists emergencies sea
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by Nate Jones, Vertebrate Ecology Lab
(still in the Bering Sea) … of course the bad weather I’ve be write about be nothing compare to what happen on the Bering during the month of February or March, and the Gold Rush fish regularly during that time of year, so I have complete faith in the seaworthiness of the ship and the judgment and skill of the crew. I take comfort in that thought, and stumble down to my bunk for what become a grueling 72 hour of bump, roll, and queasy stomach. during this stormy time the crew exchange watch at the helm, keep the ship point into the fury.
we all hop for the good, but by the time the sea have calm to (a more manageable?) 8-10', the hungry ocean have damage and rip off much of our scientific equipment, snap several ¼" steel bolt and rip weld clean apart!
the Gold Rush itself weather this storm in fine shape (wish we could say the same of our scientific equipment!), and there be no major injury to anyone on board. it really be quite a minor event in the context of the Bering Sea; just another blowy, bumpy day or two out on the water.
but, it impress I and I couldnot help contemplate dark scenario – what happen when there be a true emergency? what if someone have be sweep overboard, or, bad yet, what if the ship itself have be damage or take on water and start to go down? such thing do happen, although not as frequently now as they have in the past (coast guard regulation and improvement in technology and crew training have contribute to much increase safety).
in my next post I’ll put up some image from train exercise that be routinely undertake to help prepare crew and passenger (scientist) for emergency at sea…
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ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADV DET ADJ weather PRON VERB AUX VERB ADP AUX PRON VERB ADP PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP DET months ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADV ADP DET time ADP year PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ faith ADP DET seaworthiness ADP DET ship CCONJ DET judgment CCONJ skill ADP DET crew PUNCT PRON VERB comfort ADP DET thought PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADV ADP PRON bunk ADP PRON VERB DET ADJ NUM hours ADP bumps PUNCT rolls PUNCT CCONJ ADJ stomachs PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time DET crew VERB watches ADP DET helm PUNCT VERB DET ship VERB ADP DET fury PUNCT SPACE PRON DET VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET time DET seas AUX VERB ADP PUNCT DET ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT NUM SYM NUM ’ PUNCT DET ADJ ocean AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ ADP PRON ADJ equipment PUNCT VERB ADJ NUM ” steel bolts CCONJ VERB welds ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PRON VERB DET storm ADP ADJ shape PUNCT VERB PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ ADP PRON ADJ equipment PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ injuries ADP PRON ADP board PUNCT PRON ADV AUX DET DET ADJ event ADP DET context ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ day CCONJ NUM ADP ADP DET water PUNCT SPACE CCONJ PUNCT PRON VERB PRON CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB VERB ADJ scenarios PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ emergency PUNCT PRON SCONJ PRON AUX AUX VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT PRON SCONJ DET ship PRON AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP water CCONJ VERB PART VERB ADV PUNCT ADJ things AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ PART ADV ADV ADV ADP PRON AUX ADP DET past PUNCT coast guard regulations CCONJ improvements ADP technology CCONJ crew training AUX VERB ADP ADV VERB safety PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP PRON ADJ post PRON AUX VERB ADP DET images ADP training exercises PRON AUX ADV VERB PART VERB VERB crew CCONJ passengers PUNCT scientists PUNCT ADP emergencies ADP sea PUNCT
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ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADV DET ADJ weather PRON VERB AUX VERB ADP AUX PRON VERB ADP PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP DET months ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADV ADP DET time ADP year PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ faith ADP DET seaworthiness ADP DET ship CCONJ DET judgment CCONJ skill ADP DET crew PUNCT PRON VERB comfort ADP DET thought PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADV ADP PRON bunk ADP PRON VERB DET ADJ NUM hours ADP bumps PUNCT rolls PUNCT CCONJ ADJ stomachs PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time DET crew VERB watches ADP DET helm PUNCT VERB DET ship VERB ADP DET fury PUNCT SPACE PRON DET VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET time DET seas AUX VERB ADP PUNCT DET ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT NUM SYM NUM ’ PUNCT DET ADJ ocean AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ ADP PRON ADJ equipment PUNCT VERB ADJ NUM ” steel bolts CCONJ VERB welds ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PRON VERB DET storm ADP ADJ shape PUNCT VERB PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ ADP PRON ADJ equipment PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ injuries ADP PRON ADP board PUNCT PRON ADV AUX DET DET ADJ event ADP DET context ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ day CCONJ NUM ADP ADP DET water PUNCT SPACE CCONJ PUNCT PRON VERB PRON CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB VERB ADJ scenarios PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ emergency PUNCT PRON SCONJ PRON AUX AUX VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT PRON SCONJ DET ship PRON AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP water CCONJ VERB PART VERB ADV PUNCT ADJ things AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ PART ADV ADV ADV ADP PRON AUX ADP DET past PUNCT coast guard regulations CCONJ improvements ADP technology CCONJ crew training AUX VERB ADP ADV VERB safety PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP PRON ADJ post PRON AUX VERB ADP DET images ADP training exercises PRON AUX ADV VERB PART VERB VERB crew CCONJ passengers PUNCT scientists PUNCT ADP emergencies ADP sea PUNCT
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ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADV DET ADJ weather PRON VERB AUX VERB ADP AUX PRON VERB ADP PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP DET months ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADV ADP DET time ADP year PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ faith ADP DET seaworthiness ADP DET ship CCONJ DET judgment CCONJ skill ADP DET crew PUNCT PRON VERB comfort ADP DET thought PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADV ADP PRON bunk ADP PRON VERB DET ADJ NUM hours ADP bumps PUNCT rolls PUNCT CCONJ ADJ stomachs PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time DET crew VERB watches ADP DET helm PUNCT VERB DET ship VERB ADP DET fury PUNCT SPACE PRON DET VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET time DET seas AUX VERB ADP PUNCT DET ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT NUM SYM NUM ’ PUNCT DET ADJ ocean AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ ADP PRON ADJ equipment PUNCT VERB ADJ NUM ” steel bolts CCONJ VERB welds ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PRON VERB DET storm ADP ADJ shape PUNCT VERB PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ ADP PRON ADJ equipment PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ injuries ADP PRON ADP board PUNCT PRON ADV AUX DET DET ADJ event ADP DET context ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ day CCONJ NUM ADP ADP DET water PUNCT SPACE CCONJ PUNCT PRON VERB PRON CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB VERB ADJ scenarios PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ emergency PUNCT PRON SCONJ PRON AUX AUX VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT PRON SCONJ DET ship PRON AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP water CCONJ VERB PART VERB ADV PUNCT ADJ things AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ PART ADV ADV ADV ADP PRON AUX ADP DET past PUNCT coast guard regulations CCONJ improvements ADP technology CCONJ crew training AUX VERB ADP ADV VERB safety PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP PRON ADJ post PRON AUX VERB ADP DET images ADP training exercises PRON AUX ADV VERB PART VERB VERB crew CCONJ passengers PUNCT scientists PUNCT ADP emergencies ADP sea PUNCT
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Teachers, register your class or environmental club in our annual Solar Oven Challenge! Registration begins in the fall, and projects must be completed in the spring to be eligible for prizes and certificates.
Who can participate?
GreenLearning's Solar Oven Challenge is open to all Canadian classes. Past challenges have included participants from grade 3 through to grade 12. Older students often build solar ovens as part of the heat unit in their Science courses. Other students learn about solar energy as a project in an eco-class or recycling club.
How do you register?
1. Registration is now open to Canadian teachers. To register, send an email to Gordon Harrison at GreenLearning. Include your name, school, school address and phone number, and the grade level of the students who will be participating.
2. After you register, you will receive the Solar Oven Challenge Teacher's Guide with solar oven construction plans. Also see re-energy.ca for construction plans, student backgrounders, and related links on solar cooking and other forms of renewable energy. At re-energy.ca, you can also see submissions, photos and recipes from participants in past Solar Oven Challenges.
3. Build, test and bake with solar ovens!
4. Email us photos and descriptions of your creations by the deadline (usually the first week of June).
5. See your recipes and photos showcased at re-energy.ca. Winners will be listed there and in GreenLearning News.
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Teachers class club Registration fall projects spring prizes certificates classes challenges participants grade grade students ovens part heat unit courses students energy project eco class recycling club Registration teachers email name school school address phone number grade level students Teacher construction plans re-energy.ca construction plans student backgrounders links cooking forms energy re-energy.ca submissions photos recipes participants Build test ovens photos descriptions creations deadline week recipes photos re-energy.ca Winners
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teacher, register your class or environmental club in our annual Solar Oven Challenge! registration begin in the fall, and project must be complete in the spring to be eligible for prize and certificate.
who can participate?
GreenLearning's Solar Oven Challenge be open to all canadian class. past challenge have include participant from grade 3 through to grade 12. old student often build solar oven as part of the heat unit in their Science course. other student learn about solar energy as a project in an eco-class or recycling club.
how do you register?
1. registration be now open to canadian teacher. to register, send an email to Gordon Harrison at GreenLearning. include your name, school, school address and phone number, and the grade level of the student who will be participate.
2. after you register, you will receive the Solar Oven Challenge teacher's Guide with solar oven construction plan. also see re-energy.ca for construction plan, student backgrounder, and relate link on solar cooking and other form of renewable energy. at re-energy.ca, you can also see submission, photo and recipe from participant in past Solar Oven Challenges.
3. build, test and bake with solar oven!
4. email we photo and description of your creation by the deadline (usually the first week of June).
5. see your recipe and photo showcase at re-energy.ca. winner will be list there and in GreenLearning News.
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Teachers PUNCT VERB PRON class CCONJ ADJ club ADP PRON ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT Registration VERB ADP DET fall PUNCT CCONJ projects AUX AUX VERB ADP DET spring PART AUX ADJ ADP prizes CCONJ certificates PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ classes PUNCT ADJ challenges AUX VERB participants ADP grade NUM ADV ADP grade NUM PUNCT ADJ students ADV VERB ADJ ovens ADP part ADP DET heat unit ADP PRON Science courses PUNCT ADJ students VERB ADP ADJ energy ADP DET project ADP DET ADJ ADJ class CCONJ recycling club PUNCT SPACE SCONJ AUX PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE X PUNCT Registration AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ teachers PUNCT PART VERB PUNCT VERB DET email ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON name PUNCT school PUNCT school address CCONJ phone number PUNCT CCONJ DET grade level ADP DET students PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE NUM PUNCT ADP PRON VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN ADP ADJ oven construction plans PUNCT ADV VERB X ADP construction plans PUNCT student backgrounders PUNCT CCONJ ADJ links ADP ADJ cooking CCONJ ADJ forms ADP ADJ energy PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB submissions PUNCT photos CCONJ recipes ADP participants ADP ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE X PUNCT VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ ovens PUNCT SPACE X PUNCT VERB PRON photos CCONJ descriptions ADP PRON creations ADP DET deadline PUNCT ADV DET ADJ week ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE X PUNCT VERB PRON recipes CCONJ photos VERB ADP X PUNCT Winners AUX AUX VERB ADV CCONJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT
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Teachers PUNCT VERB PRON class CCONJ ADJ club ADP PRON ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT Registration VERB ADP DET fall PUNCT CCONJ projects AUX AUX VERB ADP DET spring PART AUX ADJ ADP prizes CCONJ certificates PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ classes PUNCT ADJ challenges AUX VERB participants ADP grade NUM ADV ADP grade NUM PUNCT ADJ students ADV VERB ADJ ovens ADP part ADP DET heat unit ADP PRON Science courses PUNCT ADJ students VERB ADP ADJ energy ADP DET project ADP DET ADJ ADJ class CCONJ recycling club PUNCT SPACE SCONJ AUX PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE X PUNCT Registration AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ teachers PUNCT PART VERB PUNCT VERB DET email ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON name PUNCT school PUNCT school address CCONJ phone number PUNCT CCONJ DET grade level ADP DET students PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE NUM PUNCT ADP PRON VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN ADP ADJ oven construction plans PUNCT ADV VERB X ADP construction plans PUNCT student backgrounders PUNCT CCONJ ADJ links ADP ADJ cooking CCONJ ADJ forms ADP ADJ energy PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB submissions PUNCT photos CCONJ recipes ADP participants ADP ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE X PUNCT VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ ovens PUNCT SPACE X PUNCT VERB PRON photos CCONJ descriptions ADP PRON creations ADP DET deadline PUNCT ADV DET ADJ week ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE X PUNCT VERB PRON recipes CCONJ photos VERB ADP X PUNCT Winners AUX AUX VERB ADV CCONJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT
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Teachers PUNCT VERB PRON class CCONJ ADJ club ADP PRON ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT Registration VERB ADP DET fall PUNCT CCONJ projects AUX AUX VERB ADP DET spring PART AUX ADJ ADP prizes CCONJ certificates PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ classes PUNCT ADJ challenges AUX VERB participants ADP grade NUM ADV ADP grade NUM PUNCT ADJ students ADV VERB ADJ ovens ADP part ADP DET heat unit ADP PRON Science courses PUNCT ADJ students VERB ADP ADJ energy ADP DET project ADP DET ADJ ADJ class CCONJ recycling club PUNCT SPACE SCONJ AUX PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE X PUNCT Registration AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ teachers PUNCT PART VERB PUNCT VERB DET email ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON name PUNCT school PUNCT school address CCONJ phone number PUNCT CCONJ DET grade level ADP DET students PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE NUM PUNCT ADP PRON VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN ADP ADJ oven construction plans PUNCT ADV VERB X ADP construction plans PUNCT student backgrounders PUNCT CCONJ ADJ links ADP ADJ cooking CCONJ ADJ forms ADP ADJ energy PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB submissions PUNCT photos CCONJ recipes ADP participants ADP ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE X PUNCT VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ ovens PUNCT SPACE X PUNCT VERB PRON photos CCONJ descriptions ADP PRON creations ADP DET deadline PUNCT ADV DET ADJ week ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE X PUNCT VERB PRON recipes CCONJ photos VERB ADP X PUNCT Winners AUX AUX VERB ADV CCONJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT
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Rurik DynastyArticle Free Pass
Rurik Dynasty, princes of Kievan Rus and, later, Muscovy who, according to tradition, were descendants of the Varangian prince Rurik, who had been invited by the people of Novgorod to rule that city (c. 862); the Rurik princes maintained their control over Kievan Rus and, later, Muscovy until 1598.
Rurik’s successor Oleg (d. 912) conquered Kiev (c. 882) and established control of the trade route extending from Novgorod, along the Dnieper River, to the Black Sea. Igor (allegedly Rurik’s son; reigned 912–945) and his successors—his wife, St. Olga (regent 945–969), and their son Svyatoslav (reigned 945–972)—further extended their territories; Svyatoslav’s son Vladimir I (St. Vladimir; reigned c. 980–1015) consolidated the dynasty’s rule.
Vladimir compiled the first Kievan Rus law code and introduced Christianity into the country. He also organized the Kievan Rus lands into a cohesive confederation by distributing the major cities among his sons; the eldest was to be grand prince of Kiev, and the brothers were to succeed each other, moving up the hierarchy of cities toward Kiev, filling vacancies left by the advancement or death of an elder brother. The youngest brother was to be succeeded as grand prince by his eldest nephew whose father had been a grand prince. This succession pattern was generally followed through the reigns of Svyatopolk (1015–19); Yaroslav the Wise (1019–54); his sons Izyaslav (1054–68; 1069–73; and 1077–78), Svyatoslav (1073–76), and Vsevolod (1078–93); and Svyatopolk II (son of Izyaslav; reigned 1093–1113).
The successions were accomplished, however, amid continual civil wars. In addition to the princes’ unwillingness to adhere to the pattern and readiness to seize their positions by force instead, the system was upset whenever a city rejected the prince designated to rule it. It was also undermined by the tendency of the princes to settle in regions they ruled rather than move from city to city to become the prince of Kiev.
In 1097 all the princes of Kievan Rus met at Lyubech (northwest of Chernigov) and decided to divide their lands into patrimonial estates. The succession for grand prince, however, continued to be based on the generation pattern; thus, Vladimir Monomakh succeeded his cousin Svyatopolk II as grand prince of Kiev. During his reign (1113–25) Vladimir tried to restore unity to the lands of Kievan Rus; and his sons (Mstislav, reigned 1125–32; Yaropolk, 1132–39; Vyacheslav, 1139; and Yury Dolgoruky, 1149–57) succeeded him eventually, though not without some troubles in the 1140s.
Nevertheless, distinct branches of the dynasty established their own rule in the major centres of the country outside Kiev—Halicz, Novgorod, and Suzdal. The princes of these regions vied with each other for control of Kiev; but when Andrew Bogolyubsky of Suzdal finally conquered and sacked the city (1169), he returned to Vladimir (a city in the Suzdal principality) and transferred the seat of the grand prince to Vladimir. Andrew Bogolyubsky’s brother Vsevolod III succeeded him as grand prince of Vladimir (reigned 1176–1212); Vsevolod was followed by his sons Yury (1212–38), Yaroslav (1238–46), and Svyatoslav (1246–47) and his grandson Andrew (1247–52).
Alexander Nevsky (1252–63) succeeded his brother Andrew; and Alexander’s brothers and sons succeeded him. Furthering the tendency toward fragmentation, however, none moved to Vladimir but remained in their regional seats and secured their local princely houses. Thus, Alexander’s brother Yaroslav (grand prince of Vladimir, 1264–71) founded the house of Tver, and Alexander’s son Daniel founded the house of Moscow.
After the Mongol invasion (1240) the Russian princes were obliged to seek a patent from the Mongol khan in order to rule as grand prince. Rivalry for the patent, as well as for leadership in the grand principality of Vladimir, developed among the princely houses, particularly those of Tver and Moscow. Gradually, the princes of Moscow became dominant, forming the grand principality of Moscow (Muscovy), which they ruled until their male line died out in 1598.
What made you want to look up "Rurik Dynasty"? Please share what surprised you most...
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princes tradition descendants prince people city princes control successor control trade route Igor son successors wife son territories son dynasty rule law code country confederation cities sons prince brothers hierarchy cities vacancies advancement death brother brother prince nephew father prince succession pattern reigns sons 1054–68 son successions wars addition princes unwillingness pattern readiness positions force system city prince tendency princes regions city city prince princes northwest lands estates succession prince generation pattern cousin prince reign unity lands sons 1125–32 troubles branches dynasty rule centres country princes regions control city city principality seat prince brother prince sons grandson 1252–63 brother brothers sons tendency fragmentation none seats houses brother prince house son house invasion princes patent khan order prince Rivalry patent leadership principality houses princes principality line
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Rurik DynastyArticle Free Pass
Rurik Dynasty, prince of Kievan Rus and, later, Muscovy who, accord to tradition, be descendant of the varangian prince Rurik, who have be invite by the people of Novgorod to rule that city (c. 862); the Rurik prince maintain their control over Kievan Rus and, later, Muscovy until 1598.
Rurik’s successor Oleg (d. 912) conquer Kiev (c. 882) and establish control of the trade route extend from Novgorod, along the Dnieper River, to the Black Sea. igor (allegedly Rurik’s son; reign 912–945) and his successor—his wife, St. Olga (regent 945–969), and their son Svyatoslav (reign 945–972)—further extend their territory; Svyatoslav’s son Vladimir I (St. Vladimir; reign c. 980–1015) consolidate the dynasty’s rule.
Vladimir compile the first Kievan Rus law code and introduce Christianity into the country. he also organize the Kievan Rus land into a cohesive confederation by distribute the major city among his son; the eld be to be grand prince of Kiev, and the brother be to succeed each other, move up the hierarchy of city toward Kiev, fill vacancy leave by the advancement or death of an eld brother. the young brother be to be succeed as grand prince by his eld nephew whose father have be a grand prince. this succession pattern be generally follow through the reign of Svyatopolk (1015–19); Yaroslav the Wise (1019–54); his son Izyaslav (1054–68; 1069–73; and 1077–78), Svyatoslav (1073–76), and Vsevolod (1078–93); and Svyatopolk II (son of Izyaslav; reign 1093–1113).
the succession be accomplish, however, amid continual civil war. in addition to the prince' unwillingness to adhere to the pattern and readiness to seize their position by force instead, the system be upset whenever a city reject the prince designate to rule it. it be also undermine by the tendency of the prince to settle in region they rule rather than move from city to city to become the prince of Kiev.
in 1097 all the prince of Kievan Rus meet at Lyubech (northwest of Chernigov) and decide to divide their land into patrimonial estate. the succession for grand prince, however, continue to be base on the generation pattern; thus, Vladimir Monomakh succeed his cousin Svyatopolk II as grand prince of Kiev. during his reign (1113–25) Vladimir try to restore unity to the land of Kievan Rus; and his son (Mstislav, reign 1125–32; Yaropolk, 1132–39; Vyacheslav, 1139; and Yury Dolgoruky, 1149–57) succeed he eventually, though not without some trouble in the 1140s.
nevertheless, distinct branch of the dynasty establish their own rule in the major centre of the country outside Kiev—Halicz, Novgorod, and Suzdal. the prince of these region vie with each other for control of Kiev; but when Andrew Bogolyubsky of Suzdal finally conquer and sack the city (1169), he return to Vladimir (a city in the suzdal principality) and transfer the seat of the grand prince to Vladimir. Andrew Bogolyubsky’s brother Vsevolod III succeed he as grand prince of Vladimir (reign 1176–1212); Vsevolod be follow by his son Yury (1212–38), Yaroslav (1238–46), and Svyatoslav (1246–47) and his grandson Andrew (1247–52).
Alexander Nevsky (1252–63) succeed his brother Andrew; and Alexander’s brother and son succeed he. further the tendency toward fragmentation, however, none move to Vladimir but remain in their regional seat and secure their local princely house. thus, Alexander’s brother Yaroslav (grand prince of Vladimir, 1264–71) found the house of Tver, and Alexander’s son Daniel found the house of Moscow.
after the Mongol invasion (1240) the russian prince be oblige to seek a patent from the Mongol khan in order to rule as grand prince. rivalry for the patent, as well as for leadership in the grand principality of Vladimir, develop among the princely house, particularly those of Tver and Moscow. gradually, the prince of Moscow become dominant, form the grand principality of Moscow (Muscovy), which they rule until their male line die out in 1598.
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PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT princes ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN PRON PUNCT VERB ADP tradition PUNCT AUX descendants ADP DET ADJ prince PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET people ADP PROPN PART VERB DET city PUNCT c. NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN princes VERB PRON control ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART successor PROPN PUNCT d. NUM PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT c. NUM PUNCT CCONJ VERB control ADP DET trade route VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADV PROPN PART son PUNCT VERB NUM PUNCT CCONJ PRON successors PUNCT PRON wife PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT regent NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PRON son PROPN PUNCT VERB NUM VERB PRON territories PUNCT PROPN PART son PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB c. NUM PUNCT VERB DET dynasty PART rule PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB DET ADJ PROPN PROPN law code CCONJ VERB PROPN ADP DET country PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET PROPN PROPN lands ADP DET ADJ confederation ADP VERB DET ADJ cities ADP PRON sons PUNCT DET ADJ AUX PART AUX ADJ prince ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET brothers AUX PART VERB DET ADJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET hierarchy ADP cities ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB vacancies VERB ADP DET advancement CCONJ death ADP DET ADJ brother PUNCT DET ADJ brother AUX PART AUX VERB ADP ADJ prince ADP PRON ADJ nephew DET father AUX AUX DET ADJ prince PUNCT DET succession pattern AUX ADV VERB ADP DET reigns ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN DET PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON sons PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT son ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET successions AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP ADJ ADJ wars PUNCT ADP addition ADP DET princes PART unwillingness PART VERB ADP DET pattern CCONJ readiness PART VERB PRON positions ADP force ADV PUNCT DET system AUX VERB SCONJ DET city VERB DET prince VERB PART VERB PRON PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP DET tendency ADP DET princes PART VERB ADP regions PRON VERB ADV ADP VERB ADP city ADP city PART VERB DET prince ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM DET DET princes ADP PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT northwest ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB PART VERB PRON lands ADP ADJ estates PUNCT DET succession ADP ADJ prince PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB PART AUX VERB ADP DET generation pattern PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PRON cousin PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ prince ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON reign PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN VERB PART VERB unity ADP DET lands ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON sons PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB PRON ADV PUNCT SCONJ PART ADP DET troubles ADP DET 1140s PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADJ branches ADP DET dynasty VERB PRON ADJ rule ADP DET ADJ centres ADP DET country ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET princes ADP DET regions VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP control ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADV VERB CCONJ VERB DET city PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET city ADP DET PROPN principality PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET seat ADP DET ADJ prince ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART brother PROPN PROPN VERB PRON ADP ADJ prince ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADP PRON sons PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PRON grandson PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB PRON brother PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PART brothers CCONJ sons VERB PRON PUNCT VERB DET tendency ADP fragmentation PUNCT ADV PUNCT none VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADJ seats CCONJ VERB PRON ADJ ADJ houses PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN PART brother PROPN PUNCT ADJ prince ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB DET house ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PART son PROPN VERB DET house ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN invasion PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET ADJ princes AUX VERB PART VERB DET patent ADP DET ADJ khan ADP order PART VERB ADP ADJ prince PUNCT Rivalry ADP DET patent PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADP leadership ADP DET ADJ principality ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ houses PUNCT ADV DET ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET princes ADP PROPN VERB ADJ PUNCT VERB DET ADJ principality ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PRON VERB ADP PRON ADJ line VERB ADP ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT INTJ VERB PRON VERB PRON ADV PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT princes ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN PRON PUNCT VERB ADP tradition PUNCT AUX descendants ADP DET ADJ prince PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET people ADP PROPN PART VERB DET city PUNCT c. NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN princes VERB PRON control ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART successor PROPN PUNCT d. NUM PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT c. NUM PUNCT CCONJ VERB control ADP DET trade route VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADV PROPN PART son PUNCT VERB NUM PUNCT CCONJ PRON successors PUNCT PRON wife PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT regent NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PRON son PROPN PUNCT VERB NUM VERB PRON territories PUNCT PROPN PART son PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB c. NUM PUNCT VERB DET dynasty PART rule PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB DET ADJ PROPN PROPN law code CCONJ VERB PROPN ADP DET country PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET PROPN PROPN lands ADP DET ADJ confederation ADP VERB DET ADJ cities ADP PRON sons PUNCT DET ADJ AUX PART AUX ADJ prince ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET brothers AUX PART VERB DET ADJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET hierarchy ADP cities ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB vacancies VERB ADP DET advancement CCONJ death ADP DET ADJ brother PUNCT DET ADJ brother AUX PART AUX VERB ADP ADJ prince ADP PRON ADJ nephew DET father AUX AUX DET ADJ prince PUNCT DET succession pattern AUX ADV VERB ADP DET reigns ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN DET PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON sons PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT son ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET successions AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP ADJ ADJ wars PUNCT ADP addition ADP DET princes PART unwillingness PART VERB ADP DET pattern CCONJ readiness PART VERB PRON positions ADP force ADV PUNCT DET system AUX VERB SCONJ DET city VERB DET prince VERB PART VERB PRON PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP DET tendency ADP DET princes PART VERB ADP regions PRON VERB ADV ADP VERB ADP city ADP city PART VERB DET prince ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM DET DET princes ADP PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT northwest ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB PART VERB PRON lands ADP ADJ estates PUNCT DET succession ADP ADJ prince PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB PART AUX VERB ADP DET generation pattern PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PRON cousin PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ prince ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON reign PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN VERB PART VERB unity ADP DET lands ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON sons PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB PRON ADV PUNCT SCONJ PART ADP DET troubles ADP DET 1140s PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADJ branches ADP DET dynasty VERB PRON ADJ rule ADP DET ADJ centres ADP DET country ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET princes ADP DET regions VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP control ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADV VERB CCONJ VERB DET city PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET city ADP DET PROPN principality PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET seat ADP DET ADJ prince ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART brother PROPN PROPN VERB PRON ADP ADJ prince ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADP PRON sons PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PRON grandson PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB PRON brother PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PART brothers CCONJ sons VERB PRON PUNCT VERB DET tendency ADP fragmentation PUNCT ADV PUNCT none VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADJ seats CCONJ VERB PRON ADJ ADJ houses PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN PART brother PROPN PUNCT ADJ prince ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB DET house ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PART son PROPN VERB DET house ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN invasion PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET ADJ princes AUX VERB PART VERB DET patent ADP DET ADJ khan ADP order PART VERB ADP ADJ prince PUNCT Rivalry ADP DET patent PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADP leadership ADP DET ADJ principality ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ houses PUNCT ADV DET ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET princes ADP PROPN VERB ADJ PUNCT VERB DET ADJ principality ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PRON VERB ADP PRON ADJ line VERB ADP ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT INTJ VERB PRON VERB PRON ADV PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT princes ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN PRON PUNCT VERB ADP tradition PUNCT AUX descendants ADP DET ADJ prince PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET people ADP PROPN PART VERB DET city PUNCT c. NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN princes VERB PRON control ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART successor PROPN PUNCT d. NUM PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT c. NUM PUNCT CCONJ VERB control ADP DET trade route VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADV PROPN PART son PUNCT VERB NUM PUNCT CCONJ PRON successors PUNCT PRON wife PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT regent NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PRON son PROPN PUNCT VERB NUM VERB PRON territories PUNCT PROPN PART son PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB c. NUM PUNCT VERB DET dynasty PART rule PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB DET ADJ PROPN PROPN law code CCONJ VERB PROPN ADP DET country PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET PROPN PROPN lands ADP DET ADJ confederation ADP VERB DET ADJ cities ADP PRON sons PUNCT DET ADJ AUX PART AUX ADJ prince ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET brothers AUX PART VERB DET ADJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET hierarchy ADP cities ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB vacancies VERB ADP DET advancement CCONJ death ADP DET ADJ brother PUNCT DET ADJ brother AUX PART AUX VERB ADP ADJ prince ADP PRON ADJ nephew DET father AUX AUX DET ADJ prince PUNCT DET succession pattern AUX ADV VERB ADP DET reigns ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN DET PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON sons PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT son ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET successions AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP ADJ ADJ wars PUNCT ADP addition ADP DET princes PART unwillingness PART VERB ADP DET pattern CCONJ readiness PART VERB PRON positions ADP force ADV PUNCT DET system AUX VERB SCONJ DET city VERB DET prince VERB PART VERB PRON PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP DET tendency ADP DET princes PART VERB ADP regions PRON VERB ADV ADP VERB ADP city ADP city PART VERB DET prince ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM DET DET princes ADP PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT northwest ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB PART VERB PRON lands ADP ADJ estates PUNCT DET succession ADP ADJ prince PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB PART AUX VERB ADP DET generation pattern PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PRON cousin PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ prince ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON reign PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN VERB PART VERB unity ADP DET lands ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON sons PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB PRON ADV PUNCT SCONJ PART ADP DET troubles ADP DET 1140s PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADJ branches ADP DET dynasty VERB PRON ADJ rule ADP DET ADJ centres ADP DET country ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET princes ADP DET regions VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP control ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADV VERB CCONJ VERB DET city PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET city ADP DET PROPN principality PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET seat ADP DET ADJ prince ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART brother PROPN PROPN VERB PRON ADP ADJ prince ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADP PRON sons PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PRON grandson PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB PRON brother PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PART brothers CCONJ sons VERB PRON PUNCT VERB DET tendency ADP fragmentation PUNCT ADV PUNCT none VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADJ seats CCONJ VERB PRON ADJ ADJ houses PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN PART brother PROPN PUNCT ADJ prince ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB DET house ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PART son PROPN VERB DET house ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN invasion PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET ADJ princes AUX VERB PART VERB DET patent ADP DET ADJ khan ADP order PART VERB ADP ADJ prince PUNCT Rivalry ADP DET patent PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADP leadership ADP DET ADJ principality ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ houses PUNCT ADV DET ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET princes ADP PROPN VERB ADJ PUNCT VERB DET ADJ principality ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PRON VERB ADP PRON ADJ line VERB ADP ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT INTJ VERB PRON VERB PRON ADV PUNCT
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By A. M. Sullivan
CHAPTER IX. (continued)
From the Atlas and Cyclopedia of Ireland (1900)
It was to the rugged and desolate Hebrides that Columba turned his face when he accepted the terrible penance of Molaise. He bade farewell to his relatives, and, with a few monks who insisted on accompany him whithersoever he might go, launched his frail currochs from the northern shore. They landed first, or rather were carried by wind and stream, upon the little isle of Oronsay, close by Islay; and here for a moment they thought their future abode was to be. But when Columba, with the early morning, ascending the highest ground on the island, to take what he thought would be a harmless look toward the land of his heart, lo! on the dim horizon a faint blue ridge—the distant hills of Antrim! He averts his head and flies downward to the strand! Here they cannot stay, if his vow is to be kept. They betake them once more to the currochs, and steering further northward, eventually land upon Iona, thenceforth, till time shall be no more, to be famed as the sacred isle of Columba! Here landing, he ascended the loftiest of the hills upon the isle, and "gazing into the distance, found no longer any trace of Ireland upon the horizon." In Iona accordingly he resolved to make his home. The spot from whence St. Columba made this sorrowful survey is still called by the islesmen in the Gaelic tongue, Carn-cul-ri-Erinn, or the Cairn of Farewell—literally, The back turned on Ireland.
Writers without number have traced the glories of Iona. Here rose, as if by miracle, a city of churches; the isle became one vast monastery, and soon much too small for the crowds that still pressed thither. Then from the parent isle there went forth to the surrounding shores, and all over the mainland, off-shoot establishments and missionary colonies (all under the authority of Columba), until in time the Gospel light was ablaze on the hills of Albyn; and the names of St. Columba and Iona were on every tongue from Rome to the utmost limits of Europe!
"This man, whom we have seen so passionate, so irritable, so warlike and vindictive, became little by little the most gentle, the humblest, the most tender of friends and fathers. It was he, the great head of the Caledonian Church, who, kneeling before the strangers who came to Iona, or before the monks returning from their work, took off their shoes, washed their feet, and after having washed them, respectfully kissed them. But charity was still stronger than humility in that transfigured soul. No necessity, spiritual or temporal, found him indifferent. He devoted himself to the solace of all infirmities, all misery and pain, weeping often over those who did not weep for themselves.
"The work of transcription remained until his last day the occupation of his old age, as it had been the passion of his youth; it had such an attraction for him, and seemed to him so essential to a knowledge of the truth that, as we have already said, three hundred copies of the Holy Gospels, copied by his own hand, have been attributed to him."
But still Columba carried with him in his heart the great grief that made life for him a lengthened penance. "Far from having any prevision of the glory of Iona, his soul," says Montalembert, "was still swayed by a sentiment which never abandoned him—regret for his lost country. All his life he retained for Ireland the passionate tenderness of an exile, a love which displayed itself in the songs which have been preserved to us, and which date perhaps from the first moment of his exile. . . . 'Death in faultless Ireland is better than life without end in Albyn.' After this cry of despair follow strains more plaintive and submissive."
"But it was not only in these elegies, repeated and perhaps retouched by Irish bards and monks, but at each instant of his life, in season and out of season, that this love and passionate longing for his native country burst forth in words and musings; the narratives of his most trustworthy biographers are full of it. The most severe penance which he could have imagined for the guiltiest sinners who came to confess to him, was to impose upon them the same fate which he had voluntarily inflicted on himself—never to set foot again upon Irish soil! But when, instead of forbidding to sinners all access to that beloved isle, he had to smother his envy of those who hard the right and happiness to go there at their pleasure, he dared scarcely trust himself to name its name; and when speaking to his guests, or to the monks who were to return to Ireland, he would only say to them, 'you will return to the country that you love.' "
"We are now," said Dr. Johnson, " treading that illustrious island which was once the luminary of the Caledonian regions; whence savage clans and roving barbarians derived the benefits of knowledge and the blessings of religion....Far from me and from my friends be such frigid philosophy as may conduct us indifferent and unmoved over any ground which has been dignified by wisdom, bravery, or virtue. That man is little to be envied whose patriotism would not gain force upon the plain of Marathon, or whose piety would not grow warmer among the ruins of Iona."—Boswell's "Tour to the Hebrides."
From a sad, comfortless childhood Giles Truelove developed into a reclusive and uncommunicative man whose sole passion was books. For so long they were the only meaning to his existence. But when fate eventually intervened to have the outside world intrude upon his life, he began to discover emotions that he never knew he had.
A story for the genuine booklover, penned by an Irish bookseller under the pseudonym of Ralph St. John Featherstonehaugh.
FREE download 23rd - 27th May
Join our mailing list to receive updates on new content on Library, our latest ebooks, and more.
You won't be inundated with emails! — we'll just keep you posted periodically — about once a monthish — on what's happening with the library.
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A. Hebrides face penance relatives monks frail currochs shore wind stream isle moment abode morning ground island look land heart horizon ridge hills head strand vow currochs thenceforth time isle hills isle distance trace horizon home spot survey islesmen tongue back Writers number glories miracle city churches isle monastery crowds thither parent isle shores mainland shoot establishments colonies authority time light hills names tongue limits man humblest tender friends fathers head strangers monks work shoes feet charity humility soul necessity solace infirmities misery pain work transcription day occupation age passion youth attraction knowledge truth copies hand heart grief life penance prevision glory soul sentiment country life tenderness exile love songs date moment exile Death faultless life end cry despair follow elegies bards monks instant life season season love longing country words musings narratives biographers penance sinners fate foot soil sinners access isle envy right happiness pleasure name guests monks country island regions whence savage clans barbarians benefits knowledge blessings religion friends philosophy ground wisdom bravery virtue man patriotism force plain piety ruins Tour comfortless childhood man passion books meaning existence fate world life emotions story booklover bookseller pseudonym download 23rd mailing list updates content ebooks emails monthish library
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by a. M. Sullivan
CHAPTER IX. (continue)
from the Atlas and Cyclopedia of Ireland (1900)
it be to the rugged and desolate hebride that Columba turn his face when he accept the terrible penance of Molaise. he bid farewell to his relative, and, with a few monk who insist on accompany he whithersoever he might go, launch his frail currochs from the northern shore. they land first, or rather be carry by wind and stream, upon the little isle of Oronsay, close by Islay; and here for a moment they think their future abode be to be. but when Columba, with the early morning, ascend the high ground on the island, to take what he think would be a harmless look toward the land of his heart, lo! on the dim horizon a faint blue ridge—the distant hill of Antrim! he avert his head and fly downward to the strand! here they cannot stay, if his vow be to be keep. they betake they once more to the currochs, and steer far northward, eventually land upon Iona, thenceforth, till time shall be no more, to be fame as the sacred isle of Columba! here land, he ascend the lofty of the hill upon the isle, and "gaze into the distance, find no long any trace of Ireland upon the horizon." in Iona accordingly he resolve to make his home. the spot from whence St. Columba make this sorrowful survey be still call by the islesman in the Gaelic tongue, Carn-cul-ri-Erinn, or the Cairn of Farewell—literally, the back turn on Ireland.
writer without number have trace the glory of Iona. here rise, as if by miracle, a city of church; the isle become one vast monastery, and soon much too small for the crowd that still press thither. then from the parent isle there go forth to the surround shore, and all over the mainland, off-shoot establishment and missionary colony (all under the authority of Columba), until in time the Gospel light be ablaze on the hill of Albyn; and the name of St. Columba and Iona be on every tongue from Rome to the utmost limit of Europe!
"this man, whom we have see so passionate, so irritable, so warlike and vindictive, become little by little the most gentle, the humblest, the most tender of friend and father. it be he, the great head of the Caledonian Church, who, kneel before the stranger who come to Iona, or before the monk return from their work, take off their shoe, wash their foot, and after have wash they, respectfully kiss they. but charity be still strong than humility in that transfigure soul. no necessity, spiritual or temporal, find he indifferent. he devote himself to the solace of all infirmity, all misery and pain, weep often over those who do not weep for themselves.
"the work of transcription remain until his last day the occupation of his old age, as it have be the passion of his youth; it have such an attraction for he, and seem to he so essential to a knowledge of the truth that, as we have already say, three hundred copy of the Holy Gospels, copy by his own hand, have be attribute to he."
but still Columba carry with he in his heart the great grief that make life for he a lengthened penance. "far from have any prevision of the glory of Iona, his soul," say Montalembert, "be still sway by a sentiment which never abandon he—regret for his lost country. all his life he retain for Ireland the passionate tenderness of an exile, a love which display itself in the song which have be preserve to we, and which date perhaps from the first moment of his exile. . . . 'death in faultless Ireland be well than life without end in Albyn.' after this cry of despair follow strain more plaintive and submissive."
"but it be not only in these elegy, repeat and perhaps retouch by irish bard and monk, but at each instant of his life, in season and out of season, that this love and passionate longing for his native country burst forth in word and musing; the narrative of his most trustworthy biographer be full of it. the most severe penance which he could have imagine for the guilty sinner who come to confess to he, be to impose upon they the same fate which he have voluntarily inflict on himself—never to set foot again upon irish soil! but when, instead of forbid to sinner all access to that beloved isle, he have to smother his envy of those who hard the right and happiness to go there at their pleasure, he dare scarcely trust himself to name its name; and when speak to his guest, or to the monk who be to return to Ireland, he would only say to they, 'you will return to the country that you love.' "
"we be now," say Dr. Johnson, " tread that illustrious island which be once the luminary of the caledonian region; whence savage clan and rove barbarian derive the benefit of knowledge and the blessing of religion....far from I and from my friend be such frigid philosophy as may conduct we indifferent and unmove over any ground which have be dignify by wisdom, bravery, or virtue. that man be little to be envy whose patriotism would not gain force upon the plain of Marathon, or whose piety would not grow warm among the ruin of Iona."—Boswell's "tour to the Hebrides."
from a sad, comfortless childhood Giles Truelove develop into a reclusive and uncommunicative man whose sole passion be book. for so long they be the only meaning to his existence. but when fate eventually intervene to have the outside world intrude upon his life, he begin to discover emotion that he never know he have.
a story for the genuine booklover, pen by an irish bookseller under the pseudonym of Ralph St. John Featherstonehaugh.
free download 23rd - 27th May
join our mailing list to receive update on new content on Library, our late ebook, and more.
you willnot be inundate with email! — wewill just keep you post periodically — about once a monthish — on whatbe happen with the library.
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ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE CHAPTER NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ PROPN SCONJ PROPN VERB PRON face SCONJ PRON VERB DET ADJ penance ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB INTJ ADP PRON relatives PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ monks PRON VERB ADP VERB PRON SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ currochs ADP DET ADJ shore PUNCT PRON VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV AUX VERB ADP wind CCONJ stream PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ isle ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET moment PRON VERB PRON ADJ abode AUX PART AUX PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ morning PUNCT VERB DET ADJ ground ADP DET island PUNCT PART VERB PRON PRON VERB AUX AUX DET ADJ look ADP DET land ADP PRON heart PUNCT INTJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ horizon DET ADJ ADJ ridge PUNCT DET ADJ hills ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB PRON head CCONJ VERB ADV ADP DET strand PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON vow AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT PRON VERB PRON ADV ADV ADP DET currochs PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADV ADV PUNCT ADV land SCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ time AUX AUX DET ADJ PUNCT PART AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ isle ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ ADP DET hills SCONJ DET isle PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET distance PUNCT VERB DET ADV DET trace ADP PROPN SCONJ DET horizon PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN ADV PRON VERB PART VERB PRON home PUNCT DET spot ADP SCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ survey AUX ADV VERB ADP DET islesmen ADP DET ADJ tongue PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET back VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Writers ADP number AUX VERB DET glories ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB PUNCT ADP SCONJ ADP miracle PUNCT DET city ADP churches PUNCT DET isle VERB NUM ADJ monastery PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV ADV ADJ ADP DET crowds PRON ADV VERB ADV PUNCT ADV ADP DET parent isle PRON VERB ADV ADP DET VERB shores PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET mainland PUNCT ADJ PUNCT shoot establishments CCONJ ADJ colonies PUNCT DET ADP DET authority ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP ADP time DET PROPN light AUX ADJ ADP DET hills ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET names ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN AUX ADP DET tongue ADP PROPN ADP DET ADJ limits ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET man PUNCT PRON PRON AUX VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT VERB ADV ADP ADJ DET ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT DET ADV ADJ ADP friends CCONJ fathers PUNCT PRON AUX PRON PUNCT DET ADJ head ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON PUNCT VERB ADP DET strangers PRON VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET monks VERB ADP PRON work PUNCT VERB ADP PRON shoes PUNCT VERB PRON feet PUNCT CCONJ ADP VERB VERB PRON PUNCT ADV VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ charity AUX ADV ADJ ADP humility ADP DET VERB soul PUNCT DET necessity PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB PRON ADP DET solace ADP DET infirmities PUNCT DET misery CCONJ pain PUNCT VERB ADV ADP DET PRON AUX PART VERB ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET work ADP transcription VERB ADP PRON ADJ day DET occupation ADP PRON ADJ age PUNCT ADP PRON AUX AUX DET passion ADP PRON youth PUNCT PRON AUX DET DET attraction ADP PRON PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADV ADJ ADP DET knowledge ADP DET truth SCONJ PUNCT ADP PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT NUM NUM copies ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PRON ADJ hand PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP PRON PUNCT PUNCT SPACE CCONJ ADV PROPN VERB ADP PRON ADP PRON heart DET ADJ grief PRON VERB life ADP PRON DET VERB penance PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADP VERB DET prevision ADP DET glory ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON soul PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET sentiment DET ADV VERB PRON PUNCT regret ADP PRON ADJ country PUNCT DET PRON life PRON VERB ADP PROPN DET ADJ tenderness ADP DET exile PUNCT DET love DET VERB PRON ADP DET songs DET AUX AUX VERB ADP PRON PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ moment ADP PRON exile PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT Death ADP ADJ PROPN AUX ADJ ADP life ADP end ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET cry ADP despair VERB strains ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX PART ADV ADP DET elegies PUNCT VERB CCONJ ADV VERB ADP ADJ bards CCONJ monks PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET instant ADP PRON life PUNCT ADP season CCONJ ADP ADP season PUNCT SCONJ DET love CCONJ ADJ longing ADP PRON ADJ country VERB ADV ADP words CCONJ musings PUNCT DET narratives ADP PRON ADV ADJ biographers AUX ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT DET ADV ADJ penance DET PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ sinners PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PRON PUNCT AUX PART VERB SCONJ PRON DET ADJ fate DET PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP PRON PUNCT ADV PART VERB foot ADV SCONJ ADJ soil PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PUNCT ADV ADP VERB ADP sinners DET access ADP DET ADJ isle PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB PRON envy ADP DET PRON VERB DET right CCONJ happiness PART VERB ADV ADP PRON pleasure PUNCT PRON VERB ADV VERB PRON PART VERB PRON name PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ VERB ADP PRON guests PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET monks PRON AUX PART VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP PRON PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET country PRON PRON VERB PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX ADV PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET ADJ island DET AUX ADV DET luminary ADP DET ADJ regions PUNCT SCONJ ADJ clans CCONJ ADJ barbarians VERB DET benefits ADP knowledge CCONJ DET blessings ADP religion PUNCT ADV ADP PRON CCONJ ADP PRON friends AUX ADJ ADJ philosophy ADP AUX VERB PRON ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADP DET ground DET AUX AUX VERB ADP wisdom PUNCT bravery PUNCT CCONJ virtue PUNCT DET man AUX ADJ PART AUX VERB DET patriotism AUX PART VERB force SCONJ DET plain ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET piety AUX PART VERB ADJ ADP DET ruins ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART PUNCT Tour ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ childhood PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ man DET ADJ passion AUX books PUNCT ADP ADV ADV PRON AUX DET ADJ meaning ADP PRON existence PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ fate ADV VERB PART AUX DET ADJ world VERB SCONJ PRON life PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB emotions SCONJ PRON ADV VERB PRON AUX PUNCT SPACE DET story ADP DET ADJ booklover PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ bookseller ADP DET pseudonym ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ download 23rd SYM 27th PROPN SPACE VERB PRON mailing list PART VERB updates ADP ADJ content ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON ADJ ebooks PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART AUX VERB ADP emails PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB PRON VERB ADV PUNCT ADV ADV DET monthish PUNCT ADP PRON AUX VERB ADP DET library PUNCT
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ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE CHAPTER NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ PROPN SCONJ PROPN VERB PRON face SCONJ PRON VERB DET ADJ penance ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB INTJ ADP PRON relatives PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ monks PRON VERB ADP VERB PRON SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ currochs ADP DET ADJ shore PUNCT PRON VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV AUX VERB ADP wind CCONJ stream PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ isle ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET moment PRON VERB PRON ADJ abode AUX PART AUX PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ morning PUNCT VERB DET ADJ ground ADP DET island PUNCT PART VERB PRON PRON VERB AUX AUX DET ADJ look ADP DET land ADP PRON heart PUNCT INTJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ horizon DET ADJ ADJ ridge PUNCT DET ADJ hills ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB PRON head CCONJ VERB ADV ADP DET strand PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON vow AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT PRON VERB PRON ADV ADV ADP DET currochs PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADV ADV PUNCT ADV land SCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ time AUX AUX DET ADJ PUNCT PART AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ isle ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ ADP DET hills SCONJ DET isle PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET distance PUNCT VERB DET ADV DET trace ADP PROPN SCONJ DET horizon PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN ADV PRON VERB PART VERB PRON home PUNCT DET spot ADP SCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ survey AUX ADV VERB ADP DET islesmen ADP DET ADJ tongue PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET back VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Writers ADP number AUX VERB DET glories ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB PUNCT ADP SCONJ ADP miracle PUNCT DET city ADP churches PUNCT DET isle VERB NUM ADJ monastery PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV ADV ADJ ADP DET crowds PRON ADV VERB ADV PUNCT ADV ADP DET parent isle PRON VERB ADV ADP DET VERB shores PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET mainland PUNCT ADJ PUNCT shoot establishments CCONJ ADJ colonies PUNCT DET ADP DET authority ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP ADP time DET PROPN light AUX ADJ ADP DET hills ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET names ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN AUX ADP DET tongue ADP PROPN ADP DET ADJ limits ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET man PUNCT PRON PRON AUX VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT VERB ADV ADP ADJ DET ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT DET ADV ADJ ADP friends CCONJ fathers PUNCT PRON AUX PRON PUNCT DET ADJ head ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON PUNCT VERB ADP DET strangers PRON VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET monks VERB ADP PRON work PUNCT VERB ADP PRON shoes PUNCT VERB PRON feet PUNCT CCONJ ADP VERB VERB PRON PUNCT ADV VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ charity AUX ADV ADJ ADP humility ADP DET VERB soul PUNCT DET necessity PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB PRON ADP DET solace ADP DET infirmities PUNCT DET misery CCONJ pain PUNCT VERB ADV ADP DET PRON AUX PART VERB ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET work ADP transcription VERB ADP PRON ADJ day DET occupation ADP PRON ADJ age PUNCT ADP PRON AUX AUX DET passion ADP PRON youth PUNCT PRON AUX DET DET attraction ADP PRON PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADV ADJ ADP DET knowledge ADP DET truth SCONJ PUNCT ADP PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT NUM NUM copies ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PRON ADJ hand PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP PRON PUNCT PUNCT SPACE CCONJ ADV PROPN VERB ADP PRON ADP PRON heart DET ADJ grief PRON VERB life ADP PRON DET VERB penance PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADP VERB DET prevision ADP DET glory ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON soul PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET sentiment DET ADV VERB PRON PUNCT regret ADP PRON ADJ country PUNCT DET PRON life PRON VERB ADP PROPN DET ADJ tenderness ADP DET exile PUNCT DET love DET VERB PRON ADP DET songs DET AUX AUX VERB ADP PRON PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ moment ADP PRON exile PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT Death ADP ADJ PROPN AUX ADJ ADP life ADP end ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET cry ADP despair VERB strains ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX PART ADV ADP DET elegies PUNCT VERB CCONJ ADV VERB ADP ADJ bards CCONJ monks PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET instant ADP PRON life PUNCT ADP season CCONJ ADP ADP season PUNCT SCONJ DET love CCONJ ADJ longing ADP PRON ADJ country VERB ADV ADP words CCONJ musings PUNCT DET narratives ADP PRON ADV ADJ biographers AUX ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT DET ADV ADJ penance DET PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ sinners PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PRON PUNCT AUX PART VERB SCONJ PRON DET ADJ fate DET PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP PRON PUNCT ADV PART VERB foot ADV SCONJ ADJ soil PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PUNCT ADV ADP VERB ADP sinners DET access ADP DET ADJ isle PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB PRON envy ADP DET PRON VERB DET right CCONJ happiness PART VERB ADV ADP PRON pleasure PUNCT PRON VERB ADV VERB PRON PART VERB PRON name PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ VERB ADP PRON guests PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET monks PRON AUX PART VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP PRON PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET country PRON PRON VERB PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX ADV PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET ADJ island DET AUX ADV DET luminary ADP DET ADJ regions PUNCT SCONJ ADJ clans CCONJ ADJ barbarians VERB DET benefits ADP knowledge CCONJ DET blessings ADP religion PUNCT ADV ADP PRON CCONJ ADP PRON friends AUX ADJ ADJ philosophy ADP AUX VERB PRON ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADP DET ground DET AUX AUX VERB ADP wisdom PUNCT bravery PUNCT CCONJ virtue PUNCT DET man AUX ADJ PART AUX VERB DET patriotism AUX PART VERB force SCONJ DET plain ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET piety AUX PART VERB ADJ ADP DET ruins ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART PUNCT Tour ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ childhood PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ man DET ADJ passion AUX books PUNCT ADP ADV ADV PRON AUX DET ADJ meaning ADP PRON existence PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ fate ADV VERB PART AUX DET ADJ world VERB SCONJ PRON life PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB emotions SCONJ PRON ADV VERB PRON AUX PUNCT SPACE DET story ADP DET ADJ booklover PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ bookseller ADP DET pseudonym ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ download 23rd SYM 27th PROPN SPACE VERB PRON mailing list PART VERB updates ADP ADJ content ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON ADJ ebooks PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART AUX VERB ADP emails PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB PRON VERB ADV PUNCT ADV ADV DET monthish PUNCT ADP PRON AUX VERB ADP DET library PUNCT
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ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE CHAPTER NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ PROPN SCONJ PROPN VERB PRON face SCONJ PRON VERB DET ADJ penance ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB INTJ ADP PRON relatives PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ monks PRON VERB ADP VERB PRON SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ currochs ADP DET ADJ shore PUNCT PRON VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV AUX VERB ADP wind CCONJ stream PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ isle ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET moment PRON VERB PRON ADJ abode AUX PART AUX PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ morning PUNCT VERB DET ADJ ground ADP DET island PUNCT PART VERB PRON PRON VERB AUX AUX DET ADJ look ADP DET land ADP PRON heart PUNCT INTJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ horizon DET ADJ ADJ ridge PUNCT DET ADJ hills ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB PRON head CCONJ VERB ADV ADP DET strand PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON vow AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT PRON VERB PRON ADV ADV ADP DET currochs PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADV ADV PUNCT ADV land SCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ time AUX AUX DET ADJ PUNCT PART AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ isle ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ ADP DET hills SCONJ DET isle PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET distance PUNCT VERB DET ADV DET trace ADP PROPN SCONJ DET horizon PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN ADV PRON VERB PART VERB PRON home PUNCT DET spot ADP SCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ survey AUX ADV VERB ADP DET islesmen ADP DET ADJ tongue PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET back VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Writers ADP number AUX VERB DET glories ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB PUNCT ADP SCONJ ADP miracle PUNCT DET city ADP churches PUNCT DET isle VERB NUM ADJ monastery PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV ADV ADJ ADP DET crowds PRON ADV VERB ADV PUNCT ADV ADP DET parent isle PRON VERB ADV ADP DET VERB shores PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET mainland PUNCT ADJ PUNCT shoot establishments CCONJ ADJ colonies PUNCT DET ADP DET authority ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP ADP time DET PROPN light AUX ADJ ADP DET hills ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET names ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN AUX ADP DET tongue ADP PROPN ADP DET ADJ limits ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET man PUNCT PRON PRON AUX VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT VERB ADV ADP ADJ DET ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT DET ADV ADJ ADP friends CCONJ fathers PUNCT PRON AUX PRON PUNCT DET ADJ head ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON PUNCT VERB ADP DET strangers PRON VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET monks VERB ADP PRON work PUNCT VERB ADP PRON shoes PUNCT VERB PRON feet PUNCT CCONJ ADP VERB VERB PRON PUNCT ADV VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ charity AUX ADV ADJ ADP humility ADP DET VERB soul PUNCT DET necessity PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB PRON ADP DET solace ADP DET infirmities PUNCT DET misery CCONJ pain PUNCT VERB ADV ADP DET PRON AUX PART VERB ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET work ADP transcription VERB ADP PRON ADJ day DET occupation ADP PRON ADJ age PUNCT ADP PRON AUX AUX DET passion ADP PRON youth PUNCT PRON AUX DET DET attraction ADP PRON PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADV ADJ ADP DET knowledge ADP DET truth SCONJ PUNCT ADP PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT NUM NUM copies ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PRON ADJ hand PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP PRON PUNCT PUNCT SPACE CCONJ ADV PROPN VERB ADP PRON ADP PRON heart DET ADJ grief PRON VERB life ADP PRON DET VERB penance PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADP VERB DET prevision ADP DET glory ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON soul PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET sentiment DET ADV VERB PRON PUNCT regret ADP PRON ADJ country PUNCT DET PRON life PRON VERB ADP PROPN DET ADJ tenderness ADP DET exile PUNCT DET love DET VERB PRON ADP DET songs DET AUX AUX VERB ADP PRON PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ moment ADP PRON exile PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT Death ADP ADJ PROPN AUX ADJ ADP life ADP end ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET cry ADP despair VERB strains ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX PART ADV ADP DET elegies PUNCT VERB CCONJ ADV VERB ADP ADJ bards CCONJ monks PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET instant ADP PRON life PUNCT ADP season CCONJ ADP ADP season PUNCT SCONJ DET love CCONJ ADJ longing ADP PRON ADJ country VERB ADV ADP words CCONJ musings PUNCT DET narratives ADP PRON ADV ADJ biographers AUX ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT DET ADV ADJ penance DET PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ sinners PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PRON PUNCT AUX PART VERB SCONJ PRON DET ADJ fate DET PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP PRON PUNCT ADV PART VERB foot ADV SCONJ ADJ soil PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PUNCT ADV ADP VERB ADP sinners DET access ADP DET ADJ isle PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB PRON envy ADP DET PRON VERB DET right CCONJ happiness PART VERB ADV ADP PRON pleasure PUNCT PRON VERB ADV VERB PRON PART VERB PRON name PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ VERB ADP PRON guests PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET monks PRON AUX PART VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP PRON PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET country PRON PRON VERB PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX ADV PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET ADJ island DET AUX ADV DET luminary ADP DET ADJ regions PUNCT SCONJ ADJ clans CCONJ ADJ barbarians VERB DET benefits ADP knowledge CCONJ DET blessings ADP religion PUNCT ADV ADP PRON CCONJ ADP PRON friends AUX ADJ ADJ philosophy ADP AUX VERB PRON ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADP DET ground DET AUX AUX VERB ADP wisdom PUNCT bravery PUNCT CCONJ virtue PUNCT DET man AUX ADJ PART AUX VERB DET patriotism AUX PART VERB force SCONJ DET plain ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET piety AUX PART VERB ADJ ADP DET ruins ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART PUNCT Tour ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ childhood PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ man DET ADJ passion AUX books PUNCT ADP ADV ADV PRON AUX DET ADJ meaning ADP PRON existence PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ fate ADV VERB PART AUX DET ADJ world VERB SCONJ PRON life PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB emotions SCONJ PRON ADV VERB PRON AUX PUNCT SPACE DET story ADP DET ADJ booklover PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ bookseller ADP DET pseudonym ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ download 23rd SYM 27th PROPN SPACE VERB PRON mailing list PART VERB updates ADP ADJ content ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON ADJ ebooks PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART AUX VERB ADP emails PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB PRON VERB ADV PUNCT ADV ADV DET monthish PUNCT ADP PRON AUX VERB ADP DET library PUNCT
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis Symptoms
The body's cells need two energy requirements to function. The blood stream delivers both oxygen and glucose to the front door of the cell. The the oxygen is invited in, but the glucose needs a key to open the door. The insulin molecule is that key. When we eat, the body senses the levels of glucose in the blood stream and secretes just the right amount of insulin from the pancreas so that cells and the body can function.
People with diabetes don't have the luxury of that auto-sensing. They need to balance the amount of glucose intake with the amount of insulin that needs to be injected. Not enough insulin and the glucose levels in the blood stream start to rise; too much insulin, and they plummet.
The consequences of hypoglycemia (hypo=low, glycemia=glucose in the blood) are easy to understand. No energy source, no function - and the first organ to go is the brain. It needs glucose to function and without it, the brain shuts down quickly. Confusion, lethargy, and coma occur quickly. It's interesting that brain cells don't need insulin to open their doors to glucose, so when people develop coma from low blood sugar, they waken almost instantaneously upon treatment. Blood sugar is one of the first things checked on scene of a comatose patient, because it's so easy to fix and very embarrassing for an EMT to miss.
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Symptoms body cells energy requirements blood stream oxygen glucose door cell oxygen glucose key door insulin molecule body levels glucose blood stream secretes amount insulin pancreas cells body People diabetes luxury auto sensing amount glucose intake amount insulin insulin glucose levels blood stream start insulin consequences hypoglycemia hypo = low = blood energy source function organ brain glucose brain Confusion lethargy coma brain cells insulin doors people coma blood sugar treatment Blood sugar things scene comatose patient
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis symptom
the body's cell need two energy requirement to function. the blood stream deliver both oxygen and glucose to the front door of the cell. the the oxygen be invite in, but the glucose need a key to open the door. the insulin molecule be that key. when we eat, the body sense the level of glucose in the blood stream and secrete just the right amount of insulin from the pancrea so that cell and the body can function.
People with diabete donot have the luxury of that auto-sensing. they need to balance the amount of glucose intake with the amount of insulin that need to be inject. not enough insulin and the glucose level in the blood stream start to rise; too much insulin, and they plummet.
the consequence of hypoglycemia (hypo=low, glycemia=glucose in the blood) be easy to understand. no energy source, no function - and the first organ to go be the brain. it need glucose to function and without it, the brain shut down quickly. confusion, lethargy, and coma occur quickly. itbe interesting that brain cell donot need insulin to open their door to glucose, so when people develop coma from low blood sugar, they waken almost instantaneously upon treatment. blood sugar be one of the first thing check on scene of a comatose patient, because itbe so easy to fix and very embarrassing for an EMT to miss.
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ADJ Ketoacidosis Symptoms SPACE DET body PART cells VERB NUM energy requirements PART VERB PUNCT DET blood stream VERB DET oxygen CCONJ glucose ADP DET ADJ door ADP DET cell PUNCT DET DET oxygen AUX VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET glucose VERB DET key PART VERB DET door PUNCT DET insulin molecule AUX DET key PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT DET body VERB DET levels ADP glucose ADP DET blood stream CCONJ VERB ADV DET ADJ amount ADP insulin ADP DET pancreas SCONJ SCONJ cells CCONJ DET body AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE People ADP diabetes AUX PART AUX DET luxury ADP DET auto - sensing PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB DET amount ADP glucose intake ADP DET amount ADP insulin PRON VERB PART AUX VERB PUNCT PART ADJ insulin CCONJ DET glucose levels ADP DET blood stream VERB PART VERB PUNCT ADV ADJ insulin PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE DET consequences ADP hypoglycemia PUNCT hypo SYM low PUNCT glycemia SYM glucose ADP DET blood PUNCT AUX ADJ PART VERB PUNCT DET energy source PUNCT DET function PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ organ PART VERB AUX DET brain PUNCT PRON VERB glucose PART VERB CCONJ ADP PRON PUNCT DET brain VERB ADP ADV PUNCT Confusion PUNCT lethargy PUNCT CCONJ coma VERB ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ brain cells AUX PART VERB insulin PART VERB PRON doors ADP glucose PUNCT ADV SCONJ people VERB coma ADP ADJ blood sugar PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADV SCONJ treatment PUNCT Blood sugar AUX NUM ADP DET ADJ things VERB ADP scene ADP DET ADJ patient PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB CCONJ ADV ADJ ADP DET EMT PART VERB PUNCT
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ADJ Ketoacidosis Symptoms SPACE DET body PART cells VERB NUM energy requirements PART VERB PUNCT DET blood stream VERB DET oxygen CCONJ glucose ADP DET ADJ door ADP DET cell PUNCT DET DET oxygen AUX VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET glucose VERB DET key PART VERB DET door PUNCT DET insulin molecule AUX DET key PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT DET body VERB DET levels ADP glucose ADP DET blood stream CCONJ VERB ADV DET ADJ amount ADP insulin ADP DET pancreas SCONJ SCONJ cells CCONJ DET body AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE People ADP diabetes AUX PART AUX DET luxury ADP DET auto - sensing PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB DET amount ADP glucose intake ADP DET amount ADP insulin PRON VERB PART AUX VERB PUNCT PART ADJ insulin CCONJ DET glucose levels ADP DET blood stream VERB PART VERB PUNCT ADV ADJ insulin PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE DET consequences ADP hypoglycemia PUNCT hypo SYM low PUNCT glycemia SYM glucose ADP DET blood PUNCT AUX ADJ PART VERB PUNCT DET energy source PUNCT DET function PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ organ PART VERB AUX DET brain PUNCT PRON VERB glucose PART VERB CCONJ ADP PRON PUNCT DET brain VERB ADP ADV PUNCT Confusion PUNCT lethargy PUNCT CCONJ coma VERB ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ brain cells AUX PART VERB insulin PART VERB PRON doors ADP glucose PUNCT ADV SCONJ people VERB coma ADP ADJ blood sugar PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADV SCONJ treatment PUNCT Blood sugar AUX NUM ADP DET ADJ things VERB ADP scene ADP DET ADJ patient PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB CCONJ ADV ADJ ADP DET EMT PART VERB PUNCT
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ADJ Ketoacidosis Symptoms SPACE DET body PART cells VERB NUM energy requirements PART VERB PUNCT DET blood stream VERB DET oxygen CCONJ glucose ADP DET ADJ door ADP DET cell PUNCT DET DET oxygen AUX VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET glucose VERB DET key PART VERB DET door PUNCT DET insulin molecule AUX DET key PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT DET body VERB DET levels ADP glucose ADP DET blood stream CCONJ VERB ADV DET ADJ amount ADP insulin ADP DET pancreas SCONJ SCONJ cells CCONJ DET body AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE People ADP diabetes AUX PART AUX DET luxury ADP DET auto - sensing PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB DET amount ADP glucose intake ADP DET amount ADP insulin PRON VERB PART AUX VERB PUNCT PART ADJ insulin CCONJ DET glucose levels ADP DET blood stream VERB PART VERB PUNCT ADV ADJ insulin PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE DET consequences ADP hypoglycemia PUNCT hypo SYM low PUNCT glycemia SYM glucose ADP DET blood PUNCT AUX ADJ PART VERB PUNCT DET energy source PUNCT DET function PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ organ PART VERB AUX DET brain PUNCT PRON VERB glucose PART VERB CCONJ ADP PRON PUNCT DET brain VERB ADP ADV PUNCT Confusion PUNCT lethargy PUNCT CCONJ coma VERB ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ brain cells AUX PART VERB insulin PART VERB PRON doors ADP glucose PUNCT ADV SCONJ people VERB coma ADP ADJ blood sugar PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADV SCONJ treatment PUNCT Blood sugar AUX NUM ADP DET ADJ things VERB ADP scene ADP DET ADJ patient PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB CCONJ ADV ADJ ADP DET EMT PART VERB PUNCT
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History of Rapa Nui
Your location: Welcome! (Main page) / Culture, history / History of Rapa Nui
Was the first highest rank leader of Easter Island, he is believed to have brought his people on 2 boats more than 1.000 (perhaps even 1.700) years ago to the island.
Western literature refers to Hotu Matu'a as to "Rapa Nui's first king", although it is known that there were no real kings, but rather tribal rulers in Polynesia, we continue to use this term. Hotu Matu'a was considered the "Ariki Mau" by the locals, this meaning sort of a "major leader" or "highest ruler".
The settlement of the island
With certainly we can affirm that Easter Island has been inhabited for over 1.200 years. But, specialists still debate on when the first settlers lead by the legendary Hotu Matu'a arrived.
Specialists consider that the island was colonized sometime between 300 BC and 800 BC. Pollen analysis, DNA analysis and also the studies of local legends point out to various periods between this interval. Of course, some people might have arrived later and others earlier, but it is generally accepted by the great public that the island was uninhabited before 300 BC, despite the fact that there is scientific evidence that Easter Island was inhabited before Hotu Matu'a's arrival.
According to the legends, the Ariki Mau, Hotu Matu'a arrived from an island or group of island called Hiva. Linguistic analysis of the Rapa Nui language suggests that the place of origin was the Marquesas Islands.
Legends say that a person called Hau-Maka (Haumaka) had a dream in which his spirit travelled to an island located far away in order to look for new land for the ruler Hotu Matu'a.
Hau-Maka's dream trip took him to the Mata Ki Te Rangi, meaning "Eyes that look to the Sky", an island located in the center of the Earth. This piece of land was called "Te Pito 'o the Kainga", meaning "center of the Earth".
After Hau-Maka woke up, he told about his dream to Motu Matu'a, the supreme leader who ordered 7 men to travel to the island. So they did and they return to Hiva with the news that indeed, there is new land far away. Following this discovery, Hotu Matu'a traveled with 2 boats with settlers and colonized what we call today "Easter Island".
Several hundreds of years ago a bloody conflict had broken out on Easter Island. This is attributed to a variety of factors: remoteness, overpopulation, deforestation, tribal rivalry.
Easter Island is one of the most isolated islands
in the World. Even today, if you fly with a modern airplane from Santiago,
Chile, it takes 5-6 hours to get there. Imagine how difficult it was about
1.500 years ago!
It is believed that this island was formed by ancient volcanic eruptions.
Roggeveen, the Dutch discoverer of the island had estimated a number of 2.000 - 3.000 inhabitants in 1722. But specialists analyzed the bones, the legends and have come to the conclusion that around the 1500s and the 1700s there could have been as many as 10.000 - 15.000 people living on the island.
Overpopulation could have been the primary reason why the locals started fighting each other. This is believed to have lead to the splitting of the population into several tribes, families. Some think there were 2 tribes fighting, others believe there were multiple families.
During the fights, many moai statues and ahu platforms were destroyed, magnificent statues pulled down. Perhaps it was a revenge against the god(s)? Or just because of anger at the constructors? Perhaps the towards the ancestors who had cut down so many trees in order to move the statues?
The tribal wars have even lead to cannibalism.
During Roggeveen's visit it was noticeable that life on the island has degenerated due to deforestation and the depletion of the island's natural resources.
Today, Easter Island has very few trees, this is due to the fact that the locals had used up all wood for firewood, boat and house construction, but certainly have irresponsibly cut down large amounts of trees for building tools to move and put the moai into place.
Once there were forests of palm trees on Rapa Nui, now the only palm trees that exist were planted. So are all other trees which were brought here from other islands and the Americas.
The disappearing of forests has coincided with the conflict on the island. There was not enough wood to make fishing boats, therefore the islands could forget about going out for fishing and also about leaving the island! The disappearance of wood has also led to the decrease of the number of bids, which could not construct nests anymore. The locals found themselves stuck for good on what they believed to be the "Center of Earth".
The discovery of Easter Island
On Sunday, April 5th, 1722, the first Europeans arrived to the island called by locals "Te Pito 'o Te Henua".
Because it was discovered on Easter, it was named "Easter Island".
The discoverer was Jacob Roggeveen, a Dutch captain.
The name we hear so often, "Rapa Nui" is a newer one, given to the island by Polynesians in the mid 1800.
The oldest name known for this island is "Te Pito 'o Te Henua".
Over 800 statues are today on the island, but when Roggeveen discovered Easter Island, these were in pretty good shape, many in place. Afterwards many have fallen. It is generally believed that there were revolts, conflicts and the islanders pulled them down. There even are theories that point out to the possibility of tsunami tidal waves, which could have demolished moai statues, for example it is strongly suggested that the site of Ahu Tongariki was destroyed by such a force coming from the ocean.
Recovery from the conflicts, colonization and more tragedy
Following the drastic decrease of population induced by the tribal violence and famine, Rapa Nui had recovered only by the mid 1800s, when about 4.000 people lived there. But in the 1800s and the 1900s, more and more Europeans and South Americans arrived to Easter Island, which had become part of Chile in 1888.
Tragically many Rapa Nui people were forcefully deported to Peru and Chile, many others died of diseases brought in by the white man.
All these have almost lead to the extermination of the whole population. In 1877 only 111 Rapa Nui people existed on the island.
Later, the island's population took a positive turn and many Polynesians, Amerindians and white men from Chile and Peru came to settle here.
Today tourism, fishing, some agriculture account for the main economic resources of the island. In fact, tourism which so far helped the island may be its biggest threat as more and more people flock to this tiny triangular land on a weekly basis.
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History location page Culture history History rank leader people boats years island literature king kings rulers term locals meaning sort leader ruler settlement island years specialists settlers Specialists island Pollen analysis DNA analysis studies legends periods interval people others public island fact evidence arrival legends island group island analysis language place origin Legends person dream spirit island order land ruler dream trip Eyes island center piece land o center dream leader men island news land discovery boats settlers today hundreds years conflict variety factors remoteness overpopulation deforestation rivalry islands today airplane hours years island eruptions discoverer island number inhabitants specialists bones legends conclusion 1500s 1700s people island reason locals lead splitting population tribes families tribes others families fights moai statues platforms statues revenge anger constructors ancestors trees order statues wars cannibalism visit life island deforestation depletion island resources Today trees fact locals wood firewood boat house construction amounts trees building tools moai place forests palm trees palm trees trees islands disappearing forests conflict island wood fishing boats islands fishing island disappearance wood decrease number bids nests locals discovery 5th island locals ' o discoverer captain name island name island ' o statues today island shape place revolts conflicts islanders theories possibility tsunami waves moai statues example site force ocean conflicts colonization tragedy decrease population violence famine 1800s people 1800s 1900s part people others diseases man extermination population people island island population turn men Today tourism fishing agriculture account resources island fact tourism island threat people land basis
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history of Rapa Nui
your location: welcome! (main page) / culture, history / history of Rapa Nui
be the first high rank leader of Easter Island, he be believe to have bring his people on 2 boat more than 1.000 (perhaps even 1.700) year ago to the island.
western literature refer to Hotu Matu'a as to "Rapa Nui's first king", although it be know that there be no real king, but rather tribal ruler in Polynesia, we continue to use this term. Hotu Matu'a be consider the "Ariki Mau" by the local, this meaning sort of a "major leader" or "high ruler".
the settlement of the island
with certainly we can affirm that Easter Island have be inhabit for over 1.200 year. but, specialist still debate on when the first settler lead by the legendary Hotu Matu'a arrive.
specialist consider that the island be colonize sometime between 300 BC and 800 BC. pollen analysis, dna analysis and also the study of local legend point out to various period between this interval. of course, some people might have arrive later and other early, but it be generally accept by the great public that the island be uninhabited before 300 BC, despite the fact that there be scientific evidence that Easter Island be inhabit before Hotu Matu'a's arrival.
accord to the legend, the Ariki Mau, Hotu Matu'a arrive from an island or group of island call Hiva. linguistic analysis of the rapa Nui language suggest that the place of origin be the Marquesas Islands.
legend say that a person call Hau-Maka (Haumaka) have a dream in which his spirit travel to an island locate far away in order to look for new land for the ruler Hotu Matu'a.
Hau-Maka's dream trip take he to the Mata Ki Te Rangi, mean "eye that look to the Sky", an island locate in the center of the Earth. this piece of land be call "Te Pito 'o the Kainga", mean "center of the Earth".
after Hau-Maka wake up, he tell about his dream to Motu Matu'a, the supreme leader who order 7 man to travel to the island. so they do and they return to Hiva with the news that indeed, there be new land far away. follow this discovery, Hotu Matu'a travel with 2 boat with settler and colonize what we call today "Easter Island".
several hundred of year ago a bloody conflict have break out on Easter Island. this be attribute to a variety of factor: remoteness, overpopulation, deforestation, tribal rivalry.
Easter Island be one of the most isolated island
in the World. even today, if you fly with a modern airplane from Santiago,
Chile, it take 5-6 hour to get there. imagine how difficult it be about
1.500 year ago!
it be believe that this island be form by ancient volcanic eruption.
Roggeveen, the dutch discoverer of the island have estimate a number of 2.000 - 3.000 inhabitant in 1722. but specialist analyze the bone, the legend and have come to the conclusion that around the 1500 and the 1700 there could have be as many as 10.000 - 15.000 people live on the island.
Overpopulation could have be the primary reason why the local start fight each other. this be believe to have lead to the splitting of the population into several tribe, family. some think there be 2 tribe fight, other believe there be multiple family.
during the fight, many moai statue and ahu platform be destroy, magnificent statue pull down. perhaps it be a revenge against the god(s)? or just because of anger at the constructor? perhaps the towards the ancestor who have cut down so many tree in order to move the statue?
the tribal war have even lead to cannibalism.
during Roggeveen's visit it be noticeable that life on the island have degenerate due to deforestation and the depletion of the island's natural resource.
today, Easter Island have very few tree, this be due to the fact that the local have use up all wood for firewood, boat and house construction, but certainly have irresponsibly cut down large amount of tree for building tool to move and put the moai into place.
once there be forest of palm tree on Rapa Nui, now the only palm tree that exist be plant. so be all other tree which be bring here from other island and the Americas.
the disappearing of forest have coincide with the conflict on the island. there be not enough wood to make fishing boat, therefore the island could forget about go out for fishing and also about leave the island! the disappearance of wood have also lead to the decrease of the number of bid, which could not construct nest anymore. the local find themselves stuck for good on what they believe to be the "Center of Earth".
the discovery of Easter Island
on Sunday, April 5th, 1722, the first Europeans arrive to the island call by local "Te Pito 'o Te Henua".
because it be discover on Easter, it be name "Easter Island".
the discoverer be Jacob Roggeveen, a dutch captain.
the name we hear so often, "Rapa Nui" be a new one, give to the island by Polynesians in the mid 1800.
the old name know for this island be "Te Pito 'o Te Henua".
over 800 statue be today on the island, but when Roggeveen discover Easter Island, these be in pretty good shape, many in place. afterwards many have fall. it be generally believe that there be revolt, conflict and the islander pull they down. there even be theory that point out to the possibility of tsunami tidal wave, which could have demolish moai statue, for example it be strongly suggest that the site of Ahu Tongariki be destroy by such a force come from the ocean.
Recovery from the conflict, colonization and more tragedy
follow the drastic decrease of population induce by the tribal violence and famine, Rapa Nui have recover only by the mid 1800, when about 4.000 people live there. but in the 1800 and the 1900, more and more Europeans and South Americans arrive to Easter Island, which have become part of Chile in 1888.
tragically many Rapa Nui people be forcefully deport to Peru and Chile, many other die of disease bring in by the white man.
all these have almost lead to the extermination of the whole population. in 1877 only 111 Rapa Nui people exist on the island.
later, the island's population take a positive turn and many Polynesians, Amerindians and white man from Chile and Peru come to settle here.
today tourism, fishing, some agriculture account for the main economic resource of the island. in fact, tourism which so far help the island may be its big threat as more and more people flock to this tiny triangular land on a weekly basis.
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History ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PRON location PUNCT INTJ PUNCT PUNCT ADJ page PUNCT PUNCT Culture PUNCT history SYM History ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE AUX DET ADJ ADJ rank leader ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART AUX VERB PRON people ADP NUM boats ADJ ADP NUM PUNCT ADV ADV NUM PUNCT years ADV ADP DET island PUNCT SPACE ADJ literature VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP ADP PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART ADJ king PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ kings PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ rulers ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB DET term PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET locals PUNCT DET meaning sort ADP DET PUNCT ADJ leader PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ ruler PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET settlement ADP DET island SPACE ADP ADV PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP ADP NUM years PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT specialists ADV VERB ADP SCONJ DET ADJ settlers VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE Specialists VERB SCONJ DET island AUX VERB ADV ADP NUM PROPN CCONJ NUM BC PUNCT Pollen 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History ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PRON location PUNCT INTJ PUNCT PUNCT ADJ page PUNCT PUNCT Culture PUNCT history SYM History ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE AUX DET ADJ ADJ rank leader ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART AUX VERB PRON people ADP NUM boats ADJ ADP NUM PUNCT ADV ADV NUM PUNCT years ADV ADP DET island PUNCT SPACE ADJ literature VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP ADP PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART ADJ king PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ kings PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ rulers ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB DET term PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET locals PUNCT DET meaning sort ADP DET PUNCT ADJ leader PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ ruler PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET settlement ADP DET island SPACE ADP ADV PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP ADP NUM years PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT specialists ADV VERB ADP SCONJ DET ADJ settlers VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE Specialists VERB SCONJ DET island AUX VERB ADV ADP NUM PROPN CCONJ NUM BC PUNCT Pollen 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agriculture VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ resources ADP DET island PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT tourism DET ADV ADV VERB DET island AUX AUX PRON ADJ threat ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ people VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ land ADP DET ADJ basis PUNCT
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History ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PRON location PUNCT INTJ PUNCT PUNCT ADJ page PUNCT PUNCT Culture PUNCT history SYM History ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE AUX DET ADJ ADJ rank leader ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART AUX VERB PRON people ADP NUM boats ADJ ADP NUM PUNCT ADV ADV NUM PUNCT years ADV ADP DET island PUNCT SPACE ADJ literature VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP ADP PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART ADJ king PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ kings PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ rulers ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB DET term PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET locals PUNCT DET meaning sort ADP DET PUNCT ADJ leader PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ ruler PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET settlement ADP DET island SPACE ADP ADV PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP ADP NUM years PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT specialists ADV VERB ADP SCONJ DET ADJ settlers VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE Specialists VERB SCONJ DET island AUX VERB ADV ADP NUM PROPN CCONJ NUM BC PUNCT Pollen 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ADP PROPN PART visit PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ life ADP DET island AUX VERB ADP ADP deforestation CCONJ DET depletion ADP DET island PART ADJ resources PUNCT SPACE Today PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX ADV ADJ trees PUNCT DET AUX ADP ADP DET fact SCONJ DET locals AUX VERB ADP DET wood ADP firewood PUNCT boat CCONJ house construction PUNCT CCONJ ADV AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ amounts ADP trees ADP building tools PART VERB CCONJ VERB DET moai ADP place PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON AUX forests ADP palm trees ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV DET ADJ palm trees PRON VERB AUX VERB PUNCT ADV AUX DET ADJ trees DET AUX VERB ADV ADP ADJ islands CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET disappearing ADP forests AUX VERB ADP DET conflict ADP DET island PUNCT PRON AUX PART ADJ wood PART VERB fishing boats PUNCT ADV DET islands AUX VERB ADP VERB ADV ADP fishing CCONJ ADV ADP VERB DET island PUNCT DET disappearance ADP wood AUX ADV VERB ADP DET decrease ADP DET number ADP bids PUNCT DET AUX PART VERB nests ADV PUNCT DET locals VERB PRON VERB ADP 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AUX VERB moai statues PUNCT ADP example PRON AUX ADV VERB SCONJ DET site ADP PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET DET force VERB ADP DET ocean PUNCT SPACE Recovery ADP DET conflicts PUNCT colonization CCONJ ADJ tragedy SPACE VERB DET ADJ decrease ADP population VERB ADP DET ADJ violence CCONJ famine PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ 1800s PUNCT SCONJ ADV NUM people VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET 1800s CCONJ DET 1900s PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET AUX VERB part ADP PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE ADV ADJ PROPN PROPN people AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADJ others VERB ADP diseases VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ man PUNCT SPACE DET DET AUX ADV VERB ADP DET extermination ADP DET ADJ population PUNCT ADP NUM ADV NUM PROPN PROPN people VERB ADP DET island PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET island PART population VERB DET ADJ turn CCONJ ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ ADJ men ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB PART VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE Today tourism PUNCT fishing PUNCT DET agriculture VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ resources ADP DET island PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT tourism DET ADV ADV VERB DET island AUX AUX PRON ADJ threat ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ people VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ land ADP DET ADJ basis PUNCT
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In a commentary in the February issue of the journal Nature, a team of scientists from University of California, San Francisco has suggested that sugar should be regulated like alcohol and cigarettes.
In an article entitled ‘The toxic truth about sugar’, the UCSF group suggests that like alcohol and tobacco, sugar is a toxic, addictive substance that should be highly regulated with taxes, laws on where and to whom it can be advertised, and even age-restricted sales.
In response, the American Beverage Association issued the following statement:
"The authors of this commentary attempt to address the critical global health issue of non-communicable diseases such as heart disease and diabetes. However, in doing so, their comparison of sugar to alcohol and tobacco is simply without scientific merit. Moreover, an isolated focus on a single ingredient such as sugar or fructose to address health issues noted by the World Health Organization to be caused by multiple factors, including tobacco use, harmful alcohol use, an unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity, is an oversimplification.
“There is no evidence that focusing solely on reducing sugar intake would have any meaningful public health impact. Importantly, we know that the body of scientific evidence does not support that sugar, in any of its various forms - including fructose, is a unique cause of chronic health conditions such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease or metabolic syndrome."
Source: American Beverage Association
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commentary issue journal team scientists sugar alcohol cigarettes article truth sugar group alcohol tobacco sugar substance taxes laws age sales response statement authors commentary attempt health issue diseases heart disease diabetes comparison sugar alcohol tobacco merit focus ingredient sugar health issues factors tobacco use alcohol use diet lack activity oversimplification evidence sugar intake health impact body evidence sugar forms cause health conditions obesity diabetes hypertension disease metabolic syndrome Source article calorie information fingertips pictures snacks Intersnack
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in a commentary in the February issue of the journal Nature, a team of scientist from University of California, San Francisco have suggest that sugar should be regulate like alcohol and cigarette.
in an article entitle 'the toxic truth about sugar', the UCSF group suggest that like alcohol and tobacco, sugar be a toxic, addictive substance that should be highly regulate with taxis, law on where and to whom it can be advertise, and even age-restrict sale.
in response, the American Beverage Association issue the follow statement:
"the author of this commentary attempt to address the critical global health issue of non-communicable disease such as heart disease and diabetes. however, in do so, their comparison of sugar to alcohol and tobacco be simply without scientific merit. moreover, an isolated focus on a single ingredient such as sugar or fructose to address health issue note by the World Health Organization to be cause by multiple factor, include tobacco use, harmful alcohol use, an unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity, be an oversimplification.
"there be no evidence that focus solely on reduce sugar intake would have any meaningful public health impact. importantly, we know that the body of scientific evidence do not support that sugar, in any of its various form - include fructose, be a unique cause of chronic health condition such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease or metabolic syndrome."
source: American Beverage Association
- if you enjoy this article, you may also like this: ABA put calorie information at your fingertip
- Caffé Culture 2013, in picture
- Tetra Pak receive DuPont Continuing Innovation Award
- Pom-Bear Zoo snack from intersnack
|
ADP DET commentary ADP DET PROPN issue ADP DET journal PROPN PUNCT DET team ADP scientists ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX VERB SCONJ sugar AUX AUX VERB ADP alcohol CCONJ cigarettes PUNCT SPACE ADP DET article VERB PUNCT DET ADJ truth ADP sugar PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN group VERB SCONJ ADP alcohol CCONJ tobacco PUNCT sugar AUX DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ substance PRON AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP taxes PUNCT laws ADP SCONJ CCONJ PART PRON PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADV age PUNCT VERB sales PUNCT SPACE ADP response PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ statement PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET authors ADP DET commentary VERB PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ health issue ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ diseases ADJ ADP heart disease CCONJ diabetes PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP VERB ADV PUNCT PRON comparison ADP sugar ADP alcohol CCONJ tobacco AUX ADV ADP ADJ merit PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ focus ADP DET ADJ ingredient ADJ ADP sugar CCONJ fructose PART VERB health issues VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PART AUX VERB ADP ADJ factors PUNCT VERB tobacco use PUNCT ADJ alcohol use PUNCT DET ADJ diet CCONJ lack ADP ADJ activity PUNCT AUX DET oversimplification PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX DET evidence SCONJ VERB ADV ADP VERB sugar intake AUX AUX DET ADJ ADJ health impact PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET body ADP ADJ evidence AUX PART VERB SCONJ sugar PUNCT ADP DET ADP PRON ADJ forms PUNCT VERB fructose PUNCT AUX DET ADJ cause ADP ADJ health conditions ADJ ADP obesity PUNCT diabetes PUNCT hypertension PUNCT ADJ disease CCONJ ADJ syndrome PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Source PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET article PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB DET PUNCT PROPN VERB calorie information ADP PRON fingertips SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP pictures SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN snacks ADP PROPN
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ADP DET commentary ADP DET PROPN issue ADP DET journal PROPN PUNCT DET team ADP scientists ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX VERB SCONJ sugar AUX AUX VERB ADP alcohol CCONJ cigarettes PUNCT SPACE ADP DET article VERB PUNCT DET ADJ truth ADP sugar PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN group VERB SCONJ ADP alcohol CCONJ tobacco PUNCT sugar AUX DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ substance PRON AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP taxes PUNCT laws ADP SCONJ CCONJ PART PRON PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADV age PUNCT VERB sales PUNCT SPACE ADP response PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ statement PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET authors ADP DET commentary VERB PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ health issue ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ diseases ADJ ADP heart disease CCONJ diabetes PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP VERB ADV PUNCT PRON comparison ADP sugar ADP alcohol CCONJ tobacco AUX ADV ADP ADJ merit PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ focus ADP DET ADJ ingredient ADJ ADP sugar CCONJ fructose PART VERB health issues VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PART AUX VERB ADP ADJ factors PUNCT VERB tobacco use PUNCT ADJ alcohol use PUNCT DET ADJ diet CCONJ lack ADP ADJ activity PUNCT AUX DET oversimplification PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX DET evidence SCONJ VERB ADV ADP VERB sugar intake AUX AUX DET ADJ ADJ health impact PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET body ADP ADJ evidence AUX PART VERB SCONJ sugar PUNCT ADP DET ADP PRON ADJ forms PUNCT VERB fructose PUNCT AUX DET ADJ cause ADP ADJ health conditions ADJ ADP obesity PUNCT diabetes PUNCT hypertension PUNCT ADJ disease CCONJ ADJ syndrome PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Source PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET article PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB DET PUNCT PROPN VERB calorie information ADP PRON fingertips SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP pictures SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN snacks ADP PROPN
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ADP DET commentary ADP DET PROPN issue ADP DET journal PROPN PUNCT DET team ADP scientists ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX VERB SCONJ sugar AUX AUX VERB ADP alcohol CCONJ cigarettes PUNCT SPACE ADP DET article VERB PUNCT DET ADJ truth ADP sugar PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN group VERB SCONJ ADP alcohol CCONJ tobacco PUNCT sugar AUX DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ substance PRON AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP taxes PUNCT laws ADP SCONJ CCONJ PART PRON PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADV age PUNCT VERB sales PUNCT SPACE ADP response PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ statement PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET authors ADP DET commentary VERB PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ health issue ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ diseases ADJ ADP heart disease CCONJ diabetes PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP VERB ADV PUNCT PRON comparison ADP sugar ADP alcohol CCONJ tobacco AUX ADV ADP ADJ merit PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ focus ADP DET ADJ ingredient ADJ ADP sugar CCONJ fructose PART VERB health issues VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PART AUX VERB ADP ADJ factors PUNCT VERB tobacco use PUNCT ADJ alcohol use PUNCT DET ADJ diet CCONJ lack ADP ADJ activity PUNCT AUX DET oversimplification PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX DET evidence SCONJ VERB ADV ADP VERB sugar intake AUX AUX DET ADJ ADJ health impact PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET body ADP ADJ evidence AUX PART VERB SCONJ sugar PUNCT ADP DET ADP PRON ADJ forms PUNCT VERB fructose PUNCT AUX DET ADJ cause ADP ADJ health conditions ADJ ADP obesity PUNCT diabetes PUNCT hypertension PUNCT ADJ disease CCONJ ADJ syndrome PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Source PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET article PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB DET PUNCT PROPN VERB calorie information ADP PRON fingertips SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP pictures SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN snacks ADP PROPN
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Blocking production of a pyruvate kinase splice-variant shows therapeutic promise
Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
– Cancer cells grow fast. That’s an essential characteristic of what makes them cancer cells. They’ve crashed through all the cell-cycle checkpoints and are continuously growing and dividing, far outstripping our normal cells. To do this they need to speed up their metabolism.
CSHL Professor Adrian Krainer and his team have found a way to target the cancer cell metabolic process and in the process specifically kill cancer cells.
Nearly 90 years ago the German chemist and Nobel laureate Otto Warburg proposed that cancer’s prime cause was a change in cell metabolism – i.e., in cells’ production and consumption of energy. In particular cancer cells have a stubborn propensity to eschew using glucose as a source to generate energy. This is known as the Warburg Effect.
While metabolic changes are an important feature in the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells they are not now thought to be cancer’s primary cause. Despite this, metabolic changes remain an attractive target for cancer therapy, as Krainer and colleagues show in a paper published online today in Open Biology
, the open-access journal of Great Britain’s Royal Society.This image compares glioblastoma cells untreated or treated with antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) that modulate splicing for PK-M. The cells are visible under light microscopy in the left column, and the DNA in their nuclei shows up when using the blue dye DAPI in the second column. PK-M2 is visualized using a red stain in the third column, with the merge of the images in each row in the forth column. The 2nd and 3rd rows show cells that have been treated with ASOs. The red dye is nearly all gone indicating that there is less PK-M2 and that the ASOs have worked. Image courtesy of Zhenxun Wang and Adrian Krainer. (click to enlarge)
One difference between metabolism in cancer and normal cells is the switch in cancer to the production of a different version, or isoform, of a protein produced from the pyruvate kinase-M (PK-M) gene. The protein version produced in normal cells is known as PK-M1, while the one produced by cancer cells is known as PK-M2.
PK-M2 is highly expressed in a broad range of cancer cells. It enables the cancer cell to consume far more glucose than normal, while using little of it for energy. Instead, the rest is used to make more material with which to build more cancer cells.
PK-M1 and PK-M2 are produced in a mutually exclusive manner -- one-at-a-time, from the same gene, by a mechanism known as alternative splicing. When a gene’s DNA is being copied into the messenger molecule known as mRNA, the intermediate template for making proteins, a cellular machine called the spliceosome cuts and pastes different pieces out of and into that mRNA molecule.
The non-essential parts that are edited out are known as introns, while the final protein-coding mRNA consists of a string of parts pasted together known as exons. The bit that fits into the PK-M1 gene-coding sequence is known as exon 9, while it is replaced in PK-M2 by exon 10. In this way alternative splicing provides the cell with the ability to make multiple proteins from a single gene.
Krainer, an authority on alternative splicing, previously published research
on the protein regulators that facilitate the splicing mechanism for PK-M. His team showed that expression of PK-M2 is favored in cancer cells by these proteins, which act to repress splicing for the PK-M1 isoform. In the study published today the team explains that it decided to target the splicing of PK-M using a technology called antisense, rather than target the proteins that regulate the splicing mechanism.
Using a panel of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small bits of modified DNA designed to bind to mRNA targets, they screened for new splicing regulatory elements in the PK-M gene. The idea was that one or more ASOs would bind to a region of the RNA essential for splicing in exon 10 and reveal that site by preventing splicing of exon 10 from occurring.
Indeed, this is what happened. “We found we can force cancer cells to make the normal isoform, PK-M1,” sums up Krainer. In fact, a group of potent ASOs were found that bound to a previously unknown enhancer element in exon 10, i.e., an element that predisposes for expression of the PK-M2 isoform, thus preventing its recognition by splicing-regulatory proteins. This initiated a switch that favored the PK-M1 isoform.
When they then deliberately targeted the PK-M2 isoform for repression in cells derived from a glioblastoma, a deadly brain cancer, all the cells died. They succumbed through what is known as programmed cell death or apoptosis -- a process whereby the cell shuts down its own machinery and chops up its own DNA in committing a form of cellular suicide.
As to why the cells die when PK-M2 is repressed: the team found it was not due to the concomitant increase in PK-M1 (the cells survived even when extra PK-M1 was introduced). Rather, it was the loss of the PK-M2 isoform that was associated with the death of the cancer cells. How this works is still unclear but a subject of investigation in the Krainer laboratory.
The next step will be to take their ASO reagents into mouse models of cancer to see if they behave the same way there. While there are some technical and methodological obstacles to overcome, Krainer is optimistic.
“PK-M2 is preferentially expressed in cancer cells, a general feature of all types of cancer -- it’s a key switch in their metabolism,” he says. Thus targeting the alternative splicing mechanism of PK-M2 using ASOs has the potential to be a cancer therapeutic with many applications.
The paper can be obtained online at the following link: Zhenxun Wang, Hyun Yong Jeon, Frank Rigo, C. Frank Bennett and Adrian R. Krainer. 2012 Manipulation of PK-M mutually exclusive alternative splicing by antisense oligonucleotides. Open Biology 2: 120133. http://rsob.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/10/120133.full
The research described in this release was supported by the National Cancer Institute grant CA13106, the St. Giles Foundation, and a National Science Scholarship from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore. About Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Founded in 1890, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) has shaped contemporary biomedical research and education with programs in cancer, neuroscience, plant biology and quantitative biology. CSHL is ranked number one in the world by Thomson Reuters for impact of its research in molecular biology and genetics. The Laboratory has been home to eight Nobel Prize winners. Today, CSHL's multidisciplinary scientific community is more than 360 scientists strong and its Meetings & Courses program hosts more than 12,500 scientists from around the world each year to its Long Island campus and its China center. Tens of thousands more benefit from the research, reviews, and ideas published in journals and books distributed internationally by CSHL Press. The Laboratory's education arm also includes a graduate school and programs for undergraduates as well as middle and high school students and teachers. CSHL is a private, not-for-profit institution on the north shore of Long Island. For more information, visit www.cshl.edu.
Written by: Edward Brydo
n, Science Writer
|
production kinase splice promise Cancer cells characteristic cancer cells cell cycle checkpoints cells metabolism team way cancer cell metabolic process process cancer cells years chemist laureate cancer cause change cell metabolism cells production consumption energy cancer cells propensity glucose source energy metabolic changes feature transformation cells cancer cells cancer cause metabolic changes target cancer therapy colleagues paper today access journal image glioblastoma cells antisense oligonucleotides splicing cells microscopy column DNA nuclei dye column stain column merge images row forth column 3rd rows cells ASOs dye Image courtesy difference metabolism cancer cells switch cancer production version isoform protein gene protein version cells one cancer cells range cancer cells cancer cell glucose energy rest material cancer cells manner time gene mechanism splicing gene DNA messenger molecule mRNA template proteins machine spliceosome cuts pieces molecule parts introns protein mRNA string parts exons bit gene sequence way splicing cell ability proteins gene authority splicing research protein regulators splicing mechanism team expression cancer cells proteins splicing isoform study today team splicing technology antisense proteins splicing mechanism panel antisense oligonucleotides bits DNA mRNA targets splicing elements gene idea ASOs region site splicing cancer cells isoform fact group ASOs enhancer element element expression isoform recognition splicing proteins switch isoform isoform repression cells glioblastoma brain cancer cells cell death apoptosis process cell machinery DNA form suicide cells team increase cells loss isoform death cancer cells subject investigation laboratory step reagents mouse models cancer way obstacles cancer cells feature types cancer switch metabolism splicing mechanism ASOs potential cancer applications paper link alternative splicing antisense oligonucleotides research release grant research education programs cancer neuroscience plant biology biology number world impact research biology genetics winners Today community scientists program hosts scientists world year campus center Tens thousands benefit research reviews ideas journals books education arm school programs undergraduates school students teachers profit institution north shore information
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block production of a pyruvate kinase splice-variant show therapeutic promise
Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
– cancer cell grow fast. that’ an essential characteristic of what make they cancer cell. they’ve crash through all the cell-cycle checkpoint and be continuously grow and divide, far outstrip our normal cell. to do this they need to speed up their metabolism.
CSHL Professor Adrian Krainer and his team have find a way to target the cancer cell metabolic process and in the process specifically kill cancer cell.
nearly 90 year ago the german chemist and Nobel laureate Otto Warburg propose that cancer’s prime cause be a change in cell metabolism – i.e., in cell' production and consumption of energy. in particular cancer cell have a stubborn propensity to eschew use glucose as a source to generate energy. this be know as the Warburg Effect.
while metabolic change be an important feature in the transformation of normal cell into cancer cell they be not now think to be cancer’s primary cause. despite this, metabolic change remain an attractive target for cancer therapy, as Krainer and colleague show in a paper publish online today in Open Biology
, the open-access journal of Great Britain’s Royal Society.this image compare glioblastoma cell untreate or treat with antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that modulate splicing for PK-M. the cell be visible under light microscopy in the left column, and the dna in their nucleus show up when use the blue dye DAPI in the second column. PK-M2 be visualize use a red stain in the third column, with the merge of the image in each row in the forth column. the 2nd and 3rd row show cell that have be treat with aso. the red dye be nearly all go indicate that there be less PK-M2 and that the ASOs have work. image courtesy of Zhenxun Wang and Adrian Krainer. (click to enlarge)
one difference between metabolism in cancer and normal cell be the switch in cancer to the production of a different version, or isoform, of a protein produce from the pyruvate kinase-M (PK-M) gene. the protein version produce in normal cell be know as PK-M1, while the one produce by cancer cell be know as PK-M2.
PK-M2 be highly express in a broad range of cancer cell. it enable the cancer cell to consume far more glucose than normal, while use little of it for energy. instead, the rest be use to make more material with which to build more cancer cell.
PK-M1 and PK-M2 be produce in a mutually exclusive manner -- one-at-a-time, from the same gene, by a mechanism know as alternative splicing. when a gene’s dna be be copy into the messenger molecule know as mRNA, the intermediate template for make protein, a cellular machine call the spliceosome cut and paste different piece out of and into that mrna molecule.
the non-essential part that be edit out be know as intron, while the final protein-cod mrna consist of a string of part paste together know as exon. the bit that fit into the PK-M1 gene-cod sequence be know as exon 9, while it be replace in PK-M2 by exon 10. in this way alternative splicing provide the cell with the ability to make multiple protein from a single gene.
Krainer, an authority on alternative splicing, previously publish research
on the protein regulator that facilitate the splicing mechanism for PK-M. his team show that expression of PK-M2 be favor in cancer cell by these protein, which act to repress splicing for the PK-M1 isoform. in the study publish today the team explain that it decide to target the splicing of PK-M use a technology call antisense, rather than target the protein that regulate the splicing mechanism.
use a panel of antisense oligonucleotide (ASOs), small bit of modify dna design to bind to mRNA target, they screen for new splicing regulatory element in the PK-M gene. the idea be that one or more aso would bind to a region of the RNA essential for splice in exon 10 and reveal that site by prevent splicing of exon 10 from occur.
indeed, this be what happen. "we find we can force cancer cell to make the normal isoform, PK-M1," sum up Krainer. in fact, a group of potent aso be find that bind to a previously unknown enhancer element in exon 10, i.e., an element that predispose for expression of the PK-M2 isoform, thus prevent its recognition by splicing-regulatory protein. this initiate a switch that favor the PK-M1 isoform.
when they then deliberately target the PK-M2 isoform for repression in cell derive from a glioblastoma, a deadly brain cancer, all the cell die. they succumb through what be know as program cell death or apoptosis -- a process whereby the cell shut down its own machinery and chop up its own dna in commit a form of cellular suicide.
as to why the cell die when PK-M2 be repress: the team find it be not due to the concomitant increase in PK-M1 (the cell survive even when extra PK-M1 be introduce). rather, it be the loss of the PK-M2 isoform that be associate with the death of the cancer cell. how this work be still unclear but a subject of investigation in the Krainer laboratory.
the next step will be to take their ASO reagent into mouse model of cancer to see if they behave the same way there. while there be some technical and methodological obstacle to overcome, Krainer be optimistic.
"PK-M2 be preferentially express in cancer cell, a general feature of all type of cancer -- it’ a key switch in their metabolism," he say. thus target the alternative splicing mechanism of PK-M2 use aso have the potential to be a cancer therapeutic with many application.
the paper can be obtain online at the following link: Zhenxun Wang, Hyun Yong Jeon, Frank Rigo, C. Frank Bennett and Adrian R. Krainer. 2012 Manipulation of PK-M mutually exclusive alternative splicing by antisense oligonucleotide. Open Biology 2: 120133. http://rsob.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/10/120133.full
the research describe in this release be support by the National Cancer Institute grant CA13106, the St. Giles Foundation, and a National Science Scholarship from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore. about Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Founded in 1890, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) have shape contemporary biomedical research and education with program in cancer, neuroscience, plant biology and quantitative biology. CSHL be rank number one in the world by Thomson Reuters for impact of its research in molecular biology and genetic. the Laboratory have be home to eight Nobel Prize winner. today, CSHL's multidisciplinary scientific community be more than 360 scientist strong and its Meetings & Courses program host more than 12,500 scientist from around the world each year to its Long Island campus and its China center. ten of thousand more benefit from the research, review, and idea publish in journal and book distribute internationally by CSHL Press. the Laboratory's education arm also include a graduate school and program for undergraduate as well as middle and high school student and teacher. CSHL be a private, not-for-profit institution on the north shore of Long Island. for more information, visit www.cshl.edu.
write by: Edward Brydo
n, Science Writer
|
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VERB production ADP DET pyruvate kinase splice PUNCT variant VERB ADJ promise SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT Cancer cells VERB ADV PUNCT DET VERB DET ADJ characteristic ADP PRON VERB PRON cancer cells PUNCT PRON VERB VERB ADP DET DET cell PUNCT cycle checkpoints CCONJ AUX ADV VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT ADV VERB PRON ADJ cells PUNCT PART AUX DET PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PRON metabolism PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PRON team AUX VERB DET way PART VERB DET cancer cell ADJ process CCONJ ADP DET process ADV VERB cancer cells PUNCT SPACE ADV NUM years ADV DET ADJ chemist CCONJ PROPN laureate PROPN PROPN VERB SCONJ cancer PART ADJ cause AUX DET change ADP cell metabolism PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP cells PART production CCONJ consumption ADP energy PUNCT ADP ADJ cancer cells AUX DET ADJ propensity PART VERB VERB glucose ADP DET source PART VERB energy PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE SCONJ ADJ changes AUX DET ADJ feature ADP DET transformation ADP ADJ cells ADP cancer cells PRON AUX PART ADV VERB PART AUX cancer PART ADJ cause PUNCT SCONJ DET PUNCT ADJ changes VERB DET ADJ target ADP cancer therapy PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ colleagues VERB ADP DET paper VERB ADV today ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT access journal ADP PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET image VERB glioblastoma cells VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ oligonucleotides PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET cells AUX ADJ ADP ADJ microscopy ADP DET ADJ column PUNCT CCONJ DET DNA ADP PRON nuclei VERB ADP SCONJ VERB DET ADJ dye PROPN ADP DET ADJ column PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB VERB DET ADJ stain ADP DET ADJ column PUNCT ADP DET merge ADP DET images ADP DET row ADP DET ADJ column PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ rows VERB cells PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ dye AUX ADV DET VERB VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ SCONJ DET PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT Image courtesy ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB PART VERB PUNCT SPACE NUM difference ADP metabolism ADP cancer CCONJ ADJ cells AUX DET switch ADP cancer ADP DET production ADP DET ADJ version PUNCT CCONJ isoform PUNCT ADP DET protein VERB ADP DET pyruvate kinase PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT gene PUNCT DET protein version VERB ADP ADJ cells AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET NUM VERB ADP cancer cells AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ range ADP cancer cells PUNCT PRON VERB DET cancer cell PART VERB ADV ADJ glucose ADP ADJ PUNCT SCONJ VERB ADJ ADP PRON ADP energy PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET rest AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ material ADP DET PART VERB ADJ cancer cells PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ manner PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT time PUNCT ADP DET ADJ gene PUNCT ADP DET mechanism VERB ADP ADJ splicing PUNCT SCONJ DET gene PART PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP DET messenger molecule VERB ADP mRNA PUNCT DET ADJ template ADP VERB proteins PUNCT DET ADJ machine VERB DET spliceosome VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ pieces ADP ADP CCONJ ADP DET mRNA molecule PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ADJ ADJ parts PRON AUX VERB ADP AUX VERB ADP introns PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ protein PUNCT VERB mRNA VERB ADP DET string ADP parts VERB ADV VERB ADP exons PUNCT DET bit PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN gene PUNCT VERB sequence AUX VERB ADP exon NUM PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP exon NUM PUNCT ADP DET way ADJ splicing VERB DET cell ADP DET ability PART VERB ADJ proteins ADP DET ADJ gene PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT DET authority ADP ADJ splicing PUNCT ADV VERB research SPACE ADP DET protein regulators PRON VERB DET splicing mechanism ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON team VERB SCONJ expression ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADP cancer cells ADP DET proteins PUNCT DET VERB PART VERB splicing ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN isoform PUNCT ADP DET study VERB today DET team VERB SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB DET splicing ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB DET technology VERB antisense PUNCT 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cells VERB ADP DET glioblastoma PUNCT DET ADJ brain cancer PUNCT DET DET cells VERB PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PRON AUX VERB ADP VERB cell death CCONJ apoptosis PUNCT DET process SCONJ DET cell VERB ADP PRON ADJ machinery CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADJ PROPN ADP VERB DET form ADP ADJ suicide PUNCT SPACE ADP ADP SCONJ DET cells VERB SCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT DET team VERB PRON AUX PART ADJ ADP DET ADJ increase ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET cells VERB ADV SCONJ ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX DET loss ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN isoform PRON AUX VERB ADP DET death ADP DET cancer cells PUNCT SCONJ DET VERB AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ DET subject ADP investigation ADP DET PROPN laboratory PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ step AUX AUX PART VERB PRON PROPN reagents ADP mouse models ADP cancer PART VERB SCONJ PRON VERB DET ADJ way ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ obstacles PART VERB PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP cancer cells PUNCT DET ADJ feature ADP DET types ADP cancer PUNCT PRON VERB DET key switch ADP PRON metabolism PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT ADV VERB DET ADJ splicing mechanism ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB PROPN AUX DET potential PART AUX DET cancer therapeutic ADP ADJ applications PUNCT SPACE DET paper AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ link PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM Manipulation ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADV ADJ ADJ splicing ADP ADJ oligonucleotides PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT X SPACE DET research VERB ADP DET release AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN grant NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE VERB ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ ADJ research CCONJ education ADP programs ADP cancer PUNCT neuroscience PUNCT plant biology CCONJ ADJ biology PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB number NUM ADP DET world ADP PROPN PROPN ADP impact ADP PRON research ADP ADJ biology CCONJ genetics PUNCT DET PROPN AUX AUX home ADP NUM PROPN PROPN winners PUNCT Today PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ ADJ community AUX ADJ ADP NUM scientists ADJ CCONJ PRON PROPN CCONJ PROPN program VERB ADJ ADP NUM scientists ADP ADP DET world DET year ADP PRON PROPN PROPN campus CCONJ PRON PROPN center PUNCT Tens ADP thousands ADJ VERB ADP DET research PUNCT reviews PUNCT CCONJ ideas VERB ADP journals CCONJ books VERB ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PART education arm ADV VERB DET graduate school CCONJ programs ADP undergraduates ADV ADV ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ school students CCONJ teachers PUNCT PROPN AUX DET ADJ PUNCT PART PUNCT ADP PUNCT profit institution ADP DET ADJ shore ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT VERB X PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN
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Some folks laugh at the notion of Uncle Sam reaching his hand literally into our backyards and regulating almost every drop of water. But, a bill in Congress would do just that. And if it passes, not just farmers and ranchers would be affected, but all landowners.
The Clean Water Restoration Act, or S. 787, gives the government the right to extend its reach to any body of water from farm ponds, to storm water retention basins, to roadside ditches, to desert washes, even to streets and gutters. The legislation leaves no water unregulated and could even impact standing rainwater in a dry area.
Private property owners beware.
While it has "restoration" in its title, it does anything but. The Clean Water Restoration Act is not a restoration of the Clean Water Act at all. It is a means for activists to remove any bounds from the scope of Clean Water Act jurisdiction to extend the government's regulatory reach. But, what the activists won't tell you is that the Clean Water Act is working, and has been for the last 36 years.
Put simply, this legislation would replace the term "navigable waters" from the Clean Water Act with "all interstate and intrastate waters." Farm Bureau supports the protection of U.S. navigable waters, as well as rivers and streams that flow to navigable waters -- all of which are already protected under current law. But, if the Clean Water Act is applied to all waters, farmers and ranchers would be significantly impacted due the number of farming activities that would require permits.
Under this new law, areas that contain water only during a rain would be subject to full federal regulation. Further, not only would many areas not previously regulated require federal permits, those permits would be subject to challenge in federal court, delaying or halting these activities resulting in a huge impact on rural economies.
Farmers and ranchers do a good job taking care of the land. As I often say, they are America's first environmentalists. They use modern conservation practices to protect our nation's water supplies. Many times these efforts are put in place voluntarily because farmers are driven by a strong stewardship ethic.
However, the restoration bill largely disregards the positive conservation role farmers and ranchers are playing. It replaces good works with strict rules. Rather than restore the Clean Water Act, it just brings a new truckload of restrictions for the people who do most to protect our water.
The Clean Water Restoration Act is regulatory overkill. It is written to give the federal government control of structures such as drainage ditches, which are only wet after rainfall. Taking these changes one step further, it would likely give federal regulators the ability to control everyday farming activities in adjacent fields.
Hard-working farm families can't afford, nor do they deserve, Uncle Sam's hand reaching into their backyards, their fields or even their puddles of rainwater.
Bob Stallman is president of the American Farm Bureau Federation.
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folks notion hand backyards drop water bill farmers ranchers landowners government right reach body water farm ponds storm water retention basins ditches desert washes streets gutters legislation water standing rainwater area property owners restoration title restoration means activists bounds scope jurisdiction government reach activists years legislation term waters waters protection waters rivers streams waters law waters farmers ranchers number farming activities permits law areas water rain regulation areas permits permits challenge court activities impact economies Farmers ranchers job care land environmentalists conservation practices nation water supplies times efforts place farmers stewardship ethic restoration bill conservation role farmers ranchers works rules truckload restrictions people water overkill government control structures drainage ditches rainfall changes step regulators ability farming activities fields farm families hand backyards fields puddles rainwater president
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some folk laugh at the notion of Uncle Sam reach his hand literally into our backyard and regulate almost every drop of water. but, a bill in Congress would do just that. and if it pass, not just farmer and rancher would be affect, but all landowner.
the Clean Water Restoration Act, or S. 787, give the government the right to extend its reach to any body of water from farm pond, to storm water retention basin, to roadside ditch, to desert wash, even to street and gutter. the legislation leave no water unregulated and could even impact standing rainwater in a dry area.
private property owner beware.
while it have "restoration" in its title, it do anything but. the Clean Water Restoration Act be not a restoration of the Clean Water Act at all. it be a means for activist to remove any bound from the scope of Clean Water Act jurisdiction to extend the government's regulatory reach. but, what the activist willnot tell you be that the Clean Water Act be work, and have be for the last 36 year.
put simply, this legislation would replace the term "navigable water" from the Clean Water Act with "all interstate and intrastate water." Farm Bureau support the protection of U.S. navigable water, as well as river and stream that flow to navigable water -- all of which be already protect under current law. but, if the Clean Water Act be apply to all water, farmer and rancher would be significantly impact due the number of farming activity that would require permit.
under this new law, area that contain water only during a rain would be subject to full federal regulation. far, not only would many area not previously regulate require federal permit, those permit would be subject to challenge in federal court, delay or halt these activity result in a huge impact on rural economy.
farmer and rancher do a good job take care of the land. as I often say, they be America's first environmentalist. they use modern conservation practice to protect our nation's water supply. many time these effort be put in place voluntarily because farmer be drive by a strong stewardship ethic.
however, the restoration bill largely disregard the positive conservation role farmer and rancher be play. it replace good work with strict rule. rather than restore the Clean Water Act, it just bring a new truckload of restriction for the people who do most to protect our water.
the Clean Water Restoration Act be regulatory overkill. it be write to give the federal government control of structure such as drainage ditch, which be only wet after rainfall. take these change one step far, it would likely give federal regulator the ability to control everyday farming activity in adjacent field.
hard-work farm family cannot afford, nor do they deserve, Uncle Sam's hand reach into their backyard, their field or even their puddle of rainwater.
Bob Stallman be president of the American Farm Bureau Federation.
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DET folks VERB ADP DET notion ADP PROPN PROPN VERB PRON hand ADV ADP PRON backyards CCONJ VERB ADV DET drop ADP water PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT DET bill ADP PROPN AUX AUX ADV DET PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT PART ADV farmers CCONJ ranchers AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ DET landowners PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB DET government DET right PART VERB PRON reach ADP DET body ADP water ADP farm ponds PUNCT ADP storm water retention basins PUNCT ADP ADJ ditches PUNCT ADP desert washes PUNCT ADV ADP streets CCONJ gutters PUNCT DET legislation VERB DET water ADJ CCONJ AUX ADV VERB ADJ rainwater ADP DET ADJ area PUNCT SPACE ADJ property owners VERB PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT restoration PUNCT ADP PRON title PUNCT PRON AUX PRON SCONJ PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX PART DET restoration ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADV ADV PUNCT PRON AUX DET means ADP activists PART VERB DET bounds ADP DET scope ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN jurisdiction PART VERB DET government PART ADJ reach PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT PRON DET activists AUX PART VERB PRON AUX SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ AUX AUX ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT SPACE VERB ADV PUNCT DET legislation AUX VERB DET term PUNCT ADJ waters PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ waters PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB DET protection ADP PROPN ADJ waters PUNCT ADV ADV ADP rivers CCONJ streams PRON VERB ADP ADJ waters PUNCT DET ADP DET AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ law PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET waters PUNCT farmers CCONJ ranchers AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP DET number ADP farming activities PRON AUX VERB permits PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ law PUNCT areas PRON VERB water ADV ADP DET rain AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADJ ADJ regulation PUNCT ADV PUNCT PART ADV AUX ADJ areas PART ADV VERB VERB ADJ permits PUNCT DET permits AUX AUX ADJ ADP challenge ADP ADJ court PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB DET activities VERB ADP DET ADJ impact ADP ADJ economies PUNCT SPACE Farmers CCONJ ranchers AUX DET ADJ job VERB care ADP DET land PUNCT ADP PRON ADV VERB PUNCT PRON AUX PROPN PART ADJ environmentalists PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ conservation practices PART VERB PRON nation PART water supplies PUNCT ADJ times DET efforts AUX VERB ADP place ADV SCONJ farmers AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ stewardship ethic PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET restoration bill ADV VERB DET ADJ conservation role farmers CCONJ ranchers AUX VERB PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ works ADP ADJ rules PUNCT ADV ADP VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET ADJ truckload ADP restrictions ADP DET people PRON AUX ADV PART VERB PRON water PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ overkill PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ government control ADP structures ADJ ADP drainage ditches PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADJ ADP rainfall PUNCT VERB DET changes NUM step ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADJ regulators DET ability PART VERB ADJ farming activities ADP ADJ fields PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT VERB farm families AUX PART VERB PUNCT CCONJ AUX PRON VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART hand VERB ADP PRON backyards PUNCT PRON fields CCONJ ADV PRON puddles ADP rainwater PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX president ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT
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DET folks VERB ADP DET notion ADP PROPN PROPN VERB PRON hand ADV ADP PRON backyards CCONJ VERB ADV DET drop ADP water PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT DET bill ADP PROPN AUX AUX ADV DET PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT PART ADV farmers CCONJ ranchers AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ DET landowners PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB DET government DET right PART VERB PRON reach ADP DET body ADP water ADP farm ponds PUNCT ADP storm water retention basins PUNCT ADP ADJ ditches PUNCT ADP desert washes PUNCT ADV ADP streets CCONJ gutters PUNCT DET legislation VERB DET water ADJ CCONJ AUX ADV VERB ADJ rainwater ADP DET ADJ area PUNCT SPACE ADJ property owners VERB PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT restoration PUNCT ADP PRON title PUNCT PRON AUX PRON SCONJ PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX PART DET restoration ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADV ADV PUNCT PRON AUX DET means ADP activists PART VERB DET bounds ADP DET scope ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN jurisdiction PART VERB DET government PART ADJ reach PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT PRON DET activists AUX PART VERB PRON AUX SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ AUX AUX ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT SPACE VERB ADV PUNCT DET legislation AUX VERB DET term PUNCT ADJ waters PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ waters PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB DET protection ADP PROPN ADJ waters PUNCT ADV ADV ADP rivers CCONJ streams PRON VERB ADP ADJ waters PUNCT DET ADP DET AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ law PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET waters PUNCT farmers CCONJ ranchers AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP DET number ADP farming activities PRON AUX VERB permits PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ law PUNCT areas PRON VERB water ADV ADP DET rain AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADJ ADJ regulation PUNCT ADV PUNCT PART ADV AUX ADJ areas PART ADV VERB VERB ADJ permits PUNCT DET permits AUX AUX ADJ ADP challenge ADP ADJ court PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB DET activities VERB ADP DET ADJ impact ADP ADJ economies PUNCT SPACE Farmers CCONJ ranchers AUX DET ADJ job VERB care ADP DET land PUNCT ADP PRON ADV VERB PUNCT PRON AUX PROPN PART ADJ environmentalists PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ conservation practices PART VERB PRON nation PART water supplies PUNCT ADJ times DET efforts AUX VERB ADP place ADV SCONJ farmers AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ stewardship ethic PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET restoration bill ADV VERB DET ADJ conservation role farmers CCONJ ranchers AUX VERB PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ works ADP ADJ rules PUNCT ADV ADP VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET ADJ truckload ADP restrictions ADP DET people PRON AUX ADV PART VERB PRON water PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ overkill PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ government control ADP structures ADJ ADP drainage ditches PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADJ ADP rainfall PUNCT VERB DET changes NUM step ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADJ regulators DET ability PART VERB ADJ farming activities ADP ADJ fields PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT VERB farm families AUX PART VERB PUNCT CCONJ AUX PRON VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART hand VERB ADP PRON backyards PUNCT PRON fields CCONJ ADV PRON puddles ADP rainwater PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX president ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT
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DET folks VERB ADP DET notion ADP PROPN PROPN VERB PRON hand ADV ADP PRON backyards CCONJ VERB ADV DET drop ADP water PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT DET bill ADP PROPN AUX AUX ADV DET PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT PART ADV farmers CCONJ ranchers AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ DET landowners PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB DET government DET right PART VERB PRON reach ADP DET body ADP water ADP farm ponds PUNCT ADP storm water retention basins PUNCT ADP ADJ ditches PUNCT ADP desert washes PUNCT ADV ADP streets CCONJ gutters PUNCT DET legislation VERB DET water ADJ CCONJ AUX ADV VERB ADJ rainwater ADP DET ADJ area PUNCT SPACE ADJ property owners VERB PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT restoration PUNCT ADP PRON title PUNCT PRON AUX PRON SCONJ PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX PART DET restoration ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADV ADV PUNCT PRON AUX DET means ADP activists PART VERB DET bounds ADP DET scope ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN jurisdiction PART VERB DET government PART ADJ reach PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT PRON DET activists AUX PART VERB PRON AUX SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ AUX AUX ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT SPACE VERB ADV PUNCT DET legislation AUX VERB DET term PUNCT ADJ waters PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ waters PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB DET protection ADP PROPN ADJ waters PUNCT ADV ADV ADP rivers CCONJ streams PRON VERB ADP ADJ waters PUNCT DET ADP DET AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ law PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET waters PUNCT farmers CCONJ ranchers AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP DET number ADP farming activities PRON AUX VERB permits PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ law PUNCT areas PRON VERB water ADV ADP DET rain AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADJ ADJ regulation PUNCT ADV PUNCT PART ADV AUX ADJ areas PART ADV VERB VERB ADJ permits PUNCT DET permits AUX AUX ADJ ADP challenge ADP ADJ court PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB DET activities VERB ADP DET ADJ impact ADP ADJ economies PUNCT SPACE Farmers CCONJ ranchers AUX DET ADJ job VERB care ADP DET land PUNCT ADP PRON ADV VERB PUNCT PRON AUX PROPN PART ADJ environmentalists PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ conservation practices PART VERB PRON nation PART water supplies PUNCT ADJ times DET efforts AUX VERB ADP place ADV SCONJ farmers AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ stewardship ethic PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET restoration bill ADV VERB DET ADJ conservation role farmers CCONJ ranchers AUX VERB PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ works ADP ADJ rules PUNCT ADV ADP VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET ADJ truckload ADP restrictions ADP DET people PRON AUX ADV PART VERB PRON water PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ overkill PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ government control ADP structures ADJ ADP drainage ditches PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADJ ADP rainfall PUNCT VERB DET changes NUM step ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADJ regulators DET ability PART VERB ADJ farming activities ADP ADJ fields PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT VERB farm families AUX PART VERB PUNCT CCONJ AUX PRON VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART hand VERB ADP PRON backyards PUNCT PRON fields CCONJ ADV PRON puddles ADP rainwater PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX president ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT
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This following chronology looks back at the problem of xenophobia since South Africa’s first democratic elections in 1994.
The Zulu-based Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) threatens to take “physical action” if the government fails to respond to the perceived crisis of undocumented migrants in South Africa.
IFP leader and Minister of Home Affairs Mangosutho Buthelezi says in his first speech to parliament: “If we as South Africans are going to compete for scarce resources with millions of aliens who are pouring into South Africa, then we can bid goodbye to our Reconstruction and Development Programme.”
In December gangs of South Africans try to evict perceived “illegals” from Alexandra township, blaming them for increased crime, sexual attacks and unemployment. The campaign, lasting several weeks, is known as “Buyelekhaya” (Go back home).
A report by the Southern African Bishops’ Conference concludes: “There is no doubt that there is a very high level of xenophobia in our country … One of the main problems is that a variety of people have been lumped together under the title of ‘illegal immigrants’, and the whole situation of demonising immigrants is feeding the xenophobia phenomenon.”
Defence Minister Joe Modise links the issue of undocumented migration to increased crime in a newspaper interview.
In a speech to parliament, Home Affairs Minister Buthelezi claims “illegal aliens” cost South African taxpayers “billions of rands” each year.
A study co-authored by the Human Sciences Research Council and the Institute for Security Studies reports that 65 percent of South Africans support forced repatriation of undocumented migrants. White South Africans are found to be most hostile to migrants, with 93 percent expressing negative attitudes.
Local hawkers in central Johannesburg attack their foreign counterparts. The chairperson of the Inner Johannesburg Hawkers Committee is quoted as saying: “We are prepared to push them out of the city, come what may. My group is not prepared to let our government inherit a garbage city because of these leeches.”
A Southern African Migration Project (SAMP) survey of migrants in Lesotho, Mozambique and Zimbabwe shows that very few would wish to settle in South Africa. A related study of migrant entrepreneurs in Johannesburg finds that these street traders create an average of three jobs per business.
Three non-South Africans are killed by a mob on a train travelling between Pretoria and Johannesburg in what is described as a xenophobic attack.
In December The Roll Back Xenophobia Campaign is launched by a partnership of the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC), the National Consortium on Refugee Affairs and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
The Department of Home Affairs reports that the majority of deportations are of Mozambicans (141,506) followed by Zimbabweans (28,548)
A report by the SAHRC notes that xenophobia underpins police action against foreigners. People are apprehended for being “too dark” or “walking like a black foreigner”. Police also regularly destroy documents of black non-South Africans.
Sudanese refugee James Diop is seriously injured after being thrown from a train in Pretoria by a group of armed men. Kenyan Roy Ndeti and his room mate are shot in their home. Both incidents are described as xenophobic attacks.
In Operation Crackdown, a joint police and army sweep, over 7,000 people are arrested on suspicion of being illegal immigrants. In contrast, only 14 people are arrested for serious crimes.
A SAHRC report on the Lindela deportation centre, a holding facility for undocumented migrants, lists a series of abuses at the facility, including assault and the systematic denial of basic rights. The report notes that 20 percent of detainees claimed South African citizenship or that they were in the country legally.
According to the 2001 census, out of South Africa’s population of 45 million, just under one million foreigners are legally resident in the country. However, the Department of Home Affairs estimates there are more than seven million undocumented migrants.
Protests erupt at Lindela over claims of beatings and inmate deaths, coinciding with hearings into xenophobia by SAHRC and parliament’s portfolio committee on foreign affairs.
Cape Town’s Somali community claim that 40 traders have been the victims of targeted killings between August and September.
Somali-owned businesses in the informal settlement of Diepsloot, outside Johannesburg, are repeatedly torched.
In March UNHCR notes its concern over the increase in the number of xenophobic attacks on Somalis. The Somali community claims 400 people have been killed in the past decade.
In May more than 20 people are arrested after shops belonging to Somalis and other foreign nationals are torched during anti-government protests in Khutsong township, a small mining town about 50km southwest of Johannesburg. According to the International Organisation of Migration, 177,514 Zimbabweans deported from South Africa pass through their reception centre across the border in Beitbridge since its opening in May 2006.
In March human rights organisations condemn a spate of xenophobic attacks around Pretoria that leave at least four people dead and hundreds homeless.
Sources include: IRIN, Human Rights Watch, SAMP, SAHRC, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation
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chronology problem xenophobia elections action government crisis migrants leader speech parliament resources millions aliens goodbye gangs illegals township crime attacks unemployment campaign weeks report Conference doubt level xenophobia country problems variety people title immigrants situation demonising immigrants xenophobia phenomenon issue migration crime newspaper interview speech parliament aliens cost taxpayers billions rands year study percent repatriation migrants migrants percent attitudes hawkers counterparts chairperson city group government garbage city leeches survey migrants study entrepreneurs street traders average jobs business mob train attack partnership majority deportations report xenophobia police action foreigners People foreigner Police documents refugee train group men room mate home incidents attacks police army sweep people suspicion immigrants contrast people crimes report deportation centre facility migrants series abuses facility assault denial rights report percent detainees citizenship country census population foreigners country migrants Protests claims beatings inmate deaths hearings parliament affairs community claim traders victims killings businesses settlement concern increase number attacks community people decade people shops nationals protests township mining town km southwest reception centre border opening rights organisations spate attacks people Sources
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this follow chronology look back at the problem of xenophobia since South Africa’s first democratic election in 1994.
the Zulu-base Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) threaten to take "physical action" if the government fail to respond to the perceive crisis of undocumented migrant in South Africa.
IFP leader and Minister of Home Affairs Mangosutho Buthelezi say in his first speech to parliament: "if we as South Africans be go to compete for scarce resource with million of alien who be pour into South Africa, then we can bid goodbye to our Reconstruction and Development Programme."
in December gang of South Africans try to evict perceive "illegal" from Alexandra township, blame they for increased crime, sexual attack and unemployment. the campaign, last several week, be know as "Buyelekhaya" (go back home).
a report by the southern African Bishops' conference conclude: "there be no doubt that there be a very high level of xenophobia in our country … one of the main problem be that a variety of people have be lump together under the title of 'illegal immigrant', and the whole situation of demonising immigrant be feed the xenophobia phenomenon."
Defence Minister Joe Modise link the issue of undocumented migration to increase crime in a newspaper interview.
in a speech to parliament, Home Affairs Minister Buthelezi claim "illegal alien" cost south african taxpayer "billion of rand" each year.
a study co-author by the Human Sciences Research Council and the Institute for Security Studies report that 65 percent of South Africans support force repatriation of undocumented migrant. White South Africans be find to be most hostile to migrant, with 93 percent express negative attitude.
local hawker in central Johannesburg attack their foreign counterpart. the chairperson of the Inner Johannesburg Hawkers Committee be quote as say: "we be prepared to push they out of the city, come what may. my group be not prepared to let our government inherit a garbage city because of these leech."
a southern African Migration Project (SAMP) survey of migrant in Lesotho, Mozambique and Zimbabwe show that very few would wish to settle in South Africa. a related study of migrant entrepreneur in Johannesburg find that these street trader create an average of three job per business.
three non-south Africans be kill by a mob on a train travel between Pretoria and Johannesburg in what be describe as a xenophobic attack.
in December the Roll back Xenophobia Campaign be launch by a partnership of the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC), the National Consortium on Refugee Affairs and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
the Department of Home Affairs report that the majority of deportation be of Mozambicans (141,506) follow by Zimbabweans (28,548)
a report by the SAHRC note that xenophobia underpin police action against foreigner. People be apprehend for be "too dark" or "walk like a black foreigner". Police also regularly destroy document of black non-south Africans.
sudanese refugee James Diop be seriously injure after be throw from a train in Pretoria by a group of armed man. Kenyan Roy Ndeti and his room mate be shoot in their home. both incident be describe as xenophobic attack.
in Operation Crackdown, a joint police and army sweep, over 7,000 people be arrest on suspicion of be illegal immigrant. in contrast, only 14 people be arrest for serious crime.
a SAHRC report on the Lindela deportation centre, a hold facility for undocumented migrant, list a series of abuse at the facility, include assault and the systematic denial of basic right. the report note that 20 percent of detainee claim south african citizenship or that they be in the country legally.
accord to the 2001 census, out of South Africa’s population of 45 million, just under one million foreigner be legally resident in the country. however, the Department of Home Affairs estimate there be more than seven million undocumented migrant.
protest erupt at Lindela over claim of beating and inmate death, coincide with hearing into xenophobia by SAHRC and parliament’s portfolio committee on foreign affair.
Cape Town’s somali community claim that 40 trader have be the victim of target killing between August and September.
Somali-own business in the informal settlement of Diepsloot, outside Johannesburg, be repeatedly torch.
in March UNHCR note its concern over the increase in the number of xenophobic attack on Somalis. the somali community claim 400 people have be kill in the past decade.
in May more than 20 people be arrest after shop belong to Somalis and other foreign national be torch during anti-government protest in Khutsong township, a small mining town about 50km southwest of Johannesburg. accord to the International Organisation of Migration, 177,514 Zimbabweans deport from South Africa pass through their reception centre across the border in Beitbridge since its opening in May 2006.
in March human right organisation condemn a spate of xenophobic attack around Pretoria that leave at least four people dead and hundred homeless.
source include: IRIN, Human Rights Watch, SAMP, SAHRC, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation
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DET VERB chronology VERB ADV ADP DET problem ADP xenophobia SCONJ PROPN PROPN PART ADJ ADJ elections ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB PART VERB PUNCT ADJ action PUNCT SCONJ DET government VERB PART VERB ADP DET VERB crisis ADP ADJ migrants ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN leader CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PRON ADJ speech ADP parliament PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON ADP PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB ADP ADJ resources ADP millions ADP aliens PRON AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV PRON AUX VERB goodbye ADP PRON PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN gangs ADP PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB VERB PUNCT illegals PUNCT ADP PROPN township PUNCT VERB PRON ADP VERB crime PUNCT ADJ attacks CCONJ unemployment PUNCT DET campaign PUNCT VERB ADJ weeks PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADV ADV PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET report ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX DET doubt SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADV ADJ level ADP xenophobia ADP PRON country PUNCT NUM ADP DET ADJ problems AUX SCONJ DET variety ADP people AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET title ADP PUNCT ADJ immigrants PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ situation ADP VERB immigrants AUX VERB DET xenophobia phenomenon PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET issue ADP ADJ migration ADP VERB crime ADP DET newspaper interview PUNCT SPACE ADP DET speech ADP parliament PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT ADJ aliens PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ taxpayers PUNCT billions ADP rands PUNCT DET year PUNCT SPACE DET study VERB VERB VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN VERB SCONJ NUM percent ADP PROPN PROPN VERB VERB repatriation ADP ADJ migrants PUNCT ADJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PART AUX ADV ADJ ADP migrants PUNCT ADP NUM percent VERB ADJ attitudes PUNCT SPACE ADJ hawkers ADP ADJ PROPN VERB PRON ADJ counterparts PUNCT DET chairperson ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP VERB PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB PRON ADP ADP DET city PUNCT VERB PRON AUX PUNCT PRON group AUX PART ADJ PART VERB PRON government VERB DET garbage city SCONJ ADP DET leeches PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT survey ADP migrants ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB SCONJ ADV ADJ AUX VERB PART VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ study ADP migrant entrepreneurs ADP PROPN VERB SCONJ DET street traders VERB DET average ADP NUM jobs ADP business PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ ADJ ADJ PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET mob ADP DET train VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ attack PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN DET VERB ADP PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET partnership ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN VERB SCONJ DET majority ADP deportations AUX ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE DET report ADP DET PROPN VERB SCONJ xenophobia VERB police action ADP foreigners PUNCT People AUX VERB ADP AUX PUNCT ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ foreigner PUNCT PUNCT Police ADV ADV VERB documents ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ refugee PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP AUX VERB ADP DET train ADP PROPN ADP DET group ADP ADJ men PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PRON room mate AUX VERB ADP PRON home PUNCT DET incidents AUX VERB ADP ADJ attacks PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ police CCONJ army sweep PUNCT ADP NUM people AUX VERB ADP suspicion ADP AUX ADJ immigrants PUNCT ADP contrast PUNCT ADV NUM people AUX VERB ADP ADJ crimes PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN report ADP DET PROPN deportation centre PUNCT DET holding facility ADP ADJ migrants PUNCT VERB DET series ADP abuses ADP DET facility PUNCT VERB assault CCONJ DET ADJ denial ADP ADJ rights PUNCT DET report VERB SCONJ NUM percent ADP detainees VERB ADJ ADJ citizenship CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX ADP DET country ADV PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET NUM census PUNCT ADP ADP PROPN PROPN PART population ADP NUM NUM PUNCT ADV ADP NUM NUM foreigners AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET country PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN VERB PRON AUX ADJ ADP NUM NUM ADJ migrants PUNCT SPACE Protests VERB ADP PROPN ADP claims ADP beatings CCONJ inmate deaths PUNCT VERB ADP hearings ADP xenophobia ADP PROPN CCONJ parliament PART portfolio committee ADP ADJ affairs PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PART ADJ community VERB SCONJ NUM traders AUX AUX DET victims ADP VERB killings ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT VERB businesses ADP DET ADJ settlement ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN VERB PRON concern ADP DET increase ADP DET number ADP ADJ attacks ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ community VERB NUM people AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ decade PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN ADJ ADP NUM people AUX VERB ADP shops VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ ADJ ADJ nationals AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ protests ADP PROPN township PUNCT DET ADJ mining town ADP NUM km ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PROPN VERB ADP PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PRON reception centre ADP DET border ADP PROPN SCONJ PRON opening ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN ADJ rights organisations VERB DET spate ADP ADJ attacks ADP PROPN PRON VERB ADV ADV NUM people ADJ CCONJ hundreds ADJ PUNCT SPACE Sources VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN
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DET VERB chronology VERB ADV ADP DET problem ADP xenophobia SCONJ PROPN PROPN PART ADJ ADJ elections ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB PART VERB PUNCT ADJ action PUNCT SCONJ DET government VERB PART VERB ADP DET VERB crisis ADP ADJ migrants ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN leader CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PRON ADJ speech ADP parliament PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON ADP PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB ADP ADJ resources ADP millions ADP aliens PRON AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV PRON AUX VERB goodbye ADP PRON PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN gangs ADP PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB VERB PUNCT illegals PUNCT ADP PROPN township PUNCT VERB PRON ADP VERB crime PUNCT ADJ attacks CCONJ unemployment PUNCT DET campaign PUNCT VERB ADJ weeks PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADV ADV PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET report ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX DET doubt SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADV ADJ level ADP xenophobia ADP PRON country PUNCT NUM ADP DET ADJ problems AUX SCONJ DET variety ADP people AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET title ADP PUNCT ADJ immigrants PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ situation ADP VERB immigrants AUX VERB DET xenophobia phenomenon PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET issue ADP ADJ migration ADP VERB crime ADP DET newspaper interview PUNCT SPACE ADP DET speech ADP parliament PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT ADJ aliens PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ taxpayers PUNCT billions ADP rands PUNCT DET year PUNCT SPACE DET study VERB VERB VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN VERB SCONJ NUM percent ADP PROPN PROPN VERB VERB repatriation ADP ADJ migrants PUNCT ADJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PART AUX ADV ADJ ADP migrants PUNCT ADP NUM percent VERB ADJ attitudes PUNCT SPACE ADJ hawkers ADP ADJ PROPN VERB PRON ADJ counterparts PUNCT DET chairperson ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP VERB PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB PRON ADP ADP DET city PUNCT VERB PRON AUX PUNCT PRON group AUX PART ADJ PART VERB PRON government VERB DET garbage city SCONJ ADP DET leeches PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT survey ADP migrants ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB SCONJ ADV ADJ AUX VERB PART VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ study ADP migrant entrepreneurs ADP PROPN VERB SCONJ DET street traders VERB DET average ADP NUM jobs ADP business PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ ADJ ADJ PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET mob ADP DET train VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ attack PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN DET VERB ADP PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET partnership ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN VERB SCONJ DET majority ADP deportations AUX ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE DET report ADP DET PROPN VERB SCONJ xenophobia VERB police action ADP foreigners PUNCT People AUX VERB ADP AUX PUNCT ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ foreigner PUNCT PUNCT Police ADV ADV VERB documents ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ refugee PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP AUX VERB ADP DET train ADP PROPN ADP DET group ADP ADJ men PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PRON room mate AUX VERB ADP PRON home PUNCT DET incidents AUX VERB ADP ADJ attacks PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ police CCONJ army sweep PUNCT ADP NUM people AUX VERB ADP suspicion ADP AUX ADJ immigrants PUNCT ADP contrast PUNCT ADV NUM people AUX VERB ADP ADJ crimes PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN report ADP DET PROPN deportation centre PUNCT DET holding facility ADP ADJ migrants PUNCT VERB DET series ADP abuses ADP DET facility PUNCT VERB assault CCONJ DET ADJ denial ADP ADJ rights PUNCT DET report VERB SCONJ NUM percent ADP detainees VERB ADJ ADJ citizenship CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX ADP DET country ADV PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET NUM census PUNCT ADP ADP PROPN PROPN PART population ADP NUM NUM PUNCT ADV ADP NUM NUM foreigners AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET country PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN VERB PRON AUX ADJ ADP NUM NUM ADJ migrants PUNCT SPACE Protests VERB ADP PROPN ADP claims ADP beatings CCONJ inmate deaths PUNCT VERB ADP hearings ADP xenophobia ADP PROPN CCONJ parliament PART portfolio committee ADP ADJ affairs PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PART ADJ community VERB SCONJ NUM traders AUX AUX DET victims ADP VERB killings ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT VERB businesses ADP DET ADJ settlement ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN VERB PRON concern ADP DET increase ADP DET number ADP ADJ attacks ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ community VERB NUM people AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ decade PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN ADJ ADP NUM people AUX VERB ADP shops VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ ADJ ADJ nationals AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ protests ADP PROPN township PUNCT DET ADJ mining town ADP NUM km ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PROPN VERB ADP PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PRON reception centre ADP DET border ADP PROPN SCONJ PRON opening ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN ADJ rights organisations VERB DET spate ADP ADJ attacks ADP PROPN PRON VERB ADV ADV NUM people ADJ CCONJ hundreds ADJ PUNCT SPACE Sources VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN
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DET VERB chronology VERB ADV ADP DET problem ADP xenophobia SCONJ PROPN PROPN PART ADJ ADJ elections ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB PART VERB PUNCT ADJ action PUNCT SCONJ DET government VERB PART VERB ADP DET VERB crisis ADP ADJ migrants ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN leader CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PRON ADJ speech ADP parliament PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON ADP PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB ADP ADJ resources ADP millions ADP aliens PRON AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV PRON AUX VERB goodbye ADP PRON PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN gangs ADP PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB VERB PUNCT illegals PUNCT ADP PROPN township PUNCT VERB PRON ADP VERB crime PUNCT ADJ attacks CCONJ unemployment PUNCT DET campaign PUNCT VERB ADJ weeks PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADV ADV PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET report ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX DET doubt SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADV ADJ level ADP xenophobia ADP PRON country PUNCT NUM ADP DET ADJ problems AUX SCONJ DET variety ADP people AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET title ADP PUNCT ADJ immigrants PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ situation ADP VERB immigrants AUX VERB DET xenophobia phenomenon PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET issue ADP ADJ migration ADP VERB crime ADP DET newspaper interview PUNCT SPACE ADP DET speech ADP parliament PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT ADJ aliens PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ taxpayers PUNCT billions ADP rands PUNCT DET year PUNCT SPACE DET study VERB VERB VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN VERB SCONJ NUM percent ADP PROPN PROPN VERB VERB repatriation ADP ADJ migrants PUNCT ADJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PART AUX ADV ADJ ADP migrants PUNCT ADP NUM percent VERB ADJ attitudes PUNCT SPACE ADJ hawkers ADP ADJ PROPN VERB PRON ADJ counterparts PUNCT DET chairperson ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP VERB PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB PRON ADP ADP DET city PUNCT VERB PRON AUX PUNCT PRON group AUX PART ADJ PART VERB PRON government VERB DET garbage city SCONJ ADP DET leeches PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT survey ADP migrants ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB SCONJ ADV ADJ AUX VERB PART VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ study ADP migrant entrepreneurs ADP PROPN VERB SCONJ DET street traders VERB DET average ADP NUM jobs ADP business PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ ADJ ADJ PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET mob ADP DET train VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ attack PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN DET VERB ADP PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET partnership ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN VERB SCONJ DET majority ADP deportations AUX ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE DET report ADP DET PROPN VERB SCONJ xenophobia VERB police action ADP foreigners PUNCT People AUX VERB ADP AUX PUNCT ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ foreigner PUNCT PUNCT Police ADV ADV VERB documents ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ refugee PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP AUX VERB ADP DET train ADP PROPN ADP DET group ADP ADJ men PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PRON room mate AUX VERB ADP PRON home PUNCT DET incidents AUX VERB ADP ADJ attacks PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ police CCONJ army sweep PUNCT ADP NUM people AUX VERB ADP suspicion ADP AUX ADJ immigrants PUNCT ADP contrast PUNCT ADV NUM people AUX VERB ADP ADJ crimes PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN report ADP DET PROPN deportation centre PUNCT DET holding facility ADP ADJ migrants PUNCT VERB DET series ADP abuses ADP DET facility PUNCT VERB assault CCONJ DET ADJ denial ADP ADJ rights PUNCT DET report VERB SCONJ NUM percent ADP detainees VERB ADJ ADJ citizenship CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX ADP DET country ADV PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET NUM census PUNCT ADP ADP PROPN PROPN PART population ADP NUM NUM PUNCT ADV ADP NUM NUM foreigners AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET country PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN VERB PRON AUX ADJ ADP NUM NUM ADJ migrants PUNCT SPACE Protests VERB ADP PROPN ADP claims ADP beatings CCONJ inmate deaths PUNCT VERB ADP hearings ADP xenophobia ADP PROPN CCONJ parliament PART portfolio committee ADP ADJ affairs PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PART ADJ community VERB SCONJ NUM traders AUX AUX DET victims ADP VERB killings ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT VERB businesses ADP DET ADJ settlement ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN VERB PRON concern ADP DET increase ADP DET number ADP ADJ attacks ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ community VERB NUM people AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ decade PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN ADJ ADP NUM people AUX VERB ADP shops VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ ADJ ADJ nationals AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ protests ADP PROPN township PUNCT DET ADJ mining town ADP NUM km ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PROPN VERB ADP PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PRON reception centre ADP DET border ADP PROPN SCONJ PRON opening ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN ADJ rights organisations VERB DET spate ADP ADJ attacks ADP PROPN PRON VERB ADV ADV NUM people ADJ CCONJ hundreds ADJ PUNCT SPACE Sources VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN
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Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. Symptoms of bipolar disorder are severe. They are different from the normal ups and downs that everyone goes through from time to time. Bipolar disorder symptoms can result in damaged relationships, poor job or school performance, and even suicide. But bipolar disorder can be treated, and people with this illness can lead full and productive lives. Bipolar disorder often develops in a person's late teens or early adult years. At least half of all cases start before age 25. Some people have their first symptoms during childhood, while others may develop symptoms late in life. Bipolar disorder is not easy to spot when it starts. The symptoms may seem like separate problems, not recognized as parts of a larger problem. Some people suffer for years before they are properly diagnosed and treated. Like diabetes or heart disease, bipolar disorder is a long-term illness that must be carefully managed throughout a person's life.
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disorder illness brain disorder shifts mood energy activity levels ability day day tasks Symptoms disorder ups downs time time disorder symptoms relationships job school performance suicide disorder people illness lives disorder person teens adult years half cases age people symptoms childhood others symptoms life disorder symptoms problems parts problem people years diabetes heart disease disorder term illness person life
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bipolar disorder, also know as manic-depressive illness, be a brain disorder that cause unusual shift in mood, energy, activity level, and the ability to carry out day-to-day task. symptom of bipolar disorder be severe. they be different from the normal up and down that everyone go through from time to time. bipolar disorder symptom can result in damage relationship, poor job or school performance, and even suicide. but bipolar disorder can be treat, and people with this illness can lead full and productive life. bipolar disorder often develop in a person's late teen or early adult year. at least half of all case start before age 25. some people have their first symptom during childhood, while other may develop symptom late in life. bipolar disorder be not easy to spot when it start. the symptom may seem like separate problem, not recognize as part of a large problem. some people suffer for year before they be properly diagnose and treat. like diabete or heart disease, bipolar disorder be a long-term illness that must be carefully manage throughout a person's life.
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ADJ disorder PUNCT ADV VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ illness PUNCT AUX DET brain disorder PRON VERB ADJ shifts ADP mood PUNCT energy PUNCT activity levels PUNCT CCONJ DET ability PART VERB ADP day PUNCT ADP PUNCT day tasks PUNCT Symptoms ADP ADJ disorder AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ ups CCONJ downs PRON PRON VERB ADP ADP time ADP time PUNCT ADJ disorder symptoms AUX VERB ADP ADJ relationships PUNCT ADJ job CCONJ school performance PUNCT CCONJ ADV suicide PUNCT CCONJ ADJ disorder AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ people ADP DET illness AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ lives PUNCT ADJ disorder ADV VERB ADP DET person PART ADJ teens CCONJ ADJ adult years PUNCT ADV ADV half ADP DET cases VERB ADP age NUM PUNCT DET people AUX PRON ADJ symptoms ADP childhood PUNCT SCONJ others AUX VERB symptoms ADV ADP life PUNCT ADJ disorder AUX PART ADJ PART VERB SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT DET symptoms AUX VERB ADP ADJ problems PUNCT PART VERB ADP parts ADP DET ADJ problem PUNCT DET people VERB ADP years ADP PRON AUX ADV VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT ADP diabetes CCONJ heart disease PUNCT ADJ disorder AUX DET ADJ PUNCT term illness PRON AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP DET person PART life PUNCT
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ADJ disorder PUNCT ADV VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ illness PUNCT AUX DET brain disorder PRON VERB ADJ shifts ADP mood PUNCT energy PUNCT activity levels PUNCT CCONJ DET ability PART VERB ADP day PUNCT ADP PUNCT day tasks PUNCT Symptoms ADP ADJ disorder AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ ups CCONJ downs PRON PRON VERB ADP ADP time ADP time PUNCT ADJ disorder symptoms AUX VERB ADP ADJ relationships PUNCT ADJ job CCONJ school performance PUNCT CCONJ ADV suicide PUNCT CCONJ ADJ disorder AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ people ADP DET illness AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ lives PUNCT ADJ disorder ADV VERB ADP DET person PART ADJ teens CCONJ ADJ adult years PUNCT ADV ADV half ADP DET cases VERB ADP age NUM PUNCT DET people AUX PRON ADJ symptoms ADP childhood PUNCT SCONJ others AUX VERB symptoms ADV ADP life PUNCT ADJ disorder AUX PART ADJ PART VERB SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT DET symptoms AUX VERB ADP ADJ problems PUNCT PART VERB ADP parts ADP DET ADJ problem PUNCT DET people VERB ADP years ADP PRON AUX ADV VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT ADP diabetes CCONJ heart disease PUNCT ADJ disorder AUX DET ADJ PUNCT term illness PRON AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP DET person PART life PUNCT
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ADJ disorder PUNCT ADV VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ illness PUNCT AUX DET brain disorder PRON VERB ADJ shifts ADP mood PUNCT energy PUNCT activity levels PUNCT CCONJ DET ability PART VERB ADP day PUNCT ADP PUNCT day tasks PUNCT Symptoms ADP ADJ disorder AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ ups CCONJ downs PRON PRON VERB ADP ADP time ADP time PUNCT ADJ disorder symptoms AUX VERB ADP ADJ relationships PUNCT ADJ job CCONJ school performance PUNCT CCONJ ADV suicide PUNCT CCONJ ADJ disorder AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ people ADP DET illness AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ lives PUNCT ADJ disorder ADV VERB ADP DET person PART ADJ teens CCONJ ADJ adult years PUNCT ADV ADV half ADP DET cases VERB ADP age NUM PUNCT DET people AUX PRON ADJ symptoms ADP childhood PUNCT SCONJ others AUX VERB symptoms ADV ADP life PUNCT ADJ disorder AUX PART ADJ PART VERB SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT DET symptoms AUX VERB ADP ADJ problems PUNCT PART VERB ADP parts ADP DET ADJ problem PUNCT DET people VERB ADP years ADP PRON AUX ADV VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT ADP diabetes CCONJ heart disease PUNCT ADJ disorder AUX DET ADJ PUNCT term illness PRON AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP DET person PART life PUNCT
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Girl Scout Preserves Florida's Wildlife
March 23, 2012 – Miami, Fla. – Senior Girl Scout Caitlin Kaloostian earned the Gold Award, the highest award a Girl Scout can receive, by completing a new butterfly garden and wildlife themed mural for The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC).
The FWC works with community and youth organizations to demonstrate the importance of safeguarding Florida’s Natural resources and to encourage the next generation of conservationists. To further this mission, Kaloostian held fundraisers such as garage sales and solicited help from fellow high school students to raise funds necessary to complete the project. With the help of her troop, Girl Scout Troop 305, Kaloostian painted a mural at the FWC’s Division of Law Enforcement Office which featured native fish and wildlife including a Florida panther, a manatee, an alligator, fish and many other animals. The butterfly garden uses native plants to attract butterflies and birds. Both the mural and the butterfly garden will help to preserve Florida’s future.
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award butterfly garden wildlife mural community youth organizations importance resources generation conservationists mission fundraisers garage sales help school students funds project help troop mural fish wildlife panther manatee alligator fish animals butterfly garden plants butterflies birds mural butterfly garden future
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Girl Scout Preserves Florida's Wildlife
March 23, 2012 – Miami, Fla. – Senior Girl Scout Caitlin Kaloostian earn the Gold Award, the high award a Girl Scout can receive, by complete a new butterfly garden and wildlife theme mural for the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC).
the FWC work with community and youth organization to demonstrate the importance of safeguard Florida’s natural resource and to encourage the next generation of conservationist. to further this mission, Kaloostian hold fundraiser such as garage sale and solicit help from fellow high school student to raise fund necessary to complete the project. with the help of her troop, Girl Scout Troop 305, Kaloostian paint a mural at the FWC’s Division of Law Enforcement Office which feature native fish and wildlife include a Florida panther, a manatee, an alligator, fish and many other animal. the butterfly garden use native plant to attract butterfly and bird. both the mural and the butterfly garden will help to preserve Florida’s future.
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PROPN Scout VERB PROPN PART Wildlife SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Senior PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ award DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ butterfly garden CCONJ wildlife VERB mural ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN VERB ADP community CCONJ youth organizations PART VERB DET importance ADP VERB PROPN PART ADJ resources CCONJ PART VERB DET ADJ generation ADP conservationists PUNCT PART VERB DET mission PUNCT PROPN VERB fundraisers ADJ ADP garage sales CCONJ VERB help ADP ADJ ADJ school students PART VERB funds ADJ PART VERB DET project PUNCT ADP DET help ADP PRON troop PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN VERB DET mural ADP DET PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN DET VERB ADJ fish CCONJ wildlife VERB DET PROPN panther PUNCT DET manatee PUNCT DET alligator PUNCT fish CCONJ ADJ ADJ animals PUNCT DET butterfly garden VERB ADJ plants PART VERB butterflies CCONJ birds PUNCT DET DET mural CCONJ DET butterfly garden AUX VERB PART VERB PROPN PART future PUNCT
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PROPN Scout VERB PROPN PART Wildlife SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Senior PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ award DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ butterfly garden CCONJ wildlife VERB mural ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN VERB ADP community CCONJ youth organizations PART VERB DET importance ADP VERB PROPN PART ADJ resources CCONJ PART VERB DET ADJ generation ADP conservationists PUNCT PART VERB DET mission PUNCT PROPN VERB fundraisers ADJ ADP garage sales CCONJ VERB help ADP ADJ ADJ school students PART VERB funds ADJ PART VERB DET project PUNCT ADP DET help ADP PRON troop PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN VERB DET mural ADP DET PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN DET VERB ADJ fish CCONJ wildlife VERB DET PROPN panther PUNCT DET manatee PUNCT DET alligator PUNCT fish CCONJ ADJ ADJ animals PUNCT DET butterfly garden VERB ADJ plants PART VERB butterflies CCONJ birds PUNCT DET DET mural CCONJ DET butterfly garden AUX VERB PART VERB PROPN PART future PUNCT
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PROPN Scout VERB PROPN PART Wildlife SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Senior PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ award DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ butterfly garden CCONJ wildlife VERB mural ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN VERB ADP community CCONJ youth organizations PART VERB DET importance ADP VERB PROPN PART ADJ resources CCONJ PART VERB DET ADJ generation ADP conservationists PUNCT PART VERB DET mission PUNCT PROPN VERB fundraisers ADJ ADP garage sales CCONJ VERB help ADP ADJ ADJ school students PART VERB funds ADJ PART VERB DET project PUNCT ADP DET help ADP PRON troop PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN VERB DET mural ADP DET PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN DET VERB ADJ fish CCONJ wildlife VERB DET PROPN panther PUNCT DET manatee PUNCT DET alligator PUNCT fish CCONJ ADJ ADJ animals PUNCT DET butterfly garden VERB ADJ plants PART VERB butterflies CCONJ birds PUNCT DET DET mural CCONJ DET butterfly garden AUX VERB PART VERB PROPN PART future PUNCT
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Commercially-pressed CD's and CD-R or CD-RW disks are fundamentally different technologies, which is why a commercial CD will continue to be readable long after a CD-R has become unusable.
A CD drive uses a focused laser beam that is reflected from the media surface in the CD disc. The beam is reflected onto a sensor that detects changes in the amount of energy that is reflected. The original (commercial) process used perforated aluminum as the media surface. When you use the term "pressed" you are using an old vinyl record term, but the production process is pretty much the same. There is a "master" disk that is put into a press which is filled with polycarbonate. The master disk has little pins sticking up everywhere there is to be a hole in the aluminum. The disk is cooled, and liquid aluminum is spun onto it. This results in an aluminum layer with holes in it.
When the disc is played, the laser reflects strongly from the shiny aluminum or less strongly (or not at all) from the holes. The reflection/non-reflection is translated into the ones and zeros of the binary data stored on the disk.
Over time the aluminum can oxidize or there can be other changes in the plastic and other materials that make the disc unusable. These are long term effects and the ultimate statistical life of a commercial CD is often debated, without conclusion, by the experts.
The CD-R and CD-RW do not use an aluminum media surface. Instead, they use a dye. When the disc is written, a high-powered laser causes spots on the disk to turn dark (hence the term "burning"). When played back, the sensor in the player sees the difference in reflectivity of the dark and not-so-dark spots as the binary data.
Unfortunately, because the dye is a light-sensitive chemical, over time it will fade. This can happen from the heat of the reading laser, from ambient light, and from chemical degradation in the dye and support media.
CD-R/RW media is safe for backup, and for creating alternate media (copying music files to play in your car so that if they are damaged from heat or wear out you can make another one, and preserve your originals elsewhere), and similar purposes. However, they are not safe for archival storage because they are not stable enough for that purpose.
Side note: when burning CD's for use in a car, for best results get "music CD's" which are designed for that application, or slow your burning speed down to 12x or 16x to get a darker spot from your high speed burner. The car will read the disc more reliably.
Insofar as tape storage is concerned, tape is also not a good archival choice of media. It's generally better than CD-R, although I haven't seen any comparative studies.
Major data centers who use tape storage refresh the storage periodically. Their Tape Management System (TMS) remembers the date the tape was recorded, and will call it up to be copied periodically. The old tape is then erased and reused until it reaches end of life (sometimes a fixed usage or time interval, sometimes when the number of recoverable errors reaches a threshold) at which time it is scrapped.
The whole issue of long term archive is complex, and goes beyond media. For media, if a data center stored its files on a 9 track magnetic tape twenty years ago, how would it retrieve that data today (you cannot find working 9 track drives). What if it had used an early Magneto-Optical (MO) drive? Small businesses have trouble when their tape drive fails, and they can't buy another drive in that old format.
File formats are another problem. I have word processing documents that deceased family members created years ago. I no longer have word processing software that will import some of those formats. I can (sometimes) extract the raw text and then try to reformat it in a current program, but if I don't have a printed original I don't know how it was intended to be formatted.
The only archival format that has stood the test of time is paper.
Submitted by: Kevin G. of Dallas, TX
Well, Carl, that so-called expert sure has stirred the waters and a LOT of people are wondering about the same question. However, your friendly Federal Government has studied the problem even longer.
To be specific, the National Archives and Records Administration, in charge of all of the record archiving of the government, has no standard on media storage, and requested NIST, that's National Institute of Standards and Technology, to write a new standard on media durability.
If you never heard of NIST, you're not alone, as NIST is more of a background organization, but suffice to say, they're the ones who creates the standards, references, and accuracy tests for all industries, from DNA to Time accuracy (in fact, if NIST operates one of the Internet "clocks" you can calibrate your PC to). NIST DNA reference material improves forensic DNA test accuracy. NIST also invented closed captioning and many other technology, but enough about NIST.
A gentleman by the name of Fred Byers spent a whole year testing various media, and wrote a guide for NIST to librarians who need to archive information on how to care for optical media such as CD-R and DVD-R's and such. In the guide, he basically stated that with proper handling (store in low humidity, no scratching, stored vertically, etc.) a DVD-R should last 30 years with no fear of losing any information. However, that is NOT an absolute number as it is dependent on a LARGE NUMBER OF FACTORS, some of which in your control, and some not:
Factors that affect disc life expectancy include the following:
type -- as recordable media is more durable than rewritable media manufacturing quality -- you get what you pay for condition of the disc before recording -- obvious quality of the disc recording -- garbage in, garbage out handling and maintenance -- scratches are bad for any discs environmental conditions -- humidity and temperature can warp disc, ruining the reflective layer in the media. light, esp. UV light can destroy the dye used in recordable media, etc.
Let us discuss each factor in a bit more detail
All types of media can be damaged through warpage (disc bending), scratches, and reflective layer breakdown due to oxygen leakage.
Recordable media, in addition, is susceptible to UV rays, which affects the dye used in the process.
Rewritable media, with phase-change recording, is even more susceptible to UV ray and temperature.
It is generally acknowledged that certain brands of media are better than others, and often the stuff on sale is not the stuff you may want to buy and keep around.
What you may not know is that there are only like 16 media manufacturers in the world. They make the media for all the brands that you see in the market, and some brands / factories are known to make high grade media (i.e. they tested best for maintaining data integrity, even when the media was subject to aging tests). While few independent labs did comprehensives tests, a test in Europe a while back for CD-R's revealed that Taiyo Yuden (Verbatim), Kodak (Kodak), and TDK (TDK) kept the most data intact.
Condition of the disc before recording
A disc should be brand new when used. While shelf live of a media is up to 5 years, why take chances? Buy them as you need tem.
Handling and maintenance
Scratches are bad for any discs, as it breaks open the substrate layer and allows air to tarnish the inside silver reflective layer inside.
Scratches also can make information on the media unreadable by interrupting the laser's path.
Environmental conditions -- humidity and temperature can warp the media, and exposure to UV light can destroy the dye used in CD-R's and DVD-R's.
Hope that answers your questions.
Submitted by: Kasey C. of San Francisco, CA
In the '80's, the CD was introduced in the market and portrayed as "THE" solution to the vinyl records.
The CD could be thrown in a mud pool, step on it, scratch it, nothing would harm he CD.
Now we all know that CD's has a lower lifetime as their vinyl counterparts and are more susceptible to errors than them. This is also true for the CD as a media to record software.
The early CD's, were recorded at maximum 640 MB. Mostly not even 640 MB but something like 528 MB. This made them less susceptible to scratches.
But as the CD technology was in a constant evolution, overburning a CD to 800 MB and more became common use. Also the DVD was introduced, offering 4/9GB on a wafer of the size of a CD.
It is obvious the the tracks are becoming so small that the finest scratch, the smallest fault, can ruin the CD/DVD forever.
Answering your question, there is no miracle solution to keep CD/DVD from deterioration trough age. But with a little bit of care, you can have many years of pleasure of your recordings.
1. Buy only CD/DVD from a good brand.
Buying low priced CD/DVD will mostly result in very disappointing experiences.
2. Dont overburn a CD/DVD.
While the overburn technique is now widely accepted by most software, it is still not fully reliable and mostly dont approved by the CD manufacturers.
3. Put every CD back in the jewel case after use, clean them as prescribed by the manufacturer, and avoid as much as possible touching the reading surface of the CD.
As a final remark, CD/DVD are nowadays not expensive and if you can make a backup of them, make a backup and store it in a safe place.
I use an external harddisk of 250GB (<300 CD's) to store a backup of the CD's/DVD's I have. Price of the harddisk is about 100$.
I have been able many times to rescue recordings which were otherwise lost forever by this harddisk.
Hope this helps,
Submitted by: Carlos
You have just discovered what most people don't discover until they actually lose data: commercial CDs and home-burned CDs are not the same. While a commercial premade CD will last a very long time if it is cared for properly, a home-burned CD will begin to deteriorate. The reason is that the home-burned version uses dyes to accomplish what the premade CD does by having it built into the disk. This is, of course, an oversimplified explanation, but it will suffice.
There are a few ways to maximize the amount of time a CD will last. First of all, buy good quality CDs to begin with. Stick with brand names that you are familiar with and have used successfully in the past.
Do not assume that just because a blank CD is made by a well-known company that it will be high quality.
Test them out by actually using them. One of the best ways to do this is to use them for your regular system backups. Be sure to actually restore from those backups periodically (easier if you have another computer handy that you can wipe out data on) or else use a backup program that allows you to mount the backup as a "virtual drive" and retrieve data from it.
This lets you know if there is a problem with a brand deteriorating unusually fast.
Second, never use labels on CDs. I found this out the hard way. Labels cause the CD to deteriorate much more rapidly than it otherwise would. Certain inks used in pens have been reported to do the same, but I have never encountered this problem, so it shouldn't be too severe. Do be certain, however, that you are gentle when marking CDs. Use a felt tip and do not press hard.
Third, put a note somewhere on the CD that tells you when you made it. This lets you monitor how long it has been since the CD was burned. If the data is irreplaceable, burn it to a new CD every 2 years.
As for the recommendation to use magnetic tapes, that has its own set of problems. Magnetic tapes also deteriorate, and they are subject to some damage that CDs are immune to, notably damage from electrical or magnetic fields.
In short, CDs are good for long term storage-- but don't assume that "long term" means forever. Check them regularly and burn them to new media when problems develop or even before if you can't replace what's on them.
As for storage, that is pretty much common sense. Keep the CDs in a case or an envelope if they are not actually being used. Avoid temperature extremes and handle gently. I also recommend making two copies of every important CD. This practice just saved my data when I discovered that the labels on my CDs had wiped out some irreplaceable family photos. It costs twice as much, but if the data is important to you then it isn't really very expensive, is it?
Submitted by: Denise R. of Lebanon, Missouri
Hi Carl N,
Your question has been set by a lot of people over the last 10 years. I've burned CD in 100s over the years and only found 2 discs with missing information. Lifetime of CDs is not limited due to one parameters only, more issues are setting the limit of lifetime. One is related conditions of storage and how you handle the discs. In other word, how careless or careful you are as the user. Then the material used in the CDs - how cheap a blank CD did you buy. And lastly your burning equipment, that is the laser diode.
When pressed CDs were introduced in beginning of the 80s lovers of vinyl records claimed, that CDs would last for 2 years only. But as you have experienced CDs from this period can still be played. I remember one report from about 1990, which claimed a lifetime of only 3-4 years. Looking into the report, it turned out that the condition of storage was -30C (some -25F) and reading/playing equipment had a worn laser diode. Most of us can only say: I don't store my CDs in the freezer and todays laser diodes doesn't wear out as they used to.
Turning towards recordable CDs, the whole issue is a matter of having a whole bunch of clear holes placed in circles in a foil. Readability of these holes are depending on a number of issues. How clear are the holes? Is edge of the hole clear? Is the reflectivity of the materials sufficient? Is the laser still as effective as it was? or has the surface become matte? For the early CD-burners this was jeopardized by increasing burning speed and some blank CD had doubtful foil material. Adding, to this some CD-burners were even sold with writing speeds beyond its capability. Many blank CDs were rejected in this period due to bad burners rather than bad discs. It is my conclusion, that this interim period has given us some doubtful discs.
You have to be careful with your CDs and also a little bit extra careful with your own. They don't like heat, bright light, bending, and writing with aggressive writing pens is also nasty. Especially pens with unknown chemicals may etch the CDs, it is just like burning, but this time controlled by the chemicals.
In case you wanna increase the lifetime of your recordings, you may buy CDs which is claimed to 300+ years lifetime. These CDs are referred to as GOLD-CD. These CDs has a special layer which include some 24ct gold. The advantages of these CDs are the ability to create clear holes into it with reduced oxidation or corrosion over time. Amazing almost also unbelievable 300 year. Just 100 years could be great for me. In 10-20 years everything would be transferred to new media type anyway. I saw a report on the 300 years at
Price of these GOLD CDs is 10-20x times the usual ones.
You have been suggested to use magnetic tape. Nor tapes does not last forever. As matter of fact the sound quality decays over time; frequency range is decreased by each use. This loss you can not be restored as with a digital media. Only digital storage keeps its audio frequency range over time and use. Like R&R;DIGITAL media is here to stay. You may call it CD, DVD, MPx, Blu-ray or whatever, but it's digital.
I believe that todays discs and equipment can provide a disc with sufficient lifetime for most of us and may even restore your more doubtful discs from the early burning time with success. Even discs which are registered as 'No disc' may be restored by copying it today. In case you wanna assure yourselves; let the PC verify the burned disc, this option is normally disabled by default.
What shall I do with my precious discs from the early days? My best recommendation would be to make a new copy, while the old is still readable. This is easy and cheap to most of us today as having two drives in your PC is not uncommon. Lastly, the quality and lifetime of recorded discs is today likely to most depended on your own care.
Submitted by: Leif M. of Helsingor, Denmark
Regarding problems developing over time with recordable CD-R media, I've run into some of this myself, but I also have quite a few discs that were made back when the very first 1x CD burners were made available to the public, and they still read just fine for me.
I suspect that there are several factors involved here.
1. I'm certain there's a difference in quality between brands of CD-R media. A number of my really old CD-Rs that still read flawlessly today were Kodak branded, and were considered expensive "premium quality" discs at the time. They're even physically a little bit thicker than most other media I've handled. By contrast, some of the generic media I purchased because of the low price on 100-pack spindles has actually developed "bubbles" where you can see the dye that's sandwiched between the layers of plastic is disintegrating. (Of course it won't read if small spots are completely gone!) There were/are several different types of dye used for CD-R media, as well, and I wouldn't be surprised if it's turning out that some types have better longevity than others. For example, Verbatim was known for using their trademark blue-tinted dye, while others were shades of green or gold.
2. From what I've read and observed, handling makes a big difference too. Leaving your CD-R's exposed to sunlight (as folks tend to do with music CDs used in their cars or trucks) probably shaves years off of their lifespan. Putting them in some type of jewel-case or sleeve when not in use is a very good idea. Boxes of empty jewel-cases can be purchased fairly inexpensively at most office supply and electronics chain stores.
3. A CD-R holding computer data is inherently more "fragile" and subject to data loss than a CD-R recorded as an audio disc. The standard used for recording audio CDs incorporates quite a bit of error correction information to handle small scuffs and scratches on the media, but besides that, audio data is spread out over a much larger portion of the CD-R. If you have a .ZIP file stored on a CD-R, for example, a pinhole-sized mark someplace on the disc where that .ZIP file is stored can easily be enough to prevent the whole archive from extracting properly. By contrast, the same sized mark might only cause a very brief "stutter" at one point of a song on a music disc (or not pose a discernable problem at all, due to the error correction).
If your audio discs are already deteriorating to the point where players are rejecting them as "unreadable" or they're skipping badly, it sounds to me like things have gotten pretty bad. The only recommendation I'd have is to re-record your music to fresh, good-quality CD-R media and throw out the old ones - and in the future, make a habit of transferring your music to fresh discs every few years or so.
Luckily, in the case of computer software backups, they tend to become so outdated, you no longer really need to keep them by the time the media they're recorded on starts failing. But for those trying to preserve digital photos and the like, I'd recommend this same procedure. Make a fresh set of backups every so often and discard the old media - before it fails on you and you lose something priceless!
Submitted by: Tom W.
CD burned media fails after time.
I am a practicing technician and this is not a new complaint. It is my firm belief that most consumers burn their media at the fastest speed possible for both their software and the media they use. This is fine but there may well be a trade-off in doing this.
What most consumers do not perhaps understand is that commercially produced CD's have actual pits pressed into them that represent the digital data of the original sound data. A burned CD on the other hand is made by fabricating a photo sensitive layer to mimic the pits found in pressed media.
I have found three major causes for this consumers problem they are as
1. A slower burn makes a stronger image representation in the photo
sensitive layer of a burned CD. A faster burn while successful may not impress the photo sensitive layer as effectively as a slow burn. Over time the burn fails as the photo sensitive layer deteriorates.
2. Sunlight and other forms of intense light can effect a burned CD
because it can cause a distortion in the burned media's photo sensitive layer.
3. Scratches by far are more evident on burned media and more easily
caused than on pressed media. Most consumers seem to ignore the manufactures warning and suggestions. Handling of the disc in a careful manner as advised by the manufacturer is the best policy here. I use a camera lens cloth to clean surface of all my media. A camera lens cloth will not scratch the disc surface. Paper and regular household cloths will cause scratches.
Observe the above and I do believe you will have better results.
One more thing always use the media recommended by the burner manufacturer. It is endorsed and guaranteed to work, many of the cheap non name discs out there are just not up to par. Its just like the old cassette tape days.
Most audiophiles went for tapes like Maxell, JVC, Sony etc. but as everyone knows there were a lot of bogus brands out there for the un-informed to purchase.
Submitted by: Peter K.
> I recently read an article by a data storage expert who claimed that
> burned CD-Rs and CD-RWs can be expected to last only two to five years
> and not a whole lot more. I personally have commercially pressed CDs
> from the 1980s that still play fine, but I have begun to notice that
> some of my burned CD-Rs are beginning to skip
you mention that there are basically two types of CDs: Those that are created with all information in place and those you can buy and write on.
The first type is quite robust as the information has been "engraved" into the surface just below the reflector. The most critical part of such a CD is the reflector, most often a very thin layer of aluminum.
The second type of CD works a bit differently: There is a dye layer below the reflector and the information is written onto the CD-R(W) by "burning"
and thereby locally changing the optical properties of the dye. The most critical part is the dye, besides the reflector as above. If the dye degrades the CD easily gets unreadable. The dye of CD-RW is even more critical as it must be "resetable" - another constraint.
> The expert suggests that for secure long-term storage, high -quality
> magnetic tape is the way to go.
This solution is quite expensive as you need a tape drive and enough tape cartridges, but has the advantage of a much larger storage capacity. If the manufacturers say their tape cartridges are reliable for a very long time they have one advantage above CD-R: This type of storage device has been around long enough to prove it. CD-R has been on the market for no more than 10 years.
The best strategy for the private user is: Have a good archive strategy, save often and store the media carefully in a dry, dark, cool place. If you store every file more than once you have a better chance to retrieve it.
There is no real alternatives to CD-R. Use high-quality ones. Do not use any DVD variety as their reliability is much less. DVD may be used for an image backup of your boot drive so you can restore your present configuration for the months to come.
Submitted by: Alexander V.
Unlike pressed original CDs, burned CDs have a relatively short life span of between two to five years, depending on the quality of the CD. There are a few things you can do to extend the life of a burned CD, like keeping the disc in a cool, dark space, but not a whole lot more.
The problem is material degradation. Optical discs commonly used for burning, such as CD-R and CD-RW, have a recording surface consisting of a layer of dye that can be modified by heat to store data. The degradation process can result in the data "shifting" on the surface and thus becoming unreadable to the laser beam.
Many of the cheap burnable CDs available at discount stores have a life span of around two years, In fact, there are some of the better-quality discs offer a longer life span, of a maximum of five years. Distinguishing high-quality burnable CDs from low-quality discs is difficult, I think because few vendors use life span as a selling point.
I've had good luck with Verbatim media, and bad results with TDK. Playback with the TDK discs I used degraded steadily over time, in spite of very little use, and not much in the way of scratches or other blemishes on the disc. On the other hand, the Verbatim discs I've used have held up well over time, and under more use than the TDK ones I used.
Opinions vary on how to preserve data on digital storage media, such as optical CDs and DVDs. I have my own view: To overcome the preservation limitations of burnable CDs, Im suggesting using magnetic tapes, which, as I read, can have a life span of 30 years to 100 years, depending on their quality. Even if magnetic tapes are also subject to degradation, they're still the superior storage media.
But I want to point out that no storage medium lasts forever and, consequently, consumers and business alike need to have a migration plan to new storage technologies.
A Good Question to get in this subject is Does Burning Speed makes difference in quality of CDs? Someone told me that the burning speed makes a difference in the quality of the records. The lower it is, the deeper it burns and therefore the better the quality is. I heard that there are some audio technicians decide to burn masters at 2x and copies at 4x due to getting digital noise from higher burn rates. Might just depend on the burner quality and the burning program...
Hoping you get the Point of my explanation.
Submitted by: Sameer T.
Everyone who owns a business is always trying to be enticed by the security and the longevity of magnetic tape. And although I'm apt to agree with them on its durability, I don't use it to back up important data in my business. I have two problems with magnetic tape vs. CD or DVD. The first problem is hardware. Data backed up on a CD or DVD can be loaded into any computer with a drive capable of handling the media. The same can be said about tape backup, however you are more likely to find a computer off the shelf with a compatible CD or DVD drive vs a magnetic tape drive. The other problem is the need for long term storage.
As a business owner, I'm backing up my important data every one to three days. I've been using CD-RW media to do this for years. If a disk gets corrupt, you can reformat it using your burning software, then use it again. If you are concerned about your CD becoming corrupt, simply burn two or three. The cost of three CD or even DVD media is much more reasonable than the cost of one of those tapes. And if my server dies, I can buy any computer at any store, and load the data onto the new computer right away and I'm back in the game. I have several people trying to convince me of the benefit of a paper backup system. I find it easier (and cheaper) to have multiple electronic backups. My business server has a RAID 1 card and two hard drives which mirror each other. I have the CD backup, and I then take this data and save it to a secure partition on another machine in a separate location.
The likelihood of all of these systems failing at one time is highly unlikely. And if it does, I'm taking the day off, because that's just real bad luck. As far as long term storage (like music), I've noticed that CD-RW can lose the data in the long haul, but haven't had any problems with CD-R media. I have some that skip, but not for a reason I didn't know about. I buy the large spools of CD-R which don't come with jewel cases. So these disks get abused. If you know you are going to keep something for a really long time, I would make sure the disks you buy have jewel cases. And you can apply the multiple disk system with this as well. The media is easy on the wallet, and the more backups you have, the lower the risk you will actually lose the data.
I don't think I answered all the questions, but that's my take.
Submitted by: Dave K.
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commercially-press cd's and cd-r or cd-rw disk be fundamentally different technology, which be why a commercial cd will continue to be readable long after a CD-r have become unusable.
a cd drive use a focused laser beam that be reflect from the medium surface in the cd disc. the beam be reflect onto a sensor that detect change in the amount of energy that be reflect. the original (commercial) process use perforate aluminum as the medium surface. when you use the term "press" you be use an old vinyl record term, but the production process be pretty much the same. there be a "master" disk that be put into a press which be fill with polycarbonate. the master disk have little pin stick up everywhere there be to be a hole in the aluminum. the disk be cool, and liquid aluminum be spin onto it. this result in an aluminum layer with hole in it.
when the disc be play, the laser reflect strongly from the shiny aluminum or less strongly (or not at all) from the hole. the reflection/non-reflection be translate into the one and zero of the binary datum store on the disk.
over time the aluminum can oxidize or there can be other change in the plastic and other material that make the disc unusable. these be long term effect and the ultimate statistical life of a commercial cd be often debate, without conclusion, by the expert.
the cd-r and cd-rw do not use an aluminum medium surface. instead, they use a dye. when the disc be write, a high-power laser cause spot on the disk to turn dark (hence the term "burn"). when play back, the sensor in the player see the difference in reflectivity of the dark and not-so-dark spot as the binary datum.
unfortunately, because the dye be a light-sensitive chemical, over time it will fade. this can happen from the heat of the reading laser, from ambient light, and from chemical degradation in the dye and support medium.
CD-r/rw medium be safe for backup, and for create alternate medium (copy music file to play in your car so that if they be damage from heat or wear out you can make another one, and preserve your original elsewhere), and similar purpose. however, they be not safe for archival storage because they be not stable enough for that purpose.
side note: when burn CD's for use in a car, for good result get "music cd's" which be design for that application, or slow your burn speed down to 12x or 16x to get a dark spot from your high speed burner. the car will read the disc more reliably.
insofar as tape storage be concern, tape be also not a good archival choice of medium. itbe generally well than CD-r, although I havenot see any comparative study.
major datum center who use tape storage refresh the storage periodically. their Tape Management System (TMS) remember the date the tape be record, and will call it up to be copy periodically. the old tape be then erase and reuse until it reach end of life (sometimes a fix usage or time interval, sometimes when the number of recoverable error reach a threshold) at which time it be scrap.
the whole issue of long term archive be complex, and go beyond medium. for medium, if a data center store its file on a 9 track magnetic tape twenty year ago, how would it retrieve that datum today (you cannot find work 9 track drive). what if it have use an early Magneto-Optical (MO) drive? small business have trouble when their tape drive fail, and they cannot buy another drive in that old format.
file format be another problem. I have word process document that decease family member create year ago. I no long have word processing software that will import some of those format. I can (sometimes) extract the raw text and then try to reformat it in a current program, but if I donot have a print original I donot know how it be intend to be format.
the only archival format that have stand the test of time be paper.
submit by: Kevin G. of Dallas, TX
Well, Carl, that so-call expert sure have stir the water and a LOT of people be wonder about the same question. however, your friendly Federal Government have study the problem even long.
to be specific, the National Archives and Records Administration, in charge of all of the record archiving of the government, have no standard on medium storage, and request nist, thatbe National Institute of Standards and Technology, to write a new standard on media durability.
if you never hear of nist, yoube not alone, as nist be more of a background organization, but suffice to say, theybe the one who create the standard, reference, and accuracy test for all industry, from dna to Time accuracy (in fact, if nist operate one of the internet "clock" you can calibrate your pc to). nist dna reference material improve forensic dna test accuracy. NIST also invent closed captioning and many other technology, but enough about NIST.
a gentleman by the name of Fred Byers spend a whole year test various medium, and write a guide for nist to librarian who need to archive information on how to care for optical medium such as CD-r and DVD-R's and such. in the guide, he basically state that with proper handling (store in low humidity, no scratching, store vertically, etc.) a DVD-R should last 30 year with no fear of lose any information. however, that be not an absolute number as it be dependent on a large number of FACTORS, some of which in your control, and some not:
factor that affect disc life expectancy include the follow:
type -- as recordable medium be more durable than rewritable medium manufacturing quality -- you get what you pay for condition of the disc before recording -- obvious quality of the disc recording -- garbage in, garbage out handling and maintenance -- scratch be bad for any disc environmental condition -- humidity and temperature can warp disc, ruin the reflective layer in the medium. light, esp. uv light can destroy the dye use in recordable medium, etc.
let we discuss each factor in a bit more detail
all type of medium can be damage through warpage (disc bending), scratch, and reflective layer breakdown due to oxygen leakage.
recordable medium, in addition, be susceptible to uv ray, which affect the dye use in the process.
rewritable medium, with phase-change recording, be even more susceptible to uv ray and temperature.
it be generally acknowledge that certain brand of medium be well than other, and often the stuff on sale be not the stuff you may want to buy and keep around.
what you may not know be that there be only like 16 medium manufacturer in the world. they make the medium for all the brand that you see in the market, and some brand / factory be know to make high grade medium (i.e. they test well for maintain datum integrity, even when the medium be subject to age test). while few independent lab do comprehensive test, a test in Europe a while back for CD-R's reveal that Taiyo Yuden (Verbatim), Kodak (Kodak), and TDK (TDK) keep the most datum intact.
condition of the disc before record
a disc should be brand new when use. while shelf live of a media be up to 5 year, why take chance? buy they as you need tem.
handling and maintenance
scratch be bad for any disc, as it break open the substrate layer and allow air to tarnish the inside silver reflective layer inside.
scratch also can make information on the medium unreadable by interrupt the laser's path.
environmental condition -- humidity and temperature can warp the medium, and exposure to uv light can destroy the dye use in CD-r's and DVD-R's.
hope that answer your question.
submit by: Kasey C. of San Francisco, CA
in the '80's, the CD be introduce in the market and portray as "the" solution to the vinyl record.
the CD could be throw in a mud pool, step on it, scratch it, nothing would harm he CD.
now we all know that CD's have a low lifetime as their vinyl counterpart and be more susceptible to error than they. this be also true for the CD as a media to record software.
the early cd's, be record at maximum 640 MB. mostly not even 640 MB but something like 528 MB. this make they less susceptible to scratch.
but as the cd technology be in a constant evolution, overburne a cd to 800 MB and more become common use. also the dvd be introduce, offer 4/9GB on a wafer of the size of a cd.
it be obvious the the track be become so small that the fine scratch, the small fault, can ruin the CD/dvd forever.
answer your question, there be no miracle solution to keep CD/dvd from deterioration trough age. but with a little bit of care, you can have many year of pleasure of your recording.
1. buy only cd/dvd from a good brand.
buy low price CD/dvd will mostly result in very disappointing experience.
2. donot overburn a CD/DVD.
while the overburn technique be now widely accept by most software, it be still not fully reliable and mostly donot approve by the CD manufacturer.
3. put every cd back in the jewel case after use, clean they as prescribe by the manufacturer, and avoid as much as possible touch the reading surface of the CD.
as a final remark, CD/dvd be nowadays not expensive and if you can make a backup of they, make a backup and store it in a safe place.
I use an external harddisk of 250GB (<300 CD's) to store a backup of the CD's/DVD's I have. price of the harddisk be about 100$.
I have be able many time to rescue recording which be otherwise lose forever by this harddisk.
Hope this help,
submit by: Carlos
you have just discover what most people donot discover until they actually lose datum: commercial cd and home-burn cd be not the same. while a commercial premade CD will last a very long time if it be care for properly, a home-burn cd will begin to deteriorate. the reason be that the home-burn version use dye to accomplish what the premade CD do by have it build into the disk. this be, of course, an oversimplified explanation, but it will suffice.
there be a few way to maximize the amount of time a cd will last. first of all, buy good quality cd to begin with. Stick with brand name that you be familiar with and have use successfully in the past.
do not assume that just because a blank cd be make by a well-know company that it will be high quality.
test they out by actually use they. one of the good way to do this be to use they for your regular system backup. be sure to actually restore from those backup periodically (easier if you have another computer handy that you can wipe out datum on) or else use a backup program that allow you to mount the backup as a "virtual drive" and retrieve datum from it.
this let you know if there be a problem with a brand deteriorate unusually fast.
second, never use label on cd. I find this out the hard way. label cause the CD to deteriorate much more rapidly than it otherwise would. certain ink use in pen have be report to do the same, but I have never encounter this problem, so it shouldnot be too severe. do be certain, however, that you be gentle when mark cd. use a feel tip and do not press hard.
Third, put a note somewhere on the CD that tell you when you make it. this let you monitor how long it have be since the CD be burn. if the data be irreplaceable, burn it to a new cd every 2 year.
as for the recommendation to use magnetic tape, that have its own set of problem. magnetic tape also deteriorate, and they be subject to some damage that cd be immune to, notably damage from electrical or magnetic field.
in short, cd be good for long term storage-- but donot assume that "long term" mean forever. check they regularly and burn they to new medium when problem develop or even before if you cannot replace whatbe on they.
as for storage, that be pretty much common sense. keep the cd in a case or an envelope if they be not actually be use. avoid temperature extreme and handle gently. I also recommend make two copy of every important cd. this practice just save my datum when I discover that the label on my cd have wipe out some irreplaceable family photo. it cost twice as much, but if the data be important to you then it benot really very expensive, be it?
submit by: Denise R. of Lebanon, Missouri
Hi Carl N,
your question have be set by a lot of people over the last 10 year. Ihave burn cd in 100s over the year and only find 2 disc with missing information. lifetime of cd be not limit due to one parameter only, more issue be set the limit of lifetime. one be relate condition of storage and how you handle the disc. in other word, how careless or careful you be as the user. then the material use in the cd - how cheap a blank cd do you buy. and lastly your burn equipment, that be the laser diode.
when press cd be introduce in beginning of the 80 lover of vinyl record claim, that cd would last for 2 year only. but as you have experience cd from this period can still be play. I remember one report from about 1990, which claim a lifetime of only 3-4 year. look into the report, it turn out that the condition of storage be -30C (some -25f) and reading/playing equipment have a worn laser diode. Most of we can only say: I donot store my cd in the freezer and today laser diode donot wear out as they use to.
turn towards recordable cd, the whole issue be a matter of have a whole bunch of clear hole place in circle in a foil. readability of these hole be depend on a number of issue. how clear be the hole? be edge of the hole clear? be the reflectivity of the material sufficient? be the laser still as effective as it be? or have the surface become matte? for the early cd-burner this be jeopardize by increase burn speed and some blank cd have doubtful foil material. add, to this some cd-burner be even sell with write speed beyond its capability. many blank cd be reject in this period due to bad burner rather than bad disc. it be my conclusion, that this interim period have give we some doubtful disc.
you have to be careful with your cd and also a little bit extra careful with your own. they donot like heat, bright light, bending, and write with aggressive writing pen be also nasty. especially pen with unknown chemical may etch the cd, it be just like burning, but this time control by the chemical.
in case you wanna increase the lifetime of your recording, you may buy cd which be claim to 300+ year lifetime. these cd be refer to as GOLD-CD. these cd have a special layer which include some 24ct gold. the advantage of these cd be the ability to create clear hole into it with reduced oxidation or corrosion over time. amazing almost also unbelievable 300 year. just 100 year could be great for I. in 10-20 year everything would be transfer to new medium type anyway. I see a report on the 300 year at
Price of these GOLD CDs be 10-20x time the usual one.
you have be suggest to use magnetic tape. nor tape do not last forever. as matter of fact the sound quality decay over time; frequency range be decrease by each use. this loss you can not be restore as with a digital medium. only digital storage keep its audio frequency range over time and use. like r&r;digital media be here to stay. you may call it CD, DVD, MPx, Blu-ray or whatever, but itbe digital.
I believe that today disc and equipment can provide a disc with sufficient lifetime for most of we and may even restore your more doubtful disc from the early burn time with success. even disc which be register as 'no disc' may be restore by copy it today. in case you wanna assure yourself; let the pc verify the burn disc, this option be normally disable by default.
what shall I do with my precious disc from the early day? my good recommendation would be to make a new copy, while the old be still readable. this be easy and cheap to most of we today as have two drive in your pc be not uncommon. lastly, the quality and lifetime of recorded disc be today likely to most depended on your own care.
submit by: Leif M. of Helsingor, Denmark
regard problem develop over time with recordable cd-r medium, Ihave run into some of this myself, but I also have quite a few disc that be make back when the very first 1x cd burner be make available to the public, and they still read just fine for I.
I suspect that there be several factor involve here.
1. Ibe certain therebe a difference in quality between brand of cd-r medium. a number of my really old CD-Rs that still read flawlessly today be Kodak brand, and be consider expensive "premium quality" disc at the time. theybe even physically a little bit thick than most other medium Ihave handle. by contrast, some of the generic medium I purchase because of the low price on 100-pack spindle have actually develop "bubble" where you can see the dye thatbe sandwich between the layer of plastic be disintegrate. (of course it willnot read if small spot be completely go!) there be/be several different type of dye use for cd-r medium, as well, and I wouldnot be surprised if itbe turn out that some type have well longevity than other. for example, Verbatim be know for use their trademark blue-tint dye, while other be shade of green or gold.
2. from what Ihave read and observe, handle make a big difference too. leave your cd-r's expose to sunlight (as folk tend to do with music cd use in their car or truck) probably shave year off of their lifespan. put they in some type of jewel-case or sleeve when not in use be a very good idea. box of empty jewel-case can be purchase fairly inexpensively at most office supply and electronic chain store.
3. a cd-r hold computer datum be inherently more "fragile" and subject to data loss than a CD-r record as an audio disc. the standard use for record audio cd incorporate quite a bit of error correction information to handle small scuff and scratch on the medium, but besides that, audio datum be spread out over a much large portion of the CD-R. if you have a .zip file store on a CD-r, for example, a pinhole-sized mark someplace on the disc where that .ZIP file be store can easily be enough to prevent the whole archive from extract properly. by contrast, the same sized mark might only cause a very brief "stutter" at one point of a song on a music disc (or not pose a discernable problem at all, due to the error correction).
if your audio disc be already deteriorate to the point where player be reject they as "unreadable" or theybe skip badly, it sound to I like thing have get pretty bad. the only recommendation Iwould have be to re-record your music to fresh, good-quality cd-r medium and throw out the old one - and in the future, make a habit of transfer your music to fresh disc every few year or so.
luckily, in the case of computer software backup, they tend to become so outdated, you no long really need to keep they by the time the medium theybe record on start fail. but for those try to preserve digital photo and the like, Iwould recommend this same procedure. make a fresh set of backup every so often and discard the old medium - before it fail on you and you lose something priceless!
submit by: Tom W.
CD burn media fail after time.
I be a practice technician and this be not a new complaint. it be my firm belief that most consumer burn their medium at the fast speed possible for both their software and the medium they use. this be fine but there may well be a trade-off in do this.
what most consumer do not perhaps understand be that commercially produce CD's have actual pit press into they that represent the digital datum of the original sound datum. a burned cd on the other hand be make by fabricate a photo sensitive layer to mimic the pit find in pressed medium.
I have find three major cause for this consumer problem they be as
1. a slow burn make a strong image representation in the photo
sensitive layer of a burned cd. a fast burn while successful may not impress the photo sensitive layer as effectively as a slow burn. over time the burn fail as the photo sensitive layer deteriorate.
2. sunlight and other form of intense light can effect a burn cd
because it can cause a distortion in the burned media's photo sensitive layer.
3. scratch by far be more evident on burned medium and more easily
cause than on pressed medium. Most consumer seem to ignore the manufacture warning and suggestion. handle of the disc in a careful manner as advise by the manufacturer be the good policy here. I use a camera lens cloth to clean surface of all my medium. a camera lens cloth will not scratch the disc surface. paper and regular household cloth will cause scratch.
observe the above and I do believe you will have well result.
one more thing always use the medium recommend by the burner manufacturer. it be endorse and guarantee to work, many of the cheap non name disc out there be just not up to par. its just like the old cassette tape day.
Most audiophile go for tape like Maxell, JVC, Sony etc. but as everyone know there be a lot of bogus brand out there for the un-inform to purchase.
submit by: Peter K.
> I recently read an article by a data storage expert who claim that
> burn CD-r and cd-RWs can be expect to last only two to five year
> and not a whole lot more. I personally have commercially press cd
> from the 1980 that still play fine, but I have begin to notice that
> some of my burned CD-r be begin to skip
you mention that there be basically two type of cd: those that be create with all information in place and those you can buy and write on.
the first type be quite robust as the information have be "engrave" into the surface just below the reflector. the most critical part of such a cd be the reflector, most often a very thin layer of aluminum.
the second type of CD work a bit differently: there be a dye layer below the reflector and the information be write onto the cd-R(W) by "burn"
and thereby locally change the optical property of the dye. the most critical part be the dye, besides the reflector as above. if the dye degrade the CD easily get unreadable. the dye of CD-RW be even more critical as it must be "resetable" - another constraint.
> the expert suggest that for secure long-term storage, high -quality
> magnetic tape be the way to go.
this solution be quite expensive as you need a tape drive and enough tape cartridge, but have the advantage of a much large storage capacity. if the manufacturer say their tape cartridge be reliable for a very long time they have one advantage above CD-r: this type of storage device have be around long enough to prove it. cd-r have be on the market for no more than 10 year.
the good strategy for the private user be: have a good archive strategy, save often and store the medium carefully in a dry, dark, cool place. if you store every file more than once you have a well chance to retrieve it.
there be no real alternative to CD-R. Use high-quality one. do not use any dvd variety as their reliability be much less. dvd may be use for an image backup of your boot drive so you can restore your present configuration for the month to come.
submit by: Alexander V.
Unlike press original cd, burn cd have a relatively short life span of between two to five year, depend on the quality of the CD. there be a few thing you can do to extend the life of a burned cd, like keep the disc in a cool, dark space, but not a whole lot more.
the problem be material degradation. optical disc commonly use for burning, such as CD-r and cd-RW, have a recording surface consist of a layer of dye that can be modify by heat to store datum. the degradation process can result in the datum "shift" on the surface and thus become unreadable to the laser beam.
many of the cheap burnable cd available at discount store have a life span of around two year, in fact, there be some of the well-quality disc offer a long life span, of a maximum of five year. distinguish high-quality burnable cd from low-quality disc be difficult, I think because few vendor use life span as a selling point.
Ihave have good luck with verbatim medium, and bad result with TDK. Playback with the TDK disc I use degrade steadily over time, in spite of very little use, and not much in the way of scratch or other blemish on the disc. on the other hand, the verbatim disc Ihave use have hold up well over time, and under more use than the TDK one I use.
opinion vary on how to preserve datum on digital storage medium, such as optical cd and dvd. I have my own view: to overcome the preservation limitation of burnable cd, Im suggest use magnetic tape, which, as I read, can have a life span of 30 year to 100 year, depend on their quality. even if magnetic tape be also subject to degradation, theybe still the superior storage medium.
but I want to point out that no storage medium last forever and, consequently, consumer and business alike need to have a migration plan to new storage technology.
a good question to get in this subject be do burn Speed make difference in quality of cd? someone tell I that the burn speed make a difference in the quality of the record. the low it be, the deep it burn and therefore the well the quality be. I hear that there be some audio technician decide to burn master at 2x and copy at 4x due to get digital noise from high burn rate. might just depend on the burner quality and the burn program...
hop you get the Point of my explanation.
submit by: Sameer T.
everyone who own a business be always try to be entice by the security and the longevity of magnetic tape. and although Ibe apt to agree with they on its durability, I donot use it to back up important datum in my business. I have two problem with magnetic tape vs. CD or DVD. the first problem be hardware. datum back up on a cd or dvd can be load into any computer with a drive capable of handle the medium. the same can be say about tape backup, however you be more likely to find a computer off the shelf with a compatible cd or dvd drive vs a magnetic tape drive. the other problem be the need for long term storage.
as a business owner, Ibe back up my important datum every one to three day. Ihave be use cd-rw medium to do this for year. if a disk get corrupt, you can reformat it use your burn software, then use it again. if you be concerned about your cd become corrupt, simply burn two or three. the cost of three cd or even dvd medium be much more reasonable than the cost of one of those tape. and if my server die, I can buy any computer at any store, and load the datum onto the new computer right away and Ibe back in the game. I have several people try to convince I of the benefit of a paper backup system. I find it easy (and cheap) to have multiple electronic backup. my business server have a RAID 1 card and two hard drive which mirror each other. I have the cd backup, and I then take this datum and save it to a secure partition on another machine in a separate location.
the likelihood of all of these system fail at one time be highly unlikely. and if it do, Ibe take the day off, because thatbe just real bad luck. as far as long term storage (like music), Ihave notice that cd-RW can lose the datum in the long haul, but havenot have any problem with cd-r medium. I have some that skip, but not for a reason I donot know about. I buy the large spool of CD-r which donot come with jewel case. so these disk get abuse. if you know you be go to keep something for a really long time, I would make sure the disk you buy have jewel case. and you can apply the multiple disk system with this as well. the media be easy on the wallet, and the more backup you have, the low the risk you will actually lose the datum.
I donot think I answer all the question, but thatbe my take.
submit by: Dave K.
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ADV PUNCT VERB CD's CCONJ CD PUNCT R CCONJ CD PUNCT RW disks AUX ADV ADJ technologies PUNCT DET AUX SCONJ DET ADJ PROPN AUX VERB PART AUX ADJ ADV ADP DET CD PUNCT R AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET CD drive VERB DET VERB laser beam PRON AUX VERB ADP DET media surface ADP DET CD disc PUNCT DET beam AUX VERB ADP DET sensor PRON VERB changes ADP DET amount ADP energy PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT process VERB VERB aluminum ADP DET media surface PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET term PUNCT VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ vinyl record term PUNCT CCONJ DET production process AUX ADV ADV DET ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX DET PUNCT master PUNCT disk PRON AUX VERB ADP DET press DET AUX VERB ADP polycarbonate PUNCT DET master disk AUX ADJ pins VERB ADP ADV PRON AUX PART AUX DET hole ADP DET aluminum PUNCT DET disk AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADJ aluminum AUX VERB ADP PRON PUNCT DET VERB ADP DET aluminum layer ADP holes ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET disc AUX VERB PUNCT DET laser VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ aluminum 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PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET type ADP storage device AUX AUX ADV ADV ADV PART VERB PRON PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX AUX ADP DET market ADP DET ADJ ADP NUM years PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ strategy ADP DET ADJ user AUX PUNCT AUX DET ADJ archive strategy PUNCT VERB ADV CCONJ VERB DET media ADV ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ place PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET file ADV ADP ADV PRON AUX DET ADJ chance PART VERB PRON PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET ADJ alternatives ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADJ PUNCT quality ones PUNCT AUX PART VERB DET DVD variety ADP PRON reliability AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT DVD AUX AUX VERB ADP DET image backup ADP PRON boot drive SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PRON ADJ configuration ADP DET months PART VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE ADP VERB ADJ CDs PUNCT VERB CDs AUX DET ADV ADJ life span ADP ADP NUM PART NUM years PUNCT VERB ADP DET quality ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ things PRON AUX AUX PART VERB DET life ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT ADP VERB DET disc ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ space PUNCT CCONJ PART DET ADJ lot ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET problem AUX material degradation PUNCT ADJ discs ADV VERB ADP burning PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT R CCONJ CD PUNCT RW PUNCT AUX DET VERB surface VERB ADP DET layer ADP dye PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP heat PART VERB data PUNCT DET degradation process AUX VERB ADP DET data PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADP DET surface CCONJ ADV VERB ADJ ADP DET laser beam PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADP DET ADJ ADJ CDs ADJ ADP discount stores AUX DET life span ADP ADV NUM years PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADP DET ADJ PUNCT quality discs VERB DET ADJ life span PUNCT ADP DET maximum ADP NUM years PUNCT VERB ADJ PUNCT quality ADJ CDs ADP ADJ PUNCT quality discs AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ ADJ vendors VERB life span ADP DET selling point PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX AUX ADJ luck ADP PROPN media PUNCT CCONJ ADJ results ADP PROPN PUNCT Playback ADP DET PROPN discs PRON VERB VERB ADV ADP time PUNCT ADP spite ADP ADV ADJ use PUNCT CCONJ PART ADJ ADP DET way ADP scratches CCONJ ADJ blemishes ADP DET disc PUNCT ADP DET ADJ hand PUNCT DET PROPN discs PRON AUX VERB AUX VERB ADP ADV ADP time PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ use ADP DET PROPN ones PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE Opinions VERB ADP SCONJ PART VERB data ADP ADJ storage media PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ CDs CCONJ DVDs PUNCT PRON AUX PRON ADJ view PUNCT PART VERB DET preservation limitations ADP ADJ CDs PUNCT PRON VERB VERB VERB ADJ tapes PUNCT DET PUNCT ADP PRON VERB PUNCT AUX AUX DET life span ADP NUM years PART NUM years PUNCT VERB ADP PRON quality PUNCT ADV SCONJ ADJ tapes AUX ADV ADJ ADP degradation PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ storage media PUNCT SPACE CCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB ADP SCONJ DET storage medium VERB ADV CCONJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT consumers CCONJ business ADV VERB PART AUX DET migration plan ADP ADJ storage technologies PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ Question PART VERB ADP DET subject AUX AUX Burning Speed VERB difference ADP quality ADP CDs PUNCT PRON VERB PRON SCONJ DET burning speed VERB DET difference ADP DET quality ADP DET records PUNCT DET ADJ PRON AUX PUNCT DET ADV PRON VERB CCONJ ADV DET ADJ DET quality AUX PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ technicians VERB PART VERB masters ADP NUM CCONJ copies ADP NUM ADP ADP VERB ADJ noise ADP ADJ burn rates PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET burner quality CCONJ DET burning program PUNCT SPACE VERB PRON VERB DET Point ADP PRON explanation PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PRON PRON VERB DET business AUX ADV VERB PART AUX VERB ADP DET security CCONJ DET longevity ADP ADJ tape PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP PRON ADP PRON durability PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB PRON PART VERB ADP ADJ data ADP PRON business PUNCT PRON AUX NUM problems ADP ADJ tape X PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ problem AUX hardware PUNCT Data VERB ADP ADP DET CD CCONJ DVD AUX AUX VERB ADP DET computer ADP DET drive ADJ ADP VERB DET media PUNCT DET ADJ AUX AUX VERB ADP tape backup PUNCT ADV PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB DET computer ADP DET shelf ADP DET ADJ CD CCONJ DVD drive ADP DET ADJ tape drive 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ADJ partition ADP DET machine ADP DET ADJ location PUNCT SPACE DET likelihood ADP DET ADP DET systems VERB ADP NUM time AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET day ADP PUNCT SCONJ DET AUX ADV ADV ADJ luck PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADJ term storage PUNCT ADP music PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ CD PUNCT RW AUX VERB DET data ADP DET ADJ haul PUNCT CCONJ AUX PART AUX DET problems ADP CD PUNCT R media PUNCT PRON AUX DET PRON VERB PUNCT CCONJ PART ADP DET reason PRON AUX PART VERB ADP PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ spools ADP CD PUNCT R DET AUX PART VERB ADP jewel cases PUNCT SCONJ DET disks VERB VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PRON AUX VERB PART VERB PRON ADP DET ADV ADJ time PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ DET disks PRON VERB AUX jewel cases PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ disk system ADP DET ADV ADV PUNCT DET media AUX ADJ ADP DET wallet PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ backups PRON AUX PUNCT DET ADJ DET risk PRON AUX ADV VERB DET data PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART VERB PRON VERB DET DET questions PUNCT 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CCONJ ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ PART ADV ADV PUNCT ADP DET holes PUNCT DET reflection SYM non - reflection AUX VERB ADP DET ones CCONJ zeros ADP DET ADJ data VERB ADP DET disk PUNCT SPACE ADP time DET aluminum AUX VERB CCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ changes ADP DET plastic CCONJ ADJ materials PRON VERB DET disc ADJ PUNCT DET AUX ADJ term effects CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ life ADP DET ADJ PROPN AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADP conclusion PUNCT ADP DET experts PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX PART VERB DET aluminum media surface PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET dye PUNCT SCONJ DET disc AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT ADJ laser VERB spots ADP DET disk PART VERB ADJ PUNCT ADV DET term PUNCT burning PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ VERB ADV PUNCT DET sensor ADP DET player VERB DET difference ADP reflectivity ADP DET ADJ CCONJ PART PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ spots ADP DET ADJ data PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT SCONJ DET dye AUX DET light PUNCT ADJ chemical PUNCT ADP time PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET heat ADP DET reading laser PUNCT ADP ADJ light PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ degradation ADP DET dye CCONJ support media PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN SYM RW media AUX ADJ ADP backup PUNCT CCONJ ADP VERB ADJ media PUNCT VERB music files PART VERB ADP PRON car SCONJ SCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP heat CCONJ VERB ADP PRON AUX VERB DET NUM PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON originals ADV PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ ADJ purposes PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART ADJ ADP ADJ storage SCONJ PRON AUX PART ADJ ADV ADP DET purpose PUNCT SPACE ADJ note PUNCT SCONJ VERB CD's ADP use ADP DET car PUNCT ADP ADJ results VERB PUNCT music CD's PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET application PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON burning speed ADP ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PART VERB DET ADJ spot ADP PRON ADJ speed burner PUNCT DET car AUX VERB DET disc ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP tape storage AUX VERB PUNCT tape AUX ADV PART DET ADJ ADJ choice ADP media PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT R PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET ADJ studies PUNCT SPACE ADJ data centers PRON VERB tape storage VERB DET storage ADV PUNCT PRON PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET date DET tape AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB PRON ADP PART AUX VERB ADV PUNCT DET ADJ tape AUX ADV VERB CCONJ VERB ADP PRON VERB end ADP life PUNCT ADV DET ADJ usage CCONJ time interval PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET number ADP ADJ errors VERB DET threshold PUNCT ADP DET time PRON AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ issue ADP ADJ term archive AUX ADJ PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP media PUNCT ADP media PUNCT SCONJ DET data center VERB PRON files ADP DET NUM track ADJ tape NUM years ADV PUNCT SCONJ AUX PRON VERB DET data today PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADJ NUM track drives PUNCT PUNCT PRON SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT drive PUNCT ADJ businesses AUX trouble SCONJ PRON tape drive VERB PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET drive ADP DET ADJ format PUNCT SPACE File formats AUX DET problem PUNCT PRON AUX word processing documents PRON ADJ family members VERB years ADV PUNCT PRON ADV ADV AUX word processing software PRON AUX VERB DET ADP DET formats PUNCT PRON AUX PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB DET ADJ text CCONJ ADV VERB PART VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ program PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX PART AUX DET VERB original PRON AUX PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PART AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ADJ format PRON AUX VERB DET test ADP time AUX paper PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE INTJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT VERB expert ADV AUX VERB DET waters CCONJ DET LOT ADP people AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ question PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON ADJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET problem ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE PART AUX ADJ PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP charge ADP DET ADP DET record archiving ADP DET government PUNCT AUX DET standard ADP media storage PUNCT CCONJ VERB PROPN PUNCT DET PART PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PART VERB DET ADJ standard ADP media durability PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON ADV VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX PART ADV PUNCT ADP PROPN AUX ADJ ADP DET background organization PUNCT CCONJ VERB PART VERB PUNCT PRON AUX DET ones PRON VERB DET standards PUNCT references PUNCT CCONJ accuracy tests ADP DET industries PUNCT ADP PROPN ADP PROPN accuracy PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT SCONJ PROPN VERB NUM ADP DET Internet PUNCT clocks PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PRON PC ADP PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN reference material VERB ADJ DNA test accuracy PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB ADJ captioning CCONJ ADJ ADJ technology PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET gentleman ADP DET name ADP PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ year VERB ADJ media PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET guide ADP PROPN ADP librarians PRON VERB PART VERB information ADP SCONJ PART VERB ADP ADJ media ADJ ADP CD PUNCT R CCONJ DVD PUNCT R PART CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADP DET guide PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ ADP ADJ handling PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ humidity PUNCT DET scratching PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT X PUNCT PUNCT DET DVD PUNCT R AUX VERB NUM years ADP DET fear ADP VERB DET information PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET AUX PART DET ADJ number ADP PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ NUMBER ADP FACTORS PUNCT DET ADP DET ADP PRON control PUNCT CCONJ DET PART PUNCT SPACE Factors PRON VERB disc life expectancy VERB DET VERB PUNCT SPACE type PUNCT ADP ADJ media AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ media manufacturing quality PUNCT PRON VERB PRON PRON VERB ADP condition ADP DET disc ADP VERB PUNCT ADJ quality ADP DET disc recording PUNCT garbage ADV PUNCT garbage ADP handling CCONJ maintenance PUNCT scratches AUX ADJ ADP DET discs ADJ conditions PUNCT humidity CCONJ temperature AUX VERB disc PUNCT VERB DET ADJ layer ADP DET media PUNCT light PUNCT X PUNCT UV light AUX VERB DET dye VERB ADP ADJ media PUNCT X PUNCT SPACE VERB PRON VERB DET factor ADP DET bit ADJ detail SPACE DET types ADP media AUX AUX VERB ADP warpage PUNCT disc bending PUNCT PUNCT scratches PUNCT CCONJ ADJ layer breakdown ADP ADP oxygen leakage PUNCT SPACE ADJ media PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP UV rays PUNCT DET VERB DET dye VERB ADP DET process PUNCT SPACE ADJ media PUNCT ADP phase PUNCT change recording PUNCT 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DET home PUNCT VERB version VERB dyes PART VERB PRON DET ADJ CD AUX ADP VERB PRON VERB ADP DET disk PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT ADP course PUNCT DET ADJ explanation PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET ADJ ways PART VERB DET amount ADP time DET PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT ADV ADP DET PUNCT VERB ADJ quality CDs PART VERB ADP PUNCT VERB ADP brand names PRON PRON AUX ADJ ADP CCONJ AUX VERB ADV ADP DET past PUNCT SPACE AUX PART VERB SCONJ ADV SCONJ DET ADJ CD AUX VERB ADP DET ADV PUNCT VERB company SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ quality PUNCT SPACE VERB PRON ADP ADP ADV VERB PRON PUNCT NUM ADP DET ADJ ways PART AUX DET AUX PART VERB PRON ADP PRON ADJ system backups PUNCT AUX ADJ PART ADV VERB ADP DET backups ADV PUNCT ADJ SCONJ PRON AUX DET computer ADJ PRON PRON AUX VERB ADP data ADP PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET backup program PRON VERB PRON PART VERB DET backup ADP DET PUNCT ADJ drive PUNCT CCONJ VERB data ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE DET VERB PRON VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET problem ADP DET brand VERB ADV ADV 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storage CCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB DET discs PUNCT ADP ADJ word PUNCT SCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ PRON AUX ADP DET user PUNCT ADV DET material VERB ADP DET CDs PUNCT SCONJ ADJ DET ADJ CD AUX PRON VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADV PRON burning equipment PUNCT DET AUX DET laser diode PUNCT SPACE SCONJ VERB CDs AUX VERB ADP beginning ADP DET 80s lovers ADP vinyl records VERB PUNCT SCONJ CDs AUX VERB ADP NUM years ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADP PRON AUX VERB CDs ADP DET period AUX ADV AUX VERB PUNCT PRON VERB NUM report ADP ADP NUM PUNCT DET VERB DET lifetime ADP ADV NUM SYM NUM years PUNCT VERB ADP DET report PUNCT PRON VERB ADP SCONJ DET condition ADP storage AUX NUM PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT CCONJ reading SYM VERB equipment AUX DET VERB laser diode PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB PRON CDs ADP DET freezer CCONJ todays laser diodes AUX PART VERB ADP ADP PRON VERB PART PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP ADJ CDs PUNCT DET ADJ issue AUX DET matter ADP VERB DET ADJ bunch ADP ADJ holes VERB ADP circles ADP DET foil PUNCT 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- ray CCONJ PRON PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB SCONJ todays discs CCONJ equipment AUX VERB DET disc ADP ADJ lifetime ADP ADJ ADP PRON CCONJ AUX ADV VERB PRON ADV ADJ discs ADP DET ADJ burning time ADP success PUNCT ADV discs DET AUX VERB ADP PUNCT DET disc PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB PRON today PUNCT ADP case PRON AUX VERB PRON PUNCT VERB DET PC VERB DET VERB disc PUNCT DET option AUX ADV VERB ADP default PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PRON AUX ADP PRON ADJ discs ADP DET ADJ days PUNCT PRON ADJ recommendation AUX AUX PART VERB DET ADJ copy PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT DET AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADP ADJ ADP PRON today ADP VERB NUM drives ADP PRON PC AUX PART ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET quality CCONJ lifetime ADP VERB discs AUX today ADJ PART ADV VERB ADP PRON ADJ care PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE VERB problems VERB ADP time ADP ADJ CD PUNCT R media PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADP DET PRON PUNCT CCONJ PRON ADV AUX DET DET ADJ discs PRON AUX 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space PUNCT CCONJ PART DET ADJ lot ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET problem AUX material degradation PUNCT ADJ discs ADV VERB ADP burning PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT R CCONJ CD PUNCT RW PUNCT AUX DET VERB surface VERB ADP DET layer ADP dye PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP heat PART VERB data PUNCT DET degradation process AUX VERB ADP DET data PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADP DET surface CCONJ ADV VERB ADJ ADP DET laser beam PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADP DET ADJ ADJ CDs ADJ ADP discount stores AUX DET life span ADP ADV NUM years PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADP DET ADJ PUNCT quality discs VERB DET ADJ life span PUNCT ADP DET maximum ADP NUM years PUNCT VERB ADJ PUNCT quality ADJ CDs ADP ADJ PUNCT quality discs AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ ADJ vendors VERB life span ADP DET selling point PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX AUX ADJ luck ADP PROPN media PUNCT CCONJ ADJ results ADP PROPN PUNCT Playback ADP DET PROPN discs PRON VERB VERB ADV ADP time PUNCT ADP spite ADP ADV ADJ use PUNCT CCONJ PART ADJ ADP DET way ADP scratches CCONJ ADJ blemishes 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ADJ PRON AUX PUNCT DET ADV PRON VERB CCONJ ADV DET ADJ DET quality AUX PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ technicians VERB PART VERB masters ADP NUM CCONJ copies ADP NUM ADP ADP VERB ADJ noise ADP ADJ burn rates PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET burner quality CCONJ DET burning program PUNCT SPACE VERB PRON VERB DET Point ADP PRON explanation PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PRON PRON VERB DET business AUX ADV VERB PART AUX VERB ADP DET security CCONJ DET longevity ADP ADJ tape PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP PRON ADP PRON durability PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB PRON PART VERB ADP ADJ data ADP PRON business PUNCT PRON AUX NUM problems ADP ADJ tape X PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ problem AUX hardware PUNCT Data VERB ADP ADP DET CD CCONJ DVD AUX AUX VERB ADP DET computer ADP DET drive ADJ ADP VERB DET media PUNCT DET ADJ AUX AUX VERB ADP tape backup PUNCT ADV PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB DET computer ADP DET shelf ADP DET ADJ CD CCONJ DVD drive ADP DET ADJ tape drive 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ADJ partition ADP DET machine ADP DET ADJ location PUNCT SPACE DET likelihood ADP DET ADP DET systems VERB ADP NUM time AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET day ADP PUNCT SCONJ DET AUX ADV ADV ADJ luck PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADJ term storage PUNCT ADP music PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ CD PUNCT RW AUX VERB DET data ADP DET ADJ haul PUNCT CCONJ AUX PART AUX DET problems ADP CD PUNCT R media PUNCT PRON AUX DET PRON VERB PUNCT CCONJ PART ADP DET reason PRON AUX PART VERB ADP PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ spools ADP CD PUNCT R DET AUX PART VERB ADP jewel cases PUNCT SCONJ DET disks VERB VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PRON AUX VERB PART VERB PRON ADP DET ADV ADJ time PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ DET disks PRON VERB AUX jewel cases PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ disk system ADP DET ADV ADV PUNCT DET media AUX ADJ ADP DET wallet PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ backups PRON AUX PUNCT DET ADJ DET risk PRON AUX ADV VERB DET data PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART VERB PRON VERB DET DET questions PUNCT 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storage VERB DET storage ADV PUNCT PRON PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET date DET tape AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB PRON ADP PART AUX VERB ADV PUNCT DET ADJ tape AUX ADV VERB CCONJ VERB ADP PRON VERB end ADP life PUNCT ADV DET ADJ usage CCONJ time interval PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET number ADP ADJ errors VERB DET threshold PUNCT ADP DET time PRON AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ issue ADP ADJ term archive AUX ADJ PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP media PUNCT ADP media PUNCT SCONJ DET data center VERB PRON files ADP DET NUM track ADJ tape NUM years ADV PUNCT SCONJ AUX PRON VERB DET data today PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADJ NUM track drives PUNCT PUNCT PRON SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT drive PUNCT ADJ businesses AUX trouble SCONJ PRON tape drive VERB PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET drive ADP DET ADJ format PUNCT SPACE File formats AUX DET problem PUNCT PRON AUX word processing documents PRON ADJ family members VERB years ADV PUNCT PRON ADV ADV AUX word processing 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'Old Earth Scientists'... I've never heard that before ... You aren't suggesting that there are 'new earth scientists' are you ?
Well sort of, there are commonly two types of scientists - old earth (who believe that the earth is billions of years old) and then young earth who believe that the earth is around 6,000 years old.As far as Science is concerned the big bang occured between approx 14 - 18 billion years ago
As stated above, there are both old earth scientists and young earth scientists. Old earth scientists believe in the big bang theory and that the age of the earth is in the order of billions of years. Having said that perhaps the above statement should read "As far as old earth scientists believe, the big bang occurred between approx 14 - 18 billion years ago." Furthermore, when you say "concerned" it makes the assumption that the big bang actually did happen. The big bang is a theory and unless scientists can replicate it, it will forever remain a theory.thats not a theory formed by 'old earth scientists' that is calculated using every method we have at our disposal
Unfortunately your statement falls short from the beginning - remember, the big bang theory is just that, a theory.measuring the expansion rate of the universe, measuring light from distant stars etc..there are too many to mention.
The Bible also confirms that the universe is expanding. Isaiah 40:22 teaches that God “stretches out the heavens like a curtain, and spreads them out like a tent to dwell in.” This verse was written thousands of years before secular scientists accepted an expanding universe. It was until more recently that scientists changed their mind from the universe being constant to actually expanding.
There are a few theories floating around with respect to the apparent red shift of stellar objects. old earth scientists believe it to be a result of bodies moving away from earth. As such, they have suggested that there should be no fully formed stellar bodies further away than about 8 billion light years. Astronomers have pointed telescopes into supposed redshift deserts (I.E. locations in space where there should be no fully formed bodies) and they found a sky full of fully formed galaxies.
Measuring light from distant stars relies on the assumption that light has always moved at a constant rate, which unfortunately has not been proven.1. The moon moves away from the earth at around 4cm per year. If the earth was billions of years old, the moon could not be as close to the earth as it is.
That suggests that the moon has always been in orbit around the earth for the 4.5 billion years...it hasn't
Unfortunately this is not what old earth scientists believe. They believe that the earth and moon have been around for over 4 billion years.2. Oil deposits in the earth are under extreme pressure. If the earth was billions of years old this pressure would have caused the oil to have seeped through the rock layers and eventually the pressure would all be gone - I.E. there would be no oil under pressure today
The oil deposits aren't 4.5 billion years old either... they are from rotting animal/vegetable sources from much later .. millions of years not billions
I should have written this statement differently I.E. millions of years. The problem still stands however that if oil has was around millions of years ago, then it could not be under pressure today.3. The sun is shrinking at a rate of five feet per hour. this means that the sun would have been touching the earth a mere 11million years ago (let alone billions of years ago)
No, that asssumes a constant state universe...the universe is very far from constant...its expanding and has been since the beginning. Nobody has ever suggested that the earth - moon - sun position has been in existance let alone constant since the big bang.
Don't old earth scientists make assumptions also? If you look above, old earth scientists make the assumption that the speed of light is constant. Furthermore they still hold to the assumption that the earth, moon and sun have been around for over 4 billion years.4. Helium is added to the atmosphere everyday. Basically there is not enough helium in the atmosphere to support billions of years.
Helium hasn't been added for 4.5 billion years ... again the earth wouldn't have had an atmosphere until recently ( recent related to its 4.5 billion age )
According to old earth scientists. The oxygen enriched atmosphere (basically as we know it today) was formed around 2.7 billion years ago. The amount of helium contained within our atmosphere today is only enough to support thousands of years, certainly not billions.5. Comets lose mass over time, there would be no comets left if the universe was billions of years old. (because comets were apparently a by product of the big bang)
Thats misleading. The origin and time of origin of comets is not claimed to be the big bang. Thats a straw man.
(I am guessing that a straw is another way of saying clutching at straws?)
Again with this one I should not have just skimmed over it but should have elaborated. Comets have long been a good evidence due to their fragile nature and life expectancy. Comets are commonly huge chunks of ice traveling at tremendous speeds through space, when they come close to a star, they begin to melt and so form a trail of moisture. This can't last forever and it will eventually disintegrate. Here in-lies a problem for old earth scientists because there should be no comets left - they should all have been disintegrated by now (giving the billions of years). And if we are talking about clutching at straws - here's a good one for you.
Old earth scientists have come up with another theory to try and explain why we still have comets today. So in comes the Oort Cloud. The Oort Cloud is a hypothetical spherical cloud of comets which may lie roughly 1 light year away from our sun. Apparently, these comets become dislodged from the Oort Cloud by the gravitational pull of passing stars and the milky way itself (due to it apparently being at the outer edges of our milky way) These comets are then free to move about and disintegrate (which is how we see comets today) Now this Oort Cloud has not been detected or seen it is another theory - it is just a hypothetical cloud to try and fit in with the mold of an old universe.6. The earths magnetic field decays by approximately 5% every century, this means that a mere 10,000 years ago, the earths magnetic field would have been so strong that the heat it would have produced would have made life on earth impossible.
No doubt taken from Barnes's magnetic field argument 1973. The decay rate he stated has been debunked and stated as flawed.
How has it been debunked?7. fossilized dinosaur bones - these bones have been found and it is impossible for them to have lasted for millions of years.
Why not ? They have
The evidence available suggests an asteroid hit the earth approx 65 million years ago leading to a catastrpohic global event. There is a layer of iridium in the earths stratography that supports this theory.
Speaking of clutching at straws - "Why not? they have" This goes against what old earth scientists have been telling us for years! Blood cells decay at a much faster rate than the rate at which bones can fossilize. How then can you have a fossilized dinosaur bone which contain blood cells?
If we are talking about debunking theories or practices - radio carbon dating techniques have terrible flaws and rely on many assumptions. Therefor how can you be sure that your 65 million years is accurate?8. Salt is added everyday to the dead sea by inflows. Since it has no outlet - the salt content continues to grow. The amount of salt contained within it is not enough to support billions of years.
The dead Sea didn't spring into existance billions of years ago. Its a result of millions of years of constant change on the earth by volcanic, tectonic, atmospheric activity. The dead sea is a baby compared the age of the earth
I would have thought that you would line up the forming of the seas as we know them now with the catastrophic global event that wiped out the dinosaurs. If not that, then what are you basing your idea that the dead sea is a baby compared to the age of the earth? are we talking thousands of years, hundreds of thousands, millions or perhaps billions?9. The earths population doubles every 50 years (approx) it would take around about 4,000 years to reach the number of people that are on earth today (Lines up nicely with the world wide flood of Noah's day) if we use this figure for millions of years - the earth could not contain the amount of people.
Also that matches for the evolution model. The expansion in the earths population is also linked to the expansion of civilisation .. .not just the existance of humans and their descendants.
Could you expand on which evolution model you're referring to?10. Spiral galaxies appear this way due to their 'rotation' this rotation would eventually cause them to straighten out I.E. lose their spiral. There should be no spiral galaxies if the universe was actually billions of years old.
That again is a straw man. The big bang theory doesn't suggest spiral galaxies popping into existance at the moment of the big bang. They are formed over many millions of years
Why not? The big bang suggests that everything else popped into existence at the moment of the big bang. If this is not the case - then how did they form?The earth, the universe and everything in it was brought about in creation week. It was a divine event brought about by a supernatural creator.
No it wasn't ( that which can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence )
We have just been discussing a page full of evidences!And faith .....
Would you build an electronic project based on faith ? would you cross the road by faith ?
But you yourself are obviously a man of great faith. You believe that the universe and all it contains was brought about by a supposed big bang. To put it lightly - 'Nothing became something and the something exploded'
Where did this matter come from in the first place? doesn't the big bang go against the law of conservation of mass and energy?
If you are dismissing faith, then you must have proof of the big bang. You obviously weren't there when the supposed big bang took place so therefor it would stand to reason that you can replicate the big bang - after all, we are dismissing faith here.If I am sick I see a Doctor, If I have trouble seeing I go to an optician etc etc. Faith would not heal me or make me see. Rather countless selfless individuals who over thousands of years have devoted their lives to bettering mankind.
Yes indeed! Isn't it interesting how even though we apparently all stemmed from a common singularity we are all unique and have our own special gifts and talents? If we look to God's word though, we find that we all have been given these unique gifts and talents - some to be doctors, some to be opticians, some to make super pong tables and some to be astronauts!
But back on topic, isn't there an underlying reason that you go to a doctor? You go specifically to a doctor because you have faith in him. If you didn't have faith in him and all his years of training then you would just go to anyone wouldn't you?Its just not the case at all. For a start evolution doesn't need a set of ready to be assembled parts lying around. Its a process beginning with the smallest building blocks at chemical level and taking millions and millions of years to progress.
Fair enough, Let's walk though this one step at a time starting from the beginning - how did the very first building block get here?
Also a 747 ( or an LED pong table ) isn't carrying about obselete parts of earlier less successful aircraft in its frame like we are.
Could you list these supposed obsolete parts and explain why they are not required (I think you'll find that every part of our body plays it's own important role)
You say that you have faith in fellow humans. Why is that? If we are just a result of random chemical reactions then why do you trust in them?
On that note, why does anyone have morals? why do we have laws and rules? if we are the by product of natural selection in that it is survival of the fittest, who is to say that I can't go out and kill someone - after all this is how we supposedly came to be!
Do you feel sorrow when a family member or close friend dies? I am guessing that you would, but hold on a second - why on earth would you get sad if this is simply what you are arguing for in motion? To expand, If we are brought about by the strongest cells living on and the weaker ones dying off, isn't it good that your family member or friend has died because it means that the strong have survived and the weak are now dead? you should be sitting there giving hi five's to everyone shouting "Way to go natural selection!"
And finally, Why on earth would scientists use evidence from the past to predict the future? If the universe came about by disorder and random chemical reactions then how on earth could we use this information to reliably predict the future. Uniformity does not make any sense in a universe created by random chance and disorder.
Of course this is not the case, we find that the universes history is very much ordered because God designed it that way.
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Scientists earth scientists types scientists earth earth billions years earth earth years bang years earth scientists earth scientists earth scientists bang theory age earth order billions years statement earth scientists bang years assumption bang bang theory scientists theory.thats theory earth scientists method disposal statement beginning bang theory theory.measuring expansion rate universe light stars universe heavens curtain tent verse thousands years scientists universe scientists mind universe theories respect shift objects earth scientists result bodies earth bodies years Astronomers telescopes redshift deserts locations space bodies sky galaxies light stars assumption light rate moon earth cm year earth billions years moon earth moon orbit earth years earth scientists earth moon years.2 Oil deposits earth pressure earth billions years pressure oil rock layers pressure oil pressure today oil deposits years animal vegetable sources millions years billions statement millions years problem oil millions years pressure sun rate feet hour sun earth years billions years state universe universe beginning earth moon sun position existance earth scientists assumptions earth scientists assumption speed light assumption earth moon sun years.4 Helium atmosphere helium atmosphere billions years years earth atmosphere age earth scientists oxygen atmosphere today years amount helium atmosphere today thousands years billions.5 Comets mass time comets universe billions years comets product origin time origin comets bang straw man straw way straws one Comets evidence nature life expectancy Comets chunks ice speeds space star trail moisture lies problem earth scientists comets billions years straws one earth scientists theory comets today cloud comets year sun comets pull stars way edges way comets comets today theory cloud mold universe.6 earths field decays % century years earths field heat life earth field argument decay rate dinosaur bones bones millions years evidence asteroid earth approx years event layer iridium earths stratography theory straws earth scientists years Blood cells rate rate bones dinosaur bone blood cells theories practices radio carbon techniques flaws assumptions years Salt sea inflows outlet salt content amount salt billions years existance billions years result millions years change earth activity sea baby age earth forming seas event dinosaurs idea sea baby age earth thousands years hundreds thousands millions billions?9 earths population years years number people earth today Lines world flood day figure millions years earth amount people evolution model expansion earths population expansion civilisation existance humans descendants evolution model to?10 galaxies way rotation rotation spiral galaxies universe billions years straw man bang theory galaxies existance moment bang millions years bang existence moment bang case earth universe creation week event creator evidence evidence page faith project faith road faith man faith universe bang matter place bang law conservation mass energy faith proof bang bang place reason bang faith Doctor trouble optician Faith individuals thousands years lives mankind singularity gifts talents word gifts talents doctors opticians tables astronauts topic reason doctor doctor faith faith years training case start evolution set parts process building blocks chemical level millions millions years step time beginning building block LED pong table parts aircraft frame parts part body role faith humans result chemical reactions note morals laws rules product selection survival sorrow family member friend second earth motion cells ones family member friend Way selection earth scientists evidence past future universe disorder chemical reactions earth information future Uniformity sense universe chance disorder case universes history way
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'Old Earth scientist'... Ihave never hear that before ... you benot suggest that there be 'new earth scientist' be you ?
well sort of, there be commonly two type of scientist - old earth (who believe that the earth be billion of year old) and then young earth who believe that the earth be around 6,000 year old.as far as Science be concern the big bang occur between approx 14 - 18 billion year ago
as state above, there be both old earth scientist and young earth scientist. old earth scientist believe in the big bang theory and that the age of the earth be in the order of billion of year. have say that perhaps the above statement should read "as far as old earth scientist believe, the big bang occur between approx 14 - 18 billion year ago." furthermore, when you say "concern" it make the assumption that the big bang actually do happen. the big bang be a theory and unless scientist can replicate it, it will forever remain a theory.that not a theory form by 'old earth scientist' that be calculate use every method we have at our disposal
unfortunately your statement fall short from the beginning - remember, the big bang theory be just that, a theory.measuring the expansion rate of the universe, measure light from distant star etc..there be too many to mention.
the Bible also confirm that the universe be expand. Isaiah 40:22 teach that God "stretch out the heaven like a curtain, and spread they out like a tent to dwell in." this verse be write thousand of year before secular scientist accept an expand universe. it be until more recently that scientist change their mind from the universe be constant to actually expand.
there be a few theory float around with respect to the apparent red shift of stellar object. old earth scientist believe it to be a result of body move away from earth. as such, they have suggest that there should be no fully form stellar body far away than about 8 billion light year. astronomer have point telescope into suppose redshift desert (I.E. location in space where there should be no fully form body) and they find a sky full of fully form galaxy.
measure light from distant star rely on the assumption that light have always move at a constant rate, which unfortunately have not be proven.1. the moon move away from the earth at around 4cm per year. if the earth be billion of year old, the moon could not be as close to the earth as it be.
that suggest that the moon have always be in orbit around the earth for the 4.5 billion year...it havenot
unfortunately this be not what old earth scientist believe. they believe that the earth and moon have be around for over 4 billion years.2. oil deposit in the earth be under extreme pressure. if the earth be billion of year old this pressure would have cause the oil to have seep through the rock layer and eventually the pressure would all be go - I.E. there would be no oil under pressure today
the oil deposit benot 4.5 billion year old either... they be from rot animal/vegetable source from much later .. million of year not billion
I should have write this statement differently I.E. million of year. the problem still stand however that if oil have be around million of year ago, then it could not be under pressure today.3. the sun be shrink at a rate of five foot per hour. this mean that the sun would have be touch the earth a mere 11million year ago (let alone billion of year ago)
no, that asssume a constant state universe...the universe be very far from constant...its expand and have be since the beginning. nobody have ever suggest that the earth - moon - sun position have be in existance let alone constant since the big bang.
donot old earth scientist make assumption also? if you look above, old earth scientist make the assumption that the speed of light be constant. furthermore they still hold to the assumption that the earth, moon and sun have be around for over 4 billion years.4. helium be add to the atmosphere everyday. basically there be not enough helium in the atmosphere to support billion of year.
Helium havenot be add for 4.5 billion year ... again the earth wouldnot have have an atmosphere until recently ( recent relate to its 4.5 billion age )
accord to old earth scientist. the oxygen enrich atmosphere (basically as we know it today) be form around 2.7 billion year ago. the amount of helium contain within our atmosphere today be only enough to support thousand of year, certainly not billions.5. comet lose mass over time, there would be no comet leave if the universe be billion of year old. (because comet be apparently a by product of the big bang)
thats misleading. the origin and time of origin of comet be not claim to be the big bang. thats a straw man.
(I be guess that a straw be another way of say clutch at straw?)
again with this one I should not have just skim over it but should have elaborate. comet have long be a good evidence due to their fragile nature and life expectancy. comet be commonly huge chunk of ice travel at tremendous speed through space, when they come close to a star, they begin to melt and so form a trail of moisture. this cannot last forever and it will eventually disintegrate. here in-lie a problem for old earth scientist because there should be no comet leave - they should all have be disintegrate by now (give the billion of year). and if we be talk about clutch at straw - herebe a good one for you.
old earth scientist have come up with another theory to try and explain why we still have comet today. so in come the Oort Cloud. the Oort Cloud be a hypothetical spherical cloud of comet which may lie roughly 1 light year away from our sun. apparently, these comet become dislodge from the Oort Cloud by the gravitational pull of pass star and the milky way itself (due to it apparently be at the outer edge of our milky way) these comet be then free to move about and disintegrate (which be how we see comet today) now this Oort Cloud have not be detect or see it be another theory - it be just a hypothetical cloud to try and fit in with the mold of an old universe.6. the earth magnetic field decay by approximately 5% every century, this mean that a mere 10,000 year ago, the earth magnetic field would have be so strong that the heat it would have produce would have make life on earth impossible.
no doubt take from Barnes's magnetic field argument 1973. the decay rate he state have be debunk and state as flawed.
how have it be debunked?7. fossilize dinosaur bone - these bone have be find and it be impossible for they to have last for million of year.
why not ? they have
the evidence available suggest an asteroid hit the earth approx 65 million year ago lead to a catastrpohic global event. there be a layer of iridium in the earth stratography that support this theory.
speak of clutch at straw - "why not? they have" this go against what old earth scientist have be tell we for year! blood cell decay at a much fast rate than the rate at which bone can fossilize. how then can you have a fossilized dinosaur bone which contain blood cell?
if we be talk about debunk theory or practice - radio carbon date technique have terrible flaw and rely on many assumption. therefor how can you be sure that your 65 million year be accurate?8. salt be add everyday to the dead sea by inflow. since it have no outlet - the salt content continue to grow. the amount of salt contain within it be not enough to support billion of year.
the dead Sea donot spring into existance billion of year ago. its a result of million of year of constant change on the earth by volcanic, tectonic, atmospheric activity. the dead sea be a baby compare the age of the earth
I would have think that you would line up the forming of the sea as we know they now with the catastrophic global event that wipe out the dinosaur. if not that, then what be you base your idea that the dead sea be a baby compare to the age of the earth? be we talk thousand of year, hundred of thousand, million or perhaps billions?9. the earth population double every 50 year (approx) it would take around about 4,000 year to reach the number of people that be on earth today (line up nicely with the world wide flood of Noah's day) if we use this figure for million of year - the earth could not contain the amount of people.
also that match for the evolution model. the expansion in the earth population be also link to the expansion of civilisation .. .not just the existance of human and their descendant.
could you expand on which evolution model yoube refer to?10. spiral galaxy appear this way due to their 'rotation' this rotation would eventually cause they to straighten out I.E. lose their spiral. there should be no spiral galaxy if the universe be actually billion of year old.
that again be a straw man. the big bang theory donot suggest spiral galaxy pop into existance at the moment of the big bang. they be form over many million of year
why not? the big bang suggest that everything else pop into existence at the moment of the big bang. if this be not the case - then how do they form?the earth, the universe and everything in it be bring about in creation week. it be a divine event bring about by a supernatural creator.
no it benot ( that which can be assert without evidence can also be dismiss without evidence )
we have just be discuss a page full of evidences!And faith .....
would you build an electronic project base on faith ? would you cross the road by faith ?
but you yourself be obviously a man of great faith. you believe that the universe and all it contain be bring about by a suppose big bang. to put it lightly - 'nothing become something and the something explode'
where do this matter come from in the first place? donot the big bang go against the law of conservation of mass and energy?
if you be dismiss faith, then you must have proof of the big bang. you obviously benot there when the suppose big bang take place so therefor it would stand to reason that you can replicate the big bang - after all, we be dismiss faith here.if I be sick I see a doctor, if I have trouble see I go to an optician etc etc. faith would not heal I or make I see. rather countless selfless individual who over thousand of year have devote their life to better mankind.
yes indeed! benot it interesting how even though we apparently all stem from a common singularity we be all unique and have our own special gift and talent? if we look to God's word though, we find that we all have be give these unique gift and talent - some to be doctor, some to be optician, some to make super pong table and some to be astronaut!
but back on topic, benot there an underlying reason that you go to a doctor? you go specifically to a doctor because you have faith in he. if you donot have faith in he and all his year of training then you would just go to anyone wouldnot you?its just not the case at all. for a start evolution donot need a set of ready to be assemble part lie around. its a process begin with the small building block at chemical level and take million and million of year to progress.
Fair enough, letus walk though this one step at a time start from the beginning - how do the very first building block get here?
also a 747 ( or an led pong table ) benot carry about obselete part of early less successful aircraft in its frame like we be.
could you list these suppose obsolete part and explain why they be not require (I think youwill find that every part of our body play itbe own important role)
you say that you have faith in fellow human. why be that? if we be just a result of random chemical reaction then why do you trust in they?
on that note, why do anyone have moral? why do we have law and rule? if we be the by product of natural selection in that it be survival of the fit, who be to say that I cannot go out and kill someone - after all this be how we supposedly come to be!
do you feel sorrow when a family member or close friend die? I be guess that you would, but hold on a second - why on earth would you get sad if this be simply what you be argue for in motion? to expand, if we be bring about by the strong cell live on and the weak one die off, benot it good that your family member or friend have die because it mean that the strong have survive and the weak be now dead? you should be sit there give hi five's to everyone shout "way to go natural selection!"
and finally, why on earth would scientist use evidence from the past to predict the future? if the universe come about by disorder and random chemical reaction then how on earth could we use this information to reliably predict the future. uniformity do not make any sense in a universe create by random chance and disorder.
of course this be not the case, we find that the universe history be very much order because God design it that way.
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PUNCT PROPN PROPN Scientists PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB DET ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT ADJ earth scientists PUNCT AUX PRON PUNCT SPACE INTJ ADV ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADV NUM types ADP scientists PUNCT ADJ earth PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET earth AUX billions ADP years ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ earth PRON VERB SCONJ DET earth AUX ADV NUM years ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADP Science AUX VERB DET ADJ bang VERB ADP ADV NUM SYM NUM NUM years ADV SPACE ADP VERB ADV PUNCT PRON AUX CCONJ ADJ earth scientists CCONJ ADJ earth scientists PUNCT ADJ earth scientists VERB ADP DET PROPN bang theory CCONJ SCONJ DET age ADP DET earth AUX ADP DET order ADP billions ADP years PUNCT VERB VERB DET ADV DET ADJ statement AUX VERB PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADJ earth scientists VERB PUNCT DET PROPN bang VERB ADP ADP NUM SYM NUM NUM years ADV PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB DET assumption SCONJ DET PROPN bang ADV AUX VERB PUNCT DET PROPN bang AUX DET theory CCONJ SCONJ scientists AUX VERB PRON PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB DET VERB PART DET theory VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ earth scientists PUNCT PRON AUX VERB VERB DET method PRON AUX ADP PRON disposal SPACE ADV PRON statement VERB ADJ ADP DET beginning PUNCT VERB PUNCT DET ADJ bang theory AUX ADV DET PUNCT DET VERB DET expansion rate ADP DET universe PUNCT VERB light ADP ADJ stars X PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN ADV VERB SCONJ DET universe AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN NUM VERB SCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET heavens ADP DET curtain PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON ADP ADP DET tent PART VERB ADP PUNCT PUNCT DET verse AUX VERB thousands ADP years ADP ADJ scientists VERB DET VERB universe PUNCT PRON AUX ADP ADV ADV SCONJ scientists VERB PRON mind ADP DET universe AUX ADJ ADP ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET ADJ theories VERB ADP ADP respect ADP DET ADJ ADJ shift ADP ADJ objects PUNCT ADJ earth scientists VERB PRON PART AUX DET result ADP bodies VERB ADV ADP earth PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET ADV VERB ADJ bodies ADV ADV ADP ADP NUM NUM light years PUNCT Astronomers AUX VERB telescopes ADP VERB redshift deserts PUNCT I.E. locations ADP space SCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET ADV VERB bodies PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB DET sky ADJ ADP ADV VERB galaxies PUNCT SPACE VERB light ADP ADJ stars VERB ADP DET assumption SCONJ light AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ rate PUNCT DET ADV AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT DET moon VERB ADV ADP DET earth ADP ADP NUM cm ADP year PUNCT SCONJ DET earth AUX billions ADP years ADJ PUNCT DET moon AUX PART AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET earth ADP PRON AUX PUNCT SPACE DET VERB SCONJ DET moon AUX ADV AUX ADP orbit ADP DET earth ADP DET NUM NUM years PUNCT PRON AUX PART SPACE ADV DET AUX PART PRON ADJ earth scientists VERB PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET earth CCONJ moon AUX AUX ADV ADP ADP NUM NUM NUM PUNCT Oil deposits ADP DET earth AUX ADP ADJ pressure PUNCT SCONJ DET earth AUX billions ADP years ADJ DET pressure AUX AUX VERB DET oil PART AUX VERB ADP DET rock layers CCONJ ADV DET pressure AUX DET AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN PRON AUX AUX DET oil ADP pressure today SPACE DET oil deposits AUX PART NUM NUM years ADJ ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADP VERB animal SYM ADJ sources ADP ADV ADV PUNCT millions ADP years PART billions SPACE PRON AUX AUX VERB DET statement ADV PROPN millions ADP years PUNCT DET problem ADV VERB ADV SCONJ SCONJ oil AUX VERB ADP millions ADP years ADV PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART AUX ADP pressure NUM PUNCT DET sun AUX VERB ADP DET rate ADP NUM feet ADP hour PUNCT DET VERB SCONJ DET sun AUX AUX AUX VERB DET earth DET ADJ NUM years ADV PUNCT VERB ADV billions ADP years ADV PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT DET VERB DET ADJ state universe PUNCT DET universe AUX ADV ADV ADP ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB CCONJ AUX AUX SCONJ DET beginning PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB SCONJ DET earth PUNCT moon PUNCT sun position AUX AUX ADP existance VERB ADV ADJ SCONJ DET ADJ bang PUNCT SPACE AUX PART ADJ earth scientists VERB assumptions ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADV PUNCT ADJ earth scientists VERB DET assumption SCONJ DET speed ADP light AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV PRON ADV VERB ADP DET assumption SCONJ DET earth PUNCT moon CCONJ sun AUX AUX ADV ADP ADP NUM NUM NUM PUNCT Helium AUX VERB ADP DET atmosphere everyday PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART ADJ helium ADP DET atmosphere PART VERB billions ADP years PUNCT SPACE Helium AUX PART AUX VERB ADP NUM NUM years PUNCT ADV DET earth AUX PART AUX AUX DET atmosphere ADP ADV PUNCT ADJ VERB ADP PRON NUM NUM age PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP ADJ earth scientists PUNCT DET oxygen VERB atmosphere PUNCT ADV ADP PRON VERB PRON today PUNCT AUX VERB ADP NUM NUM years ADV PUNCT DET amount ADP helium VERB ADP PRON atmosphere today AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB thousands ADP years PUNCT ADV PART NUM PUNCT Comets VERB mass ADP time PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET comets VERB SCONJ DET universe AUX billions ADP years ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ comets AUX ADV DET ADJ product ADP DET ADJ bang PUNCT SPACE DET VERB ADJ PUNCT DET origin CCONJ time ADP origin ADP comets AUX PART VERB PART AUX DET ADJ bang PUNCT DET VERB DET straw man PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET straw AUX DET way ADP VERB VERB ADP straws PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP DET one PRON AUX PART AUX ADV VERB ADP PRON CCONJ AUX AUX VERB PUNCT Comets AUX ADV AUX DET ADJ evidence ADP ADP PRON ADJ nature CCONJ life expectancy PUNCT Comets AUX ADV ADJ chunks ADP ice VERB ADP ADJ speeds ADP space PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADV ADP DET star PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB CCONJ ADV VERB DET trail ADP moisture PUNCT DET AUX PART VERB ADV CCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADV ADP PUNCT VERB DET problem ADP ADJ earth scientists SCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET comets VERB PUNCT PRON AUX DET AUX AUX VERB ADP ADV PUNCT VERB DET billions ADP years PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP VERB ADP straws PUNCT ADV AUX DET ADJ one ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE ADJ earth scientists AUX VERB ADP ADP DET theory PART VERB CCONJ VERB SCONJ PRON ADV AUX comets today PUNCT ADV ADP VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ ADJ cloud ADP comets DET AUX VERB ADV NUM ADJ year ADV ADP PRON sun PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET comets VERB VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ pull ADP VERB stars CCONJ DET ADJ way PRON PUNCT ADP ADP PRON ADV AUX ADP DET ADJ edges ADP PRON ADJ way PUNCT DET comets AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB ADV CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET AUX SCONJ PRON VERB comets today PUNCT ADV DET PROPN PROPN AUX PART AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PRON AUX DET theory PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ cloud PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADP DET mold ADP DET ADJ universe.6 PUNCT DET PART ADJ field VERB ADP ADV NUM% DET century PUNCT DET VERB SCONJ DET ADJ NUM years ADV PUNCT DET PART ADJ field AUX AUX AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ DET heat PRON AUX AUX VERB AUX AUX VERB life ADP earth ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADV ADV VERB ADP PROPN PART ADJ field argument NUM PUNCT DET decay rate PRON VERB AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP VERB PUNCT SPACE SCONJ AUX PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADJ dinosaur bones PUNCT DET bones AUX AUX VERB CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ ADP PRON PART AUX VERB ADP millions ADP years PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PART PUNCT PRON AUX SPACE DET evidence ADJ VERB DET asteroid VERB DET earth ADV NUM NUM years ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ event PUNCT PRON AUX DET layer ADP iridium ADP DET earths stratography PRON VERB DET theory PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP VERB ADP straws PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PART PUNCT PRON AUX PUNCT DET VERB ADP PRON ADJ earth scientists AUX AUX VERB PRON ADP years PUNCT Blood cells VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ rate ADP DET rate ADP DET bones AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ ADV AUX PRON AUX DET VERB dinosaur bone DET VERB blood cells PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP VERB theories CCONJ practices PUNCT radio carbon dating techniques AUX ADJ flaws CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ assumptions PUNCT ADV SCONJ AUX PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ PRON NUM NUM years AUX ADJ PUNCT Salt AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ sea ADP inflows PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX DET outlet PUNCT DET salt content VERB PART VERB PUNCT DET amount ADP salt VERB ADP PRON AUX PART ADJ PART VERB billions ADP years PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ PROPN AUX PART VERB ADP existance billions ADP years ADV PUNCT VERB DET result ADP millions ADP years ADP ADJ change ADP DET earth ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ activity PUNCT DET ADJ sea AUX DET baby VERB DET age ADP DET earth SPACE PRON AUX AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET forming ADP DET seas ADP PRON VERB PRON ADV ADP DET ADJ ADJ event PRON VERB ADP DET dinosaurs PUNCT SCONJ PART DET PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PRON VERB PRON idea SCONJ DET ADJ sea AUX DET baby VERB ADP DET age ADP DET earth PUNCT AUX PRON VERB thousands ADP years PUNCT hundreds ADP thousands PUNCT millions CCONJ ADV NUM PUNCT DET earths population VERB DET NUM years PUNCT X PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP ADV NUM years PART VERB DET number ADP people PRON AUX ADP earth today PUNCT VERB ADP ADV ADP DET world ADJ flood ADP PROPN PART day PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET figure ADP millions ADP years PUNCT DET earth AUX PART VERB DET amount ADP people PUNCT SPACE ADV DET VERB ADP DET evolution model PUNCT DET expansion ADP DET earths population AUX ADV VERB ADP DET expansion ADP civilisation PUNCT ADV ADV DET existance ADP humans CCONJ PRON descendants PUNCT SPACE AUX PRON VERB ADP DET evolution model PRON AUX VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADJ galaxies VERB DET way ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT rotation PUNCT DET rotation AUX ADV VERB PRON PART VERB ADP I.E. VERB PRON spiral PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ galaxies SCONJ DET universe AUX ADV billions ADP years ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET ADV AUX DET straw man PUNCT DET big bang theory AUX PART VERB ADJ galaxies VERB ADP existance ADP DET moment ADP DET big bang PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP ADJ millions ADP years SPACE SCONJ PART PUNCT DET ADJ bang VERB SCONJ PRON ADV VERB ADP existence ADP DET moment ADP DET PROPN bang PUNCT SCONJ DET AUX PART DET case PUNCT ADV SCONJ AUX PRON DET earth PUNCT DET universe CCONJ PRON ADP PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP creation week PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ event VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ creator PUNCT SPACE INTJ PRON AUX PART PUNCT DET DET AUX AUX VERB ADP evidence AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP evidence PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADV AUX VERB DET page ADJ ADP evidences!And faith PUNCT SPACE AUX PRON VERB DET ADJ project VERB ADP faith PUNCT AUX PRON VERB DET road ADP faith PUNCT SPACE CCONJ PRON PRON AUX ADV DET man ADP ADJ faith PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET universe CCONJ DET PRON VERB AUX VERB ADP ADP DET VERB ADJ bang PUNCT PART VERB PRON ADV PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PRON CCONJ DET PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE SCONJ AUX DET matter VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ place PUNCT AUX PART DET ADJ bang VERB ADP DET law ADP conservation ADP mass CCONJ energy PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON AUX VERB faith PUNCT ADV PRON AUX AUX proof ADP DET ADJ bang PUNCT PRON ADV AUX PART ADV SCONJ DET VERB ADJ bang VERB place SCONJ ADV PRON AUX VERB PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ bang PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB faith ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PRON VERB DET Doctor PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX trouble VERB PRON VERB ADP DET optician X X PUNCT Faith AUX PART VERB PRON CCONJ VERB PRON VERB PUNCT ADV ADJ ADJ individuals PRON ADP thousands ADP years AUX VERB PRON lives ADP VERB mankind PUNCT SPACE INTJ ADV PUNCT AUX PART PRON ADJ SCONJ ADV SCONJ PRON ADV DET VERB ADP DET ADJ singularity PRON AUX DET ADJ CCONJ AUX PRON ADJ ADJ gifts CCONJ talents PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADP PROPN PART word ADV PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ PRON DET AUX AUX VERB DET ADJ gifts CCONJ talents PUNCT DET PART AUX doctors PUNCT DET PART AUX opticians PUNCT DET PART VERB ADJ ADJ tables CCONJ DET PART AUX astronauts PUNCT SPACE CCONJ ADV ADP topic PUNCT AUX PART PRON DET ADJ reason PRON PRON VERB ADP DET doctor PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADP DET doctor SCONJ PRON AUX faith ADP PRON PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART AUX faith ADP PRON CCONJ DET PRON years ADP training ADV PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP PRON AUX PART PRON ADV PART DET case ADV ADV PUNCT ADP DET start evolution AUX PART VERB DET set ADP ADJ PART AUX VERB parts VERB ADV PUNCT VERB DET process VERB ADP DET ADJ building blocks ADP ADJ level CCONJ VERB millions CCONJ millions ADP years PART VERB PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADV PUNCT VERB PRON VERB SCONJ DET NUM step ADP DET time VERB ADP DET beginning PUNCT SCONJ AUX DET ADV ADJ building block VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE ADV DET NUM PUNCT CCONJ DET LED pong table PUNCT AUX PART VERB ADV ADJ parts ADP ADJ ADV ADJ aircraft ADP PRON frame ADP PRON AUX PUNCT SPACE AUX PRON VERB DET VERB ADJ parts CCONJ VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT PRON VERB PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET part ADP PRON body VERB PRON PART ADJ ADJ role PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB SCONJ PRON AUX faith ADP ADJ humans PUNCT SCONJ AUX DET PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV DET result ADP ADJ ADJ reactions ADV SCONJ AUX PRON VERB ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE ADP DET note PUNCT SCONJ AUX PRON AUX morals PUNCT SCONJ AUX PRON AUX laws CCONJ rules PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ product ADP ADJ selection ADP SCONJ PRON AUX survival ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB ADP CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT ADV ADV DET AUX SCONJ PRON ADV VERB PART AUX PUNCT SPACE AUX PRON VERB sorrow SCONJ DET family member CCONJ ADJ friend VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT SCONJ ADP earth AUX PRON VERB ADJ SCONJ DET AUX ADV PRON PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP motion PUNCT PART VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ cells VERB ADV CCONJ DET ADJ ones VERB ADP PUNCT AUX PART PRON ADJ SCONJ PRON family member CCONJ friend AUX VERB SCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ DET ADJ AUX VERB CCONJ DET ADJ AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADV VERB INTJ five's ADP PRON VERB PUNCT Way PART VERB ADJ selection PUNCT PUNCT SPACE CCONJ ADV PUNCT SCONJ ADP earth AUX scientists VERB evidence ADP DET past PART VERB DET future PUNCT SCONJ DET universe VERB ADP ADP disorder CCONJ ADJ ADJ reactions ADV SCONJ ADP earth AUX PRON VERB DET information PART ADV VERB DET future PUNCT Uniformity AUX PART VERB DET sense ADP DET universe VERB ADP ADJ chance CCONJ disorder PUNCT SPACE ADV ADV DET AUX PART DET case PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET universes history AUX ADV ADV VERB SCONJ PROPN VERB PRON DET way PUNCT
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PUNCT PROPN PROPN Scientists PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB DET ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT ADJ earth scientists PUNCT AUX PRON PUNCT SPACE INTJ ADV ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADV NUM types ADP scientists PUNCT ADJ earth PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET earth AUX billions ADP years ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ earth PRON VERB SCONJ DET earth AUX ADV NUM years ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADP Science AUX VERB DET ADJ bang VERB ADP ADV NUM SYM NUM NUM years ADV SPACE ADP VERB ADV PUNCT PRON AUX CCONJ ADJ earth scientists CCONJ ADJ earth scientists PUNCT ADJ earth scientists VERB ADP DET PROPN bang theory CCONJ SCONJ DET age ADP DET earth AUX ADP DET order ADP billions ADP years PUNCT VERB VERB DET ADV DET ADJ statement AUX VERB PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADJ earth scientists VERB PUNCT DET PROPN bang VERB ADP ADP NUM SYM NUM NUM years ADV PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB DET assumption SCONJ DET PROPN bang ADV AUX VERB PUNCT DET PROPN bang AUX DET theory CCONJ SCONJ scientists AUX VERB PRON PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB DET VERB PART DET theory VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ earth scientists PUNCT PRON AUX VERB VERB DET method PRON AUX ADP PRON disposal SPACE ADV PRON statement VERB ADJ ADP DET beginning PUNCT VERB PUNCT DET ADJ bang theory AUX ADV DET PUNCT DET VERB DET expansion rate ADP DET universe PUNCT VERB light ADP ADJ stars X PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN ADV VERB SCONJ DET universe AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN NUM VERB SCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET heavens ADP DET curtain PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON ADP ADP DET tent PART VERB ADP PUNCT PUNCT DET verse AUX VERB thousands ADP years ADP ADJ scientists VERB DET VERB universe PUNCT PRON AUX ADP ADV ADV SCONJ scientists VERB PRON mind ADP DET universe AUX ADJ ADP ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET ADJ theories VERB ADP ADP respect ADP DET ADJ ADJ shift ADP ADJ objects PUNCT ADJ earth scientists VERB PRON PART AUX DET result ADP bodies VERB ADV ADP earth PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET ADV VERB ADJ bodies ADV ADV ADP ADP NUM NUM light years PUNCT Astronomers AUX VERB telescopes ADP VERB redshift deserts PUNCT I.E. locations ADP space SCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET ADV VERB bodies PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB DET sky ADJ ADP ADV VERB galaxies PUNCT SPACE VERB light ADP ADJ stars VERB ADP DET assumption SCONJ light AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ rate PUNCT DET ADV AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT DET moon VERB ADV ADP DET earth ADP ADP NUM cm ADP year PUNCT SCONJ DET earth AUX billions ADP years ADJ PUNCT DET moon AUX PART AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET earth ADP PRON AUX PUNCT SPACE DET VERB SCONJ DET moon AUX ADV AUX ADP orbit ADP DET earth ADP DET NUM NUM years PUNCT PRON AUX PART SPACE ADV DET AUX PART PRON ADJ earth scientists VERB PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET earth CCONJ moon AUX AUX ADV ADP ADP NUM NUM NUM PUNCT Oil deposits ADP DET earth AUX ADP ADJ pressure PUNCT SCONJ DET earth AUX billions ADP years ADJ DET pressure AUX AUX VERB DET oil PART AUX VERB ADP DET rock layers CCONJ ADV DET pressure AUX DET AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN PRON AUX AUX DET oil ADP pressure today SPACE DET oil deposits AUX PART NUM NUM years ADJ ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADP VERB animal SYM ADJ sources ADP ADV ADV PUNCT millions ADP years PART billions SPACE PRON AUX AUX VERB DET statement ADV PROPN millions ADP years PUNCT DET problem ADV VERB ADV SCONJ SCONJ oil AUX VERB ADP millions ADP years ADV PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART AUX ADP pressure NUM PUNCT DET sun AUX VERB ADP DET rate ADP NUM feet ADP hour PUNCT DET VERB SCONJ DET sun AUX AUX AUX VERB DET earth DET ADJ NUM years ADV PUNCT VERB ADV billions ADP years ADV PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT DET VERB DET ADJ state universe PUNCT DET universe AUX ADV ADV ADP ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB CCONJ AUX AUX SCONJ DET beginning PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB SCONJ DET earth PUNCT moon PUNCT sun position AUX AUX ADP existance VERB ADV ADJ SCONJ DET ADJ bang PUNCT SPACE AUX PART ADJ earth scientists VERB assumptions ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADV PUNCT ADJ earth scientists VERB DET assumption SCONJ DET speed ADP light AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV PRON ADV VERB ADP DET assumption SCONJ DET earth PUNCT moon CCONJ sun AUX AUX ADV ADP ADP NUM NUM NUM PUNCT Helium AUX VERB ADP DET atmosphere everyday PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART ADJ helium ADP DET atmosphere PART VERB billions ADP years PUNCT SPACE Helium AUX PART AUX VERB ADP NUM NUM years PUNCT ADV DET earth AUX PART AUX AUX DET atmosphere ADP ADV PUNCT ADJ VERB ADP PRON NUM NUM age PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP ADJ earth scientists PUNCT DET oxygen VERB atmosphere PUNCT ADV ADP PRON VERB PRON today PUNCT AUX VERB ADP NUM NUM years ADV PUNCT DET amount ADP helium VERB ADP PRON atmosphere today AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB thousands ADP years PUNCT ADV PART NUM PUNCT Comets VERB mass ADP time PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET comets VERB SCONJ DET universe AUX billions ADP years ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ comets AUX ADV DET ADJ product ADP DET ADJ bang PUNCT SPACE DET VERB ADJ PUNCT DET origin CCONJ time ADP origin ADP comets AUX PART VERB PART AUX DET ADJ bang PUNCT DET VERB DET straw man PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET straw AUX DET way ADP VERB VERB ADP straws PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP DET one PRON AUX PART AUX ADV VERB ADP PRON CCONJ AUX AUX VERB PUNCT Comets AUX ADV AUX DET ADJ evidence ADP ADP PRON ADJ nature CCONJ life expectancy PUNCT Comets AUX ADV ADJ chunks ADP ice VERB ADP ADJ speeds ADP space PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADV ADP DET star PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB CCONJ ADV VERB DET trail ADP moisture PUNCT DET AUX PART VERB ADV CCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADV ADP PUNCT VERB DET problem ADP ADJ earth scientists SCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET comets VERB PUNCT PRON AUX DET AUX AUX VERB ADP ADV PUNCT VERB DET billions ADP years PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP VERB ADP straws PUNCT ADV AUX DET ADJ one ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE ADJ earth scientists AUX VERB ADP ADP DET theory PART VERB CCONJ VERB SCONJ PRON ADV AUX comets today PUNCT ADV ADP VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ ADJ cloud ADP comets DET AUX VERB ADV NUM ADJ year ADV ADP PRON sun PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET comets VERB VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ pull ADP VERB stars CCONJ DET ADJ way PRON PUNCT ADP ADP PRON ADV AUX ADP DET ADJ edges ADP PRON ADJ way PUNCT DET comets AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB ADV CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET AUX SCONJ PRON VERB comets today PUNCT ADV DET PROPN PROPN AUX PART AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PRON AUX DET theory PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ cloud PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADP DET mold ADP DET ADJ universe.6 PUNCT DET PART ADJ field VERB ADP ADV NUM% DET century PUNCT DET VERB SCONJ DET ADJ NUM years ADV PUNCT DET PART ADJ field AUX AUX AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ DET heat PRON AUX AUX VERB AUX AUX VERB life ADP earth ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADV ADV VERB ADP PROPN PART ADJ field argument NUM PUNCT DET decay rate PRON VERB AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP VERB PUNCT SPACE SCONJ AUX PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADJ dinosaur bones PUNCT DET bones AUX AUX VERB CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ ADP PRON PART AUX VERB ADP millions ADP years PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PART PUNCT PRON AUX SPACE DET evidence ADJ VERB DET asteroid VERB DET earth ADV NUM NUM years ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ event PUNCT PRON AUX DET layer ADP iridium ADP DET earths stratography PRON VERB DET theory PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP VERB ADP straws PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PART PUNCT PRON AUX PUNCT DET VERB ADP PRON ADJ earth scientists AUX AUX VERB PRON ADP years PUNCT Blood cells VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ rate ADP DET rate ADP DET bones AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ ADV AUX PRON AUX DET VERB dinosaur bone DET VERB blood cells PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP VERB theories CCONJ practices PUNCT radio carbon dating techniques AUX ADJ flaws CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ assumptions PUNCT ADV SCONJ AUX PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ PRON NUM NUM years AUX ADJ PUNCT Salt AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ sea ADP inflows PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX DET outlet PUNCT DET salt content VERB PART VERB PUNCT DET amount ADP salt VERB ADP PRON AUX PART ADJ PART VERB billions ADP years PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ PROPN AUX PART VERB ADP existance billions ADP years ADV PUNCT VERB DET result ADP millions ADP years ADP ADJ change ADP DET earth ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ activity PUNCT DET ADJ sea AUX DET baby VERB DET age ADP DET earth SPACE PRON AUX AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET forming ADP DET seas ADP PRON VERB PRON ADV ADP DET ADJ ADJ event PRON VERB ADP DET dinosaurs PUNCT SCONJ PART DET PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PRON VERB PRON idea SCONJ DET ADJ sea AUX DET baby VERB ADP DET age ADP DET earth PUNCT AUX PRON VERB thousands ADP years PUNCT hundreds ADP thousands PUNCT millions CCONJ ADV NUM PUNCT DET earths population VERB DET NUM years PUNCT X PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP ADV NUM years PART VERB DET number ADP people PRON AUX ADP earth today PUNCT VERB ADP ADV ADP DET world ADJ flood ADP PROPN PART day PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET figure ADP millions ADP years PUNCT DET earth AUX PART VERB DET amount ADP people PUNCT SPACE ADV DET VERB ADP DET evolution model PUNCT DET expansion ADP DET earths population AUX ADV VERB ADP DET expansion ADP civilisation PUNCT ADV ADV DET existance ADP humans CCONJ PRON descendants PUNCT SPACE AUX PRON VERB ADP DET evolution model PRON AUX VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADJ galaxies VERB DET way ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT rotation PUNCT DET rotation AUX ADV VERB PRON PART VERB ADP I.E. VERB PRON spiral PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ galaxies SCONJ DET universe AUX ADV billions ADP years ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET ADV AUX DET straw man PUNCT DET big bang theory AUX PART VERB ADJ galaxies VERB ADP existance ADP DET moment ADP DET big bang PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP ADJ millions ADP years SPACE SCONJ PART PUNCT DET ADJ bang VERB SCONJ PRON ADV VERB ADP existence ADP DET moment ADP DET PROPN bang PUNCT SCONJ DET AUX PART DET case PUNCT ADV SCONJ AUX PRON DET earth PUNCT DET universe CCONJ PRON ADP PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP creation week PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ event VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ creator PUNCT SPACE INTJ PRON AUX PART PUNCT DET DET AUX AUX VERB ADP evidence AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP evidence PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADV AUX VERB DET page ADJ ADP evidences!And faith PUNCT SPACE AUX PRON VERB DET ADJ project VERB ADP faith PUNCT AUX PRON VERB DET road ADP faith PUNCT SPACE CCONJ PRON PRON AUX ADV DET man ADP ADJ faith PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET universe CCONJ DET PRON VERB AUX VERB ADP ADP DET VERB ADJ bang PUNCT PART VERB PRON ADV PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PRON CCONJ DET PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE SCONJ AUX DET matter VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ place PUNCT AUX PART DET ADJ bang VERB ADP DET law ADP conservation ADP mass CCONJ energy PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON AUX VERB faith PUNCT ADV PRON AUX AUX proof ADP DET ADJ bang PUNCT PRON ADV AUX PART ADV SCONJ DET VERB ADJ bang VERB place SCONJ ADV PRON AUX VERB PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ bang PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB faith ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PRON VERB DET Doctor PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX trouble VERB PRON VERB ADP DET optician X X PUNCT Faith AUX PART VERB PRON CCONJ VERB PRON VERB PUNCT ADV ADJ ADJ individuals PRON ADP thousands ADP years AUX VERB PRON lives ADP VERB mankind PUNCT SPACE INTJ ADV PUNCT AUX PART PRON ADJ SCONJ ADV SCONJ PRON ADV DET VERB ADP DET ADJ singularity PRON AUX DET ADJ CCONJ AUX PRON ADJ ADJ gifts CCONJ talents PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADP PROPN PART word ADV PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ PRON DET AUX AUX VERB DET ADJ gifts CCONJ talents PUNCT DET PART AUX doctors PUNCT DET PART AUX opticians PUNCT DET PART VERB ADJ ADJ tables CCONJ DET PART AUX astronauts PUNCT SPACE CCONJ ADV ADP topic PUNCT AUX PART PRON DET ADJ reason PRON PRON VERB ADP DET doctor PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADP DET doctor SCONJ PRON AUX faith ADP PRON PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART AUX faith ADP PRON CCONJ DET PRON years ADP training ADV PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP PRON AUX PART PRON ADV PART DET case ADV ADV PUNCT ADP DET start evolution AUX PART VERB DET set ADP ADJ PART AUX VERB parts VERB ADV PUNCT VERB DET process VERB ADP DET ADJ building blocks ADP ADJ level CCONJ VERB millions CCONJ millions ADP years PART VERB PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADV PUNCT VERB PRON VERB SCONJ DET NUM step ADP DET time VERB ADP DET beginning PUNCT SCONJ AUX DET ADV ADJ building block VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE ADV DET NUM PUNCT CCONJ DET LED pong table PUNCT AUX PART VERB ADV ADJ parts ADP ADJ ADV ADJ aircraft ADP PRON frame ADP PRON AUX PUNCT SPACE AUX PRON VERB DET VERB ADJ parts CCONJ VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT PRON VERB PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET part ADP PRON body VERB PRON PART ADJ ADJ role PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB SCONJ PRON AUX faith ADP ADJ humans PUNCT SCONJ AUX DET PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV DET result ADP ADJ ADJ reactions ADV SCONJ AUX PRON VERB ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE ADP DET note PUNCT SCONJ AUX PRON AUX morals PUNCT SCONJ AUX PRON AUX laws CCONJ rules PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ product ADP ADJ selection ADP SCONJ PRON AUX survival ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB ADP CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT ADV ADV DET AUX SCONJ PRON ADV VERB PART AUX PUNCT SPACE AUX PRON VERB sorrow SCONJ DET family member CCONJ ADJ friend VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT SCONJ ADP earth AUX PRON VERB ADJ SCONJ DET AUX ADV PRON PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP motion PUNCT PART VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ cells VERB ADV CCONJ DET ADJ ones VERB ADP PUNCT AUX PART PRON ADJ SCONJ PRON family member CCONJ friend AUX VERB SCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ DET ADJ AUX VERB CCONJ DET ADJ AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADV VERB INTJ five's ADP PRON VERB PUNCT Way PART VERB ADJ selection PUNCT PUNCT SPACE CCONJ ADV PUNCT SCONJ ADP earth AUX scientists VERB evidence ADP DET past PART VERB DET future PUNCT SCONJ DET universe VERB ADP ADP disorder CCONJ ADJ ADJ reactions ADV SCONJ ADP earth AUX PRON VERB DET information PART ADV VERB DET future PUNCT Uniformity AUX PART VERB DET sense ADP DET universe VERB ADP ADJ chance CCONJ disorder PUNCT SPACE ADV ADV DET AUX PART DET case PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET universes history AUX ADV ADV VERB SCONJ PROPN VERB PRON DET way PUNCT
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PUNCT PROPN PROPN Scientists PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB DET ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT ADJ earth scientists PUNCT AUX PRON PUNCT SPACE INTJ ADV ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADV NUM types ADP scientists PUNCT ADJ earth PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET earth AUX billions ADP years ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ earth PRON VERB SCONJ DET earth AUX ADV NUM years ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADP Science AUX VERB DET ADJ bang VERB ADP ADV NUM SYM NUM NUM years ADV SPACE ADP VERB ADV PUNCT PRON AUX CCONJ ADJ earth scientists CCONJ ADJ earth scientists PUNCT ADJ earth scientists VERB ADP DET PROPN bang theory CCONJ SCONJ DET age ADP DET earth AUX ADP DET order ADP billions ADP years PUNCT VERB VERB DET ADV DET ADJ statement AUX VERB PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADJ earth scientists VERB PUNCT DET PROPN bang VERB ADP ADP NUM SYM NUM NUM years ADV PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB DET assumption SCONJ DET PROPN bang ADV AUX VERB PUNCT DET PROPN bang AUX DET theory CCONJ SCONJ scientists AUX VERB PRON PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB DET VERB PART DET theory VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ earth scientists PUNCT PRON AUX VERB VERB DET method PRON AUX ADP PRON disposal SPACE ADV PRON statement VERB ADJ ADP DET beginning PUNCT VERB PUNCT DET ADJ bang theory AUX ADV DET PUNCT DET VERB DET expansion rate ADP DET universe PUNCT VERB light ADP ADJ stars X PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN ADV VERB SCONJ DET universe AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN NUM VERB SCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET heavens ADP DET curtain PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON ADP ADP DET tent PART VERB ADP PUNCT PUNCT DET verse AUX VERB thousands ADP years ADP ADJ scientists VERB DET VERB universe PUNCT PRON AUX ADP ADV ADV SCONJ scientists VERB PRON mind ADP DET universe AUX ADJ ADP ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET ADJ theories VERB ADP ADP respect ADP DET ADJ ADJ shift ADP ADJ objects PUNCT ADJ earth scientists VERB PRON PART AUX DET result ADP bodies VERB ADV ADP earth PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET ADV VERB ADJ bodies ADV ADV ADP ADP NUM NUM light years PUNCT Astronomers AUX VERB telescopes ADP VERB redshift deserts PUNCT I.E. locations ADP space SCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET ADV VERB bodies PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB DET sky ADJ ADP ADV VERB galaxies PUNCT SPACE VERB light ADP ADJ stars VERB ADP DET assumption SCONJ light AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ rate PUNCT DET ADV AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT DET moon VERB ADV ADP DET earth ADP ADP NUM cm ADP year PUNCT SCONJ DET earth AUX billions ADP years ADJ PUNCT DET moon AUX PART AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET earth ADP PRON AUX PUNCT SPACE DET VERB SCONJ DET moon AUX ADV AUX ADP orbit ADP DET earth ADP DET NUM NUM years PUNCT PRON AUX PART SPACE ADV DET AUX PART PRON ADJ earth scientists VERB PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET earth CCONJ moon AUX AUX ADV ADP ADP NUM NUM NUM PUNCT Oil deposits ADP DET earth AUX ADP ADJ pressure PUNCT SCONJ DET earth AUX billions ADP years ADJ DET pressure AUX AUX VERB DET oil PART AUX VERB ADP DET rock layers CCONJ ADV DET pressure AUX DET AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN PRON AUX AUX DET oil ADP pressure today SPACE DET oil deposits AUX PART NUM NUM years ADJ ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADP VERB animal SYM ADJ sources ADP ADV ADV PUNCT millions ADP years PART billions SPACE PRON AUX AUX VERB DET statement ADV PROPN millions ADP years PUNCT DET problem ADV VERB ADV SCONJ SCONJ oil AUX VERB ADP millions ADP years ADV PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART AUX ADP pressure NUM PUNCT DET sun AUX VERB ADP DET rate ADP NUM feet ADP hour PUNCT DET VERB SCONJ DET sun AUX AUX AUX VERB DET earth DET ADJ NUM years ADV PUNCT VERB ADV billions ADP years ADV PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT DET VERB DET ADJ state universe PUNCT DET universe AUX ADV ADV ADP ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB CCONJ AUX AUX SCONJ DET beginning PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB SCONJ DET earth PUNCT moon PUNCT sun position AUX AUX ADP existance VERB ADV ADJ SCONJ DET ADJ bang PUNCT SPACE AUX PART ADJ earth scientists VERB assumptions ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADV PUNCT ADJ earth scientists VERB DET assumption SCONJ DET speed ADP light AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV PRON ADV VERB ADP DET assumption SCONJ DET earth PUNCT moon CCONJ sun AUX AUX ADV ADP ADP NUM NUM NUM PUNCT Helium AUX VERB ADP DET atmosphere everyday PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART ADJ helium ADP DET atmosphere PART VERB billions ADP years PUNCT SPACE Helium AUX PART AUX VERB ADP NUM NUM years PUNCT ADV DET earth AUX PART AUX AUX DET atmosphere ADP ADV PUNCT ADJ VERB ADP PRON NUM NUM age PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP ADJ earth scientists PUNCT DET oxygen VERB atmosphere PUNCT ADV ADP PRON VERB PRON today PUNCT AUX VERB ADP NUM NUM years ADV PUNCT DET amount ADP helium VERB ADP PRON atmosphere today AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB thousands ADP years PUNCT ADV PART NUM PUNCT Comets VERB mass ADP time PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET comets VERB SCONJ DET universe AUX billions ADP years ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ comets AUX ADV DET ADJ product ADP DET ADJ bang PUNCT SPACE DET VERB ADJ PUNCT DET origin CCONJ time ADP origin ADP comets AUX PART VERB PART AUX DET ADJ bang PUNCT DET VERB DET straw man PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET straw AUX DET way ADP VERB VERB ADP straws PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP DET one PRON AUX PART AUX ADV VERB ADP PRON CCONJ AUX AUX VERB PUNCT Comets AUX ADV AUX DET ADJ evidence ADP ADP PRON ADJ nature CCONJ life expectancy PUNCT Comets AUX ADV ADJ chunks ADP ice VERB ADP ADJ speeds ADP space PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADV ADP DET star PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB CCONJ ADV VERB DET trail ADP moisture PUNCT DET AUX PART VERB ADV CCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADV ADP PUNCT VERB DET problem ADP ADJ earth scientists SCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET comets VERB PUNCT PRON AUX DET AUX AUX VERB ADP ADV PUNCT VERB DET billions ADP years PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP VERB ADP straws PUNCT ADV AUX DET ADJ one ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE ADJ earth scientists AUX VERB ADP ADP DET theory PART VERB CCONJ VERB SCONJ PRON ADV AUX comets today PUNCT ADV ADP VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ ADJ cloud ADP comets DET AUX VERB ADV NUM ADJ year ADV ADP PRON sun PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET comets VERB VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ pull ADP VERB stars CCONJ DET ADJ way PRON PUNCT ADP ADP PRON ADV AUX ADP DET ADJ edges ADP PRON ADJ way PUNCT DET comets AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB ADV CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET AUX SCONJ PRON VERB comets today PUNCT ADV DET PROPN PROPN AUX PART AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PRON AUX DET theory PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ cloud PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADP DET mold ADP DET ADJ universe.6 PUNCT DET PART ADJ field VERB ADP ADV NUM% DET century PUNCT DET VERB SCONJ DET ADJ NUM years ADV PUNCT DET PART ADJ field AUX AUX AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ DET heat PRON AUX AUX VERB AUX AUX VERB life ADP earth ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADV ADV VERB ADP PROPN PART ADJ field argument NUM PUNCT DET decay rate PRON VERB AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP VERB PUNCT SPACE SCONJ AUX PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADJ dinosaur bones PUNCT DET bones AUX AUX VERB CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ ADP PRON PART AUX VERB ADP millions ADP years PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PART PUNCT PRON AUX SPACE DET evidence ADJ VERB DET asteroid VERB DET earth ADV NUM NUM years ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ event PUNCT PRON AUX DET layer ADP iridium ADP DET earths stratography PRON VERB DET theory PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP VERB ADP straws PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PART PUNCT PRON AUX PUNCT DET VERB ADP PRON ADJ earth scientists AUX AUX VERB PRON ADP years PUNCT Blood cells VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ rate ADP DET rate ADP DET bones AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ ADV AUX PRON AUX DET VERB dinosaur bone DET VERB blood cells PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP VERB theories CCONJ practices PUNCT radio carbon dating techniques AUX ADJ flaws CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ assumptions PUNCT ADV SCONJ AUX PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ PRON NUM NUM years AUX ADJ PUNCT Salt AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ sea ADP inflows PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX DET outlet PUNCT DET salt content VERB PART VERB PUNCT DET amount ADP salt VERB ADP PRON AUX PART ADJ PART VERB billions ADP years PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ PROPN AUX PART VERB ADP existance billions ADP years ADV PUNCT VERB DET result ADP millions ADP years ADP ADJ change ADP DET earth ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ activity PUNCT DET ADJ sea AUX DET baby VERB DET age ADP DET earth SPACE PRON AUX AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET forming ADP DET seas ADP PRON VERB PRON ADV ADP DET ADJ ADJ event PRON VERB ADP DET dinosaurs PUNCT SCONJ PART DET PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PRON VERB PRON idea SCONJ DET ADJ sea AUX DET baby VERB ADP DET age ADP DET earth PUNCT AUX PRON VERB thousands ADP years PUNCT hundreds ADP thousands PUNCT millions CCONJ ADV NUM PUNCT DET earths population VERB DET NUM years PUNCT X PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP ADV NUM years PART VERB DET number ADP people PRON AUX ADP earth today PUNCT VERB ADP ADV ADP DET world ADJ flood ADP PROPN PART day PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET figure ADP millions ADP years PUNCT DET earth AUX PART VERB DET amount ADP people PUNCT SPACE ADV DET VERB ADP DET evolution model PUNCT DET expansion ADP DET earths population AUX ADV VERB ADP DET expansion ADP civilisation PUNCT ADV ADV DET existance ADP humans CCONJ PRON descendants PUNCT SPACE AUX PRON VERB ADP DET evolution model PRON AUX VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADJ galaxies VERB DET way ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT rotation PUNCT DET rotation AUX ADV VERB PRON PART VERB ADP I.E. VERB PRON spiral PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ galaxies SCONJ DET universe AUX ADV billions ADP years ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET ADV AUX DET straw man PUNCT DET big bang theory AUX PART VERB ADJ galaxies VERB ADP existance ADP DET moment ADP DET big bang PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP ADJ millions ADP years SPACE SCONJ PART PUNCT DET ADJ bang VERB SCONJ PRON ADV VERB ADP existence ADP DET moment ADP DET PROPN bang PUNCT SCONJ DET AUX PART DET case PUNCT ADV SCONJ AUX PRON DET earth PUNCT DET universe CCONJ PRON ADP PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP creation week PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ event VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ creator PUNCT SPACE INTJ PRON AUX PART PUNCT DET DET AUX AUX VERB ADP evidence AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP evidence PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADV AUX VERB DET page ADJ ADP evidences!And faith PUNCT SPACE AUX PRON VERB DET ADJ project VERB ADP faith PUNCT AUX PRON VERB DET road ADP faith PUNCT SPACE CCONJ PRON PRON AUX ADV DET man ADP ADJ faith PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET universe CCONJ DET PRON VERB AUX VERB ADP ADP DET VERB ADJ bang PUNCT PART VERB PRON ADV PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PRON CCONJ DET PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE SCONJ AUX DET matter VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ place PUNCT AUX PART DET ADJ bang VERB ADP DET law ADP conservation ADP mass CCONJ energy PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON AUX VERB faith PUNCT ADV PRON AUX AUX proof ADP DET ADJ bang PUNCT PRON ADV AUX PART ADV SCONJ DET VERB ADJ bang VERB place SCONJ ADV PRON AUX VERB PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ bang PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB faith ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PRON VERB DET Doctor PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX trouble VERB PRON VERB ADP DET optician X X PUNCT Faith AUX PART VERB PRON CCONJ VERB PRON VERB PUNCT ADV ADJ ADJ individuals PRON ADP thousands ADP years AUX VERB PRON lives ADP VERB mankind PUNCT SPACE INTJ ADV PUNCT AUX PART PRON ADJ SCONJ ADV SCONJ PRON ADV DET VERB ADP DET ADJ singularity PRON AUX DET ADJ CCONJ AUX PRON ADJ ADJ gifts CCONJ talents PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADP PROPN PART word ADV PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ PRON DET AUX AUX VERB DET ADJ gifts CCONJ talents PUNCT DET PART AUX doctors PUNCT DET PART AUX opticians PUNCT DET PART VERB ADJ ADJ tables CCONJ DET PART AUX astronauts PUNCT SPACE CCONJ ADV ADP topic PUNCT AUX PART PRON DET ADJ reason PRON PRON VERB ADP DET doctor PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADP DET doctor SCONJ PRON AUX faith ADP PRON PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART AUX faith ADP PRON CCONJ DET PRON years ADP training ADV PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP PRON AUX PART PRON ADV PART DET case ADV ADV PUNCT ADP DET start evolution AUX PART VERB DET set ADP ADJ PART AUX VERB parts VERB ADV PUNCT VERB DET process VERB ADP DET ADJ building blocks ADP ADJ level CCONJ VERB millions CCONJ millions ADP years PART VERB PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADV PUNCT VERB PRON VERB SCONJ DET NUM step ADP DET time VERB ADP DET beginning PUNCT SCONJ AUX DET ADV ADJ building block VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE ADV DET NUM PUNCT CCONJ DET LED pong table PUNCT AUX PART VERB ADV ADJ parts ADP ADJ ADV ADJ aircraft ADP PRON frame ADP PRON AUX PUNCT SPACE AUX PRON VERB DET VERB ADJ parts CCONJ VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT PRON VERB PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET part ADP PRON body VERB PRON PART ADJ ADJ role PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB SCONJ PRON AUX faith ADP ADJ humans PUNCT SCONJ AUX DET PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV DET result ADP ADJ ADJ reactions ADV SCONJ AUX PRON VERB ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE ADP DET note PUNCT SCONJ AUX PRON AUX morals PUNCT SCONJ AUX PRON AUX laws CCONJ rules PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ product ADP ADJ selection ADP SCONJ PRON AUX survival ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB ADP CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT ADV ADV DET AUX SCONJ PRON ADV VERB PART AUX PUNCT SPACE AUX PRON VERB sorrow SCONJ DET family member CCONJ ADJ friend VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT SCONJ ADP earth AUX PRON VERB ADJ SCONJ DET AUX ADV PRON PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP motion PUNCT PART VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ cells VERB ADV CCONJ DET ADJ ones VERB ADP PUNCT AUX PART PRON ADJ SCONJ PRON family member CCONJ friend AUX VERB SCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ DET ADJ AUX VERB CCONJ DET ADJ AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADV VERB INTJ five's ADP PRON VERB PUNCT Way PART VERB ADJ selection PUNCT PUNCT SPACE CCONJ ADV PUNCT SCONJ ADP earth AUX scientists VERB evidence ADP DET past PART VERB DET future PUNCT SCONJ DET universe VERB ADP ADP disorder CCONJ ADJ ADJ reactions ADV SCONJ ADP earth AUX PRON VERB DET information PART ADV VERB DET future PUNCT Uniformity AUX PART VERB DET sense ADP DET universe VERB ADP ADJ chance CCONJ disorder PUNCT SPACE ADV ADV DET AUX PART DET case PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET universes history AUX ADV ADV VERB SCONJ PROPN VERB PRON DET way PUNCT
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Cancer of the cervix (sir-vix) is one of the most common cancers in women. There seems to be a connection between cervical cancer and sexual activity at an early age, especially when multiple partners are involved. Cervical cancer grows without symptoms, that's why a yearly pap smear is so important. A pap smear can detect the presence of cancer cells at an early stage. When precancerous cells are found, usually called dysplasia (dis-PLAY-zha), they can be removed in the doctor's office using various procedures that burn or freeze the cells off the cervix. If the cancer has advanced, the recommended treatment usually includes a combination of chemotherapy, radiation and surgery, which will prevent a woman from bearing children. For more information about cervical cancer, contact your healthcare provider.
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Cancer cervix cancers women connection cancer activity age partners cancer symptoms pap smear pap smear presence cancer cells stage cells dysplasia zha doctor office procedures cells cervix cancer treatment combination chemotherapy radiation surgery woman children information cancer healthcare provider
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cancer of the cervix (sir-vix) be one of the most common cancer in woman. there seem to be a connection between cervical cancer and sexual activity at an early age, especially when multiple partner be involve. cervical cancer grow without symptom, thatbe why a yearly pap smear be so important. a pap smear can detect the presence of cancer cell at an early stage. when precancerous cell be find, usually call dysplasia (dis-PLAY-zha), they can be remove in the doctor's office use various procedure that burn or freeze the cell off the cervix. if the cancer have advance, the recommend treatment usually include a combination of chemotherapy, radiation and surgery, which will prevent a woman from bear child. for more information about cervical cancer, contact your healthcare provider.
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Cancer ADP DET cervix PUNCT sir PUNCT vix PUNCT AUX NUM ADP DET ADV ADJ cancers ADP women PUNCT PRON VERB PART AUX DET connection ADP ADJ cancer CCONJ ADJ activity ADP DET ADJ age PUNCT ADV SCONJ ADJ partners AUX VERB PUNCT ADJ cancer VERB ADP symptoms PUNCT DET AUX SCONJ DET ADJ pap smear AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT DET pap smear AUX VERB DET presence ADP cancer cells ADP DET ADJ stage PUNCT SCONJ ADJ cells AUX VERB PUNCT ADV VERB dysplasia PUNCT X PUNCT X PUNCT zha PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET doctor PART office VERB ADJ procedures PRON VERB CCONJ VERB DET cells ADP DET cervix PUNCT SCONJ DET cancer AUX VERB PUNCT DET VERB treatment ADV VERB DET combination ADP chemotherapy PUNCT radiation CCONJ surgery PUNCT DET AUX VERB DET woman ADP VERB children PUNCT ADP ADJ information ADP ADJ cancer PUNCT VERB PRON healthcare provider PUNCT
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Cancer ADP DET cervix PUNCT sir PUNCT vix PUNCT AUX NUM ADP DET ADV ADJ cancers ADP women PUNCT PRON VERB PART AUX DET connection ADP ADJ cancer CCONJ ADJ activity ADP DET ADJ age PUNCT ADV SCONJ ADJ partners AUX VERB PUNCT ADJ cancer VERB ADP symptoms PUNCT DET AUX SCONJ DET ADJ pap smear AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT DET pap smear AUX VERB DET presence ADP cancer cells ADP DET ADJ stage PUNCT SCONJ ADJ cells AUX VERB PUNCT ADV VERB dysplasia PUNCT X PUNCT X PUNCT zha PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET doctor PART office VERB ADJ procedures PRON VERB CCONJ VERB DET cells ADP DET cervix PUNCT SCONJ DET cancer AUX VERB PUNCT DET VERB treatment ADV VERB DET combination ADP chemotherapy PUNCT radiation CCONJ surgery PUNCT DET AUX VERB DET woman ADP VERB children PUNCT ADP ADJ information ADP ADJ cancer PUNCT VERB PRON healthcare provider PUNCT
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Cancer ADP DET cervix PUNCT sir PUNCT vix PUNCT AUX NUM ADP DET ADV ADJ cancers ADP women PUNCT PRON VERB PART AUX DET connection ADP ADJ cancer CCONJ ADJ activity ADP DET ADJ age PUNCT ADV SCONJ ADJ partners AUX VERB PUNCT ADJ cancer VERB ADP symptoms PUNCT DET AUX SCONJ DET ADJ pap smear AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT DET pap smear AUX VERB DET presence ADP cancer cells ADP DET ADJ stage PUNCT SCONJ ADJ cells AUX VERB PUNCT ADV VERB dysplasia PUNCT X PUNCT X PUNCT zha PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET doctor PART office VERB ADJ procedures PRON VERB CCONJ VERB DET cells ADP DET cervix PUNCT SCONJ DET cancer AUX VERB PUNCT DET VERB treatment ADV VERB DET combination ADP chemotherapy PUNCT radiation CCONJ surgery PUNCT DET AUX VERB DET woman ADP VERB children PUNCT ADP ADJ information ADP ADJ cancer PUNCT VERB PRON healthcare provider PUNCT
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Race for survival
On the brink of extinction, Honu'ea struggle to the sea
October 23, 2008A full moon floods the wide swath of sand that conceals Orion's nest. Big Beach is lit up so bright we can see where the first ones emerged, the football-sized divot on a small mound of sand cordoned of with yellow caution tape.
This is the third and final full moon to hit the still-gravid mound.
Sheryl King, a biologist with the Hawaii Wildlife Fund, sits at the head of a circle consisting of a dozen or so of us. She explains what we are to do should more baby honu'ea—hawksbill turtles—dig their way out on one of our shifts: make sure they head in the right direction—toward the sea. Keep cats, mongooses, and crabs away. If one flips over in a footprint, push up sand beneath it so it can right itself, but don't ever touch a hatchling.
We determine who stakes out when, then hit the hay, or rather the sand.
Hawksbill nests typically gestate for around 60 days, King said, but she adjusts a nest's "due date" according to various factors, among them temperature and shade.
King spotted Orion, the mother, depositing this particular clutch around 64 days prior to the first hatchlings' emergence. She was watching for nesting hawksbills as part of the dawn patrol, a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service effort to spot nesting females as part of the Honu'ea Recovery Project. She estimated the nest would begin to hatch on October 11. She was only 2 days off.
The project takes place with help from several entities, including FWS, the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The aim is to get the honu'ea population up to more stable number.
Orion herself likely hatched very close to the spot where she dropped off her most recent batch.
"They tend to return to their natal beach," said HWF co-founder Hannah Bernard. "We don't really understand how they find their way."
Yet Orion doesn't stick around for very long after nesting. According to King, she spends most of her days off the coast of Oahu and comes to the vicinity of Big Beach every three to four years just to nest.
"I first tracked her, and named her, in 2001," King said. "We've tracked her with satellite transmitters so we have a good handle on her movements."
This is Orion's third or fourth nest this season. Two other nests were laid on island this year by an as yet unidentified female, which Bernard says is a good thing—one more nesting female adding to the species' extremely small gene pool.
This is one of only ten or so nesting areas archipelago-wide. There are three on Maui. Other sites include Kameahame Beach on the Big Island and a black sand beach at the mouth of Moloka'i's Halawa River. Ninety percent of honu'ea nesting occurs on the Ka'u Coast of the Big Island.
Nests contain an average of 140 eggs. But while a single hawksbill may lay nearly a thousand eggs in a given year, Hawaii's honu'ea aren't exactly thriving. King said that they have a one in 10,000 chance of making it to adulthood. Volunteers stake out the nest for 24 hours a day as the due date approaches to help ensure the hatchlings' instinctual seaward striving goes without predatory incident.
HWF volunteer coordinator Angie Hofmann compares the hatching of a sea turtle nest to childbirth. Everyone was antsy in the days leading up to the hatching. A handful of volunteers parked nest-side in beach chairs day and night, eyes locked on the mound for even the tiniest movement. One volunteer called it a "watched pot."
Only this one boils.
The first batch emerged at around 5am on Monday, October 13. Forty-eight hatchlings made their way to the water that morning, but Orion's nest was still far from empty.
Glimpsing these tiny hatchlings, bellies full of yolk, as they march toward the sea is an extraordinary sight on its own, but there is a particular sense of urgency for the little ones whose prolific mama chose to deposit them in the shade of a keawe tree at Big Beach.
Honu'ea are not the enormous green guys that bob up beside you when you're snorkeling at Black Rock or Molokini. Honu'ea are smaller—they grow to be up to 270 pounds, whereas the greens round out at 400. Honu'ea have a beak rather than a rounded snout—hence the Anglo name, hawksbill.
Most importantly, honu'ea are endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and most people you ask will say they're critically endangered; greens are not.
Though their plight is severe and stemming from the same source, green sea turtles are listed as threatened, which means that their numbers are much higher than those of the honu'ea.
Statewide, according to King and Bernard, there are fewer than 100 nesting female honu'ea. Fewer than ten of these will nest throughout the isles in any given year. Only five or six total dig their nests on Maui's coastline.
"That's critically low," Bernard said, adding that the entire Hawaii hawksbill population is extremely vulnerable. "The greater your numbers, the greater your resilience."
They cite anthropogenic—human—causes for the species' alarmingly low numbers: runoff, traffic, lights that disorient nesting turtles, introduced predators, habitat loss and more.
Hawksbills across the globe were once plundered for their shells, which were made into combs, jewelry and even guitar picks. In Japan, according to the 1999 Jay April documentary Red Turtle Rising, they were seen as a sign of longevity, and thus stuffed and hung on the walls in many homes. In Hawaii their shells were used to make dinnerware, jewelry and medicine, though a kapu (taboo) barred honu'ea meat from being consumed (they dine primarily on poisonous sponges, which makes their meat toxic). The tortoiseshell pattern that may or may not constitute your sunglass frames was inspired by the hawksbill. In 1973 real tortoiseshell was banned worldwide under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).
|Researchers have tracked Orion's (the mama turtle) route and found she likes to hang out on Oahu, but comes to Maui to nest.|
It may be illegal to mess with them these days, but they're not exactly bouncing back.
That's why the 140 or so hatchlings here at Big Beach, barely larger than your big toe, need to make it the ocean.
So far the turnout has been outstanding. The first night saw 48 turtles scamper into the tide. The next night more than 100 came out. Tonight we'll see the stragglers to the shore, if there are any.
The next day King will excavate the nest carefully with her hands for any that didn't make it out, dead or alive. Live hatchlings will be placed in the water after dusk. Eggshells will be counted and unhatched eggs will be sent to a NOAA lab in Honolulu for DNA testing.
My one to 2am shift comes and goes without a peep. I've been instructed to shine a red flashlight on the nest every few minutes, but the mound is frozen.
I fall asleep after my shift with few expectations.
At some bleary hour a voice startles me awake.
"There's a turtle!" King says as she passes my tent. "A turtle just hatched!"
It's barely a quarter past five in the morning. Volunteers climb out of sleeping bags and tents and flood the area around the nest. One hatchling moves slowly toward the sea in the moonlight, almost a silhouette at this dark hour. Its tracks look like tire tread from a mountain bike. We inch along behind it, awestruck.
After 20 minutes the turtle is at the edge of the sea. Although its flippers have just had a killer workout, the hatchling takes to the waves effortlessly after the lapping water swallows it whole.
Any number of things could have thrown off the hatchling and its siblings. Had this been a beach up the road they may have gone toward bright lights. They may have gone toward South Kihei Road and gotten smashed, which has happened before with nesting mothers; once in 1993 and once in 1996, thanks to speeding motorists. A feral cat (of which there are many) could have gotten to them. King says that even ghost crabs prey on sea-bound hatchlings, gouging out their eyes in a horrific display King herself has witnessed in the northwest Hawaiian Isles.
Hofmann said her major concern is the long-term impact of development on nesting. While Big Beach is a state park and thus can't be built upon, two proposed developments—Wailea 670 and the expansion of Makena Resort—could increase the volume of beachgoers that may, inadvertently or otherwise, disturb the nests.
"If they both get their way there'd be another city down here," she said.
The proposed development sites may be pretty far mauka of where the turtles nest, but storm runoff has an obvious impact on their ability to successfully hatch and make it to the sea, as does lighting.
Hofmann said that, given how close honu'ea are to extinction, developers should reconsider how they determine appropriateness when choosing a building site.
"The turtles have chosen this as their nesting place," she said.
While there are several well-documented hawksbill nesting sites statewide, there is no bureaucratic mechanism that can designate them as a critical habitat.
Bernard said that the only defense for sites with impending developments so far has been a lighting ordinance that the county adopted in 2007, which she said was watered-down.
"It's not the bill that we hoped for," she said, "but it's a start."
Just after six in the morning the camp gets jostled awake once again. Three more babies have come out, a volunteer says. I hop to my feet. The last ones to emerge on their own are making it to sea in the new daylight, each on a separate trajectory, seemingly unaware of one another but probably very aware of us.
We scare away the looming ghost crabs. We clear the path of debris, as the turtles' tiny flippers hoist them along the final stretch of sand.
It takes one honu'ea a few tries to take to the water; the oncoming surf pushes it off course. The other two swim off almost instantly.
Nobody knows where they're headed. They return to near shore areas after about five to 10 years, but the time in between is known as the lost years. One theory is that they attach themselves to little clumps of seaweed, floating wherever the current takes them. Those ready to nest, of course, eventually make it back to the beach of their birth using some mysterious sense that we don't yet understand. The hope is they'll stick around long enough for us to find out. MTW
For more information on how you can help hawksbills visit wildhawaii.org. To find out more about the role of honu'ea in Hawaiian history and culture check out the award-winning 1999 documentary Red Turtle Rising, directed by Jay April. The film is available for free on the Web at filmmaui.com and through the World Turtle Trust.
|Entertainment and lifestyle news for Maui, Hawaii and the surrounding Islands. Maui Time Weekly is Mauis only independent and locally owned newspaper.
Mail this link to a friend|
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Race survival brink extinction sea moon floods swath sand nest ones football divot mound sand caution tape moon gravid mound biologist head circle dozen baby honu'ea hawksbill turtles way shifts direction sea cats mongooses footprint sand hatchling hay sand Hawksbill nests days nest date factors temperature shade mother clutch days hatchlings emergence hawksbills part dawn patrol effort females part nest days project place help entities aim population number Orion spot batch natal beach co - founder way nesting days coast vicinity years satellite transmitters handle movements nest season nests island year female thing female species gene pool areas archipelago sites sand beach mouth percent honu'ea nesting Nests average eggs hawksbill eggs year honu'ea chance Volunteers nest hours day date hatchlings seaward incident HWF volunteer coordinator hatching sea turtle nest childbirth antsy days hatching handful volunteers nest side beach chairs day night eyes mound movement volunteer pot one batch hatchlings way water morning nest hatchlings bellies yolk sea sight sense urgency ones shade keawe tree guys pounds greens beak snout name hawksbill people greens plight source turtles numbers honu'ea honu'ea isles year total nests coastline hawksbill population numbers resilience causes species numbers runoff traffic lights disorient turtles predators habitat loss Hawksbills globe shells combs jewelry guitar picks documentary sign longevity walls homes shells dinnerware jewelry medicine honu'ea meat sponges meat tortoiseshell pattern sunglass frames hawksbill tortoiseshell CITES |Researchers turtle route mess days hatchlings toe ocean turnout night turtles scamper tide night Tonight stragglers shore day nest hands hatchlings water dusk Eggshells eggs lab DNA testing one shift peep flashlight nest minutes mound shift expectations hour voice turtle tent turtle quarter morning Volunteers bags tents area nest hatchling sea moonlight silhouette hour tracks tire tread mountain bike awestruck minutes turtle edge sea flippers killer workout hatchling waves water number things hatchling siblings beach road lights mothers thanks motorists cat prey sea hatchlings eyes display concern term impact development nesting state park developments expansion volume beachgoers nests way city development sites mauka turtles nest storm runoff impact ability sea lighting honu'ea extinction developers appropriateness building site turtles place hawksbill sites mechanism habitat defense sites developments lighting ordinance county down bill start morning camp babies volunteer feet ones sea daylight trajectory ghost crabs path debris turtles flippers stretch sand honu'ea tries water surf course swim shore areas years time years theory clumps seaweed current course beach birth sense hope information hawksbills role honu'ea history culture award documentary film Web lifestyle news newspaper link friend|
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race for survival
on the brink of extinction, Honu'ea struggle to the sea
October 23, 2008A full moon flood the wide swath of sand that conceal Orion's nest. big Beach be light up so bright we can see where the first one emerge, the football-sized divot on a small mound of sand cordone of with yellow caution tape.
this be the third and final full moon to hit the still-gravid mound.
Sheryl King, a biologist with the Hawaii Wildlife Fund, sit at the head of a circle consist of a dozen or so of we. she explain what we be to do should more baby honu'ea—hawksbill turtle—dig their way out on one of our shift: make sure they head in the right direction—toward the sea. keep cat, mongoose, and crab away. if one flip over in a footprint, push up sand beneath it so it can right itself, but donot ever touch a hatchling.
we determine who stake out when, then hit the hay, or rather the sand.
hawksbill nest typically gestate for around 60 day, King say, but she adjust a nest's "due date" accord to various factor, among they temperature and shade.
King spot Orion, the mother, deposit this particular clutch around 64 day prior to the first hatchling' emergence. she be watch for nesting hawksbill as part of the dawn patrol, a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service effort to spot nest female as part of the Honu'ea Recovery Project. she estimate the nest would begin to hatch on October 11. she be only 2 day off.
the project take place with help from several entity, include FWS, the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. the aim be to get the honu'ea population up to more stable number.
orion herself likely hatch very close to the spot where she drop off her most recent batch.
"they tend to return to their natal beach," say HWF co-founder Hannah Bernard. "we donot really understand how they find their way."
yet Orion donot stick around for very long after nesting. accord to King, she spend most of her day off the coast of Oahu and come to the vicinity of Big Beach every three to four year just to nest.
"I first track she, and name she, in 2001," King say. "wehave track she with satellite transmitter so we have a good handle on her movement."
this be Orion's third or fourth nest this season. two other nest be lay on island this year by an as yet unidentified female, which Bernard say be a good thing—one more nesting female add to the specie' extremely small gene pool.
this be one of only ten or so nesting area archipelago-wide. there be three on Maui. other site include Kameahame Beach on the Big Island and a black sand beach at the mouth of Moloka'i's Halawa River. ninety percent of honu'ea nesting occur on the Ka'u Coast of the Big Island.
nest contain an average of 140 egg. but while a single hawksbill may lay nearly a thousand egg in a give year, Hawaii's honu'ea benot exactly thrive. King say that they have a one in 10,000 chance of make it to adulthood. volunteer stake out the nest for 24 hour a day as the due date approach to help ensure the hatchling' instinctual seaward strive go without predatory incident.
hwf volunteer coordinator Angie Hofmann compare the hatching of a sea turtle nest to childbirth. everyone be antsy in the day lead up to the hatching. a handful of volunteer park nest-side in beach chair day and night, eye lock on the mound for even the tiny movement. one volunteer call it a "watch pot."
only this one boil.
the first batch emerge at around 5am on Monday, October 13. forty-eight hatchling make their way to the water that morning, but Orion's nest be still far from empty.
glimpse these tiny hatchling, belly full of yolk, as they march toward the sea be an extraordinary sight on its own, but there be a particular sense of urgency for the little one whose prolific mama choose to deposit they in the shade of a keawe tree at Big Beach.
Honu'ea be not the enormous green guy that bob up beside you when yoube snorkel at Black Rock or Molokini. Honu'ea be small—they grow to be up to 270 pound, whereas the green round out at 400. Honu'ea have a beak rather than a rounded snout—hence the Anglo name, hawksbill.
most importantly, honu'ea be endanger under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and most people you ask will say theybe critically endanger; green be not.
though their plight be severe and stem from the same source, green sea turtle be list as threaten, which mean that their number be much high than those of the honu'ea.
statewide, accord to King and Bernard, there be few than 100 nesting female honu'ea. few than ten of these will nest throughout the isle in any give year. only five or six total dig their nest on Maui's coastline.
"thatbe critically low," Bernard say, add that the entire Hawaii hawksbill population be extremely vulnerable. "the great your number, the great your resilience."
they cite anthropogenic—human—cause for the specie' alarmingly low number: runoff, traffic, light that disorient nesting turtle, introduce predator, habitat loss and more.
hawksbill across the globe be once plunder for their shell, which be make into comb, jewelry and even guitar pick. in Japan, accord to the 1999 Jay April documentary Red Turtle Rising, they be see as a sign of longevity, and thus stuff and hang on the wall in many home. in Hawaii their shell be use to make dinnerware, jewelry and medicine, though a kapu (taboo) bar honu'ea meat from be consume (they dine primarily on poisonous sponge, which make their meat toxic). the tortoiseshell pattern that may or may not constitute your sunglass frame be inspire by the hawksbill. in 1973 real tortoiseshell be ban worldwide under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (cite).
|researcher have track Orion's (the mama turtle) route and find she like to hang out on Oahu, but come to Maui to nest.|
it may be illegal to mess with they these day, but theybe not exactly bounce back.
thatbe why the 140 or so hatchling here at Big Beach, barely large than your big toe, need to make it the ocean.
so far the turnout have be outstanding. the first night see 48 turtle scamper into the tide. the next night more than 100 come out. tonight wewill see the straggler to the shore, if there be any.
the next day King will excavate the nest carefully with her hand for any that donot make it out, dead or alive. live hatchling will be place in the water after dusk. eggshell will be count and unhatched egg will be send to a NOAA lab in Honolulu for dna testing.
my one to 2am shift come and go without a peep. Ihave be instruct to shine a red flashlight on the nest every few minute, but the mound be frozen.
I fall asleep after my shift with few expectation.
at some bleary hour a voice startle I awake.
"therebe a turtle!" King say as she pass my tent. "a turtle just hatch!"
itbe barely a quarter past five in the morning. volunteer climb out of sleep bag and tent and flood the area around the nest. one hatchling move slowly toward the sea in the moonlight, almost a silhouette at this dark hour. its track look like tire tread from a mountain bike. we inch along behind it, awestruck.
after 20 minute the turtle be at the edge of the sea. although its flipper have just have a killer workout, the hatchling take to the wave effortlessly after the lap water swallow it whole.
any number of thing could have throw off the hatchling and its sibling. have this be a beach up the road they may have go toward bright light. they may have go toward South Kihei Road and get smash, which have happen before with nesting mother; once in 1993 and once in 1996, thank to speed motorist. a feral cat (of which there be many) could have get to they. King say that even ghost crab prey on sea-bind hatchling, gouge out their eye in a horrific display King herself have witness in the northw Hawaiian Isles.
Hofmann say her major concern be the long-term impact of development on nesting. while Big Beach be a state park and thus cannot be build upon, two propose development—Wailea 670 and the expansion of Makena Resort—could increase the volume of beachgoer that may, inadvertently or otherwise, disturb the nest.
"if they both get their way therewould be another city down here," she say.
the propose development site may be pretty far mauka of where the turtle nest, but storm runoff have an obvious impact on their ability to successfully hatch and make it to the sea, as do lighting.
Hofmann say that, give how close honu'ea be to extinction, developer should reconsider how they determine appropriateness when choose a building site.
"the turtle have choose this as their nesting place," she say.
while there be several well-document hawksbill nest site statewide, there be no bureaucratic mechanism that can designate they as a critical habitat.
Bernard say that the only defense for site with impending development so far have be a lighting ordinance that the county adopt in 2007, which she say be water-down.
"itbe not the bill that we hop for," she say, "but itbe a start."
just after six in the morning the camp get jostle awake once again. three more baby have come out, a volunteer say. I hop to my foot. the last one to emerge on their own be make it to sea in the new daylight, each on a separate trajectory, seemingly unaware of one another but probably very aware of we.
we scare away the loom ghost crab. we clear the path of debris, as the turtle' tiny flipper hoist they along the final stretch of sand.
it take one honu'ea a few try to take to the water; the oncoming surf push it off course. the other two swim off almost instantly.
nobody know where theybe head. they return to near shore area after about five to 10 year, but the time in between be know as the lose year. one theory be that they attach themselves to little clump of seaweed, float wherever the current take they. those ready to nest, of course, eventually make it back to the beach of their birth use some mysterious sense that we donot yet understand. the hope be theywill stick around long enough for we to find out. MTW
for more information on how you can help hawksbill visit wildhawaii.org. to find out more about the role of honu'ea in hawaiian history and culture check out the award-win 1999 documentary Red Turtle Rising, direct by Jay April. the film be available for free on the web at filmmaui.com and through the World Turtle Trust.
|Entertainment and lifestyle news for Maui, Hawaii and the surround Islands. Maui Time Weekly be Mauis only independent and locally own newspaper.
Mail this link to a friend|
|
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ADV ADJ ADP DET ADP DET X PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADP NUM VERB ADJ honu'ea PUNCT ADJ ADP NUM ADP DET AUX VERB ADP DET isles ADP DET VERB year PUNCT ADV NUM CCONJ NUM ADJ VERB PRON nests ADP PROPN PART coastline PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET ADJ PROPN hawksbill population AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ PRON numbers PUNCT DET ADJ PRON resilience PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT causes ADP DET species PART ADV ADJ numbers PUNCT runoff PUNCT traffic PUNCT lights PRON VERB VERB turtles PUNCT VERB predators PUNCT habitat loss CCONJ ADJ PUNCT SPACE Hawksbills ADP DET globe AUX ADV VERB ADP PRON shells PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP combs PUNCT jewelry CCONJ ADV guitar picks PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET NUM PROPN PROPN documentary PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET sign ADP longevity PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET walls ADP ADJ homes PUNCT ADP PROPN PRON shells AUX VERB PART VERB dinnerware PUNCT jewelry CCONJ medicine PUNCT SCONJ DET X PUNCT taboo PUNCT VERB honu'ea meat ADP AUX VERB PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADP ADJ sponges PUNCT DET VERB PRON meat ADJ PUNCT PUNCT DET tortoiseshell pattern PRON AUX CCONJ AUX PART VERB PRON sunglass frames AUX VERB ADP DET hawksbill PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ tortoiseshell AUX VERB ADV ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE |Researchers AUX VERB PROPN PART PUNCT DET mama turtle PUNCT route CCONJ VERB PRON VERB PART VERB ADP ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP PROPN PART VERB SPACE PRON AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP PRON DET days PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX PART ADV VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE DET AUX SCONJ DET NUM CCONJ ADV hatchlings ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP PRON ADJ toe PUNCT VERB PART VERB PRON DET ocean PUNCT SPACE ADV ADV DET turnout AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ night VERB NUM turtles VERB ADP DET tide PUNCT DET ADJ night ADJ ADP NUM VERB ADV PUNCT Tonight PRON AUX VERB DET stragglers ADP DET shore PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX DET PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ day PROPN AUX VERB DET nest ADV ADP PRON hands ADP DET PRON AUX PART VERB PRON ADP PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ hatchlings AUX AUX VERB ADP DET water ADP dusk PUNCT Eggshells AUX AUX VERB CCONJ ADJ eggs AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN lab ADP PROPN ADP DNA testing PUNCT SPACE PRON NUM ADP NUM am shift VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET peep PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ flashlight ADP DET nest DET ADJ minutes PUNCT CCONJ DET mound AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB ADV ADP PRON shift ADP ADJ expectations PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ hour DET voice VERB PRON ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX DET turtle PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP PRON VERB PRON tent PUNCT PUNCT DET turtle ADV VERB PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADV DET quarter ADP NUM ADP DET morning PUNCT Volunteers VERB ADP ADP VERB bags CCONJ tents CCONJ VERB DET area ADP DET nest PUNCT NUM hatchling VERB ADV ADP DET sea ADP DET moonlight PUNCT ADV DET silhouette ADP DET ADJ hour PUNCT PRON tracks VERB ADP tire tread ADP DET mountain bike PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADP PRON PUNCT ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM minutes DET turtle AUX ADP DET edge ADP DET sea PUNCT SCONJ PRON flippers AUX ADV AUX DET ADJ workout PUNCT DET hatchling VERB ADP DET waves ADV ADP DET VERB water VERB PRON ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET number ADP things AUX AUX VERB ADP DET hatchling CCONJ PRON siblings PUNCT AUX DET AUX DET beach ADP DET road PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ lights PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB VERB PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADV ADP VERB mothers PUNCT ADV ADP NUM CCONJ ADV ADP NUM PUNCT thanks ADP VERB motorists PUNCT DET ADJ cat PUNCT ADP DET PRON AUX ADJ PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP PRON PUNCT PROPN VERB SCONJ ADV ghost crabs VERB ADP sea PUNCT VERB hatchlings PUNCT VERB ADP PRON eyes ADP DET ADJ display PROPN PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB PRON ADJ concern AUX DET ADJ PUNCT term impact ADP development ADP VERB PUNCT SCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX DET state park CCONJ ADV AUX PART AUX VERB SCONJ PUNCT NUM VERB developments PUNCT PROPN NUM CCONJ DET expansion ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB DET volume ADP beachgoers PRON AUX PUNCT ADV CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB DET nests PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ PRON DET VERB PRON way PRON AUX AUX DET city ADV ADV PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE DET VERB development sites AUX AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP SCONJ DET turtles VERB PUNCT CCONJ storm runoff AUX DET ADJ impact ADP PRON ability PART ADV VERB CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET sea PUNCT ADP AUX lighting PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB SCONJ PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ honu'ea AUX ADP extinction PUNCT developers AUX VERB SCONJ PRON VERB appropriateness SCONJ VERB DET building site PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET turtles AUX VERB DET ADP PRON nesting place PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ ADV PUNCT VERB hawksbill VERB sites ADV PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ mechanism PRON AUX VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ habitat PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB SCONJ DET ADJ defense ADP sites ADP VERB developments ADV ADV AUX AUX DET lighting ordinance PRON DET county VERB ADP NUM PUNCT DET PRON VERB AUX VERB PUNCT ADP PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX PART DET bill PRON PRON VERB ADP PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET start PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP NUM ADP DET morning DET camp VERB VERB ADV ADV ADV PUNCT NUM ADJ babies AUX VERB ADV PUNCT DET volunteer VERB PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PRON feet PUNCT DET ADJ ones PART VERB ADP PRON ADJ AUX VERB PRON ADP sea ADP DET ADJ daylight PUNCT DET ADP DET ADJ trajectory PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP one DET CCONJ ADV ADV ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB ADV DET VERB ghost crabs PUNCT PRON VERB DET path ADP debris PUNCT ADP DET turtles PART ADJ flippers VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ stretch ADP sand PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB NUM X DET ADJ tries PART VERB ADP DET water PUNCT DET VERB surf VERB PRON ADP course PUNCT DET ADJ NUM VERB ADV ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADP shore areas ADP ADV NUM PART NUM years PUNCT CCONJ DET time ADP ADP AUX VERB ADP DET VERB years PUNCT NUM theory AUX SCONJ PRON VERB PRON ADP ADJ clumps ADP seaweed PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET current VERB PRON PUNCT DET ADJ PART VERB PUNCT ADP course PUNCT ADV VERB PRON ADV ADP DET beach ADP PRON birth VERB DET ADJ sense SCONJ PRON AUX PART ADV VERB PUNCT DET hope AUX PRON AUX VERB ADP ADV ADV ADP PRON PART VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN SPACE ADP ADJ information ADP SCONJ PRON AUX VERB hawksbills VERB X PUNCT PART VERB ADP ADJ ADP DET role ADP X ADP ADJ history CCONJ culture VERB ADP DET award PUNCT VERB NUM documentary PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET film AUX ADJ ADP ADJ ADP DET Web ADP X CCONJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE |Entertainment CCONJ lifestyle news ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX PROPN ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADV VERB newspaper PUNCT SPACE VERB DET link ADP DET friend|
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Race ADP survival SPACE ADP DET brink ADP extinction PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP DET sea SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM ADJ moon VERB DET ADJ swath ADP sand PRON VERB PROPN PART nest PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET ADJ ones VERB PUNCT DET football PUNCT ADJ divot ADP DET ADJ mound ADP sand VERB ADP ADP ADJ caution tape PUNCT SPACE DET AUX DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ moon PART VERB DET ADV PUNCT ADJ mound PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET biologist ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET head ADP DET circle VERB ADP DET dozen CCONJ ADV ADP PRON PUNCT PRON VERB PRON PRON AUX PART AUX AUX ADJ baby honu'ea PUNCT hawksbill turtles PUNCT VERB PRON way ADP ADP NUM ADP PRON shifts PUNCT VERB ADJ PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ direction PUNCT ADP DET sea PUNCT VERB cats PUNCT mongooses PUNCT CCONJ crabs ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADP ADP DET footprint PUNCT VERB ADP sand ADP PRON SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ AUX PART ADV VERB DET hatchling PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON VERB ADP SCONJ PUNCT ADV VERB DET hay PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET sand PUNCT SPACE Hawksbill nests ADV VERB ADP ADV NUM days PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB DET nest PART PUNCT ADJ date PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ factors PUNCT ADP PRON temperature CCONJ shade PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB PROPN PUNCT DET mother PUNCT VERB DET ADJ clutch ADV NUM days ADV ADP DET ADJ hatchlings PART emergence PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP VERB hawksbills ADP part ADP DET dawn patrol PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN effort PART VERB VERB females ADP part ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB DET nest AUX VERB PART VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT PRON AUX ADV NUM days ADV PUNCT SPACE DET project VERB place ADP help ADP ADJ entities PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET aim AUX PART VERB DET honu'ea population ADP ADP ADV ADJ number PUNCT SPACE PROPN PRON ADV VERB ADV ADV ADP DET spot SCONJ PRON VERB ADP PRON ADV ADJ batch PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PRON ADJ beach PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN co - founder PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX PART ADV VERB SCONJ PRON VERB PRON way PUNCT PUNCT SPACE CCONJ PROPN AUX PART VERB ADV ADP ADV ADJ ADP VERB PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ ADP PRON days ADP DET coast ADP PROPN CCONJ VERB ADP DET vicinity ADP PROPN PROPN DET NUM PART NUM years ADV PART VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON ADV VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PRON ADP satellite transmitters SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ handle ADP PRON movements PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET AUX PROPN PART ADJ CCONJ ADJ nest DET season PUNCT NUM ADJ nests AUX VERB ADP island DET year ADP DET ADV ADV ADJ female PUNCT DET PROPN VERB AUX DET ADJ thing PUNCT NUM ADJ VERB female VERB ADP DET species PART ADV ADJ gene pool PUNCT SPACE DET AUX NUM ADP ADV NUM CCONJ ADV VERB areas archipelago PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX NUM ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ sites VERB PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ sand beach ADP DET mouth ADP PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM percent ADP honu'ea nesting VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE Nests VERB DET average ADP NUM eggs PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET ADJ hawksbill AUX VERB ADV DET NUM eggs ADP DET VERB year PUNCT PROPN PART honu'ea AUX PART ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET NUM ADP NUM chance ADP VERB PRON ADP adulthood PUNCT Volunteers VERB ADP DET nest ADP NUM hours DET day ADP DET ADJ date VERB PART VERB VERB DET hatchlings PART ADJ ADJ striving VERB ADP ADJ incident PUNCT SPACE PROPN volunteer coordinator PROPN PROPN VERB DET hatching ADP DET sea turtle nest ADP childbirth PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET days VERB ADP ADP DET hatching PUNCT DET handful ADP volunteers VERB nest PUNCT side ADP beach chairs day CCONJ night PUNCT eyes VERB ADP DET mound ADP ADV DET ADJ movement PUNCT NUM volunteer VERB PRON DET PUNCT VERB pot PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV DET NUM VERB PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ batch VERB ADP ADV NUM am ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM hatchlings VERB PRON way ADP DET water DET morning PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PART nest AUX ADV ADV ADP ADJ PUNCT SPACE VERB DET ADJ hatchlings PUNCT bellies ADJ ADP yolk PUNCT ADP PRON VERB ADP DET sea AUX DET ADJ sight ADP PRON ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ sense ADP urgency ADP DET ADJ ones DET ADJ mama VERB PART VERB PRON ADP DET shade ADP DET keawe tree ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE Honu'ea AUX PART DET ADJ ADJ guys PRON VERB ADP ADP PRON SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB PART AUX ADP ADP NUM pounds PUNCT SCONJ DET greens VERB ADP ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN AUX DET beak ADV ADP DET ADJ snout PUNCT ADV DET ADJ name PUNCT hawksbill PUNCT SPACE ADV ADV PUNCT honu'ea AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ people PRON VERB AUX VERB PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT greens AUX PART PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON plight AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB ADP DET ADJ source PUNCT ADJ sea turtles AUX VERB ADP VERB PUNCT DET VERB SCONJ PRON numbers AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADP DET X PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADP NUM VERB ADJ honu'ea PUNCT ADJ ADP NUM ADP DET AUX VERB ADP DET isles ADP DET VERB year PUNCT ADV NUM CCONJ NUM ADJ VERB PRON nests ADP PROPN PART coastline PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET ADJ PROPN hawksbill population AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ PRON numbers PUNCT DET ADJ PRON resilience PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT causes ADP DET species PART ADV ADJ numbers PUNCT runoff PUNCT traffic PUNCT lights PRON VERB VERB turtles PUNCT VERB predators PUNCT habitat loss CCONJ ADJ PUNCT SPACE Hawksbills ADP DET globe AUX ADV VERB ADP PRON shells PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP combs PUNCT jewelry CCONJ ADV guitar picks PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET NUM PROPN PROPN documentary PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET sign ADP longevity PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET walls ADP ADJ homes PUNCT ADP PROPN PRON shells AUX VERB PART VERB dinnerware PUNCT jewelry CCONJ medicine PUNCT SCONJ DET X PUNCT taboo PUNCT VERB honu'ea meat ADP AUX VERB PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADP ADJ sponges PUNCT DET VERB PRON meat ADJ PUNCT PUNCT DET tortoiseshell pattern PRON AUX CCONJ AUX PART VERB PRON sunglass frames AUX VERB ADP DET hawksbill PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ tortoiseshell AUX VERB ADV ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE |Researchers AUX VERB PROPN PART PUNCT DET mama turtle PUNCT route CCONJ VERB PRON VERB PART VERB ADP ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP PROPN PART VERB SPACE PRON AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP PRON DET days PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX PART ADV VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE DET AUX SCONJ DET NUM CCONJ ADV hatchlings ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP PRON ADJ toe PUNCT VERB PART VERB PRON DET ocean PUNCT SPACE ADV ADV DET turnout AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ night VERB NUM turtles VERB ADP DET tide PUNCT DET ADJ night ADJ ADP NUM VERB ADV PUNCT Tonight PRON AUX VERB DET stragglers ADP DET shore PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX DET PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ day PROPN AUX VERB DET nest ADV ADP PRON hands ADP DET PRON AUX PART VERB PRON ADP PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ hatchlings AUX AUX VERB ADP DET water ADP dusk PUNCT Eggshells AUX AUX VERB CCONJ ADJ eggs AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN lab ADP PROPN ADP DNA testing PUNCT SPACE PRON NUM ADP NUM am shift VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET peep PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ flashlight ADP DET nest DET ADJ minutes PUNCT CCONJ DET mound AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB ADV ADP PRON shift ADP ADJ expectations PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ hour DET voice VERB PRON ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX DET turtle PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP PRON VERB PRON tent PUNCT PUNCT DET turtle ADV VERB PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADV DET quarter ADP NUM ADP DET morning PUNCT Volunteers VERB ADP ADP VERB bags CCONJ tents CCONJ VERB DET area ADP DET nest PUNCT NUM hatchling VERB ADV ADP DET sea ADP DET moonlight PUNCT ADV DET silhouette ADP DET ADJ hour PUNCT PRON tracks VERB ADP tire tread ADP DET mountain bike PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADP PRON PUNCT ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM minutes DET turtle AUX ADP DET edge ADP DET sea PUNCT SCONJ PRON flippers AUX ADV AUX DET ADJ workout PUNCT DET hatchling VERB ADP DET waves ADV ADP DET VERB water VERB PRON ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET number ADP things AUX AUX VERB ADP DET hatchling CCONJ PRON siblings PUNCT AUX DET AUX DET beach ADP DET road PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ lights PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB VERB PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADV ADP VERB mothers PUNCT ADV ADP NUM CCONJ ADV ADP NUM PUNCT thanks ADP VERB motorists PUNCT DET ADJ cat PUNCT ADP DET PRON AUX ADJ PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP PRON PUNCT PROPN VERB SCONJ ADV ghost crabs VERB ADP sea PUNCT VERB hatchlings PUNCT VERB ADP PRON eyes ADP DET ADJ display PROPN PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB PRON ADJ concern AUX DET ADJ PUNCT term impact ADP development ADP VERB PUNCT SCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX DET state park CCONJ ADV AUX PART AUX VERB SCONJ PUNCT NUM VERB developments PUNCT PROPN NUM CCONJ DET expansion ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB DET volume ADP beachgoers PRON AUX PUNCT ADV CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB DET nests PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ PRON DET VERB PRON way PRON AUX AUX DET city ADV ADV PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE DET VERB development sites AUX AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP SCONJ DET turtles VERB PUNCT CCONJ storm runoff AUX DET ADJ impact ADP PRON ability PART ADV VERB CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET sea PUNCT ADP AUX lighting PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB SCONJ PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ honu'ea AUX ADP extinction PUNCT developers AUX VERB SCONJ PRON VERB appropriateness SCONJ VERB DET building site PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET turtles AUX VERB DET ADP PRON nesting place PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ ADV PUNCT VERB hawksbill VERB sites ADV PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ mechanism PRON AUX VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ habitat PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB SCONJ DET ADJ defense ADP sites ADP VERB developments ADV ADV AUX AUX DET lighting ordinance PRON DET county VERB ADP NUM PUNCT DET PRON VERB AUX VERB PUNCT ADP PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX PART DET bill PRON PRON VERB ADP PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET start PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP NUM ADP DET morning DET camp VERB VERB ADV ADV ADV PUNCT NUM ADJ babies AUX VERB ADV PUNCT DET volunteer VERB PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PRON feet PUNCT DET ADJ ones PART VERB ADP PRON ADJ AUX VERB PRON ADP sea ADP DET ADJ daylight PUNCT DET ADP DET ADJ trajectory PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP one DET CCONJ ADV ADV ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB ADV DET VERB ghost crabs PUNCT PRON VERB DET path ADP debris PUNCT ADP DET turtles PART ADJ flippers VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ stretch ADP sand PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB NUM X DET ADJ tries PART VERB ADP DET water PUNCT DET VERB surf VERB PRON ADP course PUNCT DET ADJ NUM VERB ADV ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADP shore areas ADP ADV NUM PART NUM years PUNCT CCONJ DET time ADP ADP AUX VERB ADP DET VERB years PUNCT NUM theory AUX SCONJ PRON VERB PRON ADP ADJ clumps ADP seaweed PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET current VERB PRON PUNCT DET ADJ PART VERB PUNCT ADP course PUNCT ADV VERB PRON ADV ADP DET beach ADP PRON birth VERB DET ADJ sense SCONJ PRON AUX PART ADV VERB PUNCT DET hope AUX PRON AUX VERB ADP ADV ADV ADP PRON PART VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN SPACE ADP ADJ information ADP SCONJ PRON AUX VERB hawksbills VERB X PUNCT PART VERB ADP ADJ ADP DET role ADP X ADP ADJ history CCONJ culture VERB ADP DET award PUNCT VERB NUM documentary PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET film AUX ADJ ADP ADJ ADP DET Web ADP X CCONJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE |Entertainment CCONJ lifestyle news ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX PROPN ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADV VERB newspaper PUNCT SPACE VERB DET link ADP DET friend|
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Race ADP survival SPACE ADP DET brink ADP extinction PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP DET sea SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM ADJ moon VERB DET ADJ swath ADP sand PRON VERB PROPN PART nest PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET ADJ ones VERB PUNCT DET football PUNCT ADJ divot ADP DET ADJ mound ADP sand VERB ADP ADP ADJ caution tape PUNCT SPACE DET AUX DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ moon PART VERB DET ADV PUNCT ADJ mound PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET biologist ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET head ADP DET circle VERB ADP DET dozen CCONJ ADV ADP PRON PUNCT PRON VERB PRON PRON AUX PART AUX AUX ADJ baby honu'ea PUNCT hawksbill turtles PUNCT VERB PRON way ADP ADP NUM ADP PRON shifts PUNCT VERB ADJ PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ direction PUNCT ADP DET sea PUNCT VERB cats PUNCT mongooses PUNCT CCONJ crabs ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADP ADP DET footprint PUNCT VERB ADP sand ADP PRON SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ AUX PART ADV VERB DET hatchling PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON VERB ADP SCONJ PUNCT ADV VERB DET hay PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET sand PUNCT SPACE Hawksbill nests ADV VERB ADP ADV NUM days PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB DET nest PART PUNCT ADJ date PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ factors PUNCT ADP PRON temperature CCONJ shade PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB PROPN PUNCT DET mother PUNCT VERB DET ADJ clutch ADV NUM days ADV ADP DET ADJ hatchlings PART emergence PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP VERB hawksbills ADP part ADP DET dawn patrol PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN effort PART VERB VERB females ADP part ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB DET nest AUX VERB PART VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT PRON AUX ADV NUM days ADV PUNCT SPACE DET project VERB place ADP help ADP ADJ entities PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET aim AUX PART VERB DET honu'ea population ADP ADP ADV ADJ number PUNCT SPACE PROPN PRON ADV VERB ADV ADV ADP DET spot SCONJ PRON VERB ADP PRON ADV ADJ batch PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PRON ADJ beach PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN co - founder PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX PART ADV VERB SCONJ PRON VERB PRON way PUNCT PUNCT SPACE CCONJ PROPN AUX PART VERB ADV ADP ADV ADJ ADP VERB PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ ADP PRON days ADP DET coast ADP PROPN CCONJ VERB ADP DET vicinity ADP PROPN PROPN DET NUM PART NUM years ADV PART VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON ADV VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PRON ADP satellite transmitters SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ handle ADP PRON movements PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET AUX PROPN PART ADJ CCONJ ADJ nest DET season PUNCT NUM ADJ nests AUX VERB ADP island DET year ADP DET ADV ADV ADJ female PUNCT DET PROPN VERB AUX DET ADJ thing PUNCT NUM ADJ VERB female VERB ADP DET species PART ADV ADJ gene pool PUNCT SPACE DET AUX NUM ADP ADV NUM CCONJ ADV VERB areas archipelago PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX NUM ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ sites VERB PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ sand beach ADP DET mouth ADP PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM percent ADP honu'ea nesting VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE Nests VERB DET average ADP NUM eggs PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET ADJ hawksbill AUX VERB ADV DET NUM eggs ADP DET VERB year PUNCT PROPN PART honu'ea AUX PART ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET NUM ADP NUM chance ADP VERB PRON ADP adulthood PUNCT Volunteers VERB ADP DET nest ADP NUM hours DET day ADP DET ADJ date VERB PART VERB VERB DET hatchlings PART ADJ ADJ striving VERB ADP ADJ incident PUNCT SPACE PROPN volunteer coordinator PROPN PROPN VERB DET hatching ADP DET sea turtle nest ADP childbirth PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET days VERB ADP ADP DET hatching PUNCT DET handful ADP volunteers VERB nest PUNCT side ADP beach chairs day CCONJ night PUNCT eyes VERB ADP DET mound ADP ADV DET ADJ movement PUNCT NUM volunteer VERB PRON DET PUNCT VERB pot PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV DET NUM VERB PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ batch VERB ADP ADV NUM am ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM hatchlings VERB PRON way ADP DET water DET morning PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PART nest AUX ADV ADV ADP ADJ PUNCT SPACE VERB DET ADJ hatchlings PUNCT bellies ADJ ADP yolk PUNCT ADP PRON VERB ADP DET sea AUX DET ADJ sight ADP PRON ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ sense ADP urgency ADP DET ADJ ones DET ADJ mama VERB PART VERB PRON ADP DET shade ADP DET keawe tree ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE Honu'ea AUX PART DET ADJ ADJ guys PRON VERB ADP ADP PRON SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB PART AUX ADP ADP NUM pounds PUNCT SCONJ DET greens VERB ADP ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN AUX DET beak ADV ADP DET ADJ snout PUNCT ADV DET ADJ name PUNCT hawksbill PUNCT SPACE ADV ADV PUNCT honu'ea AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ people PRON VERB AUX VERB PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT greens AUX PART PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON plight AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB ADP DET ADJ source PUNCT ADJ sea turtles AUX VERB ADP VERB PUNCT DET VERB SCONJ PRON numbers AUX 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Lier Psychiatric Hospital (Lier Psykiatriske Sykehus or Lier Asyl in Norweigan) in Norway, has a long history as an institution. The sickest people in the society was stowed away here and went from being people to be test subjects in the pharmaceutical industry’s search for new and better drugs. The massive buildings house the memory of a grim chapter in Norwegian psychiatric history the authorities would rather forget.
UPDATE: When you have read this post you might be interested in reading my report one year later!
The buildings welcome you
Many of the patients never came out again alive and many died as a result of the reprehensible treatment. It was said that the treatment was carried out voluntarily, but in reality the patients had no self-determination and the opportunity to make their own decisions.
Must be creepy at night
There is little available information about the former activities at Lier Hospital. On this page (In Norwegian) you can read more about the experiments that were carried out on this Norwegian mental hospital in the postwar period from 1945 to 1975. It’s about the use of LSD, electroshock, brain research funded by the U.S. Department of Defense and drug research sponsored by major pharmaceutical companies. It is perhaps not surprising that they try to forget this place and the events taking place here.
Chair in room
One of many rooms
Things that is left behind including bath tub
It was also performed lobotomy here. That’s a procedure that involves knocking a needle-like object into the eye socket and into the patients head to cut the connection between the anterior brain lobes and the rest of the brain. Lobotomy was primarily used to treat schizophrenia but also as a soothing treatment for other disorders. The patients who survived were often quiet, but generally this surgery made the patients worse. Today lobotomy is considered barbaric and it is not practiced in Norway.
From a window
Lier Psyciatric Hospital, or Lier Asylum as it was called originally, was built in 1926 and had room for nearly 700 patients at the most. In 1986, many of the buildings were closed and abandoned and they still stand empty to this day. Some of the buildings are still in operation today for psychiatric patients.
Exterior of the A building
Desinfection bath tub
These photos are from my visit there as a curios photographer. The place was clearly ravaged by the youths, the homeless and drug addicts who have infiltrated the buildings during its 23 years of abandonment. On net forums people has written up and down about ghost stories and the creepy atmosphere. I was curious how I would experience the place myself. But I found it was pretty quiet and peaceful. I went there during the day so I understand that during nighttime, one should look far for a more sinister place. The floor consisted of a lot of broken glass and other debris.
View through window
A pile with electrical boxes or something
These days, there has been provided money to demolish the. 15 million NOKs is the price. Neighbors cheer but the historic, photographers and ghost hunting kids think it’s sad. This is the most visited, and just about the only and largest urban exploration site in Norway.
I have read and recommend Ingvar Ambjørnsen first novel, “23-Salen”, which is about when he worked as a nurse at Lier Psychiatric Hospital for one year. The book provides insight into how life for patients and nurses turned out in one of the worst wards.
The famous motorized wheelchair
Doorways and peeling paint
Top floor, view to the roof and empty windows
Disused stairs outside
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history institution people society people test subjects industry search drugs buildings memory chapter history authorities UPDATE post report year buildings patients result treatment treatment reality patients self determination opportunity decisions night information activities page experiments hospital period use electroshock brain research drug research companies place events place room rooms Things bath tub lobotomy procedure needle object eye socket patients connection brain lobes rest brain schizophrenia treatment disorders patients surgery patients Today lobotomy window room patients buildings day buildings operation today patients building Desinfection bath photos visit curios photographer place youths drug addicts buildings years abandonment forums people ghost stories atmosphere place day place floor lot glass debris View window pile boxes days money price Neighbors cheer photographers ghost hunting kids exploration site novel nurse year book insight life patients nurses wards wheelchair Doorways paint floor view roof windows stairs
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Lier Psychiatric Hospital (Lier Psykiatriske Sykehus or Lier Asyl in Norweigan) in Norway, have a long history as an institution. the sick people in the society be stow away here and go from be people to be test subject in the pharmaceutical industry’s search for new and well drug. the massive building house the memory of a grim chapter in norwegian psychiatric history the authority would rather forget.
update: when you have read this post you might be interested in read my report one year later!
the building welcome you
many of the patient never come out again alive and many die as a result of the reprehensible treatment. it be say that the treatment be carry out voluntarily, but in reality the patient have no self-determination and the opportunity to make their own decision.
must be creepy at night
there be little available information about the former activity at Lier Hospital. on this page (in Norwegian) you can read more about the experiment that be carry out on this norwegian mental hospital in the postwar period from 1945 to 1975. it’ about the use of LSD, electroshock, brain research fund by the U.S. Department of Defense and drug research sponsor by major pharmaceutical company. it be perhaps not surprising that they try to forget this place and the event take place here.
Chair in room
one of many room
thing that be leave behind include bath tub
it be also perform lobotomy here. that’ a procedure that involve knock a needle-like object into the eye socket and into the patient head to cut the connection between the anterior brain lobe and the rest of the brain. Lobotomy be primarily use to treat schizophrenia but also as a soothe treatment for other disorder. the patient who survive be often quiet, but generally this surgery make the patient bad. today lobotomy be consider barbaric and it be not practice in Norway.
from a window
Lier Psyciatric Hospital, or Lier Asylum as it be call originally, be build in 1926 and have room for nearly 700 patient at the most. in 1986, many of the building be close and abandon and they still stand empty to this day. some of the building be still in operation today for psychiatric patient.
Exterior of the a building
desinfection bath tub
these photo be from my visit there as a curio photographer. the place be clearly ravage by the youth, the homeless and drug addict who have infiltrate the building during its 23 year of abandonment. on net forum people have write up and down about ghost story and the creepy atmosphere. I be curious how I would experience the place myself. but I find it be pretty quiet and peaceful. I go there during the day so I understand that during nighttime, one should look far for a more sinister place. the floor consist of a lot of broken glass and other debris.
view through window
a pile with electrical box or something
these day, there have be provide money to demolish the. 15 million NOKs be the price. neighbor cheer but the historic, photographer and ghost hunting kid think it’ sad. this be the most visit, and just about the only and large urban exploration site in Norway.
I have read and recommend Ingvar Ambjørnsen first novel, "23-Salen", which be about when he work as a nurse at Lier Psychiatric Hospital for one year. the book provide insight into how life for patient and nurse turn out in one of the bad ward.
the famous motorize wheelchair
doorway and peel paint
top floor, view to the roof and empty window
disuse stair outside
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PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX DET ADJ history ADP DET institution PUNCT DET ADJ people ADP DET society AUX VERB ADP ADV CCONJ VERB ADP AUX people PART AUX test subjects ADP DET ADJ industry PART search ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ drugs PUNCT DET ADJ buildings VERB DET memory ADP DET ADJ chapter ADP ADJ ADJ history DET authorities AUX ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE UPDATE PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET post PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP VERB PRON report NUM year ADV PUNCT SPACE DET buildings VERB PRON SPACE ADJ ADP DET patients ADV VERB ADV ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ VERB ADP DET result ADP DET ADJ treatment PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET treatment AUX VERB ADP ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADP reality DET patients AUX DET self PUNCT determination CCONJ DET opportunity PART VERB PRON ADJ decisions PUNCT SPACE AUX AUX ADJ ADP night SPACE PRON AUX ADJ ADJ information ADP DET ADJ activities ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET page PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET experiments PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ ADJ hospital ADP DET ADJ period ADP NUM ADP NUM PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET use ADP PROPN PUNCT electroshock PUNCT brain research VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ drug research VERB ADP ADJ pharmaceutical companies PUNCT PRON AUX ADV PART ADJ SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB DET place CCONJ DET events VERB place ADV PUNCT SPACE Chair ADP room SPACE NUM ADP ADJ rooms SPACE Things PRON AUX VERB ADV VERB bath tub SPACE PRON AUX ADV VERB lobotomy ADV PUNCT DET VERB DET procedure PRON VERB VERB DET needle PUNCT ADJ object ADP DET eye socket CCONJ ADP DET patients head PART VERB DET connection ADP DET ADJ brain lobes CCONJ DET rest ADP DET brain PUNCT Lobotomy AUX ADV VERB PART VERB schizophrenia CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ treatment ADP ADJ disorders PUNCT DET patients PRON VERB AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET surgery VERB DET patients ADJ PUNCT Today lobotomy AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET window SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT AUX VERB ADP NUM CCONJ AUX room ADP ADV NUM patients ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT ADJ ADP DET buildings AUX VERB CCONJ VERB CCONJ PRON ADV VERB ADJ ADP DET day PUNCT DET ADP DET buildings AUX ADV ADP operation today ADP ADJ patients PUNCT SPACE Exterior ADP DET A building SPACE Desinfection bath tub SPACE DET photos AUX ADP PRON visit ADV ADP DET X photographer PUNCT DET place AUX ADV VERB ADP DET youths PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ drug addicts PRON AUX VERB DET buildings ADP PRON NUM years ADP abandonment PUNCT ADP net forums people AUX VERB ADP CCONJ ADV ADP ghost stories CCONJ DET ADJ atmosphere PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET place PRON PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB PRON AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADP DET day SCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ ADP nighttime PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADV ADJ place PUNCT DET floor VERB ADP DET lot ADP ADJ glass CCONJ ADJ debris PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP window SPACE DET pile ADP ADJ boxes CCONJ PRON SPACE DET days PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB money PART VERB DET PUNCT NUM NUM NOKs AUX DET price PUNCT Neighbors VERB CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT photographers CCONJ ghost VERB kids VERB PRON VERB ADJ PUNCT DET AUX DET ADV VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ exploration site ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PROPN PROPN ADJ novel PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET AUX ADP SCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET nurse ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP NUM year PUNCT DET book VERB insight ADP SCONJ life ADP patients CCONJ nurses VERB ADP ADP NUM ADP DET ADJ wards PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ADJ wheelchair SPACE Doorways CCONJ VERB paint SPACE ADJ floor PUNCT view ADP DET roof CCONJ ADJ windows SPACE ADJ stairs ADV
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PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX DET ADJ history ADP DET institution PUNCT DET ADJ people ADP DET society AUX VERB ADP ADV CCONJ VERB ADP AUX people PART AUX test subjects ADP DET ADJ industry PART search ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ drugs PUNCT DET ADJ buildings VERB DET memory ADP DET ADJ chapter ADP ADJ ADJ history DET authorities AUX ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE UPDATE PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET post PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP VERB PRON report NUM year ADV PUNCT SPACE DET buildings VERB PRON SPACE ADJ ADP DET patients ADV VERB ADV ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ VERB ADP DET result ADP DET ADJ treatment PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET treatment AUX VERB ADP ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADP reality DET patients AUX DET self PUNCT determination CCONJ DET opportunity PART VERB PRON ADJ decisions PUNCT SPACE AUX AUX ADJ ADP night SPACE PRON AUX ADJ ADJ information ADP DET ADJ activities ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET page PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET experiments PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ ADJ hospital ADP DET ADJ period ADP NUM ADP NUM PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET use ADP PROPN PUNCT electroshock PUNCT brain research VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ drug research VERB ADP ADJ pharmaceutical companies PUNCT PRON AUX ADV PART ADJ SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB DET place CCONJ DET events VERB place ADV PUNCT SPACE Chair ADP room SPACE NUM ADP ADJ rooms SPACE Things PRON AUX VERB ADV VERB bath tub SPACE PRON AUX ADV VERB lobotomy ADV PUNCT DET VERB DET procedure PRON VERB VERB DET needle PUNCT ADJ object ADP DET eye socket CCONJ ADP DET patients head PART VERB DET connection ADP DET ADJ brain lobes CCONJ DET rest ADP DET brain PUNCT Lobotomy AUX ADV VERB PART VERB schizophrenia CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ treatment ADP ADJ disorders PUNCT DET patients PRON VERB AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET surgery VERB DET patients ADJ PUNCT Today lobotomy AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET window SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT AUX VERB ADP NUM CCONJ AUX room ADP ADV NUM patients ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT ADJ ADP DET buildings AUX VERB CCONJ VERB CCONJ PRON ADV VERB ADJ ADP DET day PUNCT DET ADP DET buildings AUX ADV ADP operation today ADP ADJ patients PUNCT SPACE Exterior ADP DET A building SPACE Desinfection bath tub SPACE DET photos AUX ADP PRON visit ADV ADP DET X photographer PUNCT DET place AUX ADV VERB ADP DET youths PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ drug addicts PRON AUX VERB DET buildings ADP PRON NUM years ADP abandonment PUNCT ADP net forums people AUX VERB ADP CCONJ ADV ADP ghost stories CCONJ DET ADJ atmosphere PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET place PRON PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB PRON AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADP DET day SCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ ADP nighttime PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADV ADJ place PUNCT DET floor VERB ADP DET lot ADP ADJ glass CCONJ ADJ debris PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP window SPACE DET pile ADP ADJ boxes CCONJ PRON SPACE DET days PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB money PART VERB DET PUNCT NUM NUM NOKs AUX DET price PUNCT Neighbors VERB CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT photographers CCONJ ghost VERB kids VERB PRON VERB ADJ PUNCT DET AUX DET ADV VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ exploration site ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PROPN PROPN ADJ novel PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET AUX ADP SCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET nurse ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP NUM year PUNCT DET book VERB insight ADP SCONJ life ADP patients CCONJ nurses VERB ADP ADP NUM ADP DET ADJ wards PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ ADJ wheelchair SPACE Doorways CCONJ VERB paint SPACE ADJ floor PUNCT view ADP DET roof CCONJ ADJ windows SPACE ADJ stairs ADV
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Three-dimensional printing is being used to make metal parts for aircraft and space vehicles, as well as industrial uses. Now NASA is building engine parts with this technique for its next-generation heavy-lift rocket.
The agency says that its Space Launch System (SLS) will deliver new abilities for science and human exploration outside Earth's orbit by carrying the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew vehicle, plus cargo, equipment, and instruments for science experiments. It will also supply backup transportation to the International Space Station, and it will even go to Mars.
NASA is using 3D printing to build engine parts for its next-generation Space Launch System. Shown here is the first test piece produced on the M2 Cusing Machine at the Marshall Space Flight Center.
(Source: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center/Andy Hardin)
NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center is using a selective laser melting (SLM) process to produce intricate metal parts for the SLS rocket engines with powdered metals and the M2 Cusing machine, built by Concept Laser of Germany. NASA expects to save millions in manufacturing costs and reduce manufacturing time. SLM, a version of selective laser sintering, is known for its ability to create metal parts with complex geometries and precise mechanical properties.
The SLS will weigh 5.5 million pounds, stand 321 feet tall, and provide 8.4 million pounds of thrust at liftoff. Its propulsion system will include liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. Its mission will launch Orion without a crew in 2017; the second will launch Orion with up to four astronauts in 2021. NASA's goal is to use SLM to manufacture parts that will be used on the first mission.
The rocket's development and operations costs will be reduced using tooling and manufacturing technology from programs such as the space shuttle. For example, the J-2X engine, an advanced version of J-2 Saturn engines, will be used as the SLS upper stage engine. Some SLM-produced engine parts will be structurally tested this year and used in J-2X hot-fire tests.
In a NASA video, Andy Hardin, engine integration hardware lead for the Marshall Space Flight Center SLS engines office, discusses the initial testing and building stages:
We do a lot of engineering builds first to make sure we have the process [worked] out. There's always weld problems that you have to deal with, and there's going to be problems with this that we will have to work out, too. But this has the potential to eliminate a lot of those problems, and it will have the potential to reduce the cost by as much as half in some cases on a lot of parts.
Since final parts won't be welded, they are structurally stronger and more reliable, which also makes for a safer vehicle.
Ken Cooper, advanced manufacturing team lead at the Marshall Space Flight Center, says in the video that the technique is especially useful for making very complex shapes that can't be built in other ways, or for simplifying the building of complex shapes. But geometry is not the deciding factor; whether the machine can do it or not is decided by the size of the part.
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printing metal parts aircraft space vehicles uses engine parts technique generation lift rocket agency abilities science exploration orbit vehicle cargo equipment instruments science experiments transportation 3D printing engine parts generation test piece Source laser process metal parts rocket engines metals machine millions manufacturing costs manufacturing time version laser ability metal parts geometries properties pounds feet pounds thrust liftoff propulsion system hydrogen oxygen mission crew astronauts goal parts mission rocket development operations costs tooling manufacturing technology programs space shuttle example engine version engines stage engine engine parts year fire tests video engine integration hardware lead engines office testing building stages lot engineering process problems problems potential lot problems potential cost half cases lot parts parts vehicle team video technique shapes ways building shapes geometry factor machine size part
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three-dimensional printing be be use to make metal part for aircraft and space vehicle, as well as industrial us. now NASA be build engine part with this technique for its next-generation heavy-lift rocket.
the agency say that its Space Launch System (SLS) will deliver new ability for science and human exploration outside Earth's orbit by carry the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew vehicle, plus cargo, equipment, and instrument for science experiment. it will also supply backup transportation to the International Space Station, and it will even go to Mars.
NASA be use 3d printing to build engine part for its next-generation Space Launch System. show here be the first test piece produce on the M2 Cusing Machine at the Marshall Space Flight Center.
(source: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center/Andy Hardin)
NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center be use a selective laser melt (SLM) process to produce intricate metal part for the SLS rocket engine with powdered metal and the M2 Cusing machine, build by Concept Laser of Germany. NASA expect to save million in manufacturing cost and reduce manufacturing time. SLM, a version of selective laser sinter, be know for its ability to create metal part with complex geometry and precise mechanical property.
the SLS will weigh 5.5 million pound, stand 321 foot tall, and provide 8.4 million pound of thrust at liftoff. its propulsion system will include liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. its mission will launch Orion without a crew in 2017; the second will launch Orion with up to four astronaut in 2021. NASA's goal be to use SLM to manufacture part that will be use on the first mission.
the rocket's development and operation cost will be reduce use tooling and manufacturing technology from program such as the space shuttle. for example, the J-2X engine, an advanced version of j-2 Saturn engine, will be use as the SLS upper stage engine. some SLM-produce engine part will be structurally test this year and use in J-2X hot-fire test.
in a NASA video, Andy Hardin, engine integration hardware lead for the Marshall Space Flight Center SLS engine office, discuss the initial testing and building stage:
we do a lot of engineering build first to make sure we have the process [work] out. therebe always weld problem that you have to deal with, and therebe go to be problem with this that we will have to work out, too. but this have the potential to eliminate a lot of those problem, and it will have the potential to reduce the cost by as much as half in some case on a lot of part.
since final part willnot be weld, they be structurally strong and more reliable, which also make for a safe vehicle.
Ken Cooper, advanced manufacture team lead at the Marshall Space Flight Center, say in the video that the technique be especially useful for make very complex shape that cannot be build in other way, or for simplify the building of complex shape. but geometry be not the decide factor; whether the machine can do it or not be decide by the size of the part.
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NUM PUNCT ADJ printing AUX AUX VERB PART VERB metal parts ADP aircraft CCONJ space vehicles PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADJ uses PUNCT ADV PROPN AUX VERB engine parts ADP DET technique ADP PRON ADJ PUNCT generation ADJ PUNCT lift rocket PUNCT SPACE DET agency VERB SCONJ PRON PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ abilities ADP science CCONJ ADJ exploration ADP PROPN PART orbit ADP VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN vehicle PUNCT CCONJ cargo PUNCT equipment PUNCT CCONJ instruments ADP science experiments PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADJ transportation ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX VERB 3D printing PART VERB engine parts ADP PRON ADJ PUNCT generation PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADV AUX DET ADJ test piece VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Source PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET ADJ laser melting PUNCT PROPN PUNCT process PART VERB ADJ metal parts ADP DET PROPN rocket engines ADP VERB metals CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN machine PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB PART VERB millions ADP manufacturing costs CCONJ VERB manufacturing time PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET version ADP ADJ laser sintering PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PRON ability PART VERB metal parts ADP ADJ geometries CCONJ ADJ ADJ properties PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN AUX VERB NUM NUM pounds PUNCT VERB NUM feet ADV PUNCT CCONJ VERB NUM NUM pounds ADP thrust ADP liftoff PUNCT PRON propulsion system AUX VERB ADJ hydrogen CCONJ ADJ oxygen PUNCT PRON mission AUX VERB PROPN ADP DET crew ADP NUM PUNCT DET ADJ AUX VERB PROPN ADP ADP PART NUM astronauts ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PART goal AUX PART VERB PROPN PART VERB parts PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ mission PUNCT SPACE DET rocket PART development CCONJ operations costs AUX AUX VERB VERB tooling CCONJ manufacturing technology ADP programs ADJ ADP DET space shuttle PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET PROPN engine PUNCT DET ADJ version ADP PROPN PROPN engines PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN ADJ stage engine PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT VERB engine parts AUX AUX ADV VERB DET year CCONJ VERB ADP PROPN ADJ PUNCT fire tests PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN video PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT engine integration hardware lead ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN engines office PUNCT VERB DET ADJ testing CCONJ building stages PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET lot ADP engineering builds ADV PART VERB ADJ PRON AUX DET process X VERB PUNCT ADP PUNCT PRON AUX ADV weld problems PRON PRON AUX PART VERB ADP PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB PART AUX problems ADP DET PRON PRON AUX AUX PART VERB ADP PUNCT ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX DET potential PART VERB DET lot ADP DET problems PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET potential PART VERB DET cost ADP ADV ADJ ADP half ADP DET cases ADP DET lot ADP parts PUNCT SPACE SCONJ ADJ parts AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ vehicle PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ manufacturing team lead ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET video SCONJ DET technique AUX ADV ADJ ADP VERB ADV ADJ shapes PRON AUX PART AUX VERB ADP ADJ ways PUNCT CCONJ ADP VERB DET building ADP ADJ shapes PUNCT CCONJ geometry AUX PART DET VERB factor PUNCT SCONJ DET machine AUX AUX PRON CCONJ PART AUX VERB ADP DET size ADP DET part PUNCT
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NUM PUNCT ADJ printing AUX AUX VERB PART VERB metal parts ADP aircraft CCONJ space vehicles PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADJ uses PUNCT ADV PROPN AUX VERB engine parts ADP DET technique ADP PRON ADJ PUNCT generation ADJ PUNCT lift rocket PUNCT SPACE DET agency VERB SCONJ PRON PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ abilities ADP science CCONJ ADJ exploration ADP PROPN PART orbit ADP VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN vehicle PUNCT CCONJ cargo PUNCT equipment PUNCT CCONJ instruments ADP science experiments PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADJ transportation ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX VERB 3D printing PART VERB engine parts ADP PRON ADJ PUNCT generation PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADV AUX DET ADJ test piece VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Source PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET ADJ laser melting PUNCT PROPN PUNCT process PART VERB ADJ metal parts ADP DET PROPN rocket engines ADP VERB metals CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN machine PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB PART VERB millions ADP manufacturing costs CCONJ VERB manufacturing time PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET version ADP ADJ laser sintering PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PRON ability PART VERB metal parts ADP ADJ geometries CCONJ ADJ ADJ properties PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN AUX VERB NUM NUM pounds PUNCT VERB NUM feet ADV PUNCT CCONJ VERB NUM NUM pounds ADP thrust ADP liftoff PUNCT PRON propulsion system AUX VERB ADJ hydrogen CCONJ ADJ oxygen PUNCT PRON mission AUX VERB PROPN ADP DET crew ADP NUM PUNCT DET ADJ AUX VERB PROPN ADP ADP PART NUM astronauts ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PART goal AUX PART VERB PROPN PART VERB parts PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ mission PUNCT SPACE DET rocket PART development CCONJ operations costs AUX AUX VERB VERB tooling CCONJ manufacturing technology ADP programs ADJ ADP DET space shuttle PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET PROPN engine PUNCT DET ADJ version ADP PROPN PROPN engines PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN ADJ stage engine PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT VERB engine parts AUX AUX ADV VERB DET year CCONJ VERB ADP PROPN ADJ PUNCT fire tests PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN video PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT engine integration hardware lead ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN engines office PUNCT VERB DET ADJ testing CCONJ building stages PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET lot ADP engineering builds ADV PART VERB ADJ PRON AUX DET process X VERB PUNCT ADP PUNCT PRON AUX ADV weld problems PRON PRON AUX PART VERB ADP PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB PART AUX problems ADP DET PRON PRON AUX AUX PART VERB ADP PUNCT ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX DET potential PART VERB DET lot ADP DET problems PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET potential PART VERB DET cost ADP ADV ADJ ADP half ADP DET cases ADP DET lot ADP parts PUNCT SPACE SCONJ ADJ parts AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ vehicle PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ manufacturing team lead ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET video SCONJ DET technique AUX ADV ADJ ADP VERB ADV ADJ shapes PRON AUX PART AUX VERB ADP ADJ ways PUNCT CCONJ ADP VERB DET building ADP ADJ shapes PUNCT CCONJ geometry AUX PART DET VERB factor PUNCT SCONJ DET machine AUX AUX PRON CCONJ PART AUX VERB ADP DET size ADP DET part PUNCT
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NUM PUNCT ADJ printing AUX AUX VERB PART VERB metal parts ADP aircraft CCONJ space vehicles PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADJ uses PUNCT ADV PROPN AUX VERB engine parts ADP DET technique ADP PRON ADJ PUNCT generation ADJ PUNCT lift rocket PUNCT SPACE DET agency VERB SCONJ PRON PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ abilities ADP science CCONJ ADJ exploration ADP PROPN PART orbit ADP VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN vehicle PUNCT CCONJ cargo PUNCT equipment PUNCT CCONJ instruments ADP science experiments PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADJ transportation ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX VERB 3D printing PART VERB engine parts ADP PRON ADJ PUNCT generation PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADV AUX DET ADJ test piece VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Source PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET ADJ laser melting PUNCT PROPN PUNCT process PART VERB ADJ metal parts ADP DET PROPN rocket engines ADP VERB metals CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN machine PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB PART VERB millions ADP manufacturing costs CCONJ VERB manufacturing time PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET version ADP ADJ laser sintering PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PRON ability PART VERB metal parts ADP ADJ geometries CCONJ ADJ ADJ properties PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN AUX VERB NUM NUM pounds PUNCT VERB NUM feet ADV PUNCT CCONJ VERB NUM NUM pounds ADP thrust ADP liftoff PUNCT PRON propulsion system AUX VERB ADJ hydrogen CCONJ ADJ oxygen PUNCT PRON mission AUX VERB PROPN ADP DET crew ADP NUM PUNCT DET ADJ AUX VERB PROPN ADP ADP PART NUM astronauts ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PART goal AUX PART VERB PROPN PART VERB parts PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ mission PUNCT SPACE DET rocket PART development CCONJ operations costs AUX AUX VERB VERB tooling CCONJ manufacturing technology ADP programs ADJ ADP DET space shuttle PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET PROPN engine PUNCT DET ADJ version ADP PROPN PROPN engines PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN ADJ stage engine PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT VERB engine parts AUX AUX ADV VERB DET year CCONJ VERB ADP PROPN ADJ PUNCT fire tests PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN video PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT engine integration hardware lead ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN engines office PUNCT VERB DET ADJ testing CCONJ building stages PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET lot ADP engineering builds ADV PART VERB ADJ PRON AUX DET process X VERB PUNCT ADP PUNCT PRON AUX ADV weld problems PRON PRON AUX PART VERB ADP PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB PART AUX problems ADP DET PRON PRON AUX AUX PART VERB ADP PUNCT ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX DET potential PART VERB DET lot ADP DET problems PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET potential PART VERB DET cost ADP ADV ADJ ADP half ADP DET cases ADP DET lot ADP parts PUNCT SPACE SCONJ ADJ parts AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ vehicle PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ manufacturing team lead ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET video SCONJ DET technique AUX ADV ADJ ADP VERB ADV ADJ shapes PRON AUX PART AUX VERB ADP ADJ ways PUNCT CCONJ ADP VERB DET building ADP ADJ shapes PUNCT CCONJ geometry AUX PART DET VERB factor PUNCT SCONJ DET machine AUX AUX PRON CCONJ PART AUX VERB ADP DET size ADP DET part PUNCT
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OAKLAND OUTDOORS: Oakland County residents can visit the ‘Arctic Circle’ right in Royal Oak
The date of the winter solstice on Dec. 21 draws near.
What better time than now to plan an adventuresome trek into the Arctic — a journey to the cryosphere, a land of ice, snow and frozen sea water. The Arctic is a landscape of mountains, fjords, tundra and beautiful glaciers that spawn crystal-colored icebergs. It is the land of Inuit hunters, polar bears and seals and is rich with mysteries that science is still working to unravel. Those wishing to reach the Arctic must travel north of the Arctic Circle.
And just where is the Arctic Circle?
The climatologists at the National Snow and Ice Data Center define the Arctic Circle as the imaginary line that marks the latitude at which the sun does not set on the day of the summer solstice and fails to rise on the day of the winter solstice, a day that is just around the corner. Arctic researchers describe the circle as the northern limit of tree growth. The circle is also defined as the 10 Degree Celsius Isotherm, the zone at which the average daily summer temperature fails to rise above 50 degrees Fahrenheit.
Polar bears are hungry in this foreboding landscape where the mercury can plunge quickly to 60 degrees below zero and winds are ferocious.
Perhaps it is time to stop reading my words, bundle up the kids and hike into the Arctic. Why not today! Children will almost certainly see seals just yards away and, if the timing is right, go nose to nose with a mighty polar bear that may swim their way and give a glance that could be interpreted as a one-word question: “Tasty?”
And here is the rest of the story, a special trail tale that takes visitors to a one-of-a-kind place.
I am amazed at how many residents of Oakland County have yet to hike through an acrylic tunnel known as the Polar Passage — a public portal to the watery world beneath the land above the Arctic Circle.
The 70-foot long tunnel is the highlight of a 4.2-acre living exhibit at the Detroit Zoo, the Arctic Ring of Life. And a hike through that exhibit and underwater viewing tunnel brings encounters with three polar bears, a gray seal, two harbor seals, one harp seal and three arctic fox.
A visit to the Arctic Ring of Life is more than a fun hike. It opens our eyes to the life of the Inuit people and introduces visitors to a fragile world in danger from events that can no longer be denied — climate change, global warming and rising sea waters. Continued...
Upon entering the park, check a map for the location. It’s easy to find and is rich with historical, cultural and natural information of the Inuit, the Arctic people. Before Europeans arrived, they had never even heard the word, “Eskimo.” The arrival of Europeans in the early 1800s was not good news for the pale-skinned strangers. They carried foreign diseases, and missionaries followed that sadly enticed the trusting Intuits to give up their own religion and become Christians. The native people were encouraged, and sometimes forced, to abandon their traditional lifestyles and live in the village. The jury may still be out, but some historians claimed that the Inuit were eager to embrace the new ways to forgo the harsh reality of nomadic life. Today, the Arctic Ring of Life’s Nunavut Gallery gives visitors a glimpse of a disappearing culture torn between the old and the new, but still rich with tradition, folk art, spirituality and creativity.
The Inuit once existed almost exclusively on meat and fat with only limited availability of seasonal plants. The Inuits hunted for survival and considered it disrespectful to hunt for sport. And as I dug deeper into their history to prepare for my tunnel trek, I discovered that metal for their early tools were chipped flake by flake from large meteorites and then pounded into tools like harpoon points.
The fascinating relationship between the Inuit, their environment and creatures that dwell above the Arctic Circle is more deeply understood when visitors trek through the highlight of the exhibit, the polar passage tunnel. A polar bear on a tundra hill, built high to afford the bears a wide range of smells, may be sniffing the air for zoo visitors.
The tunnel has acrylic walls four inches thick, is 12 feet wide, eight feet high and offers great views when a seal or polar bear swims. About 294,000 gallons of saltwater surround visitors.
Some wonder why the polar bears do not eat the seals. They can’t. A Lexan wall separates the species.
Be sure to take the time to explore the Exploration Station of the Arctic Ring of Life. It contains many of the accoutrements of a working research station complete with telemetry equipment, computers and displays of snowshoes and parkas from the arctic. Portholes provide views of the seals and bears.
Visitors may want to do what I did — enter through the tunnel a second time and then read all the well placed interpretive signs above ground. Stories of the hunters and the hunted await and include myth-busting facts on mass suicides of lemmings that have been alleged to jump off cliffs into the sea. And be sure to let a child put his or her foot in the imprint of the polar bear track on the pathway. And, of course, save time to hike the rest of the zoo. Cold weather is a perfect time to explore minus the summer crowds.
Jonathan Schechter’s column appears on Sundays. Look for his Earth’s Almanac blog at www.earthsalmanac.blogspot.com Twitter: OaklandNature E-mail:[email protected].
For more information about the Detroit Zoo’s hours, exhibits and special events, visit detroitzoo.org. The zoo is located at 8450 West 10 Mile Road in Royal Oak. No additional fee to visit Arctic Ring of Life.
See wrong or incorrect information in a story. Tell us here
Location, ST | website.com
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Caren Gittleman likes talking cats. She'll discuss everything about them, from acquiring a cat, differences in breeds, behaviors, health concerns, inside versus outside lifestyles, toys, food, accessories, and sharing cat stories. Share your stories and ask her questions about your favorite feline.
Roger Beukema shares news from Lansing that impacts sportsmen (this means ladies as well) and talks about things he finds when he goes overseas to visit my children, and adding your comments into the mix.
Join Jonathan Schechter as he shares thoughts on our natural world in Oakland County and beyond.
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OAKLAND outdoors: Oakland County resident can visit the 'Arctic Circle' right in Royal Oak
the date of the winter solstice on Dec. 21 draw near.
what well time than now to plan an adventuresome trek into the Arctic — a journey to the cryosphere, a land of ice, snow and frozen sea water. the Arctic be a landscape of mountain, fjord, tundra and beautiful glacier that spawn crystal-color iceberg. it be the land of Inuit hunter, polar bear and seal and be rich with mystery that science be still work to unravel. those wish to reach the Arctic must travel north of the Arctic Circle.
and just where be the Arctic Circle?
the climatologist at the National Snow and Ice Data Center define the Arctic Circle as the imaginary line that mark the latitude at which the sun do not set on the day of the summer solstice and fail to rise on the day of the winter solstice, a day that be just around the corner. arctic researcher describe the circle as the northern limit of tree growth. the circle be also define as the 10 Degree Celsius Isotherm, the zone at which the average daily summer temperature fail to rise above 50 degree Fahrenheit.
polar bear be hungry in this foreboding landscape where the mercury can plunge quickly to 60 degree below zero and wind be ferocious.
perhaps it be time to stop read my word, bundle up the kid and hike into the Arctic. why not today! child will almost certainly see seal just yard away and, if the timing be right, go nose to nose with a mighty polar bear that may swim their way and give a glance that could be interpret as a one-word question: "Tasty?"
and here be the rest of the story, a special trail tale that take visitor to a one-of-a-kind place.
I be amazed at how many resident of Oakland County have yet to hike through an acrylic tunnel know as the Polar Passage — a public portal to the watery world beneath the land above the Arctic Circle.
the 70-foot long tunnel be the highlight of a 4.2-acre living exhibit at the Detroit Zoo, the Arctic Ring of Life. and a hike through that exhibit and underwater view tunnel bring encounter with three polar bear, a gray seal, two harbor seal, one harp seal and three arctic fox.
a visit to the Arctic Ring of Life be more than a fun hike. it open our eye to the life of the Inuit people and introduce visitor to a fragile world in danger from event that can no long be deny — climate change, global warming and rise sea water. continue...
upon enter the park, check a map for the location. it’ easy to find and be rich with historical, cultural and natural information of the Inuit, the Arctic people. before Europeans arrive, they have never even hear the word, "Eskimo." the arrival of Europeans in the early 1800 be not good news for the pale-skin stranger. they carry foreign disease, and missionary follow that sadly entice the trusting intuit to give up their own religion and become Christians. the native people be encourage, and sometimes force, to abandon their traditional lifestyle and live in the village. the jury may still be out, but some historian claim that the Inuit be eager to embrace the new way to forgo the harsh reality of nomadic life. today, the Arctic Ring of Life’s Nunavut Gallery give visitor a glimpse of a disappear culture tear between the old and the new, but still rich with tradition, folk art, spirituality and creativity.
the Inuit once exist almost exclusively on meat and fat with only limited availability of seasonal plant. the Inuits hunt for survival and consider it disrespectful to hunt for sport. and as I dig deeply into their history to prepare for my tunnel trek, I discover that metal for their early tool be chip flake by flake from large meteorite and then pound into tool like harpoon point.
the fascinating relationship between the Inuit, their environment and creature that dwell above the Arctic Circle be more deeply understand when visitor trek through the highlight of the exhibit, the polar passage tunnel. a polar bear on a tundra hill, build high to afford the bear a wide range of smell, may be sniff the air for zoo visitor.
the tunnel have acrylic wall four inch thick, be 12 foot wide, eight foot high and offer great view when a seal or polar bear swim. about 294,000 gallon of saltwater surround visitor.
some wonder why the polar bear do not eat the seal. they cann’t. a Lexan wall separate the specie.
be sure to take the time to explore the Exploration Station of the Arctic Ring of Life. it contain many of the accoutrement of a work research station complete with telemetry equipment, computer and display of snowshoe and parka from the arctic. porthole provide view of the seal and bear.
visitor may want to do what I do — enter through the tunnel a second time and then read all the well place interpretive sign above ground. story of the hunter and the hunt await and include myth-bust fact on mass suicide of lemming that have be allege to jump off cliff into the sea. and be sure to let a child put his or her foot in the imprint of the polar bear track on the pathway. and, of course, save time to hike the rest of the zoo. cold weather be a perfect time to explore minus the summer crowd.
Jonathan Schechter’s column appear on Sundays. look for his Earth’s Almanac blog at www.earthsalmanac.blogspot.com twitter: OaklandNature E-mail:[email protected].
for more information about the Detroit Zoo’s hour, exhibit and special event, visit detroitzoo.org. the zoo be locate at 8450 West 10 Mile Road in Royal Oak. no additional fee to visit Arctic Ring of Life.
see wrong or incorrect information in a story. tell we here
Location, ST | website.com
National Life Videos
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- Bloomfield Hills mother graduate college with daughter, stepson (2)
recent activity on Facebook
Caren Gittleman like talk cat. shewill discuss everything about they, from acquire a cat, difference in breed, behavior, health concern, inside versus outside lifestyle, toy, food, accessory, and share cat story. share your story and ask her question about your favorite feline.
Roger Beukema share news from Lansing that impact sportsman (this mean lady as well) and talk about thing he find when he go overseas to visit my child, and add your comment into the mix.
Join Jonathan Schechter as he share thought on our natural world in Oakland County and beyond.
|
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PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PROPN ADP PRON VERB thoughts ADP PRON ADJ world ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADP PUNCT
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PROPN OUTDOORS PUNCT PROPN PROPN residents AUX VERB DET PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE DET date ADP DET winter solstice ADP PROPN NUM VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ time ADP ADV PART VERB DET ADJ trek ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET journey ADP DET cryosphere PUNCT DET land ADP ice PUNCT snow CCONJ ADJ sea water PUNCT DET PROPN AUX DET landscape ADP mountains PUNCT fjords PUNCT tundra CCONJ ADJ glaciers PRON VERB crystal PUNCT ADJ icebergs PUNCT PRON AUX DET land ADP PROPN hunters PUNCT ADJ bears CCONJ seals CCONJ AUX ADJ ADP mysteries PRON science AUX ADV VERB PART VERB PUNCT DET VERB PART VERB DET PROPN AUX VERB ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE CCONJ ADV SCONJ AUX DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET climatologists ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ line PRON VERB DET latitude ADP DET DET sun AUX PART VERB ADP DET day ADP DET summer solstice CCONJ VERB PART VERB ADP DET day ADP DET winter solstice PUNCT DET day PRON AUX ADV ADP DET corner PUNCT ADJ researchers VERB DET circle ADP DET ADJ limit ADP tree growth PUNCT DET circle AUX ADV VERB ADP DET NUM Degree Celsius Isotherm PUNCT DET zone ADP DET DET ADJ ADJ summer temperature VERB PART VERB ADP NUM degrees Fahrenheit PUNCT SPACE ADJ bears AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ landscape SCONJ DET mercury AUX VERB ADV ADP NUM degrees ADP NUM CCONJ winds AUX ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON AUX time PART VERB VERB PRON words PUNCT VERB ADP DET kids CCONJ VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT SCONJ PART today PUNCT Children AUX ADV ADV VERB seals ADV yards ADV CCONJ PUNCT SCONJ DET timing AUX ADJ PUNCT VERB nose ADP nose ADP DET ADJ ADJ bear PRON AUX VERB PRON way CCONJ VERB DET glance PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET NUM PUNCT word question PUNCT PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SPACE CCONJ ADV AUX DET rest ADP DET story PUNCT DET ADJ trail tale PRON VERB visitors ADP DET NUM PUNCT ADP PUNCT DET PUNCT kind place PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADJ ADP SCONJ ADJ residents ADP PROPN PROPN AUX ADV PART VERB ADP DET ADJ tunnel VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ portal ADP DET ADJ world ADP DET land ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET NUM PUNCT foot ADJ tunnel AUX DET highlight ADP DET NUM PUNCT acre living exhibit ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET hike ADP DET exhibit CCONJ ADJ viewing tunnel VERB encounters ADP NUM ADJ bears PUNCT DET ADJ seal PUNCT NUM harbor seals PUNCT NUM harp seal CCONJ NUM ADJ fox PUNCT SPACE DET visit ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ hike PUNCT PRON VERB PRON eyes ADP DET life ADP DET PROPN people CCONJ VERB visitors ADP DET ADJ world ADP danger ADP events PRON AUX ADV ADV AUX VERB PUNCT climate change PUNCT ADJ warming CCONJ VERB sea waters PUNCT VERB PUNCT SPACE SCONJ VERB DET park PUNCT VERB DET map ADP DET location PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ PART VERB CCONJ AUX ADJ ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ information ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN people PUNCT ADP PROPN VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADV VERB DET word PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET arrival ADP PROPN ADP DET ADJ NUM AUX PART ADJ news ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ strangers PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ diseases PUNCT CCONJ missionaries VERB PRON ADV VERB DET VERB PROPN PART VERB ADP PRON ADJ religion CCONJ VERB PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ people AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT PART VERB PRON ADJ lifestyles CCONJ VERB ADP DET village PUNCT DET jury AUX ADV AUX ADP PUNCT CCONJ DET historians VERB SCONJ DET PROPN AUX ADJ PART VERB DET ADJ ways PART VERB DET ADJ reality ADP ADJ life PUNCT Today PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PART PROPN PROPN VERB visitors DET glimpse ADP DET VERB culture VERB ADP DET ADJ CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ ADP tradition PUNCT folk art PUNCT spirituality CCONJ creativity PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN ADV VERB ADV ADV ADP meat CCONJ fat ADP ADV ADJ availability ADP ADJ plants PUNCT DET PROPN VERB ADP survival CCONJ VERB PRON ADJ PART VERB ADP sport PUNCT CCONJ ADP PRON VERB ADV ADP PRON history PART VERB ADP PRON tunnel trek PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ metal ADP PRON ADJ tools AUX VERB flake ADP flake ADP ADJ meteorites CCONJ ADV VERB ADP tools ADP harpoon points PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ relationship ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PRON environment CCONJ creatures PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV ADV VERB SCONJ visitors VERB ADP DET highlight ADP DET exhibit PUNCT DET ADJ passage tunnel PUNCT DET ADJ bear ADP DET tundra hill PUNCT VERB ADJ PART VERB DET bears DET ADJ range ADP smells PUNCT AUX AUX VERB DET air ADP zoo visitors PUNCT SPACE DET tunnel AUX acrylic walls NUM inches ADJ PUNCT AUX NUM feet ADJ PUNCT NUM feet ADJ CCONJ VERB ADJ views SCONJ DET seal CCONJ ADJ bear VERB PUNCT ADP NUM gallons ADP saltwater VERB visitors PUNCT SPACE DET VERB SCONJ DET ADJ bears AUX PART VERB DET seals PUNCT PRON AUX PART PUNCT DET PROPN wall VERB DET species PUNCT SPACE AUX ADJ PART VERB DET time PART VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ ADP DET accoutrements ADP DET VERB research station ADJ ADP telemetry equipment PUNCT computers CCONJ displays ADP snowshoes CCONJ parkas ADP DET ADJ PUNCT Portholes VERB views ADP DET seals CCONJ bears PUNCT SPACE Visitors AUX VERB PART AUX PRON PRON AUX PUNCT VERB ADP DET tunnel DET ADJ time CCONJ ADV VERB DET DET ADV VERB ADJ signs ADP ground PUNCT Stories ADP DET hunters CCONJ DET VERB VERB CCONJ VERB myth PUNCT VERB facts ADP ADJ suicides ADP lemmings PRON AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADP cliffs ADP DET sea PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADJ PART VERB DET child VERB PRON CCONJ PRON foot ADP DET imprint ADP DET ADJ bear track ADP DET pathway PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADP course PUNCT VERB time PART VERB DET rest ADP DET zoo PUNCT ADJ weather AUX DET ADJ time PART VERB ADP DET summer crowds PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PART column VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PRON PROPN PART PROPN blog ADP X PROPN PUNCT PROPN X PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ information ADP DET PROPN PROPN PART hours PUNCT exhibits CCONJ ADJ events PUNCT VERB X PUNCT DET zoo AUX VERB ADP NUM PROPN NUM PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ fee PART VERB PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ information ADP DET story PUNCT VERB PRON ADV SPACE Location PUNCT PROPN PUNCT X SPACE ADJ Life Videos SPACE PUNCT Fire VERB home PUNCT VERB business ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT ADJ lines PART VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP VIDEO PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PROPN PROPN contenders PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT ADJ neighbors ADJ ADP man VERB ADP murder VERB PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN group home PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN dream PART ADV ADJ PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN council VERB ADP PROPN PART plan PART VERB health care ADP retirees PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PART PUNCT VERB PROPN CCONJ VERB PUNCT ADP ADJ CD PUNCT X PUNCT SPACE PUNCT ADJ backcourt VERB PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN veteran PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ ADJ police captain PUNCT VERB ADP retirement ADP VIDEO PUNCT X PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Fire VERB home PUNCT VERB business ADP PROPN PUNCT X PUNCT SPACE PUNCT SCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT breast cancer treatment AUX DET ADJ way PART VERB PUNCT COLUMN PUNCT X PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PITTS PUNCT Woman VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ ADV PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN mother VERB college ADP daughter PUNCT stepson PUNCT X PUNCT SPACE ADJ Activity ADP PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN VERB VERB cats PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PRON ADP PRON PUNCT ADP VERB DET cat PUNCT differences ADP breeds PUNCT behaviors PUNCT health concerns PUNCT inside ADP ADJ lifestyles PUNCT toys PUNCT food PUNCT accessories PUNCT CCONJ VERB cat stories PUNCT VERB PRON stories CCONJ VERB PRON questions ADP PRON ADJ feline PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN VERB news ADP PROPN PRON VERB sportsmen PUNCT DET VERB ladies ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP things PRON VERB SCONJ PRON VERB ADV PART VERB PRON children PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON comments ADP DET mix PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PROPN ADP PRON VERB thoughts ADP PRON ADJ world ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADP PUNCT
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Student Health Checklist
Being a college student warrants a quick health check in order for you to remain healthy all school year. By following a few simple strategies, you can “rock on” in school, work and your social life.
Get involved in regular cardio exercise
for 30 minutes five times a week such as walking, swimming, running or any other activity that increases your heart rate.
De-stress by deep breathing and stretching exercises
two to three times a week. Spring for a DVD of yoga or get involved in a yoga class.
Get plenty of sleep!
This is very important in every aspect of your life!! As a college student, it is recommended that you log six to eight hours per night.
Take time out every half hour to stretch, walk around, or deep breathe if you are working at a computer.
Drink plenty of water.
Dehydration can make you more vulnerable to illness and infections, therefore, it is important that you down plenty of non-alcoholic fluids. And if water isn’t your thing, juice, tea, and other beverages will work as well.
Utilizing your BFFs.
Having the right friends and someone to talk to and count on is extremely important for your mental health. Seek out groups and activities that will attract new friends who will be supportive of you and vice versa
Eat your fruits and veggies.
A good rule of thumb is to make sure that half of your plate is filled with fruits and vegetables as these foods are bursting with nutrients that help keep infection and diseases at bay.
Fight the flu.
Get a flu shot to avoid being laid up this year for a week with fever and sickness. This vaccine is made available to each residential student and all Gallia County students in mid- October here at URG. Being a college student, you often are in close quarters with roomies and classmates, so make sure you get that flu shot!!
Back off the alcohol.
Alcohol has empty calories and is a risk factor for accidents, injuries and regrettable risky behaviors. Once you turn 21, try sticking to the recommended daily limit of no more than two beers or glasses of wine for men and one for women.
Kick the bad habits!
Rub snuff, smoke cigarettes or do other drugs? STOP!! All these can impose serious health threats so start kicking those bad habits today. Talk with your healthcare provider for assistance or check out your local health department
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college student health check order school year strategies school work life exercise minutes times week walking swimming activity heart rate De stress breathing exercises times week Spring DVD yoga yoga class plenty sleep aspect life college student hours night time hour breathe computer plenty water Dehydration illness infections plenty fluids water thing juice tea beverages BFFs friends health groups activities friends vice fruits veggies rule thumb half plate fruits vegetables foods nutrients infection diseases flu flu shot year week fever sickness vaccine student students college student quarters roomies classmates flu shot alcohol calories risk factor accidents injuries behaviors limit beers glasses wine men women habits snuff cigarettes drugs health threats habits today healthcare provider assistance health department
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Student Health Checklist
be a college student warrant a quick health check in order for you to remain healthy all school year. by follow a few simple strategy, you can "rock on" in school, work and your social life.
get involve in regular cardio exercise
for 30 minute five time a week such as walking, swimming, run or any other activity that increase your heart rate.
de-stress by deep breathing and stretch exercise
two to three time a week. spring for a dvd of yoga or get involve in a yoga class.
get plenty of sleep!
this be very important in every aspect of your life!! as a college student, it be recommend that you log six to eight hour per night.
take time out every half hour to stretch, walk around, or deep breathe if you be work at a computer.
drink plenty of water.
dehydration can make you more vulnerable to illness and infection, therefore, it be important that you down plenty of non-alcoholic fluid. and if water ben’t your thing, juice, tea, and other beverage will work as well.
utilize your bff.
have the right friend and someone to talk to and count on be extremely important for your mental health. seek out group and activity that will attract new friend who will be supportive of you and vice versa
eat your fruit and veggie.
a good rule of thumb be to make sure that half of your plate be fill with fruit and vegetable as these food be burst with nutrient that help keep infection and disease at bay.
fight the flu.
get a flu shot to avoid be lay up this year for a week with fever and sickness. this vaccine be make available to each residential student and all Gallia County student in mid- October here at URG. be a college student, you often be in close quarter with roomy and classmate, so make sure you get that flu shot!!
back off the alcohol.
Alcohol have empty calorie and be a risk factor for accident, injury and regrettable risky behavior. once you turn 21, try stick to the recommend daily limit of no more than two beer or glass of wine for man and one for woman.
kick the bad habit!
Rub snuff, smoke cigarette or do other drug? stop!! all these can impose serious health threat so start kick those bad habit today. talk with your healthcare provider for assistance or check out your local health department
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Student Health PROPN SPACE AUX DET college student VERB DET ADJ health check ADP order ADP PRON PART VERB ADJ DET school year PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ ADJ strategies PUNCT PRON AUX PUNCT VERB ADP PUNCT ADP school PUNCT work CCONJ PRON ADJ life PUNCT SPACE VERB VERB ADP ADJ ADJ exercise SPACE ADP NUM minutes NUM times DET week ADJ ADP VERB PUNCT swimming PUNCT running CCONJ DET ADJ activity PRON VERB PRON heart rate PUNCT SPACE VERB VERB VERB ADP ADJ breathing CCONJ stretching exercises SPACE NUM PART NUM times DET week PUNCT VERB ADP DET DVD ADP yoga CCONJ VERB VERB ADP DET yoga class PUNCT SPACE VERB plenty ADP sleep PUNCT SPACE DET AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET aspect ADP PRON life PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET college student PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON VERB NUM PART NUM hours ADP night PUNCT SPACE VERB time ADP DET ADJ hour PART VERB PUNCT VERB ADP PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET computer PUNCT SPACE VERB plenty ADP water PUNCT SPACE Dehydration AUX VERB PRON ADV ADJ ADP illness CCONJ infections PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ PRON ADV plenty ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ fluids PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ water AUX PART PRON thing PUNCT juice PUNCT tea PUNCT CCONJ ADJ beverages AUX VERB ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE VERB PRON BFFs PUNCT SPACE VERB DET ADJ friends CCONJ PRON PART VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADP AUX ADV ADJ ADP PRON ADJ health PUNCT VERB ADP groups CCONJ activities PRON AUX VERB ADJ friends PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP PRON CCONJ ADV ADV SPACE VERB PRON fruits CCONJ veggies PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ rule ADP thumb AUX PART VERB ADJ SCONJ half ADP PRON plate AUX VERB ADP fruits CCONJ vegetables ADP DET foods AUX VERB ADP nutrients PRON VERB VERB infection CCONJ diseases ADP bay PUNCT SPACE VERB DET flu PUNCT SPACE VERB DET flu shot PART VERB AUX VERB ADP DET year ADP DET week ADP fever CCONJ sickness PUNCT DET vaccine AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET ADJ student CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN students ADP ADJ PROPN ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX DET college student PUNCT PRON ADV AUX ADP ADJ quarters ADP roomies CCONJ classmates PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ PRON VERB DET flu shot PUNCT PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET alcohol PUNCT SPACE Alcohol AUX ADJ calories CCONJ AUX DET risk factor ADP accidents PUNCT injuries CCONJ ADJ ADJ behaviors PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB NUM PUNCT VERB VERB ADP DET VERB ADJ limit ADP DET ADJ ADP NUM beers CCONJ glasses ADP wine ADP men CCONJ NUM ADP women PUNCT SPACE VERB DET ADJ habits PUNCT SPACE VERB VERB PUNCT VERB cigarettes CCONJ AUX ADJ drugs PUNCT VERB PUNCT PUNCT DET DET AUX VERB ADJ health threats CCONJ VERB VERB DET ADJ habits today PUNCT VERB ADP PRON healthcare provider ADP assistance CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADJ health department
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Student Health PROPN SPACE AUX DET college student VERB DET ADJ health check ADP order ADP PRON PART VERB ADJ DET school year PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ ADJ strategies PUNCT PRON AUX PUNCT VERB ADP PUNCT ADP school PUNCT work CCONJ PRON ADJ life PUNCT SPACE VERB VERB ADP ADJ ADJ exercise SPACE ADP NUM minutes NUM times DET week ADJ ADP VERB PUNCT swimming PUNCT running CCONJ DET ADJ activity PRON VERB PRON heart rate PUNCT SPACE VERB VERB VERB ADP ADJ breathing CCONJ stretching exercises SPACE NUM PART NUM times DET week PUNCT VERB ADP DET DVD ADP yoga CCONJ VERB VERB ADP DET yoga class PUNCT SPACE VERB plenty ADP sleep PUNCT SPACE DET AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET aspect ADP PRON life PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET college student PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON VERB NUM PART NUM hours ADP night PUNCT SPACE VERB time ADP DET ADJ hour PART VERB PUNCT VERB ADP PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET computer PUNCT SPACE VERB plenty ADP water PUNCT SPACE Dehydration AUX VERB PRON ADV ADJ ADP illness CCONJ infections PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ PRON ADV plenty ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ fluids PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ water AUX PART PRON thing PUNCT juice PUNCT tea PUNCT CCONJ ADJ beverages AUX VERB ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE VERB PRON BFFs PUNCT SPACE VERB DET ADJ friends CCONJ PRON PART VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADP AUX ADV ADJ ADP PRON ADJ health PUNCT VERB ADP groups CCONJ activities PRON AUX VERB ADJ friends PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP PRON CCONJ ADV ADV SPACE VERB PRON fruits CCONJ veggies PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ rule ADP thumb AUX PART VERB ADJ SCONJ half ADP PRON plate AUX VERB ADP fruits CCONJ vegetables ADP DET foods AUX VERB ADP nutrients PRON VERB VERB infection CCONJ diseases ADP bay PUNCT SPACE VERB DET flu PUNCT SPACE VERB DET flu shot PART VERB AUX VERB ADP DET year ADP DET week ADP fever CCONJ sickness PUNCT DET vaccine AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET ADJ student CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN students ADP ADJ PROPN ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX DET college student PUNCT PRON ADV AUX ADP ADJ quarters ADP roomies CCONJ classmates PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ PRON VERB DET flu shot PUNCT PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET alcohol PUNCT SPACE Alcohol AUX ADJ calories CCONJ AUX DET risk factor ADP accidents PUNCT injuries CCONJ ADJ ADJ behaviors PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB NUM PUNCT VERB VERB ADP DET VERB ADJ limit ADP DET ADJ ADP NUM beers CCONJ glasses ADP wine ADP men CCONJ NUM ADP women PUNCT SPACE VERB DET ADJ habits PUNCT SPACE VERB VERB PUNCT VERB cigarettes CCONJ AUX ADJ drugs PUNCT VERB PUNCT PUNCT DET DET AUX VERB ADJ health threats CCONJ VERB VERB DET ADJ habits today PUNCT VERB ADP PRON healthcare provider ADP assistance CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADJ health department
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Student Health PROPN SPACE AUX DET college student VERB DET ADJ health check ADP order ADP PRON PART VERB ADJ DET school year PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ ADJ strategies PUNCT PRON AUX PUNCT VERB ADP PUNCT ADP school PUNCT work CCONJ PRON ADJ life PUNCT SPACE VERB VERB ADP ADJ ADJ exercise SPACE ADP NUM minutes NUM times DET week ADJ ADP VERB PUNCT swimming PUNCT running CCONJ DET ADJ activity PRON VERB PRON heart rate PUNCT SPACE VERB VERB VERB ADP ADJ breathing CCONJ stretching exercises SPACE NUM PART NUM times DET week PUNCT VERB ADP DET DVD ADP yoga CCONJ VERB VERB ADP DET yoga class PUNCT SPACE VERB plenty ADP sleep PUNCT SPACE DET AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET aspect ADP PRON life PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET college student PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON VERB NUM PART NUM hours ADP night PUNCT SPACE VERB time ADP DET ADJ hour PART VERB PUNCT VERB ADP PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET computer PUNCT SPACE VERB plenty ADP water PUNCT SPACE Dehydration AUX VERB PRON ADV ADJ ADP illness CCONJ infections PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ PRON ADV plenty ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ fluids PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ water AUX PART PRON thing PUNCT juice PUNCT tea PUNCT CCONJ ADJ beverages AUX VERB ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE VERB PRON BFFs PUNCT SPACE VERB DET ADJ friends CCONJ PRON PART VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADP AUX ADV ADJ ADP PRON ADJ health PUNCT VERB ADP groups CCONJ activities PRON AUX VERB ADJ friends PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP PRON CCONJ ADV ADV SPACE VERB PRON fruits CCONJ veggies PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ rule ADP thumb AUX PART VERB ADJ SCONJ half ADP PRON plate AUX VERB ADP fruits CCONJ vegetables ADP DET foods AUX VERB ADP nutrients PRON VERB VERB infection CCONJ diseases ADP bay PUNCT SPACE VERB DET flu PUNCT SPACE VERB DET flu shot PART VERB AUX VERB ADP DET year ADP DET week ADP fever CCONJ sickness PUNCT DET vaccine AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET ADJ student CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN students ADP ADJ PROPN ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX DET college student PUNCT PRON ADV AUX ADP ADJ quarters ADP roomies CCONJ classmates PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ PRON VERB DET flu shot PUNCT PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET alcohol PUNCT SPACE Alcohol AUX ADJ calories CCONJ AUX DET risk factor ADP accidents PUNCT injuries CCONJ ADJ ADJ behaviors PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB NUM PUNCT VERB VERB ADP DET VERB ADJ limit ADP DET ADJ ADP NUM beers CCONJ glasses ADP wine ADP men CCONJ NUM ADP women PUNCT SPACE VERB DET ADJ habits PUNCT SPACE VERB VERB PUNCT VERB cigarettes CCONJ AUX ADJ drugs PUNCT VERB PUNCT PUNCT DET DET AUX VERB ADJ health threats CCONJ VERB VERB DET ADJ habits today PUNCT VERB ADP PRON healthcare provider ADP assistance CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADJ health department
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Journal Issue: Juvenile Justice Volume 18 Number 2 Fall 2008
The Prevalence of Mental Disorders among Adolescent Offenders
Two kinds of studies address questions about the social consequences of the links between mental disorders and delinquency. One type examines the degree of "overlap" between a community's population of youth with mental disorders and its population of youthful offenders. Knowing this overlap gives some notion of the risk of official delinquency for youth with mental disorders and the degree to which mental disorders of youth contribute to a community's overall delinquency. The second type of study examines the proportion of youth with mental disorders within juvenile justice facilities or programs. These studies provide information with which to formulate policy about treating and managing youth with mental disorders in juvenile justice custody.
It is important to recognize that these two types of research begin with very different populations, even though they both address the relation between mental disorder and delinquency. The first typically focuses on all delinquent youth in the community, while the second examines only delinquent youth placed in juvenile pretrial detention centers when they are arrested or in juvenile correctional facilities when they are adjudicated. This distinction is further complicated, as discussed later, by the fact that not all youth in juvenile justice facilities are necessarily delinquent.
Epidemiologic Studies of Mental Disorder and Delinquency
Some studies have identified a significant overlap between the populations of youth served by community mental health agencies and youth in contact with the community's juvenile court.23 These studies are few in number, but they have found that the risk of juvenile court involvement among a community's young mental health clients is substantial. For example, a study in one city found that adolescents in contact with the community's mental health system during a nine-month period were two to three times more likely to have a referral to the juvenile justice system during that period than were youth in the city's general population.24 Youth in contact with a mental health system's services, however, are not the sum of a community's youth with mental health needs because many receive no services. The results of the study above probably represent the proportion of more seriously disturbed youth who have juvenile justice contact. Even so, merely knowing that youth "have contact" with the juvenile justice system tells us little about their offenses or even whether they offended at all.
Very few studies have used samples that make it possible to identify both the proportion of delinquent youth in a community who have mental disorders and the proportion of youth with mental disorders who have been delinquent. The few that have, however, are large studies with careful designs.
One examined a community population (drawn from several cities) that identified youth with persistent serious delinquency (repeat offending) and youth with persistent mental health problems (manifested multiple times).25 About 30 percent of youth with persistent mental health problems were persistently delinquent. But among all persistently delinquent youth, only about 15 percent had persistent mental health problems.
Another recent study examined the relation between mental disorders during adolescence and criminal behavior when those youth became adults.26 Delinquencies and adult criminal arrests were recorded for a sample of youth in a large geographic region aged nine through twenty-one. The youth were also assessed for mental disorders three times between the ages of nine and sixteen. A diagnosis at any one of these three points identified the youth as having a mental disorder "sometime during childhood or adolescence."
In this study, youth who were arrested between the ages of sixteen and twenty-one included a considerably greater share of youth who had had mental disorders in adolescence than those who were not arrested—for males, 51 percent as against 33 percent. This finding does not mean that 51 percent of the arrested group had mental disorders at the time of their arrest, but that they had had a mental disorder sometime in adolescence. It also does not mean that the majority of youth who had mental disorders in adolescence were arrested in adulthood. A different statistical procedure in this study, called "population attributable risk," addressed that question. It showed that the risk of adult arrest among individuals who had mental disorders at some time during adolescence was about 21 percent for women and 15 percent for men.
These few studies suggest the following conclusions, all of which need further confirmation. First, consistent with the clinical research reviewed earlier, youth who have mental disorders are at greater risk of engaging in offenses than youth without mental disorders. It is possible that treating their disorders would reduce that risk. But most youth with mental disorders do not engage in offenses that involve them in juvenile or criminal justice systems. Second, youth with mental disorders represent only a minority of all youth who engage in delinquent behavior, although the share is somewhat disproportionately greater than their prevalence in the general community. If those youth received treatment that reduced their delinquency, it is possible that overall rates of delinquency in the community would fall somewhat, but the majority of delinquencies are not related to mental disorders.
Third, rates of delinquency are higher among youth with certain types of emotional disorders— for example, depression or anxiety co-morbid with substance use disorders— and among youth with chronic and multiple disorders (seriously emotionally disturbed youth). Finally, a few studies have suggested that youth with mental disorders make up a somewhat greater proportion (although still a minority) of youth who were arrested for more serious and violent delinquencies or crimes.27
Mental Disorder in Juvenile Justice Settings
Research on the subset of delinquent youth who enter juvenile pretrial detention centers and correctional programs cannot tell us the relation between mental disorder and delinquency, because most youth who engage in delinquencies are not placed in secure juvenile justice programs. Such studies, however, are extremely important for public policy, because they identify the scope and nature of mental disorder among youth for whom the juvenile justice system has custodial responsibility.
Until recently the precise prevalence of mental disorders among youth in juvenile justice custody was unknown. Estimates varied widely from study to study, largely because of inadequate research methods or differences from one study site to another.28 In the past decade, however, well-designed studies executed in a variety of sites have provided a reliable and consistent picture. Those studies have found that among youth in various types of juvenile justice settings—for example, pretrial detention centers where youth are taken soon after arrest—about one-half to two-thirds meet criteria for one or more mental disorders.29 The prevalence of mental disorders is much higher in juvenile justice settings than it is among youth in the U.S. general population, which is about 15 to 25 percent.30
Across these studies, the rate is higher for girls than for boys.31 The overall prevalence rate does not vary greatly between younger and older adolescents or for youth with various ethnic and racial characteristics, although age and race differences are sometimes found for specific types of disorders and symptoms.32 As described in the earlier clinical review, about two-thirds of youth in juvenile justice custody who meet criteria for a mental disorder (that is, about one-third to one-half of youth in custody) meet criteria for more than one disorder.33
I will focus later on the implications of these statistics for the juvenile justice system's best response to mental disorders among youth in its custody. The high prevalence of mental disorder in juvenile justice facilities does not necessarily define the need for treatment. Some youth who meet criteria for mental disorders are experiencing their disorders temporarily and need only emergency services, while a smaller share—about one in ten—represents a core group of youth with chronic mental illness who can be expected to continue to need clinical services into adulthood.34 Some are functioning fairly well despite their symptoms, while others are barely able to function at all. And some have mental health needs, such as learning disabilities, that were not even included in the recent studies of prevalence among youth in juvenile justice settings.
Reasons for the High Prevalence of Mental Disorders in Juvenile Justice Programs
Why are mental disorders so prevalent among adolescent offenders in juvenile justice settings? Three perspectives—clinical, socio-legal, and inter-systemic—help to explain. They are not competing explanations. All probably play a role, and no evidence suggests that one is more important than the others.
From a clinical perspective, it is likely that the same symptoms of mental disorder that increase the risk of aggression also increase the likelihood that youth will be placed in secure juvenile justice facilities for any significant period of time. When police officers arrest youth, usually those youth are not placed in pretrial detention. Nor is detention reserved for the most serious offenders—in fact, youth arrested for very violent offenses typically do not make up the majority of youth in detention. Those youth who are detained more than a few hours are those who have been more unruly or unmanageable at the time of their arrest, which satisfies detention criteria regarding a risk that they will be endangered, or might endanger others, if not detained.
Youth with mental disorders frequently have symptoms involving impulsiveness, anger, and cognitive confusion that can make them less manageable and a greater risk to themselves or others, especially under the stress associated with their offense and arrest. Thus, among youth who are detained, a significant share is likely to have mental disorders that create unmanageable behavior—more so than for youth without mental disorders and more so than their peers with less severe mental disorders. This likelihood makes it no surprise that youth with mental disorders contribute disproportionately to detention populations.
From a socio-legal perspective, recent changes in laws applied to youths' delinquencies may have increased the likelihood that youth with mental disorders will enter the juvenile justice system. Before the 1990s, law enforcement officers, juvenile probation departments, prosecutors, and judges typically had some discretion regarding whether they would arrest or prosecute youth with mental disorders when they engaged in illegal behaviors, especially if those behaviors involved minor offenses committed by younger adolescents without offense histories. But a wave of serious juvenile violence during the late 1980s caused virtually all states to revise their juvenile justice statutes during the 1990s to rein in this discretion.35 Under the new laws, certain charges or offenses required legal responses based on the nature of the offense alone, not the characteristics or needs of the individual youth. Penalties more often involved custody in secure juvenile facilities, thus reducing the likelihood that youth could receive mental health services in the community after their adjudication. An unintended consequence of these changes in law, therefore, was an increase in the share of youth with mental disorders coming into the system rather than being diverted on the basis of the juvenile court's discretion.
A final, inter-systemic, explanation involves the dynamic relation between systems that serve youth. During the 1990s, most states saw a reduction in the availability of public mental health services for children, especially inpatient services.36 It is possible that less adequate treatment contributed to increased delinquencies among youth with mental disorders. But it is certain that many communities began using the juvenile justice system to try to fill the gap caused by decreased availability of mental health services.
This phenomenon was documented in media articles, the observations of juvenile justice personnel, and government reports beginning in the mid-1990s and continuing into the early 2000s.37 Some parents of children with serious mental disorders began urging police to arrest their children, knowing that courts could "order" mental health services that were becoming nearly impossible for parents to get on their own. Soon the local juvenile pretrial detention center was becoming the community's de facto mental health center that provided emergency mental health services or simply acted as a holding place for seriously disturbed youth who had nowhere to go.
In summary, these three factors—clinical, socio-legal, and inter-systemic—may together produce a prevalence of mental disorder in juvenile justice settings that does not represent the actual relation between adolescent mental disorder and delinquency. That high prevalence does, however, represent a demand on the juvenile justice system to respond to youth in custody who have mental disorders, and the demand is almost overwhelming. Some of those youth are in secure custody because they have committed serious crimes, others because the legal system has widened the door to juvenile justice processing, and many because their symptoms make them difficult to handle and they have no place else to go.
The problem requires a solution, and the multiple causes of the problem as well as the various types of youth involved suggest that the solution will be complex. What have clinicians and researchers learned that can help us determine the appropriate response?38
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Number kinds studies questions consequences links disorders delinquency type degree overlap community population youth disorders population offenders overlap notion risk delinquency youth disorders degree disorders youth community delinquency type study proportion youth disorders justice facilities programs studies information policy youth disorders justice custody types research populations relation disorder delinquency youth community examines youth detention centers facilities distinction fact youth justice facilities studies overlap populations youth community health agencies youth contact community studies number risk court involvement community health clients example study city adolescents contact community health system month period times referral justice system period youth city contact health system services sum community youth health needs services results study proportion youth justice contact youth contact justice system offenses studies samples proportion youth community disorders proportion youth disorders studies designs community population cities youth delinquency repeat offending youth health problems percent youth health problems youth percent health problems study relation disorders adolescence behavior youth adult arrests sample youth region youth disorders times ages diagnosis points youth disorder childhood adolescence study youth ages one share youth disorders adolescence males percent percent finding percent group disorders time arrest disorder adolescence majority youth disorders adolescence adulthood procedure study population risk question risk adult arrest individuals disorders time adolescence percent women percent men studies conclusions confirmation research youth disorders risk offenses youth disorders disorders risk youth disorders offenses justice systems youth disorders minority youth behavior share prevalence community youth treatment delinquency rates delinquency community majority delinquencies disorders rates delinquency youth types disorders example depression anxiety substance use disorders youth disorders youth studies youth disorders proportion minority youth delinquencies Disorder subset youth detention centers programs relation disorder delinquency youth delinquencies justice programs studies policy scope nature disorder youth justice system responsibility prevalence disorders youth justice custody Estimates study research methods differences study site another.28 decade studies variety sites picture studies youth types justice settings example detention centers youth arrest half thirds criteria disorders.29 prevalence disorders justice settings youth population percent.30 studies rate girls boys.31 prevalence rate adolescents youth characteristics age race differences types disorders symptoms.32 review thirds youth justice custody criteria disorder third half youth custody criteria disorder.33 implications statistics justice system response disorders youth custody prevalence disorder justice facilities need treatment youth criteria disorders disorders emergency services share core group youth illness services symptoms others health needs disabilities studies prevalence youth justice settings Reasons disorders offenders justice settings perspectives socio help explanations role evidence others perspective symptoms disorder risk aggression likelihood youth justice facilities period time police officers youth youth detention detention offenders fact youth offenses majority youth detention youth hours time arrest detention criteria risk others disorders symptoms anger confusion risk others stress offense arrest youth share disorders behavior youth disorders peers disorders likelihood surprise youth disorders detention populations socio perspective changes laws youths delinquencies likelihood youth disorders justice system 1990s law enforcement officers probation departments prosecutors judges discretion youth disorders behaviors behaviors offenses adolescents offense histories wave violence 1980s states justice statutes 1990s discretion.35 laws charges offenses responses nature offense characteristics needs youth Penalties custody facilities likelihood youth health services community adjudication consequence changes law increase share youth disorders system basis court discretion explanation relation systems youth 1990s states reduction availability health services children treatment delinquencies youth disorders communities justice system gap availability health services phenomenon media articles observations justice personnel government mid-1990s parents children disorders police children courts health services parents detention center community health center emergency health services place youth summary factors socio prevalence disorder justice settings relation disorder delinquency prevalence demand justice system youth custody disorders demand youth custody crimes others system door justice processing symptoms place problem solution causes problem types youth solution clinicians researchers response?38
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Journal Issue: Juvenile Justice Volume 18 number 2 Fall 2008
the Prevalence of Mental Disorders among Adolescent Offenders
two kind of study address question about the social consequence of the link between mental disorder and delinquency. one type examine the degree of "overlap" between a community's population of youth with mental disorder and its population of youthful offender. know this overlap give some notion of the risk of official delinquency for youth with mental disorder and the degree to which mental disorder of youth contribute to a community's overall delinquency. the second type of study examine the proportion of youth with mental disorder within juvenile justice facility or program. these study provide information with which to formulate policy about treat and manage youth with mental disorder in juvenile justice custody.
it be important to recognize that these two type of research begin with very different population, even though they both address the relation between mental disorder and delinquency. the first typically focus on all delinquent youth in the community, while the second examine only delinquent youth place in juvenile pretrial detention center when they be arrest or in juvenile correctional facility when they be adjudicate. this distinction be far complicated, as discuss later, by the fact that not all youth in juvenile justice facility be necessarily delinquent.
Epidemiologic Studies of Mental Disorder and Delinquency
some study have identify a significant overlap between the population of youth serve by community mental health agency and youth in contact with the community's juvenile court.23 these study be few in number, but they have find that the risk of juvenile court involvement among a community's young mental health client be substantial. for example, a study in one city find that adolescent in contact with the community's mental health system during a nine-month period be two to three time more likely to have a referral to the juvenile justice system during that period than be youth in the city's general population.24 Youth in contact with a mental health system's service, however, be not the sum of a community's youth with mental health need because many receive no service. the result of the study above probably represent the proportion of more seriously disturb youth who have juvenile justice contact. even so, merely know that youth "have contact" with the juvenile justice system tell we little about their offense or even whether they offend at all.
very few study have use sample that make it possible to identify both the proportion of delinquent youth in a community who have mental disorder and the proportion of youth with mental disorder who have be delinquent. the few that have, however, be large study with careful design.
one examine a community population (draw from several city) that identify youth with persistent serious delinquency (repeat offending) and youth with persistent mental health problem (manifest multiple times).25 about 30 percent of youth with persistent mental health problem be persistently delinquent. but among all persistently delinquent youth, only about 15 percent have persistent mental health problem.
another recent study examine the relation between mental disorder during adolescence and criminal behavior when those youth become adults.26 Delinquencies and adult criminal arrest be record for a sample of youth in a large geographic region age nine through twenty-one. the youth be also assess for mental disorder three time between the age of nine and sixteen. a diagnosis at any one of these three point identify the youth as have a mental disorder "sometime during childhood or adolescence."
in this study, youth who be arrest between the age of sixteen and twenty-one include a considerably great share of youth who have have mental disorder in adolescence than those who be not arrest—for male, 51 percent as against 33 percent. this finding do not mean that 51 percent of the arrest group have mental disorder at the time of their arrest, but that they have have a mental disorder sometime in adolescence. it also do not mean that the majority of youth who have mental disorder in adolescence be arrest in adulthood. a different statistical procedure in this study, call "population attributable risk," address that question. it show that the risk of adult arrest among individual who have mental disorder at some time during adolescence be about 21 percent for woman and 15 percent for man.
these few study suggest the following conclusion, all of which need further confirmation. first, consistent with the clinical research review early, youth who have mental disorder be at great risk of engage in offense than youth without mental disorder. it be possible that treat their disorder would reduce that risk. but most youth with mental disorder do not engage in offense that involve they in juvenile or criminal justice system. second, youth with mental disorder represent only a minority of all youth who engage in delinquent behavior, although the share be somewhat disproportionately great than their prevalence in the general community. if those youth receive treatment that reduce their delinquency, it be possible that overall rate of delinquency in the community would fall somewhat, but the majority of delinquency be not relate to mental disorder.
Third, rate of delinquency be high among youth with certain type of emotional disorder— for example, depression or anxiety co-morbid with substance use disorder— and among youth with chronic and multiple disorder (seriously emotionally disturb youth). finally, a few study have suggest that youth with mental disorder make up a somewhat great proportion (although still a minority) of youth who be arrest for more serious and violent delinquency or crimes.27
mental disorder in Juvenile Justice Settings
Research on the subset of delinquent youth who enter juvenile pretrial detention center and correctional program cannot tell we the relation between mental disorder and delinquency, because most youth who engage in delinquency be not place in secure juvenile justice program. such study, however, be extremely important for public policy, because they identify the scope and nature of mental disorder among youth for whom the juvenile justice system have custodial responsibility.
until recently the precise prevalence of mental disorder among youth in juvenile justice custody be unknown. estimate vary widely from study to study, largely because of inadequate research method or difference from one study site to another.28 in the past decade, however, well-design study execute in a variety of site have provide a reliable and consistent picture. those study have find that among youth in various type of juvenile justice setting—for example, pretrial detention center where youth be take soon after arrest—about one-half to two-third meet criterion for one or more mental disorders.29 the prevalence of mental disorder be much high in juvenile justice setting than it be among youth in the U.S. general population, which be about 15 to 25 percent.30
across these study, the rate be high for girl than for boys.31 the overall prevalence rate do not vary greatly between young and old adolescent or for youth with various ethnic and racial characteristic, although age and race difference be sometimes find for specific type of disorder and symptoms.32 as describe in the early clinical review, about two-third of youth in juvenile justice custody who meet criterion for a mental disorder (that be, about one-third to one-half of youth in custody) meet criterion for more than one disorder.33
I will focus later on the implication of these statistic for the juvenile justice system's good response to mental disorder among youth in its custody. the high prevalence of mental disorder in juvenile justice facility do not necessarily define the need for treatment. some youth who meet criterion for mental disorder be experience their disorder temporarily and need only emergency service, while a small share—about one in ten—represent a core group of youth with chronic mental illness who can be expect to continue to need clinical service into adulthood.34 some be function fairly well despite their symptom, while other be barely able to function at all. and some have mental health need, such as learn disability, that be not even include in the recent study of prevalence among youth in juvenile justice setting.
reason for the High Prevalence of Mental Disorders in Juvenile Justice Programs
why be mental disorder so prevalent among adolescent offender in juvenile justice setting? three perspective—clinical, socio-legal, and inter-systemic—help to explain. they be not compete explanation. all probably play a role, and no evidence suggest that one be more important than the other.
from a clinical perspective, it be likely that the same symptom of mental disorder that increase the risk of aggression also increase the likelihood that youth will be place in secure juvenile justice facility for any significant period of time. when police officer arrest youth, usually those youth be not place in pretrial detention. nor be detention reserve for the most serious offender—in fact, youth arrest for very violent offense typically do not make up the majority of youth in detention. those youth who be detain more than a few hour be those who have be more unruly or unmanageable at the time of their arrest, which satisfy detention criterion regard a risk that they will be endanger, or might endanger other, if not detain.
Youth with mental disorder frequently have symptom involve impulsiveness, anger, and cognitive confusion that can make they less manageable and a great risk to themselves or other, especially under the stress associate with their offense and arrest. thus, among youth who be detain, a significant share be likely to have mental disorder that create unmanageable behavior—more so than for youth without mental disorder and more so than their peer with less severe mental disorder. this likelihood make it no surprise that youth with mental disorder contribute disproportionately to detention population.
from a socio-legal perspective, recent change in law apply to youth' delinquency may have increase the likelihood that youth with mental disorder will enter the juvenile justice system. before the 1990, law enforcement officer, juvenile probation department, prosecutor, and judge typically have some discretion regard whether they would arrest or prosecute youth with mental disorder when they engage in illegal behavior, especially if those behavior involve minor offense commit by young adolescent without offense history. but a wave of serious juvenile violence during the late 1980 cause virtually all state to revise their juvenile justice statute during the 1990 to rein in this discretion.35 under the new law, certain charge or offense require legal response base on the nature of the offense alone, not the characteristic or need of the individual youth. penalty more often involve custody in secure juvenile facility, thus reduce the likelihood that youth could receive mental health service in the community after their adjudication. an unintended consequence of these change in law, therefore, be an increase in the share of youth with mental disorder come into the system rather than be divert on the basis of the juvenile court's discretion.
a final, inter-systemic, explanation involve the dynamic relation between system that serve youth. during the 1990, most state see a reduction in the availability of public mental health service for child, especially inpatient services.36 it be possible that less adequate treatment contribute to increase delinquency among youth with mental disorder. but it be certain that many community begin use the juvenile justice system to try to fill the gap cause by decrease availability of mental health service.
this phenomenon be document in medium article, the observation of juvenile justice personnel, and government report begin in the mid-1990 and continue into the early 2000s.37 some parent of child with serious mental disorder begin urge police to arrest their child, know that court could "order" mental health service that be become nearly impossible for parent to get on their own. soon the local juvenile pretrial detention center be become the community's de facto mental health center that provide emergency mental health service or simply act as a hold place for seriously disturb youth who have nowhere to go.
in summary, these three factor—clinical, socio-legal, and inter-systemic—may together produce a prevalence of mental disorder in juvenile justice setting that do not represent the actual relation between adolescent mental disorder and delinquency. that high prevalence do, however, represent a demand on the juvenile justice system to respond to youth in custody who have mental disorder, and the demand be almost overwhelming. some of those youth be in secure custody because they have commit serious crime, other because the legal system have widen the door to juvenile justice processing, and many because their symptom make they difficult to handle and they have no place else to go.
the problem require a solution, and the multiple cause of the problem as well as the various type of youth involve suggest that the solution will be complex. what have clinician and researcher learn that can help we determine the appropriate response?38
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Journal Issue PUNCT PROPN PROPN Volume NUM Number NUM Fall NUM SPACE DET Prevalence ADP ADJ Disorders ADP ADJ Offenders SPACE NUM kinds ADP studies VERB questions ADP DET ADJ consequences ADP DET links ADP ADJ disorders CCONJ delinquency PUNCT NUM type VERB DET degree ADP PUNCT overlap PUNCT ADP DET community PART population ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders CCONJ PRON population ADP ADJ offenders PUNCT VERB DET overlap VERB DET notion ADP DET risk ADP ADJ delinquency ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders CCONJ DET degree PART DET ADJ disorders ADP youth VERB ADP DET community PART ADJ delinquency PUNCT DET ADJ type ADP study VERB DET proportion ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders ADP ADJ justice facilities CCONJ programs PUNCT DET studies VERB information ADP DET PART VERB policy ADP VERB CCONJ VERB youth ADP ADJ disorders ADP ADJ justice custody PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB SCONJ DET NUM types ADP research VERB ADP ADJ ADJ populations PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON DET VERB DET relation ADP ADJ disorder CCONJ delinquency PUNCT DET ADJ ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ youth ADP DET community PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ VERB ADV ADJ youth VERB ADP ADJ ADJ detention centers SCONJ PRON AUX VERB CCONJ ADP ADJ ADJ facilities SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET distinction AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADP VERB ADV PUNCT ADP DET fact SCONJ PART DET youth ADP ADJ justice facilities AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADJ PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN SPACE DET studies AUX VERB DET ADJ overlap ADP DET populations ADP youth VERB ADP community ADJ health agencies CCONJ youth ADP contact ADP DET community PART ADJ court.23 DET studies AUX ADJ ADP number PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET risk ADP ADJ court involvement ADP DET community PART ADJ ADJ health clients AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET study ADP NUM city VERB SCONJ adolescents ADP contact ADP DET community PART ADJ health system ADP DET NUM PUNCT month period AUX NUM PART NUM times ADV ADJ PART AUX DET referral ADP DET ADJ justice system ADP DET period ADP AUX youth ADP DET city PART ADJ population.24 Youth ADP contact ADP DET ADJ health system PART services PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX PART DET sum ADP DET community PART youth ADP ADJ health needs SCONJ ADJ VERB DET services PUNCT DET results ADP DET study ADV ADV VERB DET proportion ADP ADV ADV VERB youth PRON AUX ADJ justice contact PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT ADV VERB SCONJ youth PUNCT AUX contact PUNCT ADP DET ADJ justice system VERB PRON ADJ ADP PRON offenses CCONJ ADV SCONJ PRON VERB ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE ADV ADJ studies AUX VERB samples PRON VERB PRON ADJ PART VERB CCONJ DET proportion ADP ADJ youth ADP DET community PRON AUX ADJ disorders CCONJ DET proportion ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders PRON AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ PRON AUX PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADJ studies ADP ADJ designs PUNCT SPACE NUM VERB DET community population PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ cities PUNCT PUNCT VERB youth ADP ADJ ADJ delinquency PUNCT ADJ offending PUNCT CCONJ youth ADP ADJ ADJ health problems PUNCT VERB ADJ times).25 ADV NUM percent ADP youth ADP ADJ ADJ health problems AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADV ADJ youth PUNCT ADV ADV NUM percent AUX ADJ ADJ health problems PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ study VERB DET relation ADP ADJ disorders ADP adolescence CCONJ ADJ behavior SCONJ DET youth VERB adults.26 Delinquencies CCONJ adult ADJ arrests AUX VERB ADP DET sample ADP youth ADP DET ADJ ADJ region VERB NUM ADP NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET youth AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ disorders NUM times ADP DET ages ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT DET diagnosis ADP DET NUM ADP DET NUM points VERB DET youth ADP VERB DET ADJ disorder PUNCT ADV ADP childhood CCONJ adolescence PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET study PUNCT youth PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ages ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT NUM VERB DET ADV ADJ share ADP youth PRON AUX AUX ADJ disorders ADP adolescence ADP DET PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT ADP males PUNCT NUM percent ADP ADP NUM percent PUNCT DET finding AUX PART VERB SCONJ NUM percent ADP DET VERB group AUX ADJ disorders ADP DET time ADP PRON arrest PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ disorder ADV ADP adolescence PUNCT PRON ADV AUX PART VERB SCONJ DET majority ADP youth PRON AUX ADJ disorders ADP adolescence AUX VERB ADP adulthood PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ procedure ADP DET study PUNCT VERB PUNCT population ADJ risk PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET question PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET risk ADP adult arrest ADP individuals PRON AUX ADJ disorders ADP DET time ADP adolescence AUX ADP NUM percent ADP women CCONJ NUM percent ADP men PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ studies VERB DET ADJ conclusions PUNCT DET ADP DET VERB ADJ confirmation PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ ADP DET ADJ research VERB ADV PUNCT youth PRON AUX ADJ disorders AUX ADP ADJ risk ADP VERB ADP offenses ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ VERB PRON disorders AUX VERB DET risk PUNCT CCONJ ADJ youth ADP ADJ disorders AUX PART VERB ADP offenses PRON VERB PRON ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ justice systems PUNCT ADJ PUNCT youth ADP ADJ disorders VERB ADV DET minority ADP DET youth PRON VERB ADP ADJ behavior PUNCT SCONJ DET share AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP PRON prevalence ADP DET ADJ community PUNCT SCONJ DET youth VERB treatment PRON VERB PRON delinquency PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADJ rates ADP delinquency ADP DET community AUX VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET majority ADP delinquencies AUX PART VERB ADP ADJ disorders PUNCT SPACE ADJ PUNCT rates ADP delinquency AUX ADJ ADP youth ADP ADJ types ADP ADJ disorders PUNCT ADP example PUNCT depression CCONJ anxiety ADJ ADJ ADJ ADP substance use disorders PUNCT CCONJ ADP youth ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ disorders PUNCT ADV ADV ADJ youth PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ studies AUX VERB SCONJ youth ADP ADJ disorders VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ proportion PUNCT SCONJ ADV DET minority PUNCT ADP youth PRON AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ delinquencies CCONJ crimes.27 SPACE PROPN Disorder ADP PROPN PROPN Settings SPACE Research ADP DET subset ADP ADJ youth PRON VERB ADJ ADJ detention centers CCONJ ADJ programs AUX PART VERB PRON DET relation ADP ADJ disorder CCONJ delinquency PUNCT SCONJ ADJ youth PRON VERB ADP delinquencies AUX PART VERB ADP ADJ ADJ justice programs PUNCT ADJ studies PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ policy PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET scope CCONJ nature ADP ADJ disorder ADP youth ADP PRON DET ADJ justice system AUX ADJ responsibility PUNCT SPACE ADP ADV DET ADJ prevalence ADP ADJ disorders ADP youth ADP ADJ justice custody AUX ADJ PUNCT Estimates VERB ADV ADP study ADP study PUNCT ADV SCONJ ADP ADJ research methods CCONJ differences ADP NUM study site ADP NUM ADP DET ADJ decade PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB studies VERB ADP DET variety ADP sites AUX VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ picture PUNCT DET studies AUX VERB SCONJ ADP youth ADP ADJ types ADP ADJ justice settings PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ detention centers SCONJ youth AUX VERB ADV ADP arrest PUNCT ADV NUM PUNCT half PART NUM PUNCT thirds VERB criteria ADP NUM CCONJ ADJ ADJ disorders.29 DET prevalence ADP ADJ disorders AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ justice settings ADP PRON AUX ADP youth ADP DET PROPN ADJ population PUNCT DET AUX ADV NUM PART NUM percent.30 SPACE ADP DET studies PUNCT DET rate AUX ADJ ADP girls ADP ADP boys.31 DET ADJ prevalence rate AUX PART VERB ADV ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ adolescents CCONJ ADP youth ADP ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ characteristics PUNCT SCONJ age CCONJ race differences AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ types ADP disorders CCONJ symptoms.32 ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ review PUNCT ADV NUM PUNCT thirds ADP youth ADP ADJ justice custody PRON VERB criteria ADP DET ADJ disorder PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT ADV NUM PUNCT third PART NUM PUNCT half ADP youth ADP custody PUNCT VERB criteria ADP ADJ ADP NUM disorder.33 SPACE PRON AUX VERB ADV ADP DET implications ADP DET statistics ADP DET ADJ justice system PART ADJ response ADP ADJ disorders ADP youth ADP PRON custody PUNCT DET ADJ prevalence ADP ADJ disorder ADP ADJ justice facilities AUX PART ADV VERB DET need ADP treatment PUNCT DET youth PRON VERB criteria ADP ADJ disorders AUX VERB PRON disorders ADV CCONJ VERB ADV emergency services PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ share PUNCT ADV NUM ADP NUM PUNCT VERB DET core group ADP youth ADP ADJ ADJ illness PRON AUX AUX VERB PART VERB PART VERB ADJ services ADP adulthood.34 DET AUX VERB ADV ADV SCONJ PRON symptoms PUNCT SCONJ others AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX ADJ health needs PUNCT ADJ ADP learning disabilities PUNCT PRON AUX PART ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ studies ADP prevalence ADP youth ADP ADJ justice settings PUNCT SPACE Reasons ADP DET ADJ Prevalence ADP ADJ Disorders ADP PROPN PROPN Programs SPACE SCONJ AUX ADJ disorders ADV ADJ ADP ADJ offenders ADP ADJ justice settings PUNCT NUM perspectives PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT VERB PART VERB PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB explanations PUNCT DET ADV VERB DET role PUNCT CCONJ DET evidence VERB SCONJ NUM AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET others PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ perspective PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ DET ADJ symptoms ADP ADJ disorder PRON VERB DET risk ADP aggression ADV VERB DET likelihood SCONJ youth AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADJ justice facilities ADP DET ADJ period ADP time PUNCT SCONJ police officers VERB youth PUNCT ADV DET youth AUX PART VERB ADP ADJ detention PUNCT CCONJ AUX detention VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ offenders PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT youth VERB ADP ADV ADJ offenses ADV AUX PART VERB ADP DET majority ADP youth ADP detention PUNCT DET youth PRON AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET ADJ hours AUX DET PRON AUX AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADP DET time ADP PRON arrest PUNCT DET VERB detention criteria VERB DET risk SCONJ PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB others PUNCT SCONJ PART VERB PUNCT SPACE Youth ADP ADJ disorders ADV AUX symptoms VERB impulsiveness PUNCT anger PUNCT CCONJ ADJ confusion PRON AUX VERB PRON ADV ADJ CCONJ DET ADJ risk ADP PRON CCONJ others PUNCT ADV ADP DET stress VERB ADP PRON offense CCONJ arrest PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP youth PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADJ share AUX ADJ PART AUX ADJ disorders PRON VERB ADJ behavior PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders CCONJ ADV ADV ADP PRON peers ADP ADV ADJ ADJ disorders PUNCT DET likelihood VERB PRON DET surprise SCONJ youth ADP ADJ disorders VERB ADV ADP detention populations PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ perspective PUNCT ADJ changes ADP laws VERB ADP youths PART delinquencies AUX AUX VERB DET likelihood SCONJ youth ADP ADJ disorders AUX VERB DET ADJ justice system PUNCT ADP DET NUM PUNCT law enforcement officers PUNCT ADJ probation departments PUNCT prosecutors PUNCT CCONJ judges ADV AUX DET discretion VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB CCONJ VERB youth ADP ADJ disorders SCONJ PRON VERB ADP ADJ behaviors PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET behaviors VERB ADJ offenses VERB ADP ADJ adolescents ADP offense histories PUNCT CCONJ DET wave ADP ADJ ADJ violence ADP DET ADJ NUM VERB ADV DET states PART VERB PRON ADJ justice statutes ADP DET NUM PART VERB ADP DET discretion.35 ADP DET ADJ laws PUNCT ADJ charges CCONJ offenses VERB ADJ responses VERB ADP DET nature ADP DET offense ADV PUNCT PART DET characteristics CCONJ needs ADP DET ADJ youth PUNCT Penalties ADV ADV VERB custody ADP ADJ ADJ facilities PUNCT ADV VERB DET likelihood SCONJ youth AUX VERB ADJ health services ADP DET community ADP PRON adjudication PUNCT DET ADJ consequence ADP DET changes ADP law PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX DET increase ADP DET share ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders VERB ADP DET system ADV ADP AUX VERB ADP DET basis ADP DET ADJ court PART discretion PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT explanation VERB DET ADJ relation ADP systems PRON VERB youth PUNCT ADP DET NUM PUNCT ADJ states VERB DET reduction ADP DET availability ADP ADJ ADJ health services ADP children PUNCT ADV ADJ services.36 PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADV ADJ treatment VERB ADP VERB delinquencies ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADJ communities VERB VERB DET ADJ justice system PART VERB PART VERB DET gap VERB ADP VERB availability ADP ADJ health services PUNCT SPACE DET phenomenon AUX VERB ADP media articles PUNCT DET observations ADP ADJ justice personnel PUNCT CCONJ government reports VERB ADP DET mid-1990s CCONJ VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM DET parents ADP children ADP ADJ ADJ disorders VERB VERB police PART VERB PRON children PUNCT VERB SCONJ courts AUX PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADJ health services PRON AUX VERB ADV ADJ ADP parents PART VERB ADP PRON ADJ PUNCT ADV DET ADJ ADJ ADJ detention center AUX VERB DET community PART X X ADJ health center PRON VERB emergency ADJ health services CCONJ ADV VERB ADP DET holding place ADP ADV VERB youth PRON AUX ADV PART VERB PUNCT SPACE ADP summary PUNCT DET NUM factors PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT AUX ADV VERB DET prevalence ADP ADJ disorder ADP ADJ justice settings PRON AUX PART VERB DET ADJ relation ADP ADJ ADJ disorder CCONJ delinquency PUNCT DET ADJ prevalence AUX PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB DET demand ADP DET ADJ justice system PART VERB ADP youth ADP custody PRON AUX ADJ disorders PUNCT CCONJ DET demand AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADP DET youth AUX ADP ADJ custody SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADJ crimes PUNCT others SCONJ DET ADJ system AUX VERB DET door ADP ADJ justice processing PUNCT CCONJ ADJ SCONJ PRON symptoms VERB PRON ADJ PART VERB CCONJ PRON AUX DET place ADV PART VERB PUNCT SPACE DET problem VERB DET solution PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ causes ADP DET problem ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ types ADP youth VERB VERB SCONJ DET solution AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX clinicians CCONJ researchers VERB PRON AUX VERB PRON VERB DET ADJ response?38
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Journal Issue PUNCT PROPN PROPN Volume NUM Number NUM Fall NUM SPACE DET Prevalence ADP ADJ Disorders ADP ADJ Offenders SPACE NUM kinds ADP studies VERB questions ADP DET ADJ consequences ADP DET links ADP ADJ disorders CCONJ delinquency PUNCT NUM type VERB DET degree ADP PUNCT overlap PUNCT ADP DET community PART population ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders CCONJ PRON population ADP ADJ offenders PUNCT VERB DET overlap VERB DET notion ADP DET risk ADP ADJ delinquency ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders CCONJ DET degree PART DET ADJ disorders ADP youth VERB ADP DET community PART ADJ delinquency PUNCT DET ADJ type ADP study VERB DET proportion ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders ADP ADJ justice facilities CCONJ programs PUNCT DET studies VERB information ADP DET PART VERB policy ADP VERB CCONJ VERB youth ADP ADJ disorders ADP ADJ justice custody PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB SCONJ DET NUM types ADP research VERB ADP ADJ ADJ populations PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON DET VERB DET relation ADP ADJ disorder CCONJ delinquency PUNCT DET ADJ ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ youth ADP DET community PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ VERB ADV ADJ youth VERB ADP ADJ ADJ detention centers SCONJ PRON AUX VERB CCONJ ADP ADJ ADJ facilities SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET distinction AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADP VERB ADV PUNCT ADP DET fact SCONJ PART DET youth ADP ADJ justice facilities AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADJ PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN SPACE DET studies AUX VERB DET ADJ overlap ADP DET populations ADP youth VERB ADP community ADJ health agencies CCONJ youth ADP contact ADP DET community PART ADJ court.23 DET studies AUX ADJ ADP number PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET risk ADP ADJ court involvement ADP DET community PART ADJ ADJ health clients AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET study ADP NUM city VERB SCONJ adolescents ADP contact ADP DET community PART ADJ health system ADP DET NUM PUNCT month period AUX NUM PART NUM times ADV ADJ PART AUX DET referral ADP DET ADJ justice system ADP DET period ADP AUX youth ADP DET city PART ADJ population.24 Youth ADP contact ADP DET ADJ health system PART services PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX PART DET sum ADP DET community PART youth ADP ADJ health needs SCONJ ADJ VERB DET services PUNCT DET results ADP DET study ADV ADV VERB DET proportion ADP ADV ADV VERB youth PRON AUX ADJ justice contact PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT ADV VERB SCONJ youth PUNCT AUX contact PUNCT ADP DET ADJ justice system VERB PRON ADJ ADP PRON offenses CCONJ ADV SCONJ PRON VERB ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE ADV ADJ studies AUX VERB samples PRON VERB PRON ADJ PART VERB CCONJ DET proportion ADP ADJ youth ADP DET community PRON AUX ADJ disorders CCONJ DET proportion ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders PRON AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ PRON AUX PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADJ studies ADP ADJ designs PUNCT SPACE NUM VERB DET community population PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ cities PUNCT PUNCT VERB youth ADP ADJ ADJ delinquency PUNCT ADJ offending PUNCT CCONJ youth ADP ADJ ADJ health problems PUNCT VERB ADJ times).25 ADV NUM percent ADP youth ADP ADJ ADJ health problems AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADV ADJ youth PUNCT ADV ADV NUM percent AUX ADJ ADJ health problems PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ study VERB DET relation ADP ADJ disorders ADP adolescence CCONJ ADJ behavior SCONJ DET youth VERB adults.26 Delinquencies CCONJ adult ADJ arrests AUX VERB ADP DET sample ADP youth ADP DET ADJ ADJ region VERB NUM ADP NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET youth AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ disorders NUM times ADP DET ages ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT DET diagnosis ADP DET NUM ADP DET NUM points VERB DET youth ADP VERB DET ADJ disorder PUNCT ADV ADP childhood CCONJ adolescence PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET study PUNCT youth PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ages ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT NUM VERB DET ADV ADJ share ADP youth PRON AUX AUX ADJ disorders ADP adolescence ADP DET PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT ADP males PUNCT NUM percent ADP ADP NUM percent PUNCT DET finding AUX PART VERB SCONJ NUM percent ADP DET VERB group AUX ADJ disorders ADP DET time ADP PRON arrest PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ disorder ADV ADP adolescence PUNCT PRON ADV AUX PART VERB SCONJ DET majority ADP youth PRON AUX ADJ disorders ADP adolescence AUX VERB ADP adulthood PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ procedure ADP DET study PUNCT VERB PUNCT population ADJ risk PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET question PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET risk ADP adult arrest ADP individuals PRON AUX ADJ disorders ADP DET time ADP adolescence AUX ADP NUM percent ADP women CCONJ NUM percent ADP men PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ studies VERB DET ADJ conclusions PUNCT DET ADP DET VERB ADJ confirmation PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ ADP DET ADJ research VERB ADV PUNCT youth PRON AUX ADJ disorders AUX ADP ADJ risk ADP VERB ADP offenses ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ VERB PRON disorders AUX VERB DET risk PUNCT CCONJ ADJ youth ADP ADJ disorders AUX PART VERB ADP offenses PRON VERB PRON ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ justice systems PUNCT ADJ PUNCT youth ADP ADJ disorders VERB ADV DET minority ADP DET youth PRON VERB ADP ADJ behavior PUNCT SCONJ DET share AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP PRON prevalence ADP DET ADJ community PUNCT SCONJ DET youth VERB treatment PRON VERB PRON delinquency PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADJ rates ADP delinquency ADP DET community AUX VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET majority ADP delinquencies AUX PART VERB ADP ADJ disorders PUNCT SPACE ADJ PUNCT rates ADP delinquency AUX ADJ ADP youth ADP ADJ types ADP ADJ disorders PUNCT ADP example PUNCT depression CCONJ anxiety ADJ ADJ ADJ ADP substance use disorders PUNCT CCONJ ADP youth ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ disorders PUNCT ADV ADV ADJ youth PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ studies AUX VERB SCONJ youth ADP ADJ disorders VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ proportion PUNCT SCONJ ADV DET minority PUNCT ADP youth PRON AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ delinquencies CCONJ crimes.27 SPACE PROPN Disorder ADP PROPN PROPN Settings SPACE Research ADP DET subset ADP ADJ youth PRON VERB ADJ ADJ detention centers CCONJ ADJ programs AUX PART VERB PRON DET relation ADP ADJ disorder CCONJ delinquency PUNCT SCONJ ADJ youth PRON VERB ADP delinquencies AUX PART VERB ADP ADJ ADJ justice programs PUNCT ADJ studies PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ policy PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET scope CCONJ nature ADP ADJ disorder ADP youth ADP PRON DET ADJ justice system AUX ADJ responsibility PUNCT SPACE ADP ADV DET ADJ prevalence ADP ADJ disorders ADP youth ADP ADJ justice custody AUX ADJ PUNCT Estimates VERB ADV ADP study ADP study PUNCT ADV SCONJ ADP ADJ research methods CCONJ differences ADP NUM study site ADP NUM ADP DET ADJ decade PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB studies VERB ADP DET variety ADP sites AUX VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ picture PUNCT DET studies AUX VERB SCONJ ADP youth ADP ADJ types ADP ADJ justice settings PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ detention centers SCONJ youth AUX VERB ADV ADP arrest PUNCT ADV NUM PUNCT half PART NUM PUNCT thirds VERB criteria ADP NUM CCONJ ADJ ADJ disorders.29 DET prevalence ADP ADJ disorders AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ justice settings ADP PRON AUX ADP youth ADP DET PROPN ADJ population PUNCT DET AUX ADV NUM PART NUM percent.30 SPACE ADP DET studies PUNCT DET rate AUX ADJ ADP girls ADP ADP boys.31 DET ADJ prevalence rate AUX PART VERB ADV ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ adolescents CCONJ ADP youth ADP ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ characteristics PUNCT SCONJ age CCONJ race differences AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ types ADP disorders CCONJ symptoms.32 ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ review PUNCT ADV NUM PUNCT thirds ADP youth ADP ADJ justice custody PRON VERB criteria ADP DET ADJ disorder PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT ADV NUM PUNCT third PART NUM PUNCT half ADP youth ADP custody PUNCT VERB criteria ADP ADJ ADP NUM disorder.33 SPACE PRON AUX VERB ADV ADP DET implications ADP DET statistics ADP DET ADJ justice system PART ADJ response ADP ADJ disorders ADP youth ADP PRON custody PUNCT DET ADJ prevalence ADP ADJ disorder ADP ADJ justice facilities AUX PART ADV VERB DET need ADP treatment PUNCT DET youth PRON VERB criteria ADP ADJ disorders AUX VERB PRON disorders ADV CCONJ VERB ADV emergency services PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ share PUNCT ADV NUM ADP NUM PUNCT VERB DET core group ADP youth ADP ADJ ADJ illness PRON AUX AUX VERB PART VERB PART VERB ADJ services ADP adulthood.34 DET AUX VERB ADV ADV SCONJ PRON symptoms PUNCT SCONJ others AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX ADJ health needs PUNCT ADJ ADP learning disabilities PUNCT PRON AUX PART ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ studies ADP prevalence ADP youth ADP ADJ justice settings PUNCT SPACE Reasons ADP DET ADJ Prevalence ADP ADJ Disorders ADP PROPN PROPN Programs SPACE SCONJ AUX ADJ disorders ADV ADJ ADP ADJ offenders ADP ADJ justice settings PUNCT NUM perspectives PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT VERB PART VERB PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB explanations PUNCT DET ADV VERB DET role PUNCT CCONJ DET evidence VERB SCONJ NUM AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET others PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ perspective PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ DET ADJ symptoms ADP ADJ disorder PRON VERB DET risk ADP aggression ADV VERB DET likelihood SCONJ youth AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADJ justice facilities ADP DET ADJ period ADP time PUNCT SCONJ police officers VERB youth PUNCT ADV DET youth AUX PART VERB ADP ADJ detention PUNCT CCONJ AUX detention VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ offenders PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT youth VERB ADP ADV ADJ offenses ADV AUX PART VERB ADP DET majority ADP youth ADP detention PUNCT DET youth PRON AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET ADJ hours AUX DET PRON AUX AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADP DET time ADP PRON arrest PUNCT DET VERB detention criteria VERB DET risk SCONJ PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB others PUNCT SCONJ PART VERB PUNCT SPACE Youth ADP ADJ disorders ADV AUX symptoms VERB impulsiveness PUNCT anger PUNCT CCONJ ADJ confusion PRON AUX VERB PRON ADV ADJ CCONJ DET ADJ risk ADP PRON CCONJ others PUNCT ADV ADP DET stress VERB ADP PRON offense CCONJ arrest PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP youth PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADJ share AUX ADJ PART AUX ADJ disorders PRON VERB ADJ behavior PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders CCONJ ADV ADV ADP PRON peers ADP ADV ADJ ADJ disorders PUNCT DET likelihood VERB PRON DET surprise SCONJ youth ADP ADJ disorders VERB ADV ADP detention populations PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ perspective PUNCT ADJ changes ADP laws VERB ADP youths PART delinquencies AUX AUX VERB DET likelihood SCONJ youth ADP ADJ disorders AUX VERB DET ADJ justice system PUNCT ADP DET NUM PUNCT law enforcement officers PUNCT ADJ probation departments PUNCT prosecutors PUNCT CCONJ judges ADV AUX DET discretion VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB CCONJ VERB youth ADP ADJ disorders SCONJ PRON VERB ADP ADJ behaviors PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET behaviors VERB ADJ offenses VERB ADP ADJ adolescents ADP offense histories PUNCT CCONJ DET wave ADP ADJ ADJ violence ADP DET ADJ NUM VERB ADV DET states PART VERB PRON ADJ justice statutes ADP DET NUM PART VERB ADP DET discretion.35 ADP DET ADJ laws PUNCT ADJ charges CCONJ offenses VERB ADJ responses VERB ADP DET nature ADP DET offense ADV PUNCT PART DET characteristics CCONJ needs ADP DET ADJ youth PUNCT Penalties ADV ADV VERB custody ADP ADJ ADJ facilities PUNCT ADV VERB DET likelihood SCONJ youth AUX VERB ADJ health services ADP DET community ADP PRON adjudication PUNCT DET ADJ consequence ADP DET changes ADP law PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX DET increase ADP DET share ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders VERB ADP DET system ADV ADP AUX VERB ADP DET basis ADP DET ADJ court PART discretion PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT explanation VERB DET ADJ relation ADP systems PRON VERB youth PUNCT ADP DET NUM PUNCT ADJ states VERB DET reduction ADP DET availability ADP ADJ ADJ health services ADP children PUNCT ADV ADJ services.36 PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADV ADJ treatment VERB ADP VERB delinquencies ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADJ communities VERB VERB DET ADJ justice system PART VERB PART VERB DET gap VERB ADP VERB availability ADP ADJ health services PUNCT SPACE DET phenomenon AUX VERB ADP media articles PUNCT DET observations ADP ADJ justice personnel PUNCT CCONJ government reports VERB ADP DET mid-1990s CCONJ VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM DET parents ADP children ADP ADJ ADJ disorders VERB VERB police PART VERB PRON children PUNCT VERB SCONJ courts AUX PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADJ health services PRON AUX VERB ADV ADJ ADP parents PART VERB ADP PRON ADJ PUNCT ADV DET ADJ ADJ ADJ detention center AUX VERB DET community PART X X ADJ health center PRON VERB emergency ADJ health services CCONJ ADV VERB ADP DET holding place ADP ADV VERB youth PRON AUX ADV PART VERB PUNCT SPACE ADP summary PUNCT DET NUM factors PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT AUX ADV VERB DET prevalence ADP ADJ disorder ADP ADJ justice settings PRON AUX PART VERB DET ADJ relation ADP ADJ ADJ disorder CCONJ delinquency PUNCT DET ADJ prevalence AUX PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB DET demand ADP DET ADJ justice system PART VERB ADP youth ADP custody PRON AUX ADJ disorders PUNCT CCONJ DET demand AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADP DET youth AUX ADP ADJ custody SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADJ crimes PUNCT others SCONJ DET ADJ system AUX VERB DET door ADP ADJ justice processing PUNCT CCONJ ADJ SCONJ PRON symptoms VERB PRON ADJ PART VERB CCONJ PRON AUX DET place ADV PART VERB PUNCT SPACE DET problem VERB DET solution PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ causes ADP DET problem ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ types ADP youth VERB VERB SCONJ DET solution AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX clinicians CCONJ researchers VERB PRON AUX VERB PRON VERB DET ADJ response?38
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Journal Issue PUNCT PROPN PROPN Volume NUM Number NUM Fall NUM SPACE DET Prevalence ADP ADJ Disorders ADP ADJ Offenders SPACE NUM kinds ADP studies VERB questions ADP DET ADJ consequences ADP DET links ADP ADJ disorders CCONJ delinquency PUNCT NUM type VERB DET degree ADP PUNCT overlap PUNCT ADP DET community PART population ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders CCONJ PRON population ADP ADJ offenders PUNCT VERB DET overlap VERB DET notion ADP DET risk ADP ADJ delinquency ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders CCONJ DET degree PART DET ADJ disorders ADP youth VERB ADP DET community PART ADJ delinquency PUNCT DET ADJ type ADP study VERB DET proportion ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders ADP ADJ justice facilities CCONJ programs PUNCT DET studies VERB information ADP DET PART VERB policy ADP VERB CCONJ VERB youth ADP ADJ disorders ADP ADJ justice custody PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB SCONJ DET NUM types ADP research VERB ADP ADJ ADJ populations PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON DET VERB DET relation ADP ADJ disorder CCONJ delinquency PUNCT DET ADJ ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ youth ADP DET community PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ VERB ADV ADJ youth VERB ADP ADJ ADJ detention centers SCONJ PRON AUX VERB CCONJ ADP ADJ ADJ facilities SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET distinction AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADP VERB ADV PUNCT ADP DET fact SCONJ PART DET youth ADP ADJ justice facilities AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADJ PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN SPACE DET studies AUX VERB DET ADJ overlap ADP DET populations ADP youth VERB ADP community ADJ health agencies CCONJ youth ADP contact ADP DET community PART ADJ court.23 DET studies AUX ADJ ADP number PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET risk ADP ADJ court involvement ADP DET community PART ADJ ADJ health clients AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET study ADP NUM city VERB SCONJ adolescents ADP contact ADP DET community PART ADJ health system ADP DET NUM PUNCT month period AUX NUM PART NUM times ADV ADJ PART AUX DET referral ADP DET ADJ justice system ADP DET period ADP AUX youth ADP DET city PART ADJ population.24 Youth ADP contact ADP DET ADJ health system PART services PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX PART DET sum ADP DET community PART youth ADP ADJ health needs SCONJ ADJ VERB DET services PUNCT DET results ADP DET study ADV ADV VERB DET proportion ADP ADV ADV VERB youth PRON AUX ADJ justice contact PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT ADV VERB SCONJ youth PUNCT AUX contact PUNCT ADP DET ADJ justice system VERB PRON ADJ ADP PRON offenses CCONJ ADV SCONJ PRON VERB ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE ADV ADJ studies AUX VERB samples PRON VERB PRON ADJ PART VERB CCONJ DET proportion ADP ADJ youth ADP DET community PRON AUX ADJ disorders CCONJ DET proportion ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders PRON AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ PRON AUX PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADJ studies ADP ADJ designs PUNCT SPACE NUM VERB DET community population PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ cities PUNCT PUNCT VERB youth ADP ADJ ADJ delinquency PUNCT ADJ offending PUNCT CCONJ youth ADP ADJ ADJ health problems PUNCT VERB ADJ times).25 ADV NUM percent ADP youth ADP ADJ ADJ health problems AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADV ADJ youth PUNCT ADV ADV NUM percent AUX ADJ ADJ health problems PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ study VERB DET relation ADP ADJ disorders ADP adolescence CCONJ ADJ behavior SCONJ DET youth VERB adults.26 Delinquencies CCONJ adult ADJ arrests AUX VERB ADP DET sample ADP youth ADP DET ADJ ADJ region VERB NUM ADP NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET youth AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ disorders NUM times ADP DET ages ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT DET diagnosis ADP DET NUM ADP DET NUM points VERB DET youth ADP VERB DET ADJ disorder PUNCT ADV ADP childhood CCONJ adolescence PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET study PUNCT youth PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ages ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT NUM VERB DET ADV ADJ share ADP youth PRON AUX AUX ADJ disorders ADP adolescence ADP DET PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT ADP males PUNCT NUM percent ADP ADP NUM percent PUNCT DET finding AUX PART VERB SCONJ NUM percent ADP DET VERB group AUX ADJ disorders ADP DET time ADP PRON arrest PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ disorder ADV ADP adolescence PUNCT PRON ADV AUX PART VERB SCONJ DET majority ADP youth PRON AUX ADJ disorders ADP adolescence AUX VERB ADP adulthood PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ procedure ADP DET study PUNCT VERB PUNCT population ADJ risk PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET question PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET risk ADP adult arrest ADP individuals PRON AUX ADJ disorders ADP DET time ADP adolescence AUX ADP NUM percent ADP women CCONJ NUM percent ADP men PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ studies VERB DET ADJ conclusions PUNCT DET ADP DET VERB ADJ confirmation PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ ADP DET ADJ research VERB ADV PUNCT youth PRON AUX ADJ disorders AUX ADP ADJ risk ADP VERB ADP offenses ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ VERB PRON disorders AUX VERB DET risk PUNCT CCONJ ADJ youth ADP ADJ disorders AUX PART VERB ADP offenses PRON VERB PRON ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ justice systems PUNCT ADJ PUNCT youth ADP ADJ disorders VERB ADV DET minority ADP DET youth PRON VERB ADP ADJ behavior PUNCT SCONJ DET share AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP PRON prevalence ADP DET ADJ community PUNCT SCONJ DET youth VERB treatment PRON VERB PRON delinquency PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADJ rates ADP delinquency ADP DET community AUX VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET majority ADP delinquencies AUX PART VERB ADP ADJ disorders PUNCT SPACE ADJ PUNCT rates ADP delinquency AUX ADJ ADP youth ADP ADJ types ADP ADJ disorders PUNCT ADP example PUNCT depression CCONJ anxiety ADJ ADJ ADJ ADP substance use disorders PUNCT CCONJ ADP youth ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ disorders PUNCT ADV ADV ADJ youth PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ studies AUX VERB SCONJ youth ADP ADJ disorders VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ proportion PUNCT SCONJ ADV DET minority PUNCT ADP youth PRON AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ delinquencies CCONJ crimes.27 SPACE PROPN Disorder ADP PROPN PROPN Settings SPACE Research ADP DET subset ADP ADJ youth PRON VERB ADJ ADJ detention centers CCONJ ADJ programs AUX PART VERB PRON DET relation ADP ADJ disorder CCONJ delinquency PUNCT SCONJ ADJ youth PRON VERB ADP delinquencies AUX PART VERB ADP ADJ ADJ justice programs PUNCT ADJ studies PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ policy PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET scope CCONJ nature ADP ADJ disorder ADP youth ADP PRON DET ADJ justice system AUX ADJ responsibility PUNCT SPACE ADP ADV DET ADJ prevalence ADP ADJ disorders ADP youth ADP ADJ justice custody AUX ADJ PUNCT Estimates VERB ADV ADP study ADP study PUNCT ADV SCONJ ADP ADJ research methods CCONJ differences ADP NUM study site ADP NUM ADP DET ADJ decade PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB studies VERB ADP DET variety ADP sites AUX VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ picture PUNCT DET studies AUX VERB SCONJ ADP youth ADP ADJ types ADP ADJ justice settings PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ detention centers SCONJ youth AUX VERB ADV ADP arrest PUNCT ADV NUM PUNCT half PART NUM PUNCT thirds VERB criteria ADP NUM CCONJ ADJ ADJ disorders.29 DET prevalence ADP ADJ disorders AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ justice settings ADP PRON AUX ADP youth ADP DET PROPN ADJ population PUNCT DET AUX ADV NUM PART NUM percent.30 SPACE ADP DET studies PUNCT DET rate AUX ADJ ADP girls ADP ADP boys.31 DET ADJ prevalence rate AUX PART VERB ADV ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ adolescents CCONJ ADP youth ADP ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ characteristics PUNCT SCONJ age CCONJ race differences AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ types ADP disorders CCONJ symptoms.32 ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ review PUNCT ADV NUM PUNCT thirds ADP youth ADP ADJ justice custody PRON VERB criteria ADP DET ADJ disorder PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT ADV NUM PUNCT third PART NUM PUNCT half ADP youth ADP custody PUNCT VERB criteria ADP ADJ ADP NUM disorder.33 SPACE PRON AUX VERB ADV ADP DET implications ADP DET statistics ADP DET ADJ justice system PART ADJ response ADP ADJ disorders ADP youth ADP PRON custody PUNCT DET ADJ prevalence ADP ADJ disorder ADP ADJ justice facilities AUX PART ADV VERB DET need ADP treatment PUNCT DET youth PRON VERB criteria ADP ADJ disorders AUX VERB PRON disorders ADV CCONJ VERB ADV emergency services PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ share PUNCT ADV NUM ADP NUM PUNCT VERB DET core group ADP youth ADP ADJ ADJ illness PRON AUX AUX VERB PART VERB PART VERB ADJ services ADP adulthood.34 DET AUX VERB ADV ADV SCONJ PRON symptoms PUNCT SCONJ others AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX ADJ health needs PUNCT ADJ ADP learning disabilities PUNCT PRON AUX PART ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ studies ADP prevalence ADP youth ADP ADJ justice settings PUNCT SPACE Reasons ADP DET ADJ Prevalence ADP ADJ Disorders ADP PROPN PROPN Programs SPACE SCONJ AUX ADJ disorders ADV ADJ ADP ADJ offenders ADP ADJ justice settings PUNCT NUM perspectives PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT VERB PART VERB PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB explanations PUNCT DET ADV VERB DET role PUNCT CCONJ DET evidence VERB SCONJ NUM AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET others PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ perspective PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ DET ADJ symptoms ADP ADJ disorder PRON VERB DET risk ADP aggression ADV VERB DET likelihood SCONJ youth AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADJ justice facilities ADP DET ADJ period ADP time PUNCT SCONJ police officers VERB youth PUNCT ADV DET youth AUX PART VERB ADP ADJ detention PUNCT CCONJ AUX detention VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ offenders PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT youth VERB ADP ADV ADJ offenses ADV AUX PART VERB ADP DET majority ADP youth ADP detention PUNCT DET youth PRON AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET ADJ hours AUX DET PRON AUX AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADP DET time ADP PRON arrest PUNCT DET VERB detention criteria VERB DET risk SCONJ PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB others PUNCT SCONJ PART VERB PUNCT SPACE Youth ADP ADJ disorders ADV AUX symptoms VERB impulsiveness PUNCT anger PUNCT CCONJ ADJ confusion PRON AUX VERB PRON ADV ADJ CCONJ DET ADJ risk ADP PRON CCONJ others PUNCT ADV ADP DET stress VERB ADP PRON offense CCONJ arrest PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP youth PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADJ share AUX ADJ PART AUX ADJ disorders PRON VERB ADJ behavior PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders CCONJ ADV ADV ADP PRON peers ADP ADV ADJ ADJ disorders PUNCT DET likelihood VERB PRON DET surprise SCONJ youth ADP ADJ disorders VERB ADV ADP detention populations PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ perspective PUNCT ADJ changes ADP laws VERB ADP youths PART delinquencies AUX AUX VERB DET likelihood SCONJ youth ADP ADJ disorders AUX VERB DET ADJ justice system PUNCT ADP DET NUM PUNCT law enforcement officers PUNCT ADJ probation departments PUNCT prosecutors PUNCT CCONJ judges ADV AUX DET discretion VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB CCONJ VERB youth ADP ADJ disorders SCONJ PRON VERB ADP ADJ behaviors PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET behaviors VERB ADJ offenses VERB ADP ADJ adolescents ADP offense histories PUNCT CCONJ DET wave ADP ADJ ADJ violence ADP DET ADJ NUM VERB ADV DET states PART VERB PRON ADJ justice statutes ADP DET NUM PART VERB ADP DET discretion.35 ADP DET ADJ laws PUNCT ADJ charges CCONJ offenses VERB ADJ responses VERB ADP DET nature ADP DET offense ADV PUNCT PART DET characteristics CCONJ needs ADP DET ADJ youth PUNCT Penalties ADV ADV VERB custody ADP ADJ ADJ facilities PUNCT ADV VERB DET likelihood SCONJ youth AUX VERB ADJ health services ADP DET community ADP PRON adjudication PUNCT DET ADJ consequence ADP DET changes ADP law PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX DET increase ADP DET share ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders VERB ADP DET system ADV ADP AUX VERB ADP DET basis ADP DET ADJ court PART discretion PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT explanation VERB DET ADJ relation ADP systems PRON VERB youth PUNCT ADP DET NUM PUNCT ADJ states VERB DET reduction ADP DET availability ADP ADJ ADJ health services ADP children PUNCT ADV ADJ services.36 PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADV ADJ treatment VERB ADP VERB delinquencies ADP youth ADP ADJ disorders PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADJ communities VERB VERB DET ADJ justice system PART VERB PART VERB DET gap VERB ADP VERB availability ADP ADJ health services PUNCT SPACE DET phenomenon AUX VERB ADP media articles PUNCT DET observations ADP ADJ justice personnel PUNCT CCONJ government reports VERB ADP DET mid-1990s CCONJ VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM DET parents ADP children ADP ADJ ADJ disorders VERB VERB police PART VERB PRON children PUNCT VERB SCONJ courts AUX PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADJ health services PRON AUX VERB ADV ADJ ADP parents PART VERB ADP PRON ADJ PUNCT ADV DET ADJ ADJ ADJ detention center AUX VERB DET community PART X X ADJ health center PRON VERB emergency ADJ health services CCONJ ADV VERB ADP DET holding place ADP ADV VERB youth PRON AUX ADV PART VERB PUNCT SPACE ADP summary PUNCT DET NUM factors PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT AUX ADV VERB DET prevalence ADP ADJ disorder ADP ADJ justice settings PRON AUX PART VERB DET ADJ relation ADP ADJ ADJ disorder CCONJ delinquency PUNCT DET ADJ prevalence AUX PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB DET demand ADP DET ADJ justice system PART VERB ADP youth ADP custody PRON AUX ADJ disorders PUNCT CCONJ DET demand AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADP DET youth AUX ADP ADJ custody SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADJ crimes PUNCT others SCONJ DET ADJ system AUX VERB DET door ADP ADJ justice processing PUNCT CCONJ ADJ SCONJ PRON symptoms VERB PRON ADJ PART VERB CCONJ PRON AUX DET place ADV PART VERB PUNCT SPACE DET problem VERB DET solution PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ causes ADP DET problem ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ types ADP youth VERB VERB SCONJ DET solution AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX clinicians CCONJ researchers VERB PRON AUX VERB PRON VERB DET ADJ response?38
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VLADNIC, Romania (AP) -- Their origins are a mystery. The most widely accepted theory is that the Csango people of Romania's remote eastern Carpathian mountains began settling around the 13th Century, dispatched by Hungarian rulers to defend the kingdom's easternmost frontier.
Of Roman Catholic faith and speaking a medieval Hungarian dialect, they still live in relative isolation, harvesting vegetables and nuts, some of which they exchange for oil, rice and other necessities brought in by village-to-village Romanian salesmen.
The Csangos fear that their culture and language are eroding. Since Romania joined the European Union in 2007, an entire generation of adults has been lured away by the prospect of jobs in countries like Italy and Spain.
In some homes, grandparents are looking after as many as 14 grandchildren.
A group of doctors from a Hungarian Catholic charity recently visited Vladnic and the nearby Csango villages of Ciucan and Tuta to give eye and dental tests.
For 14-year-old Tuta resident Annamaria Laura Lupo, the eye exam was long overdue. She said she's been having headaches and it was affecting her studies at school. Now, she and her mother are awaiting glasses that will be sent from Budapest.
Dentist Renata Jaky said there was a near total lack of oral hygiene. "When I ask the kids how many times they brush their teeth, the most usual answer is 'never,'" she said.
Children are key to the villages' survival and many start work before sunrise.
"I get up at five in the morning and start the day by milking the goat and taking the animals out to pasture. Only after that do I go to school," said Gyorgy Radavoi, a 14-year-old boy. "My mother died and my father works abroad all year. I'm happy when my granddad isn't drunk, we have food to eat and it's warm at home."
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origins mystery theory people mountains rulers kingdom easternmost frontier faith dialect isolation harvesting vegetables nuts oil rice necessities village village salesmen culture language generation adults prospect jobs countries homes grandparents grandchildren group doctors charity villages eye tests year resident eye exam headaches studies school mother glasses lack hygiene kids times teeth answer Children villages survival work sunrise morning day goat animals school year boy mother father year granddad food home
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VLADNIC, Romania (AP) -- their origin be a mystery. the most widely accept theory be that the Csango people of Romania's remote eastern carpathian mountain begin settle around the 13th Century, dispatch by hungarian ruler to defend the kingdom's easternmost frontier.
of roman catholic faith and speak a medieval hungarian dialect, they still live in relative isolation, harvesting vegetable and nut, some of which they exchange for oil, rice and other necessity bring in by village-to-village romanian salesman.
the Csangos fear that their culture and language be erode. since Romania join the European Union in 2007, an entire generation of adult have be lure away by the prospect of job in country like Italy and Spain.
in some home, grandparent be look after as many as 14 grandchild.
a group of doctor from a hungarian catholic charity recently visit Vladnic and the nearby Csango village of Ciucan and Tuta to give eye and dental test.
for 14-year-old tuta resident Annamaria Laura Lupo, the eye exam be long overdue. she say shebe be have headache and it be affect her study at school. now, she and her mother be await glass that will be send from Budapest.
Dentist Renata Jaky say there be a near total lack of oral hygiene. "when I ask the kid how many time they brush their tooth, the most usual answer be 'never,'" she say.
child be key to the village' survival and many start work before sunrise.
"I get up at five in the morning and start the day by milk the goat and take the animal out to pasture. only after that do I go to school," say Gyorgy Radavoi, a 14-year-old boy. "my mother die and my father work abroad all year. Ibe happy when my granddad benot drunk, we have food to eat and itbe warm at home."
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PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON origins AUX DET mystery PUNCT DET ADV ADV VERB theory AUX SCONJ DET PROPN people ADP PROPN PART ADJ ADJ ADJ mountains VERB VERB ADP DET ADJ Century PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ rulers PART VERB DET kingdom PART ADJ frontier PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ PROPN faith CCONJ VERB DET ADJ ADJ dialect PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADP ADJ isolation PUNCT VERB vegetables CCONJ nuts PUNCT DET ADP DET PRON VERB ADP oil PUNCT rice CCONJ ADJ necessities VERB ADV ADP village PUNCT ADP PUNCT village ADJ salesmen PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN VERB SCONJ PRON culture CCONJ language AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT DET ADJ generation ADP adults AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET prospect ADP jobs ADP countries ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET homes PUNCT grandparents AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ ADP NUM grandchildren PUNCT SPACE DET group ADP doctors ADP DET ADJ ADJ charity ADV VERB PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ PROPN villages ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PART VERB eye CCONJ ADJ tests PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT year PUNCT ADJ PROPN resident PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET eye exam AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB PRON AUX AUX VERB headaches CCONJ PRON AUX VERB PRON studies ADP school PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON CCONJ PRON mother AUX VERB glasses PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Dentist PROPN PROPN VERB PRON AUX DET ADV ADJ lack ADP ADJ hygiene PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET kids SCONJ ADJ times PRON VERB PRON teeth PUNCT DET ADV ADJ answer AUX PUNCT ADV PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE Children AUX key ADP DET villages PART survival CCONJ ADJ VERB work ADP sunrise PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADP NUM ADP DET morning CCONJ VERB DET day ADP VERB DET goat CCONJ VERB DET animals ADP ADP pasture PUNCT ADV ADP DET AUX PRON VERB ADP school PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT year PUNCT ADJ boy PUNCT PUNCT PRON mother VERB CCONJ PRON father VERB ADV DET year PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ PRON granddad AUX PART ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX food PART VERB CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ ADP home PUNCT PUNCT
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PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON origins AUX DET mystery PUNCT DET ADV ADV VERB theory AUX SCONJ DET PROPN people ADP PROPN PART ADJ ADJ ADJ mountains VERB VERB ADP DET ADJ Century PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ rulers PART VERB DET kingdom PART ADJ frontier PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ PROPN faith CCONJ VERB DET ADJ ADJ dialect PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADP ADJ isolation PUNCT VERB vegetables CCONJ nuts PUNCT DET ADP DET PRON VERB ADP oil PUNCT rice CCONJ ADJ necessities VERB ADV ADP village PUNCT ADP PUNCT village ADJ salesmen PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN VERB SCONJ PRON culture CCONJ language AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT DET ADJ generation ADP adults AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET prospect ADP jobs ADP countries ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET homes PUNCT grandparents AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ ADP NUM grandchildren PUNCT SPACE DET group ADP doctors ADP DET ADJ ADJ charity ADV VERB PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ PROPN villages ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PART VERB eye CCONJ ADJ tests PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT year PUNCT ADJ PROPN resident PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET eye exam AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB PRON AUX AUX VERB headaches CCONJ PRON AUX VERB PRON studies ADP school PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON CCONJ PRON mother AUX VERB glasses PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Dentist PROPN PROPN VERB PRON AUX DET ADV ADJ lack ADP ADJ hygiene PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET kids SCONJ ADJ times PRON VERB PRON teeth PUNCT DET ADV ADJ answer AUX PUNCT ADV PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE Children AUX key ADP DET villages PART survival CCONJ ADJ VERB work ADP sunrise PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADP NUM ADP DET morning CCONJ VERB DET day ADP VERB DET goat CCONJ VERB DET animals ADP ADP pasture PUNCT ADV ADP DET AUX PRON VERB ADP school PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT year PUNCT ADJ boy PUNCT PUNCT PRON mother VERB CCONJ PRON father VERB ADV DET year PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ PRON granddad AUX PART ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX food PART VERB CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ ADP home PUNCT PUNCT
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Publisher Council on Foreign Relations
Release Date Last Updated: May 21, 2013
Scope of the Challenge
Oceans are the source of life on earth. They shape the climate, feed the world, and cleanse the air we breathe. They are vital to our economic well being, ferrying roughly 90 percent of global commerce, housing submarine cables, and providing one-third of traditional hydrocarbon resources (as well as new forms of energy such as wave, wind, and tidal power). But the oceans are increasingly threatened by a dizzying array of dangers, from piracy to climate change. To be good stewards of the oceans, nations around the world need to embrace more effective multilateral governance in the economic, security, and environmental realms.
The world's seas have always been farmed from top to bottom. New technologies, however, are making old practices unsustainable. When commercial trawlers scrape the sea floor, they bulldoze entire ecosystems. Commercial ships keep to the surface but produce carbon-based emissions. And recent developments like offshore drilling and deep seabed mining are helping humans extract resources from unprecedented depths, albeit with questionable environmental impact. And as new transit routes open in the melting Arctic, this once-forgotten pole is emerging as a promising frontier for entrepreneurial businesses and governments.
But oceans are more than just sources of profit—they also serve as settings for transnational crime. Piracy, drug smuggling, and illegal immigration all occur in waters around the world. Even the most sophisticated ports struggle to screen cargo, containers, and crews without creating regulatory friction or choking legitimate commerce. In recent history, the United States has policed the global commons, but growing Indian and Chinese blue-water navies raise new questions about how an established security guarantor should accommodate rising—and increasingly assertive—naval powers.
And the oceans themselves are in danger of environmental catastrophe. They have become the world's garbage dump—if you travel to the heart of the Pacific Ocean, you'll find the North Pacific Gyre, where particles of plastic outweigh plankton six to one. Eighty percent of the world's fish stocks are depleted or on the verge of extinction, and when carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere, much of it is absorbed by the world's oceans. The water, in response, warms and acidifies, destroying habitats like wetlands and coral reefs. Glacial melting in the polar regions raises global sea levels, which threatens not only marine ecosystems but also humans who live on or near a coast. Meanwhile, port-based megacities dump pollution in the ocean, exacerbating the degradation of the marine environment and the effects of climate change.
Threats to the ocean are inherently transnational, touching the shores of every part of the world. So far, the most comprehensive attempt to govern international waters produced the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). But U.S. refusal to join the convention, despite widespread bipartisan support, continues to limit its strength, creating a leadership vacuum in the maritime regime. Other states that have joined the treaty often ignore its guidelines or fail to coordinate policies across sovereign jurisdictions. Even if it were perfectly implemented, UNCLOS is now thirty years old and increasingly outdated.
Important initiatives—such as local fishery arrangements and the United Nations Environment Program Regional Seas Program—form a disjointed landscape that lacks legally-binding instruments to legitimize or enforce their work. The recent UN Conference on Sustainable Development ("Rio+20") in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, convened over one hundred heads of state to assess progress and outline goals for a more sustainable "blue-green economy." However, the opportunity to set actionable targets to improve oceans security and biodiversity produced few concrete outcomes. As threats to the oceans become more pressing, nations around the world need to rally to create and implement an updated form of oceans governance.
Oceans Governance: Strengths and Weaknesses
Overall assessment: A fragmented system
In 1982, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) established the fundamental legal principles for ocean governance. This convention, arguably the largest and most complex treaty ever negotiated, entered into force in 1994. Enshrined as a widely accepted corpus of international common law, UNCLOS clearly enumerates the rights, responsibilities, and jurisdictions of states in their use and management of the world's oceans. The treaty defines "exclusive economic zones" (EEZs), which is the coastal water and seabed—extending two hundred nautical miles from shore—over which a state has special rights over the use of marine resources; establishes the limits of a country's "territorial sea," or the sovereign territory of a state that extends twelve nautical miles from shore; and clarifies rules for transit through "international straits." It also addresses—with varying degrees of effectiveness—resource division, maritime traffic, and pollution regulation, as well as serves as the principal forum for dispute resolution on ocean-related issues. To date, 162 countries and the European Union have ratified UNCLOS.
UNCLOS is a remarkable achievement, but its resulting oceans governance regime suffers several serious limitations. First, the world's leading naval power, the United States, is not party to the convention, which presents obvious challenges to its effectiveness—as well as undermines U.S. sovereignty, national interests, and ability to exercise leadership over resource management and dispute resolution. Despite the myriad military, economic, and political benefits offered by UNCLOS, a small but vocal minority in the United States continues to block congressional ratification.
Second, UNCLOS is now thirty years old and, as a result, does not adequately address a number of emerging and increasingly important international issues, such as fishing on the high seas—a classic case of the tragedy of the commons—widespread maritime pollution, and transnational crime committed at sea.
Third, both UNCLOS and subsequent multilateral measures have weak surveillance, capacity-building, and enforcement mechanisms. Although various UN bodies support the instruments created by UNCLOS, they have no direct role in their implementation. Individual states are responsible for ensuring that the convention's rules are enforced, which presents obvious challenges in areas of overlapping or contested sovereignty, or effectively stateless parts of the world. The UN General Assembly plays a role in advancing the oceans agenda at the international level, but its recommendations are weak and further constrained by its lack of enforcement capability.
Organizations that operate in conjunction with UNCLOS—such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), and the International Seabed Authority (ISA)—play an important role to protect the oceans and strengthen oceans governance. The IMO has helped reduce ship pollution to historically low levels, although it can be slow to enact new policy on issues such as invasive species, which are dispersed around the world in ballast water. Furthermore, ITLOS only functions if member states are willing to submit their differences to its judgment, while the ISA labors in relative obscurity and operates under intense pressure from massive commercial entities.
Fourth, coastal states struggle to craft domestic policies that incorporate the many interconnected challenges faced by oceans, from transnational drug smuggling to protecting ravaged fish stocks to establishing proper regulatory measures for offshore oil and gas drilling. UNCLOS forms a solid platform on which to build additional policy architecture, but requires coastal states to first make comprehensive oceans strategy a priority—a goal that has remained elusive thus far.
Fifth, the system is horizontally fragmented and fails to harmonize domestic, regional, and international policies. Domestically, local, state, and federal maritime actors rarely coordinate their agendas and priorities. Among the handful of countries and regional organizations that have comprehensive ocean policies—including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, the European Union, and most recently the United States—few synchronize their activities with other countries. The international community, however, is attempting to organize the cluttered oceans governance landscape. The UN Environmental Programme Regional Seas Program works to promote interstate cooperation for marine and coastal management, albeit with varying degrees of success and formal codification. Likewise, in 2007 the European Union instituted a regional Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP) that addresses a range of environmental, social, and economic issues related to oceans, as well as promotes surveillance and information sharing. The IMP also works with neighboring partners to create an integrated oceans policy in places such as the Arctic, the Baltic, and the Mediterranean.
Lastly, there is no global evaluation framework to assess progress. No single institution is charged with monitoring and collecting national, regional, and global data on the full range of oceans-related issues, particularly on cross-cutting efforts. Periodic data collecting does take place in specific sectors, such as biodiversity conservation, fisheries issues, and marine pollution, but critical gaps remain. The Global Ocean Observing System is a promising portal for tracking marine and ocean developments, but it is significantly underfunded. Without concrete and reliable data, it is difficult to craft effective policies that address and mitigate emerging threats.
Despite efforts, oceans continue to deteriorate and a global leadership vacuum persists. Much work remains to modernize existing institutions and conventions to respond effectively to emerging threats, as well as to coordinate national actions within and across regions. The June 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development , also known as Rio+20, identified oceans (or the "blue economy") as one of the seven priority areas for sustainable development. Although experts and activists hoped for a new agreement to strengthen the sustainable management and protection of oceans and address modern maritime challenges such as conflicting sovereignty claims, international trade, and access to resources, Rio+20 produced few concrete results.
Maintaining freedom of the seas: Guaranteed by U.S. power, increasingly contested by emerging states
The United States polices every ocean throughout the world. The U.S. navy is unmatched in its ability to provide strategic stability on, under, and above the world's waters. With almost three hundred active naval ships and almost four thousand aircraft, its battle fleet tonnage is greater than the next thirteen largest navies combined. Despite recently proposed budget cuts to aircraft carriers, U.S. naval power continues to reign supreme.
The United States leverages its naval capabilities to ensure peace, stability, and freedom of access. As Great Britain ensured a Pax Britannicain the nineteenth century, the United States presides over relatively tranquil seas where global commerce is allowed to thrive. In 2007, the U.S. Navy released a strategy report that called for "cooperative relationships with more international partners" to promote "greater collective security, stability, and trust."
The United States pursues this strategy because it has not faced a credible competitor since the end of the Cold War. And, thus far, emerging powers have largely supported the U.S. armada to ensure that the oceans remain open to commerce. However, emerging powers with blue-water aspirations raise questions about how U.S. naval hegemony will accommodate new and assertive fleets in the coming decades. China, for instance, has been steadily building up its naval capabilities over the past decade as part of its "far sea defense" strategy. It unveiled its first aircraft carrier in 2010, and is investing heavily in submarines outfitted with ballistic missiles. At the same time, India has scaled up its military budget by 64 percent since 2001, and plans to spend nearly $45 billion over the next twenty years on its navy.
Even tensions among rising powers could prove problematic. For example, a two-month standoff between China and the Philippines over a disputed region of the South China Sea ended with both parties committing to a "peaceful resolution."China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines have competing territorial and jurisdictional claims to the South China Sea, particularly over rights to exploit its potentially vast oil and gas reserves. Control over strategic shipping lanes and freedom of navigation are also increasingly contested, especially between the United States and China.
Combating illicit trafficking: Porous, patchy enforcement
In addition to being a highway for legal commerce, oceans facilitate the trafficking of drugs, weapons, and humans, which are often masked by the flow of licit goods. Individual states are responsible for guarding their own coastlines, but often lack the will or capacity to do so. Developing countries, in particular, struggle to coordinate across jurisdictions and interdict. But developed states also face border security challenges. Despite its commitment to interdiction, the United States seizes less than 20 percent of the drugs that enter the country by maritime transport.
The United Nations attempts to combat the trafficking of drugs, weapons, and humans at sea. Through the Container Control Program (PDF), the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) assists domestic law enforcement in five developing countries to establish effective container controls to prevent maritime drug smuggling. The UNODC also oversees UN activity on human trafficking, guided by two protocols to the UN Convention on Transnational Organized Crime. Although UN activity provides important groundwork for preventing illicit maritime trafficking, it lacks monitoring and enforcement mechanisms and thus has a limited impact on the flow of illegal cargo into international ports. Greater political will, state capacity, and multilateral coordination will be required to curb illicit maritime trafficking.
New ad hoc multilateral arrangements are a promising model for antitrafficking initiatives. The International Ship and Port Facility Security Code, for instance, provides a uniform set of measures to enhance the security of ships and ports. The code helps member states control their ports and monitor both the people and cargo that travel through them. In addition, the U.S.-led Proliferation Security Initiative facilitates international cooperation to interdict ships on the high seas that may be carrying illicit weapons of mass destruction, ballistic missiles, and related technology. Finally, the Container Security Initiative (CSI), also spearheaded by the United States, attempts to prescreen all containers destined for U.S. ports and identify high-risk cargo (for more information, see section on commercial shipping).
One way to combat illicit trafficking is through enhanced regional arrangements, such as the Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control. This agreement provides a model for an effective regional inspections regime, examining at least 25 percent of ships that enter members' ports for violations of conventions on maritime safety. Vessels that violate conventions can be detained and repeat offenders can be banned from the memorandum's area. Although the agreement does not permit searching for illegal cargo, it does show how a regional inspections regime could be effective at stemming illegal trafficking.
Securing commercial shipping: Global supply chains at risk
Global shipping is incredibly lucrative, but its sheer scope and breadth presents an array of security and safety challenges. The collective fleet consists of approximately 50,000 ships registered in more than 150 nations. With more than one million employees, this armada transports over eight billion tons (PDF) of goods per year—roughly 90 percent of global trade. And the melting Arctic is opening previously impassable trade routes; in 2009, two German merchant vessels traversed the Northeast Passage successfully for the first time in recent history. But despite impressive innovations in the shipping industry, maritime accidents and attacks on ships still occur frequently, resulting in the loss of billions of dollars of cargo. Ensuring the safety and security of the global shipping fleet is essential to the stability of the world economy.
Internationally, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) provides security guidelines for ships through the Convention on the Safety of Life at Sea, which governs everything from construction to the number of fire extinguishers on board. The IMO also aims to prevent maritime accidents through international standards for navigation and navigation equipment, including satellite communications and locating devices. Although compliance with these conventions has been uneven, regional initiatives such as the Paris Memorandum of Understanding have helped ensure the safety of international shipping.
In addition, numerous IMO conventions govern the safety of container shipping, including the International Convention on Safe Containers, which creates uniform regulations for shipping containers, and the International Convention on Load Lines, which determines the volume of containers a ship can safely hold. However, these conventions do not provide comprehensive security solutions for maritime containers, and illegal cargo could be slipped into shipping containers during transit. Since 1992, the IMO has tried to prevent attacks on commercial shipping through the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, which provides a legal framework for interdicting, detaining, and prosecuting terrorists, pirates, and other criminals on the high seas.
In reality, most enforcement efforts since the 9/11 attacks have focused on securing ports to prevent the use of a ship to attack, rather than to prevent attacks on the ships themselves. Reflecting this imperative, the IMO, with U.S. leadership, implemented the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS) in 2004. This code helped set international standards for ship security, requiring ships to have security plans and officers. However, as with port security, the code is not obligatory and no clear process to audit or certify ISPS compliance has been established. Overall, a comprehensive regime for overseeing the safety of international shipping has not been created.
The United States attempts to address this vulnerability through the Container Security Initiative (CSI), which aims to prescreen all containers destined for the United States, and to isolate those that pose a high-security risk before they are in transit. The initiative, which operates in fifty-eight foreign ports, covers more than 86 percent of container cargo en route to the United States. Several international partners and organizations, including the European Union, the Group of Eight, and the World Customs Organization, have expressed interest in modeling security measures for containerized cargo based on the CSI model. Despite these efforts, experts estimate that only 2 percent of containers destined for U.S. ports are actually inspected.
Confronting piracy: Resurgent scourge, collective response
After the number of attacks reached a record high in 2011, incidences of piracy dropped 28 percent in the first three months of 2012. Overall, the number of worldwide attacks decreased from 142 to 102 cases, primarily due to international mobilization and enhanced naval patrols off the coast of Somalia. However, attacks intensified near Nigeria and Indonesia as pirates shifted routes in response to increased policing, raising fresh concerns over the shifting and expanding threat of piracy. In addition to the human toll, piracy has significant economic ramifications. According to a report by the nonprofit organization Oceans Beyond Piracy, Somali piracy cost the global economy nearly $7 billion in 2011. Sustained international coordination and cooperation is essential to preventing and prosecuting piracy.
Recognizing this imperative, countries from around the world have shown unprecedented cooperation to combat piracy, particularly near the Gulf of Aden. In August 2009, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization commenced Operation Ocean Shield in the horn of Africa, where piracy increased close to 200 percent between 2007 and 2009. This effort built upon Operation Allied Protector and consisted of two standing maritime groups with contributions from allied nations. Although the efforts concentrate on protecting ships passing through the Gulf of Aden, they also renewed focus on helping countries, specifically Somalia, prevent piracy and secure their ports. Meanwhile, the United States helped establish Combined Task Force 151 to coordinate the various maritime patrols in East Africa. Other countries including Russia, India, China, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, and South Korea, have also sent naval vessels to the region.
At the same time, regional organizations have also stepped up antipiracy efforts. The Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia was the first such initiatives, and has been largely successful in facilitating information-sharing, cooperation between governments, and interdiction efforts. And in May 2012, the European Union naval force launched its first air attack against Somali pirates' land bases, the first strike of its kind by outside actors to date.
Like individual countries, international institutions have condemned piracy and legitimized the use of force against pirates. In June 2008, the UN Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 1816, encouraging greater cooperation in deterring piracy and asking countries to provide assistance to Somalia to help ensure coastal security. This was followed by Resolution 1846, which allowed states to use "all necessary means" to fight piracy off the coast of Somalia. In Resolution 1851, the UN Security Council legitimized the use of force on land as well as at sea to the same end. Outside the UN, watchdogs such as the International Maritime Bureau, which collects information on pirate attacks and provides reports on the safety of shipping routes, have proven successful in increasing awareness, disseminating information, and facilitating antipiracy cooperation.
However, such cooperative efforts face several legal challenges. The United States has not ratified the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which governs crimes, including piracy, in international waters. More broadly, the international legal regime continues to rely on individual countries to prosecute pirates, and governments have been reluctant to take on this burden. Accordingly, many pirates are apprehended, only to be quickly released. In addition, many large commercial vessels rely on private armed guards to prevent pirate attacks, but the legal foundations governing such a force are shaky at best.
National governments have redoubled efforts to bring pirates to justice as well. In 2010, the United States held its first piracy trial since its civil war, soon followed by Germany's first trial in over four hundred years. Other agreements have been established to try pirates in nearby countries like Kenya, such as the UNODC Trust Fund to Support the Initiatives of States to Counter Piracy of the Coast of Somalia, established in January 2010. Under the mandate of the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia, the fund aims to defray the financial capital required from countries like Kenya, Seychelles, and Somalia to prosecute pirates, as well as to increase awareness within Somali society of the risk associated with piracy and criminal activity. Future efforts to combat piracy should continue to focus on enhancing regional cooperation and agreements, strengthening the international and domestic legal instruments necessary to prosecute pirates, and addressing the root causes of piracy.
Reducing marine pollution and climate change: Mixed progress
Pollution has degraded environments and ravaged biodiversity in every ocean. Much contamination stems from land-based pollutants, particularly along heavily developed coastal areas. The UN Environment Program (UNEP) Regional Seas Program has sponsored several initiatives to control pollution, modeled on a relatively successful program in the Mediterranean Sea. In 1995, states established the Global Program of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities, which identifies sources of land-based pollution and helps states establish priorities for action. It has been successful in raising awareness about land-based pollution and offering technical assistance to regional implementing bodies, which are so often starved for resources. More recently, 193 UN member states approved the Nagoya Protocol on biodiversity, which aims to halve the marine extinction rate by 2020 and extend protection to 10 percent of the world's oceans.
Shipping vessels are also a major source of marine pollution. Shipping is the most environmentally friendly way to transport bulk cargoes, but regulating maritime pollution remains complicated because of its inherently transnational nature. Shipping is generally governed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which regulates maritime pollution through the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). States are responsible for implementing and enforcing MARPOL among their own fleets to curb the most pernicious forms of maritime pollution, including oil spills, particulate matter such as sulfur oxide (SOx) and nitrous oxide (NOx), and greenhouse gas emissions. Port cities bear the brunt of air pollution, which devastates local air quality because most ships burn bunker fuel (the dirtiest form of crude oil). The IMO's Marine Environmental Protection Committee has also taken important steps to reduce SOx and NOx emissions by amending the MARPOL guidelines to reduce particulate matter from ships. Despite such efforts, a 2010 study (PDF) from the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation found that international shipping still accounts for nearly 3 percent of all greenhouse gasses.
The IMO has achieved noteworthy success in reducing oil spilled into the marine environment. Despite a global shipping boom, oil spills are at an all-time low. The achievements of the IMO have been further strengthened by commitments by the Group of Eight to cooperate on oil pollution through an action plan that specifically targets pollution prevention for tankers. The IMO should strive to replicate this success in its efforts to reduce shipping emissions.
Climate change is also exacerbating environmental damage. In June 2009, global oceans reached their highest recordedaverage temperature: 17 degrees Celsius. As the world warms, oceans absorb increased levels of carbon dioxide, which acidifies the water and destroys wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs—ecosystems that support millions of species of plants and animals. According to recent studies, ocean acidity could increase by more than 150 percent by 2050 if counteracting measures are not taken immediately. Moreover, melting ice raises sea levels, eroding beaches, flooding communities, and increasing the salinity of freshwater bodies. And the tiny island nation of the Maldives, the lowest country in the world, could be completely flooded if sea levels continue to rise at the same rate.
Individual states are responsible for managing changes in their own marine climates, but multilateral efforts to mitigate the effect of climate change on the oceans have picked up pace. In particular, the UNEP Regional Seas Program encourages countries sharing common bodies of water to coordinate and implement sound environmental policies, and promotes a regional approach to address climate change.
Sustainable fisheries policies on the high seas: An ecological disaster
States have the legal right to regulate fishing in their exclusive economic zones (EEZs), which extend two hundred nautical miles from shore—and sometimes beyond, in the case of extended continental shelves. But outside the EEZs are the high seas, which do not fall under any one country's jurisdiction. Freedom of the high seas is critical to the free flow of global commerce, but spells disaster for international fisheries in a textbook case of the tragedy of the commons. For years, large-scale fishing vessels harvested fish as fast as possible with little regard for the environmental costs, destroying 90 percent of the ocean's biomass in less than a century. Overall, fisheries suffer from two sets of challenges: ineffective enforcement capacity and lack of market-based governance solutions to remedy perverse incentives to overfish.
Although there are numerous international and multilateral mechanisms for fisheries management, the system is marred by critical gaps and weaknesses exploited by illegal fishing vessels. Articles 117 and 118 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) enumerate the specific fisheries responsibilities of state parties, placing the onus on national governments to form policies and regional agreements that ensure responsible management and conservation of fish stocks in their respective areas. UNCLOS was further strengthened by the UN Fish Stocks Agreement (FSA), which called for a precautionary approach toward highly migratory and straddling fish stocks that move freely in and out of the high seas. Seventy-eight countries have joined the FSA thus far, and a review conference in May 2010 was hailed as a success due to the passage of Port State Measures (PSMs) to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Yet fish stocks have continued to stagnate or decline to dangerously low levels, and the PSMs have largely failed to prevent IUU operations.
Regional fishery bodies (RFBs) are charged with implementation and monitoring. The RFBs provide guidelines and advice on a variety of issues related to fishing, including total allowable catch, by-catch, vessel monitoring systems, areas or seasons closed for fishing, and recording and reporting fishery statistics. However, only a portion of these bodies oversee the management of their recommendations, and some RFBs allow members to unilaterally dismiss unfavorable decisions. Additionally, RFBs are not comprehensive in their membership and, for the most part, their rules do not apply to vessels belonging to a state outside the body.
Even when regional bodies make a binding decision on a high-seas case, implementation hinges on state will and capacity. In 2003, the UN General Assembly established a fund to assist developing countries with their obligations to implement the Fish Stocks Agreement through RFBs. The overall value of the fund remains small, however, and countries' compliance is often constrained by resource scarcity. This results in spotty enforcement, which allows vessels to violate international standards with impunity, particularly off the coasts of weak states. Migratory species like blue fin tuna are especially vulnerable because they are not confined by jurisdictional boundaries and have high commercial value.
Some of the RFBs with management oversight, such as the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources and the South East Atlantic Fisheries Organization, have been relatively effective in curbing overfishing. They have developed oversight systems and specific measures to target deep-water trawl fishing and illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing in the high seas. Many regional cooperative arrangements, however, continue to suffer from weak regulatory authority. At the same time, some regions like the central and southwest Atlantic Ocean lack RFBs. Some have suggested filling the void with market-based solutions like catch shares, which could theoretically alter the incentives toward stewardship. Catch shares (also known as limited access privilege programs) reward innovation and help fisheries maximize efficiency by dedicating a stock of fish to an individual fisherman, community, fishery association, or an individual state. Each year before the beginning of fishing season, commercial fishermen would know how much fish they are allowed to catch. They would then be allowed to buy and sell shares to maximize profit. By incorporating free-market principles, fisheries could reach a natural equilibrium at a sustainable level. According to research, more sustainable catch shares policies could increase the value of the fishing industry by more than $36 billion. Although allocating the shares at the domestic—much less international—level remains problematic, the idea reflects of the kind of policy work required to better manage the global commons.
Managing the Arctic: At a crossroads
Arctic ice is melting at unprecedented rates. At this pace, experts estimate that the Arctic could be seasonally ice free by 2040, and possibly much earlier. As the ice recedes and exposes valuable new resources, multilateral coordination will become even more important among states (and indigenous groups) jockeying for position in the region.
The melting ice is opening up potentially lucrative new sea routes and stores of natural resources. Since September 2009, cargo ships have been able to traverse the fabled Northwest and Northeast Passages, which are significantly shorter than traditional routes around the capes or through the canals. Widening sea routes also means that fishing fleets can travel north in search of virgin fishing stock, and that cruise ships can carry tourists chasing a last glimpse of the disappearing ice. At the same time, untapped resources such as oil, natural gas, rare earth minerals, and massive renewable wind, tidal, and geothermal energy hold enormous potential. In a preliminary estimate, the U.S. Geographic Society said that the Arctic could hold 22 percent of the world's hydrocarbon resources, including 90 billion barrels of oil and 1,670 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. Beyond oil and gas, the Arctic has valuable mineral commodities such as zinc, nickel, and coal.
But new opportunities in the Arctic also portend new competition among states. In August 2007, Russia symbolically planted a flag on the Arctic floor, staking a claim to large chunks of Arctic land. Other Arctic powers including the United States, Canada, Norway, and Denmark have also laid geographical claims. The European Union crafted a new Arctic policy, and China sent an icebreaker on three separate Arctic expeditions. Each country stands poised to grab new treasure in this increasingly important geostrategic region.
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is a solid foundation on which to build and coordinate national Arctic policies, especially articles 76 and 234, which govern the limits of the outer continental shelf (OCS) and regulate activities in ice-covered waters, respectively. However, there remains a formidable list of nagging sovereignty disputes that will require creative bilateral and multilateral resolutions. The Arctic Council, a multilateral forum comprising eight Arctic nations, has recently grown in international prominence, signing a legally binding treaty on search and rescue missions in May 2011 and drawing high-level policymakers to its meetings. While these are significant first steps, the forum has yet to address other issues such as overlapping OCS claims, contested maritime boundaries, and the legal status of the Northwest Passage and the Northern Sea Route.
U.S. Ocean Governance Issues
The United States championed many of the most important international maritime organizations over the past fifty years. It helped shape the decades-long process of negotiating the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and has played a leading role in many UNCLOS-related bodies, including the International Maritime Organization. It has also served as a driving force behind regional fisheries organizations and Coast Guard forums. Domestically, the United States has intermittently been at the vanguard of ocean policy, such as the 1969 Stratton Commission report, multiple conservation acts in the 1970s, the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative, and, most recently, catch limits on all federally-managed fish species. The U.S.-based Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Monterrey Bay Research Institute have long been leaders in marine science worldwide. And from a geopolitical perspective, the U.S. Navy secures the world's oceans and fosters an environment where global commerce can thrive.
Yet the United States lags behind on important issues, most notably regarding its reluctance to ratify UNCLOS. And until recently, the United States did not have a coherent national oceans policy. To address this gap, U.S. president Barack Obama created the Ocean Policy Task Force in 2009 to coordinate maritime issues across local, state, and federal levels, and to provide a strategic vision for how oceans should be managed in the United States. The task force led to the creation of a National Ocean Council, which is responsible for "developing strategic action plans to achieve nine priority objectives that address some of the most pressing challenges facing the ocean, our coasts, and Great Lakes." Although it has yet to make serious gains (PDF), this comprehensive oceans policy framework could help clear the way for the spadework of coordinating U.S. ocean governance and harmonizing international efforts.
Should the United States ratify the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea?
Yes: The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which created the governance framework that manages nearly three-quarters of the earth's surface, has been signed and ratified by 162 countries and the European Union. But the United States remains among only a handful of countries to have signed but not yet ratified the treaty—even though it already treats many of the provisions as customary international law. Leaders on both sides of the political aisle as well as environmental, conservation, business, industry, and security groups have endorsed ratification in order to preserve national security interests and reap its myriad benefits, such as securing rights for U.S. commercial and naval ships and boosting the competitiveness of U.S. companies in seafaring activities. Notably, all of the uniformed services—and especially the U.S. Navy—strongly support UNCLOS because its provisions would only serve to strengthen U.S. military efforts. By remaining a nonparty, the United States lacks the credibility to promote its own interests in critical decision-making forums as well as bring complaints to an international dispute resolution body.
No: Opponents argue that ratifying the treaty would cede sovereignty to an ineffective United Nations and constrain U.S. military and commercial activities. In particular, critics object to specific provisions including taxes on activities on outer continental shelves; binding dispute settlements; judicial activism by the Law of the Sea Tribunal, especially with regard to land-based sources of pollution; and the perceived ability of UNCLOS to curtail U.S. intelligence-gathering activities. Lastly, critics argue that because UNCLOS is already treated as customary international law, the United States has little to gain from formal accession.
Should the United States lead an initiative to expand the Container Security Initiative globally?
Yes: Some experts say the only way to secure a global economic system is to implement a global security solution. The U.S.-led Container Security Initiative (CSI) helps ensure that high-risk containers are identified and isolated before they reach their destination. Fifty-eight countries are already on board with the initiative, and many others have expressed interest in modeling their own security measures on the CSI. The World Customs Organization called on its members to develop programs based on the CSI, and the European Union agreed to expand the initiative across its territory. With its robust operational experience, the United States is well positioned to provide the technical expertise to ensure the integrity of the container system.
No: Opponents maintain that the United States can hardly commit its tax dollars abroad for a global security system when it has failed to secure its own imports. To date, more than $800 million and considerable diplomatic energy has been invested in CSI to expand the program to fifty-eight international ports, where agents are stationed to screen high-risk containers. Given the scale of world trade, the United States imports more than 10 million containers annually, and only a handful of high-risk boxes can be targeted for inspection. After huge expenditures and years of hard work to expand this program after September 11, 2001, only about 86 percent of the cargo that enters the United States transits through foreign ports covered under CSI, and of that, only about 1 percent is actually inspected (at a cost to the U.S. taxpayer of more than $1,000 per container). Despite congressional mandates to screen all incoming containers, critics say that costs make implementing this mandate virtually impossible. The limited resources the United States has available, they argue, should be invested in protecting imports bound specifically for its shores.
Should the United States be doing more to address the drastic decline in the world's fisheries?
Yes: Advocates say that the further demise of global fish stocks, beyond being a moral burden, undermines the commercial and national security interests of the United States. Depleting fish stocks are driven in large part by the prevalence of illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing and the overcapitalization of the global commercial fishing fleet from domestic subsidies. To protect domestic commercial fisheries and the competitiveness of U.S. exports in the international seafood market, the United States should enhance efforts by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to manage, enforce, and coordinate technical assistance for nations engaging in IUU fishing.
Domestically, the United States has taken important steps to address the critical gaps in fisheries management. In 2012, it became the first country to impose catch limits on all federally-managed fish species. Some species like the mahi mahi will be restricted for the first time in history. Many environmental experts hailed the move as a potential model for broader regional and international sustainable fisheries policy. To capitalize on such gains, the United States should aggressively work to reduce fishing subsidies in areas such as Europe that promote overcapitalization and thus global depletion of fish stocks. The United States could also promote market-based mechanisms, like catch shares and limited access privilege programs, to help fishermen and their communities curb overfishing and raise the value of global fisheries by up to $36 billion.
No: Critics argue that fisheries management is by and large a domestic issue, and that the United States has little right to tell other nations how to manage their own resources, particularly when such measures could harm local economies. They contend that the science behind overfishing is exaggerated, as are the warnings about the consequences of an anticipated fisheries collapse. Existing conventions like the 1995 Fish Stock Agreement already go far enough in addressing this issue. Any additional efforts, they contend, would be a diplomatic overreach, as well as an excessive burden on a struggling commercial fishing industry. Critics also question how market-based mechanisms, such as catch-shares, would be distributed, traded, and enforced, warning that they would lead to speculative bubbles.
Should the United States push for a more defined multilateral strategy to cope with the melting Arctic?
Yes: The melting Arctic holds important untapped political, strategic, and economic potential for the U.S. government, military, and businesses. This emerging frontier could potentially support a variety of economic activities, including energy exploration, marine commerce, and sustainable development of new fisheries. Countries such as Russia, Canada, Norway, and China have already made claims to the region, yet the United States remains on the sideline without a comprehensive Arctic strategy. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) remains the premier forum of negotiating and arbitrating disputes over contested territory. As a nonparty, however, the United States loses invaluable leverage and position. In addition, the U.S. military does not have a single icebreaker, whereas Russia operates over thirty. Experts argue that the U.S. government should also adopt the recently proposed Polar Code, which is a voluntary agreement that "sets structural classifications and standards for ships operating in the Arctic as well as specific navigation and emergency training for those operating in or around ice-covered waters."
No: Opponents argue that Arctic Council activities and the 2009 National Security Presidential Directive, which updated U.S. Arctic polices, are sufficient. Any collaboration with Canada to resolve disputes over the Northwest Passage might undermine freedom of navigation for U.S. naval assets elsewhere, especially in the Strait of Hormuz and the Taiwan Straits, and this national security concern trumps any advantages from collaborating on security, economic, or environmental issues in the Arctic. Last, given the dominant Russian and Canadian Arctic coastlines, future Arctic diplomacy might best be handled bilaterally rather than through broader multilateral initiatives.
April 2013: Japan included in Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations
Japan agreed to join negotiations over the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), an ambitious free trade agreement between counties along the Pacific rim. Since the broad outline of the agreement was introduced in November 2011, sixteen rounds of negotiations have thus far brought eleven countries together to discuss the TPP. The addition of Japan, a major economic force in the region, as the twelfth participant comes as an important step in creating a robust agreement. Already, the South China Sea is the second-busiest shipping lane in the world, and should the TTP become a reality, transpacific shipping would dramatically increase. The seventeenth round of negotiations will take place in May and the current goal for agreement is October 2013.
March 2013: IMO pledges to support implementation of new code of conduct on piracy
At a ministerial meeting in Cotonou, Benin, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) pledged to support the implementation of a new code of conduct on piracy and other illicit maritime activity. The Gulf of Guinea Code of Conduct, drafted by the Economic Community of Central African States and the Economic Community of West African States, in partnership with the IMO, contains provisions for interdicting sea- and land-based vehicles engaged in illegal activities at sea, prosecuting suspected criminals, and sharing information between state parties. The code builds on several existing frameworks to create a sub-regional coast guard. The agreement is set to open for signature in May 2013.
March 2013: New fishing restrictions on sharks and rays
Delegates attending the annual meeting on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) voted to place robust export restrictions on five species of sharks and two species of manta rays. Over the past fifty years, the three shark species—the oceanic whitetip, hammerhead, and porbeagle—have declined by more than 70 percent. Although experts cautioned that the new rules would be difficult to enforce in practice, the decision marked an important victory over economic interests, particularly of China and Japan.
January 2013: Philippines to challenge China's maritime claims in South China Sea
The Philippine government announced its intention to take China to an international arbitration tribunal based on claims that China violated the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. The dispute dates back to mid-2012, when tensions flared over the Scarborough shoal, which is claimed by both countries.
China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines have competing territorial and jurisdictional claims to the South China Sea, particularly over rights to exploit its potentially vast oil and gas reserves. Control over strategic shipping lanes and freedom of navigation are also increasingly contested, especially between the United States and China.
September 2012: Arctic ice reaches record low
In September 2012, ice in the Arctic Ocean reached an all-time low of 24 percent, shattering the previous record of 29 percent from 2007. The finding not only has implications for climate change and environmental stability, but also for heightened competition among states jockeying for access to critical resources in the region. For the first time, the melting Arctic has exposed troves of natural resources including oil, gas, and minerals, as well as newly accessible shipping routes. The United States, Russia, and several European states already control parts of the Arctic, and China is also an increasing presence.
September 2012: Tensions flare in the East China Sea
In September 2012, Japan purchased three islands in the East China Sea that form part of the Senkaku Islands, known as the Diaoyu Islands to the Chinese. The islands, claimed by both countries, have been controlled by Japan since 1895, but sovereignty remains hotly contested. Following Japan's announcement, protests broke out across China, and Chinese leaders accused Japan of "severely infringing" upon their sovereignty.
In a move to affirm its claim to the islands, China announced its intention to submit their objections to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf under the UNCLOS, and dispatched patrol ships to monitor the islands. In December 2012, tensions flared after a Chinese small aircraft flew into airspace over the islands, and both countries sent naval vessels to patrol nearby waters. Both sides remain adamant that there is no room for negotiations over their control of the islands, which are in close proximity to strategic shipping routes, fishing grounds, and potentially lucrative oil reserves.
Options for Strengthening Global Ocean Governance
There are a series of measures, both formal and informal, that can be taken to strengthen U.S. and global ocean governance. First, the United States must begin by finally ratifying the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. On this foundation, the United States should then tap hitherto underused regimes, update twentieth-century agreements to reflect modern ocean challenges, and, in some cases, serve as the diplomatic lead in pioneering new institutions and regimes. These recommendations reflect the views of Stewart M. Patrick, senior fellow and director of the International Institutions and Global Governance Program, and Scott G. Borgerson, former visiting fellow for ocean governance.
In the near term, the United States and its international partners should consider the following steps:
- Ratify UNCLOS
The United States should finally join the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), an action that would give it further credibility and make the United States a full partner in global ocean governance. This carefully negotiated agreement has been signed and ratified by 162 countries and the European Union. Yet despite playing a central role shaping UNCLOS's content, the United States has conspicuously failed to join. It remains among only a handful of countries with a coastline, including Syria, North Korea, and Iran, not to have done so.
Emerging issues such as the melting Arctic lend increased urgency to U.S. ratification. By rejecting UNCLOS, the United States is freezing itself out of important international policymaking bodies, forfeiting a seat at decision-making forums critical to economic growth and national security interests. One important forum where the United States has no say is the commission vested with the authority to validate countries' claims to extend their exclusive economic zones, a process that is arguably the last great partitioning of sovereign space on earth. As a nonparty to the treaty, the United States is forgoing an opportunity to extend its national jurisdiction over a vast ocean area on its Arctic, Atlantic, and Gulf coasts—equal to almost half the size of the Louisiana Purchase—and abdicating an opportunity to have a say in deliberations over other nations' claims elsewhere.
Furthermore, the convention allows for an expansion of U.S. sovereignty by extending U.S. sea borders, guaranteeing the freedom of ship and air traffic, and enhancing the legal tools available to combat piracy and illicit trafficking. Potential participants in U.S.-organized flotillas and coalitions rightly question why they should assist the United States in enforcing the rule of law when the United States refuses to recognize the convention that guides the actions of virtually every other nation.
- Coordinate national ocean policies for coastal states
The creation of a comprehensive and integrated U.S. oceans policy should be immediately followed by similar efforts in developing maritime countries, namely Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC) . These so-called BRIC nations will be critical players in crafting domestic ocean policies that together form a coherent tapestry of global governance. Ideally, such emerging powers would designate a senior government official, and in some cases the head of state, to liaison with other coastal states and regional bodies to coordinate ocean governance policies and respond to new threats. Consistent with the Regional Seas Program, the ripest opportunity for these efforts is at the regional level. With UN assistance, successful regional initiatives could then be harmonized and expanded globally.
- Place a moratorium on critically endangered commercial fisheries
Commercial fishing, a multi-billion dollar industry in the United States, is in grave danger. The oceans have been overfished, and it is feared that many fish stocks may not rebound. In the last fifty years, fish that were previously considered inexhaustible have been reduced to alarmingly low levels. Up to 90 percent of large predatory fish are now gone. Nearly half of fish stocks in the world have been fully exploited and roughly one-third have been overexploited. The recent imposition of catch limits on all federally-managed fish species is an important and long overdue first step, which should be expanded and strengthened to a moratorium on the most endangered commercial fisheries, such as the Atlantic blue fin tuna. But tuna is hardly alone in this predicament, and numerous other species are facing the same fate. Policymakers should stand up to intense political pressure and place fishing moratoriums on the most threatened fisheries to give them a chance to rebound. Doing so would be a courageous act that would help rescue collapsing fish while creating a commercially sustainable resource.
In the longer term, the United States and its international partners should consider the following steps:
- Strengthen and update UNCLOS
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and related agreements serve as the bedrock of international ocean policy. However, UNCLOS is thirty years old. If it is to remain relevant and effective, it must be strengthened and updated to respond to emerging threats such as transnational crime and marine pollution, as well as employing market-based principles of catch shares to commercial fisheries, especially in the high seas. Lastly, UNCLOS Article 234, which applies to ice-covered areas, should be expanded to better manage the opening Arctic, which will be an area of increasing focus and international tension over the coming years.
The international community should also counter the pressure of coastal states that unilaterally seek to push maritime borders seaward, as illustrated by China's claim to all of the South China Sea. Additionally, states should focus on using UNCLOS mechanisms to resolve nagging maritime conflicts, such as overlapping exclusive economic zones from extended continental shelf claims, and sovereignty disputes, such as that of the Spratly and Hans Islands.
- Bolster enforcement capacity
Many ocean-related governance issues have shortcomings not because rules for better management do not exist, but because weak states cannot enforce them. A failure in the oversight of sovereign waters inevitably leads to environmental degradation and, in cases like Somalia, can morph into problems with global implications, such as piracy. Accordingly, the international community should help less developed coastal states build the capacity to enforce (1) fisheries rules fleets; (2) International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships regulations to reduce ocean dumping and pollution; (3) other shipping regulations in states with open registries such as Liberia, Panama, Malta, and the Marshall Islands; (4) and existing mandates created to stop illicit trafficking. Developed countries should also help less developed areas monitor environmental variables such as acidification, coral reefs, and fisheries.
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container mandates containers critics costs mandate resources imports shores decline world fisheries Advocates demise fish stocks burden security interests fish stocks part prevalence fishing overcapitalization fishing fleet subsidies fisheries competitiveness exports seafood market efforts assistance nations fishing steps gaps fisheries management country catch limits fish species species mahi time history experts move model fisheries policy gains fishing subsidies areas overcapitalization depletion fish stocks market mechanisms catch shares access privilege programs fishermen communities value fisheries Critics fisheries management issue right nations resources measures economies science warnings consequences fisheries conventions issue efforts overreach burden fishing industry Critics market mechanisms catch shares bubbles strategy melting potential government military businesses frontier variety activities energy exploration commerce development fisheries Countries claims region sideline strategy premier forum disputes territory nonparty leverage position addition military icebreaker Experts government agreement classifications standards ships navigation emergency training ice waters Opponents activities polices collaboration disputes freedom navigation assets security concern advantages security issues coastlines diplomacy initiatives negotiations negotiations trade agreement counties rim outline agreement rounds negotiations countries addition force region participant step agreement shipping lane world reality transpacific shipping round negotiations place goal agreement pledges implementation code conduct piracy meeting implementation code conduct piracy activity partnership provisions land vehicles activities sea criminals information state parties code frameworks coast guard agreement signature fishing restrictions sharks rays Delegates meeting export restrictions species sharks species rays years shark species whitetip hammerhead porbeagle percent experts rules practice decision victory interests claims government intention arbitration tribunal claims dispute mid-2012 tensions shoal countries claims rights oil gas reserves Control shipping lanes freedom navigation ice record ice time low percent record percent finding implications climate change stability competition states access resources region time troves resources oil gas minerals shipping routes states parts presence Tensions islands part islands countries sovereignty announcement protests leaders sovereignty move claim islands intention objections UNCLOS patrol ships islands tensions aircraft airspace islands countries vessels waters sides room negotiations control islands proximity shipping routes fishing grounds oil reserves Options series measures ocean governance foundation hitherto regimes century agreements ocean challenges cases lead institutions regimes recommendations views fellow director fellow ocean governance term partners steps Ratify action credibility partner ocean governance agreement countries role content handful countries coastline issues melting urgency ratification bodies seat decision forums growth security interests forum say commission authority countries claims zones process partitioning space earth nonparty treaty opportunity jurisdiction ocean area coasts size opportunity say deliberations nations claims convention expansion sovereignty sea borders freedom ship air traffic tools piracy trafficking participants flotillas coalitions rule law convention actions nation ocean policies states creation oceans policy efforts countries nations players ocean policies tapestry governance powers government official cases head state states bodies ocean governance policies threats opportunity efforts level assistance initiatives moratorium fisheries fishing dollar industry danger oceans fish stocks years fish levels percent fish half fish stocks world third imposition catch limits fish species step moratorium fisheries fin tuna tuna predicament species fate Policymakers pressure place fishing moratoriums fisheries chance act fish resource term partners steps agreements bedrock ocean policy years threats crime pollution market principles catch shares fisheries seas ice areas opening area focus tension years community pressure states borders seaward claim states mechanisms conflicts zones shelf claims sovereignty disputes enforcement capacity ocean governance issues shortcomings rules management states failure oversight waters degradation cases problems implications piracy community states capacity fisheries fleets Ships regulations ocean dumping pollution shipping regulations states registries mandates trafficking countries areas variables acidification reefs fisheries
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Publisher Council on Foreign Relations
Release Date last update: May 21, 2013
scope of the Challenge
Oceans be the source of life on earth. they shape the climate, feed the world, and cleanse the air we breathe. they be vital to our economic well be, ferry roughly 90 percent of global commerce, housing submarine cable, and provide one-third of traditional hydrocarbon resource (as well as new form of energy such as wave, wind, and tidal power). but the ocean be increasingly threaten by a dizzying array of danger, from piracy to climate change. to be good steward of the ocean, nation around the world need to embrace more effective multilateral governance in the economic, security, and environmental realm.
the world's sea have always be farm from top to bottom. new technology, however, be make old practice unsustainable. when commercial trawler scrape the sea floor, they bulldoze entire ecosystem. commercial ship keep to the surface but produce carbon-base emission. and recent development like offshore drilling and deep seabed mining be help human extract resource from unprecedented depth, albeit with questionable environmental impact. and as new transit route open in the melt Arctic, this once-forget pole be emerge as a promising frontier for entrepreneurial business and government.
but ocean be more than just source of profit—they also serve as setting for transnational crime. piracy, drug smuggling, and illegal immigration all occur in water around the world. even the most sophisticated port struggle to screen cargo, container, and crew without create regulatory friction or choke legitimate commerce. in recent history, the United States have police the global common, but grow indian and chinese blue-water navy raise new question about how an established security guarantor should accommodate rise—and increasingly assertive—naval power.
and the ocean themselves be in danger of environmental catastrophe. they have become the world's garbage dump—if you travel to the heart of the Pacific Ocean, youwill find the North Pacific Gyre, where particle of plastic outweigh plankton six to one. eighty percent of the world's fish stock be deplete or on the verge of extinction, and when carbon dioxide be release into the atmosphere, much of it be absorb by the world's ocean. the water, in response, warm and acidifie, destroy habitat like wetland and coral reef. glacial melt in the polar region raise global sea level, which threaten not only marine ecosystem but also human who live on or near a coast. meanwhile, port-base megacitie dump pollution in the ocean, exacerbate the degradation of the marine environment and the effect of climate change.
threat to the ocean be inherently transnational, touch the shore of every part of the world. so far, the most comprehensive attempt to govern international water produce the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). but U.S. refusal to join the convention, despite widespread bipartisan support, continue to limit its strength, create a leadership vacuum in the maritime regime. other state that have join the treaty often ignore its guideline or fail to coordinate policy across sovereign jurisdiction. even if it be perfectly implement, UNCLOS be now thirty year old and increasingly outdate.
important initiative—such as local fishery arrangement and the United Nations Environment Program Regional Seas Program—form a disjointed landscape that lack legally-bind instrument to legitimize or enforce their work. the recent UN Conference on Sustainable Development ("rio+20") in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, convene over one hundred head of state to assess progress and outline goal for a more sustainable "blue-green economy." however, the opportunity to set actionable target to improve ocean security and biodiversity produce few concrete outcome. as threat to the ocean become more pressing, nation around the world need to rally to create and implement an update form of ocean governance.
Oceans Governance: strength and Weaknesses
overall assessment: a fragmented system
in 1982, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) establish the fundamental legal principle for ocean governance. this convention, arguably the large and most complex treaty ever negotiate, enter into force in 1994. enshrine as a widely accept corpus of international common law, UNCLOS clearly enumerate the right, responsibility, and jurisdiction of state in their use and management of the world's ocean. the treaty define "exclusive economic zone" (EEZs), which be the coastal water and seabed—extend two hundred nautical mile from shore—over which a state have special right over the use of marine resource; establish the limit of a country's "territorial sea," or the sovereign territory of a state that extend twelve nautical mile from shore; and clarifie rule for transit through "international strait." it also address—with vary degree of effectiveness—resource division, maritime traffic, and pollution regulation, as well as serve as the principal forum for dispute resolution on ocean-relate issue. to date, 162 country and the European Union have ratify UNCLOS.
UNCLOS be a remarkable achievement, but its result ocean governance regime suffer several serious limitation. first, the world's lead naval power, the United States, be not party to the convention, which present obvious challenge to its effectiveness—as well as undermine U.S. sovereignty, national interest, and ability to exercise leadership over resource management and dispute resolution. despite the myriad military, economic, and political benefit offer by UNCLOS, a small but vocal minority in the United States continue to block congressional ratification.
second, UNCLOS be now thirty year old and, as a result, do not adequately address a number of emerge and increasingly important international issue, such as fish on the high sea—a classic case of the tragedy of the common—widespread maritime pollution, and transnational crime commit at sea.
Third, both UNCLOS and subsequent multilateral measure have weak surveillance, capacity-building, and enforcement mechanism. although various UN body support the instrument create by UNCLOS, they have no direct role in their implementation. individual state be responsible for ensure that the convention's rule be enforce, which present obvious challenge in area of overlap or contested sovereignty, or effectively stateless part of the world. the UN General Assembly play a role in advance the ocean agenda at the international level, but its recommendation be weak and far constrain by its lack of enforcement capability.
organization that operate in conjunction with UNCLOS—such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), and the International Seabed Authority (isa)—play an important role to protect the ocean and strengthen ocean governance. the IMO have help reduce ship pollution to historically low level, although it can be slow to enact new policy on issue such as invasive specie, which be disperse around the world in ballast water. furthermore, ITLOS only function if member state be willing to submit their difference to its judgment, while the ISA labor in relative obscurity and operate under intense pressure from massive commercial entity.
fourth, coastal state struggle to craft domestic policy that incorporate the many interconnected challenge face by ocean, from transnational drug smuggling to protect ravage fish stock to establish proper regulatory measure for offshore oil and gas drilling. UNCLOS form a solid platform on which to build additional policy architecture, but require coastal state to first make comprehensive ocean strategy a priority—a goal that have remain elusive thus far.
Fifth, the system be horizontally fragment and fail to harmonize domestic, regional, and international policy. domestically, local, state, and federal maritime actor rarely coordinate their agenda and priority. among the handful of country and regional organization that have comprehensive ocean policy—include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, the European Union, and most recently the United States—few synchronize their activity with other country. the international community, however, be attempt to organize the cluttered ocean governance landscape. the UN Environmental Programme Regional Seas Program work to promote interstate cooperation for marine and coastal management, albeit with vary degree of success and formal codification. likewise, in 2007 the European Union institute a regional Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP) that address a range of environmental, social, and economic issue relate to ocean, as well as promote surveillance and information sharing. the IMP also work with neighboring partner to create an integrated ocean policy in place such as the Arctic, the Baltic, and the Mediterranean.
lastly, there be no global evaluation framework to assess progress. no single institution be charge with monitoring and collect national, regional, and global datum on the full range of ocean-relate issue, particularly on cross-cutting effort. periodic datum collecting do take place in specific sector, such as biodiversity conservation, fishery issue, and marine pollution, but critical gap remain. the Global Ocean Observing System be a promising portal for track marine and ocean development, but it be significantly underfunded. without concrete and reliable datum, it be difficult to craft effective policy that address and mitigate emerge threat.
despite effort, ocean continue to deteriorate and a global leadership vacuum persist. much work remain to modernize exist institution and convention to respond effectively to emerge threat, as well as to coordinate national action within and across region. the June 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development , also know as Rio+20, identify ocean (or the "blue economy") as one of the seven priority area for sustainable development. although expert and activist hop for a new agreement to strengthen the sustainable management and protection of ocean and address modern maritime challenge such as conflicting sovereignty claim, international trade, and access to resource, Rio+20 produce few concrete result.
maintain freedom of the sea: guarantee by U.S. power, increasingly contest by emerge state
the United States police every ocean throughout the world. the U.S. navy be unmatched in its ability to provide strategic stability on, under, and above the world's water. with almost three hundred active naval ship and almost four thousand aircraft, its battle fleet tonnage be great than the next thirteen large navy combine. despite recently propose budget cut to aircraft carrier, U.S. naval power continue to reign supreme.
the United States leverage its naval capability to ensure peace, stability, and freedom of access. as Great Britain ensure a Pax Britannicain the nineteenth century, the United States preside over relatively tranquil sea where global commerce be allow to thrive. in 2007, the U.S. Navy release a strategy report that call for "cooperative relationship with more international partner" to promote "great collective security, stability, and trust."
the United States pursue this strategy because it have not face a credible competitor since the end of the Cold War. and, thus far, emerge power have largely support the U.S. armada to ensure that the ocean remain open to commerce. however, emerge power with blue-water aspiration raise question about how U.S. naval hegemony will accommodate new and assertive fleet in the come decade. China, for instance, have be steadily build up its naval capability over the past decade as part of its "far sea defense" strategy. it unveil its first aircraft carrier in 2010, and be invest heavily in submarine outfit with ballistic missile. at the same time, India have scale up its military budget by 64 percent since 2001, and plan to spend nearly $45 billion over the next twenty year on its navy.
even tension among rise power could prove problematic. for example, a two-month standoff between China and the Philippines over a dispute region of the South China Sea end with both party commit to a "peaceful resolution."China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines have compete territorial and jurisdictional claim to the South China Sea, particularly over right to exploit its potentially vast oil and gas reserve. control over strategic shipping lane and freedom of navigation be also increasingly contest, especially between the United States and China.
combat illicit trafficking: porous, patchy enforcement
in addition to be a highway for legal commerce, ocean facilitate the trafficking of drug, weapon, and human, which be often mask by the flow of licit good. individual state be responsible for guard their own coastline, but often lack the will or capacity to do so. develop country, in particular, struggle to coordinate across jurisdiction and interdict. but develop state also face border security challenge. despite its commitment to interdiction, the United States seize less than 20 percent of the drug that enter the country by maritime transport.
the United Nations attempt to combat the trafficking of drug, weapon, and human at sea. through the Container Control Program (PDF), the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) assist domestic law enforcement in five develop country to establish effective container control to prevent maritime drug smuggling. the UNODC also oversee UN activity on human trafficking, guide by two protocol to the UN Convention on Transnational Organized Crime. although UN activity provide important groundwork for prevent illicit maritime trafficking, it lack monitoring and enforcement mechanism and thus have a limited impact on the flow of illegal cargo into international port. great political will, state capacity, and multilateral coordination will be require to curb illicit maritime trafficking.
new ad hoc multilateral arrangement be a promising model for antitrafficke initiative. the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code, for instance, provide a uniform set of measure to enhance the security of ship and port. the code help member state control their port and monitor both the people and cargo that travel through they. in addition, the U.S.-led Proliferation Security Initiative facilitate international cooperation to interdict ship on the high sea that may be carry illicit weapon of mass destruction, ballistic missile, and related technology. finally, the Container Security Initiative (CSI), also spearhead by the United States, attempt to prescreen all container destine for U.S. port and identify high-risk cargo (for more information, see section on commercial shipping).
one way to combat illicit trafficking be through enhance regional arrangement, such as the Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control. this agreement provide a model for an effective regional inspection regime, examine at least 25 percent of ship that enter member' port for violation of convention on maritime safety. vessel that violate convention can be detain and repeat offender can be ban from the memorandum's area. although the agreement do not permit search for illegal cargo, it do show how a regional inspection regime could be effective at stem illegal trafficking.
secure commercial shipping: global supply chain at risk
global shipping be incredibly lucrative, but its sheer scope and breadth present an array of security and safety challenge. the collective fleet consist of approximately 50,000 ship register in more than 150 nation. with more than one million employee, this armada transport over eight billion ton (PDF) of good per year—roughly 90 percent of global trade. and the melt Arctic be open previously impassable trade route; in 2009, two german merchant vessel traverse the Northeast Passage successfully for the first time in recent history. but despite impressive innovation in the shipping industry, maritime accident and attack on ship still occur frequently, result in the loss of billion of dollar of cargo. ensure the safety and security of the global shipping fleet be essential to the stability of the world economy.
internationally, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) provide security guideline for ship through the Convention on the Safety of Life at Sea, which govern everything from construction to the number of fire extinguisher on board. the IMO also aim to prevent maritime accident through international standard for navigation and navigation equipment, include satellite communication and locate device. although compliance with these convention have be uneven, regional initiative such as the Paris Memorandum of Understanding have help ensure the safety of international shipping.
in addition, numerous IMO convention govern the safety of container shipping, include the International Convention on Safe Containers, which create uniform regulation for shipping container, and the International Convention on Load Lines, which determine the volume of container a ship can safely hold. however, these convention do not provide comprehensive security solution for maritime container, and illegal cargo could be slip into shipping container during transit. since 1992, the IMO have try to prevent attack on commercial shipping through the Convention for the Suppression of unlawful act against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, which provide a legal framework for interdict, detain, and prosecute terrorist, pirate, and other criminal on the high sea.
in reality, most enforcement effort since the 9/11 attack have focus on secure port to prevent the use of a ship to attack, rather than to prevent attack on the ship themselves. reflect this imperative, the IMO, with U.S. leadership, implement the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS) in 2004. this code help set international standard for ship security, require ship to have security plan and officer. however, as with port security, the code be not obligatory and no clear process to audit or certify isps compliance have be establish. overall, a comprehensive regime for oversee the safety of international shipping have not be create.
the United States attempt to address this vulnerability through the Container Security Initiative (CSI), which aim to prescreen all container destine for the United States, and to isolate those that pose a high-security risk before they be in transit. the initiative, which operate in fifty-eight foreign port, cover more than 86 percent of container cargo en route to the United States. several international partner and organization, include the European Union, the Group of Eight, and the World Customs Organization, have express interest in model security measure for containerized cargo base on the CSI model. despite these effort, expert estimate that only 2 percent of container destine for U.S. port be actually inspect.
confronting piracy: resurgent scourge, collective response
after the number of attack reach a record high in 2011, incidence of piracy drop 28 percent in the first three month of 2012. overall, the number of worldwide attack decrease from 142 to 102 case, primarily due to international mobilization and enhance naval patrol off the coast of Somalia. however, attack intensify near Nigeria and Indonesia as pirate shift route in response to increase policing, raise fresh concern over the shift and expand threat of piracy. in addition to the human toll, piracy have significant economic ramification. accord to a report by the nonprofit organization Oceans Beyond Piracy, somali piracy cost the global economy nearly $7 billion in 2011. sustained international coordination and cooperation be essential to prevent and prosecute piracy.
recognize this imperative, country from around the world have show unprecedented cooperation to combat piracy, particularly near the Gulf of Aden. in August 2009, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization commence Operation Ocean Shield in the horn of Africa, where piracy increase close to 200 percent between 2007 and 2009. this effort build upon Operation Allied Protector and consist of two stand maritime group with contribution from allied nation. although the effort concentrate on protect ship pass through the Gulf of Aden, they also renew focus on help country, specifically Somalia, prevent piracy and secure their port. meanwhile, the United States help establish Combined Task Force 151 to coordinate the various maritime patrol in East Africa. other country include Russia, India, China, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, and South Korea, have also send naval vessel to the region.
at the same time, regional organization have also step up antipiracy effort. the Regional Cooperation Agreement on combat Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia be the first such initiative, and have be largely successful in facilitate information-sharing, cooperation between government, and interdiction effort. and in May 2012, the European Union naval force launch its first air attack against somali pirate' land basis, the first strike of its kind by outside actor to date.
like individual country, international institution have condemn piracy and legitimize the use of force against pirate. in June 2008, the UN Security Council unanimously pass Resolution 1816, encourage great cooperation in deter piracy and ask country to provide assistance to Somalia to help ensure coastal security. this be follow by Resolution 1846, which allow state to use "all necessary mean" to fight piracy off the coast of Somalia. in Resolution 1851, the UN Security Council legitimize the use of force on land as well as at sea to the same end. outside the UN, watchdog such as the International Maritime Bureau, which collect information on pirate attack and provide report on the safety of shipping route, have prove successful in increase awareness, disseminate information, and facilitate antipiracy cooperation.
however, such cooperative effort face several legal challenge. the United States have not ratify the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which govern crime, include piracy, in international water. more broadly, the international legal regime continue to rely on individual country to prosecute pirate, and government have be reluctant to take on this burden. accordingly, many pirate be apprehend, only to be quickly release. in addition, many large commercial vessel rely on private armed guard to prevent pirate attack, but the legal foundation govern such a force be shaky at well.
national government have redouble effort to bring pirate to justice as well. in 2010, the United States hold its first piracy trial since its civil war, soon follow by Germany's first trial in over four hundred year. other agreement have be establish to try pirate in nearby country like Kenya, such as the UNODC Trust Fund to support the Initiatives of States to Counter Piracy of the Coast of Somalia, establish in January 2010. under the mandate of the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia, the fund aim to defray the financial capital require from country like Kenya, Seychelles, and Somalia to prosecute pirate, as well as to increase awareness within somali society of the risk associate with piracy and criminal activity. future effort to combat piracy should continue to focus on enhance regional cooperation and agreement, strengthen the international and domestic legal instrument necessary to prosecute pirate, and address the root cause of piracy.
reduce marine pollution and climate change: mixed progress
Pollution have degrade environment and ravage biodiversity in every ocean. much contamination stem from land-base pollutant, particularly along heavily develop coastal area. the UN Environment Program (UNEP) Regional Seas Program have sponsor several initiative to control pollution, model on a relatively successful program in the Mediterranean Sea. in 1995, state establish the Global Program of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-base Activities, which identify source of land-base pollution and help state establish priority for action. it have be successful in raise awareness about land-base pollution and offer technical assistance to regional implement body, which be so often starve for resource. more recently, 193 UN member state approve the Nagoya Protocol on biodiversity, which aim to halve the marine extinction rate by 2020 and extend protection to 10 percent of the world's ocean.
shipping vessel be also a major source of marine pollution. shipping be the most environmentally friendly way to transport bulk cargoe, but regulate maritime pollution remain complicated because of its inherently transnational nature. shipping be generally govern by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which regulate maritime pollution through the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). state be responsible for implement and enforce MARPOL among their own fleet to curb the most pernicious form of maritime pollution, include oil spill, particulate matter such as sulfur oxide (SOx) and nitrous oxide (NOx), and greenhouse gas emission. port city bear the brunt of air pollution, which devastate local air quality because most ship burn bunker fuel (the dirty form of crude oil). the IMO's Marine Environmental Protection Committee have also take important step to reduce sox and nox emission by amend the MARPOL guideline to reduce particulate matter from ship. despite such effort, a 2010 study (PDF) from the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation find that international shipping still account for nearly 3 percent of all greenhouse gas.
the IMO have achieve noteworthy success in reduce oil spill into the marine environment. despite a global shipping boom, oil spill be at an all-time low. the achievement of the IMO have be far strengthen by commitment by the Group of Eight to cooperate on oil pollution through an action plan that specifically target pollution prevention for tanker. the IMO should strive to replicate this success in its effort to reduce shipping emission.
climate change be also exacerbate environmental damage. in June 2009, global ocean reach their high recordedaverage temperature: 17 degree Celsius. as the world warm, ocean absorb increase level of carbon dioxide, which acidify the water and destroy wetland, mangrove, and coral reef—ecosystem that support million of specie of plant and animal. accord to recent study, ocean acidity could increase by more than 150 percent by 2050 if counteract measure be not take immediately. moreover, melt ice raise sea level, erode beach, flood community, and increase the salinity of freshwater body. and the tiny island nation of the Maldives, the low country in the world, could be completely flood if sea level continue to rise at the same rate.
individual state be responsible for manage change in their own marine climate, but multilateral effort to mitigate the effect of climate change on the ocean have pick up pace. in particular, the UNEP Regional Seas Program encourage country share common body of water to coordinate and implement sound environmental policy, and promote a regional approach to address climate change.
sustainable fishery policy on the high sea: an ecological disaster
state have the legal right to regulate fishing in their exclusive economic zone (EEZs), which extend two hundred nautical mile from shore—and sometimes beyond, in the case of extended continental shelf. but outside the eez be the high sea, which do not fall under any one country's jurisdiction. freedom of the high sea be critical to the free flow of global commerce, but spell disaster for international fishery in a textbook case of the tragedy of the common. for year, large-scale fishing vessel harvest fish as fast as possible with little regard for the environmental cost, destroy 90 percent of the ocean's biomass in less than a century. overall, fishery suffer from two set of challenge: ineffective enforcement capacity and lack of market-base governance solution to remedy perverse incentive to overfish.
although there be numerous international and multilateral mechanism for fishery management, the system be mar by critical gap and weakness exploit by illegal fishing vessel. article 117 and 118 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) enumerate the specific fishery responsibility of state party, place the onus on national government to form policy and regional agreement that ensure responsible management and conservation of fish stock in their respective area. UNCLOS be far strengthen by the UN Fish Stocks Agreement (FSA), which call for a precautionary approach toward highly migratory and straddling fish stock that move freely in and out of the high sea. seventy-eight country have join the FSA thus far, and a review conference in May 2010 be hail as a success due to the passage of Port State Measures (PSMs) to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. yet fish stock have continue to stagnate or decline to dangerously low level, and the psm have largely fail to prevent IUU operation.
regional fishery body (RFBs) be charge with implementation and monitoring. the rfb provide guideline and advice on a variety of issue relate to fishing, include total allowable catch, by-catch, vessel monitoring system, area or season close for fishing, and recording and report fishery statistic. however, only a portion of these body oversee the management of their recommendation, and some rfb allow member to unilaterally dismiss unfavorable decision. additionally, rfb be not comprehensive in their membership and, for the most part, their rule do not apply to vessel belong to a state outside the body.
even when regional body make a binding decision on a high-sea case, implementation hinge on state will and capacity. in 2003, the UN General Assembly establish a fund to assist develop country with their obligation to implement the fish Stocks Agreement through rfb. the overall value of the fund remain small, however, and country' compliance be often constrain by resource scarcity. this result in spotty enforcement, which allow vessel to violate international standard with impunity, particularly off the coast of weak state. migratory specie like blue fin tuna be especially vulnerable because they be not confine by jurisdictional boundary and have high commercial value.
some of the rfb with management oversight, such as the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources and the South East Atlantic Fisheries Organization, have be relatively effective in curb overfishing. they have develop oversight system and specific measure to target deep-water trawl fishing and illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing in the high sea. many regional cooperative arrangement, however, continue to suffer from weak regulatory authority. at the same time, some region like the central and southwest Atlantic Ocean lack rfb. some have suggest fill the void with market-base solution like catch share, which could theoretically alter the incentive toward stewardship. catch share (also know as limited access privilege program) reward innovation and help fishery maximize efficiency by dedicate a stock of fish to an individual fisherman, community, fishery association, or an individual state. each year before the beginning of fishing season, commercial fisherman would know how much fish they be allow to catch. they would then be allow to buy and sell share to maximize profit. by incorporate free-market principle, fishery could reach a natural equilibrium at a sustainable level. accord to research, more sustainable catch share policy could increase the value of the fishing industry by more than $36 billion. although allocate the share at the domestic—much less international—level remain problematic, the idea reflect of the kind of policy work require to well manage the global common.
manage the Arctic: at a crossroad
Arctic ice be melt at unprecedented rate. at this pace, expert estimate that the Arctic could be seasonally ice free by 2040, and possibly much early. as the ice recede and expose valuable new resource, multilateral coordination will become even more important among state (and indigenous group) jockey for position in the region.
the melting ice be open up potentially lucrative new sea route and store of natural resource. since September 2009, cargo ship have be able to traverse the fabled Northwest and Northeast Passages, which be significantly short than traditional route around the cape or through the canal. widen sea route also mean that fishing fleet can travel north in search of virgin fishing stock, and that cruise ship can carry tourist chase a last glimpse of the disappear ice. at the same time, untapped resource such as oil, natural gas, rare earth mineral, and massive renewable wind, tidal, and geothermal energy hold enormous potential. in a preliminary estimate, the U.S. Geographic Society say that the Arctic could hold 22 percent of the world's hydrocarbon resource, include 90 billion barrel of oil and 1,670 trillion cubic foot of natural gas. beyond oil and gas, the Arctic have valuable mineral commodity such as zinc, nickel, and coal.
but new opportunity in the Arctic also portend new competition among state. in August 2007, Russia symbolically plant a flag on the Arctic floor, stake a claim to large chunk of Arctic land. other Arctic power include the United States, Canada, Norway, and Denmark have also lay geographical claim. the European Union craft a new Arctic policy, and China send an icebreaker on three separate arctic expedition. each country stand poise to grab new treasure in this increasingly important geostrategic region.
the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) be a solid foundation on which to build and coordinate national Arctic policy, especially article 76 and 234, which govern the limit of the outer continental shelf (OCS) and regulate activity in ice-cover water, respectively. however, there remain a formidable list of nagging sovereignty dispute that will require creative bilateral and multilateral resolution. the Arctic Council, a multilateral forum comprise eight Arctic nation, have recently grow in international prominence, sign a legally bind treaty on search and rescue mission in May 2011 and draw high-level policymaker to its meeting. while these be significant first step, the forum have yet to address other issue such as overlap OCS claim, contest maritime boundary, and the legal status of the Northwest Passage and the Northern Sea Route.
U.S. Ocean Governance Issues
the United States champion many of the most important international maritime organization over the past fifty year. it help shape the decade-long process of negotiate the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and have play a lead role in many UNCLOS-relate body, include the International Maritime Organization. it have also serve as a drive force behind regional fishery organization and Coast Guard forum. domestically, the United States have intermittently be at the vanguard of ocean policy, such as the 1969 Stratton Commission report, multiple conservation act in the 1970, the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative, and, most recently, catch limit on all federally-manage fish specie. the u.s.-based Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Monterrey Bay Research Institute have long be leader in marine science worldwide. and from a geopolitical perspective, the U.S. Navy secure the world's ocean and foster an environment where global commerce can thrive.
yet the United States lag behind on important issue, most notably regard its reluctance to ratify unclos. and until recently, the United States do not have a coherent national ocean policy. to address this gap, U.S. president Barack Obama create the Ocean Policy Task Force in 2009 to coordinate maritime issue across local, state, and federal level, and to provide a strategic vision for how ocean should be manage in the United States. the task force lead to the creation of a National Ocean Council, which be responsible for "develop strategic action plan to achieve nine priority objective that address some of the most pressing challenge face the ocean, our coast, and Great Lakes." although it have yet to make serious gain (PDF), this comprehensive ocean policy framework could help clear the way for the spadework of coordinate U.S. ocean governance and harmonize international effort.
should the United States ratify the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea?
yes: the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which create the governance framework that manage nearly three-quarter of the earth's surface, have be sign and ratify by 162 country and the European Union. but the United States remain among only a handful of country to have sign but not yet ratify the treaty—even though it already treat many of the provision as customary international law. leader on both side of the political aisle as well as environmental, conservation, business, industry, and security group have endorse ratification in order to preserve national security interest and reap its myriad benefit, such as secure right for U.S. commercial and naval ship and boost the competitiveness of U.S. company in seafare activity. notably, all of the uniformed service—and especially the U.S. Navy—strongly support UNCLOS because its provision would only serve to strengthen U.S. military effort. by remain a nonparty, the United States lack the credibility to promote its own interest in critical decision-make forum as well as bring complaint to an international dispute resolution body.
no: opponent argue that ratify the treaty would cede sovereignty to an ineffective United Nations and constrain U.S. military and commercial activity. in particular, critic object to specific provision include taxis on activity on outer continental shelf; bind dispute settlement; judicial activism by the Law of the Sea Tribunal, especially with regard to land-base source of pollution; and the perceive ability of UNCLOS to curtail U.S. intelligence-gather activity. lastly, critic argue that because UNCLOS be already treat as customary international law, the United States have little to gain from formal accession.
should the United States lead an initiative to expand the Container Security Initiative globally?
yes: some expert say the only way to secure a global economic system be to implement a global security solution. the U.S.-led Container Security Initiative (CSI) help ensure that high-risk container be identify and isolate before they reach their destination. fifty-eight country be already on board with the initiative, and many other have express interest in model their own security measure on the CSI. the World Customs Organization call on its member to develop program base on the CSI, and the European Union agree to expand the initiative across its territory. with its robust operational experience, the United States be well position to provide the technical expertise to ensure the integrity of the container system.
no: opponent maintain that the United States can hardly commit its tax dollar abroad for a global security system when it have fail to secure its own import. to date, more than $800 million and considerable diplomatic energy have be invest in CSI to expand the program to fifty-eight international port, where agent be station to screen high-risk container. give the scale of world trade, the United States import more than 10 million container annually, and only a handful of high-risk box can be target for inspection. after huge expenditure and year of hard work to expand this program after September 11, 2001, only about 86 percent of the cargo that enter the United States transit through foreign port cover under CSI, and of that, only about 1 percent be actually inspect (at a cost to the U.S. taxpayer of more than $1,000 per container). despite congressional mandate to screen all incoming container, critic say that cost make implement this mandate virtually impossible. the limited resource the United States have available, they argue, should be invest in protect import bind specifically for its shore.
should the United States be do more to address the drastic decline in the world's fishery?
yes: advocate say that the further demise of global fish stock, beyond be a moral burden, undermine the commercial and national security interest of the United States. deplete fish stock be drive in large part by the prevalence of illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing and the overcapitalization of the global commercial fishing fleet from domestic subsidy. to protect domestic commercial fishery and the competitiveness of U.S. export in the international seafood market, the United States should enhance effort by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to manage, enforce, and coordinate technical assistance for nation engage in IUU fishing.
domestically, the United States have take important step to address the critical gap in fishery management. in 2012, it become the first country to impose catch limit on all federally-manage fish specie. some specie like the mahi mahi will be restrict for the first time in history. many environmental expert hail the move as a potential model for broad regional and international sustainable fishery policy. to capitalize on such gain, the United States should aggressively work to reduce fishing subsidy in area such as Europe that promote overcapitalization and thus global depletion of fish stock. the United States could also promote market-base mechanism, like catch share and limited access privilege program, to help fisherman and their community curb overfishe and raise the value of global fishery by up to $36 billion.
no: critic argue that fishery management be by and large a domestic issue, and that the United States have little right to tell other nation how to manage their own resource, particularly when such measure could harm local economy. they contend that the science behind overfishe be exaggerated, as be the warning about the consequence of an anticipated fishery collapse. exist convention like the 1995 Fish Stock Agreement already go far enough in address this issue. any additional effort, they contend, would be a diplomatic overreach, as well as an excessive burden on a struggle commercial fishing industry. critic also question how market-base mechanism, such as catch-share, would be distribute, trade, and enforce, warn that they would lead to speculative bubble.
should the United States push for a more define multilateral strategy to cope with the melt Arctic?
yes: the melting Arctic hold important untapped political, strategic, and economic potential for the U.S. government, military, and business. this emerge frontier could potentially support a variety of economic activity, include energy exploration, marine commerce, and sustainable development of new fishery. country such as Russia, Canada, Norway, and China have already make claim to the region, yet the United States remain on the sideline without a comprehensive arctic strategy. the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) remain the premier forum of negotiate and arbitrate dispute over contest territory. as a nonparty, however, the United States lose invaluable leverage and position. in addition, the U.S. military do not have a single icebreaker, whereas Russia operate over thirty. expert argue that the U.S. government should also adopt the recently propose Polar Code, which be a voluntary agreement that "set structural classification and standard for ship operate in the Arctic as well as specific navigation and emergency training for those operate in or around ice-cover water."
no: opponent argue that Arctic Council activity and the 2009 National Security Presidential Directive, which update U.S. Arctic police, be sufficient. any collaboration with Canada to resolve dispute over the Northwest Passage might undermine freedom of navigation for U.S. naval asset elsewhere, especially in the Strait of Hormuz and the Taiwan Straits, and this national security concern trump any advantage from collaborate on security, economic, or environmental issue in the Arctic. last, give the dominant russian and canadian Arctic coastline, future Arctic diplomacy might well be handle bilaterally rather than through broad multilateral initiative.
April 2013: Japan include in Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiation
Japan agree to join negotiation over the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), an ambitious free trade agreement between county along the Pacific rim. since the broad outline of the agreement be introduce in November 2011, sixteen round of negotiation have thus far bring eleven country together to discuss the TPP. the addition of Japan, a major economic force in the region, as the twelfth participant come as an important step in create a robust agreement. already, the South China Sea be the second-busy shipping lane in the world, and should the TTP become a reality, transpacific shipping would dramatically increase. the seventeenth round of negotiation will take place in May and the current goal for agreement be October 2013.
March 2013: IMO pledge to support implementation of new code of conduct on piracy
at a ministerial meeting in Cotonou, Benin, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) pledge to support the implementation of a new code of conduct on piracy and other illicit maritime activity. the Gulf of Guinea Code of Conduct, draft by the Economic Community of Central African States and the Economic Community of West African States, in partnership with the IMO, contain provision for interdict sea- and land-base vehicle engage in illegal activity at sea, prosecute suspect criminal, and share information between state party. the code build on several exist framework to create a sub-regional coast guard. the agreement be set to open for signature in May 2013.
March 2013: new fishing restriction on shark and ray
delegate attend the annual meeting on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) vote to place robust export restriction on five specie of shark and two specie of manta ray. over the past fifty year, the three shark specie—the oceanic whitetip, hammerhead, and porbeagle—have decline by more than 70 percent. although expert caution that the new rule would be difficult to enforce in practice, the decision mark an important victory over economic interest, particularly of China and Japan.
January 2013: Philippines to challenge China's maritime claim in South China Sea
the philippine government announce its intention to take China to an international arbitration tribunal base on claim that China violate the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. the dispute date back to mid-2012, when tension flare over the Scarborough shoal, which be claim by both country.
China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines have compete territorial and jurisdictional claim to the South China Sea, particularly over right to exploit its potentially vast oil and gas reserve. control over strategic shipping lane and freedom of navigation be also increasingly contest, especially between the United States and China.
September 2012: Arctic ice reach record low
in September 2012, ice in the Arctic Ocean reach an all-time low of 24 percent, shatter the previous record of 29 percent from 2007. the finding not only have implication for climate change and environmental stability, but also for heighten competition among state jockey for access to critical resource in the region. for the first time, the melt Arctic have expose trove of natural resource include oil, gas, and mineral, as well as newly accessible shipping route. the United States, Russia, and several european state already control part of the Arctic, and China be also an increase presence.
September 2012: tension flare in the East China Sea
in September 2012, Japan purchase three island in the East China Sea that form part of the Senkaku Islands, know as the Diaoyu Islands to the Chinese. the island, claim by both country, have be control by Japan since 1895, but sovereignty remain hotly contest. follow Japan's announcement, protest break out across China, and chinese leader accuse Japan of "severely infringe" upon their sovereignty.
in a move to affirm its claim to the island, China announce its intention to submit their objection to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf under the unclos, and dispatch patrol ship to monitor the island. in December 2012, tension flare after a chinese small aircraft fly into airspace over the island, and both country send naval vessel to patrol nearby water. both side remain adamant that there be no room for negotiation over their control of the island, which be in close proximity to strategic shipping route, fishing ground, and potentially lucrative oil reserve.
option for strengthen Global Ocean Governance
there be a series of measure, both formal and informal, that can be take to strengthen U.S. and global ocean governance. first, the United States must begin by finally ratify the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. on this foundation, the United States should then tap hitherto underuse regime, update twentieth-century agreement to reflect modern ocean challenge, and, in some case, serve as the diplomatic lead in pioneer new institution and regime. these recommendation reflect the view of Stewart M. Patrick, senior fellow and director of the International Institutions and Global Governance Program, and Scott G. Borgerson, former visit fellow for ocean governance.
in the near term, the United States and its international partner should consider the follow step:
- ratify UNCLOS
the United States should finally join the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), an action that would give it further credibility and make the United States a full partner in global ocean governance. this carefully negotiate agreement have be sign and ratify by 162 country and the European Union. yet despite play a central role shape UNCLOS's content, the United States have conspicuously fail to join. it remain among only a handful of country with a coastline, include Syria, North Korea, and Iran, not to have do so.
emerge issue such as the melting Arctic lend increase urgency to U.S. ratification. by reject UNCLOS, the United States be freeze itself out of important international policymake body, forfeit a seat at decision-make forum critical to economic growth and national security interest. one important forum where the United States have no say be the commission vest with the authority to validate country' claim to extend their exclusive economic zone, a process that be arguably the last great partitioning of sovereign space on earth. as a nonparty to the treaty, the United States be forgo an opportunity to extend its national jurisdiction over a vast ocean area on its Arctic, Atlantic, and Gulf coast—equal to almost half the size of the Louisiana Purchase—and abdicate an opportunity to have a say in deliberation over other nation' claim elsewhere.
furthermore, the convention allow for an expansion of U.S. sovereignty by extend U.S. sea border, guarantee the freedom of ship and air traffic, and enhance the legal tool available to combat piracy and illicit trafficking. potential participant in u.s.-organized flotilla and coalition rightly question why they should assist the United States in enforce the rule of law when the United States refuse to recognize the convention that guide the action of virtually every other nation.
- coordinate national ocean policy for coastal state
the creation of a comprehensive and integrated U.S. ocean policy should be immediately follow by similar effort in develop maritime country, namely Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC) . these so-call BRIC nation will be critical player in craft domestic ocean policy that together form a coherent tapestry of global governance. ideally, such emerge power would designate a senior government official, and in some case the head of state, to liaison with other coastal state and regional body to coordinate ocean governance policy and respond to new threat. consistent with the Regional Seas Program, the ripe opportunity for these effort be at the regional level. with UN assistance, successful regional initiative could then be harmonize and expand globally.
- Place a moratorium on critically endanger commercial fishery
commercial fishing, a multi-billion dollar industry in the United States, be in grave danger. the ocean have be overfishe, and it be fear that many fish stock may not rebound. in the last fifty year, fish that be previously consider inexhaustible have be reduce to alarmingly low level. up to 90 percent of large predatory fish be now go. nearly half of fish stock in the world have be fully exploit and roughly one-third have be overexploit. the recent imposition of catch limit on all federally-manage fish specie be an important and long overdue first step, which should be expand and strengthen to a moratorium on the most endangered commercial fishery, such as the Atlantic blue fin tuna. but tuna be hardly alone in this predicament, and numerous other specie be face the same fate. policymaker should stand up to intense political pressure and place fishing moratorium on the most threatened fishery to give they a chance to rebound. do so would be a courageous act that would help rescue collapse fish while create a commercially sustainable resource.
in the long term, the United States and its international partner should consider the follow step:
- strengthen and update UNCLOS
the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and related agreement serve as the bedrock of international ocean policy. however, UNCLOS be thirty year old. if it be to remain relevant and effective, it must be strengthen and update to respond to emerge threat such as transnational crime and marine pollution, as well as employ market-base principle of catch share to commercial fishery, especially in the high sea. lastly, UNCLOS Article 234, which apply to ice-cover area, should be expand to well manage the opening Arctic, which will be an area of increase focus and international tension over the come year.
the international community should also counter the pressure of coastal state that unilaterally seek to push maritime border seaward, as illustrate by China's claim to all of the South China Sea. additionally, state should focus on use UNCLOS mechanism to resolve nag maritime conflict, such as overlap exclusive economic zone from extended continental shelf claim, and sovereignty dispute, such as that of the Spratly and Hans Islands.
- bolster enforcement capacity
many ocean-relate governance issue have shortcoming not because rule for well management do not exist, but because weak state cannot enforce they. a failure in the oversight of sovereign water inevitably lead to environmental degradation and, in case like Somalia, can morph into problem with global implication, such as piracy. accordingly, the international community should help less develop coastal state build the capacity to enforce (1) fishery rule fleet; (2) International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from ship regulation to reduce ocean dumping and pollution; (3) other shipping regulation in state with open registry such as Liberia, Panama, Malta, and the Marshall Islands; (4) and exist mandate create to stop illicit trafficking. develop country should also help less develop area monitor environmental variable such as acidification, coral reef, and fishery.
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aircraft carrier ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADV ADP submarines VERB ADP ADJ missiles PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADP PRON ADJ budget ADP NUM percent SCONJ NUM PUNCT CCONJ plans PART VERB ADV SYM NUM NUM ADP DET ADJ NUM years ADP PRON navy PUNCT SPACE ADV tensions ADP VERB powers AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT month standoff ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN ADP DET VERB region ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET parties VERB ADP DET PUNCT ADJ resolution PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ claims ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP rights PART VERB PRON ADV ADJ oil CCONJ gas reserves PUNCT Control ADP ADJ shipping lanes CCONJ freedom ADP navigation AUX ADV ADV VERB PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ trafficking PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ enforcement SPACE ADP addition ADP AUX DET highway ADP ADJ commerce PUNCT oceans VERB DET trafficking ADP drugs PUNCT weapons PUNCT CCONJ humans PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB ADP DET flow ADP ADJ goods PUNCT ADJ states AUX ADJ ADP VERB PRON ADJ coastlines PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET will CCONJ capacity PART AUX ADV PUNCT VERB countries PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT VERB PART VERB ADP jurisdictions CCONJ VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB states ADV VERB border security challenges PUNCT SCONJ PRON commitment ADP interdiction PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ ADP NUM percent ADP DET drugs PRON VERB DET country ADP ADJ transport PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB DET trafficking ADP drugs PUNCT weapons PUNCT CCONJ humans ADP sea PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ law enforcement ADP NUM VERB countries PART VERB ADJ container controls PART VERB ADJ drug smuggling PUNCT DET PROPN ADV VERB PROPN activity ADP human trafficking PUNCT VERB ADP NUM protocols ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ PROPN activity VERB ADJ groundwork ADP VERB ADJ ADJ trafficking PUNCT PRON VERB monitoring CCONJ enforcement mechanisms CCONJ ADV AUX DET ADJ impact ADP DET flow ADP ADJ cargo ADP ADJ ports PUNCT ADJ ADJ will PUNCT state capacity PUNCT CCONJ ADJ coordination AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ ADJ trafficking PUNCT SPACE ADJ X X ADJ arrangements AUX DET ADJ model ADP ADJ initiatives PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP instance PUNCT VERB DET ADJ set ADP measures PART VERB DET security ADP ships CCONJ ports PUNCT DET code VERB member states VERB PRON ports CCONJ VERB DET DET people CCONJ cargo PRON VERB ADP PRON PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ cooperation PART VERB ships ADP DET ADJ seas PRON AUX AUX VERB ADJ weapons ADP ADJ destruction PUNCT ADJ missiles PUNCT CCONJ ADJ technology PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB PART VERB DET containers VERB ADP PROPN ports CCONJ VERB ADJ PUNCT risk cargo PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT VERB section ADP ADJ shipping PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM way PART VERB ADJ trafficking AUX ADP VERB ADJ arrangements PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET agreement VERB DET model ADP DET ADJ ADJ inspections regime PUNCT VERB ADV ADV NUM percent ADP ships PRON VERB members PART ports ADP violations ADP conventions ADP ADJ safety PUNCT Vessels PRON VERB conventions AUX AUX VERB CCONJ repeat offenders AUX AUX VERB ADP DET memorandum PART area PUNCT SCONJ DET agreement AUX PART VERB VERB ADP ADJ cargo PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET ADJ inspections regime AUX AUX ADJ ADP VERB ADJ trafficking PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ shipping PUNCT ADJ supply chains ADP risk SPACE ADJ shipping AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PRON ADJ scope CCONJ breadth VERB DET array ADP security CCONJ safety challenges PUNCT DET ADJ fleet VERB ADP ADV NUM ships VERB ADP ADJ ADP NUM nations PUNCT ADP ADJ ADP NUM NUM employees PUNCT DET armada VERB ADP NUM NUM tons PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP goods ADP year PUNCT ADV NUM percent ADP ADJ trade PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB PROPN AUX VERB ADV ADJ trade routes PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT NUM ADJ merchant vessels VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADV ADP DET ADJ time ADP ADJ history PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADJ innovations ADP DET shipping industry PUNCT ADJ accidents CCONJ attacks ADP ships ADV VERB ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET loss ADP billions ADP dollars ADP cargo PUNCT VERB DET safety CCONJ security ADP DET ADJ shipping fleet AUX ADJ ADP DET stability ADP DET world economy PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB security guidelines ADP ships ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP Life ADP PROPN PUNCT DET VERB PRON ADP construction ADP DET number ADP fire extinguishers ADP board PUNCT DET PROPN ADV VERB PART VERB ADJ accidents ADP ADJ standards ADP navigation CCONJ navigation equipment PUNCT VERB satellite communications CCONJ VERB devices PUNCT SCONJ compliance ADP DET conventions AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT ADJ initiatives ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN AUX VERB VERB DET safety ADP ADJ shipping PUNCT SPACE ADP addition PUNCT ADJ PROPN conventions VERB DET safety ADP container shipping PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB ADJ regulations ADP VERB containers PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB DET volume ADP containers DET ship AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET conventions AUX PART VERB ADJ security solutions ADP ADJ containers PUNCT CCONJ ADJ cargo AUX AUX VERB ADP shipping containers ADP transit PUNCT SCONJ NUM PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB attacks ADP ADJ shipping ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB DET ADJ framework ADP VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB terrorists PUNCT pirates PUNCT CCONJ ADJ criminals ADP DET ADJ seas PUNCT SPACE ADP reality PUNCT ADJ enforcement efforts SCONJ DET NUM attacks AUX VERB ADP VERB ports PART VERB DET use ADP DET ship PART VERB PUNCT ADV ADP PART VERB attacks ADP DET ships PRON PUNCT VERB DET imperative PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN leadership PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET code VERB VERB ADJ standards ADP ship security PUNCT VERB ships PART AUX security plans CCONJ officers PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP ADP port security PUNCT DET code AUX PART ADJ CCONJ DET ADJ process PART VERB CCONJ VERB PROPN compliance AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ regime ADP VERB DET safety ADP ADJ shipping AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB DET vulnerability ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB PART VERB DET containers VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PART VERB DET PRON VERB DET ADJ PUNCT security risk ADP PRON AUX ADP transit PUNCT DET initiative PUNCT DET VERB ADP NUM PUNCT NUM ADJ ports PUNCT VERB ADJ ADP NUM percent ADP container cargo ADP route ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADJ partners CCONJ organizations PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB interest ADP VERB security measures ADP ADJ cargo VERB ADP DET PROPN model PUNCT SCONJ DET efforts PUNCT experts VERB SCONJ ADV NUM percent ADP containers VERB ADP PROPN ports AUX ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB piracy PUNCT Resurgent scourge PUNCT ADJ response SPACE ADP DET number ADP attacks VERB DET record high ADP NUM PUNCT incidences ADP piracy VERB NUM percent ADP DET ADJ NUM months ADP NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET number ADP ADJ attacks VERB ADP NUM ADP NUM cases PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP ADJ mobilization CCONJ VERB ADJ patrols ADP DET coast ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT attacks VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP pirates VERB routes ADP response ADP VERB policing PUNCT VERB ADJ concerns ADP DET VERB CCONJ VERB threat ADP piracy PUNCT ADP addition ADP DET human toll PUNCT piracy AUX ADJ ADJ ramifications PUNCT VERB ADP DET report ADP DET ADJ organization PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ piracy VERB DET ADJ economy ADV SYM NUM NUM ADP NUM PUNCT ADJ ADJ coordination CCONJ cooperation AUX ADJ ADP VERB CCONJ VERB piracy PUNCT SPACE VERB DET imperative PUNCT countries ADP ADP DET world AUX VERB ADJ cooperation PART VERB piracy PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET horn ADP PROPN PUNCT SCONJ piracy VERB ADV PART NUM percent ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT DET effort VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB ADP NUM VERB ADJ groups ADP contributions ADP VERB nations PUNCT SCONJ DET efforts VERB ADP VERB ships VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON ADV VERB focus ADP VERB countries PUNCT ADV PROPN PUNCT VERB piracy CCONJ VERB PRON ports PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ patrols ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ countries VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADJ vessels ADP DET region PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT ADJ organizations AUX ADV VERB ADP antipiracy efforts PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP VERB PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP PUNCT ADP PROPN AUX DET ADJ ADJ initiatives PUNCT CCONJ AUX AUX ADV ADJ ADP VERB information PUNCT sharing PUNCT cooperation ADP governments PUNCT CCONJ interdiction efforts PUNCT CCONJ ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADJ force VERB PRON ADJ air attack ADP ADJ pirates PART land bases PUNCT DET ADJ strike ADP PRON kind ADP ADJ actors ADP date PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ countries PUNCT ADJ institutions AUX VERB piracy CCONJ VERB DET use ADP force ADP pirates PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADV VERB PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB ADJ cooperation ADP VERB piracy CCONJ VERB countries PART VERB assistance ADP PROPN PART VERB VERB ADJ security PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET VERB states PART VERB PUNCT DET ADJ means PUNCT PART VERB piracy ADP DET coast ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET use ADP force ADP land ADV ADV ADP ADP sea ADP DET ADJ end PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PUNCT watchdogs ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB information ADP pirate attacks CCONJ VERB reports ADP DET safety ADP shipping routes PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ ADP VERB awareness PUNCT VERB information PUNCT CCONJ VERB antipiracy cooperation PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADJ ADJ efforts VERB ADJ ADJ challenges PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX PART VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB crimes PUNCT VERB piracy PUNCT ADP ADJ waters PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ regime VERB PART VERB ADP ADJ countries PART VERB pirates PUNCT CCONJ governments AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP DET burden PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ pirates AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PART AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ vessels VERB ADP ADJ ADJ guards PART VERB pirate attacks PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ foundations VERB DET DET force AUX ADJ ADP ADV PUNCT SPACE ADJ governments AUX VERB efforts PART VERB pirates ADP justice ADV ADV PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB PRON ADJ piracy trial SCONJ PRON ADJ war PUNCT ADV VERB ADP PROPN PART ADJ trial ADP ADP NUM NUM years PUNCT ADJ agreements AUX AUX VERB PART VERB pirates ADP ADJ countries ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PART VERB DET PROPN ADP PROPN PART VERB Piracy ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP DET mandate ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP Piracy ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET fund VERB PART VERB DET ADJ capital VERB ADP countries ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PART VERB pirates PUNCT ADV ADV ADP PART VERB awareness ADP ADJ society ADP DET risk VERB ADP piracy CCONJ ADJ activity PUNCT ADJ efforts PART VERB piracy AUX VERB PART VERB ADP VERB ADJ cooperation CCONJ agreements PUNCT VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ instruments ADJ PART VERB pirates PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET root causes ADP piracy PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ pollution CCONJ climate change PUNCT VERB progress SPACE Pollution AUX VERB environments CCONJ VERB biodiversity ADP DET ocean PUNCT ADJ contamination VERB ADP land PUNCT VERB pollutants PUNCT ADV ADP ADV VERB ADJ areas PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADJ initiatives PART VERB pollution PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ program ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT states VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP Land PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT DET VERB sources ADP land PUNCT VERB pollution CCONJ VERB states VERB priorities ADP action PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP VERB awareness ADP land PUNCT VERB pollution CCONJ VERB ADJ assistance ADP ADJ VERB bodies PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADV VERB ADP resources PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT NUM PROPN member states VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP biodiversity PUNCT DET VERB PART VERB DET ADJ extinction rate ADP NUM CCONJ VERB protection ADP NUM percent ADP DET world PART oceans PUNCT SPACE Shipping vessels AUX ADV DET ADJ source ADP ADJ pollution PUNCT Shipping AUX DET ADV ADV ADJ way PART VERB bulk cargoes PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ pollution VERB ADJ SCONJ ADP PRON ADV ADJ nature PUNCT Shipping AUX ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB ADJ pollution ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT States AUX ADJ ADP VERB CCONJ VERB PROPN ADP PRON ADJ fleets PART VERB DET ADV ADJ forms ADP ADJ pollution PUNCT VERB oil spills PUNCT particulate matter ADJ ADP sulfur oxide PUNCT SOx PUNCT CCONJ ADJ oxide PUNCT NOx PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ greenhouse gas emissions PUNCT Port cities VERB DET brunt ADP air pollution PUNCT DET VERB ADJ air quality SCONJ ADJ ships VERB bunker fuel PUNCT DET ADJ form ADP ADJ oil PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADJ steps PART VERB SOx CCONJ NOx emissions ADP VERB DET PROPN guidelines PART VERB ADJ matter ADP ships PUNCT SCONJ ADJ efforts PUNCT DET NUM study PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB SCONJ ADJ shipping ADV VERB ADP ADV NUM percent ADP DET greenhouse gasses PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN AUX VERB ADJ success ADP VERB oil VERB ADP DET ADJ environment PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ shipping boom PUNCT oil spills AUX ADP DET DET PUNCT time low PUNCT DET achievements ADP DET PROPN AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP commitments ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PART VERB ADP oil pollution ADP DET action plan PRON ADV VERB pollution prevention ADP tankers PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB DET success ADP PRON efforts PART VERB shipping emissions PUNCT SPACE Climate change AUX ADV VERB ADJ damage PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADJ oceans VERB PRON ADJ ADJ temperature PUNCT NUM degrees PROPN PUNCT ADP DET world VERB PUNCT oceans VERB VERB levels ADP carbon dioxide PUNCT DET VERB DET water CCONJ VERB wetlands PUNCT mangroves PUNCT CCONJ ADJ reefs PUNCT ecosystems PRON VERB millions ADP species ADP plants CCONJ animals PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ studies PUNCT ocean acidity AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADP NUM percent ADP NUM SCONJ VERB measures AUX PART VERB ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ice VERB sea levels PUNCT VERB beaches PUNCT VERB communities PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET salinity ADP freshwater bodies PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ island nation ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ country ADP DET world PUNCT AUX AUX ADV VERB SCONJ sea levels VERB PART VERB ADP DET ADJ rate PUNCT SPACE ADJ states AUX ADJ ADP VERB changes ADP PRON ADJ ADJ climates PUNCT CCONJ ADJ efforts PART VERB DET effect ADP climate change ADP DET oceans AUX VERB ADP pace PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB countries VERB ADJ bodies ADP water PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ ADJ policies PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET ADJ approach PART VERB climate change PUNCT SPACE ADJ fisheries policies ADP DET ADJ seas PUNCT DET ADJ disaster SPACE States AUX DET ADJ right PART VERB fishing ADP PRON ADJ ADJ zones PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB NUM NUM ADJ miles ADP shore PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV PUNCT ADP DET case ADP ADJ ADJ shelves PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET PROPN AUX DET ADJ seas PUNCT DET AUX PART VERB ADP DET NUM country PART jurisdiction PUNCT Freedom ADP DET ADJ seas AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ flow ADP ADJ commerce PUNCT CCONJ VERB disaster ADP ADJ fisheries ADP DET textbook case ADP DET tragedy ADP DET commons PUNCT ADP years PUNCT ADJ PUNCT scale fishing vessels VERB fish ADV ADV ADP ADJ ADP ADJ regard ADP DET ADJ costs PUNCT VERB NUM percent ADP DET ocean PART biomass ADP ADJ ADP DET century PUNCT ADV PUNCT fisheries VERB ADP NUM sets ADP challenges PUNCT ADJ enforcement capacity CCONJ lack ADP market PUNCT VERB governance solutions PART VERB ADJ incentives PART overfish PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ mechanisms ADP fisheries management PUNCT DET system AUX ADJ ADP ADJ gaps CCONJ weaknesses VERB ADP ADJ fishing vessels PUNCT PROPN NUM CCONJ NUM ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ fisheries responsibilities ADP state parties PUNCT VERB DET onus ADP ADJ governments PART VERB policies CCONJ ADJ agreements PRON VERB ADJ management CCONJ conservation ADP fish stocks ADP PRON ADJ areas PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB ADP DET ADJ approach ADP ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ fish stocks PRON VERB ADV ADP CCONJ ADP ADP DET ADJ seas PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM countries AUX VERB DET PROPN ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET review conference ADP PROPN NUM AUX VERB ADP DET success ADP ADP DET passage ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PART VERB ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT fishing PUNCT CCONJ fish stocks AUX VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADV ADJ levels PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN AUX ADV VERB PART VERB PROPN operations PUNCT SPACE ADJ fishery bodies PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP implementation CCONJ monitoring PUNCT DET PROPN VERB guidelines CCONJ advice ADP DET variety ADP issues VERB ADP fishing PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ catch PUNCT by PUNCT catch PUNCT vessel monitoring systems PUNCT areas CCONJ seasons VERB ADP fishing PUNCT CCONJ VERB CCONJ VERB fishery statistics PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV DET portion ADP DET bodies VERB DET management ADP PRON recommendations PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN VERB members PART ADV VERB ADJ decisions PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN AUX PART ADJ ADP PRON membership CCONJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ part PUNCT PRON rules AUX PART VERB ADP vessels VERB ADP DET state ADP DET body PUNCT SPACE ADV SCONJ ADJ bodies VERB DET VERB decision ADP DET ADJ PUNCT seas case PUNCT implementation VERB ADP state will CCONJ capacity PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET fund PART VERB VERB countries ADP PRON obligations PART VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ value ADP DET fund VERB ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT CCONJ countries PART compliance AUX ADV VERB ADP resource scarcity PUNCT DET VERB ADP ADJ enforcement PUNCT DET VERB vessels PART VERB ADJ standards ADP impunity PUNCT ADV ADP DET coasts ADP ADJ states PUNCT ADJ species ADP ADJ fin tuna AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB ADP ADJ boundaries CCONJ AUX ADJ ADJ value PUNCT SPACE DET ADP DET PROPN ADP management oversight PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX AUX ADV ADJ ADP VERB overfishing PUNCT PRON AUX VERB oversight systems CCONJ ADJ measures PART VERB ADJ PUNCT water trawl fishing CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ fishing ADP DET ADJ seas PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ arrangements PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB PART VERB ADP ADJ ADJ authority PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT DET regions ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ PROPN PROPN VERB RFBs PUNCT DET AUX VERB VERB DET void ADP market PUNCT VERB solutions ADP catch shares PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB DET incentives ADP stewardship PUNCT Catch shares PUNCT ADV VERB ADP ADJ access privilege programs PUNCT VERB innovation CCONJ VERB fisheries VERB efficiency ADP VERB DET stock ADP fish ADP DET ADJ fisherman PUNCT community PUNCT fishery association PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ state PUNCT DET year ADP DET beginning ADP fishing season PUNCT ADJ fishermen AUX VERB SCONJ ADJ fish PRON AUX VERB PART VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV AUX VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB shares PART VERB profit PUNCT ADP VERB ADJ PUNCT market principles PUNCT fisheries AUX VERB DET ADJ equilibrium ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT VERB ADP research PUNCT ADV ADJ catch shares policies AUX VERB DET value ADP DET fishing industry ADP ADJ ADP SYM NUM NUM PUNCT SCONJ VERB DET shares ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT level VERB ADJ PUNCT DET idea VERB ADP DET kind ADP policy work VERB PART ADV VERB DET ADJ commons PUNCT SPACE VERB DET PROPN PUNCT ADP DET crossroads SPACE ADJ ice AUX VERB ADP ADJ rates PUNCT ADP DET pace PUNCT experts VERB SCONJ DET PROPN AUX AUX ADV ice ADJ ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV ADV PUNCT ADP DET ice VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ ADJ resources PUNCT ADJ coordination AUX VERB ADV ADV ADJ ADP states PUNCT CCONJ ADJ groups PUNCT VERB ADP position ADP DET region PUNCT SPACE DET VERB ice AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ ADJ sea routes CCONJ stores ADP ADJ resources PUNCT SCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT cargo ships AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB DET ADJ PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ routes ADP DET capes CCONJ ADP DET canals PUNCT VERB sea routes ADV VERB SCONJ fishing fleets AUX VERB ADV ADP search ADP ADJ fishing stock PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ cruise ships AUX VERB tourists VERB DET ADJ glimpse ADP DET VERB ice PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT ADJ resources ADJ ADP oil PUNCT ADJ gas PUNCT ADJ earth minerals PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ wind PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ energy VERB ADJ potential PUNCT ADP DET ADJ estimate PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB SCONJ DET PROPN AUX VERB NUM percent ADP DET world PART hydrocarbon resources PUNCT VERB NUM NUM barrels ADP oil CCONJ NUM NUM ADJ feet ADP ADJ gas PUNCT ADP oil CCONJ gas PUNCT DET PROPN AUX ADJ mineral commodities ADJ ADP zinc PUNCT nickel PUNCT CCONJ coal PUNCT SPACE CCONJ ADJ opportunities ADP DET PROPN ADV VERB ADJ competition ADP states PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB DET flag ADP DET PROPN floor PUNCT VERB DET claim ADP ADJ chunks ADP ADJ land PUNCT ADJ PROPN powers VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADJ claims PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ PROPN policy PUNCT CCONJ PROPN VERB DET icebreaker ADP NUM ADJ ADJ expeditions PUNCT DET country VERB VERB PART VERB ADJ treasure ADP DET ADV ADJ ADJ region PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX DET ADJ foundation ADP DET PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ PROPN policies PUNCT ADV articles NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT DET VERB DET limits ADP DET ADJ ADJ shelf PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB activities ADP ice PUNCT VERB waters PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ list ADP VERB sovereignty disputes PRON AUX VERB ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ resolutions PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ forum VERB NUM PROPN nations PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ prominence PUNCT VERB DET ADV VERB treaty ADP search CCONJ rescue missions ADP PROPN NUM CCONJ VERB ADJ PUNCT level policymakers ADP PRON meetings PUNCT SCONJ DET AUX ADJ ADJ steps PUNCT DET forum AUX ADV PART VERB ADJ issues ADJ ADP VERB PROPN claims PUNCT VERB ADJ boundaries PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ status ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ ADP DET ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ organizations ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT PRON VERB VERB DET decades PUNCT ADJ process ADP VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB DET VERB role ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT VERB bodies PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP DET VERB force ADP ADJ fisheries organizations CCONJ PROPN PROPN forums PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV AUX ADP DET vanguard ADP ocean policy PUNCT ADJ ADP DET NUM PROPN PROPN report PUNCT ADJ conservation acts ADP DET NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT catch limits ADP DET ADV PUNCT VERB fish species PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADV AUX leaders ADP ADJ science ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ perspective PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET world PART oceans CCONJ VERB DET environment SCONJ ADJ commerce AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE ADV DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADV ADP ADJ issues PUNCT ADV ADV VERB PRON reluctance PART VERB PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX PART AUX DET ADJ ADJ oceans policy PUNCT PART VERB DET gap PUNCT PROPN president PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PART VERB ADJ issues ADP ADJ PUNCT state PUNCT CCONJ ADJ levels PUNCT CCONJ PART VERB DET ADJ vision ADP SCONJ oceans AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET task force VERB ADP DET creation ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADJ ADP PUNCT VERB ADJ action plans PART VERB NUM priority objectives PRON VERB DET ADP DET ADV ADJ challenges VERB DET ocean PUNCT PRON coasts PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV PART VERB ADJ gains PUNCT PDF PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ oceans policy framework AUX VERB VERB DET way ADP DET spadework ADP VERB PROPN ocean governance CCONJ VERB ADJ efforts PUNCT SPACE AUX DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB DET governance framework PRON VERB ADV NUM PUNCT quarters ADP DET earth PART surface PUNCT AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP NUM countries CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADP ADV DET handful ADP countries PART AUX VERB CCONJ PART ADV VERB DET treaty PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON ADV VERB ADJ ADP DET provisions ADP ADJ ADJ law PUNCT Leaders ADP DET sides ADP DET ADJ aisle ADV ADV ADP ADJ PUNCT conservation PUNCT business PUNCT industry PUNCT CCONJ security groups AUX VERB ratification ADP order PART VERB ADJ security interests CCONJ VERB PRON ADJ benefits PUNCT ADJ ADP VERB rights ADP PROPN ADJ CCONJ ADJ ships CCONJ VERB DET competitiveness ADP PROPN companies ADP seafaring activities PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADP DET ADJ services PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB PROPN SCONJ PRON provisions AUX ADV VERB PART VERB PROPN ADJ efforts PUNCT ADP VERB DET nonparty PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET credibility PART VERB PRON ADJ interests ADP ADJ decision PUNCT VERB forums ADV ADV ADP VERB complaints ADP DET ADJ dispute resolution body PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT Opponents VERB SCONJ VERB DET treaty AUX VERB sovereignty ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB PROPN ADJ CCONJ ADJ activities PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT critics VERB ADP ADJ provisions VERB taxes ADP activities ADP ADJ ADJ shelves PUNCT ADJ dispute settlements PUNCT ADJ activism ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP regard ADP land PUNCT VERB sources ADP pollution PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB ability ADP PROPN PART VERB PROPN intelligence PUNCT VERB activities PUNCT ADV PUNCT critics VERB SCONJ SCONJ PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ ADJ law PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP ADJ accession PUNCT SPACE AUX DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET initiative PART VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADV PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT DET experts VERB DET ADJ way PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ system AUX PART VERB DET ADJ security solution PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB VERB SCONJ ADJ PUNCT risk containers AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP PRON VERB PRON destination PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM countries AUX ADV ADP board ADP DET initiative PUNCT CCONJ ADJ others AUX VERB interest ADP VERB PRON ADJ security measures ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PRON members PART VERB programs VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB DET initiative ADP PRON territory PUNCT ADP PRON ADJ ADJ experience PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET ADJ expertise PART VERB DET integrity ADP DET container system PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT Opponents VERB SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB PRON tax dollars ADV ADP DET ADJ security system SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PART VERB PRON ADJ imports PUNCT ADP date PUNCT ADJ ADP SYM NUM NUM CCONJ ADJ ADJ energy AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN PART VERB DET program ADP NUM PUNCT NUM ADJ ports PUNCT SCONJ agents AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ PUNCT risk containers PUNCT VERB DET scale ADP world trade PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ ADP NUM NUM containers ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET handful ADP ADJ PUNCT risk boxes AUX AUX VERB ADP inspection PUNCT ADP ADJ expenditures CCONJ years ADP ADJ work PART VERB DET program ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADV ADP NUM percent ADP DET cargo PRON VERB DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADP ADJ ports VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET PUNCT ADV ADV NUM percent AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADP DET cost ADP DET PROPN taxpayer ADP ADJ ADP SYM NUM ADP container PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ ADJ mandates PART VERB DET ADJ containers PUNCT critics VERB SCONJ costs VERB VERB DET mandate ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ resources DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB imports VERB ADV ADP PRON shores PUNCT SPACE AUX DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADJ PART VERB DET ADJ decline ADP DET world PART fisheries PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT Advocates VERB SCONJ DET ADJ demise ADP ADJ fish stocks PUNCT ADP AUX DET ADJ burden PUNCT VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ security interests ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB fish stocks AUX VERB ADP ADJ part ADP DET prevalence ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT fishing CCONJ DET overcapitalization ADP DET ADJ ADJ fishing fleet ADP ADJ subsidies PUNCT PART VERB ADJ ADJ fisheries CCONJ DET competitiveness ADP PROPN exports ADP DET ADJ seafood market PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB efforts ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PART VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ assistance ADP nations VERB ADP PROPN fishing PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADJ steps PART VERB DET ADJ gaps ADP fisheries management PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ country PART VERB catch limits ADP DET ADV PUNCT VERB fish species PUNCT DET species ADP DET mahi mahi AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ time ADP history PUNCT ADJ ADJ experts VERB DET move ADP DET ADJ model ADP ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ fisheries policy PUNCT PART VERB ADP ADJ gains PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB PART VERB fishing subsidies ADP areas ADJ ADP PROPN PRON VERB overcapitalization CCONJ ADV ADJ depletion ADP fish stocks PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB market PUNCT VERB mechanisms PUNCT ADP catch shares CCONJ ADJ access privilege programs PUNCT PART VERB fishermen CCONJ PRON communities VERB overfishing CCONJ VERB DET value ADP ADJ fisheries ADP ADP PART SYM NUM NUM PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT Critics VERB SCONJ fisheries management AUX ADP CCONJ ADJ DET ADJ issue PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ right PART VERB ADJ nations SCONJ PART VERB PRON ADJ resources PUNCT ADV SCONJ ADJ measures AUX VERB ADJ economies PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET science ADP overfishing AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP AUX DET warnings ADP DET consequences ADP DET ADJ fisheries collapse PUNCT VERB conventions ADP DET NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN ADV VERB ADV ADV ADP VERB DET issue PUNCT DET ADJ efforts PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT AUX AUX DET ADJ overreach PUNCT ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ burden ADP DET VERB ADJ fishing industry PUNCT Critics ADV VERB SCONJ market PUNCT VERB mechanisms PUNCT ADJ ADP catch PUNCT shares PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB PUNCT VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP ADJ bubbles PUNCT SPACE AUX DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ ADJ strategy PART VERB ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT DET VERB PROPN VERB ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ potential ADP DET PROPN government PUNCT military PUNCT CCONJ businesses PUNCT DET VERB frontier AUX ADV VERB DET variety ADP ADJ activities PUNCT VERB energy exploration PUNCT ADJ commerce PUNCT CCONJ ADJ development ADP ADJ fisheries PUNCT Countries ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN AUX ADV VERB claims ADP DET region PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET sideline ADP DET ADJ PROPN strategy PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ forum ADP VERB CCONJ VERB disputes ADP VERB territory PUNCT ADP DET nonparty PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ leverage CCONJ position PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT DET PROPN military AUX PART AUX DET ADJ icebreaker PUNCT SCONJ PROPN VERB ADP NUM PUNCT Experts VERB SCONJ DET PROPN government AUX ADV VERB DET ADV VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET AUX DET ADJ agreement PRON PUNCT VERB ADJ classifications CCONJ standards ADP ships VERB ADP DET PROPN ADV ADV ADP ADJ navigation CCONJ emergency training ADP DET VERB ADP CCONJ ADP ice PUNCT VERB waters PUNCT PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT Opponents VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN activities CCONJ DET NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB PROPN PROPN polices PUNCT AUX ADJ PUNCT DET collaboration ADP PROPN PART VERB disputes ADP DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB freedom ADP navigation ADP PROPN ADJ assets ADV PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ security concern VERB DET advantages ADP VERB ADP security PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ issues ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADJ PUNCT VERB DET ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ PROPN coastlines PUNCT ADJ PROPN diplomacy AUX ADV AUX VERB ADV ADV ADP ADP ADJ ADJ initiatives PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN negotiations SPACE PROPN VERB PART VERB negotiations ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ trade agreement ADP counties ADP DET PROPN rim PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ outline ADP DET agreement AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM rounds ADP negotiations AUX ADV ADV VERB NUM countries ADV PART VERB DET PROPN PUNCT DET addition ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ force ADP DET region PUNCT ADP DET ADJ participant VERB ADP DET ADJ step ADP VERB DET ADJ agreement PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADV PUNCT ADJ shipping lane ADP DET world PUNCT CCONJ AUX DET PROPN VERB DET reality PUNCT ADJ shipping AUX ADV VERB PUNCT DET ADJ round ADP negotiations AUX VERB place ADP PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ goal ADP agreement AUX PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN VERB PART VERB implementation ADP ADJ code ADP conduct ADP piracy SPACE ADP DET ADJ meeting ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB PART VERB DET implementation ADP DET ADJ code ADP conduct ADP piracy CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ activity PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP partnership ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB provisions ADP VERB sea- CCONJ land PUNCT VERB vehicles VERB ADP ADJ activities ADP sea PUNCT VERB VERB criminals PUNCT CCONJ VERB information ADP state parties PUNCT DET code VERB ADP ADJ VERB frameworks PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ ADJ coast guard PUNCT DET agreement AUX VERB PART VERB ADP signature ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT ADJ fishing restrictions ADP sharks CCONJ rays SPACE Delegates VERB DET ADJ meeting ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB PART VERB ADJ export restrictions ADP NUM species ADP sharks CCONJ NUM species ADP manta rays PUNCT ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT DET NUM shark species PUNCT DET ADJ whitetip PUNCT hammerhead PUNCT CCONJ porbeagle PUNCT AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADP NUM percent PUNCT SCONJ experts VERB SCONJ DET ADJ rules AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP practice PUNCT DET decision VERB DET ADJ victory ADP ADJ interests PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PART VERB PROPN PART ADJ claims ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE DET ADJ government VERB PRON intention PART VERB PROPN ADP DET ADJ arbitration tribunal VERB ADP claims SCONJ PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET dispute VERB ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT SCONJ tensions VERB ADP DET PROPN shoal PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET countries PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ claims ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP rights PART VERB PRON ADV ADJ oil CCONJ gas reserves PUNCT Control ADP ADJ shipping lanes CCONJ freedom ADP navigation AUX ADV ADV VERB PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT ADJ ice VERB record ADJ SPACE ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ice ADP DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET DET PUNCT time low ADP NUM percent PUNCT VERB DET ADJ record ADP NUM percent ADP NUM PUNCT DET finding PART ADV AUX implications ADP climate change CCONJ ADJ stability PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP VERB competition ADP states VERB ADP access ADP ADJ resources ADP DET region PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT DET VERB PROPN AUX VERB troves ADP ADJ resources VERB oil PUNCT gas PUNCT CCONJ minerals PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADV ADJ shipping routes PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ states ADV VERB parts ADP DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN AUX ADV DET VERB presence PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT Tensions VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN VERB NUM islands ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PRON VERB part ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET islands PUNCT VERB ADP DET countries PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN SCONJ NUM PUNCT CCONJ sovereignty VERB ADV VERB PUNCT VERB PROPN PART announcement PUNCT protests VERB ADP ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADJ leaders VERB PROPN ADP PUNCT ADV VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON sovereignty PUNCT SPACE ADP DET move PART VERB PRON claim ADP DET islands PUNCT PROPN VERB PRON intention PART VERB PRON objections ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB patrol ships PART VERB DET islands PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT tensions VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ aircraft VERB ADP airspace ADP DET islands PUNCT CCONJ DET countries VERB ADJ vessels PART VERB ADJ waters PUNCT DET sides VERB ADJ SCONJ PRON AUX DET room ADP negotiations ADP PRON control ADP DET islands PUNCT DET AUX ADP ADJ proximity ADP ADJ shipping routes PUNCT fishing grounds PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ oil reserves PUNCT SPACE Options ADP VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PRON AUX DET series ADP measures PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB PART VERB PROPN CCONJ ADJ ocean governance PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP ADV VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP DET foundation PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADV VERB regimes PUNCT VERB ADJ PUNCT century agreements PART VERB ADJ ocean challenges PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADP DET cases PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ lead ADP VERB ADJ institutions CCONJ regimes PUNCT DET recommendations VERB DET views ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ fellow CCONJ director ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ VERB fellow ADP ocean governance PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ term PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PRON ADJ partners AUX VERB DET ADJ steps PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB PROPN SPACE DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET action PRON AUX VERB PRON ADJ credibility CCONJ VERB DET PROPN PROPN DET ADJ partner ADP ADJ ocean governance PUNCT DET ADV VERB agreement AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP NUM countries CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV SCONJ VERB DET ADJ role VERB PROPN PART content PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB PART VERB PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADV DET handful ADP countries ADP DET coastline PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PART PART AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE ADJ issues ADJ ADP DET VERB PROPN VERB ADJ urgency ADP PROPN ratification PUNCT ADP VERB PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PRON ADP ADP ADJ ADJ policymaking bodies PUNCT VERB DET seat ADP decision PUNCT making forums ADJ ADP ADJ growth CCONJ ADJ security interests PUNCT NUM ADJ forum SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN AUX DET say AUX DET commission VERB ADP DET authority PART VERB countries PART claims PART VERB PRON ADJ ADJ zones PUNCT DET process PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ ADJ partitioning ADP ADJ space ADP earth PUNCT ADP DET nonparty ADP DET treaty PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET opportunity PART VERB PRON ADJ jurisdiction ADP DET ADJ ocean area ADP PRON PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN coasts PUNCT ADJ ADP ADV DET DET size ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET opportunity PART AUX DET say ADP deliberations ADP ADJ nations PART claims ADV PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET convention VERB ADP DET expansion ADP PROPN sovereignty ADP VERB PROPN sea borders PUNCT VERB DET freedom ADP ship CCONJ air traffic PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET ADJ tools ADJ PART VERB piracy CCONJ ADJ trafficking PUNCT ADJ participants ADP PROPN flotillas CCONJ coalitions ADV VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP VERB DET rule ADP law SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB DET convention PRON VERB DET actions ADP ADV DET ADJ nation PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADJ ocean policies ADP ADJ states SPACE DET creation ADP DET ADJ CCONJ VERB PROPN oceans policy AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ efforts ADP VERB ADJ countries PUNCT ADV PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT VERB PROPN nations AUX AUX ADJ players ADP VERB ADJ ocean policies PRON ADV VERB DET ADJ tapestry ADP ADJ governance PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ VERB powers AUX VERB DET ADJ government official PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET cases DET head ADP state PUNCT PART VERB ADP ADJ ADJ states CCONJ ADJ bodies PART VERB ocean governance policies CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ threats PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ opportunity ADP DET efforts AUX ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT ADP PROPN assistance PUNCT ADJ ADJ initiatives AUX ADV AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET moratorium ADP ADV ADJ ADJ fisheries SPACE ADJ fishing PUNCT DET multi ADJ NUM dollar industry ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX ADP ADJ danger PUNCT DET oceans AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB SCONJ ADJ fish stocks AUX PART VERB PUNCT ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT fish PRON AUX ADV VERB ADJ AUX AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ levels PUNCT ADP PART NUM percent ADP ADJ ADJ fish AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADV half ADP fish stocks ADP DET world AUX AUX ADV VERB CCONJ ADV NUM PUNCT third AUX AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADJ imposition ADP catch limits ADP DET ADV PUNCT VERB fish species AUX DET ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ ADJ step PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET moratorium ADP DET ADV ADJ ADJ fisheries PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN ADJ fin tuna PUNCT CCONJ tuna AUX ADV ADV ADP DET predicament PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ species AUX VERB DET ADJ fate PUNCT Policymakers AUX VERB ADP ADP ADJ ADJ pressure CCONJ VERB fishing moratoriums ADP DET ADV ADJ fisheries PART VERB PRON DET chance PART VERB PUNCT VERB ADV AUX AUX DET ADJ act PRON AUX VERB VERB VERB fish SCONJ VERB DET ADV ADJ resource PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ term PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PRON ADJ partners AUX VERB DET ADJ steps PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB PROPN SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB agreements VERB ADP DET bedrock ADP ADJ ocean policy PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN AUX NUM years ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PART VERB ADP VERB threats ADJ ADP ADJ crime CCONJ ADJ pollution PUNCT ADV ADV ADP VERB market PUNCT VERB principles ADP catch shares ADP ADJ fisheries PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ seas PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT DET VERB ADP ice PUNCT VERB areas PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PART ADV VERB DET VERB PROPN PUNCT DET AUX AUX DET area ADP VERB focus CCONJ ADJ tension ADP DET VERB years PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ community AUX ADV VERB DET pressure ADP ADJ states PRON ADV VERB PART VERB ADJ borders ADV PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PROPN PART claim ADP DET ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT states AUX VERB ADP VERB PROPN mechanisms PART VERB ADJ ADJ conflicts PUNCT ADJ ADP VERB ADJ ADJ zones ADP ADJ ADJ shelf claims PUNCT CCONJ sovereignty disputes PUNCT ADJ ADP DET ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Bolster enforcement capacity SPACE ADJ ocean PUNCT VERB governance issues AUX shortcomings PART SCONJ rules ADP ADJ management AUX PART VERB PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADJ states AUX PART VERB PRON PUNCT DET failure ADP DET oversight ADP ADJ waters ADV VERB ADP ADJ degradation CCONJ PUNCT ADP cases ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP problems ADP ADJ implications PUNCT ADJ ADP piracy PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ community AUX VERB ADV ADJ ADJ states VERB DET capacity PART VERB PUNCT X PUNCT fisheries rules fleets PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN regulations PART VERB ocean dumping CCONJ pollution PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ shipping regulations ADP states ADP ADJ registries ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT CCONJ VERB mandates VERB PART VERB ADJ trafficking PUNCT ADJ countries AUX ADV VERB ADV ADJ areas VERB ADJ variables ADJ ADP acidification PUNCT coral reefs PUNCT CCONJ fisheries PUNCT
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Publisher PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE Release PROPN ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM SPACE Scope ADP DET PROPN SPACE PROPN AUX DET source ADP life ADP earth PUNCT PRON VERB DET climate PUNCT VERB DET world PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET air PRON VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADP PRON ADJ well being PUNCT VERB ADV NUM percent ADP ADJ commerce PUNCT VERB submarine cables PUNCT CCONJ VERB NUM PUNCT third ADP ADJ hydrocarbon resources PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADJ forms ADP energy ADJ ADP wave PUNCT wind PUNCT CCONJ ADJ power PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET oceans AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ array ADP dangers PUNCT ADP piracy ADP climate change PUNCT PART AUX ADJ stewards ADP DET oceans PUNCT nations ADP DET world VERB PART VERB ADV ADJ ADJ governance ADP DET ADJ PUNCT security PUNCT CCONJ ADJ realms PUNCT SPACE DET world PART seas AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP top ADP bottom PUNCT ADJ technologies PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ practices ADJ PUNCT SCONJ ADJ trawlers VERB DET sea floor PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ ecosystems PUNCT ADJ ships VERB ADP DET surface CCONJ VERB carbon PUNCT VERB emissions PUNCT CCONJ ADJ developments ADP ADJ drilling CCONJ ADJ seabed mining AUX VERB humans VERB resources ADP ADJ depths PUNCT SCONJ ADP ADJ ADJ impact PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ transit routes VERB ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT VERB pole AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ frontier ADP ADJ businesses CCONJ governments PUNCT SPACE CCONJ oceans AUX ADJ ADP ADV sources ADP profit PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADP settings ADP ADJ crime PUNCT Piracy PUNCT drug smuggling PUNCT CCONJ ADJ immigration DET VERB ADP waters ADP DET world PUNCT ADV DET ADV ADJ ports VERB PART VERB cargo PUNCT containers PUNCT CCONJ crews ADP VERB ADJ friction CCONJ VERB ADJ commerce PUNCT ADP ADJ history PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET ADJ commons PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT water navies VERB ADJ questions ADP SCONJ DET VERB security guarantor AUX VERB VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT ADJ powers PUNCT SPACE CCONJ DET oceans PRON AUX ADP danger ADP ADJ catastrophe PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET world PART garbage dump PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET heart ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ particles ADP plastic VERB plankton NUM ADP NUM PUNCT NUM percent ADP DET world PART fish stocks AUX VERB CCONJ ADP DET verge ADP extinction PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ carbon dioxide AUX VERB ADP DET atmosphere PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON AUX VERB ADP DET world PART oceans PUNCT DET water PUNCT ADP response PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT VERB habitats ADP wetlands CCONJ ADJ reefs PUNCT ADJ melting ADP DET ADJ regions VERB ADJ sea levels PUNCT DET VERB PART ADV ADJ ecosystems CCONJ ADV humans PRON VERB ADP CCONJ ADP DET coast PUNCT ADV PUNCT port PUNCT VERB megacities VERB pollution ADP DET ocean PUNCT VERB DET degradation ADP DET ADJ environment CCONJ DET effects ADP climate change PUNCT SPACE Threats ADP DET ocean AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT VERB DET shores ADP DET part ADP DET world PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT DET ADV ADJ attempt PART VERB ADJ waters VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN refusal PART VERB DET convention PUNCT SCONJ ADJ ADJ support PUNCT VERB PART VERB PRON strength PUNCT VERB DET leadership vacuum ADP DET ADJ regime PUNCT ADJ states PRON AUX VERB DET treaty ADV VERB PRON guidelines CCONJ VERB PART VERB policies ADP ADJ jurisdictions PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV NUM years ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADJ initiatives PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ fishery arrangements CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ landscape PRON VERB ADV PUNCT VERB instruments PART VERB CCONJ VERB PRON work PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP NUM NUM heads ADP state PART VERB progress CCONJ VERB goals ADP DET ADV ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ economy PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET opportunity PART VERB ADJ targets PART VERB oceans security CCONJ biodiversity VERB ADJ ADJ outcomes PUNCT ADP threats ADP DET oceans VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT nations ADP DET world VERB PART VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB DET VERB form ADP oceans governance PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT Strengths CCONJ Weaknesses SPACE ADJ assessment PUNCT DET ADJ system SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ ADJ principles ADP ocean governance PUNCT DET convention PUNCT ADV DET ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ treaty ADV VERB PUNCT VERB ADP force ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADV VERB corpus ADP ADJ ADJ law PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB DET rights PUNCT responsibilities PUNCT CCONJ jurisdictions ADP states ADP PRON use CCONJ management ADP DET world PART oceans PUNCT DET treaty VERB PUNCT ADJ ADJ zones PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET AUX DET ADJ water CCONJ seabed PUNCT VERB NUM NUM ADJ miles ADP shore PUNCT ADP DET DET state AUX ADJ rights ADP DET use ADP ADJ resources PUNCT VERB DET limits ADP DET country PART PUNCT ADJ sea PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ territory ADP DET state PRON VERB NUM ADJ miles ADP shore PUNCT CCONJ VERB rules ADP transit ADP PUNCT ADJ straits PUNCT PUNCT PRON ADV VERB PUNCT ADP VERB degrees ADP effectiveness PUNCT resource division PUNCT ADJ traffic PUNCT CCONJ pollution regulation PUNCT ADV ADV ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ forum ADP dispute resolution ADP ocean PUNCT VERB issues PUNCT ADP date PUNCT NUM countries CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX DET ADJ achievement PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB oceans governance regime VERB ADJ ADJ limitations PUNCT ADJ PUNCT DET world PART VERB ADJ power PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX PART party ADP DET convention PUNCT DET VERB ADJ challenges ADP PRON effectiveness PUNCT ADV ADV ADP VERB PROPN sovereignty PUNCT ADJ interests PUNCT CCONJ ability PART VERB leadership ADP resource management CCONJ dispute resolution PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ benefits VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ minority ADP DET PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB ADJ ratification PUNCT SPACE ADJ PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV NUM years ADJ CCONJ PUNCT ADP DET result PUNCT AUX PART ADV VERB DET number ADP VERB CCONJ ADV ADJ ADJ issues PUNCT ADJ ADP fishing ADP DET ADJ seas PUNCT DET ADJ case ADP DET tragedy ADP DET commons PUNCT ADJ ADJ pollution PUNCT CCONJ ADJ crime VERB ADP sea PUNCT SPACE ADJ PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ ADJ ADJ measures AUX ADJ surveillance PUNCT capacity PUNCT building PUNCT CCONJ enforcement mechanisms PUNCT SCONJ ADJ PROPN bodies VERB DET instruments VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ role ADP PRON implementation PUNCT ADJ states AUX ADJ ADP VERB SCONJ DET convention PART rules AUX VERB PUNCT DET VERB ADJ challenges ADP areas ADP ADJ CCONJ VERB sovereignty PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ parts ADP DET world PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET role ADP VERB DET oceans agenda ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT CCONJ PRON recommendations AUX ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ ADP PRON lack ADP enforcement capability PUNCT SPACE Organizations PRON VERB ADP conjunction ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN DET ADJ role PART VERB DET oceans CCONJ VERB oceans governance PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB VERB ship pollution ADP ADV ADJ levels PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ policy ADP issues ADJ ADP ADJ species PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET world ADP ballast water PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB SCONJ member states AUX ADJ PART VERB PRON differences ADP PRON judgment PUNCT SCONJ DET PROPN VERB ADP ADJ obscurity CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ pressure ADP ADJ ADJ entities PUNCT SPACE ADJ PUNCT ADJ states VERB PART VERB ADJ policies PRON VERB DET ADJ ADJ challenges VERB ADP oceans PUNCT ADP ADJ drug smuggling ADP VERB VERB fish stocks ADP VERB ADJ ADJ measures ADP ADJ oil CCONJ gas drilling PUNCT PROPN VERB DET ADJ platform ADP DET PART VERB ADJ policy architecture PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ states PART ADV VERB ADJ oceans strategy DET priority PUNCT DET goal PRON AUX VERB ADJ ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE ADJ PUNCT DET system AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ VERB PART VERB ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ policies PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ PUNCT state PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ actors ADV VERB PRON agendas CCONJ priorities PUNCT ADP DET handful ADP countries CCONJ ADJ organizations PRON AUX ADJ ocean policies PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ VERB PRON activities ADP ADJ countries PUNCT DET ADJ community PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ oceans governance landscape PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB ADJ cooperation ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ management PUNCT SCONJ ADP VERB degrees ADP success CCONJ ADJ codification PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP NUM DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB DET range ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ issues VERB ADP oceans PUNCT ADV ADV ADP VERB surveillance CCONJ information sharing PUNCT DET PROPN ADV VERB ADP VERB partners PART VERB DET VERB oceans policy ADP places ADJ ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ evaluation framework PART VERB progress PUNCT DET ADJ institution AUX VERB ADP VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ data ADP DET ADJ range ADP oceans PUNCT VERB issues PUNCT ADV ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ efforts PUNCT ADJ data collecting AUX VERB place ADP ADJ sectors PUNCT ADJ ADP biodiversity conservation PUNCT fisheries issues PUNCT CCONJ ADJ pollution PUNCT CCONJ ADJ gaps VERB PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ portal ADP VERB ADJ CCONJ ocean developments PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ data PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ policies PRON VERB CCONJ VERB VERB threats PUNCT SPACE SCONJ efforts PUNCT oceans VERB PART VERB CCONJ DET ADJ leadership vacuum VERB PUNCT ADJ work VERB PART VERB VERB institutions CCONJ conventions PART VERB ADV ADP VERB threats PUNCT ADV ADV ADP PART VERB ADJ actions ADP CCONJ ADP regions PUNCT DET PROPN NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB oceans PUNCT CCONJ DET PUNCT ADJ economy PUNCT PUNCT ADP NUM ADP DET NUM priority areas ADP ADJ development PUNCT SCONJ experts CCONJ activists VERB ADP DET ADJ agreement PART VERB DET ADJ management CCONJ protection ADP oceans CCONJ VERB ADJ ADJ challenges ADJ ADP VERB sovereignty claims PUNCT ADJ trade PUNCT CCONJ access ADP resources PUNCT PROPN VERB ADJ ADJ results PUNCT SPACE VERB freedom ADP DET seas PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN power PUNCT ADV VERB ADP VERB states SPACE DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET ocean ADP DET world PUNCT DET PROPN navy AUX ADJ ADP PRON ability PART VERB ADJ stability ADP PUNCT ADP PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET world PART waters PUNCT ADP ADV NUM NUM ADJ ADJ ships CCONJ ADV NUM NUM aircraft PUNCT PRON battle fleet tonnage AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ NUM ADJ navies VERB PUNCT SCONJ ADV VERB budget cuts ADP aircraft carriers PUNCT PROPN ADJ power VERB PART VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN VERB PRON ADJ capabilities PART VERB peace PUNCT stability PUNCT CCONJ freedom ADP access PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN DET ADJ century PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADP ADV ADJ seas SCONJ ADJ commerce AUX VERB PART VERB PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET strategy report PRON VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ relationships ADP ADJ ADJ partners PUNCT PART VERB PUNCT ADJ ADJ security PUNCT stability PUNCT CCONJ trust PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET strategy SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET ADJ competitor SCONJ DET end ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT VERB powers AUX ADV VERB DET PROPN armada PART VERB SCONJ DET oceans VERB ADJ ADP commerce PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB powers ADP ADJ PUNCT water aspirations VERB questions ADP SCONJ PROPN ADJ hegemony AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ fleets ADP DET VERB decades PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP instance PUNCT AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP PRON ADJ capabilities ADP DET ADJ decade ADP part ADP PRON PUNCT ADJ sea defense PUNCT strategy PUNCT PRON VERB PRON ADJ aircraft carrier ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADV ADP submarines VERB ADP ADJ missiles PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADP PRON ADJ budget ADP NUM percent SCONJ NUM PUNCT CCONJ plans PART VERB ADV SYM NUM NUM ADP DET ADJ NUM years ADP PRON navy PUNCT SPACE ADV tensions ADP VERB powers AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT month standoff ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN ADP DET VERB region ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET parties VERB ADP DET PUNCT ADJ resolution PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ claims ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP rights PART VERB PRON ADV ADJ oil CCONJ gas reserves PUNCT Control ADP ADJ shipping lanes CCONJ freedom ADP navigation AUX ADV ADV VERB PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ trafficking PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ enforcement SPACE ADP addition ADP AUX DET highway ADP ADJ commerce PUNCT oceans VERB DET trafficking ADP drugs PUNCT weapons PUNCT CCONJ humans PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB ADP DET flow ADP ADJ goods PUNCT ADJ states AUX ADJ ADP VERB PRON ADJ coastlines PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET will CCONJ capacity PART AUX ADV PUNCT VERB countries PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT VERB PART VERB ADP jurisdictions CCONJ VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB states ADV VERB border security challenges PUNCT SCONJ PRON commitment ADP interdiction PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ ADP NUM percent ADP DET drugs PRON VERB DET country ADP ADJ transport PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB DET trafficking ADP drugs PUNCT weapons PUNCT CCONJ humans ADP sea PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ law enforcement ADP NUM VERB countries PART VERB ADJ container controls PART VERB ADJ drug smuggling PUNCT DET PROPN ADV VERB PROPN activity ADP human trafficking PUNCT VERB ADP NUM protocols ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ PROPN activity VERB ADJ groundwork ADP VERB ADJ ADJ trafficking PUNCT PRON VERB monitoring CCONJ enforcement mechanisms CCONJ ADV AUX DET ADJ impact ADP DET flow ADP ADJ cargo ADP ADJ ports PUNCT ADJ ADJ will PUNCT state capacity PUNCT CCONJ ADJ coordination AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ ADJ trafficking PUNCT SPACE ADJ X X ADJ arrangements AUX DET ADJ model ADP ADJ initiatives PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP instance PUNCT VERB DET ADJ set ADP measures PART VERB DET security ADP ships CCONJ ports PUNCT DET code VERB member states VERB PRON ports CCONJ VERB DET DET people CCONJ cargo PRON VERB ADP PRON PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ cooperation PART VERB ships ADP DET ADJ seas PRON AUX AUX VERB ADJ weapons ADP ADJ destruction PUNCT ADJ missiles PUNCT CCONJ ADJ technology PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB PART VERB DET containers VERB ADP PROPN ports CCONJ VERB ADJ PUNCT risk cargo PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT VERB section ADP ADJ shipping PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM way PART VERB ADJ trafficking AUX ADP VERB ADJ arrangements PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET agreement VERB DET model ADP DET ADJ ADJ inspections regime PUNCT VERB ADV ADV NUM percent ADP ships PRON VERB members PART ports ADP violations ADP conventions ADP ADJ safety PUNCT Vessels PRON VERB conventions AUX AUX VERB CCONJ repeat offenders AUX AUX VERB ADP DET memorandum PART area PUNCT SCONJ DET agreement AUX PART VERB VERB ADP ADJ cargo PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET ADJ inspections regime AUX AUX ADJ ADP VERB ADJ trafficking PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ shipping PUNCT ADJ supply chains ADP risk SPACE ADJ shipping AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PRON ADJ scope CCONJ breadth VERB DET array ADP security CCONJ safety challenges PUNCT DET ADJ fleet VERB ADP ADV NUM ships VERB ADP ADJ ADP NUM nations PUNCT ADP ADJ ADP NUM NUM employees PUNCT DET armada VERB ADP NUM NUM tons PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP goods ADP year PUNCT ADV NUM percent ADP ADJ trade PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB PROPN AUX VERB ADV ADJ trade routes PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT NUM ADJ merchant vessels VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADV ADP DET ADJ time ADP ADJ history PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADJ innovations ADP DET shipping industry PUNCT ADJ accidents CCONJ attacks ADP ships ADV VERB ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET loss ADP billions ADP dollars ADP cargo PUNCT VERB DET safety CCONJ security ADP DET ADJ shipping fleet AUX ADJ ADP DET stability ADP DET world economy PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB security guidelines ADP ships ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP Life ADP PROPN PUNCT DET VERB PRON ADP construction ADP DET number ADP fire extinguishers ADP board PUNCT DET PROPN ADV VERB PART VERB ADJ accidents ADP ADJ standards ADP navigation CCONJ navigation equipment PUNCT VERB satellite communications CCONJ VERB devices PUNCT SCONJ compliance ADP DET conventions AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT ADJ initiatives ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN AUX VERB VERB DET safety ADP ADJ shipping PUNCT SPACE ADP addition PUNCT ADJ PROPN conventions VERB DET safety ADP container shipping PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB ADJ regulations ADP VERB containers PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB DET volume ADP containers DET ship AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET conventions AUX PART VERB ADJ security solutions ADP ADJ containers PUNCT CCONJ ADJ cargo AUX AUX VERB ADP shipping containers ADP transit PUNCT SCONJ NUM PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB attacks ADP ADJ shipping ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB DET ADJ framework ADP VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB terrorists PUNCT pirates PUNCT CCONJ ADJ criminals ADP DET ADJ seas PUNCT SPACE ADP reality PUNCT ADJ enforcement efforts SCONJ DET NUM attacks AUX VERB ADP VERB ports PART VERB DET use ADP DET ship PART VERB PUNCT ADV ADP PART VERB attacks ADP DET ships PRON PUNCT VERB DET imperative PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN leadership PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET code VERB VERB ADJ standards ADP ship security PUNCT VERB ships PART AUX security plans CCONJ officers PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP ADP port security PUNCT DET code AUX PART ADJ CCONJ DET ADJ process PART VERB CCONJ VERB PROPN compliance AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ regime ADP VERB DET safety ADP ADJ shipping AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB DET vulnerability ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB PART VERB DET containers VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PART VERB DET PRON VERB DET ADJ PUNCT security risk ADP PRON AUX ADP transit PUNCT DET initiative PUNCT DET VERB ADP NUM PUNCT NUM ADJ ports PUNCT VERB ADJ ADP NUM percent ADP container cargo ADP route ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADJ partners CCONJ organizations PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB interest ADP VERB security measures ADP ADJ cargo VERB ADP DET PROPN model PUNCT SCONJ DET efforts PUNCT experts VERB SCONJ ADV NUM percent ADP containers VERB ADP PROPN ports AUX ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB piracy PUNCT Resurgent scourge PUNCT ADJ response SPACE ADP DET number ADP attacks VERB DET record high ADP NUM PUNCT incidences ADP piracy VERB NUM percent ADP DET ADJ NUM months ADP NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET number ADP ADJ attacks VERB ADP NUM ADP NUM cases PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP ADJ mobilization CCONJ VERB ADJ patrols ADP DET coast ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT attacks VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP pirates VERB routes ADP response ADP VERB policing PUNCT VERB ADJ concerns ADP DET VERB CCONJ VERB threat ADP piracy PUNCT ADP addition ADP DET human toll PUNCT piracy AUX ADJ ADJ ramifications PUNCT VERB ADP DET report ADP DET ADJ organization PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ piracy VERB DET ADJ economy ADV SYM NUM NUM ADP NUM PUNCT ADJ ADJ coordination CCONJ cooperation AUX ADJ ADP VERB CCONJ VERB piracy PUNCT SPACE VERB DET imperative PUNCT countries ADP ADP DET world AUX VERB ADJ cooperation PART VERB piracy PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET horn ADP PROPN PUNCT SCONJ piracy VERB ADV PART NUM percent ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT DET effort VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB ADP NUM VERB ADJ groups ADP contributions ADP VERB nations PUNCT SCONJ DET efforts VERB ADP VERB ships VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON ADV VERB focus ADP VERB countries PUNCT ADV PROPN PUNCT VERB piracy CCONJ VERB PRON ports PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ patrols ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ countries VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADJ vessels ADP DET region PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT ADJ organizations AUX ADV VERB ADP antipiracy efforts PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP VERB PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP PUNCT ADP PROPN AUX DET ADJ ADJ initiatives PUNCT CCONJ AUX AUX ADV ADJ ADP VERB information PUNCT sharing PUNCT cooperation ADP governments PUNCT CCONJ interdiction efforts PUNCT CCONJ ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADJ force VERB PRON ADJ air attack ADP ADJ pirates PART land bases PUNCT DET ADJ strike ADP PRON kind ADP ADJ actors ADP date PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ countries PUNCT ADJ institutions AUX VERB piracy CCONJ VERB DET use ADP force ADP pirates PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADV VERB PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB ADJ cooperation ADP VERB piracy CCONJ VERB countries PART VERB assistance ADP PROPN PART VERB VERB ADJ security PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET VERB states PART VERB PUNCT DET ADJ means PUNCT PART VERB piracy ADP DET coast ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET use ADP force ADP land ADV ADV ADP ADP sea ADP DET ADJ end PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PUNCT watchdogs ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB information ADP pirate attacks CCONJ VERB reports ADP DET safety ADP shipping routes PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ ADP VERB awareness PUNCT VERB information PUNCT CCONJ VERB antipiracy cooperation PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADJ ADJ efforts VERB ADJ ADJ challenges PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX PART VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB crimes PUNCT VERB piracy PUNCT ADP ADJ waters PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ regime VERB PART VERB ADP ADJ countries PART VERB pirates PUNCT CCONJ governments AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP DET burden PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ pirates AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PART AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ vessels VERB ADP ADJ ADJ guards PART VERB pirate attacks PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ foundations VERB DET DET force AUX ADJ ADP ADV PUNCT SPACE ADJ governments AUX VERB efforts PART VERB pirates ADP justice ADV ADV PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB PRON ADJ piracy trial SCONJ PRON ADJ war PUNCT ADV VERB ADP PROPN PART ADJ trial ADP ADP NUM NUM years PUNCT ADJ agreements AUX AUX VERB PART VERB pirates ADP ADJ countries ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PART VERB DET PROPN ADP PROPN PART VERB Piracy ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP DET mandate ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP Piracy ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET fund VERB PART VERB DET ADJ capital VERB ADP countries ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PART VERB pirates PUNCT ADV ADV ADP PART VERB awareness ADP ADJ society ADP DET risk VERB ADP piracy CCONJ ADJ activity PUNCT ADJ efforts PART VERB piracy AUX VERB PART VERB ADP VERB ADJ cooperation CCONJ agreements PUNCT VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ instruments ADJ PART VERB pirates PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET root causes ADP piracy PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ pollution CCONJ climate change PUNCT VERB progress SPACE Pollution AUX VERB environments CCONJ VERB biodiversity ADP DET ocean PUNCT ADJ contamination VERB ADP land PUNCT VERB pollutants PUNCT ADV ADP ADV VERB ADJ areas PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADJ initiatives PART VERB pollution PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ program ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT states VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP Land PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT DET VERB sources ADP land PUNCT VERB pollution CCONJ VERB states VERB priorities ADP action PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP VERB awareness ADP land PUNCT VERB pollution CCONJ VERB ADJ assistance ADP ADJ VERB bodies PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADV VERB ADP resources PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT NUM PROPN member states VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP biodiversity PUNCT DET VERB PART VERB DET ADJ extinction rate ADP NUM CCONJ VERB protection ADP NUM percent ADP DET world PART oceans PUNCT SPACE Shipping vessels AUX ADV DET ADJ source ADP ADJ pollution PUNCT Shipping AUX DET ADV ADV ADJ way PART VERB bulk cargoes PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ pollution VERB ADJ SCONJ ADP PRON ADV ADJ nature PUNCT Shipping AUX ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB ADJ pollution ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT States AUX ADJ ADP VERB CCONJ VERB PROPN ADP PRON ADJ fleets PART VERB DET ADV ADJ forms ADP ADJ pollution PUNCT VERB oil spills PUNCT particulate matter ADJ ADP sulfur oxide PUNCT SOx PUNCT CCONJ ADJ oxide PUNCT NOx PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ greenhouse gas emissions PUNCT Port cities VERB DET brunt ADP air pollution PUNCT DET VERB ADJ air quality SCONJ ADJ ships VERB bunker fuel PUNCT DET ADJ form ADP ADJ oil PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADJ steps PART VERB SOx CCONJ NOx emissions ADP VERB DET PROPN guidelines PART VERB ADJ matter ADP ships PUNCT SCONJ ADJ efforts PUNCT DET NUM study PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB SCONJ ADJ shipping ADV VERB ADP ADV NUM percent ADP DET greenhouse gasses PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN AUX VERB ADJ success ADP VERB oil VERB ADP DET ADJ environment PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ shipping boom PUNCT oil spills AUX ADP DET DET PUNCT time low PUNCT DET achievements ADP DET PROPN AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP commitments ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PART VERB ADP oil pollution ADP DET action plan PRON ADV VERB pollution prevention ADP tankers PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB DET success ADP PRON efforts PART VERB shipping emissions PUNCT SPACE Climate change AUX ADV VERB ADJ damage PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADJ oceans VERB PRON ADJ ADJ temperature PUNCT NUM degrees PROPN PUNCT ADP DET world VERB PUNCT oceans VERB VERB levels ADP carbon dioxide PUNCT DET VERB DET water CCONJ VERB wetlands PUNCT mangroves PUNCT CCONJ ADJ reefs PUNCT ecosystems PRON VERB millions ADP species ADP plants CCONJ animals PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ studies PUNCT ocean acidity AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADP NUM percent ADP NUM SCONJ VERB measures AUX PART VERB ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ice VERB sea levels PUNCT VERB beaches PUNCT VERB communities PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET salinity ADP freshwater bodies PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ island nation ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ country ADP DET world PUNCT AUX AUX ADV VERB SCONJ sea levels VERB PART VERB ADP DET ADJ rate PUNCT SPACE ADJ states AUX ADJ ADP VERB changes ADP PRON ADJ ADJ climates PUNCT CCONJ ADJ efforts PART VERB DET effect ADP climate change ADP DET oceans AUX VERB ADP pace PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB countries VERB ADJ bodies ADP water PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ ADJ policies PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET ADJ approach PART VERB climate change PUNCT SPACE ADJ fisheries policies ADP DET ADJ seas PUNCT DET ADJ disaster SPACE States AUX DET ADJ right PART VERB fishing ADP PRON ADJ ADJ zones PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB NUM NUM ADJ miles ADP shore PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV PUNCT ADP DET case ADP ADJ ADJ shelves PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET PROPN AUX DET ADJ seas PUNCT DET AUX PART VERB ADP DET NUM country PART jurisdiction PUNCT Freedom ADP DET ADJ seas AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ flow ADP ADJ commerce PUNCT CCONJ VERB disaster ADP ADJ fisheries ADP DET textbook case ADP DET tragedy ADP DET commons PUNCT ADP years PUNCT ADJ PUNCT scale fishing vessels VERB fish ADV ADV ADP ADJ ADP ADJ regard ADP DET ADJ costs PUNCT VERB NUM percent ADP DET ocean PART biomass ADP ADJ ADP DET century PUNCT ADV PUNCT fisheries VERB ADP NUM sets ADP challenges PUNCT ADJ enforcement capacity CCONJ lack ADP market PUNCT VERB governance solutions PART VERB ADJ incentives PART overfish PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ mechanisms ADP fisheries management PUNCT DET system AUX ADJ ADP ADJ gaps CCONJ weaknesses VERB ADP ADJ fishing vessels PUNCT PROPN NUM CCONJ NUM ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ fisheries responsibilities ADP state parties PUNCT VERB DET onus ADP ADJ governments PART VERB policies CCONJ ADJ agreements PRON VERB ADJ management CCONJ conservation ADP fish stocks ADP PRON ADJ areas PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB ADP DET ADJ approach ADP ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ fish stocks PRON VERB ADV ADP CCONJ ADP ADP DET ADJ seas PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM countries AUX VERB DET PROPN ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET review conference ADP PROPN NUM AUX VERB ADP DET success ADP ADP DET passage ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PART VERB ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT fishing PUNCT CCONJ fish stocks AUX VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADV ADJ levels PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN AUX ADV VERB PART VERB PROPN operations PUNCT SPACE ADJ fishery bodies PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP implementation CCONJ monitoring PUNCT DET PROPN VERB guidelines CCONJ advice ADP DET variety ADP issues VERB ADP fishing PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ catch PUNCT by PUNCT catch PUNCT vessel monitoring systems PUNCT areas CCONJ seasons VERB ADP fishing PUNCT CCONJ VERB CCONJ VERB fishery statistics PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV DET portion ADP DET bodies VERB DET management ADP PRON recommendations PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN VERB members PART ADV VERB ADJ decisions PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN AUX PART ADJ ADP PRON membership CCONJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ part PUNCT PRON rules AUX PART VERB ADP vessels VERB ADP DET state ADP DET body PUNCT SPACE ADV SCONJ ADJ bodies VERB DET VERB decision ADP DET ADJ PUNCT seas case PUNCT implementation VERB ADP state will CCONJ capacity PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET fund PART VERB VERB countries ADP PRON obligations PART VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ value ADP DET fund VERB ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT CCONJ countries PART compliance AUX ADV VERB ADP resource scarcity PUNCT DET VERB ADP ADJ enforcement PUNCT DET VERB vessels PART VERB ADJ standards ADP impunity PUNCT ADV ADP DET coasts ADP ADJ states PUNCT ADJ species ADP ADJ fin tuna AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB ADP ADJ boundaries CCONJ AUX ADJ ADJ value PUNCT SPACE DET ADP DET PROPN ADP management oversight PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX AUX ADV ADJ ADP VERB overfishing PUNCT PRON AUX VERB oversight systems CCONJ ADJ measures PART VERB ADJ PUNCT water trawl fishing CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ fishing ADP DET ADJ seas PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ arrangements PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB PART VERB ADP ADJ ADJ authority PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT DET regions ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ PROPN PROPN VERB RFBs PUNCT DET AUX VERB VERB DET void ADP market PUNCT VERB solutions ADP catch shares PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB DET incentives ADP stewardship PUNCT Catch shares PUNCT ADV VERB ADP ADJ access privilege programs PUNCT VERB innovation CCONJ VERB fisheries VERB efficiency ADP VERB DET stock ADP fish ADP DET ADJ fisherman PUNCT community PUNCT fishery association PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ state PUNCT DET year ADP DET beginning ADP fishing season PUNCT ADJ fishermen AUX VERB SCONJ ADJ fish PRON AUX VERB PART VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV AUX VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB shares PART VERB profit PUNCT ADP VERB ADJ PUNCT market principles PUNCT fisheries AUX VERB DET ADJ equilibrium ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT VERB ADP research PUNCT ADV ADJ catch shares policies AUX VERB DET value ADP DET fishing industry ADP ADJ ADP SYM NUM NUM PUNCT SCONJ VERB DET shares ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT level VERB ADJ PUNCT DET idea VERB ADP DET kind ADP policy work VERB PART ADV VERB DET ADJ commons PUNCT SPACE VERB DET PROPN PUNCT ADP DET crossroads SPACE ADJ ice AUX VERB ADP ADJ rates PUNCT ADP DET pace PUNCT experts VERB SCONJ DET PROPN AUX AUX ADV ice ADJ ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV ADV PUNCT ADP DET ice VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ ADJ resources PUNCT ADJ coordination AUX VERB ADV ADV ADJ ADP states PUNCT CCONJ ADJ groups PUNCT VERB ADP position ADP DET region PUNCT SPACE DET VERB ice AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ ADJ sea routes CCONJ stores ADP ADJ resources PUNCT SCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT cargo ships AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB DET ADJ PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ routes ADP DET capes CCONJ ADP DET canals PUNCT VERB sea routes ADV VERB SCONJ fishing fleets AUX VERB ADV ADP search ADP ADJ fishing stock PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ cruise ships AUX VERB tourists VERB DET ADJ glimpse ADP DET VERB ice PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT ADJ resources ADJ ADP oil PUNCT ADJ gas PUNCT ADJ earth minerals PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ wind PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ energy VERB ADJ potential PUNCT ADP DET ADJ estimate PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB SCONJ DET PROPN AUX VERB NUM percent ADP DET world PART hydrocarbon resources PUNCT VERB NUM NUM barrels ADP oil CCONJ NUM NUM ADJ feet ADP ADJ gas PUNCT ADP oil CCONJ gas PUNCT DET PROPN AUX ADJ mineral commodities ADJ ADP zinc PUNCT nickel PUNCT CCONJ coal PUNCT SPACE CCONJ ADJ opportunities ADP DET PROPN ADV VERB ADJ competition ADP states PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB DET flag ADP DET PROPN floor PUNCT VERB DET claim ADP ADJ chunks ADP ADJ land PUNCT ADJ PROPN powers VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADJ claims PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ PROPN policy PUNCT CCONJ PROPN VERB DET icebreaker ADP NUM ADJ ADJ expeditions PUNCT DET country VERB VERB PART VERB ADJ treasure ADP DET ADV ADJ ADJ region PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX DET ADJ foundation ADP DET PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ PROPN policies PUNCT ADV articles NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT DET VERB DET limits ADP DET ADJ ADJ shelf PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB activities ADP ice PUNCT VERB waters PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ list ADP VERB sovereignty disputes PRON AUX VERB ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ resolutions PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ forum VERB NUM PROPN nations PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ prominence PUNCT VERB DET ADV VERB treaty ADP search CCONJ rescue missions ADP PROPN NUM CCONJ VERB ADJ PUNCT level policymakers ADP PRON meetings PUNCT SCONJ DET AUX ADJ ADJ steps PUNCT DET forum AUX ADV PART VERB ADJ issues ADJ ADP VERB PROPN claims PUNCT VERB ADJ boundaries PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ status ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ ADP DET ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ organizations ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT PRON VERB VERB DET decades PUNCT ADJ process ADP VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB DET VERB role ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT VERB bodies PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP DET VERB force ADP ADJ fisheries organizations CCONJ PROPN PROPN forums PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV AUX ADP DET vanguard ADP ocean policy PUNCT ADJ ADP DET NUM PROPN PROPN report PUNCT ADJ conservation acts ADP DET NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT catch limits ADP DET ADV PUNCT VERB fish species PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADV AUX leaders ADP ADJ science ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ perspective PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET world PART oceans CCONJ VERB DET environment SCONJ ADJ commerce AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE ADV DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADV ADP ADJ issues PUNCT ADV ADV VERB PRON reluctance PART VERB PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX PART AUX DET ADJ ADJ oceans policy PUNCT PART VERB DET gap PUNCT PROPN president PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PART VERB ADJ issues ADP ADJ PUNCT state PUNCT CCONJ ADJ levels PUNCT CCONJ PART VERB DET ADJ vision ADP SCONJ oceans AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET task force VERB ADP DET creation ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADJ ADP PUNCT VERB ADJ action plans PART VERB NUM priority objectives PRON VERB DET ADP DET ADV ADJ challenges VERB DET ocean PUNCT PRON coasts PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV PART VERB ADJ gains PUNCT PDF PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ oceans policy framework AUX VERB VERB DET way ADP DET spadework ADP VERB PROPN ocean governance CCONJ VERB ADJ efforts PUNCT SPACE AUX DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB DET governance framework PRON VERB ADV NUM PUNCT quarters ADP DET earth PART surface PUNCT AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP NUM countries CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADP ADV DET handful ADP countries PART AUX VERB CCONJ PART ADV VERB DET treaty PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON ADV VERB ADJ ADP DET provisions ADP ADJ ADJ law PUNCT Leaders ADP DET sides ADP DET ADJ aisle ADV ADV ADP ADJ PUNCT conservation PUNCT business PUNCT industry PUNCT CCONJ security groups AUX VERB ratification ADP order PART VERB ADJ security interests CCONJ VERB PRON ADJ benefits PUNCT ADJ ADP VERB rights ADP PROPN ADJ CCONJ ADJ ships CCONJ VERB DET competitiveness ADP PROPN companies ADP seafaring activities PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADP DET ADJ services PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB PROPN SCONJ PRON provisions AUX ADV VERB PART VERB PROPN ADJ efforts PUNCT ADP VERB DET nonparty PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET credibility PART VERB PRON ADJ interests ADP ADJ decision PUNCT VERB forums ADV ADV ADP VERB complaints ADP DET ADJ dispute resolution body PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT Opponents VERB SCONJ VERB DET treaty AUX VERB sovereignty ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB PROPN ADJ CCONJ ADJ activities PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT critics VERB ADP ADJ provisions VERB taxes ADP activities ADP ADJ ADJ shelves PUNCT ADJ dispute settlements PUNCT ADJ activism ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP regard ADP land PUNCT VERB sources ADP pollution PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB ability ADP PROPN PART VERB PROPN intelligence PUNCT VERB activities PUNCT ADV PUNCT critics VERB SCONJ SCONJ PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ ADJ law PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP ADJ accession PUNCT SPACE AUX DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET initiative PART VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADV PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT DET experts VERB DET ADJ way PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ system AUX PART VERB DET ADJ security solution PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB VERB SCONJ ADJ PUNCT risk containers AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP PRON VERB PRON destination PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM countries AUX ADV ADP board ADP DET initiative PUNCT CCONJ ADJ others AUX VERB interest ADP VERB PRON ADJ security measures ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PRON members PART VERB programs VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB DET initiative ADP PRON territory PUNCT ADP PRON ADJ ADJ experience PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET ADJ expertise PART VERB DET integrity ADP DET container system PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT Opponents VERB SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB PRON tax dollars ADV ADP DET ADJ security system SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PART VERB PRON ADJ imports PUNCT ADP date PUNCT ADJ ADP SYM NUM NUM CCONJ ADJ ADJ energy AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN PART VERB DET program ADP NUM PUNCT NUM ADJ ports PUNCT SCONJ agents AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ PUNCT risk containers PUNCT VERB DET scale ADP world trade PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ ADP NUM NUM containers ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET handful ADP ADJ PUNCT risk boxes AUX AUX VERB ADP inspection PUNCT ADP ADJ expenditures CCONJ years ADP ADJ work PART VERB DET program ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADV ADP NUM percent ADP DET cargo PRON VERB DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADP ADJ ports VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET PUNCT ADV ADV NUM percent AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADP DET cost ADP DET PROPN taxpayer ADP ADJ ADP SYM NUM ADP container PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ ADJ mandates PART VERB DET ADJ containers PUNCT critics VERB SCONJ costs VERB VERB DET mandate ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ resources DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB imports VERB ADV ADP PRON shores PUNCT SPACE AUX DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADJ PART VERB DET ADJ decline ADP DET world PART fisheries PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT Advocates VERB SCONJ DET ADJ demise ADP ADJ fish stocks PUNCT ADP AUX DET ADJ burden PUNCT VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ security interests ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB fish stocks AUX VERB ADP ADJ part ADP DET prevalence ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT fishing CCONJ DET overcapitalization ADP DET ADJ ADJ fishing fleet ADP ADJ subsidies PUNCT PART VERB ADJ ADJ fisheries CCONJ DET competitiveness ADP PROPN exports ADP DET ADJ seafood market PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB efforts ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PART VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ assistance ADP nations VERB ADP PROPN fishing PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADJ steps PART VERB DET ADJ gaps ADP fisheries management PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ country PART VERB catch limits ADP DET ADV PUNCT VERB fish species PUNCT DET species ADP DET mahi mahi AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ time ADP history PUNCT ADJ ADJ experts VERB DET move ADP DET ADJ model ADP ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ fisheries policy PUNCT PART VERB ADP ADJ gains PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB PART VERB fishing subsidies ADP areas ADJ ADP PROPN PRON VERB overcapitalization CCONJ ADV ADJ depletion ADP fish stocks PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB market PUNCT VERB mechanisms PUNCT ADP catch shares CCONJ ADJ access privilege programs PUNCT PART VERB fishermen CCONJ PRON communities VERB overfishing CCONJ VERB DET value ADP ADJ fisheries ADP ADP PART SYM NUM NUM PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT Critics VERB SCONJ fisheries management AUX ADP CCONJ ADJ DET ADJ issue PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ right PART VERB ADJ nations SCONJ PART VERB PRON ADJ resources PUNCT ADV SCONJ ADJ measures AUX VERB ADJ economies PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET science ADP overfishing AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP AUX DET warnings ADP DET consequences ADP DET ADJ fisheries collapse PUNCT VERB conventions ADP DET NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN ADV VERB ADV ADV ADP VERB DET issue PUNCT DET ADJ efforts PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT AUX AUX DET ADJ overreach PUNCT ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ burden ADP DET VERB ADJ fishing industry PUNCT Critics ADV VERB SCONJ market PUNCT VERB mechanisms PUNCT ADJ ADP catch PUNCT shares PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB PUNCT VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP ADJ bubbles PUNCT SPACE AUX DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ ADJ strategy PART VERB ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT DET VERB PROPN VERB ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ potential ADP DET PROPN government PUNCT military PUNCT CCONJ businesses PUNCT DET VERB frontier AUX ADV VERB DET variety ADP ADJ activities PUNCT VERB energy exploration PUNCT ADJ commerce PUNCT CCONJ ADJ development ADP ADJ fisheries PUNCT Countries ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN AUX ADV VERB claims ADP DET region PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET sideline ADP DET ADJ PROPN strategy PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ forum ADP VERB CCONJ VERB disputes ADP VERB territory PUNCT ADP DET nonparty PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ leverage CCONJ position PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT DET PROPN military AUX PART AUX DET ADJ icebreaker PUNCT SCONJ PROPN VERB ADP NUM PUNCT Experts VERB SCONJ DET PROPN government AUX ADV VERB DET ADV VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET AUX DET ADJ agreement PRON PUNCT VERB ADJ classifications CCONJ standards ADP ships VERB ADP DET PROPN ADV ADV ADP ADJ navigation CCONJ emergency training ADP DET VERB ADP CCONJ ADP ice PUNCT VERB waters PUNCT PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT Opponents VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN activities CCONJ DET NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB PROPN PROPN polices PUNCT AUX ADJ PUNCT DET collaboration ADP PROPN PART VERB disputes ADP DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB freedom ADP navigation ADP PROPN ADJ assets ADV PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ security concern VERB DET advantages ADP VERB ADP security PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ issues ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADJ PUNCT VERB DET ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ PROPN coastlines PUNCT ADJ PROPN diplomacy AUX ADV AUX VERB ADV ADV ADP ADP ADJ ADJ initiatives PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN negotiations SPACE PROPN VERB PART VERB negotiations ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ trade agreement ADP counties ADP DET PROPN rim PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ outline ADP DET agreement AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM rounds ADP negotiations AUX ADV ADV VERB NUM countries ADV PART VERB DET PROPN PUNCT DET addition ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ force ADP DET region PUNCT ADP DET ADJ participant VERB ADP DET ADJ step ADP VERB DET ADJ agreement PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADV PUNCT ADJ shipping lane ADP DET world PUNCT CCONJ AUX DET PROPN VERB DET reality PUNCT ADJ shipping AUX ADV VERB PUNCT DET ADJ round ADP negotiations AUX VERB place ADP PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ goal ADP agreement AUX PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN VERB PART VERB implementation ADP ADJ code ADP conduct ADP piracy SPACE ADP DET ADJ meeting ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB PART VERB DET implementation ADP DET ADJ code ADP conduct ADP piracy CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ activity PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP partnership ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB provisions ADP VERB sea- CCONJ land PUNCT VERB vehicles VERB ADP ADJ activities ADP sea PUNCT VERB VERB criminals PUNCT CCONJ VERB information ADP state parties PUNCT DET code VERB ADP ADJ VERB frameworks PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ ADJ coast guard PUNCT DET agreement AUX VERB PART VERB ADP signature ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT ADJ fishing restrictions ADP sharks CCONJ rays SPACE Delegates VERB DET ADJ meeting ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB PART VERB ADJ export restrictions ADP NUM species ADP sharks CCONJ NUM species ADP manta rays PUNCT ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT DET NUM shark species PUNCT DET ADJ whitetip PUNCT hammerhead PUNCT CCONJ porbeagle PUNCT AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADP NUM percent PUNCT SCONJ experts VERB SCONJ DET ADJ rules AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP practice PUNCT DET decision VERB DET ADJ victory ADP ADJ interests PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PART VERB PROPN PART ADJ claims ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE DET ADJ government VERB PRON intention PART VERB PROPN ADP DET ADJ arbitration tribunal VERB ADP claims SCONJ PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET dispute VERB ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT SCONJ tensions VERB ADP DET PROPN shoal PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET countries PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ claims ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP rights PART VERB PRON ADV ADJ oil CCONJ gas reserves PUNCT Control ADP ADJ shipping lanes CCONJ freedom ADP navigation AUX ADV ADV VERB PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT ADJ ice VERB record ADJ SPACE ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ice ADP DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET DET PUNCT time low ADP NUM percent PUNCT VERB DET ADJ record ADP NUM percent ADP NUM PUNCT DET finding PART ADV AUX implications ADP climate change CCONJ ADJ stability PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP VERB competition ADP states VERB ADP access ADP ADJ resources ADP DET region PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT DET VERB PROPN AUX VERB troves ADP ADJ resources VERB oil PUNCT gas PUNCT CCONJ minerals PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADV ADJ shipping routes PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ states ADV VERB parts ADP DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN AUX ADV DET VERB presence PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT Tensions VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN VERB NUM islands ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PRON VERB part ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET islands PUNCT VERB ADP DET countries PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN SCONJ NUM PUNCT CCONJ sovereignty VERB ADV VERB PUNCT VERB PROPN PART announcement PUNCT protests VERB ADP ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADJ leaders VERB PROPN ADP PUNCT ADV VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON sovereignty PUNCT SPACE ADP DET move PART VERB PRON claim ADP DET islands PUNCT PROPN VERB PRON intention PART VERB PRON objections ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB patrol ships PART VERB DET islands PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT tensions VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ aircraft VERB ADP airspace ADP DET islands PUNCT CCONJ DET countries VERB ADJ vessels PART VERB ADJ waters PUNCT DET sides VERB ADJ SCONJ PRON AUX DET room ADP negotiations ADP PRON control ADP DET islands PUNCT DET AUX ADP ADJ proximity ADP ADJ shipping routes PUNCT fishing grounds PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ oil reserves PUNCT SPACE Options ADP VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PRON AUX DET series ADP measures PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB PART VERB PROPN CCONJ ADJ ocean governance PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP ADV VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP DET foundation PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADV VERB regimes PUNCT VERB ADJ PUNCT century agreements PART VERB ADJ ocean challenges PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADP DET cases PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ lead ADP VERB ADJ institutions CCONJ regimes PUNCT DET recommendations VERB DET views ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ fellow CCONJ director ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ VERB fellow ADP ocean governance PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ term PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PRON ADJ partners AUX VERB DET ADJ steps PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB PROPN SPACE DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET action PRON AUX VERB PRON ADJ credibility CCONJ VERB DET PROPN PROPN DET ADJ partner ADP ADJ ocean governance PUNCT DET ADV VERB agreement AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP NUM countries CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV SCONJ VERB DET ADJ role VERB PROPN PART content PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB PART VERB PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADV DET handful ADP countries ADP DET coastline PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PART PART AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE ADJ issues ADJ ADP DET VERB PROPN VERB ADJ urgency ADP PROPN ratification PUNCT ADP VERB PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PRON ADP ADP ADJ ADJ policymaking bodies PUNCT VERB DET seat ADP decision PUNCT making forums ADJ ADP ADJ growth CCONJ ADJ security interests PUNCT NUM ADJ forum SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN AUX DET say AUX DET commission VERB ADP DET authority PART VERB countries PART claims PART VERB PRON ADJ ADJ zones PUNCT DET process PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ ADJ partitioning ADP ADJ space ADP earth PUNCT ADP DET nonparty ADP DET treaty PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET opportunity PART VERB PRON ADJ jurisdiction ADP DET ADJ ocean area ADP PRON PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN coasts PUNCT ADJ ADP ADV DET DET size ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET opportunity PART AUX DET say ADP deliberations ADP ADJ nations PART claims ADV PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET convention VERB ADP DET expansion ADP PROPN sovereignty ADP VERB PROPN sea borders PUNCT VERB DET freedom ADP ship CCONJ air traffic PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET ADJ tools ADJ PART VERB piracy CCONJ ADJ trafficking PUNCT ADJ participants ADP PROPN flotillas CCONJ coalitions ADV VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP VERB DET rule ADP law SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB DET convention PRON VERB DET actions ADP ADV DET ADJ nation PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB ADJ ocean policies ADP ADJ states SPACE DET creation ADP DET ADJ CCONJ VERB PROPN oceans policy AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ efforts ADP VERB ADJ countries PUNCT ADV PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT VERB PROPN nations AUX AUX ADJ players ADP VERB ADJ ocean policies PRON ADV VERB DET ADJ tapestry ADP ADJ governance PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ VERB powers AUX VERB DET ADJ government official PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET cases DET head ADP state PUNCT PART VERB ADP ADJ ADJ states CCONJ ADJ bodies PART VERB ocean governance policies CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ threats PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ opportunity ADP DET efforts AUX ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT ADP PROPN assistance PUNCT ADJ ADJ initiatives AUX ADV AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET moratorium ADP ADV ADJ ADJ fisheries SPACE ADJ fishing PUNCT DET multi ADJ NUM dollar industry ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX ADP ADJ danger PUNCT DET oceans AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB SCONJ ADJ fish stocks AUX PART VERB PUNCT ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT fish PRON AUX ADV VERB ADJ AUX AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ levels PUNCT ADP PART NUM percent ADP ADJ ADJ fish AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADV half ADP fish stocks ADP DET world AUX AUX ADV VERB CCONJ ADV NUM PUNCT third AUX AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADJ imposition ADP catch limits ADP DET ADV PUNCT VERB fish species AUX DET ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ ADJ step PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET moratorium ADP DET ADV ADJ ADJ fisheries PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN ADJ fin tuna PUNCT CCONJ tuna AUX ADV ADV ADP DET predicament PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ species AUX VERB DET ADJ fate PUNCT Policymakers AUX VERB ADP ADP ADJ ADJ pressure CCONJ VERB fishing moratoriums ADP DET ADV ADJ fisheries PART VERB PRON DET chance PART VERB PUNCT VERB ADV AUX AUX DET ADJ act PRON AUX VERB VERB VERB fish SCONJ VERB DET ADV ADJ resource PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ term PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PRON ADJ partners AUX VERB DET ADJ steps PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB PROPN SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB agreements VERB ADP DET bedrock ADP ADJ ocean policy PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN AUX NUM years ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PART VERB ADP VERB threats ADJ ADP ADJ crime CCONJ ADJ pollution PUNCT ADV ADV ADP VERB market PUNCT VERB principles ADP catch shares ADP ADJ fisheries PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ seas PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT DET VERB ADP ice PUNCT VERB areas PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PART ADV VERB DET VERB PROPN PUNCT DET AUX AUX DET area ADP VERB focus CCONJ ADJ tension ADP DET VERB years PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ community AUX ADV VERB DET pressure ADP ADJ states PRON ADV VERB PART VERB ADJ borders ADV PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PROPN PART claim ADP DET ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT states AUX VERB ADP VERB PROPN mechanisms PART VERB ADJ ADJ conflicts PUNCT ADJ ADP VERB ADJ ADJ zones ADP ADJ ADJ shelf claims PUNCT CCONJ sovereignty disputes PUNCT ADJ ADP DET ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Bolster enforcement capacity SPACE ADJ ocean PUNCT VERB governance issues AUX shortcomings PART SCONJ rules ADP ADJ management AUX PART VERB PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADJ states AUX PART VERB PRON PUNCT DET failure ADP DET oversight ADP ADJ waters ADV VERB ADP ADJ degradation CCONJ PUNCT ADP cases ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP problems ADP ADJ implications PUNCT ADJ ADP piracy PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ community AUX VERB ADV ADJ ADJ states VERB DET capacity PART VERB PUNCT X PUNCT fisheries rules fleets PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN regulations PART VERB ocean dumping CCONJ pollution PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ shipping regulations ADP states ADP ADJ registries ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT CCONJ VERB mandates VERB PART VERB ADJ trafficking PUNCT ADJ countries AUX ADV VERB ADV ADJ areas VERB ADJ variables ADJ ADP acidification PUNCT coral reefs PUNCT CCONJ fisheries PUNCT
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Publisher PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE Release PROPN ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM SPACE Scope ADP DET PROPN SPACE PROPN AUX DET source ADP life ADP earth PUNCT PRON VERB DET climate PUNCT VERB DET world PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET air PRON VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADP PRON ADJ well being PUNCT VERB ADV NUM percent ADP ADJ commerce PUNCT VERB submarine cables PUNCT CCONJ VERB NUM PUNCT third ADP ADJ hydrocarbon resources PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADJ forms ADP energy ADJ ADP wave PUNCT wind PUNCT CCONJ ADJ power PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET oceans AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ array ADP dangers PUNCT ADP piracy ADP climate change PUNCT PART AUX ADJ stewards ADP DET oceans PUNCT nations ADP DET world VERB PART VERB ADV ADJ ADJ governance ADP DET ADJ PUNCT security PUNCT CCONJ ADJ realms PUNCT SPACE DET world PART seas AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP top ADP bottom PUNCT ADJ technologies PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ practices ADJ PUNCT SCONJ ADJ trawlers VERB DET sea floor PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ ecosystems PUNCT ADJ ships VERB ADP DET surface CCONJ VERB carbon PUNCT VERB emissions PUNCT CCONJ ADJ developments ADP ADJ drilling CCONJ ADJ seabed mining AUX VERB humans VERB resources ADP ADJ depths PUNCT SCONJ ADP ADJ ADJ impact PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ transit routes VERB ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT VERB pole AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ frontier ADP ADJ businesses CCONJ governments PUNCT SPACE CCONJ oceans AUX ADJ ADP ADV sources ADP profit PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADP settings ADP ADJ crime PUNCT Piracy PUNCT drug smuggling PUNCT CCONJ ADJ immigration DET VERB ADP waters ADP DET world PUNCT ADV DET ADV ADJ ports VERB PART VERB cargo PUNCT containers PUNCT CCONJ crews ADP VERB ADJ friction CCONJ VERB ADJ commerce PUNCT ADP ADJ history PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET ADJ commons PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT water navies VERB ADJ questions ADP SCONJ DET VERB security guarantor AUX VERB VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT ADJ powers PUNCT SPACE CCONJ DET oceans PRON AUX ADP danger ADP ADJ catastrophe PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET world PART garbage dump PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET heart ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ particles ADP plastic VERB plankton NUM ADP NUM PUNCT NUM percent ADP DET world PART fish stocks AUX VERB CCONJ ADP DET verge ADP extinction PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ carbon dioxide AUX VERB ADP DET atmosphere PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON AUX VERB ADP DET world PART oceans PUNCT DET water PUNCT ADP response PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT VERB habitats ADP wetlands CCONJ ADJ reefs PUNCT ADJ melting ADP DET ADJ regions VERB ADJ sea levels PUNCT DET VERB PART ADV ADJ ecosystems CCONJ ADV humans PRON VERB ADP CCONJ ADP DET coast PUNCT ADV PUNCT port PUNCT VERB megacities VERB pollution ADP DET ocean PUNCT VERB DET degradation ADP DET ADJ environment CCONJ DET effects ADP climate change PUNCT SPACE Threats ADP DET ocean AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT VERB DET shores ADP DET part ADP DET world PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT DET ADV ADJ attempt PART VERB ADJ waters VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN refusal PART VERB DET convention PUNCT SCONJ ADJ ADJ support PUNCT VERB PART VERB PRON strength PUNCT VERB DET leadership vacuum ADP DET ADJ regime PUNCT ADJ states PRON AUX VERB DET treaty ADV VERB PRON guidelines CCONJ VERB PART VERB policies ADP ADJ jurisdictions PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV NUM years ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADJ initiatives PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ fishery arrangements CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ landscape PRON VERB ADV PUNCT VERB instruments PART VERB CCONJ VERB PRON work PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP NUM NUM heads ADP state PART VERB progress CCONJ VERB goals ADP DET ADV ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ economy PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET opportunity PART VERB ADJ targets PART VERB oceans security CCONJ biodiversity VERB ADJ ADJ outcomes PUNCT ADP threats ADP DET oceans VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT nations ADP DET world VERB PART VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB DET VERB form ADP oceans governance PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT Strengths CCONJ Weaknesses SPACE ADJ assessment PUNCT DET ADJ system SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ ADJ principles ADP ocean governance PUNCT DET convention PUNCT ADV DET ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ treaty ADV VERB PUNCT VERB ADP force ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADV VERB corpus ADP ADJ ADJ law PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB DET rights PUNCT responsibilities PUNCT CCONJ jurisdictions ADP states ADP PRON use CCONJ management ADP DET world PART oceans PUNCT DET treaty VERB PUNCT ADJ ADJ zones PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET AUX DET ADJ water CCONJ seabed PUNCT VERB NUM NUM ADJ miles ADP shore PUNCT ADP DET DET state AUX ADJ rights ADP DET use ADP ADJ resources PUNCT VERB DET limits ADP DET country PART PUNCT ADJ sea PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ territory ADP DET state PRON VERB NUM ADJ miles ADP shore PUNCT CCONJ VERB rules ADP transit ADP PUNCT ADJ straits PUNCT PUNCT PRON ADV VERB PUNCT ADP VERB degrees ADP effectiveness PUNCT resource division PUNCT ADJ traffic PUNCT CCONJ pollution regulation PUNCT ADV ADV ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ forum ADP dispute resolution ADP ocean PUNCT VERB issues PUNCT ADP date PUNCT NUM countries CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX DET ADJ achievement PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB oceans governance regime VERB ADJ ADJ limitations PUNCT ADJ PUNCT DET world PART VERB ADJ power PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX PART party ADP DET convention PUNCT DET VERB ADJ challenges ADP PRON effectiveness PUNCT ADV ADV ADP VERB PROPN sovereignty PUNCT ADJ interests PUNCT CCONJ ability PART VERB leadership ADP resource management CCONJ dispute resolution PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ benefits VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ minority ADP DET PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB ADJ ratification PUNCT SPACE ADJ PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV NUM years ADJ CCONJ PUNCT ADP DET result PUNCT AUX PART ADV VERB DET number ADP VERB CCONJ ADV ADJ ADJ issues PUNCT ADJ ADP fishing ADP DET ADJ seas PUNCT DET ADJ case ADP DET tragedy ADP DET commons PUNCT ADJ ADJ pollution PUNCT CCONJ ADJ crime VERB ADP sea PUNCT SPACE ADJ PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ ADJ ADJ measures AUX ADJ surveillance PUNCT capacity PUNCT building PUNCT CCONJ enforcement mechanisms PUNCT SCONJ ADJ PROPN bodies VERB DET instruments VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ role ADP PRON implementation PUNCT ADJ states AUX ADJ ADP VERB SCONJ DET convention PART rules AUX VERB PUNCT DET VERB ADJ challenges ADP areas ADP ADJ CCONJ VERB sovereignty PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ parts ADP DET world PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET role ADP VERB DET oceans agenda ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT CCONJ PRON recommendations AUX ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ ADP PRON lack ADP enforcement capability PUNCT SPACE Organizations PRON VERB ADP conjunction ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN DET ADJ role PART VERB DET oceans CCONJ VERB oceans governance PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB VERB ship pollution ADP ADV ADJ levels PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ policy ADP issues ADJ ADP ADJ species PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET world ADP ballast water PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB SCONJ member states AUX ADJ PART VERB PRON differences ADP PRON judgment PUNCT SCONJ DET PROPN VERB ADP ADJ obscurity CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ pressure ADP ADJ ADJ entities PUNCT SPACE ADJ PUNCT ADJ states VERB PART VERB ADJ policies PRON VERB DET ADJ ADJ challenges VERB ADP oceans PUNCT ADP ADJ drug smuggling ADP VERB VERB fish stocks ADP VERB ADJ ADJ measures ADP ADJ oil CCONJ gas drilling PUNCT PROPN VERB DET ADJ platform ADP DET PART VERB ADJ policy architecture PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ states PART ADV VERB ADJ oceans strategy DET priority PUNCT DET goal PRON AUX VERB ADJ ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE ADJ PUNCT DET system AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ VERB PART VERB ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ policies PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ PUNCT state PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ actors ADV VERB PRON agendas CCONJ priorities PUNCT ADP DET handful ADP countries CCONJ ADJ organizations PRON AUX ADJ ocean policies PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ VERB PRON activities ADP ADJ countries PUNCT DET ADJ community PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ oceans governance landscape PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB ADJ cooperation ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ management PUNCT SCONJ ADP VERB degrees ADP success CCONJ ADJ codification PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP NUM DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB DET range ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ issues VERB ADP oceans PUNCT ADV ADV ADP VERB surveillance CCONJ information sharing PUNCT DET PROPN ADV VERB ADP VERB partners PART VERB DET VERB oceans policy ADP places ADJ ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ evaluation framework PART VERB progress PUNCT DET ADJ institution AUX VERB ADP VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ data ADP DET ADJ range ADP oceans PUNCT VERB issues PUNCT ADV ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ efforts PUNCT ADJ data collecting AUX VERB place ADP ADJ sectors PUNCT ADJ ADP biodiversity conservation PUNCT fisheries issues PUNCT CCONJ ADJ pollution PUNCT CCONJ ADJ gaps VERB PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ portal ADP VERB ADJ CCONJ ocean developments PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ data PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ policies PRON VERB CCONJ VERB VERB threats PUNCT SPACE SCONJ efforts PUNCT oceans VERB PART VERB CCONJ DET ADJ leadership vacuum VERB PUNCT ADJ work VERB PART VERB VERB institutions CCONJ conventions PART VERB ADV ADP VERB threats PUNCT ADV ADV ADP PART VERB ADJ actions ADP CCONJ ADP regions PUNCT DET PROPN NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB oceans PUNCT CCONJ DET PUNCT ADJ economy PUNCT PUNCT ADP NUM ADP DET NUM priority areas ADP ADJ development PUNCT SCONJ experts CCONJ activists VERB ADP DET ADJ agreement PART VERB DET ADJ management CCONJ protection ADP oceans CCONJ VERB ADJ ADJ challenges ADJ ADP VERB sovereignty claims PUNCT ADJ trade PUNCT CCONJ access ADP resources PUNCT PROPN VERB ADJ ADJ results PUNCT SPACE VERB freedom ADP DET seas PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN power PUNCT ADV VERB ADP VERB states SPACE DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET ocean ADP DET world PUNCT DET PROPN navy AUX ADJ ADP PRON ability PART VERB ADJ stability ADP PUNCT ADP PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET world PART waters PUNCT ADP ADV NUM NUM ADJ ADJ ships CCONJ ADV NUM NUM aircraft PUNCT PRON battle fleet tonnage AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ NUM ADJ navies VERB PUNCT SCONJ ADV VERB budget cuts ADP aircraft carriers PUNCT PROPN ADJ power VERB PART VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN VERB PRON ADJ capabilities PART VERB peace PUNCT stability PUNCT CCONJ freedom ADP access PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN DET ADJ century PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADP ADV ADJ seas SCONJ ADJ commerce AUX VERB PART VERB PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET strategy report PRON VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ relationships ADP ADJ ADJ partners PUNCT PART VERB PUNCT ADJ ADJ security PUNCT stability PUNCT CCONJ trust PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET strategy SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET ADJ competitor SCONJ DET end ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT VERB powers AUX ADV VERB DET PROPN armada PART VERB SCONJ DET oceans VERB ADJ ADP commerce PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB powers ADP ADJ PUNCT water aspirations VERB questions ADP SCONJ PROPN ADJ hegemony AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ fleets ADP DET VERB decades PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP instance PUNCT AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP PRON ADJ capabilities ADP DET ADJ decade ADP part ADP PRON PUNCT ADJ sea defense PUNCT strategy PUNCT PRON VERB PRON ADJ aircraft carrier ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADV ADP submarines VERB ADP ADJ missiles PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADP PRON ADJ budget ADP NUM percent SCONJ NUM PUNCT CCONJ plans PART VERB ADV SYM NUM NUM ADP DET ADJ NUM years ADP PRON navy PUNCT SPACE ADV tensions ADP VERB powers AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT month standoff ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN ADP DET VERB region ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET parties VERB ADP DET PUNCT ADJ resolution PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ claims ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP rights PART VERB PRON ADV ADJ oil CCONJ gas reserves PUNCT Control ADP ADJ shipping lanes CCONJ freedom ADP navigation AUX ADV ADV VERB PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ trafficking PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ enforcement SPACE ADP addition ADP AUX DET highway ADP ADJ commerce PUNCT oceans VERB DET trafficking ADP drugs PUNCT weapons PUNCT CCONJ humans PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB ADP DET flow ADP ADJ goods PUNCT ADJ states AUX ADJ ADP VERB PRON ADJ coastlines PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET will CCONJ capacity PART AUX ADV PUNCT VERB countries PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT VERB PART VERB ADP jurisdictions CCONJ VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB states ADV VERB border security challenges PUNCT SCONJ PRON commitment ADP interdiction PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ ADP NUM percent ADP DET drugs PRON VERB DET country ADP ADJ transport PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB DET trafficking ADP drugs PUNCT weapons PUNCT CCONJ humans ADP sea PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ law enforcement ADP NUM VERB countries PART VERB ADJ container controls PART VERB ADJ drug smuggling PUNCT DET PROPN ADV VERB PROPN activity ADP human trafficking PUNCT VERB ADP NUM protocols ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ PROPN activity VERB ADJ groundwork ADP VERB ADJ ADJ trafficking PUNCT PRON VERB monitoring CCONJ enforcement mechanisms CCONJ ADV AUX DET ADJ impact ADP DET flow ADP ADJ cargo ADP ADJ ports PUNCT ADJ ADJ will PUNCT state capacity PUNCT CCONJ ADJ coordination AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ ADJ trafficking PUNCT SPACE ADJ X X ADJ arrangements AUX DET ADJ model ADP ADJ initiatives PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP instance PUNCT VERB DET ADJ set ADP measures PART VERB DET security ADP ships CCONJ ports PUNCT DET code VERB member states VERB PRON ports CCONJ VERB DET DET people CCONJ cargo PRON VERB ADP PRON PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ cooperation PART VERB ships ADP DET ADJ seas PRON AUX AUX VERB ADJ weapons ADP ADJ destruction PUNCT ADJ missiles PUNCT CCONJ ADJ technology PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB PART VERB DET containers VERB ADP PROPN ports CCONJ VERB ADJ PUNCT risk cargo PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT VERB section ADP ADJ shipping PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM way PART VERB ADJ trafficking AUX ADP VERB ADJ arrangements PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET agreement VERB DET model ADP DET ADJ ADJ inspections regime PUNCT VERB ADV ADV NUM percent ADP ships PRON VERB members PART ports ADP violations ADP conventions ADP ADJ safety PUNCT Vessels PRON VERB conventions AUX AUX VERB CCONJ repeat offenders AUX AUX VERB ADP DET memorandum PART area PUNCT SCONJ DET agreement AUX PART VERB VERB ADP ADJ cargo PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET ADJ inspections regime AUX AUX ADJ ADP VERB ADJ trafficking PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ shipping PUNCT ADJ supply chains ADP risk SPACE ADJ shipping AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PRON ADJ scope CCONJ breadth VERB DET array ADP security CCONJ safety challenges PUNCT DET ADJ fleet VERB ADP ADV NUM ships VERB ADP ADJ ADP NUM nations PUNCT ADP ADJ ADP NUM NUM employees PUNCT DET armada VERB ADP NUM NUM tons PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP goods ADP year PUNCT ADV NUM percent ADP ADJ trade PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB PROPN AUX VERB ADV ADJ trade routes PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT NUM ADJ merchant vessels VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADV ADP DET ADJ time ADP ADJ history PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADJ innovations ADP DET shipping industry PUNCT ADJ accidents CCONJ attacks ADP ships ADV VERB ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET loss ADP billions ADP dollars ADP cargo PUNCT VERB DET safety CCONJ security ADP DET ADJ shipping fleet AUX ADJ ADP DET stability ADP DET world economy PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB security guidelines ADP ships ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP Life ADP PROPN PUNCT DET VERB PRON ADP construction ADP DET number ADP fire extinguishers ADP board PUNCT DET PROPN ADV VERB PART VERB ADJ accidents ADP ADJ standards ADP navigation CCONJ navigation equipment PUNCT VERB satellite communications CCONJ VERB devices PUNCT SCONJ compliance ADP DET conventions AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT ADJ initiatives ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN AUX VERB VERB DET safety ADP ADJ shipping PUNCT SPACE ADP addition PUNCT ADJ PROPN conventions VERB DET safety ADP container shipping PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB ADJ regulations ADP VERB containers PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB DET volume ADP containers DET ship AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET conventions AUX PART VERB ADJ security solutions ADP ADJ containers PUNCT CCONJ ADJ cargo AUX AUX VERB ADP shipping containers ADP transit PUNCT SCONJ NUM PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB attacks ADP ADJ shipping ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB DET ADJ framework ADP VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB terrorists PUNCT pirates PUNCT CCONJ ADJ criminals ADP DET ADJ seas PUNCT SPACE ADP reality PUNCT ADJ enforcement efforts SCONJ DET NUM attacks AUX VERB ADP VERB ports PART VERB DET use ADP DET ship PART VERB PUNCT ADV ADP PART VERB attacks ADP DET ships PRON PUNCT VERB DET imperative PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN leadership PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET code VERB VERB ADJ standards ADP ship security PUNCT VERB ships PART AUX security plans CCONJ officers PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP ADP port security PUNCT DET code AUX PART ADJ CCONJ DET ADJ process PART VERB CCONJ VERB PROPN compliance AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ regime ADP VERB DET safety ADP ADJ shipping AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB DET vulnerability ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB PART VERB DET containers VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PART VERB DET PRON VERB DET ADJ PUNCT security risk ADP PRON AUX ADP transit PUNCT DET initiative PUNCT DET VERB ADP NUM PUNCT NUM ADJ ports PUNCT VERB ADJ ADP NUM percent ADP container cargo ADP route ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADJ partners CCONJ organizations PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB interest ADP VERB security measures ADP ADJ cargo VERB ADP DET PROPN model PUNCT SCONJ DET efforts PUNCT experts VERB SCONJ ADV NUM percent ADP containers VERB ADP PROPN ports AUX ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB piracy PUNCT Resurgent scourge PUNCT ADJ response SPACE ADP DET number ADP attacks VERB DET record high ADP NUM PUNCT incidences ADP piracy VERB NUM percent ADP DET ADJ NUM months ADP NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET number ADP ADJ attacks VERB ADP NUM ADP NUM cases PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP ADJ mobilization CCONJ VERB ADJ patrols ADP DET coast ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT attacks VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP pirates VERB routes ADP response ADP VERB policing PUNCT VERB ADJ concerns ADP DET VERB CCONJ VERB threat ADP piracy PUNCT ADP addition ADP DET human toll PUNCT piracy AUX ADJ ADJ ramifications PUNCT VERB ADP DET report ADP DET ADJ organization PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ piracy VERB DET ADJ economy ADV SYM NUM NUM ADP NUM PUNCT ADJ ADJ coordination CCONJ cooperation AUX ADJ ADP VERB CCONJ VERB piracy PUNCT SPACE VERB DET imperative PUNCT countries ADP ADP DET world AUX VERB ADJ cooperation PART VERB piracy PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET horn ADP PROPN PUNCT SCONJ piracy VERB ADV PART NUM percent ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT DET effort VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB ADP NUM VERB ADJ groups ADP contributions ADP VERB nations PUNCT SCONJ DET efforts VERB ADP VERB ships VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON ADV VERB focus ADP VERB countries PUNCT ADV PROPN PUNCT VERB piracy CCONJ VERB PRON ports PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ patrols ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ countries VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADJ vessels ADP DET region PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT ADJ organizations AUX ADV VERB ADP antipiracy efforts PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP VERB PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP PUNCT ADP PROPN AUX DET ADJ ADJ initiatives PUNCT CCONJ AUX AUX ADV ADJ ADP VERB information PUNCT sharing PUNCT cooperation ADP governments PUNCT CCONJ interdiction efforts PUNCT CCONJ ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADJ force VERB PRON ADJ air attack ADP ADJ pirates PART land bases PUNCT DET ADJ strike ADP PRON kind ADP ADJ actors ADP date PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ countries PUNCT ADJ institutions AUX VERB piracy CCONJ VERB DET use ADP force ADP pirates PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADV VERB PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB ADJ cooperation ADP VERB piracy CCONJ VERB countries PART VERB assistance ADP PROPN PART VERB VERB ADJ security PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET VERB states PART VERB PUNCT DET ADJ means PUNCT PART VERB piracy ADP DET coast ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET use ADP force ADP land ADV ADV ADP ADP sea ADP DET ADJ end PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PUNCT watchdogs ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB information ADP pirate attacks CCONJ VERB reports ADP DET safety ADP shipping routes PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ ADP VERB awareness PUNCT VERB information PUNCT CCONJ VERB antipiracy cooperation PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADJ ADJ efforts VERB ADJ ADJ challenges PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX PART VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB crimes PUNCT VERB piracy PUNCT ADP ADJ waters PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ regime VERB PART VERB ADP ADJ countries PART VERB pirates PUNCT CCONJ governments AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP DET burden PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ pirates AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PART AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ vessels VERB ADP ADJ ADJ guards PART VERB pirate attacks PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ foundations VERB DET DET force AUX ADJ ADP ADV PUNCT SPACE ADJ governments AUX VERB efforts PART VERB pirates ADP justice ADV ADV PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB PRON ADJ piracy trial SCONJ PRON ADJ war PUNCT ADV VERB ADP PROPN PART ADJ trial ADP ADP NUM NUM years PUNCT ADJ agreements AUX AUX VERB PART VERB pirates ADP ADJ countries ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PART VERB DET PROPN ADP PROPN PART VERB Piracy ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP DET mandate ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP Piracy ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET fund VERB PART VERB DET ADJ capital VERB ADP countries ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PART VERB pirates PUNCT ADV ADV ADP PART VERB awareness ADP ADJ society ADP DET risk VERB ADP piracy CCONJ ADJ activity PUNCT ADJ efforts PART VERB piracy AUX VERB PART VERB ADP VERB ADJ cooperation CCONJ agreements PUNCT VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ instruments ADJ PART VERB pirates PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET root causes ADP piracy PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ pollution CCONJ climate change PUNCT VERB progress SPACE Pollution AUX VERB environments CCONJ VERB biodiversity ADP DET ocean PUNCT ADJ contamination VERB ADP land PUNCT VERB pollutants PUNCT ADV ADP ADV VERB ADJ areas PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADJ initiatives PART VERB pollution PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ program ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT states VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP Land PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT DET VERB sources ADP land PUNCT VERB pollution CCONJ VERB states VERB priorities ADP action PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP VERB awareness ADP land PUNCT VERB pollution CCONJ VERB ADJ assistance ADP ADJ VERB bodies PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADV VERB ADP resources PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT NUM PROPN member states VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP biodiversity PUNCT DET VERB PART VERB DET ADJ extinction rate ADP NUM CCONJ VERB protection ADP NUM percent ADP DET world PART oceans PUNCT SPACE Shipping vessels AUX ADV DET ADJ source ADP ADJ pollution PUNCT Shipping AUX DET ADV ADV ADJ way PART VERB bulk cargoes PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ pollution VERB ADJ SCONJ ADP PRON ADV ADJ nature PUNCT Shipping AUX ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB ADJ pollution ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT States AUX ADJ ADP VERB CCONJ VERB PROPN ADP PRON ADJ fleets PART VERB DET ADV ADJ forms ADP ADJ pollution PUNCT VERB oil spills PUNCT particulate matter ADJ ADP sulfur oxide PUNCT SOx PUNCT CCONJ ADJ oxide PUNCT NOx PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ greenhouse gas emissions PUNCT Port cities VERB DET brunt ADP air pollution PUNCT DET VERB ADJ air quality SCONJ ADJ ships VERB bunker fuel PUNCT DET ADJ form ADP ADJ oil PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADJ steps PART VERB SOx CCONJ NOx emissions ADP VERB DET PROPN guidelines PART VERB ADJ matter ADP ships PUNCT SCONJ ADJ efforts PUNCT DET NUM study PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB SCONJ ADJ shipping ADV VERB ADP ADV NUM percent ADP DET greenhouse gasses PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN AUX VERB ADJ success ADP VERB oil VERB ADP DET ADJ environment PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ shipping boom PUNCT oil spills AUX ADP DET DET PUNCT time low PUNCT DET achievements ADP DET PROPN AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP commitments ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PART VERB ADP oil pollution ADP DET action plan PRON ADV VERB pollution prevention ADP tankers PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB DET success ADP PRON efforts PART VERB shipping emissions PUNCT SPACE Climate change AUX ADV VERB ADJ damage PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADJ oceans VERB PRON ADJ ADJ temperature PUNCT NUM degrees PROPN PUNCT ADP DET world VERB PUNCT oceans VERB VERB levels ADP carbon dioxide PUNCT DET VERB DET water CCONJ VERB wetlands PUNCT mangroves PUNCT CCONJ ADJ reefs PUNCT ecosystems PRON VERB millions ADP species ADP plants CCONJ animals PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ studies PUNCT ocean acidity AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADP NUM percent ADP NUM SCONJ VERB measures AUX PART VERB ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ice VERB sea levels PUNCT VERB beaches PUNCT VERB communities PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET salinity ADP freshwater bodies PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ island nation ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ country ADP DET world PUNCT AUX AUX ADV VERB SCONJ sea levels VERB PART VERB ADP DET ADJ rate PUNCT SPACE ADJ states AUX ADJ ADP VERB changes ADP PRON ADJ ADJ climates PUNCT CCONJ ADJ efforts PART VERB DET effect ADP climate change ADP DET oceans AUX VERB ADP pace PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB countries VERB ADJ bodies ADP water PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ ADJ policies PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET ADJ approach PART VERB climate change PUNCT SPACE ADJ fisheries policies ADP DET ADJ seas PUNCT DET ADJ disaster SPACE States AUX DET ADJ right PART VERB fishing ADP PRON ADJ ADJ zones PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB NUM NUM ADJ miles ADP shore PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV PUNCT ADP DET case ADP ADJ ADJ shelves PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET PROPN AUX DET ADJ seas PUNCT DET AUX PART VERB ADP DET NUM country PART jurisdiction PUNCT Freedom ADP DET ADJ seas AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ flow ADP ADJ commerce PUNCT CCONJ VERB disaster ADP ADJ fisheries ADP DET textbook case ADP DET tragedy ADP DET commons PUNCT ADP years PUNCT ADJ PUNCT scale fishing vessels VERB fish ADV ADV ADP ADJ ADP ADJ regard ADP DET ADJ costs PUNCT VERB NUM percent ADP DET ocean PART biomass ADP ADJ ADP DET century PUNCT ADV PUNCT fisheries VERB ADP NUM sets ADP challenges PUNCT ADJ enforcement capacity CCONJ lack ADP market PUNCT VERB governance solutions PART VERB ADJ incentives PART overfish PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ mechanisms ADP fisheries management PUNCT DET system AUX ADJ ADP ADJ gaps CCONJ weaknesses VERB ADP ADJ fishing vessels PUNCT PROPN NUM CCONJ NUM ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ fisheries responsibilities ADP state parties PUNCT VERB DET onus ADP ADJ governments PART VERB policies CCONJ ADJ agreements PRON VERB ADJ management CCONJ conservation ADP fish stocks ADP PRON ADJ areas PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB ADP DET ADJ approach ADP ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ fish stocks PRON VERB ADV ADP CCONJ ADP ADP DET ADJ seas PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM countries AUX VERB DET PROPN ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET review conference ADP PROPN NUM AUX VERB ADP DET success ADP ADP DET passage ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PART VERB ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT fishing PUNCT CCONJ fish stocks AUX VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADV ADJ levels PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN AUX ADV VERB PART VERB PROPN operations PUNCT SPACE ADJ fishery bodies PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP implementation CCONJ monitoring PUNCT DET PROPN VERB guidelines CCONJ advice ADP DET variety ADP issues VERB ADP fishing PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ catch PUNCT by PUNCT catch PUNCT vessel monitoring systems PUNCT areas CCONJ seasons VERB ADP fishing PUNCT CCONJ VERB CCONJ VERB fishery statistics PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV DET portion ADP DET bodies VERB DET management ADP PRON recommendations PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN VERB members PART ADV VERB ADJ decisions PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN AUX PART ADJ ADP PRON membership CCONJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ part PUNCT PRON rules AUX PART VERB ADP vessels VERB ADP DET state ADP DET body PUNCT SPACE ADV SCONJ ADJ bodies VERB DET VERB decision ADP DET ADJ PUNCT seas case PUNCT implementation VERB ADP state will CCONJ capacity PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET fund PART VERB VERB countries ADP PRON obligations PART VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ value ADP DET fund VERB ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT CCONJ countries PART compliance AUX ADV VERB ADP resource scarcity PUNCT DET VERB ADP ADJ enforcement PUNCT DET VERB vessels PART VERB ADJ standards ADP impunity PUNCT ADV ADP DET coasts ADP ADJ states PUNCT ADJ species ADP ADJ fin tuna AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB ADP ADJ boundaries CCONJ AUX ADJ ADJ value PUNCT SPACE DET ADP DET PROPN ADP management oversight PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX AUX ADV ADJ ADP VERB overfishing PUNCT PRON AUX VERB oversight systems CCONJ ADJ measures PART VERB ADJ PUNCT water trawl fishing CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ fishing ADP DET ADJ seas PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ arrangements PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB PART VERB ADP ADJ ADJ authority PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT DET regions ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ PROPN PROPN VERB RFBs PUNCT DET AUX VERB VERB DET void ADP market PUNCT VERB solutions ADP catch shares PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB DET incentives ADP stewardship PUNCT Catch shares PUNCT ADV VERB ADP ADJ access privilege programs PUNCT VERB innovation CCONJ VERB fisheries VERB efficiency ADP VERB DET stock ADP fish ADP DET ADJ fisherman PUNCT community PUNCT fishery association PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ state PUNCT DET year ADP DET beginning ADP fishing season PUNCT ADJ fishermen AUX VERB SCONJ ADJ fish PRON AUX VERB PART VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV AUX VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB shares PART VERB profit PUNCT ADP VERB ADJ PUNCT market principles PUNCT fisheries AUX VERB DET ADJ equilibrium ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT VERB ADP research PUNCT ADV ADJ catch shares policies AUX VERB DET value ADP DET fishing industry ADP ADJ ADP SYM NUM NUM PUNCT SCONJ VERB DET shares ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT level VERB ADJ PUNCT DET idea VERB ADP DET kind ADP policy work VERB PART ADV VERB DET ADJ commons PUNCT SPACE VERB DET PROPN PUNCT ADP DET crossroads SPACE ADJ ice AUX VERB ADP ADJ rates PUNCT ADP DET pace PUNCT experts VERB SCONJ DET PROPN AUX AUX ADV ice ADJ ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV ADV PUNCT ADP DET ice VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ ADJ resources PUNCT ADJ coordination AUX VERB ADV ADV ADJ ADP states PUNCT CCONJ ADJ groups PUNCT VERB ADP position ADP DET region PUNCT SPACE DET VERB ice AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ ADJ sea routes CCONJ stores ADP ADJ resources PUNCT SCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT cargo ships AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB DET ADJ PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ routes ADP DET capes CCONJ ADP DET canals PUNCT VERB sea routes ADV VERB SCONJ fishing fleets AUX VERB ADV ADP search ADP ADJ fishing stock PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ cruise ships AUX VERB tourists VERB DET ADJ glimpse ADP DET VERB ice PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT ADJ resources ADJ ADP oil PUNCT ADJ gas PUNCT ADJ earth minerals PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ wind PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ energy VERB ADJ potential PUNCT ADP DET ADJ estimate PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB SCONJ DET PROPN AUX VERB NUM percent ADP DET world PART hydrocarbon resources PUNCT VERB NUM NUM barrels ADP oil CCONJ NUM NUM ADJ feet ADP ADJ gas PUNCT ADP oil CCONJ gas PUNCT DET PROPN AUX ADJ mineral commodities ADJ ADP zinc PUNCT nickel PUNCT CCONJ coal PUNCT SPACE CCONJ ADJ opportunities ADP DET PROPN ADV VERB ADJ competition ADP states PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB DET flag ADP DET PROPN floor PUNCT VERB DET claim ADP ADJ chunks ADP ADJ land PUNCT ADJ PROPN powers VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADJ claims PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ PROPN policy PUNCT CCONJ PROPN VERB DET icebreaker ADP NUM ADJ ADJ expeditions PUNCT DET country VERB VERB PART VERB ADJ treasure ADP DET ADV ADJ ADJ region PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX DET ADJ foundation ADP DET PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ PROPN policies PUNCT ADV articles NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT DET VERB DET limits ADP DET ADJ ADJ shelf PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB activities ADP ice PUNCT VERB waters PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ list ADP VERB sovereignty disputes PRON AUX VERB ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ resolutions PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ forum VERB NUM PROPN nations PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ prominence PUNCT VERB DET ADV VERB treaty ADP search CCONJ rescue missions ADP PROPN NUM CCONJ VERB ADJ PUNCT level policymakers ADP PRON meetings PUNCT SCONJ DET AUX ADJ ADJ steps PUNCT DET forum AUX ADV PART VERB ADJ issues ADJ ADP VERB PROPN claims PUNCT VERB ADJ boundaries PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ status ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ ADP DET ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ organizations ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT PRON VERB VERB DET decades PUNCT ADJ process ADP VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB DET VERB role ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT VERB bodies PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP DET VERB force ADP ADJ fisheries organizations CCONJ PROPN PROPN forums PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV AUX ADP DET vanguard ADP ocean policy PUNCT ADJ ADP DET NUM PROPN PROPN report PUNCT ADJ conservation acts ADP DET NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT catch limits ADP DET ADV PUNCT VERB fish species PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADV AUX leaders ADP ADJ science ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ perspective PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET world PART oceans CCONJ VERB DET environment SCONJ ADJ commerce AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE ADV DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADV ADP ADJ issues PUNCT ADV ADV VERB PRON reluctance PART VERB PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX PART AUX DET ADJ ADJ oceans policy PUNCT PART VERB DET gap PUNCT PROPN president PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PART VERB ADJ issues ADP ADJ PUNCT state PUNCT CCONJ ADJ levels PUNCT CCONJ PART VERB DET ADJ vision ADP SCONJ oceans AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET task force VERB ADP DET creation ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADJ ADP PUNCT VERB ADJ action plans PART VERB NUM priority objectives PRON VERB DET ADP DET ADV ADJ challenges VERB DET ocean PUNCT PRON coasts PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV PART VERB ADJ gains PUNCT PDF PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ oceans policy framework AUX VERB VERB DET way ADP DET spadework ADP VERB PROPN ocean governance CCONJ VERB ADJ efforts PUNCT SPACE AUX DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB DET governance framework PRON VERB ADV NUM PUNCT quarters ADP DET earth PART surface PUNCT AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP NUM countries CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADP ADV DET handful ADP countries PART AUX VERB CCONJ PART ADV VERB DET treaty PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON ADV VERB ADJ ADP DET provisions ADP ADJ ADJ law PUNCT Leaders ADP DET sides ADP DET ADJ aisle ADV ADV ADP ADJ PUNCT conservation PUNCT business PUNCT industry PUNCT CCONJ security groups AUX VERB ratification ADP order PART VERB ADJ security interests CCONJ VERB PRON ADJ benefits PUNCT ADJ ADP VERB rights ADP PROPN ADJ CCONJ ADJ ships CCONJ VERB DET competitiveness ADP PROPN companies ADP seafaring activities PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADP DET ADJ services PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB PROPN SCONJ PRON provisions AUX ADV VERB PART VERB PROPN ADJ efforts PUNCT ADP VERB DET nonparty PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET credibility PART VERB PRON ADJ interests ADP ADJ decision PUNCT VERB forums ADV ADV ADP VERB complaints ADP DET ADJ dispute resolution body PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT Opponents VERB SCONJ VERB DET treaty AUX VERB sovereignty ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB PROPN ADJ CCONJ ADJ activities PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT critics VERB ADP ADJ provisions VERB taxes ADP activities ADP ADJ ADJ shelves PUNCT ADJ dispute settlements PUNCT ADJ activism ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP regard ADP land PUNCT VERB sources ADP pollution PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB ability ADP PROPN PART VERB PROPN intelligence PUNCT VERB activities PUNCT ADV PUNCT critics VERB SCONJ SCONJ PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ ADJ law PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP ADJ accession PUNCT SPACE AUX DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET initiative PART VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADV PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT DET experts VERB DET ADJ way PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ system AUX PART VERB DET ADJ security solution PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB VERB SCONJ ADJ PUNCT risk containers AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP PRON VERB PRON destination PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM countries AUX ADV ADP board ADP DET initiative PUNCT CCONJ ADJ others AUX VERB interest ADP VERB PRON ADJ security measures ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PRON members PART VERB programs VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN VERB PART VERB DET initiative ADP PRON territory PUNCT ADP PRON ADJ ADJ experience PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET ADJ expertise PART VERB DET integrity ADP DET container system PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT Opponents VERB SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB PRON tax dollars ADV ADP DET ADJ security system SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PART VERB PRON ADJ imports PUNCT ADP date PUNCT ADJ ADP SYM NUM NUM CCONJ ADJ ADJ energy AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN PART VERB DET program ADP NUM PUNCT NUM ADJ ports PUNCT SCONJ agents AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ PUNCT risk containers PUNCT VERB DET scale ADP world trade PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ ADP NUM NUM containers ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET handful ADP ADJ PUNCT risk boxes AUX AUX VERB ADP inspection PUNCT ADP ADJ expenditures CCONJ years ADP ADJ work PART VERB DET program ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADV ADP NUM percent ADP DET cargo PRON VERB DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADP ADJ ports VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET PUNCT ADV ADV NUM percent AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADP DET cost ADP DET PROPN taxpayer ADP ADJ ADP SYM NUM ADP container PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ ADJ mandates PART VERB DET ADJ containers PUNCT critics VERB SCONJ costs VERB VERB DET mandate ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ resources DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB imports VERB ADV ADP PRON shores PUNCT SPACE AUX DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADJ PART VERB DET ADJ decline ADP DET world PART fisheries PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT Advocates VERB SCONJ DET ADJ demise ADP ADJ fish stocks PUNCT ADP AUX DET ADJ burden PUNCT VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ security interests ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB fish stocks AUX VERB ADP ADJ part ADP DET prevalence ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT fishing CCONJ DET overcapitalization ADP DET ADJ ADJ fishing fleet ADP ADJ subsidies PUNCT PART VERB ADJ ADJ fisheries CCONJ DET competitiveness ADP PROPN exports ADP DET ADJ seafood market PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB efforts ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PART VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ assistance ADP nations VERB ADP PROPN fishing PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADJ steps PART VERB DET ADJ gaps ADP fisheries management PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ country PART VERB catch limits ADP DET ADV PUNCT VERB fish species PUNCT DET species ADP DET mahi mahi AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ time ADP history PUNCT ADJ ADJ experts VERB DET move ADP DET ADJ model ADP ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ fisheries policy PUNCT PART VERB ADP ADJ gains PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB PART VERB fishing subsidies ADP areas ADJ ADP PROPN PRON VERB overcapitalization CCONJ ADV ADJ depletion ADP fish stocks PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB market PUNCT VERB mechanisms PUNCT ADP catch shares CCONJ ADJ access privilege programs PUNCT PART VERB fishermen CCONJ PRON communities VERB overfishing CCONJ VERB DET value ADP ADJ fisheries ADP ADP PART SYM NUM NUM PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT Critics VERB SCONJ fisheries management AUX ADP CCONJ ADJ DET ADJ issue PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ right PART VERB ADJ nations SCONJ PART VERB PRON ADJ resources PUNCT ADV SCONJ ADJ measures AUX VERB ADJ economies PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET science ADP overfishing AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP AUX DET warnings ADP DET consequences ADP DET ADJ fisheries collapse PUNCT VERB conventions ADP DET NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN ADV VERB ADV ADV ADP VERB DET issue PUNCT DET ADJ efforts PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT AUX AUX DET ADJ overreach PUNCT ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ burden ADP DET VERB ADJ fishing industry PUNCT Critics ADV VERB SCONJ market PUNCT VERB mechanisms PUNCT ADJ ADP catch PUNCT shares PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB PUNCT VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP ADJ bubbles PUNCT SPACE AUX DET PROPN PROPN 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On the Lap of the Mighty Sagarmatha - Solu Khumbu or Everest region
The major mountains are the Mt.Everest, Mt.Lhotse, Cho Oyu, Nuptse, Pumori, Ama Dablam, Thamserku, Kantega, Mera Peak and Island Peak.
Mt. Everest, which is part of the Himalaya range, is located on the border between Nepal and Tibet. Rising to a height of 8848m, the world’s highest mountain was named in 1865 after Sir George Everest. The mountain got its Nepali name Sagarmatha during the 1960s, when the Government of Nepal gave the mountain the official Nepali name. In sanskrit Sagarmatha means "mother of the universe”. The Tibetan name for Mount Everest is Chomolungma or Qomolangma, which means “Goddess Mother of the Snows". Climbers wishing to scale the peak have to obtain an expensive permit from the Nepal Government, often costing more than $25,000 (USD) per person. Base Camp, which serves as a resting area and base of operations for climbers organizing their attempts for the summit, is located on the Khumbu glacier at an elevation of 5300 m (17,400 ft); it receives an average of 450 mm (18 in) of precipitation a year. The climate of Mount Everest is extreme In July, the warmest month, the average summit temperature is -19° C (-2° F).
When George Mallory, the British climber was asked why he wanted to climb Everest he replied ‘Because it is there’. After two unsuccessful attempts, in 1924 he again tried to climb the peak with Andrew Irvine. They started on June 8, 1924 to scale the summit via the north col route and never returned. Their bodies were later discovered by the Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition near the old Chinese camp in 1999. Edmund Hillary, a New Zealander and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay from Nepal were the first two climbers to set foot on the summit of Mt.Everest. They reached the summit at 11:30 a.m. on May 29, 1953 by climbing through the South Col Route. More than 300 climbers have scaled the highest mountain since then. Also there have been more than 100 deaths on the mountain where conditions are so difficult that most corpses have been left where they fell, some of them visible from standard climbing routes.
Mt. Lhotse (8516m) is the fourth highest mountain in the world. It lies south of Mt. Everest. It was first climbed by two Swiss climbers F. Luchsinger and E. Reiss in 1956 from the West face. The Czech scaled it via the South face in 1984. An impressive ring of three peaks makes up the Lhotse massif: Lhotse East or Middle, Lhotse and Lhotse Shar. The South Face of Lhotse is one of the largest mountain faces in the world.
Cho Oyu, (8201m) the sixth highest mountain in the world, has gained popularity among climbers just recently. The mountain sits on both sides of the border of Nepal and Tibet, about 30 km. west of Mount Everest. Cho Oyu in Tibetan means "the turquoise goddess ." The south face of Cho Oyu, facing Nepal, is quite steep and difficult, and is rarely climbed. The north side, accessed from Tibet, is more moderate, and there is a relatively safe route to the summit. In the autumn of 1954, an Austrian team made the first ascent via this route.
Ama Dablam (6856m) which means ‘mother’s jewellery box’, in sherpa language is considered to be one of the most beautiful mountains in the world. Seen from below, the mountain looks like a woman with outstretched arms or a woman wearing a long necklace. Ama Dablam lies alongside Everest in the heart of the Khumbu valley. Mt Lhotse, Mt. Makalu, Mt. Cho Oyu and Mt. Everest can be seen at close quarters from Ama dablam.
Nuptse (7,855m.) lies south west of Mt Everest. It is situated in the Khumbu Himal. From the Thyangboche Monastery Nuptse appears as a massive wall guarding the approach to Everest. The name Nup-tse in Tibetan means west-peak. The main ridge, which is separated from Lhotse by a 7556m high saddle, is crowned by seven peaks and goes west-northwest until its steep west-face drops down more than 2300m to the Khumbu-glacier. Nuptse I was first summited by a British expedition on May 16, 1961
Pumori peak at 7145m is just 8 km away from the world’s highest peak Mt.Everest. The ascent to this peak is described as a classic climb in the 7000m peak category. In Tibetan, ‘Pumo’ means girl and ‘Ri’, mountain. The peak was named by George Mallory, the famous English climber who lost his life trying to ascend Everest in 1924. The German climber Gerhard Lenser was the first to reach the summit of Pumori peak in 1962. Pumori is a popular climbing peak and the easiest. The best season to climb this peak is during autumn and spring.
Mera Peak (6,475m) is the highest of Nepal's trekking peaks. By its standard route, it is also the highest peak in Nepal that can be climbed without prior mountaineering experience. It was first climbed on 20 May 1953, by J.O.M. Roberts and Sen Tenzing, from the standard route at Mera La. The mountain lies to the south of Everest, dominating the watershed between the wild and beautiful valleys of the Hinku and Hongu.
Island Peak also known as Imja Tse at 6160m was named by Erick Shipton's group in 1953.It was so named as the peak resembles an island in a sea of ice when observed from Dingboche. The peak was first climbed in 1953 by a British group as preparation for climbing Mt. Everest. Among them one of the climbers was Mr. Tenzing Norgay. The peak is part of the south ridge of Lhotse Shar and the main land forms a semicircle of cliffs that rise to the north of the summits of Nuptse, Lhotse, Middle Peak and Lhotse Shar. Cho Oyu and Makalu lie to the east of the Island Peak. Baruntse, Amphu and Ama Dablam lie to the south.
Lobuche(6,119m) is known as Lhauche among the Locals. It rises above the town of Lhauche which is just a few kilometer from Mt. Everest. The first ascent on this peak was done by Laurice Nielson and Ang Gyalzen Sherpa on 25 April 1984.
Kalapattar is a small mountain 5,545 m (18,500 ft) high on the southern flank of Pumori (7,145 m). It is a trekking peak and every year tourists climb this peak to enjoy the fantastic panoramic views it offers of the Khumbu glacier, the Everest and nearby peaks like Lhotse and Nuptse. To the east, Makalu, Amadablam, Pumori, and Cho Oyu are visible.
Climate, Flora & Fauna
The climate in the Everest region can be divided into four climate zones owing to the gradual rise in altitude. The climatic zones include a forested lower zone, a zone of alpine scrub, the upper alpine zone which includes upper limit of vegetation growth, and the Arctic zone where no plants can grow. The types of plants and animals that are found depend on the altitude. In the lower forested zone, birch, juniper, blue pines, firs, bamboo and rhododendron grow. All vegetation that is found above this zone is shrubs. As the altitude increases, plant life is restricted to lichens and mosses. At an elevation of 5,750m begins the permanent snow line in the Himalayas. From this point there is no sign of greenery or vegetation. A common animal sighted in the higher reaches is the hairy animal yak. Dzopkyo a sterile male crossbreed between a yak and a cow is used to move goods along the trail. Red panda, snow leopard, musk deer, wild yak, and Himalayan black bear are some of the more exotic animals that are found in this region. A variety of birds can be sighted in the lower regions.
Sagarmata (Mt. Everest) National Park
The Sagarmatha National Park is the highest national park in the world. It was formally opened to public in July 19, 1976. The park covers an area of 1,148 sq km. It rises from its lowest point of 2,845 m (9,335 ft) at Jorsale to 8,850 m (29,035 ft) up to the summit of Everest. The park’s area is very rugged and steep, with its terrain cut by deep rivers and glaciers. It includes three peaks higher than 8,000 m, including Mt Everest. In 1979 the park was inscribed as a Natural World Heritage Site. The park's visitor centre is located at a hill in Namche Bazaar, where a company of the Nepal Royal Army is stationed for protecting the park. The park's southern entrance is a few hundred meters north of Monjo at 2,835 m. Trekking and climbing groups must bring their own fuel to the park (usually butane and kerosene), and the cutting of wood is prohibited. The Sagarmatha Pollution Control, funded by the World Wildlife Fund and the Himalayan Trust, was established in 1991 to help preserve Everest's environment. About a humdred species of birds and more than twenty species of butterflies have made this park their home. Musk deer, wild yak, red panda, snow leopard, Himalayan black bear, Himalayan thars, deer, langur monkeys, hares, mountain foxes, martens, and Himalayan wolves are found in the park
Early expeditions to climb Everest from the Nepalese side started from Jiri. Before the airstrip at Lukla came into existence all the trekking and climbing expeditions to the Everest region started from Jiri. Starting from Jiri, the route passes through the Sherpa villages of the Solu Khumbu, many of them having beautiful Buddhist monasteries.
Lukla, a village in Khumbu boast of the region’s sole airport.Lying at a height of 9000ft, most travelers to this region usually begin and end their adventure in Lukla. The airport was built in 1964 by Sir Edmund Hillary as part of his project in Khumbu region during the early 60s to transport the supplies for the Himalayan Trust projects in the Khumbu region. Today, somewhere between 90-95% of the foreign nationals who reach Lukla, arrive by a half hour flight from Kathmandu.
Namche Bazar is known as the sherpa capital. Namche is actually a village lying at the junction of the Dudh Koshi and a valley that leads to the frontier pass of Nangpa La . It is tucked away in a niche at a height of 7,845 ft. W. H. Tilman and C. Houston were the first westerners to enter it in 1950 and many more have come since then. Facilities like a bank, a post office, hotels and shops where one can purchase climbing equipment as well as tinned food have sprung up over the years. Namche Bazar is the major regional trading center. Its Saturday market or haat is the place where most of the trading takes place. The headquarters of the Sagarmatha National Park is located in Namche.
Thyangboche is famous for the Thyangboche gompa. It is one of the most important centers of Buddhism in the region. The gompa is the largest in the Khumbu region. It was first built in 1923. Destroyed by a fire in 1989, it was rebuilt later on partly with foreign aid. From Thyangboche, one gets a panoramic view of Kwangde, Tawache, Everest, Nuptse, Lhotse, Amadablam, Kangtenga, and Thamserku.
Buddhism is believed to have been introduced in the Khumbu region towards the end of the 17th century by Lama Sange Dorjee. According to the legend, he flew over the Himalayas and landed on a rock at Pangboche and Thyangboche, leaving his footprints embedded on the stone. He is believed to have been responsible for the founding of the first gompas in the Khumbu region, at Pangboche and Thami. Pangboche is the highest year-round settlement in the valley. The Imja Khola, coming from the right, joins the Dudh Koshi River a little above the village. The gompa (monastery) in Phyangboche is thought to be one of the oldest in the Khumbu region.
Khumjung , a village lying west of Thyangboche, is famous for the gompa where the skull of a supposed Yeti, the Abominable Snowman, is preserved under the supervision of the head Lama. The skull seems more like the outer skin of Himalayan Brown Bear, and this is proved by the report of a scientific exploratory expedition conducted by Sir Edmund Hillary, a copy of which is kept in the gompa.
Pheriche is located at an altitude of 13,845 ft. It lies on a level patch. Apart from the basic facilities available here, there is a medical-aid post maintained by the Himalayan Rescue Association of the Tokyo Medical College with Japanese doctors in attendance. Among other facilities, there is an air compression chamber installed for assisting victims of high altitude sickness
The scenic village of Gokyo lies below the hilly Gokyo Ri(5483m). The village is a cluster of stone houses and walled pastures.One has to pass by the holy Gokyo lakes on the way to the village. The Ngozumpa Glacier Nepal’s longest glacier at 25 miles has to be traversed enroute to this remote village. Gokyo Ri looms above the village on the northern edge of the lake. The summits of Everest, Lhotse and Makalu are visible from the summit of Gokyo Ri.
Thami at 3750m is in a large valley. The village has a police checkpost and a few lodges and tea shops. A little above the village is the Thami gompa, which is the site of the annual Mani Rimdu festival.
Sherpas live in the upper regions of Solu Khumbu. They emigrated from Tibet about 600 years ago. In the past they were traders and porters, carrying butter, meat, rice, sugar, and dye from India, and, wool, jewelry, salt Chinese silk and porcelain from Tibet and beyond. The closure of the border between India and China undermined their economy. Fortunately, with the mountaineering expeditions and trekkers, the Sherpa's found their load carrying skills, both on normal treks and high altitudes in great demand. The Khumbu region has provided a strong group of able bodied, hardy and fearless Sherpa porters and guides. The sherpas are Buddhists.
At the lower elevations lives the Kiranti Rai. The villages of Jubing, Kharikhola, Okhaldhunga, are inhabited by the Rais. Of mongoloid stock they speak their own dialect. Reference is made of their fighting spirit in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. The people from this group have supplied recruits to Gurkha regiments both in the British as well as Indian armies. The Rais follow a religion that is partly animistic with a strong Hindu influence. They revere their ancestors by observing Kul or Pitri puja every year.
The Jirels live in the area around Jiri. They are mongoloid and follow Buddhism.
Losar is celebrated in the month of February by the Sherpas. ‘Losar’ means New Year in Tibetan. Apart from the Sherpas and Tibetans, the Gurungs and Tamangs also celebrate Losar. Buddhist monks offer prayers for good health and prosperity at monasteries. People exchange various goods and gifts among them. Families organize feasts and perform dances.
Dumje is celebrated to mark the birthday of Guru Rimpoche (Padmasambhava).The celebration takes place in June and lasts for six days. It is celebrated in a big way in the villages of Namche, Thame and Khumjung.
Mani Rimdu is a festival that celebrates the victory of Buddhism over the ancient animistic religion of Bon. This festival is celebrated in the monasteries of Thyangboche, Chiwang and Thami. At Thangboche the celebration takes place during the November- December full moon. At Thami the Mani rimdu is festival is celebrated during the full moon in May.Chiwang Gompa generally celebrate this festival during autumn. The lamas wear elaborate brocade gowns and papier-mâché masks while performing. Through the dances, symbolic demons are conquered, dispelled, or converted to Dharma Protectors as positive forces clash with those of chaos. The dances convey Buddhist teaching on many levels from the simplest to the most profound, for those who do not have the opportunity to study and meditate extensively. It gives an opportunity to the Sherpas to gather and celebrate together with the monks.
Sakela (Chandi Dance) is a harvest festival celebrated by the Rai community. The harvest ceremony involves the worship of mother earth, called ‘Bhumi-Puja’. The festival is celebrated twice a year, once in spring before planting begins and once during autumn before harvesting. Ubhauli is celebrated during the spring season on Baishakh Purnima. In the autumn season on Mangsir Purnima, Udhauli is celebrated. The spring worship is done to propitiate mother earth for a good harvest and the rain god to bless the earth with enough rain. The festival is celebrated with more fervor in the remote hills. The Rai villagers celebrate it with priests (dhami) who perform rituals to worship their ancestors. The elders of the community begin the dance with a puja. Later on everybody participate in the dance forming a circle by holding each other’s hands. With drumbeats, they begin dancing at a slow pace but moves faster later with the drumbeats. The dance steps and hand gestures imitate the sowing and harvesting of crops .The festival also provides an opportunity for the Rai people to socialise.
The Classic Everest Base Camp Trek
Mt Everest Base Camp is the most popular destination for trekkers in Nepal. Its popularity has grown since the first expedition to the Nepalese side of Everest in the 1950s.One can do this trek the old way, by beginning the trek from Jiri. From Jiri it takes around nine days to reach Namche. On the way you will come across Rai settlements. The other (quicker) alternative is to take a flight to Lukla and to begin the trek from there. The trek follows the Dudh Kosi valley route with an ascent up to the Sherpa capital of Namche Bazaar. From Namche, you traverse along a high path from where you have the first good view of Everest. You head towards Thyangboche Monastery located on top of a mountain ridge and then descend the Imja Khola and continue to the villages of Pangboche and Pheriche. After that you arrive at the Khumbu Glacier. The trek through the glacier takes you first to Lobuche and then to Gorak Shep. From Gorak Shep you can climb up to Kala Pattar for even more spectacular views of the surrounding mountains, including Everest's south west face. Yhou then reach your destination, the Everest Base Camp at the foot of the Khumbu ice fall.
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region mountains part range border height world mountain mountain name 1960s mountain name sanskrit mother universe name Climbers peak permit person resting area base operations climbers attempts summit glacier elevation m average mm precipitation year climate month summit temperature C -2 climber attempts peak summit bodies camp climbers foot summit summit a.m. climbers mountain deaths mountain conditions corpses climbing routes mountain world climbers face face ring peaks mountain faces world mountain world popularity climbers mountain sides border km turquoise goddess face north side route summit autumn team ascent route mother sherpa language mountains world mountain woman arms woman necklace heart valley quarters dablam m. west wall approach name tse west peak ridge m saddle peaks west face glacier expedition peak m km world peak ascent peak climb peak category girl mountain peak climber life climber summit peak climbing peak season peak autumn spring m trekking peaks route peak mountaineering experience route mountain south watershed valleys m group peak island sea ice peak group preparation climbers peak part ridge land semicircle cliffs north summits lie east lie south town kilometer ascent peak mountain m flank trekking peak year tourists peak views peaks east climate region climate zones rise altitude zones zone zone alpine alpine zone limit vegetation growth zone plants types plants animals altitude zone birch juniper pines firs bamboo rhododendron vegetation zone shrubs altitude increases plant life lichens mosses elevation m snow line point sign greenery vegetation animal reaches animal yak crossbreed yak cow goods trail panda snow leopard yak bear animals region variety birds regions park world public park area km point m ft summit park area terrain rivers glaciers peaks m park park visitor centre hill company park park entrance meters m. Trekking climbing groups fuel park cutting wood environment species birds species butterflies park home deer yak panda snow leopard bear thars deer monkeys hares mountain foxes wolves park expeditions side airstrip existence trekking climbing expeditions region route villages monasteries village boast region airport height ft travelers region adventure airport part project region 60s supplies projects region Today % nationals arrive hour flight sherpa capital village junction valley frontier pass niche height ft westerners Facilities bank post office hotels shops climbing equipment food years trading center market haat place trading place headquarters gompa centers region gompa region fire aid view region end century legend rock footprints stone founding gompas region year settlement valley right village gompa monastery region village west gompa skull supervision head skull skin report expedition copy gompa altitude ft level patch facilities aid post doctors attendance facilities air compression chamber victims altitude sickness village village cluster stone houses pastures lakes way village miles enroute village village edge lake summits summit m valley village police checkpost lodges tea shops village gompa site festival regions years past traders porters butter meat rice sugar dye wool jewelry salt silk porcelain closure border economy mountaineering expeditions trekkers load skills treks altitudes demand region group porters guides sherpas elevations villages stock dialect Reference fighting spirit epic people group recruits regiments armies religion influence ancestors puja year area month Losar monks prayers health prosperity monasteries People goods gifts Families feasts dances birthday celebration place days way villages festival victory religion festival monasteries celebration place moon rimdu festival moon festival autumn lamas brocade gowns mâché masks dances demons forces chaos dances teaching levels opportunity opportunity monks harvest festival community harvest ceremony worship mother earth festival year spring planting autumn harvesting spring season autumn season spring worship mother earth harvest rain earth rain festival fervor hills villagers priests dhami rituals ancestors elders community dance puja dance circle hands drumbeats pace moves drumbeats dance steps hand gestures sowing harvesting crops festival opportunity people destination trekkers popularity expedition side trek way trek days way settlements alternative flight trek trek valley route ascent capital path view top mountain ridge villages trek glacier views mountains west face destination foot ice fall
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on the Lap of the Mighty Sagarmatha - Solu Khumbu or Everest region
the major mountain be the Mt.Everest, Mt.Lhotse, Cho Oyu, Nuptse, Pumori, Ama Dablam, Thamserku, Kantega, Mera Peak and Island Peak.
Mt. Everest, which be part of the Himalaya range, be locate on the border between Nepal and Tibet. rise to a height of 8848m, the world’s high mountain be name in 1865 after Sir George Everest. the mountain get its nepali name Sagarmatha during the 1960, when the Government of Nepal give the mountain the official nepali name. in sanskrit Sagarmatha mean "mother of the universe". the tibetan name for Mount Everest be Chomolungma or Qomolangma, which mean "Goddess Mother of the Snows". climber wish to scale the peak have to obtain an expensive permit from the Nepal Government, often cost more than $25,000 (USD) per person. Base Camp, which serve as a resting area and base of operation for climber organize their attempt for the summit, be locate on the Khumbu glacier at an elevation of 5300 m (17,400 ft); it receive an average of 450 mm (18 in) of precipitation a year. the climate of Mount Everest be extreme in July, the warm month, the average summit temperature be -19° c (-2° F).
when George Mallory, the british climber be ask why he want to climb Everest he reply 'because it be there'. after two unsuccessful attempt, in 1924 he again try to climb the peak with Andrew Irvine. they start on June 8, 1924 to scale the summit via the north col route and never return. their body be later discover by the Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition near the old chinese camp in 1999. Edmund Hillary, a New Zealander and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay from Nepal be the first two climber to set foot on the summit of Mt.Everest. they reach the summit at 11:30 a.m. on May 29, 1953 by climb through the South Col Route. More than 300 climber have scale the high mountain since then. also there have be more than 100 death on the mountain where condition be so difficult that most corps have be leave where they fall, some of they visible from standard climbing route.
Mt. Lhotse (8516m) be the fourth high mountain in the world. it lie south of Mt. Everest. it be first climb by two swiss climber F. Luchsinger and E. Reiss in 1956 from the West face. the Czech scale it via the south face in 1984. an impressive ring of three peak make up the Lhotse massif: Lhotse East or middle, Lhotse and Lhotse Shar. the South Face of Lhotse be one of the large mountain face in the world.
Cho Oyu, (8201m) the sixth high mountain in the world, have gain popularity among climber just recently. the mountain sit on both side of the border of Nepal and Tibet, about 30 km. west of Mount Everest. Cho Oyu in Tibetan mean "the turquoise goddess ." the south face of Cho Oyu, face Nepal, be quite steep and difficult, and be rarely climb. the north side, access from Tibet, be more moderate, and there be a relatively safe route to the summit. in the autumn of 1954, an austrian team make the first ascent via this route.
Ama Dablam (6856m) which mean 'mother’s jewellery box', in sherpa language be consider to be one of the most beautiful mountain in the world. see from below, the mountain look like a woman with outstretched arm or a woman wear a long necklace. Ama Dablam lie alongside Everest in the heart of the Khumbu valley. Mt Lhotse, Mt. Makalu, Mt. Cho Oyu and Mt. Everest can be see at close quarter from Ama dablam.
Nuptse (7,855m.) lie south west of Mt Everest. it be situate in the Khumbu Himal. from the Thyangboche Monastery Nuptse appear as a massive wall guard the approach to Everest. the name Nup-tse in Tibetan mean west-peak. the main ridge, which be separate from Lhotse by a 7556m high saddle, be crown by seven peak and go west-northwest until its steep west-face drop down more than 2300m to the Khumbu-glacier. Nuptse I be first summit by a british expedition on May 16, 1961
Pumori peak at 7145m be just 8 km away from the world’s high peak Mt.Everest. the ascent to this peak be describe as a classic climb in the 7000m peak category. in Tibetan, 'Pumo' mean girl and 'Ri', mountain. the peak be name by George Mallory, the famous English climber who lose his life try to ascend Everest in 1924. the german climber Gerhard Lenser be the first to reach the summit of Pumori peak in 1962. Pumori be a popular climbing peak and the easy. the good season to climb this peak be during autumn and spring.
Mera Peak (6,475m) be the high of Nepal's trekking peak. by its standard route, it be also the high peak in Nepal that can be climb without prior mountaineering experience. it be first climb on 20 May 1953, by J.O.M. Roberts and Sen Tenzing, from the standard route at Mera La. the mountain lie to the south of Everest, dominate the watershed between the wild and beautiful valley of the Hinku and Hongu.
Island Peak also know as Imja Tse at 6160m be name by Erick Shipton's group in 1953.it be so name as the peak resemble an island in a sea of ice when observe from Dingboche. the peak be first climb in 1953 by a british group as preparation for climb Mt. Everest. among they one of the climber be Mr. Tenzing Norgay. the peak be part of the south ridge of Lhotse Shar and the main land form a semicircle of cliff that rise to the north of the summit of Nuptse, Lhotse, Middle Peak and Lhotse Shar. Cho Oyu and Makalu lie to the east of the Island Peak. Baruntse, Amphu and Ama Dablam lie to the south.
Lobuche(6,119m) be know as Lhauche among the Locals. it rise above the town of Lhauche which be just a few kilometer from Mt. Everest. the first ascent on this peak be do by Laurice Nielson and Ang Gyalzen Sherpa on 25 April 1984.
Kalapattar be a small mountain 5,545 m (18,500 ft) high on the southern flank of Pumori (7,145 m). it be a trekking peak and every year tourist climb this peak to enjoy the fantastic panoramic view it offer of the Khumbu glacier, the Everest and nearby peak like Lhotse and Nuptse. to the east, Makalu, Amadablam, Pumori, and Cho Oyu be visible.
Climate, Flora & Fauna
the climate in the Everest region can be divide into four climate zone owe to the gradual rise in altitude. the climatic zone include a forest low zone, a zone of alpine scrub, the upper alpine zone which include upper limit of vegetation growth, and the Arctic zone where no plant can grow. the type of plant and animal that be find depend on the altitude. in the low forest zone, birch, juniper, blue pine, fir, bamboo and rhododendron grow. all vegetation that be find above this zone be shrub. as the altitude increase, plant life be restrict to lichen and moss. at an elevation of 5,750m begin the permanent snow line in the Himalayas. from this point there be no sign of greenery or vegetation. a common animal sight in the high reach be the hairy animal yak. Dzopkyo a sterile male crossbreed between a yak and a cow be use to move good along the trail. red panda, snow leopard, musk deer, wild yak, and himalayan black bear be some of the more exotic animal that be find in this region. a variety of bird can be sight in the low region.
Sagarmata (Mt. Everest) National Park
the Sagarmatha National Park be the high national park in the world. it be formally open to public in July 19, 1976. the park cover an area of 1,148 sq km. it rise from its low point of 2,845 m (9,335 ft) at Jorsale to 8,850 m (29,035 ft) up to the summit of Everest. the park’s area be very rugged and steep, with its terrain cut by deep river and glacier. it include three peak high than 8,000 m, include Mt Everest. in 1979 the park be inscribe as a Natural World Heritage Site. the park's visitor centre be locate at a hill in Namche Bazaar, where a company of the Nepal Royal Army be station for protect the park. the park's southern entrance be a few hundred meter north of Monjo at 2,835 m. trekking and climbing group must bring their own fuel to the park (usually butane and kerosene), and the cutting of wood be prohibit. the Sagarmatha Pollution Control, fund by the World Wildlife Fund and the Himalayan Trust, be establish in 1991 to help preserve Everest's environment. about a humdred specie of bird and more than twenty specie of butterfly have make this park their home. Musk deer, wild yak, red panda, snow leopard, himalayan black bear, himalayan thar, deer, langur monkey, hare, mountain fox, marten, and himalayan wolf be find in the park
early expedition to climb Everest from the nepalese side start from Jiri. before the airstrip at Lukla come into existence all the trekking and climbing expedition to the Everest region start from Jiri. start from Jiri, the route pass through the Sherpa village of the Solu Khumbu, many of they have beautiful buddhist monastery.
Lukla, a village in Khumbu boast of the region’s sole airport.lie at a height of 9000ft, most traveler to this region usually begin and end their adventure in Lukla. the airport be build in 1964 by Sir Edmund Hillary as part of his project in Khumbu region during the early 60 to transport the supply for the Himalayan Trust project in the Khumbu region. today, somewhere between 90-95% of the foreign national who reach Lukla, arrive by a half hour flight from Kathmandu.
Namche Bazar be know as the sherpa capital. Namche be actually a village lie at the junction of the Dudh Koshi and a valley that lead to the frontier pass of Nangpa La . it be tuck away in a niche at a height of 7,845 ft. W. H. Tilman and C. Houston be the first westerner to enter it in 1950 and many more have come since then. facility like a bank, a post office, hotel and shop where one can purchase climbing equipment as well as tin food have spring up over the year. Namche Bazar be the major regional trading center. its Saturday market or haat be the place where most of the trading take place. the headquarters of the Sagarmatha National Park be locate in Namche.
Thyangboche be famous for the Thyangboche gompa. it be one of the most important center of Buddhism in the region. the gompa be the large in the Khumbu region. it be first build in 1923. destroy by a fire in 1989, it be rebuild later on partly with foreign aid. from Thyangboche, one get a panoramic view of Kwangde, Tawache, Everest, Nuptse, Lhotse, Amadablam, Kangtenga, and Thamserku.
Buddhism be believe to have be introduce in the Khumbu region towards the end of the 17th century by Lama Sange Dorjee. accord to the legend, he fly over the Himalayas and land on a rock at Pangboche and Thyangboche, leave his footprint embed on the stone. he be believe to have be responsible for the founding of the first gompas in the Khumbu region, at Pangboche and Thami. Pangboche be the high year-round settlement in the valley. the Imja Khola, come from the right, join the Dudh Koshi River a little above the village. the gompa (monastery) in Phyangboche be think to be one of the old in the Khumbu region.
Khumjung , a village lie west of Thyangboche, be famous for the gompa where the skull of a suppose Yeti, the Abominable Snowman, be preserve under the supervision of the head Lama. the skull seem more like the outer skin of Himalayan Brown Bear, and this be prove by the report of a scientific exploratory expedition conduct by Sir Edmund Hillary, a copy of which be keep in the gompa.
Pheriche be locate at an altitude of 13,845 ft. it lie on a level patch. apart from the basic facility available here, there be a medical-aid post maintain by the Himalayan Rescue Association of the Tokyo Medical College with japanese doctor in attendance. among other facility, there be an air compression chamber instal for assist victim of high altitude sickness
the scenic village of Gokyo lie below the hilly Gokyo Ri(5483m). the village be a cluster of stone house and walled pasture.one have to pass by the holy Gokyo lake on the way to the village. the Ngozumpa Glacier Nepal’s long glaci at 25 mile have to be traverse enroute to this remote village. Gokyo Ri loom above the village on the northern edge of the lake. the summit of Everest, Lhotse and Makalu be visible from the summit of Gokyo Ri.
Thami at 3750m be in a large valley. the village have a police checkpost and a few lodge and tea shop. a little above the village be the Thami gompa, which be the site of the annual Mani Rimdu festival.
Sherpas live in the upper region of Solu Khumbu. they emigrate from Tibet about 600 year ago. in the past they be trader and porter, carry butter, meat, rice, sugar, and dye from India, and, wool, jewelry, salt chinese silk and porcelain from Tibet and beyond. the closure of the border between India and China undermine their economy. fortunately, with the mountaineering expedition and trekker, the Sherpa's find their load carry skill, both on normal trek and high altitude in great demand. the Khumbu region have provide a strong group of able bodied, hardy and fearless Sherpa porter and guide. the sherpa be Buddhists.
at the low elevation live the Kiranti Rai. the village of Jubing, Kharikhola, Okhaldhunga, be inhabit by the Rais. of mongoloid stock they speak their own dialect. reference be make of their fighting spirit in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. the people from this group have supply recruit to Gurkha regiment both in the british as well as indian army. the Rais follow a religion that be partly animistic with a strong Hindu influence. they revere their ancestor by observe Kul or Pitri puja every year.
the Jirels live in the area around Jiri. they be mongoloid and follow Buddhism.
Losar be celebrate in the month of February by the Sherpas. 'losar' mean New Year in Tibetan. apart from the Sherpas and Tibetans, the Gurungs and Tamangs also celebrate Losar. buddhist monk offer prayer for good health and prosperity at monastery. People exchange various good and gift among they. family organize feast and perform dance.
Dumje be celebrate to mark the birthday of Guru Rimpoche (padmasambhava).the celebration take place in June and last for six day. it be celebrate in a big way in the village of Namche, Thame and Khumjung.
Mani Rimdu be a festival that celebrate the victory of Buddhism over the ancient animistic religion of Bon. this festival be celebrate in the monastery of Thyangboche, Chiwang and Thami. at Thangboche the celebration take place during the November- December full moon. at Thami the Mani rimdu be festival be celebrate during the full moon in May.Chiwang Gompa generally celebrate this festival during autumn. the lama wear elaborate brocade gown and papi-mâché mask while perform. through the dance, symbolic demon be conquer, dispel, or convert to Dharma Protectors as positive force clash with those of chaos. the dance convey buddhist teaching on many level from the simple to the most profound, for those who do not have the opportunity to study and meditate extensively. it give an opportunity to the Sherpas to gather and celebrate together with the monk.
Sakela (Chandi Dance) be a harvest festival celebrate by the Rai community. the harvest ceremony involve the worship of mother earth, call 'Bhumi-Puja'. the festival be celebrate twice a year, once in spring before planting begin and once during autumn before harvesting. Ubhauli be celebrate during the spring season on Baishakh Purnima. in the autumn season on Mangsir Purnima, Udhauli be celebrate. the spring worship be do to propitiate mother earth for a good harvest and the rain god to bless the earth with enough rain. the festival be celebrate with more fervor in the remote hill. the rai villager celebrate it with priest (dhami) who perform ritual to worship their ancestor. the elder of the community begin the dance with a puja. later on everybody participate in the dance form a circle by hold each other’s hand. with drumbeat, they begin dance at a slow pace but move fast later with the drumbeat. the dance step and hand gesture imitate the sowing and harvesting of crop .The festival also provide an opportunity for the rai people to socialise.
the Classic Everest Base Camp Trek
Mt Everest Base Camp be the most popular destination for trekker in Nepal. its popularity have grow since the first expedition to the nepalese side of Everest in the 1950s.one can do this trek the old way, by begin the trek from Jiri. from Jiri it take around nine day to reach Namche. on the way you will come across rai settlement. the other (quick) alternative be to take a flight to Lukla and to begin the trek from there. the trek follow the Dudh Kosi valley route with an ascent up to the Sherpa capital of Namche Bazaar. from Namche, you traverse along a high path from where you have the first good view of Everest. you head towards Thyangboche Monastery locate on top of a mountain ridge and then descend the Imja Khola and continue to the village of Pangboche and Pheriche. after that you arrive at the Khumbu Glacier. the trek through the glacier take you first to Lobuche and then to Gorak Shep. from Gorak Shep you can climb up to Kala Pattar for even more spectacular view of the surround mountain, include Everest's south west face. Yhou then reach your destination, the Everest Base Camp at the foot of the Khumbu ice fall.
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SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM m PUNCT AUX DET ADJ ADP PROPN PART trekking peaks PUNCT ADP PRON ADJ route PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ peak ADP PROPN PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ mountaineering experience PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ route ADP PROPN PROPN DET mountain VERB ADP DET south ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET watershed ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ valleys ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM m AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART group ADP PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP DET peak VERB DET island ADP DET sea ADP ice SCONJ VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET peak AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM ADP DET ADJ group ADP preparation ADP VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON NUM ADP DET climbers AUX PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET peak AUX part ADP DET ADJ ridge ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ land VERB DET semicircle ADP cliffs PRON VERB ADP DET north ADP DET summits ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB ADP DET east ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET south PUNCT SPACE PROPN m PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET town ADP PROPN DET AUX ADV DET ADJ kilometer ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ ascent ADP DET peak AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX DET ADJ mountain NUM m PUNCT NUM ft PUNCT ADJ ADP DET ADJ flank ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM m PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX DET trekking peak CCONJ DET year tourists VERB DET peak PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ views PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN glacier PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ ADJ peaks ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP DET east PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT SPACE Climate PUNCT Flora CCONJ Fauna SPACE DET climate ADP DET PROPN region AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM climate zones VERB ADP DET ADJ rise ADP altitude PUNCT DET ADJ zones VERB DET ADJ ADJ zone PUNCT DET zone ADP ADJ scrub PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ zone DET VERB ADJ limit ADP vegetation growth PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN zone SCONJ DET plants AUX VERB PUNCT DET types ADP plants CCONJ animals PRON AUX VERB VERB ADP DET altitude PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADJ zone PUNCT birch PUNCT juniper PUNCT ADJ pines PUNCT firs PUNCT bamboo CCONJ rhododendron VERB PUNCT DET vegetation PRON AUX VERB ADP DET zone AUX shrubs PUNCT ADP DET altitude VERB PUNCT plant life AUX VERB ADP lichens CCONJ mosses PUNCT ADP DET elevation ADP NUM m VERB DET ADJ snow line ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP DET point PRON AUX DET sign ADP greenery CCONJ vegetation PUNCT DET ADJ animal VERB ADP DET ADJ reaches AUX DET ADJ animal yak PUNCT PROPN DET ADJ male crossbreed ADP DET yak CCONJ DET cow AUX VERB PART VERB goods ADP DET trail PUNCT ADJ panda PUNCT snow leopard PUNCT musk deer PUNCT ADJ yak PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ bear AUX DET ADP DET ADV ADJ animals PRON AUX VERB ADP DET region PUNCT DET variety ADP birds AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ regions PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ ADJ park ADP DET world PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP public ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET park VERB DET area ADP NUM ADJ km PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PRON ADJ point ADP NUM m PUNCT NUM ft PUNCT ADP PROPN ADP NUM m PUNCT NUM ft PUNCT ADP ADP DET summit ADP PROPN PUNCT DET park PART area AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADP PRON terrain VERB ADP ADJ rivers CCONJ glaciers PUNCT PRON VERB NUM peaks ADJ ADP NUM m PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM DET park AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET park PART visitor centre AUX VERB ADP DET hill ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET company ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP VERB DET park PUNCT DET park PART ADJ entrance AUX DET ADJ NUM meters ADV ADP PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT VERB CCONJ climbing groups AUX VERB PRON ADJ fuel ADP DET park PUNCT ADV butane CCONJ kerosene PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET cutting ADP wood AUX VERB PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP NUM PART VERB VERB PROPN PART environment PUNCT ADP DET ADJ species ADP birds CCONJ ADJ ADP NUM species ADP butterflies AUX VERB DET park PRON home PUNCT PROPN deer PUNCT ADJ yak PUNCT ADJ panda PUNCT snow leopard PUNCT ADJ ADJ bear PUNCT ADJ thars PUNCT deer PUNCT langur monkeys PUNCT hares PUNCT mountain foxes PUNCT martens PUNCT CCONJ ADJ wolves AUX VERB ADP DET park SPACE ADJ expeditions PART VERB PROPN ADP DET ADJ side VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP DET airstrip ADP PROPN VERB ADP existence DET DET trekking CCONJ climbing expeditions ADP DET PROPN region VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET route VERB ADP DET PROPN villages ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON VERB ADJ ADJ monasteries PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT DET village ADP PROPN VERB ADP DET region PART ADJ airport PUNCT VERB ADP DET height ADP NUM ft PUNCT ADJ travelers ADP DET region ADV VERB CCONJ VERB PRON adventure ADP PROPN PUNCT DET airport AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP part ADP PRON project ADP PROPN region ADP DET ADJ 60s PART VERB DET supplies ADP DET PROPN PROPN projects ADP DET PROPN region PUNCT Today PUNCT ADV ADP NUM SYM NUM% ADP DET ADJ nationals PRON VERB PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ hour flight ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET sherpa capital PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV DET village VERB ADP DET junction ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET valley PRON VERB ADP DET frontier pass ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADV ADP DET niche ADP DET height ADP NUM ft PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ westerners PART VERB PRON ADP NUM CCONJ ADJ ADJ AUX VERB SCONJ ADV PUNCT Facilities ADP DET bank PUNCT DET post office PUNCT hotels CCONJ shops SCONJ PRON AUX VERB climbing equipment ADV ADV ADP ADJ food AUX VERB ADP ADP DET years PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ ADJ trading center PUNCT PRON PROPN market CCONJ haat AUX DET place SCONJ ADJ ADP DET trading VERB place PUNCT DET headquarters ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX ADJ ADP DET PROPN gompa PUNCT PRON AUX NUM ADP DET ADV ADJ centers ADP PROPN ADP DET region PUNCT DET gompa AUX DET ADJ ADP DET PROPN region PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET fire ADP NUM PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADV ADV ADV ADP ADJ aid PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ view ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX VERB PART AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN region ADP DET end ADP DET ADJ century ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET legend PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN CCONJ VERB ADP DET rock ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON footprints VERB ADP DET stone PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET founding ADP DET ADJ gompas ADP DET PROPN region PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX DET ADJ year PUNCT ADJ settlement ADP DET valley PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET right PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN DET ADJ ADP DET village PUNCT DET gompa PUNCT monastery PUNCT ADP PROPN AUX VERB PART AUX NUM ADP DET ADJ ADP DET PROPN region PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT DET village VERB ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP DET gompa SCONJ DET skull ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET supervision ADP DET head PROPN PUNCT DET skull VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ skin ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX VERB ADP DET report ADP DET ADJ ADJ expedition VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET copy ADP DET AUX VERB ADP DET gompa PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET altitude ADP NUM ft PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ patch PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ facilities ADJ ADV PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ PUNCT aid post VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ doctors ADP attendance PUNCT ADP ADJ facilities PUNCT PRON AUX DET air compression chamber VERB ADP VERB victims ADP ADJ altitude sickness SPACE DET ADJ village ADP PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN NUM m PUNCT PUNCT DET village AUX DET cluster ADP stone houses CCONJ ADJ pastures PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN lakes ADP DET way ADP DET village PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PART ADJ glacier ADP NUM miles AUX PART AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ village PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET village ADP DET ADJ edge ADP DET lake PUNCT DET summits ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN AUX ADJ ADP DET summit ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN ADP NUM m AUX ADP DET ADJ valley PUNCT DET village AUX DET police checkpost CCONJ DET ADJ lodges CCONJ tea shops PUNCT DET ADJ ADP DET village AUX DET PROPN gompa PUNCT DET AUX DET site ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN festival PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ regions ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PROPN ADP NUM years ADV PUNCT ADP DET past PRON AUX traders CCONJ porters PUNCT VERB butter PUNCT meat PUNCT rice PUNCT sugar PUNCT CCONJ dye ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT wool PUNCT jewelry PUNCT salt ADJ silk CCONJ porcelain ADP PROPN CCONJ ADP PUNCT DET closure ADP DET border ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB PRON economy PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET mountaineering expeditions CCONJ trekkers PUNCT DET PROPN PART VERB PRON load carrying skills PUNCT DET ADP ADJ treks CCONJ ADJ altitudes ADP ADJ demand PUNCT DET PROPN region AUX VERB DET ADJ group ADP ADJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PROPN porters CCONJ guides PUNCT DET sherpas AUX PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ elevations VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET villages ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ stock PRON VERB PRON ADJ dialect PUNCT Reference AUX VERB ADP PRON fighting spirit ADP DET PROPN epic PROPN PUNCT DET people ADP DET group AUX VERB recruits ADP PROPN regiments DET ADP DET ADJ ADV ADV ADP ADJ armies PUNCT DET PROPN VERB DET religion PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ PROPN influence PUNCT PRON VERB PRON ancestors ADP VERB PROPN CCONJ PROPN puja DET year PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN VERB ADP DET area ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET month ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADV VERB PROPN PUNCT ADJ monks VERB prayers ADP ADJ health CCONJ prosperity ADP monasteries PUNCT People VERB ADJ goods CCONJ gifts ADP PRON PUNCT Families VERB feasts CCONJ VERB dances PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB DET birthday ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN celebration VERB place ADP PROPN CCONJ VERB ADP NUM days PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ way ADP DET villages ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX DET festival PRON VERB DET victory ADP PROPN ADP DET ADJ ADJ religion ADP PROPN PUNCT DET festival AUX VERB ADP DET monasteries ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN DET celebration VERB place ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADJ moon PUNCT ADP PROPN DET PROPN X AUX festival AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ moon ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADV VERB DET festival ADP autumn PUNCT DET lamas VERB ADJ brocade gowns CCONJ papier PUNCT X masks SCONJ VERB PUNCT ADP DET dances PUNCT ADJ demons AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ forces VERB ADP DET ADP chaos PUNCT DET dances VERB PROPN teaching ADP ADJ levels ADP DET ADJ ADP DET ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP DET PRON AUX PART AUX DET opportunity PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET opportunity ADP DET PROPN PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADV ADP DET monks PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX DET harvest festival VERB ADP DET PROPN community PUNCT DET harvest ceremony VERB DET worship ADP mother earth PUNCT VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET festival AUX VERB ADV DET year PUNCT ADV ADP spring ADP planting VERB CCONJ ADV ADP autumn ADP harvesting PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET spring season ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET autumn season ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT DET spring worship AUX VERB PART VERB mother earth ADP DET ADJ harvest CCONJ DET rain god PART VERB DET earth ADP ADJ rain PUNCT DET festival AUX VERB ADP ADJ fervor ADP DET ADJ hills PUNCT DET PROPN villagers VERB PRON ADP priests PUNCT X PUNCT PRON VERB rituals PART VERB PRON ancestors PUNCT DET elders ADP DET community VERB DET dance ADP DET puja PUNCT ADV ADV PRON VERB ADP DET dance VERB DET circle ADP VERB DET ADJ PART hands PUNCT ADP drumbeats PUNCT PRON VERB VERB ADP DET ADJ pace CCONJ VERB ADV ADV ADP DET drumbeats PUNCT DET dance steps CCONJ hand gestures VERB DET sowing CCONJ harvesting ADP crops DET festival ADV VERB DET opportunity ADP DET PROPN people PART VERB PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADV ADJ destination ADP trekkers ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON popularity AUX VERB SCONJ DET ADJ expedition ADP DET ADJ side ADP PROPN ADP DET NUM PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET trek DET ADJ way PUNCT ADP VERB DET trek ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PRON VERB ADP NUM days PART VERB PROPN PUNCT ADP DET way PRON AUX VERB ADP PROPN settlements PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT alternative AUX PART VERB DET flight ADP PROPN CCONJ PART VERB DET trek ADP ADV PUNCT DET trek VERB DET PROPN PROPN valley route ADP DET ascent ADP ADP DET PROPN capital ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ path ADP SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ ADJ view ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PROPN PROPN VERB ADP top ADP DET mountain ridge CCONJ ADV VERB DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB ADP DET villages ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET trek ADP DET glacier VERB PRON ADV ADP PROPN CCONJ ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP PROPN PROPN ADP ADV ADV ADJ views ADP DET VERB mountains PUNCT VERB PROPN PART ADJ ADJ face PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB PRON destination PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET foot ADP DET PROPN ice fall PUNCT
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ADP DET Lap ADP DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN region SPACE DET ADJ mountains AUX DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET AUX part ADP DET PROPN range PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET border ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET height ADP NUM m PUNCT DET world PART ADJ mountain AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET mountain VERB PRON ADJ name PROPN ADP DET 1960s PUNCT SCONJ DET PROPN ADP PROPN VERB DET mountain DET ADJ ADJ name PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT mother ADP DET universe PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ name ADP PROPN PROPN AUX PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP DET Snows PUNCT PUNCT Climbers VERB PART VERB DET peak AUX PART VERB DET ADJ permit ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB ADJ ADP SYM NUM PUNCT USD PUNCT ADP person PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB ADP DET resting area CCONJ base ADP operations ADP climbers VERB PRON attempts ADP DET summit PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN glacier ADP DET elevation ADP NUM m PUNCT NUM ft PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB DET average ADP NUM mm PUNCT NUM ADP PUNCT ADP precipitation DET year PUNCT DET climate ADP PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ month PUNCT DET ADJ summit temperature AUX NUM NUM C PUNCT NUM ° F PUNCT PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ climber AUX VERB SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB PROPN PRON VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV PUNCT PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ attempts PUNCT ADP NUM PRON ADV VERB PART VERB DET peak ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PART VERB DET summit ADP DET north col route CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT PRON bodies AUX ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ ADJ camp ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN AUX DET ADJ NUM climbers PART VERB foot ADP DET summit ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB DET summit ADP NUM a.m. ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM ADP VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP NUM climbers AUX VERB DET ADJ mountain SCONJ ADV PUNCT ADV PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP NUM deaths ADP DET mountain SCONJ conditions AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ ADJ corpses AUX AUX VERB SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT DET ADP PRON ADJ ADP ADJ climbing routes PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM m PUNCT AUX DET ADV ADJ mountain ADP DET world PUNCT PRON VERB south ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM ADJ climbers PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP NUM ADP DET PROPN face PUNCT DET PROPN VERB PRON ADP DET PROPN face ADP NUM PUNCT DET ADJ ring ADP NUM peaks VERB ADP DET PROPN massif PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN AUX NUM ADP DET ADJ mountain faces ADP DET world PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM m PUNCT DET ADV ADJ mountain ADP DET world PUNCT AUX VERB popularity ADP climbers ADV ADV PUNCT DET mountain VERB ADP DET sides ADP DET border ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM km . ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN VERB PUNCT DET ADJ goddess PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ face ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADV VERB PUNCT DET north side PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET ADV ADJ route ADP DET summit PUNCT ADP DET autumn ADP NUM PUNCT DET ADJ team VERB DET ADJ ascent ADP DET route PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM m PUNCT DET VERB PUNCT mother PART jewellery box PUNCT PUNCT ADP sherpa language AUX VERB PART AUX NUM ADP DET ADV ADJ mountains ADP DET world PUNCT VERB ADP ADV PUNCT DET mountain VERB ADP DET woman ADP ADJ arms CCONJ DET woman VERB DET ADJ necklace PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET heart ADP DET PROPN valley PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ quarters ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT NUM PROPN PUNCT VERB south ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ wall VERB DET approach ADP PROPN PUNCT DET name PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN VERB west PUNCT peak PUNCT DET ADJ ridge PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET NUM m ADJ saddle PUNCT AUX VERB ADP NUM peaks CCONJ VERB west PUNCT ADV ADP PRON ADJ west PUNCT face VERB ADV ADJ ADP NUM m ADP DET PROPN PUNCT glacier PUNCT PROPN NUM AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ expedition ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM SPACE PROPN peak ADP NUM NUM AUX ADV NUM km ADV ADP DET world PART ADJ peak PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ascent ADP DET peak AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ climb ADP DET NUM NUM peak category PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB girl CCONJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT mountain PUNCT DET peak AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ climber PRON VERB PRON life VERB PART VERB PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT DET ADJ climber PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ PART VERB DET summit ADP PROPN peak ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN AUX DET ADJ climbing peak CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ season PART VERB DET peak AUX ADP autumn CCONJ spring PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM m PUNCT AUX DET ADJ ADP PROPN PART trekking peaks PUNCT ADP PRON ADJ route PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ peak ADP PROPN PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ mountaineering experience PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ route ADP PROPN PROPN DET mountain VERB ADP DET south ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET watershed ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ valleys ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM m AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART group ADP PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP DET peak VERB DET island ADP DET sea ADP ice SCONJ VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET peak AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM ADP DET ADJ group ADP preparation ADP VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON NUM ADP DET climbers AUX PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET peak AUX part ADP DET ADJ ridge ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ land VERB DET semicircle ADP cliffs PRON VERB ADP DET north ADP DET summits ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB ADP DET east ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET south PUNCT SPACE PROPN m PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET town ADP PROPN DET AUX ADV DET ADJ kilometer ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ ascent ADP DET peak AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX DET ADJ mountain NUM m PUNCT NUM ft PUNCT ADJ ADP DET ADJ flank ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM m PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX DET trekking peak CCONJ DET year tourists VERB DET peak PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ views PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN glacier PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ ADJ peaks ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP DET east PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT SPACE Climate PUNCT Flora CCONJ Fauna SPACE DET climate ADP DET PROPN region AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM climate zones VERB ADP DET ADJ rise ADP altitude PUNCT DET ADJ zones VERB DET ADJ ADJ zone PUNCT DET zone ADP ADJ scrub PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ zone DET VERB ADJ limit ADP vegetation growth PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN zone SCONJ DET plants AUX VERB PUNCT DET types ADP plants CCONJ animals PRON AUX VERB VERB ADP DET altitude PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADJ zone PUNCT birch PUNCT juniper PUNCT ADJ pines PUNCT firs PUNCT bamboo CCONJ rhododendron VERB PUNCT DET vegetation PRON AUX VERB ADP DET zone AUX shrubs PUNCT ADP DET altitude VERB PUNCT plant life AUX VERB ADP lichens CCONJ mosses PUNCT ADP DET elevation ADP NUM m VERB DET ADJ snow line ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP DET point PRON AUX DET sign ADP greenery CCONJ vegetation PUNCT DET ADJ animal VERB ADP DET ADJ reaches AUX DET ADJ animal yak PUNCT PROPN DET ADJ male crossbreed ADP DET yak CCONJ DET cow AUX VERB PART VERB goods ADP DET trail PUNCT ADJ panda PUNCT snow leopard PUNCT musk deer PUNCT ADJ yak PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ bear AUX DET ADP DET ADV ADJ animals PRON AUX VERB ADP DET region PUNCT DET variety ADP birds AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ regions PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ ADJ park ADP DET world PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP public ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET park VERB DET area ADP NUM ADJ km PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PRON ADJ point ADP NUM m PUNCT NUM ft PUNCT ADP PROPN ADP NUM m PUNCT NUM ft PUNCT ADP ADP DET summit ADP PROPN PUNCT DET park PART area AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADP PRON terrain VERB ADP ADJ rivers CCONJ glaciers PUNCT PRON VERB NUM peaks ADJ ADP NUM m PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM DET park AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET park PART visitor centre AUX VERB ADP DET hill ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET company ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP VERB DET park PUNCT DET park PART ADJ entrance AUX DET ADJ NUM meters ADV ADP PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT VERB CCONJ climbing groups AUX VERB PRON ADJ fuel ADP DET park PUNCT ADV butane CCONJ kerosene PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET cutting ADP wood AUX VERB PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP NUM PART VERB VERB PROPN PART environment PUNCT ADP DET ADJ species ADP birds CCONJ ADJ ADP NUM species ADP butterflies AUX VERB DET park PRON home PUNCT PROPN deer PUNCT ADJ yak PUNCT ADJ panda PUNCT snow leopard PUNCT ADJ ADJ bear PUNCT ADJ thars PUNCT deer PUNCT langur monkeys PUNCT hares PUNCT mountain foxes PUNCT martens PUNCT CCONJ ADJ wolves AUX VERB ADP DET park SPACE ADJ expeditions PART VERB PROPN ADP DET ADJ side VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP DET airstrip ADP PROPN VERB ADP existence DET DET trekking CCONJ climbing expeditions ADP DET PROPN region VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET route VERB ADP DET PROPN villages ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON VERB ADJ ADJ monasteries PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT DET village ADP PROPN VERB ADP DET region PART ADJ airport PUNCT VERB ADP DET height ADP NUM ft PUNCT ADJ travelers ADP DET region ADV VERB CCONJ VERB PRON adventure ADP PROPN PUNCT DET airport AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP part ADP PRON project ADP PROPN region ADP DET ADJ 60s PART VERB DET supplies ADP DET PROPN PROPN projects ADP DET PROPN region PUNCT Today PUNCT ADV ADP NUM SYM NUM% ADP DET ADJ nationals PRON VERB PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ hour flight ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET sherpa capital PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV DET village VERB ADP DET junction ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET valley PRON VERB ADP DET frontier pass ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADV ADP DET niche ADP DET height ADP NUM ft PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ westerners PART VERB PRON ADP NUM CCONJ ADJ ADJ AUX VERB SCONJ ADV PUNCT Facilities ADP DET bank PUNCT DET post office PUNCT hotels CCONJ shops SCONJ PRON AUX VERB climbing equipment ADV ADV ADP ADJ food AUX VERB ADP ADP DET years PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ ADJ trading center PUNCT PRON PROPN market CCONJ haat AUX DET place SCONJ ADJ ADP DET trading VERB place PUNCT DET headquarters ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX ADJ ADP DET PROPN gompa PUNCT PRON AUX NUM ADP DET ADV ADJ centers ADP PROPN ADP DET region PUNCT DET gompa AUX DET ADJ ADP DET PROPN region PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET fire ADP NUM PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADV ADV ADV ADP ADJ aid PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ view ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX VERB PART AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN region ADP DET end ADP DET ADJ century ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET legend PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN CCONJ VERB ADP DET rock ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON footprints VERB ADP DET stone PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET founding ADP DET ADJ gompas ADP DET PROPN region PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX DET ADJ year PUNCT ADJ settlement ADP DET valley PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET right PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN DET ADJ ADP DET village PUNCT DET gompa PUNCT monastery PUNCT ADP PROPN AUX VERB PART AUX NUM ADP DET ADJ ADP DET PROPN region PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT DET village VERB ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP DET gompa SCONJ DET skull ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET supervision ADP DET head PROPN PUNCT DET skull VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ skin ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX VERB ADP DET report ADP DET ADJ ADJ expedition VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET copy ADP DET AUX VERB ADP DET gompa PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET altitude ADP NUM ft PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ patch PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ facilities ADJ ADV PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ PUNCT aid post VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ doctors ADP attendance PUNCT ADP ADJ facilities PUNCT PRON AUX DET air compression chamber VERB ADP VERB victims ADP ADJ altitude sickness SPACE DET ADJ village ADP PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN NUM m PUNCT PUNCT DET village AUX DET cluster ADP stone houses CCONJ ADJ pastures PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN lakes ADP DET way ADP DET village PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PART ADJ glacier ADP NUM miles AUX PART AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ village PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET village ADP DET ADJ edge ADP DET lake PUNCT DET summits ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN AUX ADJ ADP DET summit ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN ADP NUM m AUX ADP DET ADJ valley PUNCT DET village AUX DET police checkpost CCONJ DET ADJ lodges CCONJ tea shops PUNCT DET ADJ ADP DET village AUX DET PROPN gompa PUNCT DET AUX DET site ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN festival PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ regions ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PROPN ADP NUM years ADV PUNCT ADP DET past PRON AUX traders CCONJ porters PUNCT VERB butter PUNCT meat PUNCT rice PUNCT sugar PUNCT CCONJ dye ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT wool PUNCT jewelry PUNCT salt ADJ silk CCONJ porcelain ADP PROPN CCONJ ADP PUNCT DET closure ADP DET border ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB PRON economy PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET mountaineering expeditions CCONJ trekkers PUNCT DET PROPN PART VERB PRON load carrying skills PUNCT DET ADP ADJ treks CCONJ ADJ altitudes ADP ADJ demand PUNCT DET PROPN region AUX VERB DET ADJ group ADP ADJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PROPN porters CCONJ guides PUNCT DET sherpas AUX PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ elevations VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET villages ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ stock PRON VERB PRON ADJ dialect PUNCT Reference AUX VERB ADP PRON fighting spirit ADP DET PROPN epic PROPN PUNCT DET people ADP DET group AUX VERB recruits ADP PROPN regiments DET ADP DET ADJ ADV ADV ADP ADJ armies PUNCT DET PROPN VERB DET religion PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ PROPN influence PUNCT PRON VERB PRON ancestors ADP VERB PROPN CCONJ PROPN puja DET year PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN VERB ADP DET area ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET month ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADV VERB PROPN PUNCT ADJ monks VERB prayers ADP ADJ health CCONJ prosperity ADP monasteries PUNCT People VERB ADJ goods CCONJ gifts ADP PRON PUNCT Families VERB feasts CCONJ VERB dances PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB DET birthday ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN celebration VERB place ADP PROPN CCONJ VERB ADP NUM days PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ way ADP DET villages ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX DET festival PRON VERB DET victory ADP PROPN ADP DET ADJ ADJ religion ADP PROPN PUNCT DET festival AUX VERB ADP DET monasteries ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN DET celebration VERB place ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADJ moon PUNCT ADP PROPN DET PROPN X AUX festival AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ moon ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADV VERB DET festival ADP autumn PUNCT DET lamas VERB ADJ brocade gowns CCONJ papier PUNCT X masks SCONJ VERB PUNCT ADP DET dances PUNCT ADJ demons AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ forces VERB ADP DET ADP chaos PUNCT DET dances VERB PROPN teaching ADP ADJ levels ADP DET ADJ ADP DET ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP DET PRON AUX PART AUX DET opportunity PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET opportunity ADP DET PROPN PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADV ADP DET monks PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX DET harvest festival VERB ADP DET PROPN community PUNCT DET harvest ceremony VERB DET worship ADP mother earth PUNCT VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET festival AUX VERB ADV DET year PUNCT ADV ADP spring ADP planting VERB CCONJ ADV ADP autumn ADP harvesting PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET spring season ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET autumn season ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT DET spring worship AUX VERB PART VERB mother earth ADP DET ADJ harvest CCONJ DET rain god PART VERB DET earth ADP ADJ rain PUNCT DET festival AUX VERB ADP ADJ fervor ADP DET ADJ hills PUNCT DET PROPN villagers VERB PRON ADP priests PUNCT X PUNCT PRON VERB rituals PART VERB PRON ancestors PUNCT DET elders ADP DET community VERB DET dance ADP DET puja PUNCT ADV ADV PRON VERB ADP DET dance VERB DET circle ADP VERB DET ADJ PART hands PUNCT ADP drumbeats PUNCT PRON VERB VERB ADP DET ADJ pace CCONJ VERB ADV ADV ADP DET drumbeats PUNCT DET dance steps CCONJ hand gestures VERB DET sowing CCONJ harvesting ADP crops DET festival ADV VERB DET opportunity ADP DET PROPN people PART VERB PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADV ADJ destination ADP trekkers ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON popularity AUX VERB SCONJ DET ADJ expedition ADP DET ADJ side ADP PROPN ADP DET NUM PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET trek DET ADJ way PUNCT ADP VERB DET trek ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PRON VERB ADP NUM days PART VERB PROPN PUNCT ADP DET way PRON AUX VERB ADP PROPN settlements PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT alternative AUX PART VERB DET flight ADP PROPN CCONJ PART VERB DET trek ADP ADV PUNCT DET trek VERB DET PROPN PROPN valley route ADP DET ascent ADP ADP DET PROPN capital ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ path ADP SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ ADJ view ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PROPN PROPN VERB ADP top ADP DET mountain ridge CCONJ ADV VERB DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB ADP DET villages ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET trek ADP DET glacier VERB PRON ADV ADP PROPN CCONJ ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP PROPN PROPN ADP ADV ADV ADJ views ADP DET VERB mountains PUNCT VERB PROPN PART ADJ ADJ face PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB PRON destination PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET foot ADP DET PROPN ice fall PUNCT
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ADP DET Lap ADP DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN region SPACE DET ADJ mountains AUX DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET AUX part ADP DET PROPN range PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET border ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET height ADP NUM m PUNCT DET world PART ADJ mountain AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET mountain VERB PRON ADJ name PROPN ADP DET 1960s PUNCT SCONJ DET PROPN ADP PROPN VERB DET mountain DET ADJ ADJ name PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT mother ADP DET universe PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ name ADP PROPN PROPN AUX PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP DET Snows PUNCT PUNCT Climbers VERB PART VERB DET peak AUX PART VERB DET ADJ permit ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB ADJ ADP SYM NUM PUNCT USD PUNCT ADP person PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET VERB ADP DET resting area CCONJ base ADP operations ADP climbers VERB PRON attempts ADP DET summit PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN glacier ADP DET elevation ADP NUM m PUNCT NUM ft PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB DET average ADP NUM mm PUNCT NUM ADP PUNCT ADP precipitation DET year PUNCT DET climate ADP PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ month PUNCT DET ADJ summit temperature AUX NUM NUM C PUNCT NUM ° F PUNCT PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ climber AUX VERB SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB PROPN PRON VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV PUNCT PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ attempts PUNCT ADP NUM PRON ADV VERB PART VERB DET peak ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PART VERB DET summit ADP DET north col route CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT PRON bodies AUX ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ ADJ camp ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN AUX DET ADJ NUM climbers PART VERB foot ADP DET summit ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB DET summit ADP NUM a.m. ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM ADP VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP NUM climbers AUX VERB DET ADJ mountain SCONJ ADV PUNCT ADV PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP NUM deaths ADP DET mountain SCONJ conditions AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ ADJ corpses AUX AUX VERB SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT DET ADP PRON ADJ ADP ADJ climbing routes PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM m PUNCT AUX DET ADV ADJ mountain ADP DET world PUNCT PRON VERB south ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM ADJ climbers PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP NUM ADP DET PROPN face PUNCT DET PROPN VERB PRON ADP DET PROPN face ADP NUM PUNCT DET ADJ ring ADP NUM peaks VERB ADP DET PROPN massif PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN AUX NUM ADP DET ADJ mountain faces ADP DET world PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM m PUNCT DET ADV ADJ mountain ADP DET world PUNCT AUX VERB popularity ADP climbers ADV ADV PUNCT DET mountain VERB ADP DET sides ADP DET border ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM km . ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN VERB PUNCT DET ADJ goddess PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ face ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADV VERB PUNCT DET north side PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET ADV ADJ route ADP DET summit PUNCT ADP DET autumn ADP NUM PUNCT DET ADJ team VERB DET ADJ ascent ADP DET route PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM m PUNCT DET VERB PUNCT mother PART jewellery box PUNCT PUNCT ADP sherpa language AUX VERB PART AUX NUM ADP DET ADV ADJ mountains ADP DET world PUNCT VERB ADP ADV PUNCT DET mountain VERB ADP DET woman ADP ADJ arms CCONJ DET woman VERB DET ADJ necklace PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET heart ADP DET PROPN valley PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ quarters ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT NUM PROPN PUNCT VERB south ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ wall VERB DET approach ADP PROPN PUNCT DET name PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN VERB west PUNCT peak PUNCT DET ADJ ridge PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET NUM m ADJ saddle PUNCT AUX VERB ADP NUM peaks CCONJ VERB west PUNCT ADV ADP PRON ADJ west PUNCT face VERB ADV ADJ ADP NUM m ADP DET PROPN PUNCT glacier PUNCT PROPN NUM AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ expedition ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM SPACE PROPN peak ADP NUM NUM AUX ADV NUM km ADV ADP DET world PART ADJ peak PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ascent ADP DET peak AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ climb ADP DET NUM NUM peak category PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB girl CCONJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT mountain PUNCT DET peak AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ climber PRON VERB PRON life VERB PART VERB PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT DET ADJ climber PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ PART VERB DET summit ADP PROPN peak ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN AUX DET ADJ climbing peak CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ season PART VERB DET peak AUX ADP autumn CCONJ spring PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM m PUNCT AUX DET ADJ ADP PROPN PART trekking peaks PUNCT ADP PRON ADJ route PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ peak ADP PROPN PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ mountaineering experience PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ route ADP PROPN PROPN DET mountain VERB ADP DET south ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET watershed ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ valleys ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM m AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART group ADP PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP DET peak VERB DET island ADP DET sea ADP ice SCONJ VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET peak AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM ADP DET ADJ group ADP preparation ADP VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON NUM ADP DET climbers AUX PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET peak AUX part ADP DET ADJ ridge ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ land VERB DET semicircle ADP cliffs PRON VERB ADP DET north ADP DET summits ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB ADP DET east ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET south PUNCT SPACE PROPN m PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET town ADP PROPN DET AUX ADV DET ADJ kilometer ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ ascent ADP DET peak AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX DET ADJ mountain NUM m PUNCT NUM ft PUNCT ADJ ADP DET ADJ flank ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM m PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX DET trekking peak CCONJ DET year tourists VERB DET peak PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ views PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN glacier PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ ADJ peaks ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP DET east PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT SPACE Climate PUNCT Flora CCONJ Fauna SPACE DET climate ADP DET PROPN region AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM climate zones VERB ADP DET ADJ rise ADP altitude PUNCT DET ADJ zones VERB DET ADJ ADJ zone PUNCT DET zone ADP ADJ scrub PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ zone DET VERB ADJ limit ADP vegetation growth PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN zone SCONJ DET plants AUX VERB PUNCT DET types ADP plants CCONJ animals PRON AUX VERB VERB ADP DET altitude PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADJ zone PUNCT birch PUNCT juniper PUNCT ADJ pines PUNCT firs PUNCT bamboo CCONJ rhododendron VERB PUNCT DET vegetation PRON AUX VERB ADP DET zone AUX shrubs PUNCT ADP DET altitude VERB PUNCT plant life AUX VERB ADP lichens CCONJ mosses PUNCT ADP DET elevation ADP NUM m VERB DET ADJ snow line ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP DET point PRON AUX DET sign ADP greenery CCONJ vegetation PUNCT DET ADJ animal VERB ADP DET ADJ reaches AUX DET ADJ animal yak PUNCT PROPN DET ADJ male crossbreed ADP DET yak CCONJ DET cow AUX VERB PART VERB goods ADP DET trail PUNCT ADJ panda PUNCT snow leopard PUNCT musk deer PUNCT ADJ yak PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ bear AUX DET ADP DET ADV ADJ animals PRON AUX VERB ADP DET region PUNCT DET variety ADP birds AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ regions PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ ADJ park ADP DET world PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP public ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET park VERB DET area ADP NUM ADJ km PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PRON ADJ point ADP NUM m PUNCT NUM ft PUNCT ADP PROPN ADP NUM m PUNCT NUM ft PUNCT ADP ADP DET summit ADP PROPN PUNCT DET park PART area AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADP PRON terrain VERB ADP ADJ rivers CCONJ glaciers PUNCT PRON VERB NUM peaks ADJ ADP NUM m PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM DET park AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET park PART visitor centre AUX VERB ADP DET hill ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET company ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP VERB DET park PUNCT DET park PART ADJ entrance AUX DET ADJ NUM meters ADV ADP PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT VERB CCONJ climbing groups AUX VERB PRON ADJ fuel ADP DET park PUNCT ADV butane CCONJ kerosene PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET cutting ADP wood AUX VERB PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP NUM PART VERB VERB PROPN PART environment PUNCT ADP DET ADJ species ADP birds CCONJ ADJ ADP NUM species ADP butterflies AUX VERB DET park PRON home PUNCT PROPN deer PUNCT ADJ yak PUNCT ADJ panda PUNCT snow leopard PUNCT ADJ ADJ bear PUNCT ADJ thars PUNCT deer PUNCT langur monkeys PUNCT hares PUNCT mountain foxes PUNCT martens PUNCT CCONJ ADJ wolves AUX VERB ADP DET park SPACE ADJ expeditions PART VERB PROPN ADP DET ADJ side VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP DET airstrip ADP PROPN VERB ADP existence DET DET trekking CCONJ climbing expeditions ADP DET PROPN region VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET route VERB ADP DET PROPN villages ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON VERB ADJ ADJ monasteries PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT DET village ADP PROPN VERB ADP DET region PART ADJ airport PUNCT VERB ADP DET height ADP NUM ft PUNCT ADJ travelers ADP DET region ADV VERB CCONJ VERB PRON adventure ADP PROPN PUNCT DET airport AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP part ADP PRON project ADP PROPN region ADP DET ADJ 60s PART VERB DET supplies ADP DET PROPN PROPN projects ADP DET PROPN region PUNCT Today PUNCT ADV ADP NUM SYM NUM% ADP DET ADJ nationals PRON VERB PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ hour flight ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET sherpa capital PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV DET village VERB ADP DET junction ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET valley PRON VERB ADP DET frontier pass ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADV ADP DET niche ADP DET height ADP NUM ft PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ westerners PART VERB PRON ADP NUM CCONJ ADJ ADJ AUX VERB SCONJ ADV PUNCT Facilities ADP DET bank PUNCT DET post office PUNCT hotels CCONJ shops SCONJ PRON AUX VERB climbing equipment ADV ADV ADP ADJ food AUX VERB ADP ADP DET years PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ ADJ trading center PUNCT PRON PROPN market CCONJ haat AUX DET place SCONJ ADJ ADP DET trading VERB place PUNCT DET headquarters ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX ADJ ADP DET PROPN gompa PUNCT PRON AUX NUM ADP DET ADV ADJ centers ADP PROPN ADP DET region PUNCT DET gompa AUX DET ADJ ADP DET PROPN region PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET fire ADP NUM PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADV ADV ADV ADP ADJ aid PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ view ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX VERB PART AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN region ADP DET end ADP DET ADJ century ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET legend PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN CCONJ VERB ADP DET rock ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON footprints VERB ADP DET stone PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET founding ADP DET ADJ gompas ADP DET PROPN region PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX DET ADJ year PUNCT ADJ settlement ADP DET valley PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET right PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN DET ADJ ADP DET village PUNCT DET gompa PUNCT monastery PUNCT ADP PROPN AUX VERB PART AUX NUM ADP DET ADJ ADP DET PROPN region PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT DET village VERB ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP DET gompa SCONJ DET skull ADP DET VERB PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET supervision ADP DET head PROPN PUNCT DET skull VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ skin ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX VERB ADP DET report ADP DET ADJ ADJ expedition VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET copy ADP DET AUX VERB ADP DET gompa PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET altitude ADP NUM ft PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ patch PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ facilities ADJ ADV PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ PUNCT aid post VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ doctors ADP attendance PUNCT ADP ADJ facilities PUNCT PRON AUX DET air compression chamber VERB ADP VERB victims ADP ADJ altitude sickness SPACE DET ADJ village ADP PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN NUM m PUNCT PUNCT DET village AUX DET cluster ADP stone houses CCONJ ADJ pastures PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN lakes ADP DET way ADP DET village PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PART ADJ glacier ADP NUM miles AUX PART AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ village PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET village ADP DET ADJ edge ADP DET lake PUNCT DET summits ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN AUX ADJ ADP DET summit ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN ADP NUM m AUX ADP DET ADJ valley PUNCT DET village AUX DET police checkpost CCONJ DET ADJ lodges CCONJ tea shops PUNCT DET ADJ ADP DET village AUX DET PROPN gompa PUNCT DET AUX DET site ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN festival PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ regions ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PROPN ADP NUM years ADV PUNCT ADP DET past PRON AUX traders CCONJ porters PUNCT VERB butter PUNCT meat PUNCT rice PUNCT sugar PUNCT CCONJ dye ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT wool PUNCT jewelry PUNCT salt ADJ silk CCONJ porcelain ADP PROPN CCONJ ADP PUNCT DET closure ADP DET border ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB PRON economy PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET mountaineering expeditions CCONJ trekkers PUNCT DET PROPN PART VERB PRON load carrying skills PUNCT DET ADP ADJ treks CCONJ ADJ altitudes ADP ADJ demand PUNCT DET PROPN region AUX VERB DET ADJ group ADP ADJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PROPN porters CCONJ guides PUNCT DET sherpas AUX PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ elevations VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET villages ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ stock PRON VERB PRON ADJ dialect PUNCT Reference AUX VERB ADP PRON fighting spirit ADP DET PROPN epic PROPN PUNCT DET people ADP DET group AUX VERB recruits ADP PROPN regiments DET ADP DET ADJ ADV ADV ADP ADJ armies PUNCT DET PROPN VERB DET religion PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ PROPN influence PUNCT PRON VERB PRON ancestors ADP VERB PROPN CCONJ PROPN puja DET year PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN VERB ADP DET area ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET month ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADV VERB PROPN PUNCT ADJ monks VERB prayers ADP ADJ health CCONJ prosperity ADP monasteries PUNCT People VERB ADJ goods CCONJ gifts ADP PRON PUNCT Families VERB feasts CCONJ VERB dances PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB DET birthday ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN celebration VERB place ADP PROPN CCONJ VERB ADP NUM days PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ way ADP DET villages ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX DET festival PRON VERB DET victory ADP PROPN ADP DET ADJ ADJ religion ADP PROPN PUNCT DET festival AUX VERB ADP DET monasteries ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN DET celebration VERB place ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADJ moon PUNCT ADP PROPN DET PROPN X AUX festival AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ moon ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADV VERB DET festival ADP autumn PUNCT DET lamas VERB ADJ brocade gowns CCONJ papier PUNCT X masks SCONJ VERB PUNCT ADP DET dances PUNCT ADJ demons AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ forces VERB ADP DET ADP chaos PUNCT DET dances VERB PROPN teaching ADP ADJ levels ADP DET ADJ ADP DET ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP DET PRON AUX PART AUX DET opportunity PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET opportunity ADP DET PROPN PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADV ADP DET monks PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX DET harvest festival VERB ADP DET PROPN community PUNCT DET harvest ceremony VERB DET worship ADP mother earth PUNCT VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET festival AUX VERB ADV DET year PUNCT ADV ADP spring ADP planting VERB CCONJ ADV ADP autumn ADP harvesting PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET spring season ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET autumn season ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT DET spring worship AUX VERB PART VERB mother earth ADP DET ADJ harvest CCONJ DET rain god PART VERB DET earth ADP ADJ rain PUNCT DET festival AUX VERB ADP ADJ fervor ADP DET ADJ hills PUNCT DET PROPN villagers VERB PRON ADP priests PUNCT X PUNCT PRON VERB rituals PART VERB PRON ancestors PUNCT DET elders ADP DET community VERB DET dance ADP DET puja PUNCT ADV ADV PRON VERB ADP DET dance VERB DET circle ADP VERB DET ADJ PART hands PUNCT ADP drumbeats PUNCT PRON VERB VERB ADP DET ADJ pace CCONJ VERB ADV ADV ADP DET drumbeats PUNCT DET dance steps CCONJ hand gestures VERB DET sowing CCONJ harvesting ADP crops DET festival ADV VERB DET opportunity ADP DET PROPN people PART VERB PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADV ADJ destination ADP trekkers ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON popularity AUX VERB SCONJ DET ADJ expedition ADP DET ADJ side ADP PROPN ADP DET NUM PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET trek DET ADJ way PUNCT ADP VERB DET trek ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PRON VERB ADP NUM days PART VERB PROPN PUNCT ADP DET way PRON AUX VERB ADP PROPN settlements PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT alternative AUX PART VERB DET flight ADP PROPN CCONJ PART VERB DET trek ADP ADV PUNCT DET trek VERB DET PROPN PROPN valley route ADP DET ascent ADP ADP DET PROPN capital ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ path ADP SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ ADJ view ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PROPN PROPN VERB ADP top ADP DET mountain ridge CCONJ ADV VERB DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB ADP DET villages ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET trek ADP DET glacier VERB PRON ADV ADP PROPN CCONJ ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP PROPN PROPN ADP ADV ADV ADJ views ADP DET VERB mountains PUNCT VERB PROPN PART ADJ ADJ face PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB PRON destination PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET foot ADP DET PROPN ice fall PUNCT
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New York Manumission Society
The New York Manumission Society was an early American organization founded in 1785 to promote the abolition of the slavery of African descendants within the state of New York. The organization was made up entirely of white men, most of whom were wealthy and held influential positions in society. Throughout its 71-year history, which ended in 1849, the society battled against the slave trade and for the eventual emancipation of all the slaves in the state; it founded the African Free School for the poor and orphaned children of slaves and free people of color.
John Jay
John Jay had been a prominent leader in the antislavery cause since 1777, when he drafted a state law to abolish slavery. The draft failed, as did a second attempt in 1785. In 1785, all state legislators except one voted for some form of gradual emancipation. However, they did not agree on what civil rights would be given to the slaves once they were freed. In 1799, an emancipation bill passed by not mentioning the subject of civil rights for freed slaves at all.
Jay brought in prominent political leaders such as Alexander Hamilton. He also worked closely with Aaron Burr, later head of the Democratic-Republicans in New York. The Society started a petition against slavery, which was signed by almost all the politically prominent men in New York, of all parties and led to a bill for gradual emancipation. Burr, in addition to supporting the bill, made an amendment for immediate abolition, which was voted down.
Jay founded the New-York Society for Promoting the Manumission of Slaves, and Protecting Such of Them as Have Been, or May be Liberated or the New York Manumission Society, and became its first president in 1785.
The organization was originally composed of Jay and a few dozen close friends, many of whom were slave-owners at the time. The first meeting was on January 25, 1785, at the home of John Simmons - who had space for the nineteen men in attendance since he kept an inn. Robert Troup and Melancton Smith were appointed to draw up rules; Jay was elected President. There were 31 members at the second meeting on February 4, including Alexander Hamilton. Several of the members were Quakers.
The Society formed a ways-and-means committee to deal with the difficulty that more than half of the members, including Troup and Jay, owned slaves (mostly a few domestic servants per household). The committee reported a plan for gradual emancipation: members would free slaves then younger than 28 when they reached the age of 35, slaves between 28 and 38 in seven years' time, and slaves over 45 immediately. This was voted down; and the committee dissolved.
This society was instrumental in having a state law passed in 1785 prohibiting the sale of slaves imported into the state, and making it easy for slaveholders to manumit slaves either by a registered certificate or by will. In 1788 the purchase of slaves for removal to another state was forbidden; they were allowed trial by jury "in all capital cases," and the earlier laws about slaves were simplified and restated. The emancipation of slaves by the Quakers was legalized in 1798. At that date, there were still about 33,000 slaves statewide.
Lobbying and boycotts
The Society organized boycotts against New York merchants and newspaper owners involved in the slave trade. The Society had a special committee of militants who visited newspaper offices to warn publishers against accepting advertisements for the purchase or sale of slaves.
Another committee kept a list of people who were involved in the slave trade, and urged members to boycott anyone listed. As historian Roger Kennedy reports,
"Those [blacks] who remained in New York soon discovered that until the Manumission Society was organized, things had gotten worse, not better, for blacks. Despite the efforts of Burr, Hamilton, and Jay, the slave importers were busy. There was a 23 percent increase in slaves and a 33 percent increase in slaveholders in New York City in the 1790s."
Beginning in 1785, the Society lobbied for a state law to abolish slavery in New York, as all the other northern states (except New Jersey) had done. Considerable opposition came from the Dutch areas upstate (where slavery was still popular), as well as from the many businessmen in New York who profited from the slave trade. The two houses passed different emancipation bills and could not reconcile them. Every member of the New York legislature, but one, voted for some form of gradual emancipation, but no agreement could be reached on the civil rights of freedmen afterwards. Success finally came in 1799, when the Society supported a bill which said nothing about such rights. Jay signed this statement into law as governor.
The Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery 1799 declared that, from July 4 of that year, all children born to slave parents would be free. It also outlawed the exportation of current slaves. However, the Act held the caveat that the children would be subject to apprenticeship. These same children would be required to serve their mother’s owner until age twenty-eight for males, and age twenty-five for females.
The law defined the children of slaves as a type of indentured servant, while scheduling them for eventual freedom. The last slaves were emancipated by July 4, 1827; the process was the largest emancipation in North America before 1861. Thousands of freedmen celebrated with a parade in New York.
Other anti-slavery societies directed their attention to slavery as a national issue. The Quakers of New York petitioned the First Congress (under the Constitution) for the abolition of the slave trade. In addition, Benjamin Franklin and the Pennsylvania Abolition Society petitioned for the abolition of slavery in the new nation; but the NYMS did not act. (Hamilton and others felt that Federal action on slavery would endanger the compromise worked out at the Constitutional Convention, and so the new United States.)
African Free School
See also
- Berlin, Ira and Leslie Harris, eds.. Slavery in New York. New Press, 2005. ISBN 1-56584-997-3.
- Gellman, David N. Emancipating New York: The Politics of Slavery And Freedom, 1777-1827 Louisiana State Univ Press, 2006. ISBN 0-8071-3174-1.
- Gellman, David N. "Pirates, Sugar, Debtors, and Slaves: Political Economy and the Case for Gradual Abolition in New York." Slavery & Abolition (2001) 22(2): 51-68. Issn: 0144-039x
- Gellman, David N. "Race, the Public Sphere, and Abolition in Late Eighteenth-century New York." Journal of the Early Republic (2000) 20(4): 607-636. Issn: 0275-1275 Fulltext: online in Jstor
- Leslie M. Harris. In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863 (2003),
- Horton, James Oliver. "Alexander Hamilton: Slavery and Race in a Revolutionary Generation" New-York Journal of American History 2004 65(3): 16-24. ISSN 1551-5486
- Roger G. Kennedy, Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson: A Study in Character (2000)
- Littlefield, Daniel C. "John Jay, the Revolutionary Generation, and Slavery." New York History 2000 81(1): 91-132. Issn: 0146-437x
- Edgar J. McManus, History of Negro Slavery in New York (1968)
- Newman, Richard S. The Transformation of American Abolitionism: Fighting Slavery in the Early Republic. Univ of North Carolina Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8078-2671-5.
- Schaetzke, E. Anne. "Slavery in the Genesee Country (Also Known as Ontario County) 1789 to 1827." Afro-Americans in New York Life and History (1998) 22(1): 7-40. Issn: 0364-2437
- Jake Sudderth," John Jay and Slavery" (2002) at
- "African-Americans in New York City, 1626-1863". Emory University Deptartment of History. Retrieved 2006-12-11.
- "Race and Antebellum New York City - New York Manumission Society". New-York Historical Society. Retrieved 2006-12-12.
- Davis, New York’s Manumission (Free the Slaves!)Society & Its African Free School 1785-1849, as cited.
- John Jay and Sarah Livingston Jay, Selected Letters of John Jay and Sarah Livingston Jay (2005) pp 297-99; online at
- Edgar McManus, History of Negro Slavery in New York, Syracuse University Press, 1966
- Davis, op. cit.; Chernow, Alexander Hamilton p.214
- Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, p. 215
- Peter Nelson. The American Revolution in New York: Its Political, Social and Economic Significance. (1926). p, 237.
- Roger G. Kennedy, Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson: A Study in Character (2000) p. 92
- Herbert S. Parmet and Marie B. Hecht, Aaron Burr (1967) p. 76
- Edgar J. McManus, History of Negro Slavery in New York
- Edgar J. McManus, History of Negro Slavery in New York
- Jake Sudderth," John Jay and Slavery" (2002) at
- Forrest McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, a Biography(1982) p. 177
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organization abolition slavery descendants state organization men positions society year history society slave trade emancipation slaves state children slaves people color leader antislavery cause state law slavery draft attempt state legislators form emancipation rights slaves emancipation bill subject rights slaves leaders head petition slavery men parties bill emancipation addition bill amendment abolition president organization dozen friends slave owners time meeting home space men attendance inn rules members meeting members ways means committee difficulty half members slaves servants household committee plan emancipation members slaves age slaves years time slaves committee society state law sale slaves state slaveholders slaves certificate will purchase slaves removal state trial jury capital cases laws slaves emancipation slaves date slaves Lobbying boycotts boycotts merchants newspaper owners slave trade committee militants newspaper offices publishers advertisements purchase sale slaves committee list people slave trade members historian blacks things blacks efforts slave importers percent increase slaves percent increase slaveholders 1790s state law slavery states opposition areas slavery businessmen slave trade houses emancipation bills member legislature form emancipation agreement rights freedmen bill rights statement law governor year children slave parents exportation slaves caveat children apprenticeship children mother owner age males age females law children slaves type servant freedom slaves process emancipation Thousands freedmen parade societies attention slavery issue abolition slave trade addition petitioned abolition slavery nation others action slavery compromise eds Debtors Slaves century Study 81(1 History History Slaves!)Society History op p. Significance Study p. p. History History Biography(1982 p.
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New York Manumission Society
the New York Manumission Society be an early american organization found in 1785 to promote the abolition of the slavery of african descendant within the state of New York. the organization be make up entirely of white man, most of whom be wealthy and hold influential position in society. throughout its 71-year history, which end in 1849, the society battle against the slave trade and for the eventual emancipation of all the slave in the state; it found the African Free School for the poor and orphan child of slave and free people of color.
John Jay
John Jay have be a prominent leader in the antislavery cause since 1777, when he draft a state law to abolish slavery. the draft fail, as do a second attempt in 1785. in 1785, all state legislator except one vote for some form of gradual emancipation. however, they do not agree on what civil right would be give to the slave once they be free. in 1799, an emancipation bill pass by not mention the subject of civil right for freed slave at all.
Jay bring in prominent political leader such as Alexander Hamilton. he also work closely with Aaron Burr, later head of the Democratic-Republicans in New York. the Society start a petition against slavery, which be sign by almost all the politically prominent man in New York, of all party and lead to a bill for gradual emancipation. Burr, in addition to support the bill, make an amendment for immediate abolition, which be vote down.
Jay found the New-York Society for promote the Manumission of Slaves, and protect such of they as have be, or may be liberate or the New York Manumission Society, and become its first president in 1785.
the organization be originally compose of Jay and a few dozen close friend, many of whom be slave-owner at the time. the first meeting be on January 25, 1785, at the home of John Simmons - who have space for the nineteen man in attendance since he keep an inn. Robert Troup and Melancton Smith be appoint to draw up rule; Jay be elect President. there be 31 member at the second meeting on February 4, include Alexander Hamilton. several of the member be Quakers.
the Society form a way-and-mean committee to deal with the difficulty that more than half of the member, include Troup and Jay, own slave (mostly a few domestic servant per household). the committee report a plan for gradual emancipation: member would free slave then young than 28 when they reach the age of 35, slave between 28 and 38 in seven year' time, and slave over 45 immediately. this be vote down; and the committee dissolve.
this society be instrumental in have a state law pass in 1785 prohibit the sale of slave import into the state, and make it easy for slaveholder to manumit slave either by a register certificate or by will. in 1788 the purchase of slave for removal to another state be forbid; they be allow trial by jury "in all capital case," and the early law about slave be simplify and restate. the emancipation of slave by the Quakers be legalize in 1798. at that date, there be still about 33,000 slave statewide.
lobbying and boycott
the Society organize boycott against New York merchant and newspaper owner involve in the slave trade. the Society have a special committee of militant who visit newspaper office to warn publisher against accept advertisement for the purchase or sale of slave.
another committee keep a list of people who be involve in the slave trade, and urge member to boycott anyone list. as historian Roger Kennedy report,
"those [black] who remain in New York soon discover that until the Manumission Society be organize, thing have get bad, not well, for black. despite the effort of Burr, Hamilton, and Jay, the slave importer be busy. there be a 23 percent increase in slave and a 33 percent increase in slaveholder in New York City in the 1790."
begin in 1785, the Society lobby for a state law to abolish slavery in New York, as all the other northern state (except New Jersey) have do. considerable opposition come from the dutch area upstate (where slavery be still popular), as well as from the many businessman in New York who profit from the slave trade. the two house pass different emancipation bill and could not reconcile they. every member of the New York legislature, but one, vote for some form of gradual emancipation, but no agreement could be reach on the civil right of freedman afterwards. Success finally come in 1799, when the Society support a bill which say nothing about such right. Jay sign this statement into law as governor.
the Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery 1799 declare that, from July 4 of that year, all child bear to slave parent would be free. it also outlaw the exportation of current slave. however, the Act hold the caveat that the child would be subject to apprenticeship. these same child would be require to serve their mother’s owner until age twenty-eight for male, and age twenty-five for female.
the law define the child of slave as a type of indenture servant, while schedule they for eventual freedom. the last slave be emancipate by July 4, 1827; the process be the large emancipation in North America before 1861. thousand of freedman celebrate with a parade in New York.
other anti-slavery society direct their attention to slavery as a national issue. the Quakers of New York petition the First Congress (under the Constitution) for the abolition of the slave trade. in addition, Benjamin Franklin and the Pennsylvania Abolition Society petitioned for the abolition of slavery in the new nation; but the NYMS do not act. (Hamilton and other feel that federal action on slavery would endanger the compromise work out at the Constitutional Convention, and so the new United States.)
African Free School
see also
- Berlin, Ira and Leslie Harris, ed.. Slavery in New York. New Press, 2005. isbn 1-56584-997-3.
- Gellman, David N. Emancipating New York: the Politics of Slavery and Freedom, 1777-1827 Louisiana State Univ Press, 2006. isbn 0-8071-3174-1.
- Gellman, David N. "Pirates, Sugar, debtor, and slave: political Economy and the Case for Gradual Abolition in New York." Slavery & Abolition (2001) 22(2): 51-68. Issn: 0144-039x
- Gellman, David N. "Race, the Public Sphere, and Abolition in Late Eighteenth-century New York." Journal of the Early Republic (2000) 20(4): 607-636. Issn: 0275-1275 Fulltext: online in Jstor
- Leslie M. Harris. in the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863 (2003),
- Horton, James Oliver. "Alexander Hamilton: Slavery and Race in a Revolutionary Generation" New-York Journal of American History 2004 65(3): 16-24. ISSN 1551-5486
- Roger G. Kennedy, Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson: a study in Character (2000)
- Littlefield, Daniel C. "John Jay, the Revolutionary Generation, and Slavery." New York History 2000 81(1): 91-132. Issn: 0146-437x
- Edgar J. McManus, history of Negro Slavery in New York (1968)
- Newman, Richard S. the Transformation of American Abolitionism: fight Slavery in the Early Republic. Univ of North Carolina Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8078-2671-5.
- Schaetzke, E. Anne. "Slavery in the Genesee Country (also know as Ontario County) 1789 to 1827." Afro-Americans in New York Life and history (1998) 22(1): 7-40. Issn: 0364-2437
- Jake Sudderth," John Jay and Slavery" (2002) at
- "African-Americans in New York City, 1626-1863". Emory University Deptartment of History. retrieve 2006-12-11.
- "Race and Antebellum New York City - New York Manumission Society". New-York Historical Society. retrieve 2006-12-12.
- Davis, New York’s Manumission (Free the slaves!)society & its African Free School 1785-1849, as cite.
- John Jay and Sarah Livingston Jay, select Letters of John Jay and Sarah Livingston Jay (2005) pp 297-99; online at
- Edgar McManus, history of Negro Slavery in New York, Syracuse University Press, 1966
- Davis, op. cit.; Chernow, Alexander Hamilton p.214
- Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, p. 215
- Peter Nelson. the American Revolution in New York: its Political, Social and economic significance. (1926). p, 237.
- Roger G. Kennedy, Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson: a study in Character (2000) p. 92
- Herbert S. Parmet and Marie B. Hecht, Aaron Burr (1967) p. 76
- Edgar J. McManus, history of Negro Slavery in New York
- Edgar J. McManus, history of Negro Slavery in New York
- Jake Sudderth," John Jay and Slavery" (2002) at
- Forrest McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, a biography(1982) p. 177
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PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ ADJ organization VERB ADP NUM PART VERB DET abolition ADP DET slavery ADP ADJ descendants ADP DET state ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET organization AUX VERB ADP ADV ADP ADJ men PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB ADJ positions ADP society PUNCT ADP PRON NUM PUNCT year history PUNCT DET VERB ADP NUM PUNCT DET society VERB ADP DET slave trade CCONJ ADP DET ADJ emancipation ADP DET DET slaves ADP DET state PUNCT PRON VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ CCONJ VERB children ADP slaves CCONJ ADJ people ADP color PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX AUX DET ADJ leader ADP DET ADJ cause SCONJ NUM PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET state law PART VERB slavery PUNCT DET draft VERB PUNCT ADP AUX DET ADJ attempt ADP NUM PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET state legislators SCONJ NUM VERB ADP DET form ADP ADJ emancipation PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ rights AUX AUX VERB ADP DET slaves SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET emancipation bill VERB ADP PART VERB DET subject ADP ADJ rights ADP VERB slaves ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB ADP ADJ ADJ leaders ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV head ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN VERB DET petition ADP slavery PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP ADV DET DET ADV ADJ men ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET parties CCONJ VERB ADP DET bill ADP ADJ emancipation PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP addition ADP VERB DET bill PUNCT VERB DET amendment ADP ADJ abolition PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP VERB DET PROPN ADP Slaves PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ ADP PRON ADP AUX AUX PUNCT CCONJ AUX AUX VERB CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON ADJ president ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET organization AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ dozen ADJ friends PUNCT DET ADP PRON AUX slave PUNCT owners ADP DET time PUNCT DET ADJ meeting AUX ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP DET home ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX space ADP DET NUM men ADP attendance SCONJ PRON VERB DET inn PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB ADP rules PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX NUM members ADP DET ADJ meeting ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP DET members AUX PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN VERB DET ways PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT means committee PART VERB ADP DET difficulty SCONJ ADJ ADP half ADP DET members PUNCT VERB PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB slaves PUNCT ADV DET ADJ ADJ servants ADP household PUNCT PUNCT DET committee VERB DET plan ADP ADJ emancipation PUNCT members AUX VERB slaves ADV ADJ ADP NUM SCONJ PRON VERB DET age ADP NUM PUNCT slaves ADP NUM CCONJ NUM ADP NUM years PART time PUNCT CCONJ slaves ADP NUM ADV PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PUNCT CCONJ DET committee VERB PUNCT SPACE DET society AUX ADJ ADP VERB DET state law VERB ADP NUM VERB DET sale ADP slaves VERB ADP DET state PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON ADJ ADP slaveholders PART VERB slaves CCONJ ADP DET VERB certificate CCONJ ADP will PUNCT ADP NUM DET purchase ADP slaves ADP removal ADP DET state AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB trial ADP jury PUNCT ADP DET ADJ cases PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ laws ADP slaves AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET emancipation ADP slaves ADP DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT ADP DET date PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADP NUM slaves ADV PUNCT SPACE Lobbying CCONJ boycotts SPACE DET PROPN VERB boycotts ADP PROPN PROPN merchants CCONJ newspaper owners VERB ADP DET slave trade PUNCT DET PROPN AUX DET ADJ committee ADP militants PRON VERB newspaper offices PART VERB publishers ADP VERB advertisements ADP DET purchase CCONJ sale ADP slaves PUNCT SPACE DET committee VERB DET list ADP people PRON AUX VERB ADP DET slave trade PUNCT CCONJ VERB members PART VERB PRON VERB PUNCT ADP historian PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET PUNCT blacks X PRON VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADV VERB SCONJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT things AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT PART ADJ PUNCT ADP blacks PUNCT SCONJ DET efforts ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET slave importers AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX DET NUM percent increase ADP slaves CCONJ DET NUM percent increase ADP slaveholders ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP NUM PUNCT DET PROPN VERB ADP DET state law PART VERB slavery ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET DET ADJ ADJ states PUNCT SCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB PUNCT ADJ opposition VERB ADP DET ADJ areas ADV PUNCT SCONJ slavery AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADP DET ADJ businessmen ADP PROPN PROPN PRON VERB ADP DET slave trade PUNCT DET NUM houses VERB ADJ emancipation bills CCONJ AUX PART VERB PRON PUNCT DET member ADP DET PROPN PROPN legislature PUNCT CCONJ NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET form ADP ADJ emancipation PUNCT CCONJ DET agreement AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ rights ADP freedmen ADV PUNCT Success ADV VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SCONJ DET PROPN VERB DET bill DET VERB PRON ADP ADJ rights PUNCT PROPN VERB DET statement ADP law ADP governor PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN NUM VERB SCONJ PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM ADP DET year PUNCT DET children VERB ADP slave parents AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET exportation ADP ADJ slaves PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN VERB DET caveat SCONJ DET children AUX AUX ADJ ADP apprenticeship PUNCT DET ADJ children AUX AUX VERB PART VERB PRON mother PART owner ADP age NUM PUNCT NUM ADP males PUNCT CCONJ age NUM PUNCT NUM ADP females PUNCT SPACE DET law VERB DET children ADP slaves ADP DET type ADP ADJ servant PUNCT SCONJ VERB PRON ADP ADJ freedom PUNCT DET ADJ slaves AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET process AUX DET ADJ emancipation ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT Thousands ADP freedmen VERB ADP DET parade ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ societies VERB PRON attention ADP slavery ADP DET ADJ issue PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP DET abolition ADP DET slave trade PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET abolition ADP slavery ADP DET ADJ nation PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN AUX PART VERB PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ others VERB SCONJ ADJ action ADP slavery AUX VERB DET compromise VERB ADP ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE VERB ADV SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT eds PUNCT Slavery ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ISBN NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET Politics ADP PROPN CCONJ Freedom PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ISBN NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Debtors PUNCT CCONJ Slaves PUNCT ADJ Economy CCONJ DET Case ADP ADJ Abolition ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT Issn PUNCT NUM NUM NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT Race PUNCT DET ADJ Sphere PUNCT CCONJ Abolition ADP ADJ ADJ PUNCT century PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM NUM NUM PUNCT Issn PUNCT NUM NUM NUM Fulltext PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET Shadow ADP Slavery PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT Slavery CCONJ Race ADP DET ADJ Generation PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN NUM NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM NUM NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP Character PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ Slavery PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT Issn PUNCT NUM NUM NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT History ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN DET Transformation ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB Slavery ADP DET ADJ Republic PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ISBN NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM ADP NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT Issn PUNCT NUM NUM NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP SPACE PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB NUM NUM NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB NUM SYM NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT VERB DET PROPN CCONJ PRON PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM SYM NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT pp NUM SYM NUM PUNCT ADV ADP SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT op . cit . PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN p.214 SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT p. NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ Significance PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT p PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET Study ADP Character PUNCT NUM PUNCT p. NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT p. NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT History ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT History ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT p. NUM
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PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ ADJ organization VERB ADP NUM PART VERB DET abolition ADP DET slavery ADP ADJ descendants ADP DET state ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET organization AUX VERB ADP ADV ADP ADJ men PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB ADJ positions ADP society PUNCT ADP PRON NUM PUNCT year history PUNCT DET VERB ADP NUM PUNCT DET society VERB ADP DET slave trade CCONJ ADP DET ADJ emancipation ADP DET DET slaves ADP DET state PUNCT PRON VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ CCONJ VERB children ADP slaves CCONJ ADJ people ADP color PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX AUX DET ADJ leader ADP DET ADJ cause SCONJ NUM PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET state law PART VERB slavery PUNCT DET draft VERB PUNCT ADP AUX DET ADJ attempt ADP NUM PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET state legislators SCONJ NUM VERB ADP DET form ADP ADJ emancipation PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ rights AUX AUX VERB ADP DET slaves SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET emancipation bill VERB ADP PART VERB DET subject ADP ADJ rights ADP VERB slaves ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB ADP ADJ ADJ leaders ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV head ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN VERB DET petition ADP slavery PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP ADV DET DET ADV ADJ men ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET parties CCONJ VERB ADP DET bill ADP ADJ emancipation PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP addition ADP VERB DET bill PUNCT VERB DET amendment ADP ADJ abolition PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP VERB DET PROPN ADP Slaves PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ ADP PRON ADP AUX AUX PUNCT CCONJ AUX AUX VERB CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON ADJ president ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET organization AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ dozen ADJ friends PUNCT DET ADP PRON AUX slave PUNCT owners ADP DET time PUNCT DET ADJ meeting AUX ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP DET home ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX space ADP DET NUM men ADP attendance SCONJ PRON VERB DET inn PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB ADP rules PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX NUM members ADP DET ADJ meeting ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP DET members AUX PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN VERB DET ways PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT means committee PART VERB ADP DET difficulty SCONJ ADJ ADP half ADP DET members PUNCT VERB PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB slaves PUNCT ADV DET ADJ ADJ servants ADP household PUNCT PUNCT DET committee VERB DET plan ADP ADJ emancipation PUNCT members AUX VERB slaves ADV ADJ ADP NUM SCONJ PRON VERB DET age ADP NUM PUNCT slaves ADP NUM CCONJ NUM ADP NUM years PART time PUNCT CCONJ slaves ADP NUM ADV PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PUNCT CCONJ DET committee VERB PUNCT SPACE DET society AUX ADJ ADP VERB DET state law VERB ADP NUM VERB DET sale ADP slaves VERB ADP DET state PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON ADJ ADP slaveholders PART VERB slaves CCONJ ADP DET VERB certificate CCONJ ADP will PUNCT ADP NUM DET purchase ADP slaves ADP removal ADP DET state AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB trial ADP jury PUNCT ADP DET ADJ cases PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ laws ADP slaves AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET emancipation ADP slaves ADP DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT ADP DET date PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADP NUM slaves ADV PUNCT SPACE Lobbying CCONJ boycotts SPACE DET PROPN VERB boycotts ADP PROPN PROPN merchants CCONJ newspaper owners VERB ADP DET slave trade PUNCT DET PROPN AUX DET ADJ committee ADP militants PRON VERB newspaper offices PART VERB publishers ADP VERB advertisements ADP DET purchase CCONJ sale ADP slaves PUNCT SPACE DET committee VERB DET list ADP people PRON AUX VERB ADP DET slave trade PUNCT CCONJ VERB members PART VERB PRON VERB PUNCT ADP historian PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET PUNCT blacks X PRON VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADV VERB SCONJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT things AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT PART ADJ PUNCT ADP blacks PUNCT SCONJ DET efforts ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET slave importers AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX DET NUM percent increase ADP slaves CCONJ DET NUM percent increase ADP slaveholders ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP NUM PUNCT DET PROPN VERB ADP DET state law PART VERB slavery ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET DET ADJ ADJ states PUNCT SCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB PUNCT ADJ opposition VERB ADP DET ADJ areas ADV PUNCT SCONJ slavery AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADP DET ADJ businessmen ADP PROPN PROPN PRON VERB ADP DET slave trade PUNCT DET NUM houses VERB ADJ emancipation bills CCONJ AUX PART VERB PRON PUNCT DET member ADP DET PROPN PROPN legislature PUNCT CCONJ NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET form ADP ADJ emancipation PUNCT CCONJ DET agreement AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ rights ADP freedmen ADV PUNCT Success ADV VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SCONJ DET PROPN VERB DET bill DET VERB PRON ADP ADJ rights PUNCT PROPN VERB DET statement ADP law ADP governor PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN NUM VERB SCONJ PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM ADP DET year PUNCT DET children VERB ADP slave parents AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET exportation ADP ADJ slaves PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN VERB DET caveat SCONJ DET children AUX AUX ADJ ADP apprenticeship PUNCT DET ADJ children AUX AUX VERB PART VERB PRON mother PART owner ADP age NUM PUNCT NUM ADP males PUNCT CCONJ age NUM PUNCT NUM ADP females PUNCT SPACE DET law VERB DET children ADP slaves ADP DET type ADP ADJ servant PUNCT SCONJ VERB PRON ADP ADJ freedom PUNCT DET ADJ slaves AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET process AUX DET ADJ emancipation ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT Thousands ADP freedmen VERB ADP DET parade ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ societies VERB PRON attention ADP slavery ADP DET ADJ issue PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP DET abolition ADP DET slave trade PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET abolition ADP slavery ADP DET ADJ nation PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN AUX PART VERB PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ others VERB SCONJ ADJ action ADP slavery AUX VERB DET compromise VERB ADP ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE VERB ADV SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT eds PUNCT Slavery ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ISBN NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET Politics ADP PROPN CCONJ Freedom PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ISBN NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Debtors PUNCT CCONJ Slaves PUNCT ADJ Economy CCONJ DET Case ADP ADJ Abolition ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT Issn PUNCT NUM NUM NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT Race PUNCT DET ADJ Sphere PUNCT CCONJ Abolition ADP ADJ ADJ PUNCT century PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM NUM NUM PUNCT Issn PUNCT NUM NUM NUM Fulltext PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET Shadow ADP Slavery PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT Slavery CCONJ Race ADP DET ADJ Generation PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN NUM NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM NUM NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP Character PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ Slavery PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT Issn PUNCT NUM NUM NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT History ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN DET Transformation ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB Slavery ADP DET ADJ Republic PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ISBN NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM ADP NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT Issn PUNCT NUM NUM NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP SPACE PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB NUM NUM NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB NUM SYM NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT VERB DET PROPN CCONJ PRON PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM SYM NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT pp NUM SYM NUM PUNCT ADV ADP SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT op . cit . PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN p.214 SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT p. NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ Significance PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT p PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET Study ADP Character PUNCT NUM PUNCT p. NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT p. NUM SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT History ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT History ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT p. NUM
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PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ ADJ organization VERB ADP NUM PART VERB DET abolition ADP DET slavery ADP ADJ descendants ADP DET state ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET organization AUX VERB ADP ADV ADP ADJ men PUNCT ADJ ADP PRON AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB ADJ positions ADP society PUNCT ADP PRON NUM PUNCT year history PUNCT DET VERB ADP NUM PUNCT DET society VERB ADP DET slave trade CCONJ ADP DET ADJ emancipation ADP DET DET slaves ADP DET state PUNCT PRON VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ CCONJ VERB children ADP slaves CCONJ ADJ people ADP color PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX AUX DET ADJ leader ADP DET ADJ cause SCONJ NUM PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET state law PART VERB slavery PUNCT DET draft VERB PUNCT ADP AUX DET ADJ attempt ADP NUM PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET state legislators SCONJ NUM VERB ADP DET form ADP ADJ emancipation PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ rights AUX AUX VERB ADP DET slaves SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET emancipation bill VERB ADP PART VERB DET subject ADP ADJ rights ADP VERB slaves ADV ADV PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB ADP ADJ ADJ leaders ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV head ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN VERB DET petition ADP slavery PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP ADV DET DET ADV ADJ men ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET parties CCONJ VERB ADP DET bill ADP ADJ emancipation PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP addition ADP VERB DET bill PUNCT VERB DET amendment ADP ADJ abolition PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP VERB DET PROPN ADP Slaves PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ ADP PRON ADP AUX AUX PUNCT CCONJ AUX AUX VERB CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON ADJ president ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET organization AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ dozen ADJ friends PUNCT DET ADP PRON AUX slave PUNCT owners ADP DET time PUNCT DET ADJ meeting AUX ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP DET home ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX space ADP DET NUM men ADP attendance SCONJ PRON VERB DET inn PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB ADP rules PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX NUM members ADP DET ADJ meeting ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP DET members AUX PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN VERB DET ways PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT means committee PART VERB ADP DET difficulty SCONJ ADJ ADP half ADP DET members PUNCT VERB PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB slaves PUNCT ADV DET ADJ ADJ servants ADP household PUNCT PUNCT DET committee VERB DET plan ADP ADJ emancipation PUNCT members AUX VERB slaves ADV ADJ ADP NUM SCONJ PRON VERB DET age ADP NUM PUNCT slaves ADP NUM CCONJ NUM ADP NUM years PART time PUNCT CCONJ slaves ADP NUM ADV PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP PUNCT CCONJ DET committee VERB PUNCT SPACE DET society AUX ADJ ADP VERB DET state law VERB ADP NUM VERB DET sale ADP slaves VERB ADP DET state PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON ADJ ADP slaveholders PART VERB slaves CCONJ ADP DET VERB certificate CCONJ ADP will PUNCT ADP NUM DET purchase ADP slaves ADP removal ADP DET state AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB trial ADP jury PUNCT ADP DET ADJ cases PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ laws ADP slaves AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET emancipation ADP slaves ADP DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT ADP DET date PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADP NUM slaves ADV PUNCT SPACE Lobbying CCONJ boycotts SPACE DET PROPN VERB boycotts ADP PROPN PROPN merchants CCONJ newspaper owners VERB ADP DET slave trade PUNCT DET PROPN AUX DET ADJ committee ADP militants PRON VERB newspaper offices PART VERB publishers ADP VERB advertisements ADP DET purchase CCONJ sale ADP slaves PUNCT SPACE DET committee VERB DET list ADP people PRON AUX VERB ADP DET slave trade PUNCT CCONJ VERB members PART VERB PRON VERB PUNCT ADP historian PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET PUNCT blacks X PRON VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADV VERB SCONJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT things AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT PART ADJ PUNCT ADP blacks PUNCT SCONJ DET efforts ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET slave importers AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX DET NUM percent increase ADP slaves CCONJ DET NUM percent increase ADP slaveholders ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP NUM PUNCT DET PROPN VERB ADP DET state law PART VERB slavery ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET DET ADJ ADJ states PUNCT SCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB PUNCT ADJ opposition VERB ADP DET ADJ areas ADV PUNCT SCONJ slavery AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADP DET ADJ businessmen ADP PROPN PROPN PRON VERB ADP DET slave trade PUNCT DET NUM houses VERB ADJ emancipation bills CCONJ AUX PART VERB PRON PUNCT DET member ADP DET PROPN PROPN legislature PUNCT CCONJ NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET form ADP ADJ emancipation PUNCT CCONJ DET agreement AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ rights ADP freedmen ADV PUNCT Success ADV VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SCONJ DET PROPN VERB DET bill DET VERB PRON ADP ADJ rights PUNCT PROPN VERB DET statement ADP law ADP governor PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN NUM VERB SCONJ PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM ADP DET year PUNCT DET children VERB ADP slave parents AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET exportation ADP ADJ slaves PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET PROPN VERB DET caveat SCONJ DET children AUX AUX ADJ ADP apprenticeship PUNCT DET ADJ children AUX AUX VERB PART VERB PRON mother PART owner ADP age NUM PUNCT NUM ADP males PUNCT CCONJ age NUM PUNCT NUM ADP females PUNCT SPACE DET law VERB DET children ADP slaves ADP DET type ADP ADJ servant PUNCT SCONJ VERB PRON ADP ADJ freedom PUNCT DET ADJ slaves AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET process AUX DET ADJ emancipation ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT Thousands ADP freedmen VERB ADP DET parade ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ societies VERB PRON attention ADP slavery ADP DET ADJ issue PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP DET abolition ADP DET slave trade PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET abolition ADP slavery ADP 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Inflammation Key to the Asthma-Sinus Connection
People with asthma frequently experience problems with their sinuses. And more than half of those who have chronic sinusitis also suffer from asthma.
Is there a connection? Each condition is marked by inflammation, which is to blame for both the symptoms of asthma—cough, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and wheezing—and sinusitis. Researchers speculate inflammation in the lungs or sinuses affects both. As a result, people with lung symptoms likely will eventually get symptoms in the nose, and vice versa. Plus, sinusitis can trigger asthma attacks.
What is sinusitis?
Sinusitis occurs when air-filled spaces behind the nose, forehead, cheeks, and eyes become inflamed and blocked with mucus. Often, infection results.
Symptoms usually occur after a cold that fails to improve or gets worse after five to seven days. They include:
People with asthma who experience sinus problems should talk with their doctor about treatment. Studies show that resolving sinusitis often improves asthma and decreases the need for asthma medication.
How you can protect yourself
Those with asthma need to be vigilant about colds and the flu. Viral respiratory infections often worsen asthma. Some prevention tips:
Avoid smoke and pollution.
Drink plenty of fluids.
Take decongestants for upper respiratory infections.
Get help for allergies.
Use a humidifier to increase moisture in nose and sinuses.
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People asthma problems sinuses half sinusitis asthma connection condition inflammation symptoms asthma cough chest tightness shortness breath wheezing sinusitis Researchers inflammation lungs sinuses result people lung symptoms symptoms nose sinusitis asthma attacks sinusitis air spaces nose forehead cheeks eyes mucus infection results Symptoms cold days People asthma sinus problems doctor treatment Studies sinusitis asthma need asthma medication asthma colds flu infections asthma prevention tips smoke pollution plenty fluids decongestants infections help allergies humidifier moisture nose sinuses
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Inflammation Key to the Asthma-Sinus Connection
People with asthma frequently experience problem with their sinus. and more than half of those who have chronic sinusitis also suffer from asthma.
be there a connection? each condition be mark by inflammation, which be to blame for both the symptom of asthma—cough, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and wheezing—and sinusitis. researcher speculate inflammation in the lung or sinus affect both. as a result, people with lung symptom likely will eventually get symptom in the nose, and vice versa. plus, sinusitis can trigger asthma attack.
what be sinusitis?
Sinusitis occur when air-fill space behind the nose, forehead, cheek, and eye become inflame and block with mucus. often, infection result.
symptom usually occur after a cold that fail to improve or get bad after five to seven day. they include:
People with asthma who experience sinus problem should talk with their doctor about treatment. study show that resolve sinusitis often improve asthma and decrease the need for asthma medication.
how you can protect yourself
those with asthma need to be vigilant about cold and the flu. viral respiratory infection often worsen asthma. some prevention tip:
avoid smoke and pollution.
drink plenty of fluid.
take decongestant for upper respiratory infection.
get help for allergy.
use a humidifier to increase moisture in nose and sinus.
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Inflammation Key ADP DET Asthma PUNCT Sinus Connection SPACE People ADP asthma ADV VERB problems ADP PRON sinuses PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADP half ADP DET PRON AUX ADJ sinusitis ADV VERB ADP asthma PUNCT SPACE AUX PRON DET connection PUNCT DET condition AUX VERB ADP inflammation PUNCT DET AUX PART VERB ADP DET DET symptoms ADP asthma PUNCT cough PUNCT chest tightness PUNCT shortness ADP breath PUNCT CCONJ wheezing PUNCT CCONJ sinusitis PUNCT Researchers VERB inflammation ADP DET lungs CCONJ sinuses VERB DET PUNCT ADP DET result PUNCT people ADP lung symptoms ADV AUX ADV VERB symptoms ADP DET nose PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT sinusitis AUX VERB asthma attacks PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX sinusitis PUNCT SPACE Sinusitis VERB SCONJ air PUNCT VERB spaces ADP DET nose PUNCT forehead PUNCT cheeks PUNCT CCONJ eyes VERB ADJ CCONJ VERB ADP mucus PUNCT ADV PUNCT infection VERB PUNCT SPACE Symptoms ADV VERB ADP DET cold PRON VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ ADP NUM PART NUM days PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE People ADP asthma PRON VERB sinus problems AUX VERB ADP PRON doctor ADP treatment PUNCT Studies VERB SCONJ VERB sinusitis ADV VERB asthma CCONJ VERB DET need ADP asthma medication PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PRON SPACE DET ADP asthma VERB PART AUX ADJ ADP colds CCONJ DET flu PUNCT ADJ ADJ infections ADV VERB asthma PUNCT DET prevention tips PUNCT SPACE VERB smoke CCONJ pollution PUNCT SPACE VERB plenty ADP fluids PUNCT SPACE VERB decongestants ADP ADJ ADJ infections PUNCT SPACE VERB help ADP allergies PUNCT SPACE VERB DET humidifier PART VERB moisture ADP nose CCONJ sinuses PUNCT
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Inflammation Key ADP DET Asthma PUNCT Sinus Connection SPACE People ADP asthma ADV VERB problems ADP PRON sinuses PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADP half ADP DET PRON AUX ADJ sinusitis ADV VERB ADP asthma PUNCT SPACE AUX PRON DET connection PUNCT DET condition AUX VERB ADP inflammation PUNCT DET AUX PART VERB ADP DET DET symptoms ADP asthma PUNCT cough PUNCT chest tightness PUNCT shortness ADP breath PUNCT CCONJ wheezing PUNCT CCONJ sinusitis PUNCT Researchers VERB inflammation ADP DET lungs CCONJ sinuses VERB DET PUNCT ADP DET result PUNCT people ADP lung symptoms ADV AUX ADV VERB symptoms ADP DET nose PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT sinusitis AUX VERB asthma attacks PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX sinusitis PUNCT SPACE Sinusitis VERB SCONJ air PUNCT VERB spaces ADP DET nose PUNCT forehead PUNCT cheeks PUNCT CCONJ eyes VERB ADJ CCONJ VERB ADP mucus PUNCT ADV PUNCT infection VERB PUNCT SPACE Symptoms ADV VERB ADP DET cold PRON VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ ADP NUM PART NUM days PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE People ADP asthma PRON VERB sinus problems AUX VERB ADP PRON doctor ADP treatment PUNCT Studies VERB SCONJ VERB sinusitis ADV VERB asthma CCONJ VERB DET need ADP asthma medication PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PRON SPACE DET ADP asthma VERB PART AUX ADJ ADP colds CCONJ DET flu PUNCT ADJ ADJ infections ADV VERB asthma PUNCT DET prevention tips PUNCT SPACE VERB smoke CCONJ pollution PUNCT SPACE VERB plenty ADP fluids PUNCT SPACE VERB decongestants ADP ADJ ADJ infections PUNCT SPACE VERB help ADP allergies PUNCT SPACE VERB DET humidifier PART VERB moisture ADP nose CCONJ sinuses PUNCT
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Inflammation Key ADP DET Asthma PUNCT Sinus Connection SPACE People ADP asthma ADV VERB problems ADP PRON sinuses PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADP half ADP DET PRON AUX ADJ sinusitis ADV VERB ADP asthma PUNCT SPACE AUX PRON DET connection PUNCT DET condition AUX VERB ADP inflammation PUNCT DET AUX PART VERB ADP DET DET symptoms ADP asthma PUNCT cough PUNCT chest tightness PUNCT shortness ADP breath PUNCT CCONJ wheezing PUNCT CCONJ sinusitis PUNCT Researchers VERB inflammation ADP DET lungs CCONJ sinuses VERB DET PUNCT ADP DET result PUNCT people ADP lung symptoms ADV AUX ADV VERB symptoms ADP DET nose PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT sinusitis AUX VERB asthma attacks PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX sinusitis PUNCT SPACE Sinusitis VERB SCONJ air PUNCT VERB spaces ADP DET nose PUNCT forehead PUNCT cheeks PUNCT CCONJ eyes VERB ADJ CCONJ VERB ADP mucus PUNCT ADV PUNCT infection VERB PUNCT SPACE Symptoms ADV VERB ADP DET cold PRON VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ ADP NUM PART NUM days PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT SPACE People ADP asthma PRON VERB sinus problems AUX VERB ADP PRON doctor ADP treatment PUNCT Studies VERB SCONJ VERB sinusitis ADV VERB asthma CCONJ VERB DET need ADP asthma medication PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PRON SPACE DET ADP asthma VERB PART AUX ADJ ADP colds CCONJ DET flu PUNCT ADJ ADJ infections ADV VERB asthma PUNCT DET prevention tips PUNCT SPACE VERB smoke CCONJ pollution PUNCT SPACE VERB plenty ADP fluids PUNCT SPACE VERB decongestants ADP ADJ ADJ infections PUNCT SPACE VERB help ADP allergies PUNCT SPACE VERB DET humidifier PART VERB moisture ADP nose CCONJ sinuses PUNCT
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As previous research has demonstrated, HIV attacks the host's immune system, including an important category of T cells critical for fighting infection called CD4+ T cells. The virus specifically destroys those CD4+ T cells that reside in the tissues of the body like the intestine and lung that interface with the outside environment. As HIV replicates in the human body, the tissue levels of CD4+ T cells are killed and, when the number of these cells drop below a certain level, a patient develops AIDS. At this point, the patient's immune system is weakened enough to allow infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that are normally held at bay by a healthy human body. The infected body's inability to fight off these "intruders," leads to death.
"To learn more about HIV, its impacts and possible treatments, we study simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), a close relative of HIV that infects and causes AIDS in nonhuman primates," explained the study's lead author Louis Picker, M.D. Picker serves as director of the VGTI's vaccine program and associate director of the VGTI. He is also a professor of pathology, and molecular microbiology and immunology in the OHSU School of Medicine; and director of the Division of Pathobiology and Immunology at the OHSU Oregon National Primate Research Center.
"What we were able to discover using SIV-infected monkeys was that a certain naturally occurring protein called interleukin-15 (IL-15) caused a dramatic restoration of tissue CD4+ T cel
Contact: Jim Newman
Oregon Health & Science University
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research host system category T cells infection T cells virus cells tissues body intestine lung environment replicates body tissue levels cells number cells level patient point patient system infections bacteria viruses fungi parasites bay body body inability intruders death impacts treatments immunodeficiency virus relative infects primates study author director vaccine program associate director professor pathology microbiology immunology director monkeys protein IL-15 restoration tissue Contact
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as previous research have demonstrate, HIV attack the host's immune system, include an important category of t cell critical for fight infection call CD4+ t cell. the virus specifically destroy those CD4+ T cell that reside in the tissue of the body like the intestine and lung that interface with the outside environment. as HIV replicate in the human body, the tissue level of CD4+ T cell be kill and, when the number of these cell drop below a certain level, a patient develop AIDS. at this point, the patient's immune system be weaken enough to allow infection cause by bacteria, virus, fungus and parasite that be normally hold at bay by a healthy human body. the infected body's inability to fight off these "intruder," lead to death.
"to learn more about HIV, its impact and possible treatment, we study simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), a close relative of HIV that infect and cause AIDS in nonhuman primate," explain the study's lead author Louis Picker, M.D. Picker serve as director of the VGTI's vaccine program and associate director of the VGTI. he be also a professor of pathology, and molecular microbiology and immunology in the OHSU School of Medicine; and director of the Division of Pathobiology and Immunology at the ohsu Oregon National Primate Research Center.
"what we be able to discover use SIV-infect monkey be that a certain naturally occur protein call interleukin-15 (il-15) cause a dramatic restoration of tissue CD4+ T cel
contact: Jim Newman
Oregon Health & Science University
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ADP ADJ research AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN VERB DET host PART ADJ system PUNCT VERB DET ADJ category ADP T cells ADJ ADP VERB infection VERB CD4 + T cells PUNCT DET virus ADV VERB DET NUM + T cells PRON VERB ADP DET tissues ADP DET body ADP DET intestine CCONJ lung PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ environment PUNCT ADP PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ body PUNCT DET tissue levels ADP CD4 + T cells AUX VERB CCONJ PUNCT SCONJ DET number ADP DET cells VERB ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT DET patient VERB PROPN PUNCT ADP DET point PUNCT DET patient PART ADJ system AUX VERB ADV PART VERB infections VERB ADP bacteria PUNCT viruses PUNCT fungi CCONJ parasites PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP bay ADP DET ADJ ADJ body PUNCT DET ADJ body PART inability PART VERB ADP DET PUNCT intruders PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP death PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PART VERB ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON impacts CCONJ ADJ treatments PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ immunodeficiency virus PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ relative ADP PROPN PRON VERB CCONJ VERB PROPN ADP ADJ primates PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET study PART lead author PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP director ADP DET PROPN PART vaccine program CCONJ ADJ director ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET professor ADP pathology PUNCT CCONJ ADJ microbiology CCONJ immunology ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ director ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB VERB PROPN PUNCT VERB monkeys AUX SCONJ DET ADJ ADV VERB protein VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB DET ADJ restoration ADP tissue CD4 + T cel SPACE Contact PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN
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ADP ADJ research AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN VERB DET host PART ADJ system PUNCT VERB DET ADJ category ADP T cells ADJ ADP VERB infection VERB CD4 + T cells PUNCT DET virus ADV VERB DET NUM + T cells PRON VERB ADP DET tissues ADP DET body ADP DET intestine CCONJ lung PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ environment PUNCT ADP PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ body PUNCT DET tissue levels ADP CD4 + T cells AUX VERB CCONJ PUNCT SCONJ DET number ADP DET cells VERB ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT DET patient VERB PROPN PUNCT ADP DET point PUNCT DET patient PART ADJ system AUX VERB ADV PART VERB infections VERB ADP bacteria PUNCT viruses PUNCT fungi CCONJ parasites PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP bay ADP DET ADJ ADJ body PUNCT DET ADJ body PART inability PART VERB ADP DET PUNCT intruders PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP death PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PART VERB ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON impacts CCONJ ADJ treatments PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ immunodeficiency virus PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ relative ADP PROPN PRON VERB CCONJ VERB PROPN ADP ADJ primates PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET study PART lead author PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP director ADP DET PROPN PART vaccine program CCONJ ADJ director ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET professor ADP pathology PUNCT CCONJ ADJ microbiology CCONJ immunology ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ director ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB VERB PROPN PUNCT VERB monkeys AUX SCONJ DET ADJ ADV VERB protein VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB DET ADJ restoration ADP tissue CD4 + T cel SPACE Contact PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN
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ADP ADJ research AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN VERB DET host PART ADJ system PUNCT VERB DET ADJ category ADP T cells ADJ ADP VERB infection VERB CD4 + T cells PUNCT DET virus ADV VERB DET NUM + T cells PRON VERB ADP DET tissues ADP DET body ADP DET intestine CCONJ lung PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ environment PUNCT ADP PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ body PUNCT DET tissue levels ADP CD4 + T cells AUX VERB CCONJ PUNCT SCONJ DET number ADP DET cells VERB ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT DET patient VERB PROPN PUNCT ADP DET point PUNCT DET patient PART ADJ system AUX VERB ADV PART VERB infections VERB ADP bacteria PUNCT viruses PUNCT fungi CCONJ parasites PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP bay ADP DET ADJ ADJ body PUNCT DET ADJ body PART inability PART VERB ADP DET PUNCT intruders PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP death PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PART VERB ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON impacts CCONJ ADJ treatments PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ immunodeficiency virus PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ relative ADP PROPN PRON VERB CCONJ VERB PROPN ADP ADJ primates PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET study PART lead author PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP director ADP DET PROPN PART vaccine program CCONJ ADJ director ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET professor ADP pathology PUNCT CCONJ ADJ microbiology CCONJ immunology ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ director ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB VERB PROPN PUNCT VERB monkeys AUX SCONJ DET ADJ ADV VERB protein VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB DET ADJ restoration ADP tissue CD4 + T cel SPACE Contact PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN
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Certain lifestyle factors greatly increase your risk of contracting HIV infection and developing AIDS. By avoiding behaviors that are associated with increasing your risk, you can greatly reduce your risk.
Risk factors include:
Having Unprotected Sex
Most people become infected with HIV through sexual activity. You can contract AIDS by not using a condom when having sexual relations with a person infected with HIV. Not using condoms properly can also put you at increased risk for acquiring HIV infection. During sex, the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, and mouth can provide entry points for the virus.
Other risky behaviors include having:
- Sex with someone without knowing his or her HIV status
- More than one sex partner
- Sex with someone who has more than one sexual partner
- Anal intercourse
Men who have sex with other men may be at a higher risk of being infected with HIV. Having unprotected sex and using drugs (eg, methamphetamines) during sex can increase this risk. Women who engage in risky behaviors and have both male and female partners may also be at a greater risk.
If you inject illegal drugs, this increases your risk of becoming infected with HIV. Using a needle or syringe that contains even a small amount of infected blood can transmit HIV infection.
Having Certain Medical Conditions
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and vaginal infections caused by bacteria tend to increase the risk of HIV transmission during sex with an HIV-infected partner. Examples of STDs include:
For men, not being circumcised can also increase the risk of getting HIV infection.
Having Certain Medical Procedures
Having a blood transfusion or receiving blood products before 1985 increases your risk of HIV infection and AIDS. Before blood banks began testing donated blood for HIV in 1985, there was no way of knowing if the blood was contaminated with HIV, and recipients could become infected through transfusions.
Receiving blood products, tissue or organ transplantation, or artificial insemination increases your risk of HIV infection and AIDS. Even though blood products are now screened for HIV, there is still some degree of risk because tests cannot detect HIV immediately after transmission.
Being a Healthcare Worker
Exposure to contaminated blood and needles puts healthcare workers at risk for HIV.
- Reviewer: Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt, MD
- Review Date: 12/2011 -
- Update Date: 12/30/2011 -
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lifestyle factors risk infection behaviors risk risk Risk factors Sex people activity condom relations person condoms risk infection sex penis rectum mouth entry points virus behaviors Sex status sex partner Sex partner intercourse Men sex men risk sex drugs sex risk Women behaviors partners risk drugs risk needle syringe amount blood infection diseases STDs infections bacteria risk transmission sex partner Examples STDs men risk infection blood transfusion blood products risk infection blood banks blood way blood recipients transfusions blood products tissue organ transplantation insemination risk infection blood products degree risk tests transmission blood needles healthcare workers risk Update Date
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certain lifestyle factor greatly increase your risk of contract HIV infection and develop AIDS. by avoid behavior that be associate with increase your risk, you can greatly reduce your risk.
risk factor include:
have unprotecte sex
Most people become infected with HIV through sexual activity. you can contract AIDS by not use a condom when have sexual relation with a person infect with HIV. not use condom properly can also put you at increase risk for acquire HIV infection. during sex, the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, and mouth can provide entry point for the virus.
other risky behavior include have:
- sex with someone without know his or her HIV status
- More than one sex partner
- sex with someone who have more than one sexual partner
- anal intercourse
man who have sex with other man may be at a high risk of be infect with HIV. have unprotected sex and use drug (eg, methamphetamines) during sex can increase this risk. woman who engage in risky behavior and have both male and female partner may also be at a great risk.
if you inject illegal drug, this increase your risk of become infect with HIV. use a needle or syringe that contain even a small amount of infected blood can transmit HIV infection.
have Certain Medical Conditions
sexually transmit disease (std) and vaginal infection cause by bacteria tend to increase the risk of HIV transmission during sex with an HIV-infect partner. example of std include:
for man, not be circumcise can also increase the risk of get HIV infection.
have Certain Medical Procedures
have a blood transfusion or receive blood product before 1985 increase your risk of HIV infection and AIDS. before blood bank begin test donate blood for HIV in 1985, there be no way of know if the blood be contaminate with HIV, and recipient could become infected through transfusion.
receive blood product, tissue or organ transplantation, or artificial insemination increase your risk of HIV infection and AIDS. even though blood product be now screen for HIV, there be still some degree of risk because test cannot detect HIV immediately after transmission.
be a Healthcare Worker
Exposure to contaminated blood and needle put healthcare worker at risk for HIV.
- Reviewer: Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt, MD
- Review Date: 12/2011 -
- update date: 12/30/2011 -
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ADJ lifestyle factors ADV VERB PRON risk ADP VERB PROPN infection CCONJ VERB PROPN PUNCT ADP VERB behaviors PRON AUX VERB ADP VERB PRON risk PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB PRON risk PUNCT SPACE Risk factors VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ PROPN SPACE ADJ people VERB VERB ADP PROPN ADP ADJ activity PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PROPN ADP PART VERB DET condom SCONJ VERB ADJ relations ADP DET person VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PART VERB condoms ADV AUX ADV VERB PRON ADP VERB risk ADP VERB PROPN infection PUNCT ADP sex PUNCT DET vagina PUNCT vulva PUNCT penis PUNCT rectum PUNCT CCONJ mouth AUX VERB entry points ADP DET virus PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ behaviors VERB VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Sex ADP PRON ADP VERB PRON CCONJ PRON PROPN status SPACE PUNCT ADJ ADP NUM sex partner SPACE PUNCT Sex ADP PRON PRON AUX ADJ ADP NUM ADJ partner SPACE PUNCT ADJ intercourse SPACE Men PRON AUX sex ADP ADJ men AUX AUX ADP DET ADJ risk ADP AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ sex CCONJ VERB drugs PUNCT X PUNCT methamphetamines PUNCT ADP sex AUX VERB DET risk PUNCT Women PRON VERB ADP ADJ behaviors CCONJ AUX CCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ partners AUX ADV AUX ADP DET ADJ risk PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON VERB ADJ drugs PUNCT DET VERB PRON risk ADP VERB ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET needle CCONJ syringe PRON VERB ADV DET ADJ amount ADP ADJ blood AUX VERB PROPN infection PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ ADJ Conditions SPACE ADV VERB diseases PUNCT STDs PUNCT CCONJ ADJ infections VERB ADP bacteria VERB PART VERB DET risk ADP PROPN transmission ADP sex ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB partner PUNCT Examples ADP STDs VERB PUNCT SPACE ADP men PUNCT PART AUX VERB AUX ADV VERB DET risk ADP VERB PROPN infection PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ ADJ Procedures SPACE VERB DET blood transfusion CCONJ VERB blood products ADP NUM VERB PRON risk ADP PROPN infection CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP blood banks VERB VERB VERB blood ADP PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT PRON AUX DET way ADP VERB SCONJ DET blood AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ recipients AUX VERB ADJ ADP transfusions PUNCT SPACE VERB blood products PUNCT tissue CCONJ organ transplantation PUNCT CCONJ ADJ insemination VERB PRON risk ADP PROPN infection CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADV SCONJ blood products AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET degree ADP risk SCONJ tests AUX PART VERB PROPN ADV ADP transmission PUNCT SPACE AUX DET Healthcare Worker SPACE Exposure ADP VERB blood CCONJ needles VERB healthcare workers ADP risk ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Reviewer PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT Review Date PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Update Date PUNCT NUM PUNCT
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ADJ lifestyle factors ADV VERB PRON risk ADP VERB PROPN infection CCONJ VERB PROPN PUNCT ADP VERB behaviors PRON AUX VERB ADP VERB PRON risk PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB PRON risk PUNCT SPACE Risk factors VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ PROPN SPACE ADJ people VERB VERB ADP PROPN ADP ADJ activity PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PROPN ADP PART VERB DET condom SCONJ VERB ADJ relations ADP DET person VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PART VERB condoms ADV AUX ADV VERB PRON ADP VERB risk ADP VERB PROPN infection PUNCT ADP sex PUNCT DET vagina PUNCT vulva PUNCT penis PUNCT rectum PUNCT CCONJ mouth AUX VERB entry points ADP DET virus PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ behaviors VERB VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Sex ADP PRON ADP VERB PRON CCONJ PRON PROPN status SPACE PUNCT ADJ ADP NUM sex partner SPACE PUNCT Sex ADP PRON PRON AUX ADJ ADP NUM ADJ partner SPACE PUNCT ADJ intercourse SPACE Men PRON AUX sex ADP ADJ men AUX AUX ADP DET ADJ risk ADP AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ sex CCONJ VERB drugs PUNCT X PUNCT methamphetamines PUNCT ADP sex AUX VERB DET risk PUNCT Women PRON VERB ADP ADJ behaviors CCONJ AUX CCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ partners AUX ADV AUX ADP DET ADJ risk PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON VERB ADJ drugs PUNCT DET VERB PRON risk ADP VERB ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET needle CCONJ syringe PRON VERB ADV DET ADJ amount ADP ADJ blood AUX VERB PROPN infection PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ ADJ Conditions SPACE ADV VERB diseases PUNCT STDs PUNCT CCONJ ADJ infections VERB ADP bacteria VERB PART VERB DET risk ADP PROPN transmission ADP sex ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB partner PUNCT Examples ADP STDs VERB PUNCT SPACE ADP men PUNCT PART AUX VERB AUX ADV VERB DET risk ADP VERB PROPN infection PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ ADJ Procedures SPACE VERB DET blood transfusion CCONJ VERB blood products ADP NUM VERB PRON risk ADP PROPN infection CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP blood banks VERB VERB VERB blood ADP PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT PRON AUX DET way ADP VERB SCONJ DET blood AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ recipients AUX VERB ADJ ADP transfusions PUNCT SPACE VERB blood products PUNCT tissue CCONJ organ transplantation PUNCT CCONJ ADJ insemination VERB PRON risk ADP PROPN infection CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADV SCONJ blood products AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET degree ADP risk SCONJ tests AUX PART VERB PROPN ADV ADP transmission PUNCT SPACE AUX DET Healthcare Worker SPACE Exposure ADP VERB blood CCONJ needles VERB healthcare workers ADP risk ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Reviewer PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT Review Date PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Update Date PUNCT NUM PUNCT
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ADJ lifestyle factors ADV VERB PRON risk ADP VERB PROPN infection CCONJ VERB PROPN PUNCT ADP VERB behaviors PRON AUX VERB ADP VERB PRON risk PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB PRON risk PUNCT SPACE Risk factors VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ PROPN SPACE ADJ people VERB VERB ADP PROPN ADP ADJ activity PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PROPN ADP PART VERB DET condom SCONJ VERB ADJ relations ADP DET person VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PART VERB condoms ADV AUX ADV VERB PRON ADP VERB risk ADP VERB PROPN infection PUNCT ADP sex PUNCT DET vagina PUNCT vulva PUNCT penis PUNCT rectum PUNCT CCONJ mouth AUX VERB entry points ADP DET virus PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ behaviors VERB VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Sex ADP PRON ADP VERB PRON CCONJ PRON PROPN status SPACE PUNCT ADJ ADP NUM sex partner SPACE PUNCT Sex ADP PRON PRON AUX ADJ ADP NUM ADJ partner SPACE PUNCT ADJ intercourse SPACE Men PRON AUX sex ADP ADJ men AUX AUX ADP DET ADJ risk ADP AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ sex CCONJ VERB drugs PUNCT X PUNCT methamphetamines PUNCT ADP sex AUX VERB DET risk PUNCT Women PRON VERB ADP ADJ behaviors CCONJ AUX CCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ partners AUX ADV AUX ADP DET ADJ risk PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON VERB ADJ drugs PUNCT DET VERB PRON risk ADP VERB ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET needle CCONJ syringe PRON VERB ADV DET ADJ amount ADP ADJ blood AUX VERB PROPN infection PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ ADJ Conditions SPACE ADV VERB diseases PUNCT STDs PUNCT CCONJ ADJ infections VERB ADP bacteria VERB PART VERB DET risk ADP PROPN transmission ADP sex ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB partner PUNCT Examples ADP STDs VERB PUNCT SPACE ADP men PUNCT PART AUX VERB AUX ADV VERB DET risk ADP VERB PROPN infection PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ ADJ Procedures SPACE VERB DET blood transfusion CCONJ VERB blood products ADP NUM VERB PRON risk ADP PROPN infection CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP blood banks VERB VERB VERB blood ADP PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT PRON AUX DET way ADP VERB SCONJ DET blood AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ recipients AUX VERB ADJ ADP transfusions PUNCT SPACE VERB blood products PUNCT tissue CCONJ organ transplantation PUNCT CCONJ ADJ insemination VERB PRON risk ADP PROPN infection CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADV SCONJ blood products AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET degree ADP risk SCONJ tests AUX PART VERB PROPN ADV ADP transmission PUNCT SPACE AUX DET Healthcare Worker SPACE Exposure ADP VERB blood CCONJ needles VERB healthcare workers ADP risk ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Reviewer PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PUNCT Review Date PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Update Date PUNCT NUM PUNCT
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It may be the site of the town of Hilfa, which is mentioned in the Talmud. The foundations of an ancient synagogue were discovered near there in 1929 by explorations done on behalf of the Hebrew University. The synagogue, measuring 46 x 92 feet, included a courtyard, hall, two side aisles and a women's gallery. It faced south toward Jerusalem. A small cavity in the floor probably served as a genizah; above it was an Ark for scrolls of the Law. The whole floor of the building is paved with mosaics.
Two inscriptions were found at the entrance to the hall. One, in Aramaic, states that the mosaics were made during the reign of Emperor Justin (518--527). The other, in Greek, gives the names of those who made the mosaics, Marianos and his son Hanina. There are three mosaic panels in the center of the hall. The first shows the Akedah, the binding of Isaac on the altar. The second mosaic represents the signs of the Zodiac. The third depicts a synagogue ark with a gabled roof and an "eternal light" suspended from its top. On either side is a lion with a seven-branched menorah. Above the menorah and between the lions are pictured ritual items such as lulavim (palm branches), etrogim (citrons), and incense holders. Curtains adorned it on either side. The designs are simple and strong. In these mosaics, the artists took great care to make each scene expressive. The mosaics of Bet Alfa are striking in their coloring and style, and are among the finest examples of Jewish art in the Byzantine period.
Kibbutz Bet Alfa was founded at in 1922.
A scene at one of the children's houses
Making up the daily work schedule (August 1946)
A Man with his cow (August 1930)
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site town foundations synagogue explorations behalf synagogue feet courtyard hall side aisles women gallery cavity floor genizah scrolls floor building mosaics inscriptions entrance hall mosaics reign names mosaics son panels center hall binding altar signs synagogue ark roof light top side lion menorah menorah lions items lulavim palm branches citrons incense holders Curtains side designs mosaics artists care scene mosaics coloring style examples art period scene children houses work schedule Man cow
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it may be the site of the town of Hilfa, which be mention in the Talmud. the foundation of an ancient synagogue be discover near there in 1929 by exploration do on behalf of the Hebrew University. the synagogue, measure 46 x 92 foot, include a courtyard, hall, two side aisle and a woman's gallery. it face south toward Jerusalem. a small cavity in the floor probably serve as a genizah; above it be an Ark for scroll of the Law. the whole floor of the building be pave with mosaic.
two inscription be find at the entrance to the hall. one, in Aramaic, state that the mosaic be make during the reign of Emperor Justin (518--527). the other, in Greek, give the name of those who make the mosaic, Marianos and his son Hanina. there be three mosaic panel in the center of the hall. the first show the Akedah, the binding of Isaac on the altar. the second mosaic represent the sign of the Zodiac. the third depict a synagogue ark with a gable roof and an "eternal light" suspend from its top. on either side be a lion with a seven-branched menorah. above the menorah and between the lion be picture ritual item such as lulavim (palm branch), etrogim (citron), and incense holder. curtain adorn it on either side. the design be simple and strong. in these mosaic, the artist take great care to make each scene expressive. the mosaic of Bet Alfa be strike in their coloring and style, and be among the fine example of jewish art in the Byzantine period.
Kibbutz Bet Alfa be found at in 1922.
a scene at one of the child's house
make up the daily work schedule (August 1946)
a man with his cow (August 1930)
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PRON AUX AUX DET site ADP DET town ADP PROPN PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET foundations ADP DET ADJ synagogue AUX VERB ADP ADV ADP NUM ADP explorations VERB ADP behalf ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET synagogue PUNCT VERB NUM SYM NUM feet PUNCT VERB DET courtyard PUNCT hall PUNCT NUM side aisles CCONJ DET women PART gallery PUNCT PRON VERB south ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ cavity ADP DET floor ADV VERB ADP DET genizah PUNCT ADP PRON AUX DET PROPN ADP scrolls ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ floor ADP DET building AUX VERB ADP mosaics PUNCT SPACE NUM inscriptions AUX VERB ADP DET entrance ADP DET hall PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET mosaics AUX VERB ADP DET reign ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM NUM NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET names ADP DET PRON VERB DET mosaics PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PRON son PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX NUM mosaic panels ADP DET center ADP DET hall PUNCT DET ADJ VERB DET PROPN PUNCT DET binding ADP PROPN ADP DET altar PUNCT DET ADJ mosaic VERB DET signs ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ VERB DET synagogue ark ADP DET ADJ roof CCONJ DET PUNCT ADJ light PUNCT VERB ADP PRON top PUNCT ADP DET side AUX DET lion ADP DET NUM PUNCT ADJ menorah PUNCT ADP DET menorah CCONJ ADP DET lions AUX VERB ritual items ADJ ADP X PUNCT palm branches PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT citrons PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ incense holders PUNCT Curtains VERB PRON ADP DET side PUNCT DET designs AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADP DET mosaics PUNCT DET artists VERB ADJ care PART VERB DET scene ADJ PUNCT DET mosaics ADP PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ ADP PRON coloring CCONJ style PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADP DET ADJ examples ADP ADJ art ADP DET ADJ period PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET scene ADP NUM ADP DET children PART houses SPACE VERB ADP DET ADJ work schedule PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE DET Man ADP PRON cow PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT
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PRON AUX AUX DET site ADP DET town ADP PROPN PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET foundations ADP DET ADJ synagogue AUX VERB ADP ADV ADP NUM ADP explorations VERB ADP behalf ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET synagogue PUNCT VERB NUM SYM NUM feet PUNCT VERB DET courtyard PUNCT hall PUNCT NUM side aisles CCONJ DET women PART gallery PUNCT PRON VERB south ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ cavity ADP DET floor ADV VERB ADP DET genizah PUNCT ADP PRON AUX DET PROPN ADP scrolls ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ floor ADP DET building AUX VERB ADP mosaics PUNCT SPACE NUM inscriptions AUX VERB ADP DET entrance ADP DET hall PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET mosaics AUX VERB ADP DET reign ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM NUM NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET names ADP DET PRON VERB DET mosaics PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PRON son PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX NUM mosaic panels ADP DET center ADP DET hall PUNCT DET ADJ VERB DET PROPN PUNCT DET binding ADP PROPN ADP DET altar PUNCT DET ADJ mosaic VERB DET signs ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ VERB DET synagogue ark ADP DET ADJ roof CCONJ DET PUNCT ADJ light PUNCT VERB ADP PRON top PUNCT ADP DET side AUX DET lion ADP DET NUM PUNCT ADJ menorah PUNCT ADP DET menorah CCONJ ADP DET lions AUX VERB ritual items ADJ ADP X PUNCT palm branches PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT citrons PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ incense holders PUNCT Curtains VERB PRON ADP DET side PUNCT DET designs AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADP DET mosaics PUNCT DET artists VERB ADJ care PART VERB DET scene ADJ PUNCT DET mosaics ADP PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ ADP PRON coloring CCONJ style PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADP DET ADJ examples ADP ADJ art ADP DET ADJ period PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET scene ADP NUM ADP DET children PART houses SPACE VERB ADP DET ADJ work schedule PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE DET Man ADP PRON cow PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT
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PRON AUX AUX DET site ADP DET town ADP PROPN PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET foundations ADP DET ADJ synagogue AUX VERB ADP ADV ADP NUM ADP explorations VERB ADP behalf ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET synagogue PUNCT VERB NUM SYM NUM feet PUNCT VERB DET courtyard PUNCT hall PUNCT NUM side aisles CCONJ DET women PART gallery PUNCT PRON VERB south ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ cavity ADP DET floor ADV VERB ADP DET genizah PUNCT ADP PRON AUX DET PROPN ADP scrolls ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ floor ADP DET building AUX VERB ADP mosaics PUNCT SPACE NUM inscriptions AUX VERB ADP DET entrance ADP DET hall PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET mosaics AUX VERB ADP DET reign ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM NUM NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET names ADP DET PRON VERB DET mosaics PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PRON son PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX NUM mosaic panels ADP DET center ADP DET hall PUNCT DET ADJ VERB DET PROPN PUNCT DET binding ADP PROPN ADP DET altar PUNCT DET ADJ mosaic VERB DET signs ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ VERB DET synagogue ark ADP DET ADJ roof CCONJ DET PUNCT ADJ light PUNCT VERB ADP PRON top PUNCT ADP DET side AUX DET lion ADP DET NUM PUNCT ADJ menorah PUNCT ADP DET menorah CCONJ ADP DET lions AUX VERB ritual items ADJ ADP X PUNCT palm branches PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT citrons PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ incense holders PUNCT Curtains VERB PRON ADP DET side PUNCT DET designs AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADP DET mosaics PUNCT DET artists VERB ADJ care PART VERB DET scene ADJ PUNCT DET mosaics ADP PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ ADP PRON coloring CCONJ style PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADP DET ADJ examples ADP ADJ art ADP DET ADJ period PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET scene ADP NUM ADP DET children PART houses SPACE VERB ADP DET ADJ work schedule PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT SPACE DET Man ADP PRON cow PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT
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Charles Robert Darwin (18091882). Origin of Species. The Harvard Classics. 190914.
XI. On the Geological Succession of Organic Beings
On the Forms of Life Changing Almost Simultaneously throughout the World
SCARCELY any palæontological discovery is more striking than the fact that the forms of life change almost simultaneously throughout the world. Thus our European Chalk formation can be recognised in many distant regions, under the most different climates, where not a fragment of the mineral chalk itself can be found; namely in North America, in equatorial South America, in Tierra del Fuego, at the Cape of Good Hope, and in the peninsula of India. For at these distant points, the organic remains in certain beds present an unmistakable resemblance to those of the Chalk. It is not that the same species are met with; for in some cases not one species is identically the same, but they belong to the same families, genera, and sections of genera, and sometimes are similarly characterised in such trifling points as mere superficial sculpture. Moreover, other forms, which are not found in the Chalk of Europe, but which occur in the formations either above or below, occur in the same order at these distant points of the world. In the several successive palæozoic formations of Russia, Western Europe, and North America, a similar parallelism in the forms of life has been observed by several authors; so it is, according to Lyell, with the European and North American tertiary deposits. Even if the few fossil species which are common to the Old and New Worlds were kept wholly out of view, the general parallelism in the successive forms of life, in the palæozoic and tertiary stages, would still be manifest, and the several formations could be easily correlated.
These observations, however, relate to the marine inhabitants of the world: we have not sufficient data to judge whether the productions of the land and of fresh water at distant points change in the same parallel manner. We may doubt whether they have thus changed: if the Megatherium, Mylodon, Macrauchenia, and Toxodon had been brought to Europe from La Plata, without any information in regard to their geological position, no one would have suspected that they had co-existed with seashells all still living; but as these anomalous monsters co-existed with the mastodon and horse, it might at least have been inferred that they had lived during one of the later tertiary stages.
When the marine forms of life are spoken of as having changed simultaneously throughout the world, it must not be supposed that this expression relates to the same year, or to the same century, or even that it has a very strict geological sense; for if all the marine animals now living in Europe, and all those that lived in Europe during the pleistocene period (a very remote period as measured by years, including the whole glacial epoch) were compared with those now existing in South America or in Australia, the most skilful naturalist would hardly be able to say whether the present or the pleistocene inhabitants of Europe resembled most closely those of the southern hemisphere. So, again, several highly competent observers maintain that the existing productions of the United States are more closely related to those which lived in Europe during certain late tertiary stages, than to the present inhabitants of Europe; and if this be so, it is evident that fossiliferous beds now deposited on the shores of North America would hereafter be liable to be classed with somewhat older European beds. Nevertheless, looking to a remotely future epoch, there can be little doubt that all the more modern marine formations, namely, the upper pliocene, the pleistocene and strictly modern beds of Europe, North and South America, and Australia, from containing fossil remains in some degree allied, and from not including those forms which are found only in the older underlying deposits, would be correctly ranked as simultaneous in a geological sense.
The fact of the forms of life changing simultaneously, in the above large sense, at distant parts of the world, has greatly struck these admirable observers, MM. de Verneuil and dArchiac. After referring to the parallelism of the palæozoic forms of life in various parts of Europe, they add, If, struck by this strange sequence, we turn our attention to North America, and there discover a series of analogous phenomena, it will appear certain that all these modifications of species, their extinction, and the introduction of new ones, cannot be owing to mere changes in marine currents or other causes more or less local and temporary, but depend on general laws which govern the whole animal kingdom. M. Barrande has made forcible remarks to precisely the same effect. It is, indeed, quite futile to look to changes of currents, climate, or other physical conditions, as the cause of these great mutations in the forms of life throughout the world, under the most different climates. We must, as Barrande has remarked, look to some special law. We shall see this more clearly when we treat of the present distribution of organic beings, and find how slight is the relation between the physical conditions of various countries and the nature of their inhabitants.
This great fact of the parallel succession of the forms of life throughout the world, is explicable on the theory of natural selection. New species are formed by having some advantage over older forms; and the forms, which are already dominant, or have some advantage over the other forms in their own country, give birth to the greatest number of new varieties or incipient species. We have distinct evidence on this head, in the plants which are dominant, that is, which are commonest and most widely diffused, producing the greatest number of new varieties. It is also natural that the dominant, varying, and far-spreading species, which have already invaded to a certain extent the territories of other species, should be those which would have the best chance of spreading still further, and of giving rise in new countries to other new varieties and species. The process of diffusion would often be very slow, depending on climatal and geographical changes, on strange accidents, and on the gradual acclimatisation of new species to the various climates through which they might have to pass, but in the course of time the dominant forms would generally succeed in spreading and would ultimately prevail. The diffusion would, it is probable, be slower with the terrestrial inhabitants of distinct continents than with the marine inhabitants of the continuous sea. We might therefore expect to find, as we do find, a less strict degree of parallelism in the succession of the productions of the land than with those of the sea.
Thus, as it seems to me, the parallel, and, taken in a large sense, simultaneous, succession of the same forms of life throughout the world, accords well with the principle of new species having been formed by dominant species spreading widely and varying; the new species thus produced being themselves dominant, owing to their having had some advantage over their already dominant parents, as well as over other species, and again spreading, varying, and producing new forms. The old forms which are beaten and which yield their places to the new and victorious forms, will generally be allied in groups, from inheriting some inferiority in common; and therefore, as new and improved groups spread throughout the world, old groups disappear from the world; and the succession of forms everywhere tends to correspond both in their first appearance and final disappearance.
There is one other remark connected with this subject worth making. I have given my reasons for believing that most of our great formations, rich in fossils, were deposited during periods of subsidence; and that blank intervals of vast duration, as far as fossils are concerned, occurred during the periods when the bed of the sea was either stationary or rising, and likewise when sediment was not thrown down quickly enough to embed and preserve organic remains. During these long and blank intervals I suppose that the inhabitants of each region underwent a considerable amount of modification and extinction, and that there was much migration from other parts of the world. As we have reason to believe that large areas are affected by the same movement, it is probable that strictly contemporaneous formations have often been accumulated over very wide spaces in the same quarter of the world; but we are very far from having any right to conclude that this has invariably been the case, and that large areas have invariably been affected by the same movements. When two formations have been deposited in two regions during nearly, but not exactly, the same period, we should find in both, from the causes explained in the foregoing paragraphs, the same general succession in the forms of life; but the species would not exactly correspond; for there will have been a little more time in the one region than in the other for modification, extinction, and immigration.
I suspect that cases of this nature occur in Europe. Mr. Prestwich, in his admirable Memoirs on the eocene deposits of England and France, is able to draw a close general parallelism between the successive stages in the two countries; but when he compares certain stages in England with those in France, although he finds in both a curious accordance in the numbers of the species belonging to the same genera, yet the species themselves differ in a very, difficult to account for, considering the proximity of the two areas,unless, indeed, it be assumed that an isthmus separated two seas inhabited by distinct, but contemporaneous, faunas. Lyell has made similar observations on some of the later tertiary formations. Barrande, also, shows that there is a striking general parallelism in the successive Silurian deposits of Bohemia and Scandinavia; nevertheless he finds a surprising amount of difference in the species. If the several formations in these regions have not been deposited during the same exact periods,a formation in one region often corresponding with a blank interval in the other,and if in both regions the species have gone on slowly changing during the accumulation of the several formations and during the long intervals of time between them; in this case the several formations in the two regions could be arranged in the same order, in accordance with the general succession of the forms of life, and the order would falsely appear to be strictly parallel; nevertheless the species would not be all the same in the apparently corresponding stages in the two regions.
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discovery fact forms life change world formation regions climates fragment mineral chalk peninsula points beds resemblance species cases species families genera sections genera trifling points sculpture forms formations order points world formations parallelism forms life authors deposits fossil species view parallelism forms life stages formations observations inhabitants world data productions land water points change manner information regard position one seashells monsters mastodon horse stages forms life world expression year century sense animals pleistocene period period years naturalist present pleistocene inhabitants hemisphere observers productions stages inhabitants beds shores beds epoch doubt formations pliocene pleistocene beds fossil remains degree forms deposits sense fact forms life sense parts world observers parallelism forms life parts sequence attention series phenomena modifications species extinction introduction ones changes currents causes laws animal kingdom remarks effect changes currents climate conditions cause mutations forms life world climates law distribution beings relation conditions countries nature inhabitants fact succession forms life world theory selection species advantage forms forms advantage forms country birth number varieties species evidence head plants number varieties varying species extent territories species chance rise countries varieties species process diffusion changes accidents acclimatisation species climates course time forms diffusion inhabitants continents inhabitants sea degree parallelism succession productions land sea parallel sense succession forms life world accords principle species species species advantage parents species forms forms places forms groups inferiority groups world groups world succession forms appearance disappearance remark reasons formations fossils periods subsidence intervals duration fossils periods bed sea sediment remains intervals inhabitants region amount modification extinction migration parts world reason areas movement formations spaces quarter world right case areas movements formations regions period causes paragraphs succession forms life species time region modification extinction immigration cases nature deposits parallelism stages countries stages accordance numbers species genera species proximity areas isthmus seas faunas observations formations Barrande parallelism deposits amount difference species formations regions periods formation region interval regions species accumulation formations intervals time case formations regions order accordance succession forms life order species stages regions
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Charles Robert Darwin (18091882). Origin of Species. the Harvard Classics. 190914.
XI. on the Geological Succession of Organic Beings
on the Forms of Life change almost simultaneously throughout the World
SCARCELY any palæontological discovery be more striking than the fact that the form of life change almost simultaneously throughout the world. thus our European Chalk formation can be recognise in many distant region, under the most different climate, where not a fragment of the mineral chalk itself can be find; namely in North America, in equatorial South America, in Tierra del Fuego, at the Cape of Good Hope, and in the peninsula of India. for at these distant point, the organic remain in certain bed present an unmistakable resemblance to those of the Chalk. it be not that the same specie be meet with; for in some case not one specie be identically the same, but they belong to the same family, genera, and section of genera, and sometimes be similarly characterise in such trifling point as mere superficial sculpture. moreover, other form, which be not find in the Chalk of Europe, but which occur in the formation either above or below, occur in the same order at these distant point of the world. in the several successive palæozoic formation of Russia, Western Europe, and North America, a similar parallelism in the form of life have be observe by several author; so it be, accord to Lyell, with the european and north american tertiary deposit. even if the few fossil specie which be common to the Old and New Worlds be keep wholly out of view, the general parallelism in the successive form of life, in the palæozoic and tertiary stage, would still be manif, and the several formation could be easily correlate.
these observation, however, relate to the marine inhabitant of the world: we have not sufficient datum to judge whether the production of the land and of fresh water at distant point change in the same parallel manner. we may doubt whether they have thus change: if the Megatherium, Mylodon, Macrauchenia, and Toxodon have be bring to Europe from La Plata, without any information in regard to their geological position, no one would have suspect that they have co-exist with seashell all still live; but as these anomalous monster co-exist with the mastodon and horse, it might at least have be infer that they have live during one of the later tertiary stage.
when the marine form of life be speak of as have change simultaneously throughout the world, it must not be suppose that this expression relate to the same year, or to the same century, or even that it have a very strict geological sense; for if all the marine animal now live in Europe, and all those that live in Europe during the pleistocene period (a very remote period as measure by year, include the whole glacial epoch) be compare with those now exist in South America or in Australia, the most skilful naturalist would hardly be able to say whether the present or the pleistocene inhabitant of Europe resemble most closely those of the southern hemisphere. so, again, several highly competent observer maintain that the exist production of the United States be more closely related to those which live in Europe during certain late tertiary stage, than to the present inhabitant of Europe; and if this be so, it be evident that fossiliferous bed now deposit on the shore of North America would hereafter be liable to be class with somewhat old european bed. nevertheless, look to a remotely future epoch, there can be little doubt that all the more modern marine formation, namely, the upper pliocene, the pleistocene and strictly modern bed of Europe, North and South America, and Australia, from contain fossil remain in some degree ally, and from not include those form which be find only in the old underlying deposit, would be correctly rank as simultaneous in a geological sense.
the fact of the form of life change simultaneously, in the above large sense, at distant part of the world, have greatly strike these admirable observer, MM. de Verneuil and dArchiac. after refer to the parallelism of the palæozoic form of life in various part of Europe, they add, if, strike by this strange sequence, we turn our attention to North America, and there discover a series of analogous phenomenon, it will appear certain that all these modification of specie, their extinction, and the introduction of new one, cannot be owe to mere change in marine current or other cause more or less local and temporary, but depend on general law which govern the whole animal kingdom. M. Barrande have make forcible remark to precisely the same effect. it be, indeed, quite futile to look to change of current, climate, or other physical condition, as the cause of these great mutation in the form of life throughout the world, under the most different climate. we must, as Barrande have remark, look to some special law. we shall see this more clearly when we treat of the present distribution of organic being, and find how slight be the relation between the physical condition of various country and the nature of their inhabitant.
this great fact of the parallel succession of the form of life throughout the world, be explicable on the theory of natural selection. new specie be form by have some advantage over old form; and the form, which be already dominant, or have some advantage over the other form in their own country, give birth to the great number of new variety or incipient specie. we have distinct evidence on this head, in the plant which be dominant, that is, which be commonest and most widely diffused, produce the great number of new variety. it be also natural that the dominant, varying, and far-spread specie, which have already invade to a certain extent the territory of other specie, should be those which would have the good chance of spread still far, and of give rise in new country to other new variety and specie. the process of diffusion would often be very slow, depend on climatal and geographical change, on strange accident, and on the gradual acclimatisation of new specie to the various climate through which they might have to pass, but in the course of time the dominant form would generally succeed in spread and would ultimately prevail. the diffusion would, it be probable, be slow with the terrestrial inhabitant of distinct continent than with the marine inhabitant of the continuous sea. we might therefore expect to find, as we do find, a less strict degree of parallelism in the succession of the production of the land than with those of the sea.
thus, as it seem to I, the parallel, and, take in a large sense, simultaneous, succession of the same form of life throughout the world, accord well with the principle of new specie have be form by dominant specie spread widely and varying; the new specie thus produce be themselves dominant, owe to their have have some advantage over their already dominant parent, as well as over other specie, and again spread, vary, and produce new form. the old form which be beat and which yield their place to the new and victorious form, will generally be ally in group, from inherit some inferiority in common; and therefore, as new and improved group spread throughout the world, old group disappear from the world; and the succession of form everywhere tend to correspond both in their first appearance and final disappearance.
there be one other remark connect with this subject worth make. I have give my reason for believe that most of our great formation, rich in fossil, be deposit during period of subsidence; and that blank interval of vast duration, as far as fossil be concern, occur during the period when the bed of the sea be either stationary or rise, and likewise when sediment be not throw down quickly enough to embed and preserve organic remain. during these long and blank interval I suppose that the inhabitant of each region undergo a considerable amount of modification and extinction, and that there be much migration from other part of the world. as we have reason to believe that large area be affect by the same movement, it be probable that strictly contemporaneous formation have often be accumulate over very wide space in the same quarter of the world; but we be very far from have any right to conclude that this have invariably be the case, and that large area have invariably be affect by the same movement. when two formation have be deposit in two region during nearly, but not exactly, the same period, we should find in both, from the cause explain in the forego paragraph, the same general succession in the form of life; but the specie would not exactly correspond; for there will have be a little more time in the one region than in the other for modification, extinction, and immigration.
I suspect that case of this nature occur in Europe. Mr. Prestwich, in his admirable Memoirs on the eocene deposit of England and France, be able to draw a close general parallelism between the successive stage in the two country; but when he compare certain stage in England with those in France, although he find in both a curious accordance in the number of the specie belong to the same genera, yet the specie themselves differ in a very, difficult to account for, consider the proximity of the two area,unless, indeed, it be assume that an isthmus separate two sea inhabit by distinct, but contemporaneous, fauna. Lyell have make similar observation on some of the later tertiary formation. Barrande, also, show that there be a striking general parallelism in the successive silurian deposit of Bohemia and Scandinavia; nevertheless he find a surprising amount of difference in the specie. if the several formation in these region have not be deposit during the same exact period,a formation in one region often correspond with a blank interval in the other,and if in both region the specie have go on slowly change during the accumulation of the several formation and during the long interval of time between they; in this case the several formation in the two region could be arrange in the same order, in accordance with the general succession of the form of life, and the order would falsely appear to be strictly parallel; nevertheless the specie would not be all the same in the apparently correspond stage in the two region.
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PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Origin ADP Species PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE XI PUNCT ADP DET ADJ Succession ADP ADJ Beings SPACE ADP DET Forms ADP Life VERB ADV ADV ADP DET World SPACE PROPN DET ADJ discovery AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET fact SCONJ DET forms ADP life VERB ADV ADV ADP DET world PUNCT ADV PRON ADJ Chalk formation AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADJ regions PUNCT ADP DET ADV ADJ climates PUNCT SCONJ PART DET fragment ADP DET mineral chalk PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET peninsula ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ points PUNCT DET ADJ remains ADP ADJ beds VERB DET ADJ resemblance ADP DET ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX PART SCONJ DET ADJ species AUX VERB ADP PUNCT ADP ADP DET cases PART NUM species AUX ADV DET ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ families PUNCT genera PUNCT CCONJ sections ADP genera PUNCT CCONJ ADV AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ ADJ points ADP ADJ ADJ sculpture PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ forms PUNCT DET AUX PART VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB ADP DET formations CCONJ ADV CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ order ADP DET ADJ points ADP DET world PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ formations ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ parallelism ADP DET forms ADP life AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ authors PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ deposits PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET ADJ fossil species DET AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADV ADP ADP view PUNCT DET ADJ parallelism ADP DET ADJ forms ADP life PUNCT ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ stages PUNCT AUX ADV AUX ADJ PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ formations AUX AUX ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE DET observations PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ inhabitants ADP DET world PUNCT PRON AUX PART ADJ data PART VERB SCONJ DET productions ADP DET land CCONJ ADP ADJ water ADP ADJ points VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ manner PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET information ADP regard ADP PRON ADJ position PUNCT DET PRON AUX AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB VERB VERB ADP seashells DET ADV VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ monsters VERB VERB VERB ADP DET mastodon CCONJ horse PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ AUX AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP DET ADJ ADJ stages PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET ADJ forms ADP life AUX VERB ADP ADP VERB VERB ADV ADP DET world PUNCT PRON AUX PART AUX VERB SCONJ DET expression VERB ADP DET ADJ year PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT CCONJ ADV SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADV ADJ ADJ sense PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET DET ADJ animals ADV VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET DET PRON VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET ADJ period PUNCT DET ADV ADJ period ADP VERB ADP years PUNCT VERB DET ADJ ADJ epoch PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADV ADJ naturalist AUX ADV AUX ADJ PART VERB CCONJ DET ADJ CCONJ DET ADJ inhabitants ADP PROPN VERB ADV ADV DET ADP DET ADJ hemisphere PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ ADV ADJ observers VERB SCONJ DET VERB productions ADP DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP DET DET VERB ADP PROPN ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ stages PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ inhabitants ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET AUX ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADJ beds ADV VERB ADP DET shores ADP PROPN PROPN AUX ADV AUX ADJ PART AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ ADJ beds PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ epoch PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ doubt SCONJ DET DET ADV ADJ ADJ formations PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ pliocene PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ beds ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP VERB ADJ remains ADP DET degree VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADP PART VERB DET forms DET AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ VERB deposits PUNCT AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ ADP DET ADJ sense PUNCT SPACE DET fact ADP DET forms ADP life VERB ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADJ sense PUNCT ADP ADJ parts ADP DET world PUNCT AUX ADV VERB DET ADJ observers PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP VERB ADP DET parallelism ADP DET ADJ forms ADP life ADP ADJ parts ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ sequence PUNCT PRON VERB PRON attention ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB DET series ADP ADJ phenomena PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ SCONJ DET DET modifications ADP species PUNCT PRON extinction PUNCT CCONJ DET introduction ADP ADJ ones PUNCT AUX PART AUX VERB ADP ADJ changes ADP ADJ currents CCONJ ADJ causes ADV CCONJ ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ laws DET VERB DET ADJ animal kingdom PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADJ remarks ADP ADV DET ADJ effect PUNCT PRON AUX PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV ADJ PART VERB ADP changes ADP currents PUNCT climate PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ conditions PUNCT ADP DET cause ADP DET ADJ mutations ADP DET forms ADP life ADP DET world PUNCT ADP DET ADV ADJ climates PUNCT PRON AUX PUNCT ADP PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ law PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET ADV ADV SCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ distribution ADP ADJ beings PUNCT CCONJ VERB SCONJ ADJ AUX DET relation ADP DET ADJ conditions ADP ADJ countries CCONJ DET nature ADP PRON inhabitants PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ fact ADP DET ADJ succession ADP DET forms ADP life ADP DET world PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP DET theory ADP ADJ selection PUNCT ADJ species AUX VERB ADP VERB DET advantage ADP ADJ forms PUNCT CCONJ DET forms PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ AUX DET advantage ADP DET ADJ forms ADP PRON ADJ country PUNCT VERB birth ADP DET ADJ number ADP ADJ varieties CCONJ ADJ species PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ evidence ADP DET head PUNCT ADP DET plants DET AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT DET AUX ADJ CCONJ ADV ADV VERB PUNCT VERB DET ADJ number ADP ADJ varieties PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB species PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ extent DET territories ADP ADJ species PUNCT AUX AUX DET DET AUX AUX DET ADJ chance ADP VERB ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADP VERB rise ADP ADJ countries ADP ADJ ADJ varieties CCONJ species PUNCT DET process ADP diffusion AUX ADV AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ changes PUNCT ADP ADJ accidents PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ acclimatisation ADP ADJ species ADP DET ADJ climates ADP DET PRON AUX AUX PART VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET course ADP time DET ADJ forms AUX ADV VERB ADP VERB CCONJ AUX ADV VERB PUNCT DET diffusion AUX PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ inhabitants ADP ADJ continents ADP ADP DET ADJ inhabitants ADP DET ADJ sea PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB PART VERB PUNCT ADP PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADV ADJ degree ADP parallelism ADP DET succession ADP DET productions ADP DET land ADP ADP DET ADP DET sea PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP PRON VERB ADP PRON PUNCT DET parallel PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ sense PUNCT ADJ PUNCT succession ADP DET ADJ forms ADP life ADP DET world PUNCT VERB ADV ADP DET principle ADP ADJ species VERB AUX VERB ADP ADJ species VERB ADV CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET ADJ species ADV VERB AUX PRON ADJ PUNCT VERB ADP PRON VERB AUX DET advantage ADP PRON ADV ADJ parents PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADP ADJ species PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ forms PUNCT DET ADJ forms DET AUX VERB CCONJ DET VERB PRON places ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ forms PUNCT AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP groups PUNCT ADP VERB DET inferiority ADP ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV PUNCT ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ groups VERB ADP DET world PUNCT ADJ groups VERB ADP DET world PUNCT CCONJ DET succession ADP forms ADV VERB PART VERB DET ADP PRON ADJ appearance CCONJ ADJ disappearance PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX NUM ADJ remark VERB ADP DET subject ADJ VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PRON reasons ADP VERB SCONJ ADJ ADP PRON ADJ formations PUNCT ADJ ADP fossils PUNCT AUX VERB ADP periods ADP subsidence PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADJ intervals ADP ADJ duration PUNCT ADV ADV ADP fossils AUX VERB PUNCT VERB ADP DET periods SCONJ DET bed ADP DET sea AUX CCONJ ADJ CCONJ VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADV SCONJ sediment AUX PART VERB ADV ADV ADV PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ remains PUNCT ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ intervals PRON VERB SCONJ DET inhabitants ADP DET region VERB DET ADJ amount ADP modification CCONJ extinction PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ migration ADP ADJ parts ADP DET world PUNCT ADP PRON AUX reason PART VERB SCONJ ADJ areas AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ movement PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADV ADJ formations AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ spaces ADP DET ADJ quarter ADP DET world PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADV ADP VERB DET right PART VERB SCONJ DET AUX ADV AUX DET case PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADJ areas AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ movements PUNCT SCONJ NUM formations AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM regions ADP ADV PUNCT CCONJ PART ADV PUNCT DET ADJ period PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET PUNCT ADP DET causes VERB ADP DET VERB paragraphs PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ succession ADP DET forms ADP life PUNCT CCONJ DET species AUX PART ADV VERB PUNCT ADP PRON AUX AUX AUX DET ADV ADJ time ADP DET NUM region ADP ADP DET ADJ ADP modification PUNCT extinction PUNCT CCONJ immigration PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB SCONJ cases ADP DET nature VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON ADJ PROPN ADP DET ADJ deposits ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT AUX ADJ PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ parallelism ADP DET ADJ stages ADP DET NUM countries PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB ADJ stages ADP PROPN ADP DET ADP PROPN PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET DET ADJ accordance ADP DET numbers ADP DET species VERB ADP DET ADJ genera PUNCT CCONJ DET species PRON VERB ADP DET ADV PUNCT ADJ PART VERB ADP PUNCT VERB DET proximity ADP DET NUM areas PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET isthmus VERB NUM seas VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT faunas PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADJ observations ADP DET ADP DET ADJ ADJ formations PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ ADJ parallelism ADP DET ADJ ADJ deposits ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADV PRON VERB DET ADJ amount ADP difference ADP DET species PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ formations ADP DET regions AUX PART AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ periods PUNCT DET formation ADP NUM region ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ interval ADP DET ADJ PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADP DET regions DET species AUX VERB ADP ADV VERB ADP DET accumulation ADP DET ADJ formations CCONJ ADP DET ADJ intervals ADP time ADP PRON PUNCT ADP DET case DET ADJ formations ADP DET NUM regions AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ order PUNCT ADP accordance ADP DET ADJ succession ADP DET forms ADP life PUNCT CCONJ DET order AUX ADV VERB PART AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV DET species AUX PART AUX DET DET ADJ ADP DET ADV ADJ stages ADP DET NUM regions PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Origin ADP Species PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE XI PUNCT ADP DET ADJ Succession ADP ADJ Beings SPACE ADP DET Forms ADP Life VERB ADV ADV ADP DET World SPACE PROPN DET ADJ discovery AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET fact SCONJ DET forms ADP life VERB ADV ADV ADP DET world PUNCT ADV PRON ADJ Chalk formation AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADJ regions PUNCT ADP DET ADV ADJ climates PUNCT SCONJ PART DET fragment ADP DET mineral chalk PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET peninsula ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ points PUNCT DET ADJ remains ADP ADJ beds VERB DET ADJ resemblance ADP DET ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX PART SCONJ DET ADJ species AUX VERB ADP PUNCT ADP ADP DET cases PART NUM species AUX ADV DET ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ families PUNCT genera PUNCT CCONJ sections ADP genera PUNCT CCONJ ADV AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ ADJ points ADP ADJ ADJ sculpture PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ forms PUNCT DET AUX PART VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB ADP DET formations CCONJ ADV CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ order ADP DET ADJ points ADP DET world PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ formations ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ parallelism ADP DET forms ADP life AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ authors PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ deposits PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET ADJ fossil species DET AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADV ADP ADP view PUNCT DET ADJ parallelism ADP DET ADJ forms ADP life PUNCT ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ stages PUNCT AUX ADV AUX ADJ PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ formations AUX AUX ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE DET observations PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ inhabitants ADP DET world PUNCT PRON AUX PART ADJ data PART VERB SCONJ DET productions ADP DET land CCONJ ADP ADJ water ADP ADJ points VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ manner PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET information ADP regard ADP PRON ADJ position PUNCT DET PRON AUX AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB VERB VERB ADP seashells DET ADV VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ monsters VERB VERB VERB ADP DET mastodon CCONJ horse PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ AUX AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP DET ADJ ADJ stages PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET ADJ forms ADP life AUX VERB ADP ADP VERB VERB ADV ADP DET world PUNCT PRON AUX PART AUX VERB SCONJ DET expression VERB ADP DET ADJ year PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT CCONJ ADV SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADV ADJ ADJ sense PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET DET ADJ animals ADV VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET DET PRON VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET ADJ period PUNCT DET ADV ADJ period ADP VERB ADP years PUNCT VERB DET ADJ ADJ epoch PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADV ADJ naturalist AUX ADV AUX ADJ PART VERB CCONJ DET ADJ CCONJ DET ADJ inhabitants ADP PROPN VERB ADV ADV DET ADP DET ADJ hemisphere PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ ADV ADJ observers VERB SCONJ DET VERB productions ADP DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP DET DET VERB ADP PROPN ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ stages PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ inhabitants ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET AUX ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADJ beds ADV VERB ADP DET shores ADP PROPN PROPN AUX ADV AUX ADJ PART AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ ADJ beds PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ epoch PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ doubt SCONJ DET DET ADV ADJ ADJ formations PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ pliocene PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ beds ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP VERB ADJ remains ADP DET degree VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADP PART VERB DET forms DET AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ VERB deposits PUNCT AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ ADP DET ADJ sense PUNCT SPACE DET fact ADP DET forms ADP life VERB ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADJ sense PUNCT ADP ADJ parts ADP DET world PUNCT AUX ADV VERB DET ADJ observers PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP VERB ADP DET parallelism ADP DET ADJ forms ADP life ADP ADJ parts ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ sequence PUNCT PRON VERB PRON attention ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB DET series ADP ADJ phenomena PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ SCONJ DET DET modifications ADP species PUNCT PRON extinction PUNCT CCONJ DET introduction ADP ADJ ones PUNCT AUX PART AUX VERB ADP ADJ changes ADP ADJ currents CCONJ ADJ causes ADV CCONJ ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ laws DET VERB DET ADJ animal kingdom PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADJ remarks ADP ADV DET ADJ effect PUNCT PRON AUX PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV ADJ PART VERB ADP changes ADP currents PUNCT climate PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ conditions PUNCT ADP DET cause ADP DET ADJ mutations ADP DET forms ADP life ADP DET world PUNCT ADP DET ADV ADJ climates PUNCT PRON AUX PUNCT ADP PROPN AUX VERB PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ law PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET ADV ADV SCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ distribution ADP ADJ beings PUNCT CCONJ VERB SCONJ ADJ AUX DET relation ADP DET ADJ conditions ADP ADJ countries CCONJ DET nature ADP PRON inhabitants PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ fact ADP DET ADJ succession ADP DET forms ADP life ADP DET world PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP DET theory ADP ADJ selection PUNCT ADJ species AUX VERB ADP VERB DET advantage ADP ADJ forms PUNCT CCONJ DET forms PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ AUX DET advantage ADP DET ADJ forms ADP PRON ADJ country PUNCT VERB birth ADP DET ADJ number ADP ADJ varieties CCONJ ADJ species PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ evidence ADP DET head PUNCT ADP DET plants DET AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT DET AUX ADJ CCONJ ADV ADV VERB PUNCT VERB DET ADJ number ADP ADJ varieties PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB species PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ extent DET territories ADP ADJ species PUNCT AUX AUX DET DET AUX AUX DET ADJ chance ADP VERB ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADP VERB rise ADP ADJ countries ADP ADJ ADJ varieties CCONJ species PUNCT DET process ADP diffusion AUX ADV AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ changes PUNCT ADP ADJ accidents PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ acclimatisation ADP ADJ species ADP DET ADJ climates ADP DET PRON AUX AUX PART VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET course ADP time DET ADJ forms AUX ADV VERB ADP VERB CCONJ AUX ADV VERB PUNCT DET diffusion AUX PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ inhabitants ADP ADJ continents ADP ADP DET ADJ inhabitants ADP DET ADJ sea PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB PART VERB PUNCT ADP PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADV ADJ degree ADP parallelism ADP DET succession ADP DET productions ADP DET land ADP ADP DET ADP DET sea PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP PRON VERB ADP PRON PUNCT DET parallel PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ sense PUNCT ADJ PUNCT succession ADP DET ADJ forms ADP life ADP DET world PUNCT VERB ADV ADP DET principle ADP ADJ species VERB AUX VERB ADP ADJ species VERB ADV CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET ADJ species ADV VERB AUX PRON ADJ PUNCT VERB ADP PRON VERB AUX DET advantage ADP PRON ADV ADJ parents 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Haga Palace. Drawing by Princess Eugenia (daughter of Oscar I and Queen Josefina).
Gustav III's palace building - the ruin The history of Haga differs somewhat to that of the other Royal retreats. At Drottningholm, for example, the palace was built first and then surrounded by extensive grounds.
At Haga, the original feature is the park, which over time has gradually been joined by buildings of various different characters. Gustav III's dream palace was never completed and today it is known as the ruin, with only the cellar and foundations finished.
Gustav III's Pavilion. Photo: Charless Hammarsten, IBL.
Gustav III's Pavilion Gustav III's Pavilion (originally the King's Pavilion) could be regarded as The King's private residence at Haga and was intended to complement the official palace that was never finished. Today this pavilion is an excellent example of Gustavian architecture and interiors.
Haga Palace Gustav III's Pavilion in Haga Park was often used by Gustav III's son and successor, Gustav IV Adolf.
Gustav IV Adolf ordered the construction of a second pavilion close by for his wife, Queen Fredrika, and their children. This building, which is now called Haga Palace, was erected between the years 1802 and 1805 according to plans drawn by the architect Carl Christoffer Gjörwell. Haga is slightly different in this respect as well. The palace was constructed as a home at Haga for the Queen and her children, and not as an official residence. It is also around the time of Gustav IV Adolf and his family that we get a first glimpse of family life in the modern sense.
Italian villa style In terms of its style, the palace building is most like an Italian villa, where family life is focused around the central living room. The white colouring and the temple-like design of the central part, with its temple gables and classic columns, emphasise the Italian nature of the building
Haga Palace and the Bernadotte dynasty Haga Palace has been a much-used and loved home for the Bernadotte dynasty. Oskar I and his family often stayed at Haga and for several years the palace was occupied by King Oskar's son, the 'song Prince' Gustaf. Prince Gustaf's youngest brother August and his wife Theresia lived at Haga for many years, and the first interior photographs from their home were taken during their time there in the late 19th century. These images convey a feeling of homeliness according to the ideal that was characteristic of the end of the 19th century.
The Green salon at Haga Palace. Photo: the Royal Court
The Haga princesses In 1932, heir presumptive Prince Gustaf Adolf married Princess Sibylla of Sachsen Coburg and Gotha and Haga Palace was renovated in order to function as their family home. The building underwent a transformation, which meant that the interiors reflected the more functional style of the time rather than the historical heritage of the early 19th century. Family photographs from Haga that were published in books and magazines, and perhaps even more so shown on cinema newsreels, spread the image of a royal family idyll at Haga.
Guest house for Swedish government Haga Palace functioned as the Swedish government's guest house for distinguished visitors between 1964 and 2009. In 2009, the government transferred the royal right of disposal to Haga Palace back to H.M. The King and the palace was placed at the disposal of the Crown Princess Couple for use as a home following the wedding on 19 June, 2010.
For further information about Haga Palace and Haga in general, see 'Haga: a Royal Cultural Heritage', from the book series, 'The Royal Palaces', published 2010.
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daughter palace building ruin history retreats example palace grounds feature park time buildings characters dream palace today ruin cellar foundations Photo Pavilion Pavilion residence palace Today pavilion example architecture interiors son successor construction pavilion wife children building years plans architect Haga respect palace home children residence time family glimpse family life sense villa style terms style palace building villa family life living room colouring temple design part temple gables columns nature building dynasty home dynasty family years palace son song brother wife years photographs home time century images feeling homeliness ideal end century salon Photo princesses heir presumptive order family home building transformation interiors style time heritage century Family books magazines cinema newsreels image family idyll house government government guest house visitors government right disposal palace disposal use home wedding information Haga book series
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Haga Palace. draw by Princess Eugenia (daughter of Oscar I and Queen Josefina).
Gustav III's palace building - the ruin the history of Haga differ somewhat to that of the other Royal retreat. at Drottningholm, for example, the palace be build first and then surround by extensive ground.
at Haga, the original feature be the park, which over time have gradually be join by building of various different character. Gustav III's dream palace be never complete and today it be know as the ruin, with only the cellar and foundation finish.
Gustav III's Pavilion. photo: Charless Hammarsten, IBL.
Gustav III's Pavilion Gustav III's pavilion (originally the King's pavilion) could be regard as the King's private residence at Haga and be intend to complement the official palace that be never finish. today this pavilion be an excellent example of gustavian architecture and interior.
Haga Palace Gustav III's Pavilion in Haga Park be often use by Gustav III's son and successor, Gustav IV Adolf.
Gustav IV Adolf order the construction of a second pavilion close by for his wife, Queen Fredrika, and their child. this building, which be now call Haga Palace, be erect between the year 1802 and 1805 accord to plan draw by the architect Carl Christoffer Gjörwell. haga be slightly different in this respect as well. the palace be construct as a home at Haga for the Queen and her child, and not as an official residence. it be also around the time of Gustav IV Adolf and his family that we get a first glimpse of family life in the modern sense.
italian villa style in term of its style, the palace building be most like an italian villa, where family life be focus around the central living room. the white colouring and the temple-like design of the central part, with its temple gable and classic column, emphasise the italian nature of the building
Haga Palace and the Bernadotte dynasty Haga Palace have be a much-use and love home for the Bernadotte dynasty. Oskar I and his family often stay at Haga and for several year the palace be occupy by King Oskar's son, the 'song Prince' Gustaf. Prince Gustaf's young brother August and his wife Theresia live at Haga for many year, and the first interior photograph from their home be take during their time there in the late 19th century. these image convey a feeling of homeliness accord to the ideal that be characteristic of the end of the 19th century.
the Green salon at Haga Palace. photo: the Royal Court
the Haga princess in 1932, heir presumptive Prince Gustaf Adolf marry Princess Sibylla of Sachsen Coburg and Gotha and Haga Palace be renovate in order to function as their family home. the building undergo a transformation, which mean that the interior reflect the more functional style of the time rather than the historical heritage of the early 19th century. family photograph from Haga that be publish in book and magazine, and perhaps even more so show on cinema newsreel, spread the image of a royal family idyll at Haga.
Guest house for swedish government Haga Palace function as the swedish government's guest house for distinguished visitor between 1964 and 2009. in 2009, the government transfer the royal right of disposal to Haga Palace back to H.M. the King and the palace be place at the disposal of the Crown Princess Couple for use as a home follow the wedding on 19 June, 2010.
for further information about Haga Palace and Haga in general, see 'haga: a Royal Cultural Heritage', from the book series, 'the Royal Palaces', publish 2010.
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PROPN PROPN PUNCT Drawing ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT daughter ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PART palace building PUNCT DET ruin DET history ADP PROPN VERB ADV ADP DET ADP DET ADJ ADJ retreats PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET palace AUX VERB ADV CCONJ ADV VERB ADP ADJ grounds PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ feature AUX DET park PUNCT DET ADP time AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP buildings ADP ADJ ADJ characters PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART dream palace AUX ADV VERB CCONJ today PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ruin PUNCT ADP ADV DET cellar CCONJ foundations VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT Photo PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT ADV DET PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PART ADJ residence ADP PROPN CCONJ AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ palace PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT Today DET pavilion AUX DET ADJ example ADP ADJ architecture CCONJ interiors PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART son CCONJ successor PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET construction ADP DET ADJ pavilion ADV ADV ADP PRON wife PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON children PUNCT DET building PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET years NUM CCONJ NUM VERB ADP plans VERB ADP DET architect PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET respect ADP ADV PUNCT DET palace AUX VERB ADP DET home ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PRON children PUNCT CCONJ PART ADP DET ADJ residence PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADP DET time ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PRON family SCONJ PRON VERB DET ADJ glimpse ADP family life ADP DET ADJ sense PUNCT SPACE ADJ villa style ADP terms ADP PRON style PUNCT DET palace building AUX ADV ADP DET ADJ villa PUNCT SCONJ family life AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ living room PUNCT DET ADJ colouring CCONJ DET temple PUNCT ADJ design ADP DET ADJ part PUNCT ADP PRON temple gables CCONJ ADJ columns PUNCT VERB DET ADJ nature ADP DET building SPACE PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN dynasty PROPN PROPN AUX AUX DET ADV PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB home ADP DET PROPN dynasty PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PRON family ADV VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ ADP ADJ years DET palace AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART son PUNCT DET PUNCT song PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART ADJ brother PROPN CCONJ PRON wife PROPN VERB ADP PROPN ADP ADJ years PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ photographs ADP PRON home AUX VERB ADP PRON time ADV ADP DET ADJ ADJ century PUNCT DET images VERB DET feeling ADP homeliness VERB ADP DET ideal PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET end ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ salon ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT Photo PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN princesses ADP NUM PUNCT heir ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP order PART VERB ADP PRON family home PUNCT DET building VERB DET transformation PUNCT DET VERB SCONJ DET interiors VERB DET ADV ADJ style ADP DET time ADV ADP DET ADJ heritage ADP DET ADJ ADJ century PUNCT Family photographs ADP PROPN PRON AUX VERB ADP books CCONJ magazines PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV ADV ADV VERB ADP cinema newsreels PUNCT VERB DET image ADP DET ADJ family idyll ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Guest house ADP ADJ government PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ government PART guest house ADP ADJ visitors ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET government VERB DET ADJ right ADP disposal ADP PROPN PROPN ADV ADP PROPN DET PROPN CCONJ DET palace AUX VERB ADP DET disposal ADP DET PROPN PROPN Couple ADP use ADP DET home VERB DET wedding ADP NUM PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ information ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP ADJ PUNCT VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET book series PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB NUM PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN PUNCT Drawing ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT daughter ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PART palace building PUNCT DET ruin DET history ADP PROPN VERB ADV ADP DET ADP DET ADJ ADJ retreats PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET palace AUX VERB ADV CCONJ ADV VERB ADP ADJ grounds PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ feature AUX DET park PUNCT DET ADP time AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP buildings ADP ADJ ADJ characters PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART dream palace AUX ADV VERB CCONJ today PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ruin PUNCT ADP ADV DET cellar CCONJ foundations VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT Photo PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT ADV DET PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PART ADJ residence ADP PROPN CCONJ AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ palace PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT Today DET pavilion AUX DET ADJ example ADP ADJ architecture CCONJ interiors PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART son CCONJ successor PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET construction ADP DET ADJ pavilion ADV ADV ADP PRON wife PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON children PUNCT DET building PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET years NUM CCONJ NUM VERB ADP plans VERB ADP DET architect PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET respect ADP ADV PUNCT DET palace AUX VERB ADP DET home ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PRON children PUNCT CCONJ PART ADP DET ADJ residence PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADP DET time ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PRON family SCONJ PRON VERB DET ADJ glimpse ADP family life ADP DET ADJ sense PUNCT SPACE ADJ villa style ADP terms ADP PRON style PUNCT DET palace building AUX ADV ADP DET ADJ villa PUNCT SCONJ family life AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ living room PUNCT DET ADJ colouring CCONJ DET temple PUNCT ADJ design ADP DET ADJ part PUNCT ADP PRON temple gables CCONJ ADJ columns PUNCT VERB DET ADJ nature ADP DET building SPACE PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN dynasty PROPN PROPN AUX AUX DET ADV PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB home ADP DET PROPN dynasty PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PRON family ADV VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ ADP ADJ years DET palace AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART son PUNCT DET PUNCT song PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART ADJ brother PROPN CCONJ PRON wife PROPN VERB ADP PROPN ADP ADJ years PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ photographs ADP PRON home AUX VERB ADP PRON time ADV ADP DET ADJ ADJ century PUNCT DET images VERB DET feeling ADP homeliness VERB ADP DET ideal PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET end ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ salon ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT Photo PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN princesses ADP NUM PUNCT heir ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP order PART VERB ADP PRON family home PUNCT DET building VERB DET transformation PUNCT DET VERB SCONJ DET interiors VERB DET ADV ADJ style ADP DET time ADV ADP DET ADJ heritage ADP DET ADJ ADJ century PUNCT Family photographs ADP PROPN PRON AUX VERB ADP books CCONJ magazines PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV ADV ADV VERB ADP cinema newsreels PUNCT VERB DET image ADP DET ADJ family idyll ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Guest house ADP ADJ government PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ government PART guest house ADP ADJ visitors ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET government VERB DET ADJ right ADP disposal ADP PROPN PROPN ADV ADP PROPN DET PROPN CCONJ DET palace AUX VERB ADP DET disposal ADP DET PROPN PROPN Couple ADP use ADP DET home VERB DET wedding ADP NUM PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ information ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP ADJ PUNCT VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET book series PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB NUM PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN PUNCT Drawing ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT daughter ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PART palace building PUNCT DET ruin DET history ADP PROPN VERB ADV ADP DET ADP DET ADJ ADJ retreats PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET palace AUX VERB ADV CCONJ ADV VERB ADP ADJ grounds PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ feature AUX DET park PUNCT DET ADP time AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP buildings ADP ADJ ADJ characters PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART dream palace AUX ADV VERB CCONJ today PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ruin PUNCT ADP ADV DET cellar CCONJ foundations VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT Photo PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT ADV DET PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PART ADJ residence ADP PROPN CCONJ AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ palace PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT Today DET pavilion AUX DET ADJ example ADP ADJ architecture CCONJ interiors PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART son CCONJ successor PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB DET construction ADP DET ADJ pavilion ADV ADV ADP PRON wife PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON children PUNCT DET building PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET years NUM CCONJ NUM VERB ADP plans VERB ADP DET architect PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET respect ADP ADV PUNCT DET palace AUX VERB ADP DET home ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PRON children PUNCT CCONJ PART ADP DET ADJ residence PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADP DET time ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PRON family SCONJ PRON VERB DET ADJ glimpse ADP family life ADP DET ADJ sense PUNCT SPACE ADJ villa style ADP terms ADP PRON style PUNCT DET palace building AUX ADV ADP DET ADJ villa PUNCT SCONJ family life AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ living room PUNCT DET ADJ colouring CCONJ DET temple PUNCT ADJ design ADP DET ADJ part PUNCT ADP PRON temple gables CCONJ ADJ columns PUNCT VERB DET ADJ nature ADP DET building SPACE PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN dynasty PROPN PROPN AUX AUX DET ADV PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB home ADP DET PROPN dynasty PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PRON family ADV VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ ADP ADJ years DET palace AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART son PUNCT DET PUNCT song PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART ADJ brother PROPN CCONJ PRON wife PROPN VERB ADP PROPN ADP ADJ years PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ photographs ADP PRON home AUX VERB ADP PRON time ADV ADP DET ADJ ADJ century PUNCT DET images VERB DET feeling ADP homeliness VERB ADP DET ideal PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET end ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ salon ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT Photo PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN princesses ADP NUM PUNCT heir ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP order PART VERB ADP PRON family home PUNCT DET building VERB DET transformation PUNCT DET VERB SCONJ DET interiors VERB DET ADV ADJ style ADP DET time ADV ADP DET ADJ heritage ADP DET ADJ ADJ century PUNCT Family photographs ADP PROPN PRON AUX VERB ADP books CCONJ magazines PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV ADV ADV VERB ADP cinema newsreels PUNCT VERB DET image ADP DET ADJ family idyll ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Guest house ADP ADJ government PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ government PART guest house ADP ADJ visitors ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT DET government VERB DET ADJ right ADP disposal ADP PROPN PROPN ADV ADP PROPN DET PROPN CCONJ DET palace AUX VERB ADP DET disposal ADP DET PROPN PROPN Couple ADP use ADP DET home VERB DET wedding ADP NUM PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ information ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP ADJ PUNCT VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET book series PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB NUM PUNCT
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There are so many ways that you can do extra research and investigate into many more aspects of Clare. Below are some ideas.
Your local library is an excellent source for all the information you may need: it may have some maps you can look at. Perhaps you could do a project about aspects of Clare.
There might be some more photographs or images related to Clare in the Media Bank.
Maybe you need some tips on how to be a researcher? Click on one of the icons below.
Ask Your Librarian or Teacher
Ask your librarian or teacher if they can help you find out about Clare.
Information you can look out for includes photos and media publications, such as old newspapers, which may provide you with interesting insights.
Not sure exactly what you can ask the librarian for? Click on the icon for some suggestions.
http://www.museum.ie has loads of artefacts and evidence from Ireland throughout the centuries, even before your grandparents were born.
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ways research aspects ideas library source information maps project aspects photographs images tips researcher icons Teacher librarian teacher Information photos media publications newspapers insights librarian icon suggestions loads artefacts evidence centuries grandparents
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there be so many way that you can do extra research and investigate into many more aspect of Clare. below be some idea.
your local library be an excellent source for all the information you may need: it may have some map you can look at. perhaps you could do a project about aspect of Clare.
there might be some more photograph or image relate to Clare in the Media Bank.
maybe you need some tip on how to be a researcher? click on one of the icon below.
ask your Librarian or teacher
ask your librarian or teacher if they can help you find out about Clare.
information you can look out for include photo and medium publication, such as old newspaper, which may provide you with interesting insight.
not sure exactly what you can ask the librarian for? click on the icon for some suggestion.
http://www.museum.ie have load of artefact and evidence from Ireland throughout the century, even before your grandparent be bear.
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PRON AUX ADV ADJ ways SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ research CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ ADJ aspects ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV AUX DET ideas PUNCT SPACE PRON ADJ library AUX DET ADJ source ADP DET DET information PRON AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET maps PRON AUX VERB ADP PUNCT ADV PRON AUX AUX DET project ADP aspects ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ photographs CCONJ images VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON VERB DET tips ADP SCONJ PART AUX DET researcher PUNCT VERB ADP NUM ADP DET icons ADV PUNCT SPACE VERB PRON Librarian CCONJ Teacher SPACE VERB PRON librarian CCONJ teacher SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PRON VERB ADP ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Information PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP VERB photos CCONJ media publications PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ newspapers PUNCT DET AUX VERB PRON ADP ADJ insights PUNCT SPACE PART ADJ ADV PRON PRON AUX VERB DET librarian ADP PUNCT VERB ADP DET icon ADP DET suggestions PUNCT SPACE X AUX loads ADP artefacts CCONJ evidence ADP PROPN ADP DET centuries PUNCT ADV ADP PRON grandparents AUX VERB PUNCT
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PRON AUX ADV ADJ ways SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ research CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ ADJ aspects ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV AUX DET ideas PUNCT SPACE PRON ADJ library AUX DET ADJ source ADP DET DET information PRON AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET maps PRON AUX VERB ADP PUNCT ADV PRON AUX AUX DET project ADP aspects ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ photographs CCONJ images VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON VERB DET tips ADP SCONJ PART AUX DET researcher PUNCT VERB ADP NUM ADP DET icons ADV PUNCT SPACE VERB PRON Librarian CCONJ Teacher SPACE VERB PRON librarian CCONJ teacher SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PRON VERB ADP ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Information PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP VERB photos CCONJ media publications PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ newspapers PUNCT DET AUX VERB PRON ADP ADJ insights PUNCT SPACE PART ADJ ADV PRON PRON AUX VERB DET librarian ADP PUNCT VERB ADP DET icon ADP DET suggestions PUNCT SPACE X AUX loads ADP artefacts CCONJ evidence ADP PROPN ADP DET centuries PUNCT ADV ADP PRON grandparents AUX VERB PUNCT
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PRON AUX ADV ADJ ways SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ research CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ ADJ aspects ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV AUX DET ideas PUNCT SPACE PRON ADJ library AUX DET ADJ source ADP DET DET information PRON AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET maps PRON AUX VERB ADP PUNCT ADV PRON AUX AUX DET project ADP aspects ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ photographs CCONJ images VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON VERB DET tips ADP SCONJ PART AUX DET researcher PUNCT VERB ADP NUM ADP DET icons ADV PUNCT SPACE VERB PRON Librarian CCONJ Teacher SPACE VERB PRON librarian CCONJ teacher SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PRON VERB ADP ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE Information PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP VERB photos CCONJ media publications PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ newspapers PUNCT DET AUX VERB PRON ADP ADJ insights PUNCT SPACE PART ADJ ADV PRON PRON AUX VERB DET librarian ADP PUNCT VERB ADP DET icon ADP DET suggestions PUNCT SPACE X AUX loads ADP artefacts CCONJ evidence ADP PROPN ADP DET centuries PUNCT ADV ADP PRON grandparents AUX VERB PUNCT
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Examining the Sustainability Journey of Walmart
Business researchers from the University of Arkansas and the University of South Carolina will be examining Walmart’s 7-year sustainability effort as a way to create a teaching tool for other businesses that hope to become more environmentally friendly.
As researchers from the University of Arkansas and the University of South begin their project of examining Walmart’s efforts of becoming more sustainable for nearly a decade, they hope to find ways to help other businesses overcome certain obstacles in order to be more environmentally conscious. The project will consist of a series of cases that focus on a single topic and a single organization over a specific amount of time.
“The strategy is to embed sustainability within the core business supporting the company’s vision for a more sustainable Walmart. Numerous initiatives, some of which are documented in the case series, are part of this strategy that led to international recognition of Walmart’s sustainability leadership,” said David Hyatt, clinical assistant professor in the Sam M. Walton College of Business.
The cases explore a set of essential questions across three levels: societal, organizational and individual. For example, at the societal level, who should set standards for sustainability – government, society, consumers, scientists or companies? At the organizational level, who evaluates and measures sustainability, who should make decisions about strategy and how should the strategy be implemented? At the individual level, what does sustainability mean to the consumer or employee? The studies ask several other questions pertaining to each level.
The first case study will look at former CEO Lee Scott’s “Leadership in the 21st Century” speech from 2005, in which he publicly announced Walmart’s sustainability goals. Other studies will include the examination of how the company planned certain goals and processes, implementing LED lights and environmentally friendly shopping bags, and other strategies that have already been used by Walmart.
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researchers year sustainability effort way teaching tool businesses researchers project efforts decade ways businesses obstacles order project series cases topic organization amount time strategy sustainability core business company vision initiatives case series part strategy recognition sustainability leadership assistant professor cases set questions levels example level standards sustainability government society consumers scientists companies level sustainability decisions strategy strategy level sustainability consumer employee studies questions level case study speech sustainability goals studies examination company goals processes LED lights shopping bags strategies
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examine the Sustainability Journey of Walmart
Business researcher from the University of Arkansas and the University of South Carolina will be examine Walmart’s 7-year sustainability effort as a way to create a teaching tool for other business that hope to become more environmentally friendly.
as researcher from the University of Arkansas and the University of South begin their project of examine Walmart’s effort of become more sustainable for nearly a decade, they hope to find way to help other business overcome certain obstacle in order to be more environmentally conscious. the project will consist of a series of case that focus on a single topic and a single organization over a specific amount of time.
"the strategy be to embed sustainability within the core business support the company’s vision for a more sustainable Walmart. numerous initiative, some of which be document in the case series, be part of this strategy that lead to international recognition of Walmart’s sustainability leadership," say David Hyatt, clinical assistant professor in the Sam M. Walton College of Business.
the case explore a set of essential question across three level: societal, organizational and individual. for example, at the societal level, who should set standard for sustainability – government, society, consumer, scientist or company? at the organizational level, who evaluate and measure sustainability, who should make decision about strategy and how should the strategy be implement? at the individual level, what do sustainability mean to the consumer or employee? the study ask several other question pertain to each level.
the first case study will look at former CEO Lee Scott’s "Leadership in the 21st Century" speech from 2005, in which he publicly announce Walmart’s sustainability goal. other study will include the examination of how the company plan certain goal and process, implement led light and environmentally friendly shopping bag, and other strategy that have already be use by Walmart.
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VERB DET Sustainability Journey ADP PROPN SPACE PROPN researchers ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB PROPN PART NUM PUNCT year sustainability effort ADP DET way PART VERB DET teaching tool ADP ADJ businesses PRON VERB PART VERB ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADP researchers ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN ADP PROPN VERB PRON project ADP VERB PROPN PART efforts ADP VERB ADV ADJ ADP ADV DET decade PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB ways PART VERB ADJ businesses VERB ADJ obstacles ADP order PART AUX ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT DET project AUX VERB ADP DET series ADP cases PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ topic CCONJ DET ADJ organization ADP DET ADJ amount ADP time PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET strategy AUX PART VERB sustainability ADP DET core business VERB DET company PART vision ADP DET ADV ADJ PROPN PUNCT ADJ initiatives PUNCT DET ADP DET AUX VERB ADP DET case series PUNCT AUX part ADP DET strategy PRON VERB ADP ADJ recognition ADP PROPN PART sustainability leadership PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ assistant professor ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET cases VERB DET set ADP ADJ questions ADP NUM levels PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT PRON AUX VERB standards ADP sustainability PUNCT government PUNCT society PUNCT consumers PUNCT scientists CCONJ companies PUNCT ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT PRON VERB CCONJ VERB sustainability PUNCT PRON AUX VERB decisions ADP strategy CCONJ SCONJ AUX DET strategy AUX VERB PUNCT ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT PRON AUX sustainability VERB ADP DET consumer CCONJ employee PUNCT DET studies VERB ADJ ADJ questions VERB ADP DET level PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ case study AUX VERB ADP ADJ CEO PROPN PROPN PART PUNCT PROPN ADP DET ADJ Century PUNCT speech ADP NUM PUNCT ADP DET PRON ADV VERB PROPN PART sustainability goals PUNCT ADJ studies AUX VERB DET examination ADP SCONJ DET company VERB ADJ goals CCONJ processes PUNCT VERB PROPN lights CCONJ ADV ADJ shopping bags PUNCT CCONJ ADJ strategies PRON AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT
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VERB DET Sustainability Journey ADP PROPN SPACE PROPN researchers ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB PROPN PART NUM PUNCT year sustainability effort ADP DET way PART VERB DET teaching tool ADP ADJ businesses PRON VERB PART VERB ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADP researchers ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN ADP PROPN VERB PRON project ADP VERB PROPN PART efforts ADP VERB ADV ADJ ADP ADV DET decade PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB ways PART VERB ADJ businesses VERB ADJ obstacles ADP order PART AUX ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT DET project AUX VERB ADP DET series ADP cases PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ topic CCONJ DET ADJ organization ADP DET ADJ amount ADP time PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET strategy AUX PART VERB sustainability ADP DET core business VERB DET company PART vision ADP DET ADV ADJ PROPN PUNCT ADJ initiatives PUNCT DET ADP DET AUX VERB ADP DET case series PUNCT AUX part ADP DET strategy PRON VERB ADP ADJ recognition ADP PROPN PART sustainability leadership PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ assistant professor ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET cases VERB DET set ADP ADJ questions ADP NUM levels PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT PRON AUX VERB standards ADP sustainability PUNCT government PUNCT society PUNCT consumers PUNCT scientists CCONJ companies PUNCT ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT PRON VERB CCONJ VERB sustainability PUNCT PRON AUX VERB decisions ADP strategy CCONJ SCONJ AUX DET strategy AUX VERB PUNCT ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT PRON AUX sustainability VERB ADP DET consumer CCONJ employee PUNCT DET studies VERB ADJ ADJ questions VERB ADP DET level PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ case study AUX VERB ADP ADJ CEO PROPN PROPN PART PUNCT PROPN ADP DET ADJ Century PUNCT speech ADP NUM PUNCT ADP DET PRON ADV VERB PROPN PART sustainability goals PUNCT ADJ studies AUX VERB DET examination ADP SCONJ DET company VERB ADJ goals CCONJ processes PUNCT VERB PROPN lights CCONJ ADV ADJ shopping bags PUNCT CCONJ ADJ strategies PRON AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT
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VERB DET Sustainability Journey ADP PROPN SPACE PROPN researchers ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB PROPN PART NUM PUNCT year sustainability effort ADP DET way PART VERB DET teaching tool ADP ADJ businesses PRON VERB PART VERB ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADP researchers ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN ADP PROPN VERB PRON project ADP VERB PROPN PART efforts ADP VERB ADV ADJ ADP ADV DET decade PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB ways PART VERB ADJ businesses VERB ADJ obstacles ADP order PART AUX ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT DET project AUX VERB ADP DET series ADP cases PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ topic CCONJ DET ADJ organization ADP DET ADJ amount ADP time PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET strategy AUX PART VERB sustainability ADP DET core business VERB DET company PART vision ADP DET ADV ADJ PROPN PUNCT ADJ initiatives PUNCT DET ADP DET AUX VERB ADP DET case series PUNCT AUX part ADP DET strategy PRON VERB ADP ADJ recognition ADP PROPN PART sustainability leadership PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ assistant professor ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET cases VERB DET set ADP ADJ questions ADP NUM levels PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT PRON AUX VERB standards ADP sustainability PUNCT government PUNCT society PUNCT consumers PUNCT scientists CCONJ companies PUNCT ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT PRON VERB CCONJ VERB sustainability PUNCT PRON AUX VERB decisions ADP strategy CCONJ SCONJ AUX DET strategy AUX VERB PUNCT ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT PRON AUX sustainability VERB ADP DET consumer CCONJ employee PUNCT DET studies VERB ADJ ADJ questions VERB ADP DET level PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ case study AUX VERB ADP ADJ CEO PROPN PROPN PART PUNCT PROPN ADP DET ADJ Century PUNCT speech ADP NUM PUNCT ADP DET PRON ADV VERB PROPN PART sustainability goals PUNCT ADJ studies AUX VERB DET examination ADP SCONJ DET company VERB ADJ goals CCONJ processes PUNCT VERB PROPN lights CCONJ ADV ADJ shopping bags PUNCT CCONJ ADJ strategies PRON AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT
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A tip or gratuity is an amount of money that is given to a worker such as a waiter or
waitress who performs a service for you. A common tip amount is 15% of the cost of
the meal or other service. Generally a tip is determined based on the total bill
which includes the cost of the meal and sales tax.
If a meal costs $10.00 and sales tax is 5% the bill is $10.50. A 15% tip based
on the $10.50 cost would be $1.58. The total would be $10.50 + $1.58 = $12.08. In
the next lesson we will find how to quickly estimate the amount of a tip.
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tip gratuity amount money worker waiter waitress service tip amount % cost meal service tip bill cost meal sales tax meal sales tax % bill % tip cost total lesson amount tip
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a tip or gratuity be an amount of money that be give to a worker such as a waiter or
waitress who perform a service for you. a common tip amount be 15% of the cost of
the meal or other service. generally a tip be determine base on the total bill
which include the cost of the meal and sale tax.
if a meal cost $10.00 and sale tax be 5% the bill be $10.50. a 15% tip base
on the $10.50 cost would be $1.58. the total would be $10.50 + $1.58 = $12.08. in
the next lesson we will find how to quickly estimate the amount of a tip.
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DET tip CCONJ gratuity AUX DET amount ADP money PRON AUX VERB ADP DET worker ADJ ADP DET waiter CCONJ SPACE waitress PRON VERB DET service ADP PRON PUNCT DET ADJ tip amount AUX NUM% ADP DET cost ADP SPACE DET meal CCONJ ADJ service PUNCT ADV DET tip AUX VERB VERB ADP DET total bill SPACE DET VERB DET cost ADP DET meal CCONJ sales tax PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET meal VERB SYM NUM CCONJ sales tax AUX NUM% DET bill AUX SYM NUM PUNCT DET NUM% tip VERB SPACE ADP DET SYM NUM cost AUX AUX SYM NUM PUNCT DET total AUX AUX SYM NUM CCONJ SYM NUM SYM SYM NUM PUNCT ADP SPACE DET ADJ lesson PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PART ADV VERB DET amount ADP DET tip PUNCT
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DET tip CCONJ gratuity AUX DET amount ADP money PRON AUX VERB ADP DET worker ADJ ADP DET waiter CCONJ SPACE waitress PRON VERB DET service ADP PRON PUNCT DET ADJ tip amount AUX NUM% ADP DET cost ADP SPACE DET meal CCONJ ADJ service PUNCT ADV DET tip AUX VERB VERB ADP DET total bill SPACE DET VERB DET cost ADP DET meal CCONJ sales tax PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET meal VERB SYM NUM CCONJ sales tax AUX NUM% DET bill AUX SYM NUM PUNCT DET NUM% tip VERB SPACE ADP DET SYM NUM cost AUX AUX SYM NUM PUNCT DET total AUX AUX SYM NUM CCONJ SYM NUM SYM SYM NUM PUNCT ADP SPACE DET ADJ lesson PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PART ADV VERB DET amount ADP DET tip PUNCT
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DET tip CCONJ gratuity AUX DET amount ADP money PRON AUX VERB ADP DET worker ADJ ADP DET waiter CCONJ SPACE waitress PRON VERB DET service ADP PRON PUNCT DET ADJ tip amount AUX NUM% ADP DET cost ADP SPACE DET meal CCONJ ADJ service PUNCT ADV DET tip AUX VERB VERB ADP DET total bill SPACE DET VERB DET cost ADP DET meal CCONJ sales tax PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET meal VERB SYM NUM CCONJ sales tax AUX NUM% DET bill AUX SYM NUM PUNCT DET NUM% tip VERB SPACE ADP DET SYM NUM cost AUX AUX SYM NUM PUNCT DET total AUX AUX SYM NUM CCONJ SYM NUM SYM SYM NUM PUNCT ADP SPACE DET ADJ lesson PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PART ADV VERB DET amount ADP DET tip PUNCT
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Interaction of TCP/IP and Other Protocols
It is possible to classify applications as being network-aware or network-unaware. The distinction can be made because some applications, such as Web browsers and client/server applications, need to make explicit use of an underlying network protocol. Other applications, such as standard Windows application suites, simply function within the confines of a workstation's own operating system. For these applications to make use of network file and print services, it is necessary for the NOS to provide extensions to the functions of the local operating system. The next section examines how these different types of applications can make use of the underlying network.
Application Programming Interface (API):
Application developers can write network-aware applications by accessing a set of standard procedures and functions through an Application Programming Interface (API). This interface specifies software-defined entry points that developers can use to access the functionality of the networking protocols. The use of an API enables a developer to develop networkable applications, while being shielded from having to understand how the underlying protocols operate. Other APIs define interfaces to other system functionality.
Figure 114 provides a visual representation of how a networking API might fit within the OSI seven-layer model.
The majority of network applications have been written specifically to access a single networking protocol. This is because each of the NOS implementations have developed their APIs as a standard.
Redirectors and File Sharing:
One of the main application requirements within a network is saving files on a central file store. To achieve this, NOS implementations commonly include a program known as a redirector. A redirector program extends the functionality of the workstation operating system to enable it to address remote file stores.
In a DOS/Windows environment, file storage areas are denoted with the use of letters, typically with the letters A through E being reserved for local disk drives. When a user wants to access a network file volume, it is common for the NOS to facilitate some form of mapping between a volume name and an available drive letter. After the mapping has been made, it is possible for any application to access the shared file volumes in the same way as the would access a local drive. This is because of the operation of the installed redirector program. The program sits between the workstation operating system and the NOS protocol stack and listens for application calls made to any of the mapped network drives.
The functionality of a redirector can be further clarified by considering the example of an application user attempting to save a file on a network drive. The user prompts the application to save the file on a network file volume that the NOS has mapped to the DOS drive I:. The application makes a call to the workstation operating system to complete the required file save operation. The redirector program recognise that the application is attempting to access a network drive and steps in to handle the required data transfer. If the redirector hadn't been active, the workstation operating system would have been presented with a request to save a file on a drive letter that is knew nothing about, and it would have responded with a standard error message, such as 'Invalid drive specification'.
In a UNIX environment, similar file sharing capabilities are provided through the use of a Network File System (NFS). The use of NFS enables the workstation to access file volumes located on remote host machines as if they were extensions to the workstation's native filesystem. As such, the use of NFS, on the workstation side, is very similar to the use of the NOS redirector as outlined earlier. Implementation of client NFS software are available from several thirdparty companies. These implementations require a TCP/IP protocol stack to operate alongside the installed NOS protocol stack.
A workstation configured with both an NOS and a TCP/IP protocol stack is able to operate two independent applications that can provide file sharing access between environments. This is accomplished through the use of the redirector program, to provide access to the NOS file server, and NFS, operating on the TCP/IP protocol stack to provide access to NFS volumes on UNIX-servers.
Figure 115 illustrates how a single workstation can be utilise to access both network environments.
The indicated workstation loads a NetWare protocol software and the associated redirector software. File areas on the NetWare server are mapped as local drive F: and G:. The TCP/IP stack and NFS implementation are also loaded, and the remote UNIX file system is mounted as the local drive H: on the workstation PC. Files are then available to be saved by any application operating on the workstation to any of the mapped drivers.
NOS Gateways and Servers:
It is often more efficient to utilise an NOS server as a gateway into an existing TCP/IP network than to run dual protocol stacks upon each network client.
In figure 117, the NetWare server has the Novel NFS Gateway software installed. The UNIX host has exported the NFS, which has been mounted to a drive on it. This file area is now available to any of the NetWare client workstations. These users are able to access the UNIX file area through the standard NetWare redirector program, removing the requirement of having to load a TCP/IP protocol stack and run a TCP/IP-based application.
The NetWare server provides application gateway services between the IPX/SPX-based networks and the TCP/IP network. To achieve this, it is necessary for the server to load both protocol stacks. On the network clients, however, it is necessary to operate only the standard IPX/SPX protocol. The client directs applications requests to use resources within the UNIX network to the gateway using IPX/SPX protocols. The gateway relays these requests to the UNIX host via its TCP/IP protocol stack. In this way, the use of a gateway greatly reduces the administrative overhead required to provide network clients with access to TCP/IP hosts. Network users are able to utilise UNIX-based resources without the requirement to run multiprotocol stacks.
Figure 116 outlines a sample configuration of a NOS server as a gateway.
NOS gateways tend to be implemented in one of two ways. The first is through the operation of proxy application services. The use of a proxy service provides the user with a special set of the network applications, such as Telnet, FTP, and Web browsers, that have been specifically written to operate over NOS protocols. The client applications communicate with the gateway process, which forwards the application request to the specified UNIX hosts. An alternative solution utilise a tailored version of a standard WinSock driver. This special WinSock driver provides support for standard WinSock applications, but instead of operating on an underlying TCP/IP protocol stack it communicates using IPX/SPX protocols. Yet again, communication occurs between the client workstation and the gateway application, with the gateway acting to forward application data between the client and UNIX host. The use of the tailored WinSock driver means that network clients are able to utilise any standard. WinSock application and don't have to rely on the gateway manufacturer to provide specialised application software.
Figure 117 shows a tailored version of a standard WinSock driver enables the network clients to use any standard WinSock application.
NOS Support for Native IP:
The major NOS vendors have recognised an increasing demand to replace their proprietary communication methods with native TCP/IP protocols. However, network applications have generally interfaced with a specific protocol. If NOS vendors were to suddenly adopt a different protocol, many of the existing network applications would no longer function. For this reason, vendors are looking for ways to replace their proprietary network protocols, but at the same time to provide a degree of backward-compatibility to protect existing applications.
For example, within NetWare it is possible to replace the standard IPX/SPX protocols with a TCP/IP protocol stack to provide standard communication between network client and server. However, within this implementation each data packet actually consists of an IPX packet enclosed within a UDP packet. The inclusion of the IPX header provides NetWare with the backward-compatibility it requires to support its existing application base. However, the inclusion of the IPX header places an additional overhead on each data packet. This overhead is likely to account for around 8 to 10 percent of the total packet size.
Other NOS vendors also provide native support for TCP/IP protocols. For example, Windows NT allows for the users of the NetBEUI protocol or TCP/IP protocols or a combination of both. Within NT, network protocols are provided via an interface that it refers to as the Transport Driver Interface (TDI). This is a layer that is loaded toward the top of the protocol stack and is used to provide a standard interface between application environments and any underlying network protocols.
Figure 118 illustrates the location and operation of the Transport Driver Interface within Windows NT.
At the TDI interface, standard APIs such as NetBIOS and WinSock are able to interact with communication modules, principally TCP/IP and NetBEUI. The TDI model has been designed around a flexible architecture so that it can be adapted to support additional network protocols as required.
Under this networking model, applications that have been written to the NetBIOS interface can operate over an installed TCP/IP protocol stack. NetBIOS operates by assigning a unique name to every network node. The assignment and management of the NetBIOS name space results in the generation of a large amount of network traffic. This is because hosts send out broadcasts to all network nodes when they want to register the use of a name they need to perform name resolution. The NetBIOS over TCP/IP standards specifies a method whereby this functionality can occur over a TCP/IP protocol stack. The excessive broadcast requirements effectively limit the use of NetBIOS to small LAN environments where the necessary bandwidth is available. IP networks, on the other hand, often include wide area links where bandwidth might not be sufficient to handle the required broadcasts needed to maintain the NetBIOS address space.
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Interaction applications network network distinction applications Web browsers client server applications use network protocol applications application suites confines workstation operating system applications use network file print services extensions functions operating system section types applications use network Application developers network applications set procedures functions interface software entry points developers functionality protocols use API developer applications protocols APIs interfaces system functionality Figure representation API layer model majority network applications protocol implementations APIs standard application requirements network files file store implementations program redirector redirector program functionality workstation operating system file stores environment file storage areas use letters letters E disk drives user network file volume form mapping volume name drive letter mapping application file volumes way drive operation redirector program program workstation operating system protocol stack application calls network drives functionality redirector example application user file network drive user application file network file volume drive application call workstation operating system file save operation redirector program recognise application network drive steps data transfer redirector workstation operating system request file drive letter error message specification environment file sharing capabilities use use workstation access file volumes host machines extensions workstation filesystem use workstation side use redirector Implementation client software thirdparty companies implementations IP protocol stack protocol stack workstation IP protocol stack applications file access environments use redirector program access file server protocol stack access volumes servers Figure workstation network environments workstation protocol software redirector software File areas server drive stack implementation file system drive H workstation PC Files application workstation drivers server gateway network protocol stacks network client figure server software host drive file area client workstations users file area redirector program requirement IP protocol stack application server application gateway services networks network server protocol stacks network clients protocol client applications requests resources network gateway protocols gateway requests host IP protocol stack way use gateway overhead network clients access IP hosts Network users resources requirement stacks Figure sample configuration server gateway gateways ways operation proxy application services use proxy service user set network applications Web browsers protocols client applications gateway process application request hosts solution version driver driver support applications IP protocol stack protocols communication client workstation gateway application gateway application data client host use driver network clients standard application gateway manufacturer application software Figure version driver network clients application vendors demand communication methods IP protocols network applications protocol vendors protocol network applications reason vendors ways network protocols time degree backward compatibility applications example protocols IP protocol stack communication network client server implementation data packet packet UDP packet inclusion header compatibility application base inclusion header overhead data packet overhead percent packet size vendors support IP protocols example users NetBEUI protocol IP protocols combination network protocols interface layer top protocol stack interface application environments network protocols Figure location operation interface APIs communication modules NetBEUI model architecture network protocols model applications interface IP protocol stack name network node assignment management name space results generation amount network traffic hosts broadcasts network nodes use name name resolution IP standards method functionality IP protocol stack broadcast requirements use environments bandwidth IP networks hand area links broadcasts address space
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interaction of TCP/IP and Other Protocols
it be possible to classify application as be network-aware or network-unaware. the distinction can be make because some application, such as web browser and client/server application, need to make explicit use of an underlie network protocol. other application, such as standard Windows application suite, simply function within the confine of a workstation's own operating system. for these application to make use of network file and print service, it be necessary for the NOS to provide extension to the function of the local operating system. the next section examine how these different type of application can make use of the underlying network.
Application Programming Interface (API):
application developer can write network-aware application by access a set of standard procedure and function through an Application Programming Interface (API). this interface specify software-define entry point that developer can use to access the functionality of the network protocol. the use of an api enable a developer to develop networkable application, while be shield from have to understand how the underlie protocol operate. other api define interface to other system functionality.
figure 114 provide a visual representation of how a network api might fit within the OSI seven-layer model.
the majority of network application have be write specifically to access a single network protocol. this be because each of the NOS implementation have develop their api as a standard.
Redirectors and File Sharing:
one of the main application requirement within a network be save file on a central file store. to achieve this, NOS implementation commonly include a program know as a redirector. a redirector program extend the functionality of the workstation operating system to enable it to address remote file store.
in a DOS/Windows environment, file storage area be denote with the use of letter, typically with the letter A through e be reserve for local disk drive. when a user want to access a network file volume, it be common for the NOS to facilitate some form of mapping between a volume name and an available drive letter. after the mapping have be make, it be possible for any application to access the share file volume in the same way as the would access a local drive. this be because of the operation of the instal redirector program. the program sit between the workstation operating system and the NOS protocol stack and listen for application call make to any of the mapped network drive.
the functionality of a redirector can be far clarify by consider the example of an application user attempt to save a file on a network drive. the user prompt the application to save the file on a network file volume that the NOS have map to the DOS drive I:. the application make a call to the workstation operating system to complete the require file save operation. the redirector program recognise that the application be attempt to access a network drive and step in to handle the require data transfer. if the redirector havenot be active, the workstation operating system would have be present with a request to save a file on a drive letter that be know nothing about, and it would have respond with a standard error message, such as 'Invalid drive specification'.
in a UNIX environment, similar file sharing capability be provide through the use of a Network File System (NFS). the use of NFS enable the workstation to access file volume locate on remote host machine as if they be extension to the workstation's native filesystem. as such, the use of NFS, on the workstation side, be very similar to the use of the NOS redirector as outline early. implementation of client NFS software be available from several thirdparty company. these implementation require a TCP/ip protocol stack to operate alongside the instal NOS protocol stack.
a workstation configure with both an NOS and a TCP/ip protocol stack be able to operate two independent application that can provide file share access between environment. this be accomplish through the use of the redirector program, to provide access to the NOS file server, and NFS, operate on the TCP/IP protocol stack to provide access to NFS volume on UNIX-server.
figure 115 illustrate how a single workstation can be utilise to access both network environment.
the indicate workstation load a NetWare protocol software and the associate redirector software. file area on the NetWare server be map as local drive F: and G:. the TCP/IP stack and NFS implementation be also load, and the remote UNIX file system be mount as the local drive h: on the workstation pc. file be then available to be save by any application operate on the workstation to any of the map driver.
NOS Gateways and Servers:
it be often more efficient to utilise an NOS server as a gateway into an exist TCP/IP network than to run dual protocol stack upon each network client.
in figure 117, the NetWare server have the Novel NFS Gateway software instal. the UNIX host have export the NFS, which have be mount to a drive on it. this file area be now available to any of the NetWare client workstation. these user be able to access the UNIX file area through the standard NetWare redirector program, remove the requirement of have to load a TCP/ip protocol stack and run a TCP/IP-base application.
the NetWare server provide application gateway service between the IPX/SPX-base network and the TCP/IP network. to achieve this, it be necessary for the server to load both protocol stack. on the network client, however, it be necessary to operate only the standard IPX/SPX protocol. the client direct application request to use resource within the UNIX network to the gateway use IPX/SPX protocol. the gateway relay these request to the UNIX host via its TCP/ip protocol stack. in this way, the use of a gateway greatly reduce the administrative overhead require to provide network client with access to TCP/ip host. network user be able to utilise UNIX-base resource without the requirement to run multiprotocol stack.
figure 116 outline a sample configuration of a NOS server as a gateway.
NOS gateway tend to be implement in one of two way. the first be through the operation of proxy application service. the use of a proxy service provide the user with a special set of the network application, such as Telnet, FTP, and web browser, that have be specifically write to operate over NOS protocol. the client application communicate with the gateway process, which forward the application request to the specify UNIX host. an alternative solution utilise a tailored version of a standard WinSock driver. this special WinSock driver provide support for standard WinSock application, but instead of operate on an underlie TCP/ip protocol stack it communicate use IPX/SPX protocol. yet again, communication occur between the client workstation and the gateway application, with the gateway act to forward application datum between the client and UNIX host. the use of the tailor WinSock driver mean that network client be able to utilise any standard. WinSock application and donot have to rely on the gateway manufacturer to provide specialised application software.
figure 117 show a tailored version of a standard WinSock driver enable the network client to use any standard WinSock application.
NOS Support for Native IP:
the major NOS vendor have recognise an increase demand to replace their proprietary communication method with native TCP/ip protocol. however, network application have generally interface with a specific protocol. if NOS vendor be to suddenly adopt a different protocol, many of the exist network application would no long function. for this reason, vendor be look for way to replace their proprietary network protocol, but at the same time to provide a degree of backward-compatibility to protect exist application.
for example, within NetWare it be possible to replace the standard IPX/SPX protocol with a TCP/ip protocol stack to provide standard communication between network client and server. however, within this implementation each datum packet actually consist of an IPX packet enclose within a udp packet. the inclusion of the IPX header provide NetWare with the backward-compatibility it require to support its exist application base. however, the inclusion of the IPX header place an additional overhead on each datum packet. this overhead be likely to account for around 8 to 10 percent of the total packet size.
other NOS vendor also provide native support for TCP/ip protocol. for example, Windows NT allow for the user of the netbeui protocol or TCP/ip protocol or a combination of both. within NT, network protocol be provide via an interface that it refer to as the Transport Driver Interface (TDI). this be a layer that be load toward the top of the protocol stack and be use to provide a standard interface between application environment and any underlying network protocol.
figure 118 illustrate the location and operation of the Transport Driver Interface within Windows NT.
at the TDI interface, standard api such as NetBIOS and WinSock be able to interact with communication module, principally TCP/IP and netbeui. the TDI model have be design around a flexible architecture so that it can be adapt to support additional network protocol as require.
under this network model, application that have be write to the NetBIOS interface can operate over an instal TCP/ip protocol stack. NetBIOS operate by assign a unique name to every network node. the assignment and management of the NetBIOS name space result in the generation of a large amount of network traffic. this be because host send out broadcast to all network node when they want to register the use of a name they need to perform name resolution. the NetBIOS over TCP/ip standard specify a method whereby this functionality can occur over a TCP/ip protocol stack. the excessive broadcast requirement effectively limit the use of NetBIOS to small LAN environment where the necessary bandwidth be available. ip network, on the other hand, often include wide area link where bandwidth might not be sufficient to handle the require broadcast need to maintain the NetBIOS address space.
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Interaction ADP PROPN SYM PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN SPACE PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB applications ADP AUX network PUNCT ADJ CCONJ network PUNCT ADJ PUNCT DET distinction AUX AUX VERB SCONJ DET applications PUNCT ADJ ADP Web browsers CCONJ client SYM server applications PUNCT VERB PART VERB ADJ use ADP DET VERB network protocol PUNCT ADJ applications PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ PROPN application suites PUNCT ADV VERB ADP DET confines ADP DET workstation PART ADJ VERB system PUNCT ADP DET applications PART VERB use ADP network file CCONJ print services PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET PROPN PART VERB extensions ADP DET functions ADP DET ADJ VERB system PUNCT DET ADJ section VERB SCONJ DET ADJ types ADP applications AUX VERB use ADP DET VERB network PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE Application developers AUX VERB network PUNCT ADJ applications ADP VERB DET set ADP ADJ procedures CCONJ functions ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET interface VERB software PUNCT VERB entry points PRON developers AUX VERB PART VERB DET functionality ADP DET VERB protocols PUNCT DET use ADP DET PROPN VERB DET developer PART VERB ADJ applications PUNCT SCONJ AUX VERB ADP VERB PART VERB SCONJ DET VERB protocols VERB PUNCT ADJ APIs VERB interfaces ADP ADJ system functionality PUNCT SPACE Figure NUM VERB DET ADJ representation ADP SCONJ DET networking API AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN NUM PUNCT layer model PUNCT SPACE DET majority ADP network applications AUX AUX VERB ADV PART VERB DET ADJ networking protocol PUNCT DET AUX SCONJ DET ADP DET PROPN implementations AUX VERB PRON APIs ADP DET standard PUNCT SPACE Redirectors CCONJ PROPN Sharing PUNCT SPACE NUM ADP DET ADJ application requirements ADP DET network AUX VERB files ADP DET ADJ file store PUNCT PART VERB DET PUNCT PROPN implementations ADV VERB DET program VERB ADP DET redirector PUNCT DET redirector program VERB DET functionality ADP DET workstation VERB system PART VERB PRON PART VERB ADJ file stores PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN SYM PROPN environment PUNCT file storage areas AUX VERB ADP DET use ADP letters PUNCT ADV ADP DET letters A ADP E AUX VERB ADP ADJ disk drives PUNCT SCONJ DET user VERB PART VERB DET network file volume PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET PROPN PART VERB DET form ADP mapping ADP DET volume name CCONJ DET ADJ drive letter PUNCT ADP DET mapping AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET application PART VERB DET VERB file volumes ADP DET ADJ way ADP DET AUX VERB DET ADJ drive PUNCT DET AUX SCONJ ADP DET operation ADP DET VERB redirector program PUNCT DET program VERB ADP DET workstation VERB system CCONJ DET PROPN protocol stack CCONJ VERB ADP application calls VERB ADP DET ADP DET VERB network drives PUNCT SPACE DET functionality ADP DET redirector AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP VERB DET example ADP DET application user VERB PART VERB DET file ADP DET network drive PUNCT DET user VERB DET application PART VERB DET file ADP DET network file volume PRON DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN drive I PUNCT PUNCT DET application VERB DET call ADP DET workstation VERB system PART VERB DET ADJ file save operation PUNCT DET redirector program VERB SCONJ DET application AUX VERB PART VERB DET network drive CCONJ VERB ADV PART VERB DET ADJ data transfer PUNCT SCONJ DET redirector AUX PART AUX ADJ PUNCT DET workstation VERB system AUX AUX AUX VERB ADP DET request PART VERB DET file ADP DET drive letter PRON PRON VERB PRON ADP PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ error message PUNCT ADJ ADP PUNCT ADJ drive specification PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN environment PUNCT ADJ file sharing capabilities AUX VERB ADP DET use ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET use ADP PROPN VERB DET workstation PART VERB file volumes VERB ADP ADJ host machines ADP SCONJ PRON AUX extensions ADP DET workstation PART ADJ filesystem PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT DET use ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP DET workstation side PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET use ADP DET PROPN redirector ADP VERB ADV PUNCT Implementation ADP client PROPN software AUX ADJ ADP ADJ thirdparty companies PUNCT DET implementations VERB DET PROPN SYM IP protocol stack PART VERB ADP DET VERB PROPN protocol stack PUNCT SPACE DET workstation VERB ADP DET DET PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN SYM IP protocol stack AUX ADJ PART VERB NUM ADJ applications PRON AUX VERB file sharing access ADP environments PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET use ADP DET redirector program PUNCT PART VERB access ADP DET PROPN file server PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET PROPN SYM PROPN protocol stack PART VERB access ADP PROPN volumes ADP PROPN PUNCT servers PUNCT SPACE Figure NUM VERB SCONJ DET ADJ workstation AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET network environments PUNCT SPACE DET VERB workstation VERB DET PROPN protocol software CCONJ DET VERB redirector software PUNCT File areas ADP DET PROPN server AUX VERB ADP ADJ drive F PUNCT CCONJ G PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN SYM IP stack CCONJ PROPN implementation AUX ADV VERB PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ PROPN file system AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ drive H PUNCT ADP DET workstation PC PUNCT Files AUX ADV ADJ PART AUX VERB ADP DET application VERB ADP DET workstation ADP DET ADP DET VERB drivers PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN CCONJ Servers PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADV ADV ADJ PART VERB DET PROPN server ADP DET gateway ADP DET VERB TCP SYM IP network ADP PART VERB ADJ protocol stacks SCONJ DET network client PUNCT SPACE ADP figure NUM PUNCT DET PROPN server AUX DET PROPN PROPN PROPN software VERB PUNCT DET PROPN host AUX VERB DET PROPN PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB ADP DET drive ADP PRON PUNCT DET file area AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADP DET PROPN client workstations PUNCT DET users AUX ADJ PART VERB DET PROPN file area ADP DET ADJ PROPN redirector program PUNCT VERB DET requirement ADP VERB PART VERB DET TCP SYM IP protocol stack CCONJ VERB DET PROPN SYM IP PUNCT VERB application PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN server VERB application gateway services ADP DET PROPN SYM SPX PUNCT VERB networks CCONJ DET PROPN SYM IP network PUNCT PART VERB DET PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET server PART VERB DET protocol stacks PUNCT ADP DET network clients PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB ADV DET ADJ PROPN SYM PROPN protocol PUNCT DET client VERB applications requests PART VERB resources ADP DET PROPN network ADP DET gateway VERB PROPN SYM PROPN protocols PUNCT DET gateway VERB DET requests ADP DET PROPN host ADP PRON PROPN SYM IP protocol stack PUNCT ADP DET way PUNCT DET use ADP DET gateway ADV VERB DET ADJ overhead VERB PART VERB network clients ADP access ADP PROPN SYM PROPN hosts PUNCT Network users AUX ADJ PART VERB PROPN PUNCT VERB resources ADP DET requirement PART VERB multiprotocol stacks PUNCT SPACE Figure NUM VERB DET sample configuration ADP DET PROPN server ADP DET gateway PUNCT SPACE PROPN gateways VERB PART AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP NUM ways PUNCT DET ADJ AUX ADP DET operation ADP proxy application services PUNCT DET use ADP DET proxy service VERB DET user ADP DET ADJ set ADP DET network applications PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ Web browsers PUNCT 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network protocols ADP VERB PUNCT SPACE ADP DET networking model PUNCT applications PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN interface AUX VERB ADP DET VERB TCP SYM IP protocol stack PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP VERB DET ADJ name ADP DET network node PUNCT DET assignment CCONJ management ADP DET PROPN name space VERB ADP DET generation ADP DET ADJ amount ADP network traffic PUNCT DET AUX SCONJ hosts VERB ADP broadcasts ADP DET network nodes SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB DET use ADP DET name PRON VERB PART VERB name resolution PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN SYM IP standards VERB DET method SCONJ DET functionality AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN SYM IP protocol stack PUNCT DET ADJ broadcast requirements ADV VERB DET use ADP PROPN ADP ADJ LAN environments SCONJ DET ADJ bandwidth AUX ADJ PUNCT IP networks PUNCT ADP DET ADJ hand PUNCT ADV VERB ADJ area links SCONJ bandwidth AUX PART AUX ADJ PART VERB DET VERB broadcasts VERB PART VERB DET PROPN address space PUNCT
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Working within healthcare appeals to our society in a way virtually no other professional sector does. The mystique of making medical diagnoses, the desire to help those in need, the adrenalin surge that comes with working at a fast pace and in stressful situations, and the allure of earning a handsome salary. If you need further proof that we like the idea of healthcare jobs, just think about how many movies and televisions shows (reality, dramas, and comedies) take place or have taken place inside hospitals.
Our attraction to this industry will probably always be well-matched with the necessity to educate and employ more qualified healthcare professionals—especially right now, as a substantial portion of our population is aging and requiring more medical care. In fact, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports that there will be more employment growth within the healthcare and social assistance sector than in any others this decade.
Here's a snapshot of the 24 healthcare professions that we at U.S. News have labelled the best to break into, either this year or in the years to come.
The Doctors Are In
What's a list of healthcare jobs without doctors? For 2013, we highlight a handful of professions that utilize this title, although the long road to earning the honor is different for each job. Whether you choose to be a Medical Doctor (M.D.), a Doctor of Dental Medicine (D.M.D.), a Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD), or even a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.), you can expect to spend at least two years following undergrad completing a professional degree and residency program. Some medical specialties require up to eight years working as a resident.
The initials behind your name are only part of the payoff for all those years of training: Doctors are imperative to providing quality healthcare, as they're the ones who make the medical diagnoses and final decisions on how to treat patients. The four categories of doctors we highlight this year could together see nearly 300,000 new hires between 2010 and 2020.
Expected Openings: 27,600
Expected Openings: 69,700
Expected Openings: 168,300
Expected Openings: 22,000
Some of the most significant work in a healthcare facility is performed by medical secretaries, technologists, and technicians. And like the doctors, therapists, and nurses who they support, these workers undergo specialized training to become qualified to properly operate complex medical equipment, decipher prescription orders, prepare patients for procedures, keep detailed medical records, and possibly even perform initial analyses and medical examinations.
However, you won't find yourself in a four-years-or-more learning purgatory (er, training period) to enter one of these six positions from our Best Jobs list. And job prospects are excellent, as healthcare facilities strive to meet the demand to treat more patients by hiring these types of workers to provide general care and free up registered nurses, therapists, and doctors. Keep in mind that technologists are senior to technicians, typically earn higher salaries, and often need a bachelor's degree and credentials.
Expected Openings: 23,800
Expected Openings: 23,400
Expected Openings: 210,200
Expected Openings: 108,300
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healthcare appeals society way sector mystique diagnoses desire need adrenalin surge pace situations allure salary proof idea healthcare jobs movies televisions shows reality dramas comedies place place hospitals attraction industry necessity healthcare professionals portion population care fact employment growth healthcare assistance sector others decade snapshot healthcare professions year years Doctors list healthcare jobs doctors handful professions title road honor job years undergrad degree residency program specialties years resident initials name part payoff years training Doctors quality healthcare ones diagnoses decisions patients categories doctors year hires work healthcare facility secretaries technologists technicians doctors therapists nurses workers training equipment prescription orders patients procedures records analyses examinations years learning purgatory training period positions list job prospects healthcare facilities demand patients types workers care nurses therapists doctors mind technologists technicians salaries bachelor degree credentials
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work within healthcare appeal to our society in a way virtually no other professional sector do. the mystique of make medical diagnosis, the desire to help those in need, the adrenalin surge that come with work at a fast pace and in stressful situation, and the allure of earn a handsome salary. if you need further proof that we like the idea of healthcare job, just think about how many movie and television show (reality, drama, and comedy) take place or have take place inside hospital.
our attraction to this industry will probably always be well-match with the necessity to educate and employ more qualified healthcare professional—especially right now, as a substantial portion of our population be age and require more medical care. in fact, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) report that there will be more employment growth within the healthcare and social assistance sector than in any other this decade.
herebe a snapshot of the 24 healthcare profession that we at U.S. News have label the good to break into, either this year or in the year to come.
the doctor be in
whatbe a list of healthcare job without doctor? for 2013, we highlight a handful of profession that utilize this title, although the long road to earn the honor be different for each job. whether you choose to be a Medical Doctor (M.D.), a Doctor of Dental Medicine (D.M.D.), a Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD), or even a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.), you can expect to spend at least two year follow undergrad complete a professional degree and residency program. some medical specialty require up to eight year work as a resident.
the initial behind your name be only part of the payoff for all those year of training: doctor be imperative to provide quality healthcare, as theybe the one who make the medical diagnosis and final decision on how to treat patient. the four category of doctor we highlight this year could together see nearly 300,000 new hire between 2010 and 2020.
expect Openings: 27,600
expect Openings: 69,700
expect Openings: 168,300
expect Openings: 22,000
some of the most significant work in a healthcare facility be perform by medical secretary, technologist, and technician. and like the doctor, therapist, and nurse who they support, these worker undergo specialized training to become qualified to properly operate complex medical equipment, decipher prescription order, prepare patient for procedure, keep detailed medical record, and possibly even perform initial analysis and medical examination.
however, you willnot find yourself in a four-year-or-more learning purgatory (er, training period) to enter one of these six position from our Best Jobs list. and job prospect be excellent, as healthcare facility strive to meet the demand to treat more patient by hire these type of worker to provide general care and free up register nurse, therapist, and doctor. keep in mind that technologist be senior to technician, typically earn high salary, and often need a bachelor's degree and credential.
expect Openings: 23,800
expect Openings: 23,400
expect Openings: 210,200
expect Openings: 108,300
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VERB ADP healthcare VERB ADP PRON society ADP DET way ADV DET ADJ ADJ sector AUX PUNCT DET mystique ADP VERB ADJ diagnoses PUNCT DET desire PART VERB DET ADP need PUNCT DET adrenalin surge PRON VERB ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ pace CCONJ ADP ADJ situations PUNCT CCONJ DET allure ADP VERB DET ADJ salary PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADJ proof SCONJ PRON VERB DET idea ADP healthcare jobs PUNCT ADV VERB ADP SCONJ ADJ movies CCONJ televisions shows PUNCT reality PUNCT dramas PUNCT CCONJ comedies PUNCT VERB place CCONJ AUX VERB place ADP hospitals PUNCT SPACE PRON attraction ADP DET industry AUX ADV ADV AUX ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET necessity PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADV ADJ healthcare professionals PUNCT ADV ADV ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ portion ADP PRON population AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ ADJ care PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ employment growth ADP DET healthcare CCONJ ADJ assistance sector ADP ADP DET others DET decade PUNCT SPACE ADV AUX DET snapshot ADP DET NUM healthcare professions PRON PRON ADP PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET ADJ PART VERB ADP PUNCT CCONJ DET year CCONJ ADP DET years PART VERB PUNCT SPACE DET Doctors AUX ADP SPACE PRON AUX DET list ADP healthcare jobs ADP doctors PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT PRON VERB DET handful ADP professions PRON VERB DET title PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ road ADP VERB DET honor AUX ADJ ADP DET job PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PART AUX DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART VERB ADV ADV NUM years VERB undergrad VERB DET ADJ degree CCONJ residency program PUNCT DET ADJ specialties VERB ADV PART NUM years VERB ADP DET resident PUNCT SPACE DET initials ADP PRON name AUX ADV part ADP DET payoff ADP DET DET years ADP training PUNCT Doctors AUX ADJ ADP VERB quality healthcare PUNCT ADP PRON AUX DET ones PRON VERB DET ADJ diagnoses CCONJ ADJ decisions ADP SCONJ PART VERB patients PUNCT DET NUM categories ADP doctors PRON VERB DET year AUX ADV VERB ADV NUM ADJ hires ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE DET ADP DET ADV ADJ work ADP DET healthcare facility AUX VERB ADP ADJ secretaries PUNCT technologists PUNCT CCONJ technicians PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET doctors PUNCT therapists PUNCT CCONJ nurses PRON PRON VERB PUNCT DET workers VERB ADJ training PART VERB ADJ PART ADV VERB ADJ ADJ equipment PUNCT VERB prescription orders PUNCT VERB patients ADP procedures PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ records PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV VERB ADJ analyses CCONJ ADJ examinations PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB PRON ADP DET NUM PUNCT years PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ learning purgatory PUNCT INTJ PUNCT training period PUNCT PART VERB NUM ADP DET NUM positions ADP PRON ADJ PROPN list PUNCT CCONJ job prospects AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP healthcare facilities VERB PART VERB DET demand PART VERB ADJ patients ADP VERB DET types ADP workers PART VERB ADJ care CCONJ VERB ADP VERB nurses PUNCT therapists PUNCT CCONJ doctors PUNCT VERB ADP mind SCONJ technologists AUX ADJ ADP technicians PUNCT ADV VERB ADJ salaries PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET bachelor PART degree CCONJ credentials PUNCT SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE VERB Openings PUNCT NUM
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VERB ADP healthcare VERB ADP PRON society ADP DET way ADV DET ADJ ADJ sector AUX PUNCT DET mystique ADP VERB ADJ diagnoses PUNCT DET desire PART VERB DET ADP need PUNCT DET adrenalin surge PRON VERB ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ pace CCONJ ADP ADJ situations PUNCT CCONJ DET allure ADP VERB DET ADJ salary PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADJ proof SCONJ PRON VERB DET idea ADP healthcare jobs PUNCT ADV VERB ADP SCONJ ADJ movies CCONJ televisions shows PUNCT reality PUNCT dramas PUNCT CCONJ comedies PUNCT VERB place CCONJ AUX VERB place ADP hospitals PUNCT SPACE PRON attraction ADP DET industry AUX ADV ADV AUX ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET necessity PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADV ADJ healthcare professionals PUNCT ADV ADV ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ portion ADP PRON population AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ ADJ care PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ employment growth ADP DET healthcare CCONJ ADJ assistance sector ADP ADP DET others DET decade PUNCT SPACE ADV AUX DET snapshot ADP DET NUM healthcare professions PRON PRON ADP PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET ADJ PART VERB ADP PUNCT CCONJ DET year CCONJ ADP DET years PART VERB PUNCT SPACE DET Doctors AUX ADP SPACE PRON AUX DET list ADP healthcare jobs ADP doctors PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT PRON VERB DET handful ADP professions PRON VERB DET title PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ road ADP VERB DET honor AUX ADJ ADP DET job PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PART AUX DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART VERB ADV ADV NUM years VERB undergrad VERB DET ADJ degree CCONJ residency program PUNCT DET ADJ specialties VERB ADV PART NUM years VERB ADP DET resident PUNCT SPACE DET initials ADP PRON name AUX ADV part ADP DET payoff ADP DET DET years ADP training PUNCT Doctors AUX ADJ ADP VERB quality healthcare PUNCT ADP PRON AUX DET ones PRON VERB DET ADJ diagnoses CCONJ ADJ decisions ADP SCONJ PART VERB patients PUNCT DET NUM categories ADP doctors PRON VERB DET year AUX ADV VERB ADV NUM ADJ hires ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE DET ADP DET ADV ADJ work ADP DET healthcare facility AUX VERB ADP ADJ secretaries PUNCT technologists PUNCT CCONJ technicians PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET doctors PUNCT therapists PUNCT CCONJ nurses PRON PRON VERB PUNCT DET workers VERB ADJ training PART VERB ADJ PART ADV VERB ADJ ADJ equipment PUNCT VERB prescription orders PUNCT VERB patients ADP procedures PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ records PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV VERB ADJ analyses CCONJ ADJ examinations PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB PRON ADP DET NUM PUNCT years PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ learning purgatory PUNCT INTJ PUNCT training period PUNCT PART VERB NUM ADP DET NUM positions ADP PRON ADJ PROPN list PUNCT CCONJ job prospects AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP healthcare facilities VERB PART VERB DET demand PART VERB ADJ patients ADP VERB DET types ADP workers PART VERB ADJ care CCONJ VERB ADP VERB nurses PUNCT therapists PUNCT CCONJ doctors PUNCT VERB ADP mind SCONJ technologists AUX ADJ ADP technicians PUNCT ADV VERB ADJ salaries PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET bachelor PART degree CCONJ credentials PUNCT SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE VERB Openings PUNCT NUM
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VERB ADP healthcare VERB ADP PRON society ADP DET way ADV DET ADJ ADJ sector AUX PUNCT DET mystique ADP VERB ADJ diagnoses PUNCT DET desire PART VERB DET ADP need PUNCT DET adrenalin surge PRON VERB ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ pace CCONJ ADP ADJ situations PUNCT CCONJ DET allure ADP VERB DET ADJ salary PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADJ proof SCONJ PRON VERB DET idea ADP healthcare jobs PUNCT ADV VERB ADP SCONJ ADJ movies CCONJ televisions shows PUNCT reality PUNCT dramas PUNCT CCONJ comedies PUNCT VERB place CCONJ AUX VERB place ADP hospitals PUNCT SPACE PRON attraction ADP DET industry AUX ADV ADV AUX ADV PUNCT VERB ADP DET necessity PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADV ADJ healthcare professionals PUNCT ADV ADV ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ portion ADP PRON population AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ ADJ care PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ employment growth ADP DET healthcare CCONJ ADJ assistance sector ADP ADP DET others DET decade PUNCT SPACE ADV AUX DET snapshot ADP DET NUM healthcare professions PRON PRON ADP PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET ADJ PART VERB ADP PUNCT CCONJ DET year CCONJ ADP DET years PART VERB PUNCT SPACE DET Doctors AUX ADP SPACE PRON AUX DET list ADP healthcare jobs ADP doctors PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT PRON VERB DET handful ADP professions PRON VERB DET title PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ road ADP VERB DET honor AUX ADJ ADP DET job PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PART AUX DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART VERB ADV ADV NUM years VERB undergrad VERB DET ADJ degree CCONJ residency program PUNCT DET ADJ specialties VERB ADV PART NUM years VERB ADP DET resident PUNCT SPACE DET initials ADP PRON name AUX ADV part ADP DET payoff ADP DET DET years ADP training PUNCT Doctors AUX ADJ ADP VERB quality healthcare PUNCT ADP PRON AUX DET ones PRON VERB DET ADJ diagnoses CCONJ ADJ decisions ADP SCONJ PART VERB patients PUNCT DET NUM categories ADP doctors PRON VERB DET year AUX ADV VERB ADV NUM ADJ hires ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE DET ADP DET ADV ADJ work ADP DET healthcare facility AUX VERB ADP ADJ secretaries PUNCT technologists PUNCT CCONJ technicians PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET doctors PUNCT therapists PUNCT CCONJ nurses PRON PRON VERB PUNCT DET workers VERB ADJ training PART VERB ADJ PART ADV VERB ADJ ADJ equipment PUNCT VERB prescription orders PUNCT VERB patients ADP procedures PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ records PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV VERB ADJ analyses CCONJ ADJ examinations PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB PRON ADP DET NUM PUNCT years PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ learning purgatory PUNCT INTJ PUNCT training period PUNCT PART VERB NUM ADP DET NUM positions ADP PRON ADJ PROPN list PUNCT CCONJ job prospects AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP healthcare facilities VERB PART VERB DET demand PART VERB ADJ patients ADP VERB DET types ADP workers PART VERB ADJ care CCONJ VERB ADP VERB nurses PUNCT therapists PUNCT CCONJ doctors PUNCT VERB ADP mind SCONJ technologists AUX ADJ ADP technicians PUNCT ADV VERB ADJ salaries PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET bachelor PART degree CCONJ credentials PUNCT SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE ADJ Openings PUNCT NUM SPACE VERB Openings PUNCT NUM
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Tucked inside Carl Zimmer's wonderful and thorough feature on de-extinction, a topic that got a TEDx coming out party last week, we find a tantalizing, heartbreaking anecdote about the time scientists briefly, briefly brought an extinct species back to life.
The story begins in 1999, when scientists determined that there was a single remaining bucardo, a wild goat native to the Pyrenees, left in the world. They named her Celia and wildlife veterinarian Alberto Fernández-Arias put a radio collar around her neck. She died nine months later in January 2000, crushed by a tree. Her cells, however, were preserved.
Working with the time's crude life sciences tools, José Folch led a Franco-Spanish team that attempted to bring the bucardo, as a species, back from the dead.
It was not pretty. They injected the nuclei from Celia's cells into goat eggs that had been emptied of their DNA, then implanted 57 of them into different goat surrogate mothers. Only seven goats got pregnant, and of those, six had miscarriages. Which meant that after all that work, only a single goat carried a Celia clone to term. On July 30, 2003, the scientists performed a cesarean section.
Here, let's turn the narrative over to Zimmer's story:
As Fernández-Arias held the newborn bucardo in his arms, he could see that she was struggling to take in air, her tongue jutting grotesquely out of her mouth. Despite the efforts to help her breathe, after a mere ten minutes Celia's clone died. A necropsy later revealed that one of her lungs had grown a gigantic extra lobe as solid as a piece of liver. There was nothing anyone could have done.
A species had been brought back. And ten minutes later it was gone again. Zimmer continues
The notion of bringing vanished species back to life--some call it de-extinction--has hovered at the boundary between reality and science fiction for more than two decades, ever since novelist Michael Crichton unleashed the dinosaurs of Jurassic Park on the world. For most of that time the science of de-extinction has lagged far behind the fantasy. Celia's clone is the closest that anyone has gotten to true de-extinction. Since witnessing those fleeting minutes of the clone's life, Fernández-Arias, now the head of the government of Aragon's Hunting, Fishing and Wetlands department, has been waiting for the moment when science would finally catch up, and humans might gain the ability to bring back an animal they had driven extinct.
"We are at that moment," he told me.
That may be. And the tools available to biologists are certainly superior. But there's no developed ethics of de-extinction, as Zimmer elucidates throughout his story. It may be possible to bring animals that humans have killed off back from extinction, but is it wise, Zimmer asks?
"The history of putting species back after they've gone extinct in the wild is fraught with difficulty," says conservation biologist Stuart Pimm of Duke University. A huge effort went into restoring the Arabian oryx to the wild, for example. But after the animals were returned to a refuge in central Oman in 1982, almost all were wiped out by poachers. "We had the animals, and we put them back, and the world wasn't ready," says Pimm. "Having the species solves only a tiny, tiny part of the problem."
Maybe another way to think about it, as Jacquelyn Gill argues in Scientific American, is that animals like mammoths have to perform (as the postmodern language would have it) their own mammothness within the complex social context of a herd.
When we think of cloning woolly mammoths, it's easy to picture a rolling tundra landscape, the charismatic hulking beasts grazing lazily amongst arctic wildflowers. But what does cloning a woolly mammoth actually mean? What is a woolly mammoth, really? Is one lonely calf, raised in captivity and without the context of its herd and environment, really a mammoth?
Does it matter that there are no mammoth matriarchs to nurse that calf, to inoculate it with necessary gut bacteria, to teach it how to care for itself, how to speak to other mammoths, where the ancestral migration paths are, and how to avoid sinkholes and find water? Does it matter that the permafrost is melting, and that the mammoth steppe is gone?...
Ultimately, cloning woolly mammoths doesn't end in the lab. If the goal really is de-extinction and not merely the scientific equivalent of achievement unlocked!, then bringing back the mammoth means sustained effort, intensive management, and a massive commitment of conservation resources. Our track record on this is not reassuring.
In other words, science may be able to produce the organisms, but society would have to produce the conditions in which they could flourish.
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feature de - extinction topic party week tantalizing anecdote time scientists species life story scientists bucardo goat world wildlife veterinarian radio collar neck months tree cells time life sciences tools team bucardo species nuclei cells eggs DNA mothers goats miscarriages work goat clone scientists section narrative story bucardo arms air tongue mouth efforts minutes clone necropsy lungs lobe piece liver species minutes Zimmer notion species life de - extinction boundary reality science fiction decades novelist dinosaurs world time science de - extinction fantasy clone de - extinction minutes clone life head government Hunting department moment science humans ability animal moment tools biologists ethics de - extinction elucidates story animals humans extinction history species wild difficulty conservation biologist effort oryx wild example animals refuge poachers animals world species part problem way animals mammoths language mammothness context herd mammoths rolling tundra landscape beasts wildflowers calf captivity context herd environment mammoth matriarchs calf gut bacteria mammoths migration paths sinkholes water permafrost mammoths lab goal de - extinction equivalent achievement means effort management commitment conservation resources track record words science organisms society conditions
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tuck inside Carl Zimmer's wonderful and thorough feature on de-extinction, a topic that get a TEDx come out party last week, we find a tantalizing, heartbreake anecdote about the time scientist briefly, briefly bring an extinct specie back to life.
the story begin in 1999, when scientist determine that there be a single remain bucardo, a wild goat native to the Pyrenees, leave in the world. they name her Celia and wildlife veterinarian Alberto Fernández-Arias put a radio collar around her neck. she die nine month later in January 2000, crush by a tree. her cell, however, be preserve.
work with the time's crude life science tool, José Folch lead a Franco-spanish team that attempt to bring the bucardo, as a specie, back from the dead.
it be not pretty. they inject the nucleus from Celia's cell into goat egg that have be empty of their dna, then implant 57 of they into different goat surrogate mother. only seven goat get pregnant, and of those, six have miscarriage. which mean that after all that work, only a single goat carry a Celia clone to term. on July 30, 2003, the scientist perform a cesarean section.
here, letus turn the narrative over to Zimmer's story:
as Fernández-Arias hold the newborn bucardo in his arm, he could see that she be struggle to take in air, her tongue jut grotesquely out of her mouth. despite the effort to help she breathe, after a mere ten minute Celia's clone die. a necropsy later reveal that one of her lung have grow a gigantic extra lobe as solid as a piece of liver. there be nothing anyone could have do.
a specie have be bring back. and ten minute later it be go again. zimmer continue
the notion of bring vanish specie back to life--some call it de-extinction--have hover at the boundary between reality and science fiction for more than two decade, ever since novelist Michael Crichton unleash the dinosaur of Jurassic Park on the world. for most of that time the science of de-extinction have lag far behind the fantasy. Celia's clone be the close that anyone have get to true de-extinction. since witness those fleeting minute of the clone's life, Fernández-Arias, now the head of the government of Aragon's hunting, Fishing and Wetlands department, have be wait for the moment when science would finally catch up, and human might gain the ability to bring back an animal they have drive extinct.
"we be at that moment," he tell I.
that may be. and the tool available to biologist be certainly superior. but therebe no developed ethic of de-extinction, as Zimmer elucidate throughout his story. it may be possible to bring animal that human have kill off back from extinction, but be it wise, Zimmer ask?
"the history of put specie back after theyhave go extinct in the wild be fraught with difficulty," say conservation biologist Stuart Pimm of Duke University. a huge effort go into restore the arabian oryx to the wild, for example. but after the animal be return to a refuge in central Oman in 1982, almost all be wipe out by poacher. "we have the animal, and we put they back, and the world benot ready," say Pimm. "have the species solve only a tiny, tiny part of the problem."
maybe another way to think about it, as Jacquelyn Gill argue in Scientific American, be that animal like mammoth have to perform (as the postmodern language would have it) their own mammothness within the complex social context of a herd.
when we think of clone woolly mammoth, itbe easy to picture a rolling tundra landscape, the charismatic hulking beast graze lazily amongst arctic wildflower. but what do clone a woolly mammoth actually mean? what be a woolly mammoth, really? be one lonely calf, raise in captivity and without the context of its herd and environment, really a mammoth?
do it matter that there be no mammoth matriarch to nurse that calf, to inoculate it with necessary gut bacteria, to teach it how to care for itself, how to speak to other mammoth, where the ancestral migration path be, and how to avoid sinkhole and find water? do it matter that the permafrost be melt, and that the mammoth steppe be go?...
ultimately, clone woolly mammoth donot end in the lab. if the goal really be de-extinction and not merely the scientific equivalent of achievement unlock!, then bring back the mammoth mean sustained effort, intensive management, and a massive commitment of conservation resource. our track record on this be not reassure.
in other word, science may be able to produce the organism, but society would have to produce the condition in which they could flourish.
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extinction CCONJ PART ADV DET ADJ equivalent ADP achievement VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB ADV DET mammoth VERB ADJ effort PUNCT ADJ management PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ commitment ADP conservation resources PUNCT PRON track record ADP DET AUX PART VERB PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ words PUNCT science AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB DET organisms PUNCT CCONJ society AUX AUX PART VERB DET conditions ADP DET PRON AUX VERB PUNCT
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VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART ADJ CCONJ ADJ feature ADP de - extinction PUNCT DET topic PRON VERB DET PROPN VERB ADP party ADJ week PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ anecdote ADP DET time scientists ADV PUNCT ADV VERB DET ADJ species ADV ADP life PUNCT SPACE DET story VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SCONJ scientists VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ VERB bucardo PUNCT DET ADJ goat ADJ ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET world PUNCT PRON VERB PRON PROPN CCONJ wildlife veterinarian PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB DET radio collar ADP PRON neck PUNCT PRON VERB NUM months ADV ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET tree PUNCT PRON cells PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET time PART ADJ life sciences tools PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ team PRON VERB PART VERB DET bucardo PUNCT ADP DET species PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB DET nuclei ADP PROPN PART cells ADP goat eggs PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP PRON PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB NUM ADP PRON ADP ADJ goat ADJ mothers PUNCT ADV NUM goats VERB ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET PUNCT NUM AUX miscarriages PUNCT DET VERB SCONJ ADP DET DET work PUNCT ADV DET ADJ goat VERB DET PROPN clone ADP term PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET scientists VERB DET ADJ section PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT VERB PRON VERB DET narrative ADP ADP PROPN PART story PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB DET ADJ bucardo ADP PRON arms PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PART VERB ADP air PUNCT PRON tongue VERB ADV ADP ADP PRON mouth PUNCT SCONJ DET efforts PART VERB PRON VERB PUNCT ADP DET ADJ NUM minutes PROPN PART clone VERB PUNCT DET necropsy ADV VERB SCONJ NUM ADP PRON lungs AUX VERB DET ADJ ADJ lobe ADV ADJ ADP DET piece ADP liver PUNCT PRON AUX PRON PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE DET species AUX AUX VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ NUM minutes ADV PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT PROPN VERB SPACE DET notion ADP VERB VERB species ADP ADP life PUNCT DET VERB PRON de - 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VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART ADJ CCONJ ADJ feature ADP de - extinction PUNCT DET topic PRON VERB DET PROPN VERB ADP party ADJ week PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ anecdote ADP DET time scientists ADV PUNCT ADV VERB DET ADJ species ADV ADP life PUNCT SPACE DET story VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SCONJ scientists VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ VERB bucardo PUNCT DET ADJ goat ADJ ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET world PUNCT PRON VERB PRON PROPN CCONJ wildlife veterinarian PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB DET radio collar ADP PRON neck PUNCT PRON VERB NUM months ADV ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET tree PUNCT PRON cells PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET time PART ADJ life sciences tools PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ team PRON VERB PART VERB DET bucardo PUNCT ADP DET species PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB DET nuclei ADP PROPN PART cells ADP goat eggs PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP PRON PROPN PUNCT ADV VERB NUM ADP PRON ADP ADJ goat ADJ mothers PUNCT ADV NUM goats VERB ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET PUNCT NUM AUX miscarriages PUNCT DET VERB SCONJ ADP DET DET work PUNCT ADV DET ADJ goat VERB DET PROPN clone ADP term PUNCT ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET scientists VERB DET ADJ section PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT VERB PRON VERB DET narrative ADP ADP PROPN PART story PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB DET ADJ bucardo ADP PRON arms PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PART VERB ADP air PUNCT PRON tongue VERB ADV ADP ADP PRON mouth PUNCT SCONJ DET efforts PART VERB PRON VERB PUNCT ADP DET ADJ NUM minutes PROPN PART clone VERB PUNCT DET necropsy ADV VERB SCONJ NUM ADP PRON lungs AUX VERB DET ADJ ADJ lobe ADV ADJ ADP DET piece ADP liver PUNCT PRON AUX PRON PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE DET species AUX AUX VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ NUM minutes ADV PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT PROPN VERB SPACE DET notion ADP VERB VERB species ADP ADP life PUNCT DET VERB PRON de - extinction PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET boundary ADP reality CCONJ science fiction ADP ADJ ADP NUM decades PUNCT ADV SCONJ novelist PROPN PROPN VERB DET dinosaurs ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET world PUNCT ADP ADJ ADP DET time DET science ADP de - extinction AUX VERB ADV ADP DET fantasy PUNCT PROPN PART clone AUX DET ADJ SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP ADJ de - extinction PUNCT SCONJ VERB DET ADJ minutes ADP DET clone PART life PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADV DET head ADP DET government ADP PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN department PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET moment SCONJ science AUX ADV VERB ADP PUNCT CCONJ humans AUX VERB DET ability PART VERB ADV DET animal PRON AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON AUX ADP DET moment PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PRON PUNCT SPACE DET AUX AUX PUNCT CCONJ DET tools ADJ ADP biologists AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET VERB ethics ADP de - extinction PUNCT ADP PROPN VERB ADP PRON story PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB animals PRON humans AUX VERB ADP ADV ADP extinction PUNCT CCONJ AUX PRON ADJ PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET history ADP VERB species ADV ADP PRON AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET wild AUX ADJ ADP difficulty PUNCT PUNCT VERB conservation biologist PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ effort VERB ADP VERB DET ADJ oryx ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET animals AUX VERB ADP DET refuge ADP ADJ PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT ADV DET AUX VERB ADP ADP poachers PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX DET animals PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB PRON ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET world AUX PART ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET species VERB ADV DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ part ADP DET problem PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV DET way PART VERB ADP PRON PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX SCONJ animals ADP mammoths AUX PART VERB PUNCT ADP DET ADJ language AUX AUX PRON PUNCT PRON ADJ mammothness ADP DET ADJ ADJ context ADP DET herd PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON VERB ADP VERB ADJ mammoths PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB DET VERB tundra landscape PUNCT DET ADJ VERB beasts VERB ADV ADP ADJ wildflowers PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ mammoth ADV VERB PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ mammoth PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX NUM ADJ calf PUNCT VERB ADP captivity CCONJ ADP DET context ADP PRON herd CCONJ environment PUNCT ADV DET mammoth PUNCT SPACE AUX PRON VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET mammoth matriarchs PART VERB DET calf PUNCT PART VERB PRON ADP ADJ gut bacteria PUNCT PART VERB PRON SCONJ PART VERB ADP PRON PUNCT SCONJ PART VERB ADP ADJ mammoths PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ migration paths AUX PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PART VERB sinkholes CCONJ VERB water PUNCT AUX PRON VERB SCONJ DET permafrost AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET ADJ steppe AUX VERB PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT VERB ADJ mammoths AUX PART VERB ADP DET lab PUNCT SCONJ DET goal ADV AUX de - extinction CCONJ PART ADV DET ADJ equivalent ADP achievement VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB ADV DET mammoth VERB ADJ effort PUNCT ADJ management PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ commitment ADP conservation resources PUNCT PRON track record ADP DET AUX PART VERB PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ words PUNCT science AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB DET organisms PUNCT CCONJ society AUX AUX PART VERB DET conditions ADP DET PRON AUX VERB PUNCT
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Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space at UNH
Scientists Say Developing Countries Will Be Hit Hard By Water Scarcity in the 21st Century
By Sharon Keeler
UNH News Bureau
July 11, 2001
DURHAM, N.H. --The entire water cycle of the globe has been changed by human activities and even more dramatic changes lie ahead, said a group of experts at an international conference in Amsterdam on global change this week.
"Today, approximately 2 billion people are suffering from water stress, and models predict that this will increase to more than 3 billion (or about 40 percent of the population) in 2025," said Charles Vorosmarty, a research professor in the University of New Hampshire's Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space.
There will be winners and losers in terms of access to safe water. The world's poor nations will be the biggest losers. Countries already suffering severe water shortages, such as Mexico, Pakistan, northern China, Poland and countries in the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa will be hardest hit.
"Water scarcity means a growing number of public health, pollution and economic development problems," said Vorosmarty.
"To avoid major conflict through competition for water resources, we urgently need international water use plans," added Professor Hartmut Grassl from the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology in Germany. "I believe this should be mediated by an established intergovernmental body."
The water cycle is affected by climate change, population growth, increasing water demand, changes in vegetation cover and finally the El Nino Southern Oscillation, bringing drought to some areas and flooding to others. Surprisingly, at the global scale, population growth and increasing demand for water -- not climate change -- are the primary contributing factors in future water scarcity to the year 2025.
"But at the regional scale, which is where all the critical decisions are made, it is the combination of population growth, increasing demand for water, and climate change that is the main culprit," said Vorosmarty.
According to El Nino expert, Professor Antonio Busalacchi from the University of Maryland, the two major El Nino events of the century occurred in the last 15 years and there are signs that the frequency may increase due to human activities.
"In 1982-83, what was referred to as the "El Nino event of the century" occurred with global economic consequences totaling more than $13 billion," said Busalacchi. "The recently concluded 1997-1998 El Nino was the second El Nino event of the century with economic losses estimated to be upward of $89 billion."
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Scientists Century DURHAM --The water cycle globe activities changes group experts conference change week Today people water stress models percent population research professor winners losers terms access water world nations losers Countries water shortages countries Water scarcity number health pollution development problems conflict competition water resources water use plans body water cycle climate change population growth water demand changes vegetation cover drought areas flooding others scale population growth demand water climate change contributing factors water scarcity year scale decisions combination population growth demand water climate change culprit expert events century years signs frequency activities event century consequences event century losses
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Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space at UNH
scientist say develop Countries will be Hit Hard by Water Scarcity in the 21st century
by Sharon Keeler
UNH News Bureau
July 11, 2001
DURHAM, N.H. --the entire water cycle of the globe have be change by human activity and even more dramatic change lie ahead, say a group of expert at an international conference in Amsterdam on global change this week.
"today, approximately 2 billion people be suffer from water stress, and model predict that this will increase to more than 3 billion (or about 40 percent of the population) in 2025," say Charles Vorosmarty, a research professor in the University of New Hampshire's Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space.
there will be winner and loser in term of access to safe water. the world's poor nation will be the big loser. country already suffer severe water shortage, such as Mexico, Pakistan, northern China, Poland and country in the Middle East and sub-saharan Africa will be hard hit.
"water scarcity mean a grow number of public health, pollution and economic development problem," say Vorosmarty.
"to avoid major conflict through competition for water resource, we urgently need international water use plan," add Professor Hartmut Grassl from the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology in Germany. "I believe this should be mediate by an establish intergovernmental body."
the water cycle be affect by climate change, population growth, increase water demand, change in vegetation cover and finally the El Nino Southern Oscillation, bring drought to some area and flooding to other. surprisingly, at the global scale, population growth and increase demand for water -- not climate change -- be the primary contributing factor in future water scarcity to the year 2025.
"but at the regional scale, which be where all the critical decision be make, it be the combination of population growth, increase demand for water, and climate change that be the main culprit," say Vorosmarty.
accord to El Nino expert, Professor Antonio Busalacchi from the University of Maryland, the two major El Nino event of the century occur in the last 15 year and there be sign that the frequency may increase due to human activity.
"in 1982-83, what be refer to as the "El Nino event of the century" occur with global economic consequence total more than $13 billion," say Busalacchi. "the recently conclude 1997-1998 El Nino be the second El Nino event of the century with economic loss estimate to be upward of $89 billion."
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PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE Scientists VERB VERB Countries AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP Water Scarcity ADP DET ADJ Century SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN DET ADJ water cycle ADP DET globe AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ activities CCONJ ADV ADV ADJ changes VERB ADV PUNCT VERB DET group ADP experts ADP DET ADJ conference ADP PROPN ADP ADJ change DET week PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Today PUNCT ADV NUM NUM people AUX VERB ADP water stress PUNCT CCONJ models VERB SCONJ DET AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADP NUM NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADV NUM percent ADP DET population PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET research professor ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PART PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX AUX winners CCONJ losers ADP terms ADP access ADP ADJ water PUNCT DET world PART ADJ nations AUX AUX DET ADJ losers PUNCT Countries ADV VERB ADJ water shortages PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ countries ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX AUX ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Water scarcity VERB DET VERB number ADP ADJ health PUNCT pollution CCONJ ADJ development problems PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PART VERB ADJ conflict ADP competition ADP water resources PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADJ water use plans PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB DET AUX AUX VERB ADP DET VERB ADJ body PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET water cycle AUX VERB ADP climate change PUNCT population growth PUNCT VERB water demand PUNCT changes ADP vegetation cover CCONJ ADV DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB drought ADP DET areas CCONJ flooding ADP others PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ scale PUNCT population growth CCONJ VERB demand ADP water PUNCT PART climate change PUNCT AUX DET ADJ VERB factors ADP ADJ water scarcity ADP DET year NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ scale PUNCT DET AUX SCONJ DET DET ADJ decisions AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX DET combination ADP population growth PUNCT VERB demand ADP water PUNCT CCONJ climate change PRON AUX DET ADJ culprit PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP PROPN PROPN expert PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET NUM ADJ PROPN PROPN events ADP DET century VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM years CCONJ PRON AUX signs SCONJ DET frequency AUX VERB ADP ADP ADJ activities PUNCT SPACE PUNCT ADP NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP DET PUNCT PROPN PROPN event ADP DET century PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ ADJ consequences VERB ADJ ADP SYM NUM NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV VERB NUM SYM NUM PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ PROPN PROPN event ADP DET century ADP ADJ losses VERB PART AUX ADV ADP SYM NUM NUM PUNCT PUNCT
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PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE Scientists VERB VERB Countries AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP Water Scarcity ADP DET ADJ Century SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN DET ADJ water cycle ADP DET globe AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ activities CCONJ ADV ADV ADJ changes VERB ADV PUNCT VERB DET group ADP experts ADP DET ADJ conference ADP PROPN ADP ADJ change DET week PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Today PUNCT ADV NUM NUM people AUX VERB ADP water stress PUNCT CCONJ models VERB SCONJ DET AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADP NUM NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADV NUM percent ADP DET population PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET research professor ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PART PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX AUX winners CCONJ losers ADP terms ADP access ADP ADJ water PUNCT DET world PART ADJ nations AUX AUX DET ADJ losers PUNCT Countries ADV VERB ADJ water shortages PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ countries ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX AUX ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Water scarcity VERB DET VERB number ADP ADJ health PUNCT pollution CCONJ ADJ development problems PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PART VERB ADJ conflict ADP competition ADP water resources PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADJ water use plans PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB DET AUX AUX VERB ADP DET VERB ADJ body PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET water cycle AUX VERB ADP climate change PUNCT population growth PUNCT VERB water demand PUNCT changes ADP vegetation cover CCONJ ADV DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB drought ADP DET areas CCONJ flooding ADP others PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ scale PUNCT population growth CCONJ VERB demand ADP water PUNCT PART climate change PUNCT AUX DET ADJ VERB factors ADP ADJ water scarcity ADP DET year NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ scale PUNCT DET AUX SCONJ DET DET ADJ decisions AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX DET combination ADP population growth PUNCT VERB demand ADP water PUNCT CCONJ climate change PRON AUX DET ADJ culprit PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP PROPN PROPN expert PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET NUM ADJ PROPN PROPN events ADP DET century VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM years CCONJ PRON AUX signs SCONJ DET frequency AUX VERB ADP ADP ADJ activities PUNCT SPACE PUNCT ADP NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP DET PUNCT PROPN PROPN event ADP DET century PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ ADJ consequences VERB ADJ ADP SYM NUM NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV VERB NUM SYM NUM PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ PROPN PROPN event ADP DET century ADP ADJ losses VERB PART AUX ADV ADP SYM NUM NUM PUNCT PUNCT
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PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE Scientists VERB VERB Countries AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP Water Scarcity ADP DET ADJ Century SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN DET ADJ water cycle ADP DET globe AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ activities CCONJ ADV ADV ADJ changes VERB ADV PUNCT VERB DET group ADP experts ADP DET ADJ conference ADP PROPN ADP ADJ change DET week PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Today PUNCT ADV NUM NUM people AUX VERB ADP water stress PUNCT CCONJ models VERB SCONJ DET AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADP NUM NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADV NUM percent ADP DET population PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET research professor ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PART PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX AUX winners CCONJ losers ADP terms ADP access ADP ADJ water PUNCT DET world PART ADJ nations AUX AUX DET ADJ losers PUNCT Countries ADV VERB ADJ water shortages PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ countries ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX AUX ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Water scarcity VERB DET VERB number ADP ADJ health PUNCT pollution CCONJ ADJ development problems PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PART VERB ADJ conflict ADP competition ADP water resources PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADJ water use plans PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB DET AUX AUX VERB ADP DET VERB ADJ body PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET water cycle AUX VERB ADP climate change PUNCT population growth PUNCT VERB water demand PUNCT changes ADP vegetation cover CCONJ ADV DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB drought ADP DET areas CCONJ flooding ADP others PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ scale PUNCT population growth CCONJ VERB demand ADP water PUNCT PART climate change PUNCT AUX DET ADJ VERB factors ADP ADJ water scarcity ADP DET year NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ scale PUNCT DET AUX SCONJ DET DET ADJ decisions AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX DET combination ADP population growth PUNCT VERB demand ADP water PUNCT CCONJ climate change PRON AUX DET ADJ culprit PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP PROPN PROPN expert PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET NUM ADJ PROPN PROPN events ADP DET century VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM years CCONJ PRON AUX signs SCONJ DET frequency AUX VERB ADP ADP ADJ activities PUNCT SPACE PUNCT ADP NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP DET PUNCT PROPN PROPN event ADP DET century PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ ADJ consequences VERB ADJ ADP SYM NUM NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV VERB NUM SYM NUM PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ PROPN PROPN event ADP DET century ADP ADJ losses VERB PART AUX ADV ADP SYM NUM NUM PUNCT PUNCT
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HAMBURG, Germany, June 19, 2012 — The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (European XFEL) international research facility has overcome one of its most difficult building phases: completion of a 3.6-mile-long network of tunnels. By 2015, laserlike x-ray flashes that enable new insights into the nanoworld will be generated in the tunnels by scientists worldwide.
“Electrons will fly with almost the speed of light from DESY [Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron] in Hamburg to Osdorf,” said professor Robert Feidenhans’l, chairman of the European XFEL Council.
Tunnel XTL on Dec. 6, 2011. (Image: ©European XFEL)
Tunnel construction began in July 2010 with the tunnel boring machine TULA (TUnnel for LAser), which concluded excavation in August 2011. A second boring machine was used from January 2011 right up until the last section of the five photon tunnels leading into the experiment hall was completed. (See: Europe signs on to big x-ray facility
The accelerator tunnel, the longest of the accelerator facility, runs in a straight line for 1.3 mi through Hamburg’s underground. It branches out into five photon tunnels, which lead into the future experiment hall. Undulator tunnels, which contain special magnet structures that slalom accelerated and bundled electrons — inducing them to emit intense flashes of x-ray radiation — are set between the accelerator and photon tunnels.
To generate the extremely short and intense x-ray flashes, bunches of high-energy electrons are directed through special arrangements of magnets (undulators). (Image: ©European XFEL, Design: Marc Hermann, tricklabor)
The tunnels will be equipped with safety devices and infrastructure before the main components of the facility are installed. These include the superconducting electron linear accelerator, whose development, installation and operation will be conducted by DESY, and the photon tunnels, undulator lines and experiment hall, whose equipment and instrument installation will be led by the European XFEL.
It is expected that scientists will be able to produce x-ray radiation for the first time here in 2015, generating up to 27,000 flashes per second — nearly 10 sextillion times brighter than the sun.
More than 400 participants, including guests from politics and science as well as staff from collaborating companies attended the June 14 ceremony upon completion of the tunnel. (Image: ©European XFEL)
“We expect great success for the life sciences, material sciences and nanotechnology when research at the European XFEL begins,” said Dr. Beatrix Vierkorn-Rudolph, head of the Subsection for Large Facilities, Energy and Basic Research, as well as the ESFRI Special Task of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. “The just-completed tunnel connects not only Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, but also scientists throughout Europe and beyond.”
For more information, visit: www.xfel.eu
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X - ray research facility building phases completion mile network tunnels x - ray flashes insights nanoworld tunnels scientists Electrons speed light professor chairman Tunnel XTL Image Tunnel construction tunnel machine excavation machine section photon tunnels experiment hall x - ray facility accelerator tunnel facility line mi photon tunnels experiment hall tunnels magnet structures slalom electrons flashes x - ray radiation accelerator photon tunnels x - ray flashes bunches energy electrons arrangements magnets undulators Image tricklabor tunnels safety devices infrastructure components facility electron accelerator development installation operation DESY tunnels undulator lines experiment hall equipment instrument installation scientists x - ray radiation time flashes second sextillion times sun participants guests politics science staff companies ceremony completion tunnel Image success life sciences material sciences nanotechnology research head tunnel scientists information visit
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HAMBURG, Germany, June 19, 2012 — the european x-ray Free-Electron Laser (European XFEL) international research facility have overcome one of its most difficult building phase: completion of a 3.6-mile-long network of tunnel. by 2015, laserlike x-ray flash that enable new insight into the nanoworld will be generate in the tunnel by scientist worldwide.
"electron will fly with almost the speed of light from DESY [Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron] in Hamburg to Osdorf," say professor Robert Feidenhans’l, chairman of the European XFEL Council.
tunnel xtl on Dec. 6, 2011. (image: ©European XFEL)
tunnel construction begin in July 2010 with the tunnel boring machine TULA (TUnnel for LAser), which conclude excavation in August 2011. a second boring machine be use from January 2011 right up until the last section of the five photon tunnel lead into the experiment hall be complete. (see: Europe sign on to big x-ray facility
the accelerator tunnel, the long of the accelerator facility, run in a straight line for 1.3 mi through Hamburg’s underground. it branch out into five photon tunnel, which lead into the future experiment hall. Undulator tunnel, which contain special magnet structure that slalom accelerate and bundle electron — induce they to emit intense flash of x-ray radiation — be set between the accelerator and photon tunnel.
to generate the extremely short and intense x-ray flash, bunch of high-energy electron be direct through special arrangement of magnet (undulator). (image: ©European XFEL, Design: Marc Hermann, tricklabor)
the tunnel will be equip with safety device and infrastructure before the main component of the facility be instal. these include the superconducte electron linear accelerator, whose development, installation and operation will be conduct by DESY, and the photon tunnel, undulator line and experiment hall, whose equipment and instrument installation will be lead by the european XFEL.
it be expect that scientist will be able to produce x-ray radiation for the first time here in 2015, generate up to 27,000 flash per second — nearly 10 sextillion time bright than the sun.
More than 400 participant, include guest from politic and science as well as staff from collaborate company attend the June 14 ceremony upon completion of the tunnel. (image: ©European XFEL)
"we expect great success for the life science, material science and nanotechnology when research at the european XFEL begin," say Dr. Beatrix Vierkorn-Rudolph, head of the Subsection for Large Facilities, Energy and Basic Research, as well as the ESFRI Special Task of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. "the just-complete tunnel connect not only Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, but also scientist throughout Europe and beyond."
for more information, visit: www.xfel.eu
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PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ research facility AUX VERB NUM ADP PRON ADV ADJ building phases PUNCT completion ADP DET NUM PUNCT mile PUNCT ADJ network ADP tunnels PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT ADJ x - ray flashes PRON VERB ADJ insights ADP DET nanoworld AUX AUX VERB ADP DET tunnels ADP scientists ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Electrons AUX VERB ADP ADV DET speed ADP light ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB professor PROPN PROPN PUNCT chairman ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Image PUNCT X PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE Tunnel construction VERB ADP PROPN NUM ADP DET tunnel VERB machine PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB excavation ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET ADJ VERB machine AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ section ADP DET NUM photon tunnels VERB ADP DET experiment hall AUX VERB PUNCT PUNCT VERB PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP ADP ADJ x - ray facility SPACE DET accelerator tunnel PUNCT DET ADJ ADP DET accelerator facility PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ line ADP NUM mi ADP PROPN PART underground PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADP NUM photon tunnels PUNCT DET VERB ADP DET ADJ experiment hall PUNCT Undulator tunnels PUNCT DET VERB ADJ magnet structures PRON VERB VERB CCONJ VERB electrons PUNCT VERB PRON PART VERB ADJ flashes ADP x - ray radiation PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET accelerator CCONJ photon tunnels PUNCT SPACE PART VERB DET ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ x - ray flashes PUNCT bunches ADP ADJ PUNCT energy electrons AUX VERB ADP ADJ arrangements ADP magnets PUNCT undulators PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT Image PUNCT SYM PROPN PROPN PUNCT Design PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT tricklabor PUNCT SPACE DET tunnels AUX AUX VERB ADP safety devices CCONJ infrastructure ADP DET ADJ components ADP DET facility AUX VERB PUNCT DET VERB DET VERB electron ADJ accelerator PUNCT DET development PUNCT installation CCONJ operation AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET photon tunnels PUNCT undulator lines CCONJ experiment hall PUNCT DET equipment CCONJ instrument installation AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB SCONJ scientists AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB x - ray radiation ADP DET ADJ time ADV ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP PART NUM flashes ADP second PUNCT ADV NUM NUM times ADJ ADP DET sun PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADP NUM participants PUNCT VERB guests ADP politics CCONJ science ADV ADV ADP staff ADP VERB companies VERB DET PROPN NUM ceremony SCONJ completion ADP DET tunnel PUNCT PUNCT Image PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ success ADP DET life sciences PUNCT material sciences CCONJ nanotechnology SCONJ research ADP DET PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT head ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT VERB tunnel VERB PART ADV PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADV scientists ADP PROPN CCONJ ADP PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ information PUNCT VERB PUNCT X
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PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ research facility AUX VERB NUM ADP PRON ADV ADJ building phases PUNCT completion ADP DET NUM PUNCT mile PUNCT ADJ network ADP tunnels PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT ADJ x - ray flashes PRON VERB ADJ insights ADP DET nanoworld AUX AUX VERB ADP DET tunnels ADP scientists ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Electrons AUX VERB ADP ADV DET speed ADP light ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB professor PROPN PROPN PUNCT chairman ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Image PUNCT X PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE Tunnel construction VERB ADP PROPN NUM ADP DET tunnel VERB machine PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB excavation ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT DET ADJ VERB machine AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ section ADP DET NUM photon tunnels VERB ADP DET experiment hall AUX VERB PUNCT PUNCT VERB PUNCT PROPN VERB ADP ADP ADJ x - ray facility SPACE DET accelerator tunnel PUNCT DET ADJ ADP DET accelerator facility PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ line ADP NUM mi ADP PROPN PART underground PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADP NUM photon tunnels PUNCT DET VERB ADP DET ADJ experiment hall PUNCT Undulator tunnels PUNCT DET VERB ADJ magnet structures PRON VERB VERB CCONJ VERB electrons PUNCT VERB PRON PART VERB ADJ flashes ADP x - ray radiation PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET accelerator CCONJ photon tunnels PUNCT SPACE PART VERB DET ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ x - ray flashes PUNCT bunches ADP ADJ PUNCT energy electrons AUX VERB ADP ADJ arrangements ADP magnets PUNCT undulators PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT Image PUNCT SYM PROPN PROPN PUNCT Design PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT tricklabor PUNCT SPACE DET tunnels AUX AUX VERB ADP safety devices CCONJ infrastructure ADP DET ADJ components ADP DET facility AUX VERB PUNCT DET VERB DET VERB electron ADJ accelerator PUNCT DET development PUNCT installation CCONJ operation AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET photon tunnels PUNCT undulator lines CCONJ experiment hall PUNCT DET equipment CCONJ instrument installation AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB SCONJ scientists AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB x - ray radiation ADP DET ADJ time ADV ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP PART NUM flashes ADP second PUNCT ADV NUM NUM times ADJ ADP DET sun PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADP NUM participants PUNCT VERB guests ADP politics CCONJ science ADV ADV ADP staff ADP VERB companies VERB DET PROPN NUM ceremony SCONJ completion ADP DET tunnel PUNCT PUNCT Image PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ success ADP DET life sciences PUNCT material sciences CCONJ nanotechnology SCONJ research ADP DET PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT head ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT VERB tunnel VERB PART ADV PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADV scientists ADP PROPN CCONJ ADP PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ information PUNCT VERB PUNCT X
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Give the students some white wax crayons and tell them to lay down a
thick layer on manilla paper. Then tell them to cut out high contrast photos
(without letters) from newspapers-- color comics work, too. Turn the image
over on to the wax layer and burnish well--you can use the round handle end
of scissors, wooden spoons, clay tools, whatever. The image from the
newsprint will transfer into the white crayon. You can have them create
captions, extend other ideas for images. The kids really get into the
physical aspects of preparing these transfers and you are free to
concentrate on your mural painters.
Ann-on-y-mouse in Columbus
how to manage the mural painters out in the hall, while supervising the rest
of the class.
Any ideas for less teacher intensive projects with a high enough engagement
level that students would be able to work on out in the hall?
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students wax crayons layer paper contrast photos letters color comics work image wax layer handle end scissors spoons clay tools image newsprint crayon captions ideas images kids aspects transfers painters mouse painters hall rest class ideas teacher projects engagement level students hall
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give the student some white wax crayon and tell they to lay down a
thick layer on manilla paper. then tell they to cut out high contrast photo
(without letter) from newspapers-- color comic_strip work, too. turn the image
over on to the wax layer and burnish well--you can use the round handle end
of scissor, wooden spoon, clay tool, whatever. the image from the
newsprint will transfer into the white crayon. you can have they create
caption, extend other idea for image. the kid really get into the
physical aspect of prepare these transfer and you be free to
concentrate on your mural painter.
Ann-on-y-mouse in Columbus
how to manage the mural painter out in the hall, while supervise the rest
of the class.
any idea for less teacher intensive project with a high enough engagement
level that student would be able to work on out in the hall?
|
VERB DET students DET ADJ wax crayons CCONJ VERB PRON PART VERB ADV DET SPACE ADJ layer ADP manilla paper PUNCT ADV VERB PRON PART VERB ADP ADJ contrast photos SPACE PUNCT ADP letters PUNCT ADP newspapers-- color comics VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB DET image SPACE ADP ADP ADP DET wax layer CCONJ VERB ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ handle end SPACE ADP scissors PUNCT ADJ spoons PUNCT clay tools PUNCT DET PUNCT DET image ADP DET SPACE newsprint AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ crayon PUNCT PRON AUX AUX PRON VERB SPACE captions PUNCT VERB ADJ ideas ADP images PUNCT DET kids ADV VERB ADP DET SPACE ADJ aspects ADP VERB DET transfers CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART SPACE VERB ADP PRON mural painters PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT ADP PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE SCONJ PART VERB DET mural painters ADP ADP DET hall PUNCT SCONJ VERB DET rest SPACE ADP DET class PUNCT SPACE DET ideas ADP ADV teacher ADJ projects ADP DET ADJ ADJ engagement SPACE level SCONJ students AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP ADV ADP DET hall PUNCT
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VERB DET students DET ADJ wax crayons CCONJ VERB PRON PART VERB ADV DET SPACE ADJ layer ADP manilla paper PUNCT ADV VERB PRON PART VERB ADP ADJ contrast photos SPACE PUNCT ADP letters PUNCT ADP newspapers-- color comics VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB DET image SPACE ADP ADP ADP DET wax layer CCONJ VERB ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ handle end SPACE ADP scissors PUNCT ADJ spoons PUNCT clay tools PUNCT DET PUNCT DET image ADP DET SPACE newsprint AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ crayon PUNCT PRON AUX AUX PRON VERB SPACE captions PUNCT VERB ADJ ideas ADP images PUNCT DET kids ADV VERB ADP DET SPACE ADJ aspects ADP VERB DET transfers CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART SPACE VERB ADP PRON mural painters PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT ADP PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE SCONJ PART VERB DET mural painters ADP ADP DET hall PUNCT SCONJ VERB DET rest SPACE ADP DET class PUNCT SPACE DET ideas ADP ADV teacher ADJ projects ADP DET ADJ ADJ engagement SPACE level SCONJ students AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP ADV ADP DET hall PUNCT
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VERB DET students DET ADJ wax crayons CCONJ VERB PRON PART VERB ADV DET SPACE ADJ layer ADP manilla paper PUNCT ADV VERB PRON PART VERB ADP ADJ contrast photos SPACE PUNCT ADP letters PUNCT ADP newspapers-- color comics VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB DET image SPACE ADP ADP ADP DET wax layer CCONJ VERB ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ handle end SPACE ADP scissors PUNCT ADJ spoons PUNCT clay tools PUNCT DET PUNCT DET image ADP DET SPACE newsprint AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ crayon PUNCT PRON AUX AUX PRON VERB SPACE captions PUNCT VERB ADJ ideas ADP images PUNCT DET kids ADV VERB ADP DET SPACE ADJ aspects ADP VERB DET transfers CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART SPACE VERB ADP PRON mural painters PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT ADP PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE SCONJ PART VERB DET mural painters ADP ADP DET hall PUNCT SCONJ VERB DET rest SPACE ADP DET class PUNCT SPACE DET ideas ADP ADV teacher ADJ projects ADP DET ADJ ADJ engagement SPACE level SCONJ students AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB ADP ADV ADP DET hall PUNCT
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Significance and Use
Sediment provides habitat for many aquatic organisms and is a major repository for many of the more persistent chemicals that are introduced into surface waters. In the aquatic environment, most anthropogenic chemicals and waste materials including toxic organic and inorganic chemicals eventually accumulate in sediment. Mounting evidences exists of environmental degradation in areas where USEPA Water Quality Criteria (WQC; Stephan et al.(67)) are not exceeded, yet organisms in or near sediments are adversely affected Chapman, 1989 (68). The WQC were developed to protect organisms in the water column and were not directed toward protecting organisms in sediment. Concentrations of contaminants in sediment may be several orders of magnitude higher than in the overlying water; however, whole sediment concentrations have not been strongly correlated to bioavailability Burton, 1991(69). Partitioning or sorption of a compound between water and sediment may depend on many factors including: aqueous solubility, pH, redox, affinity for sediment organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon, grain size of the sediment, sediment mineral constituents (oxides of iron, manganese, and aluminum), and the quantity of acid volatile sulfides in sediment Di Toro et al. 1991(70) Giesy et al. 1988 (71). Although certain chemicals are highly sorbed to sediment, these compounds may still be available to the biota. Chemicals in sediments may be directly toxic to aquatic life or can be a source of chemicals for bioaccumulation in the food chain.
The objective of a sediment test is to determine whether chemicals in sediment are harmful to or are bioaccumulated by benthic organisms. The tests can be used to measure interactive toxic effects of complex chemical mixtures in sediment. Furthermore, knowledge of specific pathways of interactions among sediments and test organisms is not necessary to conduct the tests Kemp et al. 1988, (72). Sediment tests can be used to: (1) determine the relationship between toxic effects and bioavailability, (2) investigate interactions among chemicals, (3) compare the sensitivities of different organisms, (4) determine spatial and temporal distribution of contamination, (5) evaluate hazards of dredged material, (6) measure toxicity as part of product licensing or safety testing, (7) rank areas for clean up, and (8) estimate the effectiveness of remediation or management practices.
A variety of methods have been developed for assessing the toxicity of chemicals in sediments using amphipods, midges, polychaetes, oligochaetes, mayflies, or cladocerans (Test Method E 1706, Guide E 1525, Guide E 1850; Annex A1, Annex A2; USEPA, 2000 (73), EPA 1994b, (74), Environment Canada 1997a, (75), Enviroment Canada 1997b,(76)). Several endpoints are suggested in these methods to measure potential effects of contaminants in sediment including survival, growth, behavior, or reproduction; however, survival of test organisms in 10-day exposures is the endpoint most commonly reported. These short-term exposures that only measure effects on survival can be used to identify high levels of contamination in sediments, but may not be able to identify moderate levels of contamination in sediments (USEPA USEPA, 2000 (73); Sibley et al.1996, (77); Sibley et al.1997a, (78); Sibley et al.1997b, (79); Benoit et al.1997, (80); Ingersoll et al.1998, (81)). Sublethal endpoints in sediment tests might also prove to be better estimates of responses of benthic communities to contaminants in the field, Kembel et al. 1994 (82). Insufficient information is available to determine if the long-term test conducted with Leptocheirus plumulosus (Annex A2) is more sensitive than 10-d toxicity tests conducted with this or other species.
The decision to conduct short-term or long-term toxicity tests depends on the goal of the assessment. In some instances, sufficient information may be gained by measuring sublethal endpoints in 10-day tests. In other instances, the 10-day tests could be used to screen samples for toxicity before long-term tests are conducted. While the long-term tests are needed to determine direct effects on reproduction, measurement of growth in these toxicity tests may serve as an indirect estimate of reproductive effects of contaminants associated with sediments (Annex A1).
Use of sublethal endpoints for assessment of contaminant risk is not unique to toxicity testing with sediments. Numerous regulatory programs require the use of sublethal endpoints in the decision-making process (Pittinger and Adams, 1997, (83)) including: (1) Water Quality Criteria (and State Standards); (2) National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) effluent monitoring (including chemical-specific limits and sublethal endpoints in toxicity tests); (3) Federal Insecticide, Rodenticide and Fungicide Act (FIFRA) and the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA, tiered assessment includes several sublethal endpoints with fish and aquatic invertebrates); (4) Superfund (Comprehensive Environmental Responses, Compensation and Liability Act; CERCLA); (5) Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, sublethal toxicity testing with fish and invertebrates); (6) European Economic Community (EC, sublethal toxicity testing with fish and invertebrates); and (7) the Paris Commission (behavioral endpoints).
Results of toxicity tests on sediments spiked at different concentrations of chemicals can be used to establish cause and effect relationships between chemicals and biological responses. Results of toxicity tests with test materials spiked into sediments at different concentrations may be reported in terms of an LC50 (median lethal concentration), an EC50 (median effect concentration), an IC50 (inhibition concentration), or as a NOEC (no observed effect concentration) or LOEC (lowest observed effect concentration). However, spiked sediment may not be representative of chemicals associated with sediment in the field. Mixing time Stemmer et al. 1990b, (84), aging ( Landrum et al. 1989,(85), Word et al. 1987, (86), Landrum et al., 1992,(87)), and the chemical form of the material can affect responses of test organisms in spiked sediment tests.
Evaluating effect concentrations for chemicals in sediment requires knowledge of factors controlling their bioavailability. Similar concentrations of a chemical in units of mass of chemical per mass of sediment dry weight often exhibit a range in toxicity in different sediments Di Toro et al. 1990, (88) Di Toro et al. 1991,(70). Effect concentrations of chemicals in sediment have been correlated to interstitial water concentrations, and effect concentrations in interstitial water are often similar to effect concentrations in water-only exposures. The bioavailability of nonionic organic compounds in sediment is often inversely correlated with the organic carbon concentration. Whatever the route of exposure, these correlations of effect concentrations to interstitial water concentrations indicate that predicted or measured concentrations in interstitial water can be used to quantify the exposure concentration to an organism. Therefore, information on partitioning of chemicals between solid and liquid phases of sediment is useful for establishing effect concentrations Di Toro et al. 1991, (70).
Field surveys can be designed to provide either a qualitative reconnaissance of the distribution of sediment contamination or a quantitative statistical comparison of contamination among sites.
Surveys of sediment toxicity are usually part of more comprehensive analyses of biological, chemical, geological, and hydrographic data. Statistical correlations may be improved and sampling costs may be reduced if subsamples are taken simultaneously for sediment tests, chemical analyses, and benthic community structure.
Table 2 lists several approaches the USEPA has considered for the assessment of sediment quality USEPA, 1992, (89). These approaches include: (1) equilibrium partitioning, (2) tissue residues, (3) interstitial water toxicity, (4) whole-sediment toxicity and sediment-spiking tests, (5) benthic community structure, (6) effect ranges (for example, effect range median, ERM), and (7) sediment quality triad (see USEPA, 1989a, 1990a, 1990b and 1992b, (90, 91, 92, 93 and Wenning and Ingersoll (2002 (94)) for a critique of these methods). The sediment assessment approaches listed in Table 2 can be classified as numeric (for example, equilibrium partitioning), descriptive (for example, whole-sediment toxicity tests), or a combination of numeric and descriptive approaches (for example, ERM, USEPA, 1992c, (95). Numeric methods can be used to derive chemical-specific sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). Descriptive methods such as toxicity tests with field-collected sediment cannot be used alone to develop numerical SQGs for individual chemicals. Although each approach can be used to make site-specific decisions, no one single approach can adequately address sediment quality. Overall, an integration of several methods using the weight of evidence is the most desirable approach for assessing the effects of contaminants associated with sediment, (Long et al. 1991(96) MacDonald et al. 1996 (97) Ingersoll et al. 1996 (98) Ingersoll et al. 1997 (99), Wenning and Ingersoll 2002 (94)). Hazard evaluations integrating data from laboratory exposures, chemical analyses, and benthic community assessments (the sediment quality triad) provide strong complementary evidence of the degree of pollution-induced degradation in aquatic communities (Burton, 1991 (69), Chapman 1992, 1997 (100, 101).)
Regulatory Applications—Test Method E 1706 provides information on the regulatory applications of sediment toxicity tests.
The USEPA Environmental Monitoring Management Council (EMMC) recommended the use of performance-based methods in developing standards, (Williams, 1993 (102). Performance-based methods were defined by EMMC as a monitoring approach which permits the use of appropriate methods that meet preestablished demonstrated performance standards (11.2).
The USEPA Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, and Office of Research and Development held a workshop to provide an opportunity for experts in the field of sediment toxicology and staff from the USEPA Regional and Headquarters Program offices to discuss the development of standard freshwater, estuarine, and marine sediment testing procedures (USEPA, 1992a, 1994a (89, 103)). Workgroup participants arrived at a consensus on several culturing and testing methods. In developing guidance for culturing test organisms to be included in the USEPA methods manual for sediment tests, it was agreed that no one method should be required to culture organisms. However, the consensus at the workshop was that success of a test depends on the health of the cultures. Therefore, having healthy test organisms of known quality and age for testing was determined to be the key consideration relative to culturing methods. A performance-based criteria approach was selected in USEPA, 2000 (73) as the preferred method through which individual laboratories could use unique culturing methods rather than requiring use of one culturing method.
This standard recommends the use of performance-based criteria to allow each laboratory to optimize culture methods and minimize effects of test organism health on the reliability and comparability of test results. See Annex A1 and Annex A2 for a listing of performance criteria for culturing or testing.
1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing estuarine or marine organisms in the laboratory to evaluate the toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments. Sediments may be collected from the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory. General guidance is presented in Sections 1-15 for conducting sediment toxicity tests with estuarine or marine amphipods. Specific guidance for conducting 10-d sediment toxicity tests with estuarine or marine amphipods is outlined in Annex A1 and specific guidance for conducting 28-d sediment toxicity tests with Leptocheirus plumulosus is outlined in Annex A2.
1.2 Procedures are described for testing estuarine or marine amphipod crustaceans in 10-d laboratory exposures to evaluate the toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments (Annex A1; USEPA 1994a (1)). Sediments may be collected from the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory. A toxicity method is outlined for four species of estuarine or marine sediment-burrowing amphipods found within United States coastal waters. The species are Ampelisca abdita, a marine species that inhabits marine and mesohaline portions of the Atlantic coast, the Gulf of Mexico, and San Francisco Bay; Eohaustorius estuarius, a Pacific coast estuarine species; Leptocheirus plumulosus, an Atlantic coast estuarine species; and Rhepoxynius abronius, a Pacific coast marine species. Generally, the method described may be applied to all four species, although acclimation procedures and some test conditions (that is, temperature and salinity) will be species-specific (Sections 12 and Annex A1). The toxicity test is conducted in 1-L glass chambers containing 175 mL of sediment and 775 mL of overlying seawater. Exposure is static (that is, water is not renewed), and the animals are not fed over the 10-d exposure period. The endpoint in the toxicity test is survival with reburial of surviving amphipods as an additional measurement that can be used as an endpoint for some of the test species (for R. abronius and E. estuarius). Performance criteria established for this test include the average survival of amphipods in negative control treatment must be greater than or equal to 90 %. Procedures are described for use with sediments with pore-water salinity ranging from >0 o/ooto fully marine.
1.3 A procedure is also described for determining the chronic toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments with the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus in laboratory exposures (Annex A2; USEPA-USACE 2001(2)). The toxicity test is conducted for 28 d in 1-L glass chambers containing 175 mL of sediment and about 775 mL of overlying water. Test temperature is 25° ± 2°C, and the recommended overlying water salinity is 5 o/oo ± 2 o/oo(for test sediment with pore water at 1 o/oo to 10 o/oo) or 20 o/oo ± 2 o/oo (for test sediment with pore water >10 o/oo). Four hundred millilitres of overlying water is renewed three times per week, at which times test organisms are fed. The endpoints in the toxicity test are survival, growth, and reproduction of amphipods. Performance criteria established for this test include the average survival of amphipods in negative control treatment must be greater than or equal to 80 % and there must be measurable growth and reproduction in all replicates of the negative control treatment. This test is applicable for use with sediments from oligohaline to fully marine environments, with a silt content greater than 5 % and a clay content less than 85 %.
1.4 A salinity of 5 or 20 o/oo is recommended for routine application of 28-d test with L. plumulosus (Annex A2; USEPA-USACE 2001 (2)) and a salinity of 20 o/oois recommended for routine application of the 10-d test with E. estuarius or L. plumulosus (Annex A1). However, the salinity of the overlying water for tests with these two species can be adjusted to a specific salinity of interest (for example, salinity representative of site of interest or the objective of the study may be to evaluate the influence of salinity on the bioavailability of chemicals in sediment). More importantly, the salinity tested must be within the tolerance range of the test organisms (as outlined in Annex A1 and Annex A2). If tests are conducted with procedures different from those described in 1.3 or in Table A1.1 (for example, different salinity, lighting, temperature, feeding conditions), additional tests are required to determine comparability of results (1.10). If there is not a need to make comparisons among studies, then the test could be conducted just at a selected salinity for the sediment of interest.
1.5 Future revisions of this standard may include additional annexes describing whole-sediment toxicity tests with other groups of estuarine or marine invertebrates (for example, information presented in Guide E 1611 on sediment testing with polychaetes could be added as an annex to future revisions to this standard). Future editions to this standard may also include methods for conducting the toxicity tests in smaller chambers with less sediment (Ho et al. 2000 (3), Ferretti et al. 2002 (4)).
1.6 Procedures outlined in this standard are based primarily on procedures described in the USEPA (1994a (1)), USEPA-USACE (2001(2)), Test Method E 1706, and Guides E 1391, E 1525, E 1688, Environment Canada (1992 (5)), DeWitt et al. (1992a (6); 1997a (7)), Emery et al. (1997 (8)), and Emery and Moore (1996 (9)), Swartz et al. (1985 (10)), DeWitt et al. (1989 (11)), Scott and Redmond (1989 (12)), and Schlekat et al. (1992 (13)).
1.7 Additional sediment toxicity research and methods development are now in progress to (1) refine sediment spiking procedures, (2) refine sediment dilution procedures, (3) refine sediment Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) procedures, (4) produce additional data on confirmation of responses in laboratory tests with natural populations of benthic organisms (that is, field validation studies), and (5) evaluate relative sensitivity of endpoints measured in 10- and 28-d toxicity tests using estuarine or marine amphipods. This information will be described in future editions of this standard.
1.8 Although standard procedures are described in Annex A2 of this standard for conducting chronic sediment tests with L. plumulosus, further investigation of certain issues could aid in the interpretation of test results. Some of these issues include further investigation to evaluate the relative toxicological sensitivity of the lethal and sublethal endpoints to a wide variety of chemicals spiked in sediment and to mixtures of chemicals in sediments from contamination gradients in the field (USEPA-USACE 2001 (2)). Additional research is needed to evaluate the ability of the lethal and sublethal endpoints to estimate the responses of populations and communities of benthic invertebrates to contaminated sediments. Research is also needed to link the toxicity test endpoints to a field-validated population model of L. plumulosus that would then generate estimates of population-level responses of the amphipod to test sediments and thereby provide additional ecologically relevant interpretive guidance for the laboratory toxicity test.
1.9 This standard outlines specific test methods for evaluating the toxicity of sediments with A. abdita, E. estuarius, L. plumulosus, and R. abronius. While standard procedures are described in this standard, further investigation of certain issues could aid in the interpretation of test results. Some of these issues include the effect of shipping on organism sensitivity, additional performance criteria for organism health, sensitivity of various populations of the same test species, and confirmation of responses in laboratory tests with natural benthos populations.
1.10 General procedures described in this standard might be useful for conducting tests with other estuarine or marine organisms (for example, Corophium spp., Grandidierella japonica, Lepidactylus dytiscus, Streblospio benedicti), although modifications may be necessary. Results of tests, even those with the same species, using procedures different from those described in the test method may not be comparable and using these different procedures may alter bioavailability. Comparison of results obtained using modified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting sediment tests with aquatic organisms. If tests are conducted with procedures different from those described in this test method, additional tests are required to determine comparability of results. General procedures described in this test method might be useful for conducting tests with other aquatic organisms; however, modifications may be necessary.
1.11 Selection of Toxicity Testing Organisms:
1.11.1 The choice of a test organism has a major influence on the relevance, success, and interpretation of a test. Furthermore, no one organism is best suited for all sediments. The following criteria were considered when selecting test organisms to be described in this standard (Table 1 and Guide E 1525). Ideally, a test organism should: (1) have a toxicological database demonstrating relative sensitivity to a range of contaminants of interest in sediment, (2) have a database for interlaboratory comparisons of procedures (for example, round-robin studies), (3) be in direct contact with sediment, (4) be readily available from culture or through field collection, (5) be easily maintained in the laboratory, (6) be easily identified, (7) be ecologically or economically important, (8) have a broad geographical distribution, be indigenous (either present or historical) to the site being evaluated, or have a niche similar to organisms of concern (for example, similar feeding guild or behavior to the indigenous organisms), (9) be tolerant of a broad range of sediment physico-chemical characteristics (for example, grain size), and (10) be compatible with selected exposure methods and endpoints (Guide E 1525). Methods utilizing selected organisms should also be (11) peer reviewed (for example, journal articles) and (12) confirmed with responses with natural populations of benthic organisms.
1.11.2 Of these criteria (Table 1), a database demonstrating relative sensitivity to contaminants, contact with sediment, ease of culture in the laboratory or availability for field-collection, ease of handling in the laboratory, tolerance to varying sediment physico-chemical characteristics, and confirmation with responses with natural benthic populations were the primary criteria used for selecting A. abdita, E. estuarius, L. plumulosus, and R. abronius for the current edition of this standard for 10-d sediment tests (Annex A1). The species chosen for this method are intimately associated with sediment, due to their tube- dwelling or free-burrowing, and sediment ingesting nature. Amphipods have been used extensively to test the toxicity of marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments (Swartz et al., 1985 (10); DeWitt et al., 1989 (11); Scott and Redmond, 1989 (12); DeWitt et al., 1992a (6); Schlekat et al., 1992 (13)). The selection of test species for this standard followed the consensus of experts in the field of sediment toxicology who participated in a workshop entitled “Testing Issues for Freshwater and Marine Sediments”. The workshop was sponsored by USEPA Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, and Office of Research and Development, and was held in Washington, D.C. from 16-18 September 1992 (USEPA, 1992 (14)). Of the candidate species discussed at the workshop, A. abdita, E. estuarius, L. plumulosus, and R. abronius best fulfilled the selection criteria, and presented the availability of a combination of one estuarine and one marine species each for both the Atlantic (the estuarine L. plumulosus and the marine A. abdita) and Pacific (the estuarine E. estuarius and the marine R. abronius) coasts. Ampelisca abdita is also native to portions of the Gulf of Mexico and San Francisco Bay. Many other organisms that might be appropriate for sediment testing do not now meet these selection criteria because little emphasis has been placed on developing standardized testing procedures for benthic organisms. For example, a fifth species, Grandidierella japonica was not selected because workshop participants felt that the use of this species was not sufficiently broad to warrant standardization of the method. Environment Canada (1992 (5)) has recommended the use of the following amphipod species for sediment toxicity testing: Amphiporeia virginiana, Corophium volutator, Eohaustorius washingtonianus, Foxiphalus xiximeus, and Leptocheirus pinguis. A database similar to those available for A. abdita, E. estuarius, L. plumulosus, and R. abronius must be developed in order for these and other organisms to be included in future editions of this standard.
1.11.3 The primary criterion used for selecting L. plumulosus for chronic testing of sediments was that this species is found in both oligohaline and mesohaline regions of estuaries on the East Coast of the United States and is tolerant to a wide range of sediment grain size distribution (USEPA-USACE 2001 (2), Annex Annex A2). This species is easily cultured in the laboratory and has a relatively short generation time (that is, about 24 d at 23°C, DeWitt et al. 1992a (6)) that makes this species adaptable to chronic testing (Section 12).
1.11.4 An important consideration in the selection of specific species for test method development is the existence of information concerning relative sensitivity of the organisms both to single chemicals and complex mixtures. Several studies have evaluated the sensitivities of A. abdita, E. estuarius, L. plumulosus, or R. abronius, either relative to one another, or to other commonly tested estuarine or marine species. For example, the sensitivity of marine amphipods was compared to other species that were used in generating saltwater Water Quality Criteria. Seven amphipod genera, including Ampelisca abdita and Rhepoxynius abronius, were among the test species used to generate saltwater Water Quality Criteria for 12 chemicals. Acute amphipod toxicity data from 4-d water-only tests for each of the 12 chemicals was compared to data for (1) all other species, (2) other benthic species, and (3) other infaunal species. Amphipods were generally of median sensitivity for each comparison. The average percentile rank of amphipods among all species tested was 57 %; among all benthic species, 56 %; and, among all infaunal species, 54 %. Thus, amphipods are not uniquely sensitive relative to all species, benthic species, or even infaunal species (USEPA 1994a (1)). Additional research may be warranted to develop tests using species that are consistently more sensitive than amphipods, thereby offering protection to less sensitive groups.
1.11.5 Williams et al. (1986 (15)) compared the sensitivity of the R. abronius 10-d whole sediment test, the oyster embryo (Crassostrea gigas) 48-h abnormality test, and the bacterium (Vibrio fisheri) 1-h luminescence inhibition test (that is, the Microtox test) to sediments collected from 46 contaminated sites in Commencement Bay, WA. Rhepoxynius abronius were exposed to whole sediment, while the oyster and bacterium tests were conducted with sediment elutriates and extracts, respectfully. Microtox was the most sensitive test, with 63 % of the sites eliciting significant inhibition of luminescence. Significant mortality of R. abronius was observed in 40 % of test sediments, and oyster abnormality occurred in 35 % of sediment elutriates. Complete concordance (that is, sediments that were either toxic or not-toxic in all three tests) was observed in 41 % of the sediments. Possible sources for the lack of concordance at other sites include interspecific differences in sensitivity among test organisms, heterogeneity in contaminant types associated with test sediments, and differences in routes of exposure inherent in each toxicity test. These results highlight the importance of using multiple assays when performing sediment assessments.
1.11.6 Several studies have compared the sensitivity of combinations of the four amphipods to sediment contaminants. For example, there are several comparisons between A. abdita and R. abronius, between E. estuarius and R. abronius, and between A. abdita and L. plumulosus. There are fewer examples of direct comparisons between E. estuarius and L. plumulosus, and no examples comparing L. plumulosus and R. abronius. There is some overlap in relative sensitivity from comparison to comparison within each species combination, which appears to indicate that all four species are within the same range of relative sensitivity to contaminated sediments.
220.127.116.11 Word et al. (1989 (16)) compared the sensitivity of A. abdita and R. abronius to contaminated sediments in a series of experiments. Both species were tested at 15°C. Experiments were designed to compare the response of the organism rather than to provide a comparison of the sensitivity of the methods (that is, Ampelisca abdita would normally be tested at 20°C). Sediments collected from Oakland Harbor, CA, were used for the comparisons. Twenty-six sediments were tested in one comparison, while 5 were tested in the other. Analysis of results using Kruskal Wallace rank sum test for both experiments demonstrated that R. abronius exhibited greater sensitivity to the sediments than A. abdita at 15°C. Long and Buchman (1989 (17)) also compared the sensitivity of A. abdita and R. abronius to sediments from Oakland Harbor, CA. They also determined that A. abdita showed less sensitivity than R. abronius, but they also showed that A. abdita was less sensitive to sediment grain size factors than R. abronius.
18.104.22.168 DeWitt et al. (1989 (11)) compared the sensitivity of E. estuarius and R. abronius to sediment spiked with fluoranthene and field-collected sediment from industrial waterways in Puget Sound, WA, in 10-d tests, and to aqueous cadmium (CdCl2) in a 4-d water-only test. The sensitivity of E. estuarius was from two (to spiked-spiked sediment) to seven (to one Puget Sound, WA, sediment) times less sensitive than R. abronius in sediment tests, and ten times less sensitive to CdCl2 in the water-only test. These results are supported by the findings of Pastorok and Becker (1990 (18)) who found the acute sensitivity of E. estuarius and R. abronius to be generally comparable to each other, and both were more sensitive than Neanthes arenaceodentata (survival and biomass endpoints), Panope generosa (survival), and Dendraster excentricus (survival).
22.214.171.124 Leptocheirus plumulosus was as sensitive as the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca to an artificially created gradient of sediment contamination when the latter was acclimated to oligohaline salinity (that is, 6 o/oo; McGee et al., 1993 (19)). DeWitt et al. (1992b (20)) compared the sensitivity of L. plumulosus with three other amphipod species, two mollusks, and one polychaete to highly contaminated sediment collected from Baltimore Harbor, MD, that was serially diluted with clean sediment. Leptocheirus plumulosus was more sensitive than the amphipods Hyalella azteca and Lepidactylus dytiscus and exhibited equal sensitivity with E. estuarius. Schlekat et al. (1995 (21)) describe the results of an interlaboratory comparison of 10-d tests with A. abdita, L. plumulosus and E. estuarius using dilutions of sediments collected from Black Rock Harbor, CT. There was strong agreement among species and laboratories in the ranking of sediment toxicity and the ability to discriminate between toxic and non-toxic sediments.
126.96.36.199 Hartwell et al. (2000 (22)) evaluated the response of Leptocheirus plumulosus (10-d survival or growth) to the response of the amphipod Lepidactylus dytiscus (10-d survival or growth), the polychaete Streblospio benedicti (10-d survival or growth), and lettuce germination (Lactuca sativa in 3-d exposure) and observed that L. plumulosus was relatively insensitive compared to the response of either L. dytiscus or S. benedicti in exposures to 4 sediments with elevated metal concentrations.
188.8.131.52 Ammonia is a naturally occurring compound in marine sediment that results from the degradation of organic debris. Interstitial ammonia concentrations in test sediment can range from <1 mg/L to in excess of 400 mg/L (Word et al., 1997 (23)). Some benthic infauna show toxicity to ammonia at concentrations of about 20 mg/L (Kohn et al., 1994 (24)). Based on water-only and spiked-sediment experiments with ammonia, threshold limits for test initiation and termination have been established for the L. plumulosus chronic test. Smaller (younger) individuals are more sensitive to ammonia than larger (older) individuals (DeWitt et al., 1997a (7), b (25). Results of a 28-d test indicated that neonates can tolerate very high levels of pore-water ammonia (>300 mg/L total ammonia) for short periods of time with no apparent long-term effects (Moore et al., 1997 (26)). It is not surprising L. plumulosus has a high tolerance for ammonia given that these amphipods are often found in organic rich sediments in which diagenesis can result in elevated pore-water ammonia concentrations. Insensitivity to ammonia by L. plumulosus should not be construed as an indicator of the sensitivity of the L. plumulosus sediment toxicity test to other chemicals of concern.
1.11.7 Limited comparative data is available for concurrent water-only exposures of all four species in single-chemical tests. Studies that do exist generally show that no one species is consistently the most sensitive.
184.108.40.206 The relative sensitivity of the four amphipod species to ammonia was determined in ten-d water only toxicity tests in order to aid interpretation of results of tests on sediments where this toxicant is present (USEPA 1994a (1)). These tests were static exposures that were generally conducted under conditions (for example, salinity, photoperiod) similar to those used for standard 10-d sediment tests. Departures from standard conditions included the absence of sediment and a test temperature of 20°C for L. plumulosus, rather than 25°C as dictated in this standard. Sensitivity to total ammonia increased with increasing pH for all four species. The rank sensitivity was R. abronius = A. abdita > E. estuarius > L. plumulosus. A similar study by Kohn et al. (1994 (24)) showed a similar but slightly different relative sensitivity to ammonia with A. abdita > R. abronius = L. plumulosus > E. estuarius.
220.127.116.11 Cadmium chloride has been a common reference toxicant for all four species in 4-d exposures. DeWitt et al. (1992a (6)) reports the rank sensitivity as R. abronius > A. abdita > L. plumulosus > E. estuarius at a common temperature and salinity of 15°C and 28 o/oo. A series of 4-d exposures to cadmium that were conducted at species-specific temperatures and salinities showed the following rank sensitivity: A. abdita = L. plumulosus = R. abronius > E. estuarius (USEPA 1994a (1)).
18.104.22.168 Relative species sensitivity frequently varies among contaminants; consequently, a battery of tests including organisms representing different trophic levels may be needed to assess sediment quality (Craig, 1984 (27); Williams et al. 1986 (15); Long et al., 1990 (28); Ingersoll et al., 1990 (29); Burton and Ingersoll, 1994 (31)). For example, Reish (1988 (32)) reported the relative toxicity of six metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, and zinc) to crustaceans, polychaetes, pelecypods, and fishes and concluded that no one species or group of test organisms was the most sensitive to all of the metals.
1.11.8 The sensitivity of an organism is related to route of exposure and biochemical response to contaminants. Sediment-dwelling organisms can receive exposure from three primary sources: interstitial water, sediment particles, and overlying water. Food type, feeding rate, assimilation efficiency, and clearance rate will control the dose of contaminants from sediment. Benthic invertebrates often selectively consume different particle sizes (Harkey et al. 1994 (33)) or particles with higher organic carbon concentrations which may have higher contaminant concentrations. Grazers and other collector-gatherers that feed on aufwuchs and detritus may receive most of their body burden directly from materials attached to sediment or from actual sediment ingestion. In some amphipods (Landrum, 1989 (34)) and clams (Boese et al., 1990 (35)) uptake through the gut can exceed uptake across the gills for certain hydrophobic compounds. Organisms in direct contact with sediment may also accumulate contaminants by direct adsorption to the body wall or by absorption through the integument (Knezovich et al. 1987 (36)).
1.11.9 Despite the potential complexities in estimating the dose that an animal receives from sediment, the toxicity and bioaccumulation of many contaminants in sediment such as Kepone®, fluoranthene, organochlorines, and metals have been correlated with either the concentration of these chemicals in interstitial water or in the case of non-ionic organic chemicals, concentrations in sediment on an organic carbon normalized basis (Di Toro et al. 1990 (37); Di Toro et al. 1991(38)). The relative importance of whole sediment and interstitial water routes of exposure depends on the test organism and the specific contaminant (Knezovich et al. 1987 (36)). Because benthic communities contain a diversity of organisms, many combinations of exposure routes may be important. Therefore, behavior and feeding habits of a test organism can influence its ability to accumulate contaminants from sediment and should be considered when selecting test organisms for sediment testing.
1.11.10 The use of A. abdita, E. estuarius, R. abronius, and L. plumulosus in laboratory toxicity studies has been field validated with natural populations of benthic organisms (Swartz et al. 1994 (39) and Anderson et al. 2001 (40) for E. estuarius, Swartz et al. 1982 (43) and Anderson et al. 2001 (40) for R. abronius, McGee et al. 1999 (41)and McGee and Fisher 1999 (42) for L. plumulosus).
22.214.171.124 Data from USEPA Office of Research and Development's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment program were examined to evaluate the relationship between survival of Ampelisca abdita in sediment toxicity tests and the presence of amphipods, particularly ampeliscids, in field samples. Over 200 sediment samples from two years of sampling in the Virginian Province (Cape Cod, MA, to Cape Henry, VA) were available for comparing synchronous measurements of A. abdita survival in toxicity tests to benthic community enumeration. Although species of this genus were among the more frequently occurring taxa in these samples, ampeliscids were totally absent from stations that exhibited A. abdita test survival <60 % of that in control samples. Additionally, ampeliscids were found in very low densities at stations with amphipod test survival between 60 and 80 % (USEPA 1994a (1)). These data indicate that tests with
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D4447 Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals and Samples
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process
E141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the Results of Probability Sampling
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Test Materials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians
E943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Environmental Fate
E1241 Guide for Conducting Early Life-Stage Toxicity Tests with Fishes
E1325 Terminology Relating to Design of Experiments
E1391 Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, and Manipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing and for Selection of Samplers Used to Collect Benthic Invertebrates
E1402 Guide for Sampling Design
E1525 Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sediments
E1611 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests with Polychaetous Annelids
E1688 Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates
E1706 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates
E1847 Practice for Statistical Analysis of Toxicity Tests Conducted Under ASTM Guidelines
E1850 Guide for Selection of Resident Species as Test Organisms for Aquatic and Sediment Toxicity Tests
Ampelisca abdita; amphipod; bioavailability; chronic; Eohaustorius estuarius; estuarine; invertebrates; Leptocheirus plumulosus; marine; Rhepoxynius abronius; sediment; toxicity; Acidity, alkalinity, pH--chemicals; Acute toxicity tests; Ampelisca abdita; Amphipods/Amphibia; Aqueous environments; Benthic macroinvertebrates (collecting); Biological data analysis--sediments; Bivalve molluscs; Chemical analysis--water applications; Contamination--environmental; Corophium; Crustacea; EC50 test; Eohaustorius estuarius; Estuarine environments; Field testing--environmental materials/applications; Geochemical characteristics; Grandidierella japonica; Leptocheirus Plumuulosus; Marine environments; Median lethal dose; Polychaetes; Reference toxicants; Rhepoxynium abronius; Saltwater; Seawater (natural/synthetic); Sediment toxicity testing; Static tests--environmental materials/applications; Ten-day testing; Toxicity/toxicology--water environments
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species species portions coast estuarius coast species coast estuarine species coast species method species acclimation procedures test conditions temperature salinity species Sections toxicity test L glass chambers mL sediment mL seawater Exposure water animals d exposure period endpoint toxicity test survival reburial amphipods measurement endpoint test species estuarius Performance criteria test survival amphipods control treatment % Procedures use sediments water salinity o procedure toxicity contaminants sediments amphipod plumulosus laboratory exposures toxicity test d L glass chambers mL sediment mL water Test temperature ± water salinity o / oo ± o test sediment water o / oo o / oo o / oo ± o / oo test sediment water o / oo millilitres water times week times test organisms endpoints toxicity test survival growth reproduction amphipods Performance criteria test survival amphipods control treatment % growth reproduction replicates control treatment test use sediments oligohaline environments silt content % clay content % salinity o / oo application d test salinity o / oois application d test salinity water tests species salinity interest example salinity representative site interest objective study influence salinity bioavailability chemicals sediment salinity tolerance range test organisms tests procedures Table A1.1 example salinity lighting temperature conditions tests comparability results need comparisons studies test salinity sediment interest revisions standard annexes sediment toxicity tests groups marine example information testing polychaetes annex revisions standard editions standard methods toxicity tests chambers Procedures standard procedures E 1992a toxicity research methods development progress spiking procedures dilution procedures procedures data confirmation responses laboratory tests populations organisms field validation studies sensitivity endpoints d toxicity tests estuarine amphipods information editions standard procedures standard sediment tests investigation issues interpretation test results issues investigation sensitivity endpoints variety chemicals sediment mixtures chemicals sediments contamination gradients field research ability endpoints responses populations communities invertebrates sediments Research toxicity test endpoints field population model estimates population level responses amphipod sediments guidance laboratory toxicity test standard test methods toxicity sediments estuarius procedures standard investigation issues interpretation test results issues effect shipping organism sensitivity performance criteria organism health sensitivity populations test species confirmation responses laboratory tests benthos populations procedures standard tests estuarine organisms example modifications Results tests species procedures test method procedures bioavailability Comparison results versions procedures information concepts procedures tests organisms tests procedures test method tests comparability results procedures test method tests organisms modifications choice test organism influence relevance success interpretation test organism sediments criteria test organisms standard Table E test organism database sensitivity range contaminants interest sediment database comparisons procedures example robin studies contact sediment culture field collection laboratory distribution site niche organisms concern example feeding guild behavior organisms range physico chemical characteristics example grain size exposure methods endpoints E Methods organisms peer example journal articles responses populations organisms criteria Table database sensitivity contaminants contact sediment ease culture laboratory availability field collection ease laboratory tolerance physico chemical characteristics confirmation responses populations criteria estuarius abronius edition standard d sediment tests species method sediment dwelling burrowing sediment ingesting nature Amphipods toxicity estuarine freshwater sediments selection test species standard consensus experts field toxicology workshop workshop candidate species workshop estuarius selection criteria availability combination estuarine species estuarine estuarine coasts portions organisms testing selection criteria emphasis testing procedures organisms example species workshop participants use species standardization method use amphipod species toxicity testing volutator washingtonianus xiximeus pinguis database estuarius abronius order organisms editions standard criterion testing sediments species oligohaline regions estuaries range grain size distribution species laboratory generation time d 1992a species testing consideration selection species test method development existence information sensitivity organisms chemicals mixtures studies sensitivities estuarius estuarine species example sensitivity amphipods species saltwater amphipod genera test species saltwater chemicals amphipod toxicity data d water tests chemicals data species species species Amphipods sensitivity comparison rank amphipods species % species % species % amphipods relative species species species research tests species amphipods protection groups sensitivity d sediment test oyster embryo h abnormality test bacterium h luminescence inhibition test test sediments sites abronius sediment oyster bacterium tests elutriates extracts test % sites inhibition luminescence mortality abronius % test sediments oyster abnormality % elutriates concordance sediments tests % sediments sources lack concordance sites differences sensitivity test organisms heterogeneity contaminant types test sediments differences routes exposure toxicity test results importance assays assessments studies sensitivity combinations amphipods contaminants example comparisons estuarius examples comparisons examples plumulosus overlap sensitivity comparison comparison species combination species range sensitivity sediments et sensitivity sediments series experiments species C Experiments response organism comparison sensitivity methods Sediments comparisons sediments comparison Analysis results rank sum test experiments abronius sensitivity sediments C sensitivity sediments sensitivity grain size factors abronius 18.104.22.168 sensitivity estuarius sediment fluoranthene field sediment waterways d tests cadmium d water test sensitivity estuarius sediment sediment times abronius tests times water test results findings sensitivity estuarius arenaceodentata survival biomass endpoints generosa survival excentricus survival plumulosus freshwater amphipod azteca gradient contamination oligohaline salinity o / oo sensitivity plumulosus amphipod species mollusks polychaete sediment sediment plumulosus amphipods azteca dytiscus sensitivity estuarius results comparison d tests estuarius dilutions sediments agreement species laboratories ranking toxicity ability sediments response plumulosus d survival growth response amphipod dytiscus d survival growth polychaete d survival growth lettuce germination sativa d exposure response exposures sediments metal concentrations compound sediment degradation debris concentrations test sediment L excess L show toxicity ammonia concentrations water sediment experiments ammonia threshold limits test initiation termination test individuals ammonia individuals Results d test neonates levels water ammonia ammonia periods time term effects plumulosus tolerance ammonia amphipods sediments diagenesis water concentrations Insensitivity ammonia indicator sensitivity sediment toxicity test chemicals concern data water exposures species chemical tests Studies species sensitivity species ammonia d water toxicity tests order interpretation results tests sediments toxicant tests exposures conditions example salinity photoperiod d sediment tests Departures conditions absence sediment test temperature C standard Sensitivity ammonia species rank sensitivity abronius study sensitivity ammonia abronius estuarius chloride reference toxicant species d exposures 1992a rank sensitivity estuarius temperature salinity ° o / oo series d exposures cadmium species temperatures salinities rank sensitivity A. estuarius 18.104.22.168 species sensitivity contaminants battery tests organisms levels quality example toxicity metals cadmium copper mercury crustaceans polychaetes pelecypods fishes species group test organisms metals sensitivity organism route exposure response contaminants Sediment organisms exposure sources water sediment particles water Food type feeding rate assimilation efficiency clearance rate dose contaminants sediment particle sizes particles carbon concentrations contaminant concentrations Grazers collector gatherers aufwuchs detritus body burden materials sediment ingestion amphipods uptake gut uptake gills hydrophobic compounds Organisms contact sediment contaminants adsorption body wall absorption integument complexities dose animal sediment toxicity bioaccumulation contaminants sediment ® fluoranthene organochlorines metals concentration chemicals water case chemicals concentrations sediment carbon basis importance sediment water routes exposure test organism contaminant communities diversity organisms combinations exposure routes behavior feeding habits test organism ability contaminants sediment test organisms testing use A. estuarius laboratory toxicity studies field populations organisms estuarius Data program relationship survival toxicity tests presence amphipods ampeliscids field samples samples years measurements survival toxicity tests community enumeration species genus taxa samples ampeliscids stations test survival % control samples ampeliscids densities stations test survival % data tests Documents documents standard part standard Characteristic E141 Evidence Results Terminology E691 Practice Study E1241 Stage Sediments amphipod bioavailability chronic estuarius estuarine plumulosus marine abronius sediment toxicity Acidity alkalinity chemicals toxicity tests environments macroinvertebrates data analysis sediments molluscs Chemical analysis water applications Contamination Corophium test estuarius environments Field testing materials applications characteristics environments dose Polychaetes Reference toxicants abronius toxicity testing tests materials applications day testing Toxicity toxicology water environments member
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significance and Use
Sediment provide habitat for many aquatic organism and be a major repository for many of the more persistent chemical that be introduce into surface water. in the aquatic environment, most anthropogenic chemical and waste material include toxic organic and inorganic chemical eventually accumulate in sediment. mount evidence exist of environmental degradation in area where usepa Water Quality Criteria (WQC; Stephan et al.(67)) be not exceed, yet organism in or near sediment be adversely affect Chapman, 1989 (68). the WQC be develop to protect organism in the water column and be not direct toward protect organism in sediment. concentration of contaminant in sediment may be several order of magnitude high than in the overlying water; however, whole sediment concentration have not be strongly correlate to bioavailability Burton, 1991(69). partitioning or sorption of a compound between water and sediment may depend on many factor include: aqueous solubility, pH, redox, affinity for sediment organic carbon and dissolve organic carbon, grain size of the sediment, sediment mineral constituent (oxide of iron, manganese, and aluminum), and the quantity of acid volatile sulfide in sediment Di Toro et al. 1991(70) Giesy et al. 1988 (71). although certain chemical be highly sorbed to sediment, these compound may still be available to the biota. chemical in sediment may be directly toxic to aquatic life or can be a source of chemical for bioaccumulation in the food chain.
the objective of a sediment test be to determine whether chemical in sediment be harmful to or be bioaccumulate by benthic organism. the test can be use to measure interactive toxic effect of complex chemical mixture in sediment. furthermore, knowledge of specific pathway of interaction among sediment and test organism be not necessary to conduct the test Kemp et al. 1988, (72). sediment test can be use to: (1) determine the relationship between toxic effect and bioavailability, (2) investigate interaction among chemical, (3) compare the sensitivity of different organism, (4) determine spatial and temporal distribution of contamination, (5) evaluate hazard of dredge material, (6) measure toxicity as part of product licensing or safety testing, (7) rank area for clean up, and (8) estimate the effectiveness of remediation or management practice.
a variety of method have be develop for assess the toxicity of chemical in sediment use amphipod, midge, polychaete, oligochaete, mayfly, or cladocerans (Test Method E 1706, Guide e 1525, Guide E 1850; Annex A1, Annex A2; USEPA, 2000 (73), EPA 1994b, (74), Environment Canada 1997a, (75), Enviroment Canada 1997b,(76)). several endpoint be suggest in these method to measure potential effect of contaminant in sediment include survival, growth, behavior, or reproduction; however, survival of test organism in 10-day exposure be the endpoint most commonly report. these short-term exposure that only measure effect on survival can be use to identify high level of contamination in sediment, but may not be able to identify moderate level of contamination in sediment (usepa usepa, 2000 (73); Sibley et al.1996, (77); Sibley et al.1997a, (78); Sibley et al.1997b, (79); Benoit et al.1997, (80); Ingersoll et al.1998, (81)). sublethal endpoint in sediment test might also prove to be well estimate of response of benthic community to contaminant in the field, Kembel et al. 1994 (82). insufficient information be available to determine if the long-term test conduct with Leptocheirus plumulosus (Annex A2) be more sensitive than 10-d toxicity test conduct with this or other specie.
the decision to conduct short-term or long-term toxicity test depend on the goal of the assessment. in some instance, sufficient information may be gain by measure sublethal endpoint in 10-day test. in other instance, the 10-day test could be use to screen sample for toxicity before long-term test be conduct. while the long-term test be need to determine direct effect on reproduction, measurement of growth in these toxicity test may serve as an indirect estimate of reproductive effect of contaminant associate with sediment (Annex A1).
Use of sublethal endpoint for assessment of contaminant risk be not unique to toxicity testing with sediment. numerous regulatory program require the use of sublethal endpoint in the decision-make process (Pittinger and Adams, 1997, (83)) include: (1) Water Quality Criteria (and State Standards); (2) National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) effluent monitoring (include chemical-specific limit and sublethal endpoint in toxicity test); (3) Federal Insecticide, Rodenticide and Fungicide Act (FIFRA) and the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA, tiere assessment include several sublethal endpoint with fish and aquatic invertebrate); (4) Superfund (Comprehensive Environmental Responses, Compensation and Liability Act; CERCLA); (5) Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, sublethal toxicity testing with fish and invertebrate); (6) European Economic Community (EC, sublethal toxicity testing with fish and invertebrate); and (7) the Paris Commission (behavioral endpoint).
result of toxicity test on sediment spike at different concentration of chemical can be use to establish cause and effect relationship between chemical and biological response. result of toxicity test with test material spike into sediment at different concentration may be report in term of an LC50 (median lethal concentration), an EC50 (median effect concentration), an IC50 (inhibition concentration), or as a NOEC (no observed effect concentration) or LOEC (lowest observe effect concentration). however, spiked sediment may not be representative of chemical associate with sediment in the field. mix time Stemmer et al. 1990b, (84), age ( Landrum et al. 1989,(85), Word et al. 1987, (86), Landrum et al., 1992,(87)), and the chemical form of the material can affect response of test organism in spiked sediment test.
evaluate effect concentration for chemical in sediment require knowledge of factor control their bioavailability. similar concentration of a chemical in unit of mass of chemical per mass of sediment dry weight often exhibit a range in toxicity in different sediment Di Toro et al. 1990, (88) Di Toro et al. 1991,(70). effect concentration of chemical in sediment have be correlate to interstitial water concentration, and effect concentration in interstitial water be often similar to effect concentration in water-only exposure. the bioavailability of nonionic organic compound in sediment be often inversely correlate with the organic carbon concentration. whatever the route of exposure, these correlation of effect concentration to interstitial water concentration indicate that predict or measure concentration in interstitial water can be use to quantify the exposure concentration to an organism. therefore, information on partition of chemical between solid and liquid phase of sediment be useful for establish effect concentration Di Toro et al. 1991, (70).
field survey can be design to provide either a qualitative reconnaissance of the distribution of sediment contamination or a quantitative statistical comparison of contamination among site.
survey of sediment toxicity be usually part of more comprehensive analysis of biological, chemical, geological, and hydrographic datum. statistical correlation may be improve and sample cost may be reduce if subsample be take simultaneously for sediment test, chemical analysis, and benthic community structure.
table 2 list several approach the USEPA have consider for the assessment of sediment quality USEPA, 1992, (89). these approach include: (1) equilibrium partition, (2) tissue residue, (3) interstitial water toxicity, (4) whole-sediment toxicity and sediment-spike test, (5) benthic community structure, (6) effect range (for example, effect range median, ERM), and (7) sediment quality triad (see USEPA, 1989a, 1990a, 1990b and 1992b, (90, 91, 92, 93 and Wenning and Ingersoll (2002 (94)) for a critique of these method). the sediment assessment approach list in table 2 can be classify as numeric (for example, equilibrium partition), descriptive (for example, whole-sediment toxicity test), or a combination of numeric and descriptive approach (for example, ERM, USEPA, 1992c, (95). numeric method can be use to derive chemical-specific sediment quality guideline (sqg). descriptive method such as toxicity test with field-collect sediment cannot be use alone to develop numerical sqg for individual chemical. although each approach can be use to make site-specific decision, no one single approach can adequately address sediment quality. overall, an integration of several method use the weight of evidence be the most desirable approach for assess the effect of contaminant associate with sediment, (Long et al. 1991(96) MacDonald et al. 1996 (97) Ingersoll et al. 1996 (98) Ingersoll et al. 1997 (99), Wenning and Ingersoll 2002 (94)). hazard evaluation integrate datum from laboratory exposure, chemical analysis, and benthic community assessment (the sediment quality triad) provide strong complementary evidence of the degree of pollution-induce degradation in aquatic community (Burton, 1991 (69), Chapman 1992, 1997 (100, 101).)
Regulatory Applications—Test Method E 1706 provide information on the regulatory application of sediment toxicity test.
the usepa Environmental Monitoring Management Council (EMMC) recommend the use of performance-base method in develop standard, (Williams, 1993 (102). performance-base method be define by EMMC as a monitoring approach which permit the use of appropriate method that meet preestablishe demonstrate performance standard (11.2).
the usepa Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, and Office of Research and Development hold a workshop to provide an opportunity for expert in the field of sediment toxicology and staff from the USEPA Regional and Headquarters Program office to discuss the development of standard freshwater, estuarine, and marine sediment testing procedure (usepa, 1992a, 1994a (89, 103)). workgroup participant arrive at a consensus on several culture and testing method. in develop guidance for culture test organism to be include in the usepa method manual for sediment test, it be agree that no one method should be require to culture organism. however, the consensus at the workshop be that success of a test depend on the health of the culture. therefore, have healthy test organism of know quality and age for testing be determined to be the key consideration relative to culture method. a performance-base criterion approach be select in USEPA, 2000 (73) as the preferred method through which individual laboratory could use unique culture method rather than require use of one culture method.
this standard recommend the use of performance-base criterion to allow each laboratory to optimize culture method and minimize effect of test organism health on the reliability and comparability of test result. see Annex A1 and Annex A2 for a listing of performance criterion for culture or testing.
1.1 this test method cover procedure for test estuarine or marine organism in the laboratory to evaluate the toxicity of contaminant associate with whole sediment. sediment may be collect from the field or spike with compound in the laboratory. general guidance be present in Sections 1-15 for conduct sediment toxicity test with estuarine or marine amphipod. specific guidance for conduct 10-d sediment toxicity test with estuarine or marine amphipod be outline in Annex A1 and specific guidance for conduct 28-d sediment toxicity test with Leptocheirus plumulosus be outline in Annex A2.
1.2 procedure be describe for test estuarine or marine amphipod crustacean in 10-d laboratory exposure to evaluate the toxicity of contaminant associate with whole sediment (Annex A1; usepa 1994a (1)). sediment may be collect from the field or spike with compound in the laboratory. a toxicity method be outline for four specie of estuarine or marine sediment-burrow amphipod find within United States coastal water. the specie be Ampelisca abdita, a marine specie that inhabit marine and mesohaline portion of the Atlantic coast, the Gulf of Mexico, and San Francisco Bay; Eohaustorius estuarius, a Pacific coast estuarine specie; Leptocheirus plumulosus, an Atlantic coast estuarine specie; and Rhepoxynius abronius, a Pacific coast marine specie. generally, the method describe may be apply to all four specie, although acclimation procedure and some test condition (that be, temperature and salinity) will be species-specific (section 12 and Annex A1). the toxicity test be conduct in 1-l glass chamber contain 175 mL of sediment and 775 mL of overlying seawater. exposure be static (that be, water be not renew), and the animal be not feed over the 10-d exposure period. the endpoint in the toxicity test be survival with reburial of survive amphipod as an additional measurement that can be use as an endpoint for some of the test specie (for R. abronius and E. estuarius). performance criterion establish for this test include the average survival of amphipod in negative control treatment must be great than or equal to 90 %. procedure be describe for use with sediment with pore-water salinity range from >0 o/ooto fully marine.
1.3 a procedure be also describe for determine the chronic toxicity of contaminant associate with whole sediment with the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus in laboratory exposure (Annex A2; USEPA-USACE 2001(2)). the toxicity test be conduct for 28 d in 1-l glass chamber contain 175 mL of sediment and about 775 mL of overlying water. test temperature be 25° ± 2°C, and the recommend overlying water salinity be 5 o/oo ± 2 o/oo(for test sediment with pore water at 1 o/oo to 10 o/oo) or 20 o/oo ± 2 o/oo (for test sediment with pore water >10 o/oo). four hundred millilitre of overlying water be renew three time per week, at which time test organism be feed. the endpoint in the toxicity test be survival, growth, and reproduction of amphipod. performance criterion establish for this test include the average survival of amphipod in negative control treatment must be great than or equal to 80 % and there must be measurable growth and reproduction in all replicate of the negative control treatment. this test be applicable for use with sediment from oligohaline to fully marine environment, with a silt content great than 5 % and a clay content less than 85 %.
1.4 a salinity of 5 or 20 o/oo be recommend for routine application of 28-d test with L. plumulosus (Annex A2; USEPA-USACE 2001 (2)) and a salinity of 20 o/oois recommend for routine application of the 10-d test with E. estuarius or L. plumulosus (Annex A1). however, the salinity of the overlying water for test with these two specie can be adjust to a specific salinity of interest (for example, salinity representative of site of interest or the objective of the study may be to evaluate the influence of salinity on the bioavailability of chemical in sediment). more importantly, the salinity test must be within the tolerance range of the test organism (as outline in Annex A1 and Annex A2). if test be conduct with procedure different from those describe in 1.3 or in table a1.1 (for example, different salinity, lighting, temperature, feed condition), additional test be require to determine comparability of result (1.10). if there be not a need to make comparison among study, then the test could be conduct just at a select salinity for the sediment of interest.
1.5 future revision of this standard may include additional annex describe whole-sediment toxicity test with other group of estuarine or marine invertebrate (for example, information present in Guide E 1611 on sediment testing with polychaete could be add as an annex to future revision to this standard). future edition to this standard may also include method for conduct the toxicity test in small chamber with less sediment (Ho et al. 2000 (3), Ferretti et al. 2002 (4)).
1.6 procedure outline in this standard be base primarily on procedure describe in the USEPA (1994a (1)), USEPA-USACE (2001(2)), Test Method E 1706, and Guides e 1391, E 1525, E 1688, Environment Canada (1992 (5)), DeWitt et al. (1992a (6); 1997a (7)), Emery et al. (1997 (8)), and Emery and Moore (1996 (9)), Swartz et al. (1985 (10)), DeWitt et al. (1989 (11)), Scott and Redmond (1989 (12)), and Schlekat et al. (1992 (13)).
1.7 additional sediment toxicity research and method development be now in progress to (1) refine sediment spiking procedure, (2) refine sediment dilution procedure, (3) refine sediment Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) procedure, (4) produce additional datum on confirmation of response in laboratory test with natural population of benthic organism (that be, field validation study), and (5) evaluate relative sensitivity of endpoint measure in 10- and 28-d toxicity test use estuarine or marine amphipod. this information will be describe in future edition of this standard.
1.8 although standard procedure be describe in Annex A2 of this standard for conduct chronic sediment test with L. plumulosus, further investigation of certain issue could aid in the interpretation of test result. some of these issue include further investigation to evaluate the relative toxicological sensitivity of the lethal and sublethal endpoint to a wide variety of chemical spike in sediment and to mixture of chemical in sediment from contamination gradient in the field (USEPA-USACE 2001 (2)). additional research be need to evaluate the ability of the lethal and sublethal endpoint to estimate the response of population and community of benthic invertebrate to contaminated sediment. research be also need to link the toxicity test endpoint to a field-validate population model of L. plumulosus that would then generate estimate of population-level response of the amphipod to test sediment and thereby provide additional ecologically relevant interpretive guidance for the laboratory toxicity test.
1.9 this standard outline specific test method for evaluate the toxicity of sediment with A. abdita, E. estuarius, L. plumulosus, and R. abronius. while standard procedure be describe in this standard, further investigation of certain issue could aid in the interpretation of test result. some of these issue include the effect of shipping on organism sensitivity, additional performance criterion for organism health, sensitivity of various population of the same test specie, and confirmation of response in laboratory test with natural benthos population.
1.10 General procedure describe in this standard might be useful for conduct test with other estuarine or marine organism (for example, Corophium spp., Grandidierella japonica, Lepidactylus dytiscus, Streblospio benedicti), although modification may be necessary. result of test, even those with the same specie, use procedure different from those describe in the test method may not be comparable and use these different procedure may alter bioavailability. comparison of result obtain use modified version of these procedure might provide useful information concern new concept and procedure for conduct sediment test with aquatic organism. if test be conduct with procedure different from those describe in this test method, additional test be require to determine comparability of result. general procedure describe in this test method might be useful for conduct test with other aquatic organism; however, modification may be necessary.
1.11 Selection of Toxicity Testing Organisms:
1.11.1 the choice of a test organism have a major influence on the relevance, success, and interpretation of a test. furthermore, no one organism be well suit for all sediment. the following criterion be consider when select test organism to be describe in this standard (table 1 and Guide e 1525). ideally, a test organism should: (1) have a toxicological database demonstrate relative sensitivity to a range of contaminant of interest in sediment, (2) have a database for interlaboratory comparison of procedure (for example, round-robin study), (3) be in direct contact with sediment, (4) be readily available from culture or through field collection, (5) be easily maintain in the laboratory, (6) be easily identify, (7) be ecologically or economically important, (8) have a broad geographical distribution, be indigenous (either present or historical) to the site be evaluate, or have a niche similar to organism of concern (for example, similar feeding guild or behavior to the indigenous organism), (9) be tolerant of a broad range of sediment physico-chemical characteristic (for example, grain size), and (10) be compatible with select exposure method and endpoint (Guide e 1525). method utilize select organism should also be (11) peer review (for example, journal article) and (12) confirm with response with natural population of benthic organism.
1.11.2 of these criterion (table 1), a database demonstrate relative sensitivity to contaminant, contact with sediment, ease of culture in the laboratory or availability for field-collection, ease of handle in the laboratory, tolerance to vary sediment physico-chemical characteristic, and confirmation with response with natural benthic population be the primary criterion use for select A. abdita, E. estuarius, L. plumulosus, and R. abronius for the current edition of this standard for 10-d sediment test (Annex A1). the specie choose for this method be intimately associate with sediment, due to their tube- dwelling or free-burrowing, and sediment ingesting nature. amphipod have be use extensively to test the toxicity of marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediment (Swartz et al., 1985 (10); DeWitt et al., 1989 (11); Scott and Redmond, 1989 (12); DeWitt et al., 1992a (6); Schlekat et al., 1992 (13)). the selection of test specie for this standard follow the consensus of expert in the field of sediment toxicology who participate in a workshop entitle "Testing Issues for Freshwater and Marine Sediments". the workshop be sponsor by USEPA Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, and Office of Research and Development, and be hold in Washington, D.C. from 16-18 September 1992 (usepa, 1992 (14)). of the candidate specie discuss at the workshop, A. abdita, E. estuarius, L. plumulosus, and R. abronius well fulfil the selection criterion, and present the availability of a combination of one estuarine and one marine specie each for both the Atlantic (the estuarine L. plumulosus and the marine A. abdita) and Pacific (the estuarine E. estuarius and the marine R. abronius) coast. Ampelisca abdita be also native to portion of the Gulf of Mexico and San Francisco Bay. many other organism that might be appropriate for sediment testing do not now meet these selection criterion because little emphasis have be place on develop standardized testing procedure for benthic organism. for example, a fifth specie, Grandidierella japonica be not select because workshop participant feel that the use of this specie be not sufficiently broad to warrant standardization of the method. Environment Canada (1992 (5)) have recommend the use of the following amphipod specie for sediment toxicity testing: Amphiporeia virginiana, Corophium volutator, Eohaustorius washingtonianus, Foxiphalus xiximeus, and Leptocheirus pinguis. a database similar to those available for A. abdita, E. estuarius, L. plumulosus, and R. abronius must be develop in order for these and other organism to be include in future edition of this standard.
1.11.3 the primary criterion use for select L. plumulosus for chronic testing of sediment be that this species be find in both oligohaline and mesohaline region of estuary on the East Coast of the United States and be tolerant to a wide range of sediment grain size distribution (USEPA-USACE 2001 (2), Annex Annex A2). this species be easily cultured in the laboratory and have a relatively short generation time (that be, about 24 d at 23°C, DeWitt et al. 1992a (6)) that make this specie adaptable to chronic testing (Section 12).
1.11.4 an important consideration in the selection of specific specie for test method development be the existence of information concern relative sensitivity of the organism both to single chemical and complex mixture. several study have evaluate the sensitivity of A. abdita, E. estuarius, L. plumulosus, or R. abronius, either relative to one another, or to other commonly test estuarine or marine specie. for example, the sensitivity of marine amphipod be compare to other specie that be use in generate saltwater Water Quality Criteria. seven amphipod genera, include Ampelisca abdita and Rhepoxynius abronius, be among the test specie use to generate saltwater Water Quality Criteria for 12 chemical. Acute amphipod toxicity datum from 4-d water-only test for each of the 12 chemical be compare to datum for (1) all other specie, (2) other benthic specie, and (3) other infaunal specie. amphipod be generally of median sensitivity for each comparison. the average percentile rank of amphipod among all specie test be 57 %; among all benthic specie, 56 %; and, among all infaunal specie, 54 %. thus, amphipod be not uniquely sensitive relative to all specie, benthic specie, or even infaunal specie (usepa 1994a (1)). additional research may be warrant to develop test use specie that be consistently more sensitive than amphipod, thereby offer protection to less sensitive group.
1.11.5 Williams et al. (1986 (15)) compare the sensitivity of the R. abronius 10-d whole sediment test, the oyster embryo (Crassostrea gigas) 48-h abnormality test, and the bacterium (Vibrio fisheri) 1-h luminescence inhibition test (that be, the Microtox test) to sediment collect from 46 contaminate site in Commencement Bay, WA. Rhepoxynius abronius be expose to whole sediment, while the oyster and bacterium test be conduct with sediment elutriate and extract, respectfully. Microtox be the most sensitive test, with 63 % of the site elicit significant inhibition of luminescence. significant mortality of R. abronius be observe in 40 % of test sediment, and oyster abnormality occur in 35 % of sediment elutriate. complete concordance (that be, sediment that be either toxic or not-toxic in all three test) be observe in 41 % of the sediment. possible source for the lack of concordance at other site include interspecific difference in sensitivity among test organism, heterogeneity in contaminant type associate with test sediment, and difference in route of exposure inherent in each toxicity test. these result highlight the importance of use multiple assay when perform sediment assessment.
1.11.6 several study have compare the sensitivity of combination of the four amphipod to sediment contaminant. for example, there be several comparison between A. abdita and R. abronius, between E. estuarius and R. abronius, and between A. abdita and L. plumulosus. there be few example of direct comparison between E. estuarius and L. plumulosus, and no example compare L. plumulosus and R. abronius. there be some overlap in relative sensitivity from comparison to comparison within each specie combination, which appear to indicate that all four specie be within the same range of relative sensitivity to contaminate sediment.
220.127.116.11 Word et al. (1989 (16)) compare the sensitivity of A. abdita and R. abronius to contaminate sediment in a series of experiment. both specie be test at 15°c. experiment be design to compare the response of the organism rather than to provide a comparison of the sensitivity of the method (that be, Ampelisca abdita would normally be test at 20°C). sediment collect from Oakland Harbor, CA, be use for the comparison. twenty-six sediment be test in one comparison, while 5 be test in the other. analysis of result use Kruskal Wallace rank sum test for both experiment demonstrate that R. abronius exhibit great sensitivity to the sediment than A. abdita at 15°c. Long and Buchman (1989 (17)) also compare the sensitivity of A. abdita and R. abronius to sediment from Oakland Harbor, CA. they also determine that A. abdita show less sensitivity than R. abronius, but they also show that A. abdita be less sensitive to sediment grain size factor than R. abronius.
18.104.22.168 DeWitt et al. (1989 (11)) compare the sensitivity of E. estuarius and R. abronius to sediment spiked with fluoranthene and field-collect sediment from industrial waterway in Puget Sound, WA, in 10-d test, and to aqueous cadmium (CdCl2) in a 4-d water-only test. the sensitivity of E. estuarius be from two (to spiked-spiked sediment) to seven (to one Puget Sound, WA, sediment) time less sensitive than R. abronius in sediment test, and ten time less sensitive to cdcl2 in the water-only test. these result be support by the finding of Pastorok and Becker (1990 (18)) who find the acute sensitivity of E. estuarius and R. abronius to be generally comparable to each other, and both be more sensitive than Neanthes arenaceodentata (survival and biomass endpoint), Panope generosa (survival), and Dendraster excentricus (survival).
22.214.171.124 Leptocheirus plumulosus be as sensitive as the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca to an artificially create gradient of sediment contamination when the latter be acclimate to oligohaline salinity (that be, 6 o/oo; McGee et al., 1993 (19)). DeWitt et al. (1992b (20)) compare the sensitivity of L. plumulosus with three other amphipod specie, two mollusk, and one polychaete to highly contaminate sediment collect from Baltimore Harbor, MD, that be serially dilute with clean sediment. Leptocheirus plumulosus be more sensitive than the amphipod Hyalella azteca and Lepidactylus dytiscus and exhibit equal sensitivity with E. estuarius. Schlekat et al. (1995 (21)) describe the result of an interlaboratory comparison of 10-d test with A. abdita, L. plumulosus and E. estuarius use dilution of sediment collect from Black Rock Harbor, CT. there be strong agreement among specie and laboratory in the ranking of sediment toxicity and the ability to discriminate between toxic and non-toxic sediment.
126.96.36.199 Hartwell et al. (2000 (22)) evaluate the response of Leptocheirus plumulosus (10-d survival or growth) to the response of the amphipod Lepidactylus dytiscus (10-d survival or growth), the polychaete Streblospio benedicti (10-d survival or growth), and lettuce germination (Lactuca sativa in 3-d exposure) and observe that L. plumulosus be relatively insensitive compare to the response of either L. dytiscus or S. benedicti in exposure to 4 sediment with elevated metal concentration.
188.8.131.52 Ammonia be a naturally occur compound in marine sediment that result from the degradation of organic debris. interstitial ammonia concentration in test sediment can range from <1 mg/l to in excess of 400 mg/l (Word et al., 1997 (23)). some benthic infauna show toxicity to ammonia at concentration of about 20 mg/L (Kohn et al., 1994 (24)). base on water-only and spiked-sediment experiment with ammonia, threshold limit for test initiation and termination have be establish for the L. plumulosus chronic test. small (young) individual be more sensitive to ammonia than large (old) individual (DeWitt et al., 1997a (7), b (25). result of a 28-d test indicate that neonate can tolerate very high level of pore-water ammonia (>300 mg/L total ammonia) for short period of time with no apparent long-term effect (Moore et al., 1997 (26)). it be not surprising L. plumulosus have a high tolerance for ammonia give that these amphipod be often find in organic rich sediment in which diagenesis can result in elevated pore-water ammonia concentration. insensitivity to ammonia by L. plumulosus should not be construe as an indicator of the sensitivity of the L. plumulosus sediment toxicity test to other chemical of concern.
1.11.7 limited comparative data be available for concurrent water-only exposure of all four specie in single-chemical test. study that do exist generally show that no one specie be consistently the most sensitive.
184.108.40.206 the relative sensitivity of the four amphipod specie to ammonia be determine in ten-d water only toxicity test in order to aid interpretation of result of test on sediment where this toxicant be present (usepa 1994a (1)). these test be static exposure that be generally conduct under condition (for example, salinity, photoperiod) similar to those use for standard 10-d sediment test. departure from standard condition include the absence of sediment and a test temperature of 20°c for L. plumulosus, rather than 25°C as dictate in this standard. sensitivity to total ammonia increase with increase pH for all four specie. the rank sensitivity be R. abronius = A. abdita > E. estuarius > L. plumulosus. a similar study by Kohn et al. (1994 (24)) show a similar but slightly different relative sensitivity to ammonia with A. abdita > R. abronius = L. plumulosus > E. estuarius.
220.127.116.11 Cadmium chloride have be a common reference toxicant for all four specie in 4-d exposure. DeWitt et al. (1992a (6)) report the rank sensitivity as R. abronius > A. abdita > L. plumulosus > E. estuarius at a common temperature and salinity of 15°C and 28 o/oo. a series of 4-d exposure to cadmium that be conduct at species-specific temperature and salinity show the following rank sensitivity: a. abdita = L. plumulosus = R. abronius > E. estuarius (usepa 1994a (1)).
18.104.22.168 relative specie sensitivity frequently vary among contaminant; consequently, a battery of test include organism represent different trophic level may be need to assess sediment quality (Craig, 1984 (27); Williams et al. 1986 (15); Long et al., 1990 (28); Ingersoll et al., 1990 (29); Burton and Ingersoll, 1994 (31)). for example, Reish (1988 (32)) report the relative toxicity of six metal (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, and zinc) to crustacean, polychaete, pelecypod, and fish and conclude that no one specie or group of test organism be the most sensitive to all of the metal.
1.11.8 the sensitivity of an organism be relate to route of exposure and biochemical response to contaminant. sediment-dwell organism can receive exposure from three primary source: interstitial water, sediment particle, and overlying water. food type, feeding rate, assimilation efficiency, and clearance rate will control the dose of contaminant from sediment. Benthic invertebrate often selectively consume different particle size (Harkey et al. 1994 (33)) or particle with high organic carbon concentration which may have high contaminant concentration. grazer and other collector-gatherer that feed on aufwuchs and detritus may receive most of their body burden directly from material attach to sediment or from actual sediment ingestion. in some amphipod (Landrum, 1989 (34)) and clams (Boese et al., 1990 (35)) uptake through the gut can exceed uptake across the gill for certain hydrophobic compound. organism in direct contact with sediment may also accumulate contaminant by direct adsorption to the body wall or by absorption through the integument (Knezovich et al. 1987 (36)).
1.11.9 despite the potential complexity in estimate the dose that an animal receive from sediment, the toxicity and bioaccumulation of many contaminant in sediment such as Kepone®, fluoranthene, organochlorine, and metal have be correlate with either the concentration of these chemical in interstitial water or in the case of non-ionic organic chemical, concentration in sediment on an organic carbon normalize basis (Di Toro et al. 1990 (37); Di Toro et al. 1991(38)). the relative importance of whole sediment and interstitial water route of exposure depend on the test organism and the specific contaminant (Knezovich et al. 1987 (36)). because benthic community contain a diversity of organism, many combination of exposure route may be important. therefore, behavior and feeding habit of a test organism can influence its ability to accumulate contaminant from sediment and should be consider when select test organism for sediment testing.
1.11.10 the use of a. abdita, E. estuarius, R. abronius, and L. plumulosus in laboratory toxicity study have be field validate with natural population of benthic organism (Swartz et al. 1994 (39) and Anderson et al. 2001 (40) for E. estuarius, Swartz et al. 1982 (43) and Anderson et al. 2001 (40) for R. abronius, McGee et al. 1999 (41)and McGee and Fisher 1999 (42) for L. plumulosus).
22.214.171.124 datum from usepa Office of Research and Development's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment program be examine to evaluate the relationship between survival of Ampelisca abdita in sediment toxicity test and the presence of amphipod, particularly ampeliscid, in field sample. over 200 sediment sample from two year of sample in the Virginian Province (Cape Cod, MA, to Cape Henry, VA) be available for compare synchronous measurement of A. abdita survival in toxicity test to benthic community enumeration. although species of this genus be among the more frequently occur taxa in these sample, ampeliscid be totally absent from station that exhibit A. abdita test survival <60 % of that in control sample. additionally, ampeliscid be find in very low density at station with amphipod test survival between 60 and 80 % (usepa 1994a (1)). these datum indicate that test with
2. Referenced document (purchase separately) the document list below be reference within the subject standard but be not provide as part of the standard.
D1129 Terminology relate to Water
D4447 Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals and Samples
E29 Practice for use Significant Digits in Test Data to determine Conformance with Specifications
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
E122 Practice for calculate Sample Size to Estimate, with Specified Precision, the Average for a characteristic of a Lot or Process
e141 Practice for Acceptance of evidence base on the result of Probability Sampling
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E178 Practice for deal with Outlying Observations
E456 terminology relate to Quality and Statistics
e691 practice for conduct an Interlaboratory study to determine the Precision of a Test Method
E729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Test Materials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians
E943 Terminology relate to Biological Effects and Environmental Fate
e1241 Guide for conduct early Life-stage Toxicity Tests with Fishes
E1325 Terminology relate to Design of Experiments
E1391 Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, and Manipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing and for Selection of Samplers use to collect Benthic Invertebrates
E1402 Guide for Sampling Design
E1525 Guide for Designing Biological Tests with sediment
E1611 Guide for conduct Sediment Toxicity Tests with Polychaetous Annelids
E1688 Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates
E1706 Test Method for measure the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates
E1847 Practice for Statistical Analysis of Toxicity Tests conduct under ASTM Guidelines
E1850 Guide for Selection of Resident Species as Test Organisms for aquatic and Sediment Toxicity Tests
Ampelisca abdita; amphipod; bioavailability; chronic; Eohaustorius estuarius; estuarine; invertebrate; Leptocheirus plumulosus; marine; Rhepoxynius abronius; sediment; toxicity; acidity, alkalinity, pH--chemical; acute toxicity test; Ampelisca abdita; Amphipods/Amphibia; aqueous environment; Benthic macroinvertebrate (collect); biological datum analysis--sediment; Bivalve mollusc; chemical analysis--water application; contamination--environmental; corophium; Crustacea; EC50 test; Eohaustorius estuarius; Estuarine environment; field testing--environmental material/application; geochemical characteristic; Grandidierella japonica; Leptocheirus Plumuulosus; Marine environment; median lethal dose; polychaete; reference toxicant; Rhepoxynium abronius; Saltwater; Seawater (natural/synthetic); sediment toxicity testing; static test--environmental material/application; ten-day testing; toxicity/toxicology--water environment
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PROPN CCONJ PROPN SPACE PROPN VERB habitat ADP ADJ ADJ organisms CCONJ AUX DET ADJ repository ADP ADJ ADP DET ADV ADJ chemicals PRON AUX VERB ADP surface waters PUNCT ADP DET ADJ environment PUNCT ADJ ADJ chemicals CCONJ waste materials VERB ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ chemicals ADV VERB ADP sediment PUNCT Mounting evidences VERB ADP ADJ degradation ADP areas SCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT AUX PART VERB PUNCT CCONJ organisms ADP CCONJ ADP sediments AUX ADV VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB organisms ADP DET water column CCONJ AUX PART VERB ADP VERB organisms ADP sediment PUNCT Concentrations ADP contaminants ADP sediment AUX AUX ADJ orders ADP magnitude ADJ ADP ADP DET ADJ water PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ sediment concentrations AUX PART AUX ADV VERB ADP bioavailability PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Partitioning CCONJ sorption ADP DET compound ADP water CCONJ sediment AUX VERB ADP ADJ factors VERB PUNCT ADJ solubility PUNCT pH PUNCT redox PUNCT affinity ADP sediment ADJ carbon CCONJ VERB ADJ carbon PUNCT grain size ADP DET sediment PUNCT sediment mineral constituents PUNCT oxides ADP iron PUNCT manganese PUNCT CCONJ aluminum PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET quantity ADP ADJ ADJ sulfides ADP sediment PROPN PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ ADJ chemicals AUX ADV VERB ADP sediment PUNCT DET compounds AUX ADV AUX ADJ ADP DET biota PUNCT Chemicals ADP sediments AUX AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ life CCONJ AUX AUX DET source ADP chemicals ADP bioaccumulation ADP DET food chain PUNCT SPACE DET objective ADP DET sediment test AUX PART VERB SCONJ chemicals ADP sediment AUX ADJ ADP CCONJ AUX VERB ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT DET tests AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ ADJ effects ADP ADJ ADJ mixtures ADP sediment PUNCT ADV PUNCT knowledge ADP ADJ pathways ADP interactions ADP sediments CCONJ test organisms AUX PART ADJ PART VERB DET tests PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Sediment tests AUX AUX VERB PART PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB DET relationship ADP ADJ effects CCONJ bioavailability PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB interactions ADP chemicals PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB DET sensitivities ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ distribution ADP contamination PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB hazards ADP VERB material PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB toxicity ADP part ADP product licensing CCONJ safety testing PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB areas ADP clean ADP PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X VERB DET effectiveness ADP remediation CCONJ management practices PUNCT SPACE DET variety ADP methods AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB DET toxicity ADP chemicals ADP sediments VERB amphipods PUNCT midges PUNCT polychaetes PUNCT oligochaetes PUNCT mayflies PUNCT CCONJ cladocerans PUNCT Test PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT Guide PROPN NUM PUNCT Guide PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADJ endpoints AUX VERB ADP DET methods PART VERB ADJ effects ADP contaminants ADP sediment VERB survival PUNCT growth PUNCT behavior PUNCT CCONJ reproduction PUNCT ADV PUNCT survival ADP test organisms ADP NUM PUNCT day exposures AUX DET endpoint ADV ADV VERB PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT term exposures PRON ADV VERB effects ADP survival AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ levels ADP contamination ADP sediments PUNCT CCONJ AUX PART AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ levels ADP contamination ADP sediments PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADJ endpoints ADP sediment tests AUX ADV VERB PART AUX ADJ estimates ADP responses ADP ADJ communities ADP contaminants ADP DET field PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ information AUX ADJ PART VERB SCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT term test VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP NUM PUNCT d toxicity tests VERB ADP DET CCONJ ADJ species PUNCT SPACE DET decision PART VERB ADJ PUNCT term CCONJ ADJ PUNCT term toxicity tests VERB ADP DET goal ADP DET assessment PUNCT ADP DET instances PUNCT ADJ information AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ endpoints ADP NUM PUNCT day tests PUNCT ADP ADJ instances PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT day tests AUX AUX VERB PART VERB samples ADP toxicity ADP ADJ PUNCT term tests AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT term tests AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ effects ADP reproduction PUNCT measurement ADP growth ADP DET toxicity tests AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ estimate ADP ADJ effects ADP contaminants VERB ADP sediments PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Use ADP ADJ endpoints ADP assessment ADP contaminant risk AUX PART ADJ ADP toxicity testing ADP sediments PUNCT ADJ ADJ programs VERB DET use ADP ADJ endpoints ADP DET decision PUNCT VERB process PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ monitoring PUNCT VERB chemical PUNCT ADJ limits CCONJ ADJ endpoints ADP toxicity tests PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ assessment VERB ADJ ADJ endpoints ADP fish CCONJ ADJ invertebrates PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ toxicity testing ADP fish CCONJ invertebrates PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ toxicity testing ADP fish CCONJ invertebrates PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ endpoints PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Results ADP toxicity tests ADP sediments VERB ADP ADJ concentrations ADP chemicals AUX AUX VERB PART VERB cause CCONJ effect relationships ADP chemicals CCONJ ADJ responses PUNCT Results ADP toxicity tests ADP test materials VERB ADP sediments ADP ADJ concentrations AUX AUX VERB ADP terms ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADJ concentration PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT ADJ effect concentration PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT inhibition concentration PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ effect concentration PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADJ effect concentration PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB sediment AUX PART AUX ADJ ADP chemicals VERB ADP sediment ADP DET field PUNCT Mixing time PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT aging PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET chemical form ADP DET material AUX VERB responses ADP test organisms ADP VERB sediment tests PUNCT SPACE VERB effect concentrations ADP chemicals 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concentrations PROPN PROPN PROPN al PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Field surveys AUX AUX VERB PART VERB CCONJ DET ADJ reconnaissance ADP DET distribution ADP sediment contamination CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ comparison ADP contamination ADP sites PUNCT SPACE Surveys ADP sediment toxicity AUX ADV part ADP ADV ADJ analyses ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ data PUNCT ADJ correlations AUX AUX VERB CCONJ sampling costs AUX AUX VERB SCONJ subsamples AUX VERB ADV ADP sediment tests PUNCT chemical analyses PUNCT CCONJ ADJ community structure PUNCT SPACE Table NUM VERB ADJ approaches DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET assessment ADP sediment quality PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET approaches VERB PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT equilibrium partitioning PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT tissue residues PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ water toxicity PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sediment toxicity CCONJ sediment PUNCT VERB tests PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ community structure PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT effect ranges PUNCT ADP example PUNCT effect range median PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT sediment quality triad PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM CCONJ PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET critique ADP DET methods PUNCT PUNCT DET sediment assessment approaches VERB ADP Table NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT equilibrium partitioning PUNCT PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sediment toxicity tests PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET combination ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ approaches PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ methods AUX AUX VERB PART VERB chemical PUNCT ADJ sediment quality guidelines PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADJ methods ADJ ADP toxicity tests ADP field PUNCT VERB sediment AUX PART AUX VERB ADV PART VERB ADJ SQGs ADP ADJ chemicals PUNCT SCONJ DET approach AUX AUX VERB PART VERB site PUNCT ADJ decisions PUNCT DET NUM ADJ approach AUX ADV VERB sediment quality PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET integration ADP ADJ methods VERB DET weight ADP evidence AUX DET ADV ADJ approach ADP VERB DET effects ADP contaminants VERB ADP sediment PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT Hazard evaluations VERB data ADP laboratory exposures PUNCT chemical analyses PUNCT CCONJ ADJ community assessments PUNCT DET sediment quality triad PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ evidence ADP DET degree ADP pollution PUNCT VERB degradation ADP ADJ communities PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM VERB information ADP DET ADJ applications ADP sediment toxicity tests PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET use ADP performance PUNCT VERB methods ADP VERB standards PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Performance PUNCT VERB methods AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET monitoring approach DET VERB DET use ADP ADJ methods PRON VERB ADJ VERB performance standards PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB DET workshop PART VERB DET opportunity ADP experts ADP DET field ADP sediment toxicology CCONJ staff ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN offices PART VERB DET development ADP ADJ freshwater PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ sediment testing procedures PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT Workgroup participants VERB ADP DET consensus ADP ADJ culturing CCONJ testing methods PUNCT ADP VERB guidance ADP VERB test organisms PART AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN methods manual ADP sediment tests PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET NUM method AUX AUX VERB PART VERB organisms PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET consensus ADP DET workshop AUX SCONJ success ADP DET test VERB ADP DET health ADP DET cultures PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADJ test organisms ADP VERB quality CCONJ age ADP testing AUX VERB PART AUX DET ADJ consideration ADJ ADP culturing methods PUNCT DET performance PUNCT VERB criteria approach AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP DET VERB method ADP DET ADJ laboratories AUX VERB ADJ culturing methods ADV ADP VERB use ADP NUM culturing method PUNCT SPACE DET standard VERB DET use ADP performance PUNCT VERB criteria PART VERB DET laboratory PART VERB culture methods CCONJ VERB effects ADP test organism health ADP DET reliability CCONJ comparability ADP test results PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM ADP DET listing ADP performance criteria ADP culturing CCONJ testing PUNCT SPACE NUM DET test method VERB procedures ADP VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ organisms ADP DET laboratory PART VERB DET toxicity ADP contaminants VERB ADP ADJ sediments PUNCT Sediments AUX AUX VERB ADP DET field CCONJ VERB ADP compounds ADP DET laboratory PUNCT ADJ guidance AUX VERB ADP Sections NUM SYM NUM ADP VERB sediment toxicity tests ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ amphipods PUNCT ADJ guidance ADP VERB NUM PUNCT d sediment toxicity tests ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ amphipods AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ guidance ADP VERB NUM PUNCT d sediment toxicity tests ADP PROPN plumulosus AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN NUM SPACE NUM Procedures AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ amphipod crustaceans ADP NUM PUNCT d laboratory exposures PART VERB DET toxicity ADP contaminants VERB ADP ADJ sediments PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT Sediments AUX AUX VERB ADP DET field CCONJ VERB ADP compounds ADP DET laboratory PUNCT DET toxicity method AUX VERB ADP NUM species ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ sediment PUNCT VERB amphipods VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADJ waters PUNCT DET species AUX PROPN abdita PUNCT DET ADJ species PRON VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ portions ADP DET PROPN coast PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN estuarius PUNCT DET PROPN coast estuarine species PUNCT PROPN plumulosus PUNCT DET PROPN coast estuarine species PUNCT CCONJ PROPN abronius PUNCT DET PROPN coast ADJ species PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET method VERB AUX AUX VERB ADP DET NUM species PUNCT SCONJ acclimation procedures CCONJ DET test conditions PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT temperature CCONJ salinity PUNCT AUX AUX species PUNCT ADJ PUNCT Sections NUM CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET toxicity test AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT L glass chambers VERB NUM mL ADP sediment CCONJ NUM mL ADP ADJ seawater PUNCT Exposure AUX ADJ PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT water AUX PART VERB PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET animals AUX PART VERB ADP DET NUM PUNCT d exposure period PUNCT DET endpoint ADP DET toxicity test AUX survival ADP reburial ADP VERB amphipods ADP DET ADJ measurement PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET endpoint ADP DET ADP DET test species PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT Performance criteria VERB ADP DET test VERB DET ADJ survival ADP amphipods ADP ADJ control treatment AUX AUX ADJ ADP CCONJ ADJ ADP NUM% PUNCT Procedures AUX VERB ADP use ADP sediments ADP pore PUNCT water salinity VERB ADP ADP NUM o SYM X ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE NUM DET procedure AUX ADV VERB ADP VERB DET ADJ toxicity ADP contaminants VERB ADP ADJ sediments ADP DET amphipod PROPN PROPN ADP laboratory exposures PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET toxicity test AUX VERB ADP NUM d ADP NUM PUNCT L glass chambers VERB NUM mL ADP sediment CCONJ ADV NUM mL ADP ADJ water PUNCT Test temperature AUX NUM ° ADP NUM ° C PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB ADJ water salinity AUX NUM o / oo ADP NUM o / ADP test sediment ADP pore water ADP NUM o NUM oo ADP NUM o / oo PUNCT CCONJ NUM o / oo ADP NUM o / oo PUNCT ADP test sediment ADP pore water ADP NUM o NUM oo PUNCT PUNCT NUM NUM millilitres ADP ADJ water AUX VERB NUM times ADP week PUNCT ADP DET times test organisms AUX VERB PUNCT DET endpoints ADP DET toxicity test AUX survival PUNCT growth PUNCT CCONJ reproduction ADP amphipods PUNCT Performance criteria VERB ADP DET test VERB DET ADJ survival ADP amphipods ADP ADJ control treatment AUX AUX ADJ ADP CCONJ ADJ ADP NUM% CCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ growth CCONJ reproduction ADP DET replicates ADP DET ADJ control treatment PUNCT DET test AUX ADJ ADP use ADP sediments ADP ADJ ADP ADV ADJ environments PUNCT ADP DET silt content ADJ ADP NUM% CCONJ DET clay content ADJ ADP NUM% PUNCT SPACE NUM DET salinity ADP NUM CCONJ NUM o / oo AUX VERB ADP ADJ application ADP NUM PUNCT d test ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET salinity ADP NUM o / oois VERB ADP ADJ application ADP DET NUM PUNCT d test ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET salinity ADP DET VERB water ADP tests ADP DET NUM species AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ salinity ADP interest PUNCT ADP example PUNCT salinity ADJ ADP site ADP interest CCONJ DET objective ADP DET study AUX AUX PART VERB DET influence ADP salinity ADP DET bioavailability ADP chemicals ADP sediment PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT DET salinity VERB AUX AUX ADP DET tolerance range ADP DET test organisms PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ tests AUX VERB ADP procedures ADJ ADP DET VERB ADP NUM CCONJ ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ salinity PUNCT lighting PUNCT temperature PUNCT feeding conditions PUNCT PUNCT ADJ tests AUX VERB PART VERB comparability ADP results PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART DET need PART VERB comparisons ADP studies PUNCT ADV DET test AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET VERB salinity ADP DET sediment ADP interest PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ revisions ADP DET standard AUX VERB ADJ annexes VERB ADJ PUNCT sediment toxicity tests ADP ADJ groups ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ invertebrates PUNCT ADP example PUNCT information VERB ADP Guide PROPN NUM ADP sediment testing ADP polychaetes AUX AUX VERB ADP DET annex ADP ADJ revisions ADP DET standard PUNCT PUNCT ADJ editions ADP DET standard AUX ADV VERB methods ADP VERB DET toxicity tests ADP ADJ chambers ADP ADJ sediment PUNCT PROPN et al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM Procedures VERB ADP DET standard AUX VERB ADV ADP procedures VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT E NUM PUNCT E NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT 1997a PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ sediment toxicity research CCONJ methods development AUX ADV ADP progress PART PUNCT X PUNCT VERB sediment spiking procedures PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB sediment dilution procedures PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT procedures PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB ADJ data ADP confirmation ADP responses ADP laboratory tests ADP ADJ populations ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT field validation studies PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP endpoints VERB ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT d toxicity tests VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ amphipods PUNCT DET information AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ editions ADP DET standard PUNCT SPACE NUM SCONJ ADJ procedures AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET standard ADP VERB ADJ sediment tests ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ investigation ADP ADJ issues AUX VERB ADP DET interpretation ADP test results PUNCT DET ADP DET issues VERB ADJ investigation PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ sensitivity ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ endpoints ADP DET ADJ variety ADP chemicals VERB ADP sediment CCONJ ADP mixtures ADP chemicals ADP sediments ADP contamination gradients ADP DET field PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADJ research AUX VERB PART VERB DET ability ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ endpoints PART VERB DET responses ADP populations CCONJ communities ADP ADJ invertebrates ADP VERB sediments PUNCT Research AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET toxicity test endpoints ADP DET field PUNCT VERB population model ADP PROPN PROPN PRON AUX ADV VERB estimates ADP population PUNCT level responses ADP DET amphipod PART VERB sediments CCONJ ADV VERB ADJ ADV ADJ ADJ guidance ADP DET laboratory toxicity test PUNCT SPACE NUM DET standard VERB ADJ test methods ADP VERB DET toxicity ADP sediments ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ ADJ procedures AUX VERB ADP DET standard PUNCT ADJ investigation ADP ADJ issues AUX VERB ADP DET interpretation ADP test results PUNCT DET ADP DET issues VERB DET effect ADP shipping ADP organism sensitivity PUNCT ADJ performance criteria ADP organism health PUNCT sensitivity ADP ADJ populations ADP DET ADJ test species PUNCT CCONJ confirmation ADP responses ADP laboratory tests ADP ADJ benthos populations PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ procedures VERB ADP DET standard AUX AUX ADJ ADP VERB tests ADP ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ organisms PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN dytiscus PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ modifications AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT Results ADP tests PUNCT ADV DET ADP DET ADJ species PUNCT VERB procedures ADJ ADP DET VERB ADP DET test method AUX PART AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB DET ADJ procedures AUX VERB bioavailability PUNCT Comparison ADP results VERB VERB VERB versions ADP DET procedures AUX VERB ADJ information VERB ADJ concepts CCONJ procedures ADP VERB sediment tests ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT SCONJ tests AUX VERB ADP procedures ADJ ADP DET VERB ADP DET test method PUNCT ADJ tests AUX VERB PART VERB comparability ADP results PUNCT ADJ procedures VERB ADP DET test method AUX AUX ADJ ADP VERB tests ADP ADJ ADJ organisms PUNCT ADV PUNCT modifications AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT SPACE NUM Selection ADP Toxicity PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE NUM DET choice ADP DET test organism AUX DET ADJ influence ADP DET relevance PUNCT success PUNCT CCONJ interpretation ADP DET test PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET NUM organism AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET sediments PUNCT DET ADJ criteria AUX VERB SCONJ VERB test organisms PART AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PROPN NUM CCONJ Guide PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET test organism AUX PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX DET ADJ database VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP DET range ADP contaminants ADP interest ADP sediment PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX DET database ADP ADJ comparisons ADP procedures PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ PUNCT robin studies PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADP ADJ contact ADP sediment PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP culture CCONJ ADP field collection PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET laboratory PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADV CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT X AUX DET ADJ ADJ distribution PUNCT AUX ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADP DET site AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ AUX DET niche ADJ ADP organisms ADP concern PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ feeding guild CCONJ behavior ADP DET ADJ organisms PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ range ADP sediment ADJ ADJ ADJ characteristics PUNCT ADP example PUNCT grain size PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP VERB exposure methods CCONJ endpoints PUNCT Guide PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Methods VERB VERB organisms AUX ADV AUX PUNCT X PUNCT peer VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT journal articles PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT VERB ADP responses ADP ADJ populations ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT SPACE NUM ADP DET criteria PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET database VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP contaminants PUNCT contact ADP sediment PUNCT ease ADP culture ADP DET laboratory CCONJ availability ADP field PUNCT collection PUNCT ease ADP handling ADP DET laboratory PUNCT tolerance ADP VERB sediment ADJ PUNCT ADJ characteristics PUNCT CCONJ confirmation ADP responses ADP ADJ ADJ populations AUX DET ADJ criteria VERB ADP VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN estuarius PUNCT PROPN plumulosus PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ edition ADP DET standard ADP NUM PUNCT d sediment tests PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET species VERB ADP DET method AUX ADV VERB ADP sediment PUNCT ADP ADP PRON tube- VERB CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ sediment VERB nature PUNCT Amphipods AUX AUX VERB ADV PART VERB DET toxicity ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ sediments PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET selection ADP test species ADP DET standard VERB DET consensus ADP experts ADP DET field ADP sediment toxicology PRON VERB ADP DET workshop VERB PUNCT PROPN Issues ADP PROPN CCONJ ADJ Sediments PUNCT PUNCT DET workshop AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP NUM SYM NUM PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET candidate species VERB ADP DET workshop PUNCT PROPN abdita PUNCT PROPN estuarius PUNCT PROPN plumulosus PUNCT CCONJ PROPN abronius ADV VERB DET selection criteria PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET availability ADP DET combination ADP NUM estuarine CCONJ NUM ADJ species DET ADP CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT coasts PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX ADV ADJ ADP portions ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADJ organisms PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP sediment testing AUX PART ADV VERB DET selection criteria SCONJ ADJ emphasis AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ testing procedures ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET ADJ species PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX PART VERB SCONJ workshop participants VERB SCONJ DET use ADP DET species AUX PART ADV ADJ PART VERB standardization ADP DET method PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT AUX VERB DET use ADP DET ADJ amphipod species ADP sediment toxicity testing PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET database ADJ ADP DET ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP order ADP DET CCONJ ADJ organisms PART AUX VERB ADP ADJ editions ADP DET standard PUNCT SPACE NUM DET ADJ criterion VERB ADP VERB PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ testing ADP sediments AUX SCONJ DET species AUX VERB ADP CCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ regions ADP estuaries ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ range ADP sediment grain size distribution PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET species AUX ADV VERB ADP DET laboratory CCONJ AUX DET ADV ADJ generation time PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT ADP NUM d ADP NUM ° C PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB DET species ADJ ADP ADJ testing PUNCT Section NUM PUNCT NUM SPACE NUM DET ADJ consideration ADP DET selection ADP ADJ species ADP test method development AUX DET existence ADP information VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP DET organisms DET ADP ADJ chemicals CCONJ ADJ mixtures PUNCT ADJ studies AUX VERB DET sensitivities ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADP NUM DET PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ ADV VERB estuarine CCONJ ADJ species PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET sensitivity ADP ADJ amphipods AUX VERB ADP ADJ species PRON AUX VERB ADP VERB saltwater PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM amphipod genera PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX ADP DET test species VERB PART VERB saltwater PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP NUM chemicals PUNCT ADJ amphipod toxicity data ADP NUM PUNCT d water PUNCT ADV tests ADP DET ADP DET NUM chemicals AUX VERB ADP data ADP PUNCT X PUNCT DET ADJ species PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ ADJ species PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ ADJ species PUNCT Amphipods AUX ADV ADP ADJ sensitivity ADP DET comparison PUNCT DET ADJ percentile rank ADP amphipods ADP DET species VERB AUX NUM% PUNCT ADP DET ADJ species PUNCT NUM% PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ species PUNCT NUM% PUNCT ADV PUNCT amphipods AUX PART ADV ADJ ADJ ADP DET species PUNCT ADJ species PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ species PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADJ research AUX AUX VERB PART VERB tests VERB species PRON AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP amphipods PUNCT ADV VERB protection ADP ADV ADJ groups PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET sensitivity ADP DET PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT d ADJ sediment test PUNCT DET oyster embryo PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT h abnormality test PUNCT CCONJ DET bacterium PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT h luminescence inhibition test PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT DET PROPN test PUNCT ADP sediments VERB ADP NUM VERB sites ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP ADJ sediment PUNCT SCONJ DET oyster CCONJ bacterium tests AUX VERB ADP sediment elutriates CCONJ extracts PUNCT ADV PUNCT Microtox AUX DET ADV ADJ test PUNCT ADP NUM% ADP DET sites VERB ADJ inhibition ADP luminescence PUNCT ADJ mortality ADP PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP NUM% ADP test sediments PUNCT CCONJ oyster abnormality VERB ADP NUM% ADP sediment elutriates PUNCT ADJ concordance PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT sediments PRON AUX CCONJ ADJ CCONJ PART PUNCT ADJ ADP DET NUM tests PUNCT AUX VERB ADP NUM% ADP DET sediments PUNCT ADJ sources ADP DET lack ADP concordance ADP ADJ sites VERB ADJ differences ADP sensitivity ADP test organisms PUNCT heterogeneity ADP contaminant types VERB ADP test sediments PUNCT CCONJ differences ADP routes ADP exposure ADJ ADP DET toxicity test PUNCT DET results VERB DET importance ADP VERB ADJ assays SCONJ VERB sediment assessments PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ studies AUX VERB DET sensitivity ADP combinations ADP DET NUM amphipods ADP sediment contaminants PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ comparisons ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ examples ADP ADJ comparisons ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET examples VERB PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX DET overlap ADP ADJ sensitivity ADP comparison ADP comparison ADP DET species combination PUNCT DET VERB PART VERB SCONJ DET NUM species AUX ADP DET ADJ range ADP ADJ sensitivity ADP VERB sediments PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP VERB sediments ADP DET series ADP experiments PUNCT DET species AUX VERB ADP NUM ° C PUNCT Experiments AUX VERB PART VERB DET response ADP DET organism ADV ADP PART VERB DET comparison ADP DET sensitivity ADP DET methods PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT PROPN abdita AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP NUM ° C PUNCT PUNCT Sediments VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET comparisons PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM sediments AUX VERB ADP NUM comparison PUNCT SCONJ NUM AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT Analysis ADP results VERB PROPN PROPN rank sum test ADP DET experiments VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP DET sediments ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM ° C PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB DET sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP sediments ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON ADV VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX ADV ADJ ADP sediment grain size factors ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP sediment VERB ADP fluoranthene CCONJ field PUNCT VERB sediment ADP ADJ waterways ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT d tests PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ cadmium PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET NUM PUNCT d water PUNCT ADJ test PUNCT DET sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN AUX ADP NUM PUNCT ADP spiked PUNCT VERB sediment PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT ADP NUM PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT sediment PUNCT times ADV ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN ADP sediment tests PUNCT CCONJ NUM times ADV ADJ ADP PROPN ADP DET water PUNCT ADJ test PUNCT DET results AUX VERB ADP DET findings ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PART AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX ADV ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT survival CCONJ biomass endpoints PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT survival PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT survival PUNCT NUM SPACE NUM Leptocheirus plumulosus AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ amphipod PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADV VERB gradient ADP sediment contamination SCONJ DET ADJ AUX VERB ADP ADJ salinity PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT NUM o SYM oo PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM ADJ amphipod species PUNCT NUM mollusks PUNCT CCONJ NUM polychaete ADP ADV VERB sediment VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ sediment PUNCT Leptocheirus PROPN AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET amphipods PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET results ADP DET ADJ comparison ADP NUM PUNCT d tests ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB dilutions ADP sediments VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ agreement ADP species CCONJ laboratories ADP DET ranking ADP sediment toxicity CCONJ DET ability PART VERB ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ sediments PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET response ADP PROPN plumulosus PUNCT NUM PUNCT d survival CCONJ growth PUNCT ADP DET response ADP DET amphipod PROPN dytiscus PUNCT NUM PUNCT d survival CCONJ growth PUNCT PUNCT DET polychaete PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT d survival CCONJ growth PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ lettuce germination PUNCT PROPN sativa ADP NUM PUNCT d exposure PUNCT CCONJ VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX ADV ADJ VERB ADP DET response ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP exposures ADP NUM sediments ADP ADJ metal concentrations PUNCT SPACE NUM Ammonia AUX DET ADV VERB compound ADP ADJ sediment PRON VERB ADP DET degradation ADP ADJ debris PUNCT ADJ ammonia concentrations ADP test sediment AUX VERB ADP ADP NUM mg SYM L ADP ADP excess ADP NUM mg SYM L PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ infauna VERB toxicity ADP ammonia ADP concentrations ADP ADP NUM mg SYM L PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP water PUNCT ADV CCONJ VERB PUNCT sediment experiments ADP ammonia PUNCT threshold limits ADP test initiation CCONJ termination AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADJ test PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT individuals AUX ADV ADJ ADP ammonia ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT individuals PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT b PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Results ADP DET NUM PUNCT d test VERB SCONJ neonates AUX VERB ADV ADJ levels ADP pore PUNCT water ammonia PUNCT NUM NUM mg SYM L ADJ ammonia PUNCT ADP ADJ periods ADP time ADP DET ADJ ADJ PUNCT term effects PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX PART ADJ PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ tolerance ADP ammonia VERB SCONJ DET amphipods AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ ADJ sediments ADP DET diagenesis AUX VERB ADP ADJ pore PUNCT water ammonia concentrations PUNCT Insensitivity ADP ammonia ADP PROPN PROPN AUX PART AUX VERB ADP DET indicator ADP DET sensitivity ADP DET PROPN PROPN sediment toxicity test ADP ADJ chemicals ADP concern PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ ADJ data AUX ADJ ADP ADJ water PUNCT ADJ exposures ADP DET NUM species ADP ADJ PUNCT chemical tests PUNCT Studies PRON AUX VERB ADV VERB SCONJ DET NUM species AUX ADV DET ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE NUM DET ADJ sensitivity ADP DET NUM amphipod species ADP ammonia AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT d water ADJ toxicity tests ADP order PART VERB interpretation ADP results ADP tests ADP sediments SCONJ DET toxicant AUX ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET tests AUX ADJ exposures PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP conditions PUNCT ADP example PUNCT salinity PUNCT photoperiod PUNCT ADJ ADP DET VERB ADP ADJ NUM PUNCT d sediment tests PUNCT Departures ADP ADJ conditions VERB DET absence ADP sediment CCONJ DET test temperature ADP NUM ° C ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP NUM NUM NUM ADP VERB ADP DET standard PUNCT Sensitivity ADP ADJ ammonia VERB ADP VERB pH ADP DET NUM species PUNCT DET rank sensitivity AUX PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ study ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ ADJ sensitivity ADP ammonia ADP PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN NUM SPACE NUM Cadmium chloride AUX AUX DET ADJ reference toxicant ADP DET NUM species ADP NUM PUNCT d exposures PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET rank sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN X PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN X PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ temperature CCONJ salinity ADP NUM ° C CCONJ NUM o SYM oo PUNCT DET series ADP NUM PUNCT d exposures ADP cadmium PRON AUX VERB ADP species PUNCT ADJ temperatures CCONJ salinities VERB DET ADJ rank sensitivity PUNCT PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN plumulosus SYM R. abronius SYM E. estuarius PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM SPACE NUM ADJ species sensitivity ADV VERB ADP contaminants PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET battery ADP tests VERB organisms VERB ADJ ADJ levels AUX AUX VERB PART VERB sediment quality PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET ADJ toxicity ADP NUM metals PUNCT ADJ PUNCT cadmium PUNCT chromium PUNCT copper PUNCT mercury PUNCT CCONJ zinc PUNCT ADP crustaceans PUNCT polychaetes PUNCT pelecypods PUNCT CCONJ fishes CCONJ VERB SCONJ DET NUM species CCONJ group ADP test organisms AUX DET ADV ADJ ADP DET ADP DET metals PUNCT SPACE NUM DET sensitivity ADP DET organism AUX VERB ADP route ADP exposure CCONJ ADJ response ADP contaminants PUNCT Sediment PUNCT VERB organisms AUX VERB exposure ADP NUM ADJ sources PUNCT ADJ water PUNCT sediment particles PUNCT CCONJ ADJ water PUNCT Food type PUNCT feeding rate PUNCT assimilation efficiency PUNCT CCONJ clearance rate AUX VERB DET dose ADP contaminants ADP sediment PUNCT ADJ invertebrates ADV ADV VERB ADJ particle sizes PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ particles ADP ADJ ADJ carbon concentrations DET AUX AUX ADJ contaminant concentrations PUNCT Grazers CCONJ ADJ collector PUNCT gatherers PRON VERB ADP aufwuchs CCONJ detritus AUX VERB ADJ ADP PRON body burden ADV ADP materials VERB ADP sediment CCONJ ADP ADJ sediment ingestion PUNCT ADP DET amphipods PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ clams PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT uptake ADP DET gut AUX VERB uptake ADP DET gills ADP ADJ ADJ compounds PUNCT Organisms ADP ADJ contact ADP sediment AUX ADV VERB contaminants ADP ADJ adsorption ADP DET body wall CCONJ ADP absorption ADP DET integument PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM SPACE NUM SCONJ DET ADJ complexities ADP VERB DET dose PRON DET animal VERB ADP sediment PUNCT DET toxicity CCONJ bioaccumulation ADP ADJ contaminants ADP sediment ADJ ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT fluoranthene PUNCT organochlorines PUNCT CCONJ metals AUX AUX VERB ADP CCONJ DET concentration ADP DET chemicals ADP ADJ water CCONJ ADP DET case ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ chemicals PUNCT concentrations ADP sediment ADP DET ADJ carbon VERB basis PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ importance ADP ADJ sediment CCONJ ADJ water routes ADP exposure VERB ADP DET test organism CCONJ DET ADJ contaminant PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ ADJ communities VERB DET diversity ADP organisms PUNCT ADJ combinations ADP exposure routes AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT behavior CCONJ feeding habits ADP DET test organism AUX VERB PRON ability PART VERB contaminants ADP sediment CCONJ AUX AUX VERB SCONJ VERB test organisms ADP sediment testing PUNCT SPACE NUM DET use ADP PROPN abdita PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP laboratory toxicity studies AUX AUX field VERB ADP ADJ populations ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN al PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN estuarius PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN X al . NUM PUNCT NUM PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN plumulosus PUNCT NUM SPACE NUM Data ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PART PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN program AUX VERB PART VERB DET relationship ADP survival ADP PROPN abdita ADP sediment toxicity tests CCONJ DET presence ADP amphipods PUNCT ADV ampeliscids PUNCT ADP field samples PUNCT ADP NUM sediment samples ADP NUM years ADP sampling ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP VERB ADJ measurements ADP PROPN abdita survival ADP toxicity tests ADP ADJ community enumeration PUNCT SCONJ species ADP DET genus AUX ADP DET ADV ADV VERB taxa ADP DET samples PUNCT ampeliscids AUX ADV ADJ ADP stations PRON VERB PROPN abdita test survival ADP NUM% ADP DET ADP control samples PUNCT ADV PUNCT ampeliscids AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ densities ADP stations ADP amphipod test survival ADP NUM CCONJ NUM% PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET data VERB SCONJ tests ADP SPACE X PUNCT VERB Documents PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT DET documents VERB ADV AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ standard CCONJ AUX PART VERB ADP part ADP DET standard PUNCT SPACE NUM Terminology VERB ADP PROPN SPACE NUM Guide ADP Disposal ADP Laboratory Chemicals CCONJ Samples SPACE PROPN Practice ADP VERB ADJ Digits ADP Test Data PART VERB Conformance ADP Specifications SPACE NUM Practice ADP Probability Sampling ADP Materials SPACE NUM Practice ADP VERB Sample Size PART VERB PUNCT ADP VERB Precision PUNCT DET Average ADP DET Characteristic ADP DET Lot CCONJ Process SPACE NUM Practice ADP Acceptance ADP Evidence VERB ADP DET Results ADP Probability Sampling SPACE X Practice ADP Use ADP DET Terms Precision CCONJ Bias ADP PROPN Test Methods SPACE X Practice ADP VERB ADP ADJ Observations SPACE NUM Terminology VERB ADP Quality CCONJ Statistics SPACE NUM Practice ADP VERB DET ADJ Study PART VERB DET Precision ADP DET Test Method SPACE NUM Guide ADP VERB ADJ Toxicity Tests ADP Test Materials ADP Fishes PUNCT Macroinvertebrates PUNCT CCONJ Amphibians SPACE NUM Terminology VERB ADP ADJ Effects CCONJ ADJ Fate SPACE NUM Guide ADP VERB ADJ Life PUNCT Stage Toxicity Tests ADP Fishes SPACE NUM Terminology VERB ADP Design ADP Experiments SPACE NUM Guide ADP Collection PUNCT Storage PUNCT Characterization PUNCT CCONJ Manipulation ADP Sediments ADP ADJ Testing CCONJ ADP Selection ADP Samplers VERB PART VERB ADJ Invertebrates SPACE NUM Guide ADP VERB Design SPACE NUM Guide ADP VERB ADJ Tests ADP Sediments SPACE NUM Guide ADP VERB Sediment Toxicity Tests ADP ADJ Annelids SPACE NUM Guide ADP Determination ADP DET Bioaccumulation ADP Sediment PUNCT VERB Contaminants ADP ADJ Invertebrates SPACE NUM Test Method ADP VERB DET Toxicity ADP Sediment PUNCT VERB Contaminants ADP Freshwater Invertebrates SPACE NUM Practice ADP ADJ Analysis ADP Toxicity Tests VERB ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE NUM Guide ADP Selection ADP ADJ Species ADP Test Organisms ADP ADJ CCONJ Sediment Toxicity Tests SPACE PROPN abdita PUNCT amphipod PUNCT bioavailability PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PROPN estuarius PUNCT estuarine PUNCT invertebrates PUNCT Leptocheirus plumulosus PUNCT ADJ PUNCT Rhepoxynius abronius PUNCT sediment PUNCT toxicity PUNCT Acidity PUNCT alkalinity PUNCT pH PUNCT chemicals PUNCT ADJ toxicity tests PUNCT Ampelisca abdita PUNCT Amphipods SYM Amphibia PUNCT ADJ environments PUNCT ADJ macroinvertebrates PUNCT VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADJ data analysis PUNCT sediments PUNCT Bivalve molluscs PUNCT Chemical analysis PUNCT water applications PUNCT Contamination PUNCT ADJ PUNCT Corophium PUNCT Crustacea PUNCT NUM test PUNCT PROPN estuarius PUNCT Estuarine environments PUNCT Field testing PUNCT ADJ materials SYM applications PUNCT ADJ characteristics PUNCT PROPN japonica PUNCT Leptocheirus PROPN PUNCT ADJ environments PUNCT ADJ ADJ dose PUNCT Polychaetes PUNCT Reference toxicants PUNCT Rhepoxynium abronius PUNCT Saltwater PUNCT Seawater PUNCT ADJ SYM ADJ PUNCT PUNCT Sediment toxicity testing PUNCT ADJ tests PUNCT ADJ materials SYM applications PUNCT NUM PUNCT day testing PUNCT Toxicity SYM toxicology PUNCT water environments SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX DET member ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PROPN SPACE X ADV ADP Top PUNCT
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PROPN CCONJ PROPN SPACE PROPN VERB habitat ADP ADJ ADJ organisms CCONJ AUX DET ADJ repository ADP ADJ ADP DET ADV ADJ chemicals PRON AUX VERB ADP surface waters PUNCT ADP DET ADJ environment PUNCT ADJ ADJ chemicals CCONJ waste materials VERB ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ chemicals ADV VERB ADP sediment PUNCT Mounting evidences VERB ADP ADJ degradation ADP areas SCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT AUX PART VERB PUNCT CCONJ organisms ADP CCONJ ADP sediments AUX ADV VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB organisms ADP DET water column CCONJ AUX PART VERB ADP VERB organisms ADP sediment PUNCT Concentrations ADP contaminants ADP sediment AUX AUX ADJ orders ADP magnitude ADJ ADP ADP DET ADJ water PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ sediment concentrations AUX PART AUX ADV VERB ADP bioavailability PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Partitioning CCONJ sorption ADP DET compound ADP water CCONJ sediment AUX VERB ADP ADJ factors VERB PUNCT ADJ solubility PUNCT pH PUNCT redox PUNCT affinity ADP sediment ADJ carbon CCONJ VERB ADJ carbon PUNCT grain size ADP DET sediment PUNCT sediment mineral constituents PUNCT oxides ADP iron PUNCT manganese PUNCT CCONJ aluminum PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET quantity ADP ADJ ADJ sulfides ADP sediment PROPN PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ ADJ chemicals AUX ADV VERB ADP sediment PUNCT DET compounds AUX ADV AUX ADJ ADP DET biota PUNCT Chemicals ADP sediments AUX AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ life CCONJ AUX AUX DET source ADP chemicals ADP bioaccumulation ADP DET food chain PUNCT SPACE DET objective ADP DET sediment test AUX PART VERB SCONJ chemicals ADP sediment AUX ADJ ADP CCONJ AUX VERB ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT DET tests AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ ADJ effects ADP ADJ ADJ mixtures ADP sediment PUNCT ADV PUNCT knowledge ADP ADJ pathways ADP interactions ADP sediments CCONJ test organisms AUX PART ADJ PART VERB DET tests PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Sediment tests AUX AUX VERB PART PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB DET relationship ADP ADJ effects CCONJ bioavailability PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB interactions ADP chemicals PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB DET sensitivities ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ distribution ADP contamination PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB hazards ADP VERB material PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB toxicity ADP part ADP product licensing CCONJ safety testing PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB areas ADP clean ADP PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X VERB DET effectiveness ADP remediation CCONJ management practices PUNCT SPACE DET variety ADP methods AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB DET toxicity ADP chemicals ADP sediments VERB amphipods PUNCT midges PUNCT polychaetes PUNCT oligochaetes PUNCT mayflies PUNCT CCONJ cladocerans PUNCT Test PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT Guide PROPN NUM PUNCT Guide PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADJ endpoints AUX VERB ADP DET methods PART VERB ADJ effects ADP contaminants ADP sediment VERB survival PUNCT growth PUNCT behavior PUNCT CCONJ reproduction PUNCT ADV PUNCT survival ADP test organisms ADP NUM PUNCT day exposures AUX DET endpoint ADV ADV VERB PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT term exposures PRON ADV VERB effects ADP survival AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ levels ADP contamination ADP sediments PUNCT CCONJ AUX PART AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ levels ADP contamination ADP sediments PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADJ endpoints ADP sediment tests AUX ADV VERB PART AUX ADJ estimates ADP responses ADP ADJ communities ADP contaminants ADP DET field PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ information AUX ADJ PART VERB SCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT term test VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP NUM PUNCT d toxicity tests VERB ADP DET CCONJ ADJ species PUNCT SPACE DET decision PART VERB ADJ PUNCT term CCONJ ADJ PUNCT term toxicity tests VERB ADP DET goal ADP DET assessment PUNCT ADP DET instances PUNCT ADJ information AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ endpoints ADP NUM PUNCT day tests PUNCT ADP ADJ instances PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT day tests AUX AUX VERB PART VERB samples ADP toxicity ADP ADJ PUNCT term tests AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT term tests AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ effects ADP reproduction PUNCT measurement ADP growth ADP DET toxicity tests AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ estimate ADP ADJ effects ADP contaminants VERB ADP sediments PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Use ADP ADJ endpoints ADP assessment ADP contaminant risk AUX PART ADJ ADP toxicity testing ADP sediments PUNCT ADJ ADJ programs VERB DET use ADP ADJ endpoints ADP DET decision PUNCT VERB process PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ monitoring PUNCT VERB chemical PUNCT ADJ limits CCONJ ADJ endpoints ADP toxicity tests PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ assessment VERB ADJ ADJ endpoints ADP fish CCONJ ADJ invertebrates PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ toxicity testing ADP fish CCONJ invertebrates PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ toxicity testing ADP fish CCONJ invertebrates PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ endpoints PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Results ADP toxicity tests ADP sediments VERB ADP ADJ concentrations ADP chemicals AUX AUX VERB PART VERB cause CCONJ effect relationships ADP chemicals CCONJ ADJ responses PUNCT Results ADP toxicity tests ADP test materials VERB ADP sediments ADP ADJ concentrations AUX AUX VERB ADP terms ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADJ concentration PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT ADJ effect concentration PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT inhibition concentration PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ effect concentration PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADJ effect concentration PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB sediment AUX PART AUX ADJ ADP chemicals VERB ADP sediment ADP DET field PUNCT Mixing time PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT aging PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET chemical form ADP DET material AUX VERB responses ADP test organisms ADP VERB sediment tests PUNCT SPACE VERB effect concentrations ADP chemicals ADP sediment VERB knowledge ADP factors VERB PRON bioavailability PUNCT ADJ concentrations ADP DET chemical ADP units ADP mass ADP chemical ADP mass ADP sediment ADJ weight ADV VERB DET range ADP toxicity ADP ADJ sediments PROPN PROPN PROPN al PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN al PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Effect concentrations ADP chemicals ADP sediment AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ water concentrations PUNCT CCONJ effect concentrations ADP ADJ water AUX ADV ADJ ADP effect concentrations ADP water PUNCT ADV exposures PUNCT DET bioavailability ADP ADJ ADJ compounds ADP sediment AUX ADV ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ carbon concentration PUNCT DET DET route ADP exposure PUNCT DET correlations ADP effect concentrations ADP ADJ water concentrations VERB SCONJ VERB CCONJ VERB concentrations ADP ADJ water AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET exposure concentration ADP DET organism PUNCT ADV PUNCT information ADP partitioning ADP chemicals ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ phases ADP sediment AUX ADJ ADP VERB effect concentrations PROPN PROPN PROPN al PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Field surveys AUX AUX VERB PART VERB CCONJ DET ADJ reconnaissance ADP DET distribution ADP sediment contamination CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ comparison ADP contamination ADP sites PUNCT SPACE Surveys ADP sediment toxicity AUX ADV part ADP ADV ADJ analyses ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ data PUNCT ADJ correlations AUX AUX VERB CCONJ sampling costs AUX AUX VERB SCONJ subsamples AUX VERB ADV ADP sediment tests PUNCT chemical analyses PUNCT CCONJ ADJ community structure PUNCT SPACE Table NUM VERB ADJ approaches DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET assessment ADP sediment quality PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET approaches VERB PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT equilibrium partitioning PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT tissue residues PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ water toxicity PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sediment toxicity CCONJ sediment PUNCT VERB tests PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ community structure PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT effect ranges PUNCT ADP example PUNCT effect range median PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT sediment quality triad PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM CCONJ PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET critique ADP DET methods PUNCT PUNCT DET sediment assessment approaches VERB ADP Table NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT equilibrium partitioning PUNCT PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sediment toxicity tests PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET combination ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ approaches PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ methods AUX AUX VERB PART VERB chemical PUNCT ADJ sediment quality guidelines PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADJ methods ADJ ADP toxicity tests ADP field PUNCT VERB sediment AUX PART AUX VERB ADV PART VERB ADJ SQGs ADP ADJ chemicals PUNCT SCONJ DET approach AUX AUX VERB PART VERB site PUNCT ADJ decisions PUNCT DET NUM ADJ approach AUX ADV VERB sediment quality PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET integration ADP ADJ methods VERB DET weight ADP evidence AUX DET ADV ADJ approach ADP VERB DET effects ADP contaminants VERB ADP sediment PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT Hazard evaluations VERB data ADP laboratory exposures PUNCT chemical analyses PUNCT CCONJ ADJ community assessments PUNCT DET sediment quality triad PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ evidence ADP DET degree ADP pollution PUNCT VERB degradation ADP ADJ communities PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM VERB information ADP DET ADJ applications ADP sediment toxicity tests PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET use ADP performance PUNCT VERB methods ADP VERB standards PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Performance PUNCT VERB methods AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET monitoring approach DET VERB DET use ADP ADJ methods PRON VERB ADJ VERB performance standards PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB DET workshop PART VERB DET opportunity ADP experts ADP DET field ADP sediment toxicology CCONJ staff ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN offices PART VERB DET development ADP ADJ freshwater PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ sediment testing procedures PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT Workgroup participants VERB ADP DET consensus ADP ADJ culturing CCONJ testing methods PUNCT ADP VERB guidance ADP VERB test organisms PART AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN methods manual ADP sediment tests PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET NUM method AUX AUX VERB PART VERB organisms PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET consensus ADP DET workshop AUX SCONJ success ADP DET test VERB ADP DET health ADP DET cultures PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADJ test organisms ADP VERB quality CCONJ age ADP testing AUX VERB PART AUX DET ADJ consideration ADJ ADP culturing methods PUNCT DET performance PUNCT VERB criteria approach AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP DET VERB method ADP DET ADJ laboratories AUX VERB ADJ culturing methods ADV ADP VERB use ADP NUM culturing method PUNCT SPACE DET standard VERB DET use ADP performance PUNCT VERB criteria PART VERB DET laboratory PART VERB culture methods CCONJ VERB effects ADP test organism health ADP DET reliability CCONJ comparability ADP test results PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM ADP DET listing ADP performance criteria ADP culturing CCONJ testing PUNCT SPACE NUM DET test method VERB procedures ADP VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ organisms ADP DET laboratory PART VERB DET toxicity ADP contaminants VERB ADP ADJ sediments PUNCT Sediments AUX AUX VERB ADP DET field CCONJ VERB ADP compounds ADP DET laboratory PUNCT ADJ guidance AUX VERB ADP Sections NUM SYM NUM ADP VERB sediment toxicity tests ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ amphipods PUNCT ADJ guidance ADP VERB NUM PUNCT d sediment toxicity tests ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ amphipods AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ guidance ADP VERB NUM PUNCT d sediment toxicity tests ADP PROPN plumulosus AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN NUM SPACE NUM Procedures AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ amphipod crustaceans ADP NUM PUNCT d laboratory exposures PART VERB DET toxicity ADP contaminants VERB ADP ADJ sediments PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT Sediments AUX AUX VERB ADP DET field CCONJ VERB ADP compounds ADP DET laboratory PUNCT DET toxicity method AUX VERB ADP NUM species ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ sediment PUNCT VERB amphipods VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADJ waters PUNCT DET species AUX PROPN abdita PUNCT DET ADJ species PRON VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ portions ADP DET PROPN coast PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN estuarius PUNCT DET PROPN coast estuarine species PUNCT PROPN plumulosus PUNCT DET PROPN coast estuarine species PUNCT CCONJ PROPN abronius PUNCT DET PROPN coast ADJ species PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET method VERB AUX AUX VERB ADP DET NUM species PUNCT SCONJ acclimation procedures CCONJ DET test conditions PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT temperature CCONJ salinity PUNCT AUX AUX species PUNCT ADJ PUNCT Sections NUM CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET toxicity test AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT L glass chambers VERB NUM mL ADP sediment CCONJ NUM mL ADP ADJ seawater PUNCT Exposure AUX ADJ PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT water AUX PART VERB PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET animals AUX PART VERB ADP DET NUM PUNCT d exposure period PUNCT DET endpoint ADP DET toxicity test AUX survival ADP reburial ADP VERB amphipods ADP DET ADJ measurement PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET endpoint ADP DET ADP DET test species PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT Performance criteria VERB ADP DET test VERB DET ADJ survival ADP amphipods ADP ADJ control treatment AUX AUX ADJ ADP CCONJ ADJ ADP NUM% PUNCT Procedures AUX VERB ADP use ADP sediments ADP pore PUNCT water salinity VERB ADP ADP NUM o SYM X ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE NUM DET procedure AUX ADV VERB ADP VERB DET ADJ toxicity ADP contaminants VERB ADP ADJ sediments ADP DET amphipod PROPN PROPN ADP laboratory exposures PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET toxicity test AUX VERB ADP NUM d ADP NUM PUNCT L glass chambers VERB NUM mL ADP sediment CCONJ ADV NUM mL ADP ADJ water PUNCT Test temperature AUX NUM ° ADP NUM ° C PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB ADJ water salinity AUX NUM o / oo ADP NUM o / ADP test sediment ADP pore water ADP NUM o NUM oo ADP NUM o / oo PUNCT CCONJ NUM o / oo ADP NUM o / oo PUNCT ADP test sediment ADP pore water ADP NUM o NUM oo PUNCT PUNCT NUM NUM millilitres ADP ADJ water AUX VERB NUM times ADP week PUNCT ADP DET times test organisms AUX VERB PUNCT DET endpoints ADP DET toxicity test AUX survival PUNCT growth PUNCT CCONJ reproduction ADP amphipods PUNCT Performance criteria VERB ADP DET test VERB DET ADJ survival ADP amphipods ADP ADJ control treatment AUX AUX ADJ ADP CCONJ ADJ ADP NUM% CCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ growth CCONJ reproduction ADP DET replicates ADP DET ADJ control treatment PUNCT DET test AUX ADJ ADP use ADP sediments ADP ADJ ADP ADV ADJ environments PUNCT ADP DET silt content ADJ ADP NUM% CCONJ DET clay content ADJ ADP NUM% PUNCT SPACE NUM DET salinity ADP NUM CCONJ NUM o / oo AUX VERB ADP ADJ application ADP NUM PUNCT d test ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET salinity ADP NUM o / oois VERB ADP ADJ application ADP DET NUM PUNCT d test ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET salinity ADP DET VERB water ADP tests ADP DET NUM species AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ salinity ADP interest PUNCT ADP example PUNCT salinity ADJ ADP site ADP interest CCONJ DET objective ADP DET study AUX AUX PART VERB DET influence ADP salinity ADP DET bioavailability ADP chemicals ADP sediment PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT DET salinity VERB AUX AUX ADP DET tolerance range ADP DET test organisms PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ tests AUX VERB ADP procedures ADJ ADP DET VERB ADP NUM CCONJ ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ salinity PUNCT lighting PUNCT temperature PUNCT feeding conditions PUNCT PUNCT ADJ tests AUX VERB PART VERB comparability ADP results PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART DET need PART VERB comparisons ADP studies PUNCT ADV DET test AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET VERB salinity ADP DET sediment ADP interest PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ revisions ADP DET standard AUX VERB ADJ annexes VERB ADJ PUNCT sediment toxicity tests ADP ADJ groups ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ invertebrates PUNCT ADP example PUNCT information VERB ADP Guide PROPN NUM ADP sediment testing ADP polychaetes AUX AUX VERB ADP DET annex ADP ADJ revisions ADP DET standard PUNCT PUNCT ADJ editions ADP DET standard AUX ADV VERB methods ADP VERB DET toxicity tests ADP ADJ chambers ADP ADJ sediment PUNCT PROPN et al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM Procedures VERB ADP DET standard AUX VERB ADV ADP procedures VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT E NUM PUNCT E NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT 1997a PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ sediment toxicity research CCONJ methods development AUX ADV ADP progress PART PUNCT X PUNCT VERB sediment spiking procedures PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB sediment dilution procedures PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT procedures PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB ADJ data ADP confirmation ADP responses ADP laboratory tests ADP ADJ populations ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT field validation studies PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP endpoints VERB ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT d toxicity tests VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ amphipods PUNCT DET information AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ editions ADP DET standard PUNCT SPACE NUM SCONJ ADJ procedures AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET standard ADP VERB ADJ sediment tests ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ investigation ADP ADJ issues AUX VERB ADP DET interpretation ADP test results PUNCT DET ADP DET issues VERB ADJ investigation PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ sensitivity ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ endpoints ADP DET ADJ variety ADP chemicals VERB ADP sediment CCONJ ADP mixtures ADP chemicals ADP sediments ADP contamination gradients ADP DET field PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADJ research AUX VERB PART VERB DET ability ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ endpoints PART VERB DET responses ADP populations CCONJ communities ADP ADJ invertebrates ADP VERB sediments PUNCT Research AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET toxicity test endpoints ADP DET field PUNCT VERB population model ADP PROPN PROPN PRON AUX ADV VERB estimates ADP population PUNCT level responses ADP DET amphipod PART VERB sediments CCONJ ADV VERB ADJ ADV ADJ ADJ guidance ADP DET laboratory toxicity test PUNCT SPACE NUM DET standard VERB ADJ test methods ADP VERB DET toxicity ADP sediments ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ ADJ procedures AUX VERB ADP DET standard PUNCT ADJ investigation ADP ADJ issues AUX VERB ADP DET interpretation ADP test results PUNCT DET ADP DET issues VERB DET effect ADP shipping ADP organism sensitivity PUNCT ADJ performance criteria ADP organism health PUNCT sensitivity ADP ADJ populations ADP DET ADJ test species PUNCT CCONJ confirmation ADP responses ADP laboratory tests ADP ADJ benthos populations PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ procedures VERB ADP DET standard AUX AUX ADJ ADP VERB tests ADP ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ organisms PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN dytiscus PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ modifications AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT Results ADP tests PUNCT ADV DET ADP DET ADJ species PUNCT VERB procedures ADJ ADP DET VERB ADP DET test method AUX PART AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB DET ADJ procedures AUX VERB bioavailability PUNCT Comparison ADP results VERB VERB VERB versions ADP DET procedures AUX VERB ADJ information VERB ADJ concepts CCONJ procedures ADP VERB sediment tests ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT SCONJ tests AUX VERB ADP procedures ADJ ADP DET VERB ADP DET test method PUNCT ADJ tests AUX VERB PART VERB comparability ADP results PUNCT ADJ procedures VERB ADP DET test method AUX AUX ADJ ADP VERB tests ADP ADJ ADJ organisms PUNCT ADV PUNCT modifications AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT SPACE NUM Selection ADP Toxicity PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE NUM DET choice ADP DET test organism AUX DET ADJ influence ADP DET relevance PUNCT success PUNCT CCONJ interpretation ADP DET test PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET NUM organism AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET sediments PUNCT DET ADJ criteria AUX VERB SCONJ VERB test organisms PART AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PROPN NUM CCONJ Guide PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET test organism AUX PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX DET ADJ database VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP DET range ADP contaminants ADP interest ADP sediment PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX DET database ADP ADJ comparisons ADP procedures PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ PUNCT robin studies PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADP ADJ contact ADP sediment PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP culture CCONJ ADP field collection PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET laboratory PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADV CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT X AUX DET ADJ ADJ distribution PUNCT AUX ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADP DET site AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ AUX DET niche ADJ ADP organisms ADP concern PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ feeding guild CCONJ behavior ADP DET ADJ organisms PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ range ADP sediment ADJ ADJ ADJ characteristics PUNCT ADP example PUNCT grain size PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP VERB exposure methods CCONJ endpoints PUNCT Guide PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Methods VERB VERB organisms AUX ADV AUX PUNCT X PUNCT peer VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT journal articles PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT VERB ADP responses ADP ADJ populations ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT SPACE NUM ADP DET criteria PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET database VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP contaminants PUNCT contact ADP sediment PUNCT ease ADP culture ADP DET laboratory CCONJ availability ADP field PUNCT collection PUNCT ease ADP handling ADP DET laboratory PUNCT tolerance ADP VERB sediment ADJ PUNCT ADJ characteristics PUNCT CCONJ confirmation ADP responses ADP ADJ ADJ populations AUX DET ADJ criteria VERB ADP VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN estuarius PUNCT PROPN plumulosus PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ edition ADP DET standard ADP NUM PUNCT d sediment tests PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET species VERB ADP DET method AUX ADV VERB ADP sediment PUNCT ADP ADP PRON tube- VERB CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ sediment VERB nature PUNCT Amphipods AUX AUX VERB ADV PART VERB DET toxicity ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ sediments PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET selection ADP test species ADP DET standard VERB DET consensus ADP experts ADP DET field ADP sediment toxicology PRON VERB ADP DET workshop VERB PUNCT PROPN Issues ADP PROPN CCONJ ADJ Sediments PUNCT PUNCT DET workshop AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP NUM SYM NUM PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET candidate species VERB ADP DET workshop PUNCT PROPN abdita PUNCT PROPN estuarius PUNCT PROPN plumulosus PUNCT CCONJ PROPN abronius ADV VERB DET selection criteria PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET availability ADP DET combination ADP NUM estuarine CCONJ NUM ADJ species DET ADP CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT coasts PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX ADV ADJ ADP portions ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADJ organisms PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP sediment testing AUX PART ADV VERB DET selection criteria SCONJ ADJ emphasis AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ testing procedures ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET ADJ species PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX PART VERB SCONJ workshop participants VERB SCONJ DET use ADP DET species AUX PART ADV ADJ PART VERB standardization ADP DET method PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT AUX VERB DET use ADP DET ADJ amphipod species ADP sediment toxicity testing PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET database ADJ ADP DET ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP order ADP DET CCONJ ADJ organisms PART AUX VERB ADP ADJ editions ADP DET standard PUNCT SPACE NUM DET ADJ criterion VERB ADP VERB PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ testing ADP sediments AUX SCONJ DET species AUX VERB ADP CCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ regions ADP estuaries ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ range ADP sediment grain size distribution PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET species AUX ADV VERB ADP DET laboratory CCONJ AUX DET ADV ADJ generation time PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT ADP NUM d ADP NUM ° C PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB DET species ADJ ADP ADJ testing PUNCT Section NUM PUNCT NUM SPACE NUM DET ADJ consideration ADP DET selection ADP ADJ species ADP test method development AUX DET existence ADP information VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP DET organisms DET ADP ADJ chemicals CCONJ ADJ mixtures PUNCT ADJ studies AUX VERB DET sensitivities ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADP NUM DET PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ ADV VERB estuarine CCONJ ADJ species PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET sensitivity ADP ADJ amphipods AUX VERB ADP ADJ species PRON AUX VERB ADP VERB saltwater PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM amphipod genera PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX ADP DET test species VERB PART VERB saltwater PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP NUM chemicals PUNCT ADJ amphipod toxicity data ADP NUM PUNCT d water PUNCT ADV tests ADP DET ADP DET NUM chemicals AUX VERB ADP data ADP PUNCT X PUNCT DET ADJ species PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ ADJ species PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ ADJ species PUNCT Amphipods AUX ADV ADP ADJ sensitivity ADP DET comparison PUNCT DET ADJ percentile rank ADP amphipods ADP DET species VERB AUX NUM% PUNCT ADP DET ADJ species PUNCT NUM% PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ species PUNCT NUM% PUNCT ADV PUNCT amphipods AUX PART ADV ADJ ADJ ADP DET species PUNCT ADJ species PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ species PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADJ research AUX AUX VERB PART VERB tests VERB species PRON AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP amphipods PUNCT ADV VERB protection ADP ADV ADJ groups PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET sensitivity ADP DET PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT d ADJ sediment test PUNCT DET oyster embryo PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT h abnormality test PUNCT CCONJ DET bacterium PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT h luminescence inhibition test PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT DET PROPN test PUNCT ADP sediments VERB ADP NUM VERB sites ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP ADJ sediment PUNCT SCONJ DET oyster CCONJ bacterium tests AUX VERB ADP sediment elutriates CCONJ extracts PUNCT ADV PUNCT Microtox AUX DET ADV ADJ test PUNCT ADP NUM% ADP DET sites VERB ADJ inhibition ADP luminescence PUNCT ADJ mortality ADP PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP NUM% ADP test sediments PUNCT CCONJ oyster abnormality VERB ADP NUM% ADP sediment elutriates PUNCT ADJ concordance PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT sediments PRON AUX CCONJ ADJ CCONJ PART PUNCT ADJ ADP DET NUM tests PUNCT AUX VERB ADP NUM% ADP DET sediments PUNCT ADJ sources ADP DET lack ADP concordance ADP ADJ sites VERB ADJ differences ADP sensitivity ADP test organisms PUNCT heterogeneity ADP contaminant types VERB ADP test sediments PUNCT CCONJ differences ADP routes ADP exposure ADJ ADP DET toxicity test PUNCT DET results VERB DET importance ADP VERB ADJ assays SCONJ VERB sediment assessments PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ studies AUX VERB DET sensitivity ADP combinations ADP DET NUM amphipods ADP sediment contaminants PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ comparisons ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ examples ADP ADJ comparisons ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET examples VERB PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX DET overlap ADP ADJ sensitivity ADP comparison ADP comparison ADP DET species combination PUNCT DET VERB PART VERB SCONJ DET NUM species AUX ADP DET ADJ range ADP ADJ sensitivity ADP VERB sediments PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP VERB sediments ADP DET series ADP experiments PUNCT DET species AUX VERB ADP NUM ° C PUNCT Experiments AUX VERB PART VERB DET response ADP DET organism ADV ADP PART VERB DET comparison ADP DET sensitivity ADP DET methods PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT PROPN abdita AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP NUM ° C PUNCT PUNCT Sediments VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET comparisons PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM sediments AUX VERB ADP NUM comparison PUNCT SCONJ NUM AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT Analysis ADP results VERB PROPN PROPN rank sum test ADP DET experiments VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP DET sediments ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM ° C PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB DET sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP sediments ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON ADV VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX ADV ADJ ADP sediment grain size factors ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP sediment VERB ADP fluoranthene CCONJ field PUNCT VERB sediment ADP ADJ waterways ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT d tests PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ cadmium PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET NUM PUNCT d water PUNCT ADJ test PUNCT DET sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN AUX ADP NUM PUNCT ADP spiked PUNCT VERB sediment PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT ADP NUM PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT sediment PUNCT times ADV ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN ADP sediment tests PUNCT CCONJ NUM times ADV ADJ ADP PROPN ADP DET water PUNCT ADJ test PUNCT DET results AUX VERB ADP DET findings ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PART AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX ADV ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT survival CCONJ biomass endpoints PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT survival PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT survival PUNCT NUM SPACE NUM Leptocheirus plumulosus AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ amphipod PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADV VERB gradient ADP sediment contamination SCONJ DET ADJ AUX VERB ADP ADJ salinity PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT NUM o SYM oo PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM ADJ amphipod species PUNCT NUM mollusks PUNCT CCONJ NUM polychaete ADP ADV VERB sediment VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ sediment PUNCT Leptocheirus PROPN AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET amphipods PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET results ADP DET ADJ comparison ADP NUM PUNCT d tests ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB dilutions ADP sediments VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ agreement ADP species CCONJ laboratories ADP DET ranking ADP sediment toxicity CCONJ DET ability PART VERB ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ sediments PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET response ADP PROPN plumulosus PUNCT NUM PUNCT d survival CCONJ growth PUNCT ADP DET response ADP DET amphipod PROPN dytiscus PUNCT NUM PUNCT d survival CCONJ growth PUNCT PUNCT DET polychaete PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT d survival CCONJ growth PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ lettuce germination PUNCT PROPN sativa ADP NUM PUNCT d exposure PUNCT CCONJ VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX ADV ADJ VERB ADP DET response ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP exposures ADP NUM sediments ADP ADJ metal concentrations PUNCT SPACE NUM Ammonia AUX DET ADV VERB compound ADP ADJ sediment PRON VERB ADP DET degradation ADP ADJ debris PUNCT ADJ ammonia concentrations ADP test sediment AUX VERB ADP ADP NUM mg SYM L ADP ADP excess ADP NUM mg SYM L PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ infauna VERB toxicity ADP ammonia ADP concentrations ADP ADP NUM mg SYM L PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP water PUNCT ADV CCONJ VERB PUNCT sediment experiments ADP ammonia PUNCT threshold limits ADP test initiation CCONJ termination AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADJ test PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT individuals AUX ADV ADJ ADP ammonia ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT individuals PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT b PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Results ADP DET NUM PUNCT d test VERB SCONJ neonates AUX VERB ADV ADJ levels ADP pore PUNCT water ammonia PUNCT NUM NUM mg SYM L ADJ ammonia PUNCT ADP ADJ periods ADP time ADP DET ADJ ADJ PUNCT term effects PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX PART ADJ PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ tolerance ADP ammonia VERB SCONJ DET amphipods AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ ADJ sediments ADP DET diagenesis AUX VERB ADP ADJ pore PUNCT water ammonia concentrations PUNCT Insensitivity ADP ammonia ADP PROPN PROPN AUX PART AUX VERB ADP DET indicator ADP DET sensitivity ADP DET PROPN PROPN sediment toxicity test ADP ADJ chemicals ADP concern PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ ADJ data AUX ADJ ADP ADJ water PUNCT ADJ exposures ADP DET NUM species ADP ADJ PUNCT chemical tests PUNCT Studies PRON AUX VERB ADV VERB SCONJ DET NUM species AUX ADV DET ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE NUM DET ADJ sensitivity ADP DET NUM amphipod species ADP ammonia AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT d water ADJ toxicity tests ADP order PART VERB interpretation ADP results ADP tests ADP sediments SCONJ DET toxicant AUX ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET tests AUX ADJ exposures PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP conditions PUNCT ADP example PUNCT salinity PUNCT photoperiod PUNCT ADJ ADP DET VERB ADP ADJ NUM PUNCT d sediment tests PUNCT Departures ADP ADJ conditions VERB DET absence ADP sediment CCONJ DET test temperature ADP NUM ° C ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP NUM NUM NUM ADP VERB ADP DET standard PUNCT Sensitivity ADP ADJ ammonia VERB ADP VERB pH ADP DET NUM species PUNCT DET rank sensitivity AUX PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ study ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ ADJ sensitivity ADP ammonia ADP PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN NUM SPACE NUM Cadmium chloride AUX AUX DET ADJ reference toxicant ADP DET NUM species ADP NUM PUNCT d exposures PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET rank sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN X PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN X PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ temperature CCONJ salinity ADP NUM ° C CCONJ NUM o SYM oo PUNCT DET series ADP NUM PUNCT d exposures ADP cadmium PRON AUX VERB ADP species PUNCT ADJ temperatures CCONJ salinities VERB DET ADJ rank sensitivity PUNCT PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN plumulosus SYM R. abronius SYM E. estuarius PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM SPACE NUM ADJ species sensitivity ADV VERB ADP contaminants PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET battery ADP tests VERB organisms VERB ADJ ADJ levels AUX AUX VERB PART VERB sediment quality PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET ADJ toxicity ADP NUM metals PUNCT ADJ PUNCT cadmium PUNCT chromium PUNCT copper PUNCT mercury PUNCT CCONJ zinc PUNCT ADP crustaceans PUNCT polychaetes PUNCT pelecypods PUNCT CCONJ fishes CCONJ VERB SCONJ DET NUM species CCONJ group ADP test organisms AUX DET ADV ADJ ADP DET ADP DET metals PUNCT SPACE NUM DET sensitivity ADP DET organism AUX VERB ADP route ADP exposure CCONJ ADJ response ADP contaminants PUNCT Sediment PUNCT VERB organisms AUX VERB exposure ADP NUM ADJ sources PUNCT ADJ water PUNCT sediment particles PUNCT CCONJ ADJ water PUNCT Food type PUNCT feeding rate PUNCT assimilation efficiency PUNCT CCONJ clearance rate AUX VERB DET dose ADP contaminants ADP sediment PUNCT ADJ invertebrates ADV ADV VERB ADJ particle sizes PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ particles ADP ADJ ADJ carbon concentrations DET AUX AUX ADJ contaminant concentrations PUNCT Grazers CCONJ ADJ collector PUNCT gatherers PRON VERB ADP aufwuchs CCONJ detritus AUX VERB ADJ ADP PRON body burden ADV ADP materials VERB ADP sediment CCONJ ADP ADJ sediment ingestion PUNCT ADP DET amphipods PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ clams PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT uptake ADP DET gut AUX VERB uptake ADP DET gills ADP ADJ ADJ compounds PUNCT Organisms ADP ADJ contact ADP sediment AUX ADV VERB contaminants ADP ADJ adsorption ADP DET body wall CCONJ ADP absorption ADP DET integument PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM SPACE NUM SCONJ DET ADJ complexities ADP VERB DET dose PRON DET animal VERB ADP sediment PUNCT DET toxicity CCONJ bioaccumulation ADP ADJ contaminants ADP sediment ADJ ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT fluoranthene PUNCT organochlorines PUNCT CCONJ metals AUX AUX VERB ADP CCONJ DET concentration ADP DET chemicals ADP ADJ water CCONJ ADP DET case ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ chemicals PUNCT concentrations ADP sediment ADP DET ADJ carbon VERB basis PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ importance ADP ADJ sediment CCONJ ADJ water routes ADP exposure VERB ADP DET test organism CCONJ DET ADJ contaminant PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ ADJ communities VERB DET diversity ADP organisms PUNCT ADJ combinations ADP exposure routes AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT behavior CCONJ feeding habits ADP DET test organism AUX VERB PRON ability PART VERB contaminants ADP sediment CCONJ AUX AUX VERB SCONJ VERB test organisms ADP sediment testing PUNCT SPACE NUM DET use ADP PROPN abdita PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP laboratory toxicity studies AUX AUX field VERB ADP ADJ populations ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN al PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN estuarius PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN X al . NUM PUNCT NUM PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN plumulosus PUNCT NUM SPACE NUM Data ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PART PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN program AUX VERB PART VERB DET relationship ADP survival ADP PROPN abdita ADP sediment toxicity tests CCONJ DET presence ADP amphipods PUNCT ADV ampeliscids PUNCT ADP field samples PUNCT ADP NUM sediment samples ADP NUM years ADP sampling ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP VERB ADJ measurements ADP PROPN abdita survival ADP toxicity tests ADP ADJ community enumeration PUNCT SCONJ species ADP DET genus AUX ADP DET ADV ADV VERB taxa ADP DET samples PUNCT ampeliscids AUX ADV ADJ ADP stations PRON VERB PROPN abdita test survival ADP NUM% ADP DET ADP control samples PUNCT ADV PUNCT ampeliscids AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ densities ADP stations ADP amphipod test survival ADP NUM CCONJ NUM% PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET data VERB SCONJ tests ADP SPACE X PUNCT VERB Documents PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT DET documents VERB ADV AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ standard CCONJ AUX PART VERB ADP part ADP DET standard PUNCT SPACE NUM Terminology VERB ADP PROPN SPACE NUM Guide ADP Disposal ADP Laboratory Chemicals CCONJ Samples SPACE PROPN Practice ADP VERB ADJ Digits ADP Test Data PART VERB Conformance ADP Specifications SPACE NUM Practice ADP Probability Sampling ADP Materials SPACE NUM Practice ADP VERB Sample Size PART VERB PUNCT ADP VERB Precision PUNCT DET Average ADP DET Characteristic ADP DET Lot CCONJ Process SPACE NUM Practice ADP Acceptance ADP Evidence VERB ADP DET Results ADP Probability Sampling SPACE X Practice ADP Use ADP DET Terms Precision CCONJ Bias ADP PROPN Test Methods SPACE X Practice ADP VERB ADP ADJ Observations SPACE NUM Terminology VERB ADP Quality CCONJ Statistics SPACE NUM Practice ADP VERB DET ADJ Study PART VERB DET Precision ADP DET Test Method SPACE NUM Guide ADP VERB ADJ Toxicity Tests ADP Test Materials ADP Fishes PUNCT Macroinvertebrates PUNCT CCONJ Amphibians SPACE NUM Terminology VERB ADP ADJ Effects CCONJ ADJ Fate SPACE NUM Guide ADP VERB ADJ Life PUNCT Stage Toxicity Tests ADP Fishes SPACE NUM Terminology VERB ADP Design ADP Experiments SPACE NUM Guide ADP Collection PUNCT Storage PUNCT Characterization PUNCT CCONJ Manipulation ADP Sediments ADP ADJ Testing CCONJ ADP Selection ADP Samplers VERB PART VERB ADJ Invertebrates SPACE NUM Guide ADP VERB Design SPACE NUM Guide ADP VERB ADJ Tests ADP Sediments SPACE NUM Guide ADP VERB Sediment Toxicity Tests ADP ADJ Annelids SPACE NUM Guide ADP Determination ADP DET Bioaccumulation ADP Sediment PUNCT VERB Contaminants ADP ADJ Invertebrates SPACE NUM Test Method ADP VERB DET Toxicity ADP Sediment PUNCT VERB Contaminants ADP Freshwater Invertebrates SPACE NUM Practice ADP ADJ Analysis ADP Toxicity Tests VERB ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE NUM Guide ADP Selection ADP ADJ Species ADP Test Organisms ADP ADJ CCONJ Sediment Toxicity Tests SPACE PROPN abdita PUNCT amphipod PUNCT bioavailability PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PROPN estuarius PUNCT estuarine PUNCT invertebrates PUNCT Leptocheirus plumulosus PUNCT ADJ PUNCT Rhepoxynius abronius PUNCT sediment PUNCT toxicity PUNCT Acidity PUNCT alkalinity PUNCT pH PUNCT chemicals PUNCT ADJ toxicity tests PUNCT Ampelisca abdita PUNCT Amphipods SYM Amphibia PUNCT ADJ environments PUNCT ADJ macroinvertebrates PUNCT VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADJ data analysis PUNCT sediments PUNCT Bivalve molluscs PUNCT Chemical analysis PUNCT water applications PUNCT Contamination PUNCT ADJ PUNCT Corophium PUNCT Crustacea PUNCT NUM test PUNCT PROPN estuarius PUNCT Estuarine environments PUNCT Field testing PUNCT ADJ materials SYM applications PUNCT ADJ characteristics PUNCT PROPN japonica PUNCT Leptocheirus PROPN PUNCT ADJ environments PUNCT ADJ ADJ dose PUNCT Polychaetes PUNCT Reference toxicants PUNCT Rhepoxynium abronius PUNCT Saltwater PUNCT Seawater PUNCT ADJ SYM ADJ PUNCT PUNCT Sediment toxicity testing PUNCT ADJ tests PUNCT ADJ materials SYM applications PUNCT NUM PUNCT day testing PUNCT Toxicity SYM toxicology PUNCT water environments SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX DET member ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PROPN SPACE X ADV ADP Top PUNCT
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PROPN CCONJ PROPN SPACE PROPN VERB habitat ADP ADJ ADJ organisms CCONJ AUX DET ADJ repository ADP ADJ ADP DET ADV ADJ chemicals PRON AUX VERB ADP surface waters PUNCT ADP DET ADJ environment PUNCT ADJ ADJ chemicals CCONJ waste materials VERB ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ chemicals ADV VERB ADP sediment PUNCT Mounting evidences VERB ADP ADJ degradation ADP areas SCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT AUX PART VERB PUNCT CCONJ organisms ADP CCONJ ADP sediments AUX ADV VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB organisms ADP DET water column CCONJ AUX PART VERB ADP VERB organisms ADP sediment PUNCT Concentrations ADP contaminants ADP sediment AUX AUX ADJ orders ADP magnitude ADJ ADP ADP DET ADJ water PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ sediment concentrations AUX PART AUX ADV VERB ADP bioavailability PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Partitioning CCONJ sorption ADP DET compound ADP water CCONJ sediment AUX VERB ADP ADJ factors VERB PUNCT ADJ solubility PUNCT pH PUNCT redox PUNCT affinity ADP sediment ADJ carbon CCONJ VERB ADJ carbon PUNCT grain size ADP DET sediment PUNCT sediment mineral constituents PUNCT oxides ADP iron PUNCT manganese PUNCT CCONJ aluminum PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET quantity ADP ADJ ADJ sulfides ADP sediment PROPN PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ ADJ chemicals AUX ADV VERB ADP sediment PUNCT DET compounds AUX ADV AUX ADJ ADP DET biota PUNCT Chemicals ADP sediments AUX AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ life CCONJ AUX AUX DET source ADP chemicals ADP bioaccumulation ADP DET food chain PUNCT SPACE DET objective ADP DET sediment test AUX PART VERB SCONJ chemicals ADP sediment AUX ADJ ADP CCONJ AUX VERB ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT DET tests AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ ADJ effects ADP ADJ ADJ mixtures ADP sediment PUNCT ADV PUNCT knowledge ADP ADJ pathways ADP interactions ADP sediments CCONJ test organisms AUX PART ADJ PART VERB DET tests PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Sediment tests AUX AUX VERB PART PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB DET relationship ADP ADJ effects CCONJ bioavailability PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB interactions ADP chemicals PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB DET sensitivities ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ distribution ADP contamination PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB hazards ADP VERB material PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB toxicity ADP part ADP product licensing CCONJ safety testing PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB areas ADP clean ADP PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X VERB DET effectiveness ADP remediation CCONJ management practices PUNCT SPACE DET variety ADP methods AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB DET toxicity ADP chemicals ADP sediments VERB amphipods PUNCT midges PUNCT polychaetes PUNCT oligochaetes PUNCT mayflies PUNCT CCONJ cladocerans PUNCT Test PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT Guide PROPN NUM PUNCT Guide PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADJ endpoints AUX VERB ADP DET methods PART VERB ADJ effects ADP contaminants ADP sediment VERB survival PUNCT growth PUNCT behavior PUNCT CCONJ reproduction PUNCT ADV PUNCT survival ADP test organisms ADP NUM PUNCT day exposures AUX DET endpoint ADV ADV VERB PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT term exposures PRON ADV VERB effects ADP survival AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ levels ADP contamination ADP sediments PUNCT CCONJ AUX PART AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ levels ADP contamination ADP sediments PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADJ endpoints ADP sediment tests AUX ADV VERB PART AUX ADJ estimates ADP responses ADP ADJ communities ADP contaminants ADP DET field PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ information AUX ADJ PART VERB SCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT term test VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP NUM PUNCT d toxicity tests VERB ADP DET CCONJ ADJ species PUNCT SPACE DET decision PART VERB ADJ PUNCT term CCONJ ADJ PUNCT term toxicity tests VERB ADP DET goal ADP DET assessment PUNCT ADP DET instances PUNCT ADJ information AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ endpoints ADP NUM PUNCT day tests PUNCT ADP ADJ instances PUNCT DET NUM PUNCT day tests AUX AUX VERB PART VERB samples ADP toxicity ADP ADJ PUNCT term tests AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT term tests AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ effects ADP reproduction PUNCT measurement ADP growth ADP DET toxicity tests AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ estimate ADP ADJ effects ADP contaminants VERB ADP sediments PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Use ADP ADJ endpoints ADP assessment ADP contaminant risk AUX PART ADJ ADP toxicity testing ADP sediments PUNCT ADJ ADJ programs VERB DET use ADP ADJ endpoints ADP DET decision PUNCT VERB process PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ monitoring PUNCT VERB chemical PUNCT ADJ limits CCONJ ADJ endpoints ADP toxicity tests PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ assessment VERB ADJ ADJ endpoints ADP fish CCONJ ADJ invertebrates PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ toxicity testing ADP fish CCONJ invertebrates PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ toxicity testing ADP fish CCONJ invertebrates PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ endpoints PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Results ADP toxicity tests ADP sediments VERB ADP ADJ concentrations ADP chemicals AUX AUX VERB PART VERB cause CCONJ effect relationships ADP chemicals CCONJ ADJ responses PUNCT Results ADP toxicity tests ADP test materials VERB ADP sediments ADP ADJ concentrations AUX AUX VERB ADP terms ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADJ concentration PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT ADJ effect concentration PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT inhibition concentration PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ effect concentration PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADJ effect concentration PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB sediment AUX PART AUX ADJ ADP chemicals VERB ADP sediment ADP DET field PUNCT Mixing time PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT aging PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET chemical form ADP DET material AUX VERB responses ADP test organisms ADP VERB sediment tests PUNCT SPACE VERB effect concentrations ADP chemicals ADP sediment VERB knowledge ADP factors VERB PRON bioavailability PUNCT ADJ concentrations ADP DET chemical ADP units ADP mass ADP chemical ADP mass ADP sediment ADJ weight ADV VERB DET range ADP toxicity ADP ADJ sediments PROPN PROPN PROPN al PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN al PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Effect concentrations ADP chemicals ADP sediment AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ water concentrations PUNCT CCONJ effect concentrations ADP ADJ water AUX ADV ADJ ADP effect concentrations ADP water PUNCT ADV exposures PUNCT DET bioavailability ADP ADJ ADJ compounds ADP sediment AUX ADV ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ carbon concentration PUNCT DET DET route ADP exposure PUNCT DET correlations ADP effect concentrations ADP ADJ water concentrations VERB SCONJ VERB CCONJ VERB concentrations ADP ADJ water AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET exposure concentration ADP DET organism PUNCT ADV PUNCT information ADP partitioning ADP chemicals ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ phases ADP sediment AUX ADJ ADP VERB effect concentrations PROPN PROPN PROPN al PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE Field surveys AUX AUX VERB PART VERB CCONJ DET ADJ reconnaissance ADP DET distribution ADP sediment contamination CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ comparison ADP contamination ADP sites PUNCT SPACE Surveys ADP sediment toxicity AUX ADV part ADP ADV ADJ analyses ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ data PUNCT ADJ correlations AUX AUX VERB CCONJ sampling costs AUX AUX VERB SCONJ subsamples AUX VERB ADV ADP sediment tests PUNCT chemical analyses PUNCT CCONJ ADJ community structure PUNCT SPACE Table NUM VERB ADJ approaches DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET assessment ADP sediment quality PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET approaches VERB PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT equilibrium partitioning PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT tissue residues PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ water toxicity PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sediment toxicity CCONJ sediment PUNCT VERB tests PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ community structure PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT effect ranges PUNCT ADP example PUNCT effect range median PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT sediment quality triad PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM CCONJ PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET critique ADP DET methods PUNCT PUNCT DET sediment assessment approaches VERB ADP Table NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT equilibrium partitioning PUNCT PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sediment toxicity tests PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET combination ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ approaches PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ methods AUX AUX VERB PART VERB chemical PUNCT ADJ sediment quality guidelines PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADJ methods ADJ ADP toxicity tests ADP field PUNCT VERB sediment AUX PART AUX VERB ADV PART VERB ADJ SQGs ADP ADJ chemicals PUNCT SCONJ DET approach AUX AUX VERB PART VERB site PUNCT ADJ decisions PUNCT DET NUM ADJ approach AUX ADV VERB sediment quality PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET integration ADP ADJ methods VERB DET weight ADP evidence AUX DET ADV ADJ approach ADP VERB DET effects ADP contaminants VERB ADP sediment PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT Hazard evaluations VERB data ADP laboratory exposures PUNCT chemical analyses PUNCT CCONJ ADJ community assessments PUNCT DET sediment quality triad PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ evidence ADP DET degree ADP pollution PUNCT VERB degradation ADP ADJ communities PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM VERB information ADP DET ADJ applications ADP sediment toxicity tests PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET use ADP performance PUNCT VERB methods ADP VERB standards PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Performance PUNCT VERB methods AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP DET monitoring approach DET VERB DET use ADP ADJ methods PRON VERB ADJ VERB performance standards PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB DET workshop PART VERB DET opportunity ADP experts ADP DET field ADP sediment toxicology CCONJ staff ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN offices PART VERB DET development ADP ADJ freshwater PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ sediment testing procedures PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT Workgroup participants VERB ADP DET consensus ADP ADJ culturing CCONJ testing methods PUNCT ADP VERB guidance ADP VERB test organisms PART AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN methods manual ADP sediment tests PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET NUM method AUX AUX VERB PART VERB organisms PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET consensus ADP DET workshop AUX SCONJ success ADP DET test VERB ADP DET health ADP DET cultures PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADJ test organisms ADP VERB quality CCONJ age ADP testing AUX VERB PART AUX DET ADJ consideration ADJ ADP culturing methods PUNCT DET performance PUNCT VERB criteria approach AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP DET VERB method ADP DET ADJ laboratories AUX VERB ADJ culturing methods ADV ADP VERB use ADP NUM culturing method PUNCT SPACE DET standard VERB DET use ADP performance PUNCT VERB criteria PART VERB DET laboratory PART VERB culture methods CCONJ VERB effects ADP test organism health ADP DET reliability CCONJ comparability ADP test results PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM ADP DET listing ADP performance criteria ADP culturing CCONJ testing PUNCT SPACE NUM DET test method VERB procedures ADP VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ organisms ADP DET laboratory PART VERB DET toxicity ADP contaminants VERB ADP ADJ sediments PUNCT Sediments AUX AUX VERB ADP DET field CCONJ VERB ADP compounds ADP DET laboratory PUNCT ADJ guidance AUX VERB ADP Sections NUM SYM NUM ADP VERB sediment toxicity tests ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ amphipods PUNCT ADJ guidance ADP VERB NUM PUNCT d sediment toxicity tests ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ amphipods AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ guidance ADP VERB NUM PUNCT d sediment toxicity tests ADP PROPN plumulosus AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN NUM SPACE NUM Procedures AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ amphipod crustaceans ADP NUM PUNCT d laboratory exposures PART VERB DET toxicity ADP contaminants VERB ADP ADJ sediments PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT Sediments AUX AUX VERB ADP DET field CCONJ VERB ADP compounds ADP DET laboratory PUNCT DET toxicity method AUX VERB ADP NUM species ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ sediment PUNCT VERB amphipods VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADJ waters PUNCT DET species AUX PROPN abdita PUNCT DET ADJ species PRON VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ portions ADP DET PROPN coast PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN estuarius PUNCT DET PROPN coast estuarine species PUNCT PROPN plumulosus PUNCT DET PROPN coast estuarine species PUNCT CCONJ PROPN abronius PUNCT DET PROPN coast ADJ species PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET method VERB AUX AUX VERB ADP DET NUM species PUNCT SCONJ acclimation procedures CCONJ DET test conditions PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT temperature CCONJ salinity PUNCT AUX AUX species PUNCT ADJ PUNCT Sections NUM CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET toxicity test AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT L glass chambers VERB NUM mL ADP sediment CCONJ NUM mL ADP ADJ seawater PUNCT Exposure AUX ADJ PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT water AUX PART VERB PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET animals AUX PART VERB ADP DET NUM PUNCT d exposure period PUNCT DET endpoint ADP DET toxicity test AUX survival ADP reburial ADP VERB amphipods ADP DET ADJ measurement PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET endpoint ADP DET ADP DET test species PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT Performance criteria VERB ADP DET test VERB DET ADJ survival ADP amphipods ADP ADJ control treatment AUX AUX ADJ ADP CCONJ ADJ ADP NUM% PUNCT Procedures AUX VERB ADP use ADP sediments ADP pore PUNCT water salinity VERB ADP ADP NUM o SYM X ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE NUM DET procedure AUX ADV VERB ADP VERB DET ADJ toxicity ADP contaminants VERB ADP ADJ sediments ADP DET amphipod PROPN PROPN ADP laboratory exposures PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET toxicity test AUX VERB ADP NUM d ADP NUM PUNCT L glass chambers VERB NUM mL ADP sediment CCONJ ADV NUM mL ADP ADJ water PUNCT Test temperature AUX NUM ° ADP NUM ° C PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB ADJ water salinity AUX NUM o / oo ADP NUM o / ADP test sediment ADP pore water ADP NUM o NUM oo ADP NUM o / oo PUNCT CCONJ NUM o / oo ADP NUM o / oo PUNCT ADP test sediment ADP pore water ADP NUM o NUM oo PUNCT PUNCT NUM NUM millilitres ADP ADJ water AUX VERB NUM times ADP week PUNCT ADP DET times test organisms AUX VERB PUNCT DET endpoints ADP DET toxicity test AUX survival PUNCT growth PUNCT CCONJ reproduction ADP amphipods PUNCT Performance criteria VERB ADP DET test VERB DET ADJ survival ADP amphipods ADP ADJ control treatment AUX AUX ADJ ADP CCONJ ADJ ADP NUM% CCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ growth CCONJ reproduction ADP DET replicates ADP DET ADJ control treatment PUNCT DET test AUX ADJ ADP use ADP sediments ADP ADJ ADP ADV ADJ environments PUNCT ADP DET silt content ADJ ADP NUM% CCONJ DET clay content ADJ ADP NUM% PUNCT SPACE NUM DET salinity ADP NUM CCONJ NUM o / oo AUX VERB ADP ADJ application ADP NUM PUNCT d test ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET salinity ADP NUM o / oois VERB ADP ADJ application ADP DET NUM PUNCT d test ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET salinity ADP DET VERB water ADP tests ADP DET NUM species AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ salinity ADP interest PUNCT ADP example PUNCT salinity ADJ ADP site ADP interest CCONJ DET objective ADP DET study AUX AUX PART VERB DET influence ADP salinity ADP DET bioavailability ADP chemicals ADP sediment PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT DET salinity VERB AUX AUX ADP DET tolerance range ADP DET test organisms PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ tests AUX VERB ADP procedures ADJ ADP DET VERB ADP NUM CCONJ ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ salinity PUNCT lighting PUNCT temperature PUNCT feeding conditions PUNCT PUNCT ADJ tests AUX VERB PART VERB comparability ADP results PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART DET need PART VERB comparisons ADP studies PUNCT ADV DET test AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET VERB salinity ADP DET sediment ADP interest PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ revisions ADP DET standard AUX VERB ADJ annexes VERB ADJ PUNCT sediment toxicity tests ADP ADJ groups ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ invertebrates PUNCT ADP example PUNCT information VERB ADP Guide PROPN NUM ADP sediment testing ADP polychaetes AUX AUX VERB ADP DET annex ADP ADJ revisions ADP DET standard PUNCT PUNCT ADJ editions ADP DET standard AUX ADV VERB methods ADP VERB DET toxicity tests ADP ADJ chambers ADP ADJ sediment PUNCT PROPN et al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM Procedures VERB ADP DET standard AUX VERB ADV ADP procedures VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT E NUM PUNCT E NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT 1997a PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ sediment toxicity research CCONJ methods development AUX ADV ADP progress PART PUNCT X PUNCT VERB sediment spiking procedures PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB sediment dilution procedures PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT procedures PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB ADJ data ADP confirmation ADP responses ADP laboratory tests ADP ADJ populations ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT field validation studies PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP endpoints VERB ADP NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT d toxicity tests VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ amphipods PUNCT DET information AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ editions ADP DET standard PUNCT SPACE NUM SCONJ ADJ procedures AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET standard ADP VERB ADJ sediment tests ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ investigation ADP ADJ issues AUX VERB ADP DET interpretation ADP test results PUNCT DET ADP DET issues VERB ADJ investigation PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ sensitivity ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ endpoints ADP DET ADJ variety ADP chemicals VERB ADP sediment CCONJ ADP mixtures ADP chemicals ADP sediments ADP contamination gradients ADP DET field PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADJ research AUX VERB PART VERB DET ability ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ endpoints PART VERB DET responses ADP populations CCONJ communities ADP ADJ invertebrates ADP VERB sediments PUNCT Research AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET toxicity test endpoints ADP DET field PUNCT VERB population model ADP PROPN PROPN PRON AUX ADV VERB estimates ADP population PUNCT level responses ADP DET amphipod PART VERB sediments CCONJ ADV VERB ADJ ADV ADJ ADJ guidance ADP DET laboratory toxicity test PUNCT SPACE NUM DET standard VERB ADJ test methods ADP VERB DET toxicity ADP sediments ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ ADJ procedures AUX VERB ADP DET standard PUNCT ADJ investigation ADP ADJ issues AUX VERB ADP DET interpretation ADP test results PUNCT DET ADP DET issues VERB DET effect ADP shipping ADP organism sensitivity PUNCT ADJ performance criteria ADP organism health PUNCT sensitivity ADP ADJ populations ADP DET ADJ test species PUNCT CCONJ confirmation ADP responses ADP laboratory tests ADP ADJ benthos populations PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ procedures VERB ADP DET standard AUX AUX ADJ ADP VERB tests ADP ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ organisms PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN dytiscus PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ modifications AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT Results ADP tests PUNCT ADV DET ADP DET ADJ species PUNCT VERB procedures ADJ ADP DET VERB ADP DET test method AUX PART AUX ADJ CCONJ VERB DET ADJ procedures AUX VERB bioavailability PUNCT Comparison ADP results VERB VERB VERB versions ADP DET procedures AUX VERB ADJ information VERB ADJ concepts CCONJ procedures ADP VERB sediment tests ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT SCONJ tests AUX VERB ADP procedures ADJ ADP DET VERB ADP DET test method PUNCT ADJ tests AUX VERB PART VERB comparability ADP results PUNCT ADJ procedures VERB ADP DET test method AUX AUX ADJ ADP VERB tests ADP ADJ ADJ organisms PUNCT ADV PUNCT modifications AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT SPACE NUM Selection ADP Toxicity PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE NUM DET choice ADP DET test organism AUX DET ADJ influence ADP DET relevance PUNCT success PUNCT CCONJ interpretation ADP DET test PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET NUM organism AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET sediments PUNCT DET ADJ criteria AUX VERB SCONJ VERB test organisms PART AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PROPN NUM CCONJ Guide PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET test organism AUX PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX DET ADJ database VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP DET range ADP contaminants ADP interest ADP sediment PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX DET database ADP ADJ comparisons ADP procedures PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ PUNCT robin studies PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADP ADJ contact ADP sediment PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP culture CCONJ ADP field collection PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET laboratory PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADV CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT X AUX DET ADJ ADJ distribution PUNCT AUX ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADP DET site AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ AUX DET niche ADJ ADP organisms ADP concern PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ feeding guild CCONJ behavior ADP DET ADJ organisms PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ range ADP sediment ADJ ADJ ADJ characteristics PUNCT ADP example PUNCT grain size PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP VERB exposure methods CCONJ endpoints PUNCT Guide PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Methods VERB VERB organisms AUX ADV AUX PUNCT X PUNCT peer VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT journal articles PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT VERB ADP responses ADP ADJ populations ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT SPACE NUM ADP DET criteria PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET database VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP contaminants PUNCT contact ADP sediment PUNCT ease ADP culture ADP DET laboratory CCONJ availability ADP field PUNCT collection PUNCT ease ADP handling ADP DET laboratory PUNCT tolerance ADP VERB sediment ADJ PUNCT ADJ characteristics PUNCT CCONJ confirmation ADP responses ADP ADJ ADJ populations AUX DET ADJ criteria VERB ADP VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN estuarius PUNCT PROPN plumulosus PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ edition ADP DET standard ADP NUM PUNCT d sediment tests PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET species VERB ADP DET method AUX ADV VERB ADP sediment PUNCT ADP ADP PRON tube- VERB CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ sediment VERB nature PUNCT Amphipods AUX AUX VERB ADV PART VERB DET toxicity ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ sediments PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET selection ADP test species ADP DET standard VERB DET consensus ADP experts ADP DET field ADP sediment toxicology PRON VERB ADP DET workshop VERB PUNCT PROPN Issues ADP PROPN CCONJ ADJ Sediments PUNCT PUNCT DET workshop AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP NUM SYM NUM PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET candidate species VERB ADP DET workshop PUNCT PROPN abdita PUNCT PROPN estuarius PUNCT PROPN plumulosus PUNCT CCONJ PROPN abronius ADV VERB DET selection criteria PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET availability ADP DET combination ADP NUM estuarine CCONJ NUM ADJ species DET ADP CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT coasts PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX ADV ADJ ADP portions ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADJ organisms PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP sediment testing AUX PART ADV VERB DET selection criteria SCONJ ADJ emphasis AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ testing procedures ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET ADJ species PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX PART VERB SCONJ workshop participants VERB SCONJ DET use ADP DET species AUX PART ADV ADJ PART VERB standardization ADP DET method PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT AUX VERB DET use ADP DET ADJ amphipod species ADP sediment toxicity testing PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET database ADJ ADP DET ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP order ADP DET CCONJ ADJ organisms PART AUX VERB ADP ADJ editions ADP DET standard PUNCT SPACE NUM DET ADJ criterion VERB ADP VERB PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ testing ADP sediments AUX SCONJ DET species AUX VERB ADP CCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ regions ADP estuaries ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ range ADP sediment grain size distribution PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET species AUX ADV VERB ADP DET laboratory CCONJ AUX DET ADV ADJ generation time PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT ADP NUM d ADP NUM ° C PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB DET species ADJ ADP ADJ testing PUNCT Section NUM PUNCT NUM SPACE NUM DET ADJ consideration ADP DET selection ADP ADJ species ADP test method development AUX DET existence ADP information VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP DET organisms DET ADP ADJ chemicals CCONJ ADJ mixtures PUNCT ADJ studies AUX VERB DET sensitivities ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADP NUM DET PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ ADV VERB estuarine CCONJ ADJ species PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET sensitivity ADP ADJ amphipods AUX VERB ADP ADJ species PRON AUX VERB ADP VERB saltwater PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM amphipod genera PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX ADP DET test species VERB PART VERB saltwater PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP NUM chemicals PUNCT ADJ amphipod toxicity data ADP NUM PUNCT d water PUNCT ADV tests ADP DET ADP DET NUM chemicals AUX VERB ADP data ADP PUNCT X PUNCT DET ADJ species PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ ADJ species PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT ADJ ADJ species PUNCT Amphipods AUX ADV ADP ADJ sensitivity ADP DET comparison PUNCT DET ADJ percentile rank ADP amphipods ADP DET species VERB AUX NUM% PUNCT ADP DET ADJ species PUNCT NUM% PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ species PUNCT NUM% PUNCT ADV PUNCT amphipods AUX PART ADV ADJ ADJ ADP DET species PUNCT ADJ species PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ species PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADJ research AUX AUX VERB PART VERB tests VERB species PRON AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP amphipods PUNCT ADV VERB protection ADP ADV ADJ groups PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET sensitivity ADP DET PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT d ADJ sediment test PUNCT DET oyster embryo PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT h abnormality test PUNCT CCONJ DET bacterium PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT h luminescence inhibition test PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT DET PROPN test PUNCT ADP sediments VERB ADP NUM VERB sites ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP ADJ sediment PUNCT SCONJ DET oyster CCONJ bacterium tests AUX VERB ADP sediment elutriates CCONJ extracts PUNCT ADV PUNCT Microtox AUX DET ADV ADJ test PUNCT ADP NUM% ADP DET sites VERB ADJ inhibition ADP luminescence PUNCT ADJ mortality ADP PROPN PROPN AUX VERB ADP NUM% ADP test sediments PUNCT CCONJ oyster abnormality VERB ADP NUM% ADP sediment elutriates PUNCT ADJ concordance PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT sediments PRON AUX CCONJ ADJ CCONJ PART PUNCT ADJ ADP DET NUM tests PUNCT AUX VERB ADP NUM% ADP DET sediments PUNCT ADJ sources ADP DET lack ADP concordance ADP ADJ sites VERB ADJ differences ADP sensitivity ADP test organisms PUNCT heterogeneity ADP contaminant types VERB ADP test sediments PUNCT CCONJ differences ADP routes ADP exposure ADJ ADP DET toxicity test PUNCT DET results VERB DET importance ADP VERB ADJ assays SCONJ VERB sediment assessments PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ studies AUX VERB DET sensitivity ADP combinations ADP DET NUM amphipods ADP sediment contaminants PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ comparisons ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ examples ADP ADJ comparisons ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET examples VERB PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX DET overlap ADP ADJ sensitivity ADP comparison ADP comparison ADP DET species combination PUNCT DET VERB PART VERB SCONJ DET NUM species AUX ADP DET ADJ range ADP ADJ sensitivity ADP VERB sediments PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP VERB sediments ADP DET series ADP experiments PUNCT DET species AUX VERB ADP NUM ° C PUNCT Experiments AUX VERB PART VERB DET response ADP DET organism ADV ADP PART VERB DET comparison ADP DET sensitivity ADP DET methods PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT PROPN abdita AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP NUM ° C PUNCT PUNCT Sediments VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET comparisons PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM sediments AUX VERB ADP NUM comparison PUNCT SCONJ NUM AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT Analysis ADP results VERB PROPN PROPN rank sum test ADP DET experiments VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP DET sediments ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM ° C PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB DET sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP sediments ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON ADV VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX ADV ADJ ADP sediment grain size factors ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP sediment VERB ADP fluoranthene CCONJ field PUNCT VERB sediment ADP ADJ waterways ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT d tests PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ cadmium PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET NUM PUNCT d water PUNCT ADJ test PUNCT DET sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN AUX ADP NUM PUNCT ADP spiked PUNCT VERB sediment PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT ADP NUM PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT sediment PUNCT times ADV ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN ADP sediment tests PUNCT CCONJ NUM times ADV ADJ ADP PROPN ADP DET water PUNCT ADJ test PUNCT DET results AUX VERB ADP DET findings ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PART AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX ADV ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT survival CCONJ biomass endpoints PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT survival PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT survival PUNCT NUM SPACE NUM Leptocheirus plumulosus AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ amphipod PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADV VERB gradient ADP sediment contamination SCONJ DET ADJ AUX VERB ADP ADJ salinity PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT NUM o SYM oo PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM ADJ amphipod species PUNCT NUM mollusks PUNCT CCONJ NUM polychaete ADP ADV VERB sediment VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ sediment PUNCT Leptocheirus PROPN AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET amphipods PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ VERB ADJ sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET results ADP DET ADJ comparison ADP NUM PUNCT d tests ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB dilutions ADP sediments VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ agreement ADP species CCONJ laboratories ADP DET ranking ADP sediment toxicity CCONJ DET ability PART VERB ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ sediments PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN PROPN al PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET response ADP PROPN plumulosus PUNCT NUM PUNCT d survival CCONJ growth PUNCT ADP DET response ADP DET amphipod PROPN dytiscus PUNCT NUM PUNCT d survival CCONJ growth PUNCT PUNCT DET polychaete PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT d survival CCONJ growth PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ lettuce germination PUNCT PROPN sativa ADP NUM PUNCT d exposure PUNCT CCONJ VERB SCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX ADV ADJ VERB ADP DET response ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP exposures ADP NUM sediments ADP ADJ metal concentrations PUNCT SPACE NUM Ammonia AUX DET ADV VERB compound ADP ADJ sediment PRON VERB ADP DET degradation ADP ADJ debris PUNCT ADJ ammonia concentrations ADP test sediment AUX VERB ADP ADP NUM mg SYM L ADP ADP excess ADP NUM mg SYM L PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ infauna VERB toxicity ADP ammonia ADP concentrations ADP ADP NUM mg SYM L PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP water PUNCT ADV CCONJ VERB PUNCT sediment experiments ADP ammonia PUNCT threshold limits ADP test initiation CCONJ termination AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADJ test PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT individuals AUX ADV ADJ ADP ammonia ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT individuals PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT b PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Results ADP DET NUM PUNCT d test VERB SCONJ neonates AUX VERB ADV ADJ levels ADP pore PUNCT water ammonia PUNCT NUM NUM mg SYM L ADJ ammonia PUNCT ADP ADJ periods ADP time ADP DET ADJ ADJ PUNCT term effects PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX PART ADJ PROPN PROPN AUX DET ADJ tolerance ADP ammonia VERB SCONJ DET amphipods AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ ADJ sediments ADP DET diagenesis AUX VERB ADP ADJ pore PUNCT water ammonia concentrations PUNCT Insensitivity ADP ammonia ADP PROPN PROPN AUX PART AUX VERB ADP DET indicator ADP DET sensitivity ADP DET PROPN PROPN sediment toxicity test ADP ADJ chemicals ADP concern PUNCT SPACE NUM ADJ ADJ data AUX ADJ ADP ADJ water PUNCT ADJ exposures ADP DET NUM species ADP ADJ PUNCT chemical tests PUNCT Studies PRON AUX VERB ADV VERB SCONJ DET NUM species AUX ADV DET ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE NUM DET ADJ sensitivity ADP DET NUM amphipod species ADP ammonia AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT d water ADJ toxicity tests ADP order PART VERB interpretation ADP results ADP tests ADP sediments SCONJ DET toxicant AUX ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET tests AUX ADJ exposures PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP conditions PUNCT ADP example PUNCT salinity PUNCT photoperiod PUNCT ADJ ADP DET VERB ADP ADJ NUM PUNCT d sediment tests PUNCT Departures ADP ADJ conditions VERB DET absence ADP sediment CCONJ DET test temperature ADP NUM ° C ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP NUM NUM NUM ADP VERB ADP DET standard PUNCT Sensitivity ADP ADJ ammonia VERB ADP VERB pH ADP DET NUM species PUNCT DET rank sensitivity AUX PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ study ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ ADJ sensitivity ADP ammonia ADP PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN NUM SPACE NUM Cadmium chloride AUX AUX DET ADJ reference toxicant ADP DET NUM species ADP NUM PUNCT d exposures PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET rank sensitivity ADP PROPN PROPN X PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN X PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ temperature CCONJ salinity ADP NUM ° C CCONJ NUM o SYM oo PUNCT DET series ADP NUM PUNCT d exposures ADP cadmium PRON AUX VERB ADP species PUNCT ADJ temperatures CCONJ salinities VERB DET ADJ rank sensitivity PUNCT PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN plumulosus SYM R. abronius SYM E. estuarius PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM SPACE NUM ADJ species sensitivity ADV VERB ADP contaminants PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET battery ADP tests VERB organisms VERB ADJ ADJ levels AUX AUX VERB PART VERB sediment quality PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET ADJ toxicity ADP NUM metals PUNCT ADJ PUNCT cadmium PUNCT chromium PUNCT copper PUNCT mercury PUNCT CCONJ zinc PUNCT ADP crustaceans PUNCT polychaetes PUNCT pelecypods PUNCT CCONJ fishes CCONJ VERB SCONJ DET NUM species CCONJ group ADP test organisms AUX DET ADV ADJ ADP DET ADP DET metals PUNCT SPACE NUM DET sensitivity ADP DET organism AUX VERB ADP route ADP exposure CCONJ ADJ response ADP contaminants PUNCT Sediment PUNCT VERB organisms AUX VERB exposure ADP NUM ADJ sources PUNCT ADJ water PUNCT sediment particles PUNCT CCONJ ADJ water PUNCT Food type PUNCT feeding rate PUNCT assimilation efficiency PUNCT CCONJ clearance rate AUX VERB DET dose ADP contaminants ADP sediment PUNCT ADJ invertebrates ADV ADV VERB ADJ particle sizes PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ particles ADP ADJ ADJ carbon concentrations DET AUX AUX ADJ contaminant concentrations PUNCT Grazers CCONJ ADJ collector PUNCT gatherers PRON VERB ADP aufwuchs CCONJ detritus AUX VERB ADJ ADP PRON body burden ADV ADP materials VERB ADP sediment CCONJ ADP ADJ sediment ingestion PUNCT ADP DET amphipods PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ clams PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT uptake ADP DET gut AUX VERB uptake ADP DET gills ADP ADJ ADJ compounds PUNCT Organisms ADP ADJ contact ADP sediment AUX ADV VERB contaminants ADP ADJ adsorption ADP DET body wall CCONJ ADP absorption ADP DET integument PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM SPACE NUM SCONJ DET ADJ complexities ADP VERB DET dose PRON DET animal VERB ADP sediment PUNCT DET toxicity CCONJ bioaccumulation ADP ADJ contaminants ADP sediment ADJ ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT fluoranthene PUNCT organochlorines PUNCT CCONJ metals AUX AUX VERB ADP CCONJ DET concentration ADP DET chemicals ADP ADJ water CCONJ ADP DET case ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ chemicals PUNCT concentrations ADP sediment ADP DET ADJ carbon VERB basis PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ importance ADP ADJ sediment CCONJ ADJ water routes ADP exposure VERB ADP DET test organism CCONJ DET ADJ contaminant PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ ADJ communities VERB DET diversity ADP organisms PUNCT ADJ combinations ADP exposure routes AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT behavior CCONJ feeding habits ADP DET test organism AUX VERB PRON ability PART VERB contaminants ADP sediment CCONJ AUX AUX VERB SCONJ VERB test organisms ADP sediment testing PUNCT SPACE NUM DET use ADP PROPN abdita PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP laboratory toxicity studies AUX AUX field VERB ADP ADJ populations ADP ADJ organisms PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN al PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN estuarius PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN X al . NUM PUNCT NUM PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN plumulosus PUNCT NUM SPACE NUM Data ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PART PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN program AUX VERB PART VERB DET relationship ADP survival ADP PROPN abdita ADP sediment toxicity tests CCONJ DET presence ADP amphipods PUNCT ADV ampeliscids PUNCT ADP field samples PUNCT ADP NUM sediment samples ADP NUM years ADP sampling ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP VERB ADJ measurements ADP PROPN abdita survival ADP toxicity tests ADP ADJ community enumeration PUNCT SCONJ species ADP DET genus AUX ADP DET ADV ADV VERB taxa ADP DET samples PUNCT ampeliscids AUX ADV ADJ ADP stations PRON VERB PROPN abdita test survival ADP NUM% ADP DET ADP control samples PUNCT ADV PUNCT ampeliscids AUX VERB ADP ADV ADJ densities ADP stations ADP amphipod test survival ADP NUM CCONJ NUM% PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET data VERB SCONJ tests ADP SPACE X PUNCT VERB Documents PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT DET documents VERB ADV AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ standard CCONJ AUX PART VERB ADP part ADP DET standard PUNCT SPACE NUM Terminology VERB ADP PROPN SPACE NUM Guide ADP Disposal ADP Laboratory Chemicals CCONJ Samples SPACE PROPN Practice ADP VERB ADJ Digits ADP Test Data PART VERB Conformance ADP Specifications SPACE NUM Practice ADP Probability Sampling ADP Materials SPACE NUM Practice ADP VERB Sample Size PART VERB PUNCT ADP VERB Precision PUNCT DET Average ADP DET Characteristic ADP DET Lot CCONJ Process SPACE NUM Practice ADP Acceptance ADP Evidence VERB ADP DET Results ADP Probability Sampling SPACE X Practice ADP Use ADP DET Terms Precision CCONJ Bias ADP PROPN Test Methods SPACE X Practice ADP VERB ADP ADJ Observations SPACE NUM Terminology VERB ADP Quality CCONJ Statistics SPACE NUM Practice ADP VERB DET ADJ Study PART VERB DET Precision ADP DET Test Method SPACE NUM Guide ADP VERB ADJ Toxicity Tests ADP Test Materials ADP Fishes PUNCT Macroinvertebrates PUNCT CCONJ Amphibians SPACE NUM Terminology VERB ADP ADJ Effects CCONJ ADJ Fate SPACE NUM Guide ADP VERB ADJ Life PUNCT Stage Toxicity Tests ADP Fishes SPACE NUM Terminology VERB ADP Design ADP Experiments SPACE NUM Guide ADP Collection PUNCT Storage PUNCT Characterization PUNCT CCONJ Manipulation ADP Sediments ADP ADJ Testing CCONJ ADP Selection ADP Samplers VERB PART VERB ADJ Invertebrates SPACE NUM Guide ADP VERB Design SPACE NUM Guide ADP VERB ADJ Tests ADP Sediments SPACE NUM Guide ADP VERB Sediment Toxicity Tests ADP ADJ Annelids SPACE NUM Guide ADP Determination ADP DET Bioaccumulation ADP Sediment PUNCT VERB Contaminants ADP ADJ Invertebrates SPACE NUM Test Method ADP VERB DET Toxicity ADP Sediment PUNCT VERB Contaminants ADP Freshwater Invertebrates SPACE NUM Practice ADP ADJ Analysis ADP Toxicity Tests VERB ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE NUM Guide ADP Selection ADP ADJ Species ADP Test Organisms ADP ADJ CCONJ Sediment Toxicity Tests SPACE PROPN abdita PUNCT amphipod PUNCT bioavailability PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PROPN estuarius PUNCT estuarine PUNCT invertebrates PUNCT Leptocheirus plumulosus PUNCT ADJ PUNCT Rhepoxynius abronius PUNCT sediment PUNCT toxicity PUNCT Acidity PUNCT alkalinity PUNCT pH PUNCT chemicals PUNCT ADJ toxicity tests PUNCT Ampelisca abdita PUNCT Amphipods SYM Amphibia PUNCT ADJ environments PUNCT ADJ macroinvertebrates PUNCT VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADJ data analysis PUNCT sediments PUNCT Bivalve molluscs PUNCT Chemical analysis PUNCT water applications PUNCT Contamination PUNCT ADJ PUNCT Corophium PUNCT Crustacea PUNCT NUM test PUNCT PROPN estuarius PUNCT Estuarine environments PUNCT Field testing PUNCT ADJ materials SYM applications PUNCT ADJ characteristics PUNCT PROPN japonica PUNCT Leptocheirus PROPN PUNCT ADJ environments PUNCT ADJ ADJ dose PUNCT Polychaetes PUNCT Reference toxicants PUNCT Rhepoxynium abronius PUNCT Saltwater PUNCT Seawater PUNCT ADJ SYM ADJ PUNCT PUNCT Sediment toxicity testing PUNCT ADJ tests PUNCT ADJ materials SYM applications PUNCT NUM PUNCT day testing PUNCT Toxicity SYM toxicology PUNCT water environments SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX DET member ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB PROPN PROPN SPACE X ADV ADP Top PUNCT
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A near-sighted eye is usually longer than a normal-sighted eye. Incoming rays of light are bundled so that their focal point is not on, but in front of, the retina. Distant objects are perceived in a blurred manner, whilst objects up close are in focus. The longer the eye, the more pronounced the degree of near-sightedness.
The interactive animation to the side of this text allows you to see how the eye and image perception change with varying degrees of near-sightedness.
The power of refraction of the eyes can be reduced surgically by means of laser correction or intraocular lenses, which shifts the focal point backwards onto the retina. In the case of glasses or contact lenses, this occurs by means of a concave lens, the strength of which is expressed in minus dioptres.
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eye eye rays light point front retina objects manner focus eye degree sightedness animation side text eye image perception change degrees sightedness power refraction eyes means laser correction lenses point retina case glasses contact lenses means concave lens strength minus dioptres
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a near-sighted eye be usually long than a normal-sighted eye. incoming ray of light be bundle so that their focal point be not on, but in front of, the retina. distant object be perceive in a blurred manner, whilst object up close be in focus. the long the eye, the more pronounced the degree of near-sightedness.
the interactive animation to the side of this text allow you to see how the eye and image perception change with vary degree of near-sightedness.
the power of refraction of the eye can be reduce surgically by mean of laser correction or intraocular lens, which shift the focal point backwards onto the retina. in the case of glass or contact lens, this occur by mean of a concave len, the strength of which be express in minus dioptre.
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DET ADV PUNCT ADJ eye AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADV PUNCT ADJ eye PUNCT VERB rays ADP light AUX VERB SCONJ SCONJ PRON ADJ point AUX PART ADP PUNCT CCONJ ADP front ADP PUNCT DET retina PUNCT ADJ objects AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ manner PUNCT SCONJ objects ADV ADV AUX ADP focus PUNCT DET ADJ DET eye PUNCT DET ADV ADJ DET degree ADP ADJ PUNCT sightedness PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ animation ADP DET side ADP DET text VERB PRON PART VERB SCONJ DET eye CCONJ image perception VERB ADP VERB degrees ADP ADJ PUNCT sightedness PUNCT SPACE DET power ADP refraction ADP DET eyes AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP means ADP laser correction CCONJ ADJ lenses PUNCT DET VERB DET ADJ point ADV ADP DET retina PUNCT ADP DET case ADP glasses CCONJ contact lenses PUNCT DET VERB ADP means ADP DET ADJ lens PUNCT DET strength ADP DET AUX VERB ADP ADJ dioptres PUNCT
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DET ADV PUNCT ADJ eye AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADV PUNCT ADJ eye PUNCT VERB rays ADP light AUX VERB SCONJ SCONJ PRON ADJ point AUX PART ADP PUNCT CCONJ ADP front ADP PUNCT DET retina PUNCT ADJ objects AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ manner PUNCT SCONJ objects ADV ADV AUX ADP focus PUNCT DET ADJ DET eye PUNCT DET ADV ADJ DET degree ADP ADJ PUNCT sightedness PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ animation ADP DET side ADP DET text VERB PRON PART VERB SCONJ DET eye CCONJ image perception VERB ADP VERB degrees ADP ADJ PUNCT sightedness PUNCT SPACE DET power ADP refraction ADP DET eyes AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP means ADP laser correction CCONJ ADJ lenses PUNCT DET VERB DET ADJ point ADV ADP DET retina PUNCT ADP DET case ADP glasses CCONJ contact lenses PUNCT DET VERB ADP means ADP DET ADJ lens PUNCT DET strength ADP DET AUX VERB ADP ADJ dioptres PUNCT
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DET ADV PUNCT ADJ eye AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADV PUNCT ADJ eye PUNCT VERB rays ADP light AUX VERB SCONJ SCONJ PRON ADJ point AUX PART ADP PUNCT CCONJ ADP front ADP PUNCT DET retina PUNCT ADJ objects AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ manner PUNCT SCONJ objects ADV ADV AUX ADP focus PUNCT DET ADJ DET eye PUNCT DET ADV ADJ DET degree ADP ADJ PUNCT sightedness PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ animation ADP DET side ADP DET text VERB PRON PART VERB SCONJ DET eye CCONJ image perception VERB ADP VERB degrees ADP ADJ PUNCT sightedness PUNCT SPACE DET power ADP refraction ADP DET eyes AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP means ADP laser correction CCONJ ADJ lenses PUNCT DET VERB DET ADJ point ADV ADP DET retina PUNCT ADP DET case ADP glasses CCONJ contact lenses PUNCT DET VERB ADP means ADP DET ADJ lens PUNCT DET strength ADP DET AUX VERB ADP ADJ dioptres PUNCT
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Teenage vegetarians may be at greater risk of eating disorders and suicide than their meat-eating peers, according to US researchers.
A study from the University of Minnesota found that adolescent vegetarians were more weight- and body-conscious, and more likely to have been diagnosed with an eating disorder, and to have tried a variety of healthy and unhealthy weight-control practices such as diet pills, laxatives and vomiting. They were also more likely than their peers to have contemplated or attempted suicide.
The findings also indicated that adolescents were more likely than adults to be vegetarians for weight-control rather than for health or moral reasons.
Although the authors acknowledge that a vegetarian diet can be more healthy than one that contains red meat, they also note that, in some teens, being a vegetarian may be taken as a red flag for eating and other disorders related to self-image (J Adolesc Health, 2001; 29: 406-16).
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vegetarians risk disorders suicide meat peers researchers study vegetarians body disorder variety weight control practices diet pills laxatives vomiting peers suicide findings adolescents adults vegetarians weight control health reasons authors diet one meat teens vegetarian flag disorders self image
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teenage vegetarian may be at great risk of eat disorder and suicide than their meat-eat peer, accord to US researcher.
a study from the University of Minnesota find that adolescent vegetarian be more weight- and body-conscious, and more likely to have be diagnose with an eat disorder, and to have try a variety of healthy and unhealthy weight-control practice such as diet pill, laxative and vomiting. they be also more likely than their peer to have contemplate or attempt suicide.
the finding also indicate that adolescent be more likely than adult to be vegetarian for weight-control rather than for health or moral reason.
although the author acknowledge that a vegetarian diet can be more healthy than one that contain red meat, they also note that, in some teen, be a vegetarian may be take as a red flag for eat and other disorder relate to self-image (J Adolesc Health, 2001; 29: 406-16).
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ADJ vegetarians AUX AUX ADP ADJ risk ADP eating disorders CCONJ suicide ADP PRON meat PUNCT VERB peers PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN researchers PUNCT SPACE DET study ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN VERB SCONJ ADJ vegetarians AUX ADV weight- CCONJ body PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PART AUX AUX VERB ADP DET eating disorder PUNCT CCONJ PART AUX VERB DET variety ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ weight PUNCT control practices ADJ ADP diet pills PUNCT laxatives CCONJ vomiting PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP PRON peers PART AUX VERB CCONJ VERB suicide PUNCT SPACE DET findings ADV VERB SCONJ adolescents AUX ADV ADJ ADP adults PART AUX vegetarians ADP weight PUNCT control ADV ADP ADP health CCONJ ADJ reasons PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET authors VERB SCONJ DET ADJ diet AUX AUX ADV ADJ ADP NUM PRON VERB ADJ meat PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ PUNCT ADP DET teens PUNCT AUX DET vegetarian AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ flag ADP eating CCONJ ADJ disorders VERB ADP self PUNCT image PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT
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ADJ vegetarians AUX AUX ADP ADJ risk ADP eating disorders CCONJ suicide ADP PRON meat PUNCT VERB peers PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN researchers PUNCT SPACE DET study ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN VERB SCONJ ADJ vegetarians AUX ADV weight- CCONJ body PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PART AUX AUX VERB ADP DET eating disorder PUNCT CCONJ PART AUX VERB DET variety ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ weight PUNCT control practices ADJ ADP diet pills PUNCT laxatives CCONJ vomiting PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP PRON peers PART AUX VERB CCONJ VERB suicide PUNCT SPACE DET findings ADV VERB SCONJ adolescents AUX ADV ADJ ADP adults PART AUX vegetarians ADP weight PUNCT control ADV ADP ADP health CCONJ ADJ reasons PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET authors VERB SCONJ DET ADJ diet AUX AUX ADV ADJ ADP NUM PRON VERB ADJ meat PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ PUNCT ADP DET teens PUNCT AUX DET vegetarian AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ flag ADP eating CCONJ ADJ disorders VERB ADP self PUNCT image PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT
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ADJ vegetarians AUX AUX ADP ADJ risk ADP eating disorders CCONJ suicide ADP PRON meat PUNCT VERB peers PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN researchers PUNCT SPACE DET study ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN VERB SCONJ ADJ vegetarians AUX ADV weight- CCONJ body PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PART AUX AUX VERB ADP DET eating disorder PUNCT CCONJ PART AUX VERB DET variety ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ weight PUNCT control practices ADJ ADP diet pills PUNCT laxatives CCONJ vomiting PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP PRON peers PART AUX VERB CCONJ VERB suicide PUNCT SPACE DET findings ADV VERB SCONJ adolescents AUX ADV ADJ ADP adults PART AUX vegetarians ADP weight PUNCT control ADV ADP ADP health CCONJ ADJ reasons PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET authors VERB SCONJ DET ADJ diet AUX AUX ADV ADJ ADP NUM PRON VERB ADJ meat PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ PUNCT ADP DET teens PUNCT AUX DET vegetarian AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ flag ADP eating CCONJ ADJ disorders VERB ADP self PUNCT image PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT
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Maryland Public Lands Managed by the Wildlife and Heritage Service
The Wildlife & Heritage Service (WHS) oversees the management of 47 Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs), ranging in size from under 20 acres to over 29,000 acres. The WMA system encompasses a total of 111,000 acres, with WMAs located in 18 of Maryland's 23 counties.
Mission of the WMA System
To conserve and enhance diverse wildlife populations and associated habitats while providing for public enjoyment of the State’s wildlife resources through hunting and other wildlife-dependent recreation.
Goals of the WMA System
The Wildlife and Heritage Service manages the WMAs for diverse wildlife populations and their habitats in a number of ways, such as applying prescribed burns, planting food plots, establishing native grasses, managing wetlands and performing timber stand work. Some habitats, such as forested areas, provide for wildlife without any direct management. Providing for wildlife-dependent recreation involves the installation and maintenance of parking lots, roads, trails, boat access facilities, and user areas for the disabled. Property boundaries, signs, and maps are also up-dated, as needed.
WMAs are primarily managed for hunting, trapping and other wildlife-dependent recreational uses. On the more popular areas, a system of lotteries and reservations is in place to avoid over use and conflicts among users. Information about hunting and trapping on public lands in Maryland is updated annually and published in the Guide to Hunting & Trapping in Maryland. Our staff also manages wildlife populations on other DNR properties, including certain State Parks, State Forests and Natural Resource Management Areas, as well as some private lands and local government properties (called Cooperative WMAs).
Expanding Public Use of WMA's
The Wildlife & Heritage Service, working in concert with DNR's Nature Tourism Program, is expanding the public use of WMA properties. For example, the Fishing Bay WMA Water Trail is specially designed for kayak and canoe users with an interest in birding and wildlife photography. This water trail offers an outstanding opportunity for paddlers to observe a variety wetland wildlife species in their native habitats.
For More Information on the Following:
- Wildlife Management Areas
- Public Hunting Lands
- WMA Maps & Information
- WMA Acres by Region
- Public Lands Managed by Region
- Public Dove Fields
- Guide to Marylandís Natural Areas
- Maryland State Parks
- Guide to Hunting and Trapping
- Hunting Seasons Calendar
- Disabled Hunter Access
- About Wildlife & Heritage Service
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management size acres acres system total acres WMAs counties wildlife populations habitats enjoyment wildlife resources hunting wildlife recreation Goals WMAs wildlife populations habitats number ways burns food plots grasses wetlands timber stand work habitats areas wildlife management wildlife recreation installation maintenance parking lots roads trails boat access facilities user areas Property boundaries signs maps WMAs hunting wildlife uses areas system lotteries reservations place use conflicts users Information hunting lands Hunting staff wildlife populations properties lands government properties WMAs concert use properties example users interest birding wildlife photography water trail opportunity paddlers variety wetland wildlife species habitats Information Trapping
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Maryland Public Lands manage by the Wildlife and Heritage Service
the Wildlife & Heritage Service (WHS) oversee the management of 47 Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs), range in size from under 20 acre to over 29,000 acre. the WMA system encompass a total of 111,000 acre, with wma locate in 18 of Maryland's 23 county.
Mission of the WMA System
to conserve and enhance diverse wildlife population and associated habitat while provide for public enjoyment of the State’s wildlife resource through hunting and other wildlife-dependent recreation.
goal of the WMA System
the Wildlife and Heritage Service manage the wma for diverse wildlife population and their habitat in a number of way, such as apply prescribed burn, plant food plot, establish native grass, manage wetland and perform timber stand work. some habitat, such as forest area, provide for wildlife without any direct management. provide for wildlife-dependent recreation involve the installation and maintenance of parking lot, road, trail, boat access facility, and user area for the disabled. property boundary, sign, and map be also up-date, as need.
wma be primarily manage for hunting, trap and other wildlife-dependent recreational us. on the more popular area, a system of lottery and reservation be in place to avoid over use and conflict among user. information about hunting and trap on public land in Maryland be update annually and publish in the Guide to hunting & Trapping in Maryland. our staff also manage wildlife population on other DNR property, include certain State Parks, State Forests and Natural Resource Management Areas, as well as some private land and local government property (call cooperative wma).
expand public Use of WMA's
the Wildlife & Heritage Service, work in concert with DNR's Nature Tourism Program, be expand the public use of WMA property. for example, the Fishing Bay WMA Water Trail be specially design for kayak and canoe user with an interest in birding and wildlife photography. this water trail offer an outstanding opportunity for paddler to observe a variety wetland wildlife specie in their native habitat.
for More information on the Following:
- Wildlife Management Areas
- Public Hunting Lands
- WMA Maps & Information
- WMA Acres by Region
- Public Lands manage by Region
- Public Dove Fields
- Guide to Marylandís Natural Areas
- Maryland State Parks
- Guide to hunt and trapping
- Hunting Seasons Calendar
- disabled Hunter Access
- About Wildlife & Heritage Service
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PROPN PROPN Lands VERB ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET management ADP NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP size ADP ADP NUM acres ADP ADP NUM acres PUNCT DET PROPN system VERB DET total ADP NUM acres PUNCT ADP PROPN VERB ADP NUM ADP PROPN PART NUM counties PUNCT SPACE Mission ADP DET PROPN PROPN SPACE PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ wildlife populations CCONJ VERB habitats SCONJ VERB ADP ADJ enjoyment ADP DET PROPN PART wildlife resources ADP hunting CCONJ ADJ wildlife PUNCT ADJ recreation PUNCT SPACE Goals ADP DET PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN ADP ADJ wildlife populations CCONJ PRON habitats ADP DET number ADP ways PUNCT ADJ ADP VERB VERB burns PUNCT VERB food plots PUNCT VERB ADJ grasses PUNCT VERB wetlands CCONJ VERB timber stand work PUNCT DET habitats PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ areas PUNCT VERB ADP wildlife ADP DET ADJ management PUNCT VERB ADP wildlife PUNCT ADJ recreation VERB DET installation CCONJ maintenance ADP parking lots PUNCT roads PUNCT trails PUNCT boat access facilities PUNCT CCONJ user areas ADP DET ADJ PUNCT Property boundaries PUNCT signs PUNCT CCONJ maps AUX ADV ADV PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADP VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP hunting PUNCT trapping CCONJ ADJ wildlife PUNCT ADJ ADJ uses PUNCT ADP DET ADV ADJ areas PUNCT DET system ADP lotteries CCONJ reservations AUX ADP place PART VERB ADJ use CCONJ conflicts ADP users PUNCT Information ADP VERB CCONJ trapping ADP ADJ lands ADP PROPN AUX VERB ADV CCONJ VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON staff ADV VERB wildlife populations ADP ADJ PROPN properties PUNCT VERB ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ lands CCONJ ADJ government properties PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ Use ADP PROPN PART SPACE DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP concert ADP PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB DET ADJ use ADP PROPN properties PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP kayak CCONJ canoe users ADP DET interest ADP birding CCONJ wildlife photography PUNCT DET water trail VERB DET ADJ opportunity ADP paddlers PART VERB DET variety wetland wildlife species ADP PRON ADJ habitats PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ Information ADP DET VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT ADJ Hunting PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ Information SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP Region SPACE PUNCT ADJ Lands VERB ADP Region SPACE PUNCT ADJ PROPN Fields SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN ADJ PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP Hunting CCONJ Trapping SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT ADJ PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN
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PROPN PROPN Lands VERB ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET management ADP NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP size ADP ADP NUM acres ADP ADP NUM acres PUNCT DET PROPN system VERB DET total ADP NUM acres PUNCT ADP PROPN VERB ADP NUM ADP PROPN PART NUM counties PUNCT SPACE Mission ADP DET PROPN PROPN SPACE PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ wildlife populations CCONJ VERB habitats SCONJ VERB ADP ADJ enjoyment ADP DET PROPN PART wildlife resources ADP hunting CCONJ ADJ wildlife PUNCT ADJ recreation PUNCT SPACE Goals ADP DET PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN ADP ADJ wildlife populations CCONJ PRON habitats ADP DET number ADP ways PUNCT ADJ ADP VERB VERB burns PUNCT VERB food plots PUNCT VERB ADJ grasses PUNCT VERB wetlands CCONJ VERB timber stand work PUNCT DET habitats PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ areas PUNCT VERB ADP wildlife ADP DET ADJ management PUNCT VERB ADP wildlife PUNCT ADJ recreation VERB DET installation CCONJ maintenance ADP parking lots PUNCT roads PUNCT trails PUNCT boat access facilities PUNCT CCONJ user areas ADP DET ADJ PUNCT Property boundaries PUNCT signs PUNCT CCONJ maps AUX ADV ADV PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADP VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP hunting PUNCT trapping CCONJ ADJ wildlife PUNCT ADJ ADJ uses PUNCT ADP DET ADV ADJ areas PUNCT DET system ADP lotteries CCONJ reservations AUX ADP place PART VERB ADJ use CCONJ conflicts ADP users PUNCT Information ADP VERB CCONJ trapping ADP ADJ lands ADP PROPN AUX VERB ADV CCONJ VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON staff ADV VERB wildlife populations ADP ADJ PROPN properties PUNCT VERB ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ lands CCONJ ADJ government properties PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ Use ADP PROPN PART SPACE DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP concert ADP PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB DET ADJ use ADP PROPN properties PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP kayak CCONJ canoe users ADP DET interest ADP birding CCONJ wildlife photography PUNCT DET water trail VERB DET ADJ opportunity ADP paddlers PART VERB DET variety wetland wildlife species ADP PRON ADJ habitats PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ Information ADP DET VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT ADJ Hunting PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ Information SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP Region SPACE PUNCT ADJ Lands VERB ADP Region SPACE PUNCT ADJ PROPN Fields SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN ADJ PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP Hunting CCONJ Trapping SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT ADJ PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN
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PROPN PROPN Lands VERB ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET management ADP NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP size ADP ADP NUM acres ADP ADP NUM acres PUNCT DET PROPN system VERB DET total ADP NUM acres PUNCT ADP PROPN VERB ADP NUM ADP PROPN PART NUM counties PUNCT SPACE Mission ADP DET PROPN PROPN SPACE PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ wildlife populations CCONJ VERB habitats SCONJ VERB ADP ADJ enjoyment ADP DET PROPN PART wildlife resources ADP hunting CCONJ ADJ wildlife PUNCT ADJ recreation PUNCT SPACE Goals ADP DET PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB DET PROPN ADP ADJ wildlife populations CCONJ PRON habitats ADP DET number ADP ways PUNCT ADJ ADP VERB VERB burns PUNCT VERB food plots PUNCT VERB ADJ grasses PUNCT VERB wetlands CCONJ VERB timber stand work PUNCT DET habitats PUNCT ADJ ADP ADJ areas PUNCT VERB ADP wildlife ADP DET ADJ management PUNCT VERB ADP wildlife PUNCT ADJ recreation VERB DET installation CCONJ maintenance ADP parking lots PUNCT roads PUNCT trails PUNCT boat access facilities PUNCT CCONJ user areas ADP DET ADJ PUNCT Property boundaries PUNCT signs PUNCT CCONJ maps AUX ADV ADV PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADP VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP hunting PUNCT trapping CCONJ ADJ wildlife PUNCT ADJ ADJ uses PUNCT ADP DET ADV ADJ areas PUNCT DET system ADP lotteries CCONJ reservations AUX ADP place PART VERB ADJ use CCONJ conflicts ADP users PUNCT Information ADP VERB CCONJ trapping ADP ADJ lands ADP PROPN AUX VERB ADV CCONJ VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON staff ADV VERB wildlife populations ADP ADJ PROPN properties PUNCT VERB ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ lands CCONJ ADJ government properties PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ Use ADP PROPN PART SPACE DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP concert ADP PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB DET ADJ use ADP PROPN properties PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP kayak CCONJ canoe users ADP DET interest ADP birding CCONJ wildlife photography PUNCT DET water trail VERB DET ADJ opportunity ADP paddlers PART VERB DET variety wetland wildlife species ADP PRON ADJ habitats PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ Information ADP DET VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT ADJ Hunting PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ Information SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP Region SPACE PUNCT ADJ Lands VERB ADP Region SPACE PUNCT ADJ PROPN Fields SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN ADJ PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP Hunting CCONJ Trapping SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT ADJ PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN
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VMware Workstation 4Features | Documentation | Knowledge Base | Discussion Forums
With shared folders, you can easily share files among virtual machines and the host computer. To use shared folders, you must have the current version of VMware Tools installed in the guest operating system and you must use the Virtual Machine Control Panel to specify which directories are to be shared.
You can use shared folders with virtual machines running the following guest operating systems:
To set up one or more shared folders for a virtual machine, be sure the virtual machine is open in Workstation and click its tab to make it the active virtual machine. Go to Edit > Virtual Machine Settings > Options and click Shared folders.
You can add one or more directories to the list. Those directories may be on the host computer or they may be network directories accessible from the host computer.
In a Windows virtual machine, shared folders appear in My Network Places (Network Neighborhood in a Windows NT virtual machine) under VMware Shared Folders. For example, if you specify the name Test files for one of your shared folders, you can navigate to it by opening My Network Places > VMware Shared Folders > .host > Shared Folders > Test files.
You can also go directly to the folder using the UNC path
You can map a shared folder to a drive letter just as you would with a network share.
Note: To see shared folders displayed in this way, you must update VMware Tools in the virtual machine to the current version. If your guest operating system has the version of VMware Tools that shipped with VMware Workstation 4.0, shared folders appear as folders on a designated drive letter.
In a Linux virtual machine, shared folders appear under /mnt/hgfs. So the shared folder in this example would appear as /mnt/hgfs/Test files.
To add a new shared folder to the list, click Add. On a Windows host, a wizard guides you through the process. On a Linux host, a dialog box appears. Enter the required information, then click OK.
Provide the following information:
To change the settings for a shared folder on the list, click the folder's name to highlight it, then click Properties. The Properties dialog box appears.
Change any settings you wish, then click OK.
Note: You can use shared folders to share any type of file. However, Windows shortcuts and Linux symbolic links do not work correctly if you try to use them via shared folders.
Caution: Do not open a file in a shared folder from more than one application at a time. For example, you should not open the same file using an application on the host operating system and another application in the guest operating system. In some circumstances, doing so could cause data corruption in the file.
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4Features | | | folders files machines host computer folders version guest operating system directories folders machines guest operating systems folders machine machine tab machine folders directories list directories host computer network directories host computer machine folders machine example name Test files folders files folder path folder letter network share Note folders way machine version guest operating system version folders folders drive letter machine folders hgfs folder example hgfs Test files folder list host wizard process host dialog information information settings folder list folder name dialog settings Note folders type file shortcuts links folders Caution file folder application time example file application host operating system application guest operating system circumstances data corruption file
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VMware Workstation 4feature | Documentation | Knowledge Base | Discussion Forums
with shared folder, you can easily share file among virtual machine and the host computer. to use shared folder, you must have the current version of VMware Tools instal in the guest operating system and you must use the Virtual Machine Control Panel to specify which directory be to be share.
you can use share folder with virtual machine run the follow guest operating system:
to set up one or more shared folder for a virtual machine, be sure the virtual machine be open in Workstation and click its tab to make it the active virtual machine. go to edit > Virtual Machine Settings > Options and click shared folder.
you can add one or more directory to the list. those directory may be on the host computer or they may be network directory accessible from the host computer.
in a Windows virtual machine, share folder appear in my Network Places (Network Neighborhood in a Windows NT virtual machine) under VMware Shared Folders. for example, if you specify the name test file for one of your shared folder, you can navigate to it by open my Network Places > VMware shared Folders > .host > share Folders > Test file.
you can also go directly to the folder use the UNC path
you can map a shared folder to a drive letter just as you would with a network share.
note: to see shared folder display in this way, you must update VMware Tools in the virtual machine to the current version. if your guest operating system have the version of VMware Tools that ship with VMware Workstation 4.0, share folder appear as folder on a designate drive letter.
in a Linux virtual machine, share folder appear under /mnt/hgf. so the share folder in this example would appear as /mnt/hgfs/test file.
to add a new shared folder to the list, click Add. on a Windows host, a wizard guide you through the process. on a Linux host, a dialog box appear. enter the require information, then click OK.
provide the follow information:
to change the setting for a shared folder on the list, click the folder's name to highlight it, then click Properties. the Properties dialog box appear.
change any setting you wish, then click OK.
note: you can use share folder to share any type of file. however, Windows shortcut and Linux symbolic link do not work correctly if you try to use they via shared folder.
caution: do not open a file in a shared folder from more than one application at a time. for example, you should not open the same file use an application on the host operating system and another application in the guest operating system. in some circumstance, do so could cause datum corruption in the file.
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PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT Documentation PUNCT Knowledge PROPN PUNCT Discussion PROPN SPACE ADP VERB folders PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB files ADP ADJ machines CCONJ DET host computer PUNCT PART VERB VERB folders PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ version ADP PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET guest VERB system CCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PART VERB DET directories AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB VERB folders ADP ADJ machines VERB DET ADJ guest VERB systems PUNCT SPACE PART VERB ADP NUM CCONJ ADJ VERB folders ADP DET ADJ machine PUNCT AUX ADJ DET ADJ machine AUX ADJ ADP PROPN CCONJ VERB PRON tab PART VERB PRON DET ADJ ADJ machine PUNCT VERB ADP Edit SYM PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT Options CCONJ VERB VERB folders PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ directories ADP DET list PUNCT DET directories AUX AUX ADP DET host computer CCONJ PRON AUX AUX network directories ADJ ADP DET host computer PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN ADJ machine PUNCT VERB folders VERB ADP PRON PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADJ machine PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP example PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET name Test files ADP NUM ADP PRON VERB folders PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP PRON ADP VERB PRON PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN PROPN SYM .host SYM PROPN PROPN SYM Test files PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP DET folder VERB DET PROPN path SPACE PRON AUX VERB DET VERB folder ADP DET drive letter ADV ADP PRON AUX ADP DET network share PUNCT SPACE Note PUNCT PART VERB VERB folders VERB ADP DET way PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ machine ADP DET ADJ version PUNCT SCONJ PRON guest VERB system AUX DET version ADP PROPN PROPN PRON VERB ADP PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB folders VERB ADP folders ADP DET VERB drive letter PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN ADJ machine PUNCT VERB folders VERB ADP X X hgfs PUNCT ADV DET VERB folder ADP DET example AUX VERB ADP X X X X Test files PUNCT SPACE PART VERB DET ADJ VERB folder ADP DET list PUNCT VERB VERB PUNCT ADP DET PROPN host PUNCT DET wizard VERB PRON ADP DET process PUNCT ADP DET PROPN host PUNCT DET dialog box VERB PUNCT VERB DET VERB information PUNCT ADV VERB INTJ PUNCT SPACE VERB DET ADJ information PUNCT SPACE PART VERB DET settings ADP DET VERB folder ADP DET list PUNCT VERB DET folder PART name PART VERB PRON PUNCT ADV VERB Properties PUNCT DET Properties dialog box VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB DET settings PRON VERB PUNCT ADV VERB INTJ PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB VERB folders PART VERB DET type ADP file PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN shortcuts CCONJ PROPN ADJ links AUX PART VERB ADV SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB PRON ADP VERB folders PUNCT SPACE Caution PUNCT AUX PART VERB DET file ADP DET VERB folder ADP ADJ ADP NUM application ADP DET time PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB DET ADJ file VERB DET application ADP DET host VERB system CCONJ DET application ADP DET guest operating system PUNCT ADP DET circumstances PUNCT VERB ADV AUX VERB data corruption ADP DET file PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT Documentation PUNCT Knowledge PROPN PUNCT Discussion PROPN SPACE ADP VERB folders PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB files ADP ADJ machines CCONJ DET host computer PUNCT PART VERB VERB folders PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ version ADP PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET guest VERB system CCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PART VERB DET directories AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB VERB folders ADP ADJ machines VERB DET ADJ guest VERB systems PUNCT SPACE PART VERB ADP NUM CCONJ ADJ VERB folders ADP DET ADJ machine PUNCT AUX ADJ DET ADJ machine AUX ADJ ADP PROPN CCONJ VERB PRON tab PART VERB PRON DET ADJ ADJ machine PUNCT VERB ADP Edit SYM PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT Options CCONJ VERB VERB folders PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ directories ADP DET list PUNCT DET directories AUX AUX ADP DET host computer CCONJ PRON AUX AUX network directories ADJ ADP DET host computer PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN ADJ machine PUNCT VERB folders VERB ADP PRON PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADJ machine PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP example PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET name Test files ADP NUM ADP PRON VERB folders PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP PRON ADP VERB PRON PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN PROPN SYM .host SYM PROPN PROPN SYM Test files PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP DET folder VERB DET PROPN path SPACE PRON AUX VERB DET VERB folder ADP DET drive letter ADV ADP PRON AUX ADP DET network share PUNCT SPACE Note PUNCT PART VERB VERB folders VERB ADP DET way PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ machine ADP DET ADJ version PUNCT SCONJ PRON guest VERB system AUX DET version ADP PROPN PROPN PRON VERB ADP PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB folders VERB ADP folders ADP DET VERB drive letter PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN ADJ machine PUNCT VERB folders VERB ADP X X hgfs PUNCT ADV DET VERB folder ADP DET example AUX VERB ADP X X X X Test files PUNCT SPACE PART VERB DET ADJ VERB folder ADP DET list PUNCT VERB VERB PUNCT ADP DET PROPN host PUNCT DET wizard VERB PRON ADP DET process PUNCT ADP DET PROPN host PUNCT DET dialog box VERB PUNCT VERB DET VERB information PUNCT ADV VERB INTJ PUNCT SPACE VERB DET ADJ information PUNCT SPACE PART VERB DET settings ADP DET VERB folder ADP DET list PUNCT VERB DET folder PART name PART VERB PRON PUNCT ADV VERB Properties PUNCT DET Properties dialog box VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB DET settings PRON VERB PUNCT ADV VERB INTJ PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB VERB folders PART VERB DET type ADP file PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN shortcuts CCONJ PROPN ADJ links AUX PART VERB ADV SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB PRON ADP VERB folders PUNCT SPACE Caution PUNCT AUX PART VERB DET file ADP DET VERB folder ADP ADJ ADP NUM application ADP DET time PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB DET ADJ file VERB DET application ADP DET host VERB system CCONJ DET application ADP DET guest operating system PUNCT ADP DET circumstances PUNCT VERB ADV AUX VERB data corruption ADP DET file PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT Documentation PUNCT Knowledge PROPN PUNCT Discussion PROPN SPACE ADP VERB folders PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB files ADP ADJ machines CCONJ DET host computer PUNCT PART VERB VERB folders PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ version ADP PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET guest VERB system CCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PART VERB DET directories AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB VERB folders ADP ADJ machines VERB DET ADJ guest VERB systems PUNCT SPACE PART VERB ADP NUM CCONJ ADJ VERB folders ADP DET ADJ machine PUNCT AUX ADJ DET ADJ machine AUX ADJ ADP PROPN CCONJ VERB PRON tab PART VERB PRON DET ADJ ADJ machine PUNCT VERB ADP Edit SYM PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT Options CCONJ VERB VERB folders PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ directories ADP DET list PUNCT DET directories AUX AUX ADP DET host computer CCONJ PRON AUX AUX network directories ADJ ADP DET host computer PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN ADJ machine PUNCT VERB folders VERB ADP PRON PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADJ machine PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP example PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET name Test files ADP NUM ADP PRON VERB folders PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP PRON ADP VERB PRON PROPN PROPN SYM PROPN PROPN PROPN SYM .host SYM PROPN PROPN SYM Test files PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP DET folder VERB DET PROPN path SPACE PRON AUX VERB DET VERB folder ADP DET drive letter ADV ADP PRON AUX ADP DET network share PUNCT SPACE Note PUNCT PART VERB VERB folders VERB ADP DET way PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ machine ADP DET ADJ version PUNCT SCONJ PRON guest VERB system AUX DET version ADP PROPN PROPN PRON VERB ADP PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB folders VERB ADP folders ADP DET VERB drive letter PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN ADJ machine PUNCT VERB folders VERB ADP X X hgfs PUNCT ADV DET VERB folder ADP DET example AUX VERB ADP X X X X Test files PUNCT SPACE PART VERB DET ADJ VERB folder ADP DET list PUNCT VERB VERB PUNCT ADP DET PROPN host PUNCT DET wizard VERB PRON ADP DET process PUNCT ADP DET PROPN host PUNCT DET dialog box VERB PUNCT VERB DET VERB information PUNCT ADV VERB INTJ PUNCT SPACE VERB DET ADJ information PUNCT SPACE PART VERB DET settings ADP DET VERB folder ADP DET list PUNCT VERB DET folder PART name PART VERB PRON PUNCT ADV VERB Properties PUNCT DET Properties dialog box VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB DET settings PRON VERB PUNCT ADV VERB INTJ PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB VERB folders PART VERB DET type ADP file PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN shortcuts CCONJ PROPN ADJ links AUX PART VERB ADV SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB PRON ADP VERB folders PUNCT SPACE Caution PUNCT AUX PART VERB DET file ADP DET VERB folder ADP ADJ ADP NUM application ADP DET time PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB DET ADJ file VERB DET application ADP DET host VERB system CCONJ DET application ADP DET guest operating system PUNCT ADP DET circumstances PUNCT VERB ADV AUX VERB data corruption ADP DET file PUNCT
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One of the most striking aspects of German-Jewish modernism, and certainly what distinguishes it from the surrounding German milieu, is its meditation on Jewish tradition, which to the modernists represented a pre-modern authenticity that they felt they had lost. Curiously, and perhaps not unlike my own rabbis, German-speaking Jewish modernists most commonly fixed their gaze not just on any Jewish tradition but that of Eastern European or, more vaguely, 'Oriental' Jews, a term that enabled them to stress their own distance from tradition while still claiming a mystical as well as genetic connection. Like other Orientalists, German modernists regarded the Eastern Jews as exotic and even intimidating, like Kafka's gatekeeper. Yet they also saw in the Eastern Jew a vision of their own personal origins, a ghost of authenticity past. For what are Western Jews, the Austrian writer Joseph Roth asked, if not Eastern Jews who had forgotten?
Roth mourned what seemed to him to be the irreversible process by which Jews westernized, "gave up," and lost the "sad beauty" he eulogized in his essay "The Wandering Jews" as well as his novel, Job. He, like Kafka, seemed to believe that there was no going back. Others, however, proposed various ways of reconnecting. The great Expressionist poet Else Lasker-Schüler liked pretending that she was, in fact, the Oriental "Prinz Jussuff." The novelist Jacob Wassermann similarly flattered himself by boasting of an "Oriental force" in his blood that powered his creativity.
Few, however, made as much out of this Jewish Orientalism as Martin Buber, who defined Western Jews as Orientals whom emancipation had denatured. Buber reassures his readers that the soul of the Jew is intact: "the Jew has remained an Oriental." One can even detect the Oriental spirit, he wrote, "in the most assimilated Jew, if one knows how to gain access to his soul; and even those who have eradicated the last vestiges of Judaism from the content of their thinking still, and ineradicably, carry Judaism within them in the pattern of their thought." For Buber, the Orient still thrived in Eastern Europe among the "decadent yet still wondrous Hasid of our days." The renewal of Judaism in the West lay precisely in turning to the East for inspiration and instruction.
Much of the German-Jewish reflection on 'Oriental' Jews is irrelevant today. Buber's Poland is long gone, Yiddish is dead, and the "Hasid of our days" is wondrous to very few. (Indeed, Buber's Orient never existed in the first place, as it was to a large extent the expression of his own yearnings.) What we can learn from, however, is the German-speaking Jewish modernists' ability to identify with Jewish tradition while remaining outside of it. They turned to Eastern European Judaism without renouncing their own modernity, without denying the distance between the traditions and themselves. In fact, that distance was the only thing of which they were really certain.
Obviously their relationship with tradition was attenuated and artificial. The modernists always regarded Jewish tradition through their own subjectivist lens, reifying it, orientalizing it, imposing numerous discursive constraints that deformed their perception of it. They were to a great extent its authors, and we should not only recognize this fact, but draw on it for inspiration as we renew and reinvent Jewish tradition to suit our own era. However, their Orientalism also brought them into an intimate relationship with the real liturgy, language, law, and lore of the Jewish people. Not content to just talk about the tradition, they tried to get inside it and learn it. Thus Kafka studied Hebrew and fetishized the Yiddish theater. Gershom Scholem became the great historian of Jewish mysticism. Whatever their path to tradition, they avoided the nihilism according which all knowledge, because it is so contingent, is suspect and therefore to be refused. Instead, they groped for ways to live with the Law and with themselves.
The Queer Guy at the Strip Club
The Gifts of the German Jews: Toward a Postmodern Judaism
My first shabbos
Stones of Jerusalem
Holocaust Video Testimonies: The Other Reality TV
Josh Tells a Bedtime Story
Zeek in Print
Buy online here
The Zeek Archive
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aspects modernism milieu meditation tradition modernists authenticity rabbis modernists gaze tradition term distance tradition connection Orientalists modernists gatekeeper vision origins ghost authenticity past writer process beauty essay novel Others ways Expressionist poet fact novelist boasting force blood creativity emancipation Buber readers soul Oriental spirit access soul vestiges content thinking pattern thought decadent days renewal inspiration instruction reflection today days place extent expression yearnings modernists ability tradition modernity distance traditions fact distance thing relationship tradition modernists tradition lens constraints perception extent authors fact inspiration tradition era relationship liturgy language law lore people tradition theater historian mysticism path tradition nihilism knowledge ways Gifts shabbos Video TV
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one of the most striking aspect of german-jewish modernism, and certainly what distinguish it from the surround german milieu, be its meditation on jewish tradition, which to the modernist represent a pre-modern authenticity that they feel they have lose. curiously, and perhaps not unlike my own rabbi, german-speak jewish modernist most commonly fix their gaze not just on any jewish tradition but that of eastern european or, more vaguely, 'oriental' Jews, a term that enable they to stress their own distance from tradition while still claim a mystical as well as genetic connection. like other orientalist, german modernist regard the Eastern Jews as exotic and even intimidating, like Kafka's gatekeeper. yet they also see in the Eastern Jew a vision of their own personal origin, a ghost of authenticity past. for what be western Jews, the austrian writer Joseph Roth ask, if not Eastern Jews who have forget?
Roth mourn what seem to he to be the irreversible process by which Jews westernize, "give up," and lose the "sad beauty" he eulogize in his essay "the Wandering Jews" as well as his novel, Job. he, like Kafka, seem to believe that there be no go back. other, however, propose various way of reconnecte. the great expressionist poet Else Lasker-Schüler like pretend that she be, in fact, the oriental "Prinz Jussuff." the novelist Jacob Wassermann similarly flatter himself by boasting of an "oriental force" in his blood that power his creativity.
few, however, make as much out of this jewish Orientalism as Martin Buber, who define western Jews as Orientals whom emancipation have denature. buber reassure his reader that the soul of the Jew be intact: "the Jew have remain an oriental." one can even detect the oriental spirit, he write, "in the most assimilate Jew, if one know how to gain access to his soul; and even those who have eradicate the last vestige of Judaism from the content of their thinking still, and ineradicably, carry Judaism within they in the pattern of their thought." for Buber, the Orient still thrive in Eastern Europe among the "decadent yet still wondrous Hasid of our day." the renewal of Judaism in the West lie precisely in turn to the East for inspiration and instruction.
much of the german-jewish reflection on 'oriental' Jews be irrelevant today. Buber's Poland be long go, Yiddish be dead, and the "Hasid of our day" be wondrous to very few. (indeed, Buber's Orient never exist in the first place, as it be to a large extent the expression of his own yearning.) what we can learn from, however, be the German-speak jewish modernist' ability to identify with jewish tradition while remain outside of it. they turn to eastern european Judaism without renounce their own modernity, without deny the distance between the tradition and themselves. in fact, that distance be the only thing of which they be really certain.
obviously their relationship with tradition be attenuate and artificial. the modernist always regard jewish tradition through their own subjectivist len, reify it, orientalize it, impose numerous discursive constraint that deform their perception of it. they be to a great extent its author, and we should not only recognize this fact, but draw on it for inspiration as we renew and reinvent jewish tradition to suit our own era. however, their Orientalism also bring they into an intimate relationship with the real liturgy, language, law, and lore of the jewish people. not content to just talk about the tradition, they try to get inside it and learn it. thus Kafka study Hebrew and fetishize the yiddish theater. Gershom Scholem become the great historian of jewish mysticism. whatever their path to tradition, they avoid the nihilism according which all knowledge, because it be so contingent, be suspect and therefore to be refuse. instead, they grope for way to live with the Law and with themselves.
the Queer Guy at the Strip Club
the gift of the german Jews: toward a Postmodern Judaism
my first shabbo
Stones of Jerusalem
Holocaust video testimonie: the other Reality tv
Josh tell a Bedtime Story
Zeek in Print
Buy online here
the Zeek Archive
|
NUM ADP DET ADV ADJ aspects ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ modernism PUNCT CCONJ ADV PRON VERB PRON ADP DET VERB ADJ milieu PUNCT AUX PRON meditation ADP ADJ tradition PUNCT DET ADP DET modernists VERB DET ADJ ADJ ADJ authenticity SCONJ PRON VERB PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV PART ADP PRON ADJ rabbis PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ modernists ADV ADV VERB PRON gaze PART ADV ADP DET ADJ tradition CCONJ SCONJ ADP ADJ ADJ CCONJ PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET term PRON VERB PRON PART VERB PRON ADJ distance ADP tradition SCONJ ADV VERB DET ADJ ADV ADV ADP ADJ connection PUNCT ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT ADJ modernists VERB DET ADJ PROPN ADP ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP PROPN PART gatekeeper PUNCT CCONJ PRON ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN DET vision ADP PRON ADJ ADJ origins PUNCT DET ghost ADP authenticity past PUNCT ADP PRON AUX ADJ PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ writer PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT SCONJ PART ADJ PROPN PRON AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB PRON VERB ADP PRON PART AUX DET ADJ process ADP DET PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET PUNCT ADJ beauty PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PRON essay PUNCT DET VERB PROPN PUNCT ADV ADV ADP PRON novel PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET VERB ADV PUNCT Others PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADJ ways ADP VERB PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN poet PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET novelist PROPN PROPN ADV VERB PRON ADP VERB ADP DET PUNCT ADJ force PUNCT ADP PRON blood PRON VERB PRON creativity PUNCT SPACE ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADV ADJ ADP ADP DET ADJ PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ PROPN ADP PROPN PRON emancipation AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN VERB PRON readers SCONJ DET soul ADP DET PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB DET PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB DET ADJ spirit PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET ADV ADJ PROPN PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ PART VERB access ADP PRON soul PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ vestiges ADP PROPN ADP DET content ADP PRON thinking ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB PROPN ADP PRON ADP DET pattern ADP PRON thought PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PROPN ADP PRON days PUNCT PUNCT DET renewal ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN VERB ADV ADP VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP inspiration CCONJ instruction PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ reflection ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ today PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT CCONJ DET PUNCT PROPN ADP PRON days PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ place PUNCT ADP PRON AUX ADP DET ADJ extent DET expression ADP PRON ADJ yearnings PUNCT PUNCT PRON PRON AUX VERB ADP PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX DET PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ modernists PART ability PART VERB ADP ADJ tradition SCONJ VERB ADP ADP PRON PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADJ ADJ PROPN ADP VERB PRON ADJ modernity PUNCT ADP VERB DET distance ADP DET traditions CCONJ PRON PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT DET distance AUX DET ADJ thing ADP DET PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON relationship ADP tradition AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT DET modernists ADV VERB ADJ tradition ADP PRON ADJ ADJ lens PUNCT VERB PRON PUNCT VERB PRON PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ constraints PRON VERB PRON perception ADP PRON PUNCT PRON AUX ADP DET ADJ extent PRON authors PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX PART ADV VERB DET fact PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADP inspiration ADP PRON VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ tradition PART VERB PRON ADJ era PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON PROPN ADV VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ relationship ADP DET ADJ liturgy PUNCT language PUNCT law PUNCT CCONJ lore ADP DET ADJ people PUNCT PART ADJ PART ADV VERB ADP DET tradition PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PRON CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT ADV PROPN VERB PROPN CCONJ VERB DET ADJ theater PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ historian ADP ADJ mysticism PUNCT DET PRON path ADP tradition PUNCT PRON VERB DET nihilism ADP DET DET knowledge PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT AUX ADJ CCONJ ADV PART AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ways PART VERB ADP DET PROPN CCONJ ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN SPACE DET Gifts ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ PROPN SPACE PRON ADJ shabbos SPACE Stones ADP PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ Reality PROPN SPACE PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE VERB ADV ADV SPACE DET PROPN PROPN
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NUM ADP DET ADV ADJ aspects ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ modernism PUNCT CCONJ ADV PRON VERB PRON ADP DET VERB ADJ milieu PUNCT AUX PRON meditation ADP ADJ tradition PUNCT DET ADP DET modernists VERB DET ADJ ADJ ADJ authenticity SCONJ PRON VERB PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV PART ADP PRON ADJ rabbis PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ modernists ADV ADV VERB PRON gaze PART ADV ADP DET ADJ tradition CCONJ SCONJ ADP ADJ ADJ CCONJ PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET term PRON VERB PRON PART VERB PRON ADJ distance ADP tradition SCONJ ADV VERB DET ADJ ADV ADV ADP ADJ connection PUNCT ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT ADJ modernists VERB DET ADJ PROPN ADP ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP PROPN PART gatekeeper PUNCT CCONJ PRON ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN DET vision ADP PRON ADJ ADJ origins PUNCT DET ghost ADP authenticity past PUNCT ADP PRON AUX ADJ PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ writer PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT SCONJ PART ADJ PROPN PRON AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB PRON VERB ADP PRON PART AUX DET ADJ process ADP DET PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET PUNCT ADJ beauty PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PRON essay PUNCT DET VERB PROPN PUNCT ADV ADV ADP PRON novel PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET VERB ADV PUNCT Others PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADJ ways ADP VERB PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN poet PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET novelist PROPN PROPN ADV VERB PRON ADP VERB ADP DET PUNCT ADJ force PUNCT ADP PRON blood PRON VERB PRON creativity PUNCT SPACE ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADV ADJ ADP ADP DET ADJ PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ PROPN ADP PROPN PRON emancipation AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN VERB PRON readers SCONJ DET soul ADP DET PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB DET PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB DET ADJ spirit PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET ADV ADJ PROPN PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ PART VERB access ADP PRON soul PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ vestiges ADP PROPN ADP DET content ADP PRON thinking ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB PROPN ADP PRON ADP DET pattern ADP PRON thought PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PROPN ADP PRON days PUNCT PUNCT DET renewal ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN VERB ADV ADP VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP inspiration CCONJ instruction PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ reflection ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ today PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT CCONJ DET PUNCT PROPN ADP PRON days PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ place PUNCT ADP PRON AUX ADP DET ADJ extent DET expression ADP PRON ADJ yearnings PUNCT PUNCT PRON PRON AUX VERB ADP PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX DET PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ modernists PART ability PART VERB ADP ADJ tradition SCONJ VERB ADP ADP PRON PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADJ ADJ PROPN ADP VERB PRON ADJ modernity PUNCT ADP VERB DET distance ADP DET traditions CCONJ PRON PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT DET distance AUX DET ADJ thing ADP DET PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON relationship ADP tradition AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT DET modernists ADV VERB ADJ tradition ADP PRON ADJ ADJ lens PUNCT VERB PRON PUNCT VERB PRON PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ constraints PRON VERB PRON perception ADP PRON PUNCT PRON AUX ADP DET ADJ extent PRON authors PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX PART ADV VERB DET fact PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADP inspiration ADP PRON VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ tradition PART VERB PRON ADJ era PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON PROPN ADV VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ relationship ADP DET ADJ liturgy PUNCT language PUNCT law PUNCT CCONJ lore ADP DET ADJ people PUNCT PART ADJ PART ADV VERB ADP DET tradition PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PRON CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT ADV PROPN VERB PROPN CCONJ VERB DET ADJ theater PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ historian ADP ADJ mysticism PUNCT DET PRON path ADP tradition PUNCT PRON VERB DET nihilism ADP DET DET knowledge PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT AUX ADJ CCONJ ADV PART AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ways PART VERB ADP DET PROPN CCONJ ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN SPACE DET Gifts ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ PROPN SPACE PRON ADJ shabbos SPACE Stones ADP PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ Reality PROPN SPACE PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE VERB ADV ADV SPACE DET PROPN PROPN
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NUM ADP DET ADV ADJ aspects ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ modernism PUNCT CCONJ ADV PRON VERB PRON ADP DET VERB ADJ milieu PUNCT AUX PRON meditation ADP ADJ tradition PUNCT DET ADP DET modernists VERB DET ADJ ADJ ADJ authenticity SCONJ PRON VERB PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV PART ADP PRON ADJ rabbis PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ modernists ADV ADV VERB PRON gaze PART ADV ADP DET ADJ tradition CCONJ SCONJ ADP ADJ ADJ CCONJ PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET term PRON VERB PRON PART VERB PRON ADJ distance ADP tradition SCONJ ADV VERB DET ADJ ADV ADV ADP ADJ connection PUNCT ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT ADJ modernists VERB DET ADJ PROPN ADP ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP PROPN PART gatekeeper PUNCT CCONJ PRON ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN DET vision ADP PRON ADJ ADJ origins PUNCT DET ghost ADP authenticity past PUNCT ADP PRON AUX ADJ PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ writer PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT SCONJ PART ADJ PROPN PRON AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB PRON VERB ADP PRON PART AUX DET ADJ process ADP DET PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET PUNCT ADJ beauty PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PRON essay PUNCT DET VERB PROPN PUNCT ADV ADV ADP PRON novel PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX DET VERB ADV PUNCT Others PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADJ ways ADP VERB PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN poet PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET novelist PROPN PROPN ADV VERB PRON ADP VERB ADP DET PUNCT ADJ force PUNCT ADP PRON blood PRON VERB PRON creativity PUNCT SPACE ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADV ADJ ADP ADP DET ADJ PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ PROPN ADP PROPN PRON emancipation AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN VERB PRON readers SCONJ DET soul ADP DET PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB DET PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB DET ADJ spirit PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET ADV ADJ PROPN PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ PART VERB access ADP PRON soul PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET PRON AUX VERB DET ADJ vestiges ADP PROPN ADP DET content ADP PRON thinking ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB PROPN ADP PRON ADP DET pattern ADP PRON thought PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PROPN ADP PRON days PUNCT PUNCT DET renewal ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN VERB ADV ADP VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP inspiration CCONJ instruction PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ reflection ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ today PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ PUNCT CCONJ DET PUNCT PROPN ADP PRON days PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ place PUNCT ADP PRON AUX ADP DET ADJ extent DET expression ADP PRON ADJ yearnings PUNCT PUNCT PRON PRON AUX VERB ADP PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX DET PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ modernists PART ability PART VERB ADP ADJ tradition SCONJ VERB ADP ADP PRON PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADJ ADJ PROPN ADP VERB PRON ADJ modernity PUNCT ADP VERB DET distance ADP DET traditions CCONJ PRON PUNCT ADP fact PUNCT DET distance AUX DET ADJ thing ADP DET PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON relationship ADP tradition AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT DET modernists ADV VERB ADJ tradition ADP PRON ADJ ADJ lens PUNCT VERB PRON PUNCT VERB PRON PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ constraints PRON VERB PRON perception ADP PRON PUNCT PRON AUX ADP DET ADJ extent PRON authors PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX PART ADV VERB DET fact PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADP inspiration ADP PRON VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ tradition PART VERB PRON ADJ era PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON PROPN ADV VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ relationship ADP DET ADJ liturgy PUNCT language PUNCT law PUNCT CCONJ lore ADP DET ADJ people PUNCT PART ADJ PART ADV VERB ADP DET tradition PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB ADP PRON CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT ADV PROPN VERB PROPN CCONJ VERB DET ADJ theater PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ historian ADP ADJ mysticism PUNCT DET PRON path ADP tradition PUNCT PRON VERB DET nihilism ADP DET DET knowledge PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT AUX ADJ CCONJ ADV PART AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ways PART VERB ADP DET PROPN CCONJ ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN SPACE DET Gifts ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ PROPN SPACE PRON ADJ shabbos SPACE Stones ADP PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ Reality PROPN SPACE PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN ADP PROPN SPACE VERB ADV ADV SPACE DET PROPN PROPN
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4 New Species Of Zombie Ant Fungi Discovered In Brazilian Rainforest
Four new Brazilian species in the genus Ophiocordyceps have been published in the online journal PLoS ONE. The fungi, named by Dr. Harry Evans and Dr. David Hughes, belong to a group of "zombifying" fungi that infect ants and then manipulate their behavior, eventually killing the ants after securing a prime location for spore dispersal.
These results appear in a paper by Evans et al. entitled Hidden Diversity Behind the Zombie-Ant Fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis: Four New Species Described from Carpenter Ants in Minas Gerais, Brazil. This paper is the first to validly publish new fungal names in an online-only journal while still complying with the rules and recommendations of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN).
Beyond this important milestone, the paper is noteworthy for the attention it draws to undiscovered, complex, biological interactions in threatened habitats. The four new species all come from the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil which is the most heavily degraded biodiversity hotspot on the planet. Ninety-two percent of its original coverage is gone.
The effect of biodiversity loss on community structure is well known. What researchers don’t know is how parasites, such as these zombie-inducing fungi, cope with fragmentation. Here the authors show that each of the four species is highly specialized on one ant species and has a suite of adaptations and spore types to ensure infection. The life-cycle of these fungi that infect, manipulate and kill ants before growing spore producing stalks from their heads is remarkably complicated. The present work establishes the identification tools to move forward and ask how forest fragmentation affects such disease dynamics.
On the Net:
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species genus journal fungi group fungi ants behavior ants location dispersal results paper paper fungal names journal rules recommendations milestone paper attention interactions habitats species biodiversity hotspot planet percent coverage effect biodiversity loss community structure researchers n’t parasites zombie fungi fragmentation authors species species suite adaptations types infection life cycle fungi ants stalks heads work identification tools forest fragmentation disease dynamics Net
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4 New Species of Zombie Ant Fungi discover in brazilian Rainforest
four new brazilian specie in the genus Ophiocordyceps have be publish in the online journal PLoS ONE. the fungus, name by Dr. Harry Evans and Dr. David Hughes, belong to a group of "zombifye" fungus that infect ant and then manipulate their behavior, eventually kill the ant after secure a prime location for spore dispersal.
these result appear in a paper by Evans et al. entitle Hidden Diversity behind the Zombie-Ant Fungus Ophiocordyceps unilaterali: four New Species describe from Carpenter Ants in Minas Gerais, Brazil. this paper be the first to validly publish new fungal name in an online-only journal while still comply with the rule and recommendation of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN).
beyond this important milestone, the paper be noteworthy for the attention it draw to undiscovered, complex, biological interaction in threaten habitat. the four new specie all come from the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil which be the most heavily degrade biodiversity hotspot on the planet. ninety-two percent of its original coverage be go.
the effect of biodiversity loss on community structure be well know. what researcher don’t know be how parasite, such as these zombie-induce fungus, cope with fragmentation. here the author show that each of the four specie be highly specialized on one ant specie and have a suite of adaptation and spore type to ensure infection. the life-cycle of these fungus that infect, manipulate and kill ant before grow spore produce stalk from their head be remarkably complicated. the present work establish the identification tool to move forward and ask how forest fragmentation affect such disease dynamic.
on the net:
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NUM ADJ Species ADP Zombie Ant Fungi VERB ADP ADJ Rainforest SPACE NUM ADJ ADJ species ADP DET genus PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ journal PROPN NUM PUNCT DET fungi PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET group ADP PUNCT VERB PUNCT fungi PRON VERB ants CCONJ ADV VERB PRON behavior PUNCT ADV VERB DET ants ADP VERB DET ADJ location ADP spore dispersal PUNCT SPACE DET results VERB ADP DET paper ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ Diversity ADP DET Zombie PUNCT Ant PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM ADJ Species VERB ADP Carpenter Ants ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET paper AUX DET ADJ PART ADV VERB ADJ ADJ names ADP DET online PUNCT ADJ journal SCONJ ADV VERB ADP DET rules CCONJ recommendations ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ milestone PUNCT DET paper AUX ADJ ADP DET attention PRON VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ interactions ADP VERB habitats PUNCT DET NUM ADJ species DET VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN DET AUX DET ADV ADV ADJ biodiversity hotspot ADP DET planet PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM percent ADP PRON ADJ coverage AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE DET effect ADP biodiversity loss ADP community structure AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PRON researchers AUX PART VERB AUX SCONJ parasites PUNCT ADJ ADP DET zombie PUNCT VERB fungi PUNCT VERB ADP fragmentation PUNCT ADV DET authors VERB SCONJ DET ADP DET NUM species AUX ADV ADJ ADP NUM ant species CCONJ AUX DET suite ADP adaptations CCONJ spore types PART VERB infection PUNCT DET life PUNCT cycle ADP DET fungi PRON VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB ants ADP VERB spore VERB stalks ADP PRON heads AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ work VERB DET identification tools PART VERB ADV CCONJ VERB SCONJ forest fragmentation VERB ADJ disease dynamics PUNCT SPACE ADP DET Net PUNCT
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NUM ADJ Species ADP Zombie Ant Fungi VERB ADP ADJ Rainforest SPACE NUM ADJ ADJ species ADP DET genus PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ journal PROPN NUM PUNCT DET fungi PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET group ADP PUNCT VERB PUNCT fungi PRON VERB ants CCONJ ADV VERB PRON behavior PUNCT ADV VERB DET ants ADP VERB DET ADJ location ADP spore dispersal PUNCT SPACE DET results VERB ADP DET paper ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ Diversity ADP DET Zombie PUNCT Ant PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM ADJ Species VERB ADP Carpenter Ants ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET paper AUX DET ADJ PART ADV VERB ADJ ADJ names ADP DET online PUNCT ADJ journal SCONJ ADV VERB ADP DET rules CCONJ recommendations ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ milestone PUNCT DET paper AUX ADJ ADP DET attention PRON VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ interactions ADP VERB habitats PUNCT DET NUM ADJ species DET VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN DET AUX DET ADV ADV ADJ biodiversity hotspot ADP DET planet PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM percent ADP PRON ADJ coverage AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE DET effect ADP biodiversity loss ADP community structure AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PRON researchers AUX PART VERB AUX SCONJ parasites PUNCT ADJ ADP DET zombie PUNCT VERB fungi PUNCT VERB ADP fragmentation PUNCT ADV DET authors VERB SCONJ DET ADP DET NUM species AUX ADV ADJ ADP NUM ant species CCONJ AUX DET suite ADP adaptations CCONJ spore types PART VERB infection PUNCT DET life PUNCT cycle ADP DET fungi PRON VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB ants ADP VERB spore VERB stalks ADP PRON heads AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ work VERB DET identification tools PART VERB ADV CCONJ VERB SCONJ forest fragmentation VERB ADJ disease dynamics PUNCT SPACE ADP DET Net PUNCT
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NUM ADJ Species ADP Zombie Ant Fungi VERB ADP ADJ Rainforest SPACE NUM ADJ ADJ species ADP DET genus PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ journal PROPN NUM PUNCT DET fungi PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET group ADP PUNCT VERB PUNCT fungi PRON VERB ants CCONJ ADV VERB PRON behavior PUNCT ADV VERB DET ants ADP VERB DET ADJ location ADP spore dispersal PUNCT SPACE DET results VERB ADP DET paper ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ Diversity ADP DET Zombie PUNCT Ant PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM ADJ Species VERB ADP Carpenter Ants ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET paper AUX DET ADJ PART ADV VERB ADJ ADJ names ADP DET online PUNCT ADJ journal SCONJ ADV VERB ADP DET rules CCONJ recommendations ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ milestone PUNCT DET paper AUX ADJ ADP DET attention PRON VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ interactions ADP VERB habitats PUNCT DET NUM ADJ species DET VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN DET AUX DET ADV ADV ADJ biodiversity hotspot ADP DET planet PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM percent ADP PRON ADJ coverage AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE DET effect ADP biodiversity loss ADP community structure AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PRON researchers AUX PART VERB AUX SCONJ parasites PUNCT ADJ ADP DET zombie PUNCT VERB fungi PUNCT VERB ADP fragmentation PUNCT ADV DET authors VERB SCONJ DET ADP DET NUM species AUX ADV ADJ ADP NUM ant species CCONJ AUX DET suite ADP adaptations CCONJ spore types PART VERB infection PUNCT DET life PUNCT cycle ADP DET fungi PRON VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB ants ADP VERB spore VERB stalks ADP PRON heads AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ work VERB DET identification tools PART VERB ADV CCONJ VERB SCONJ forest fragmentation VERB ADJ disease dynamics PUNCT SPACE ADP DET Net PUNCT
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Development of a new way to make a powerful tool for altering gene sequences should greatly increase the ability of researchers to knock out or otherwise alter the expression of any gene they are studying. The new method allows investigators to quickly create a large number of TALENs (transcription activator-like effector nucleases), enzymes that target specific DNA sequences and have several advantages over zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), which have become a critical tool for investigating gene function and potential gene therapy applications.
"I believe that TALENs and the ability to make them in high throughput, which this new technology allows, could literally change the way much of biology is practiced by enabling rapid and simple targeted knockout of any gene of interest by any researcher," says J. Keith Joung, MD, PhD, associate chief for Research in the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Department of Pathology and co-senior author of the report that will appear in Nature Biotechnology and has received advance online release.
TALENs take advantage of TAL effectors, proteins naturally secreted by a plant bacteria that are able to recognize specific base pairs of DNA. A string of the appropriate TAL effectors can be designed to recognize and bind to any desired DNA sequence. TALENs are created by attaching a nuclease, an enzyme that snips through both DNA strands at the desired location, allowing the introduction of new genetic material. TALENs are able to target longer gene sequences than is possible with ZFNs and are significantly easier to construct. But until now there has been no inexpensive, publicly available method of rapidly generating a large number of TALENs.
The method developed by Joung and his colleagues called the FLASH (fast ligation-based automatable solid-phase high-throughput) system assembles DNA fragments encoding a TALEN on a magnetic bead held in place by an external magnet, allowing automated construction by a liquid-handling robot of DNA that encodes as many as 96 TALENs in a single day at a cost of around $75 per TALEN. Joung's team also developed a manual version of FLASH that would allow labs without access to robotic equipment to construct up to 24 TALEN sequences a day. In their test of the system in human cells, the investigators found that FLASH-assembled TALENs were able to successfully induce breaks in 84 of 96 targeted genes known to be involved in cancer or in epigenetic regulation.
"Finding that 85 to 90 percent of FLASH-assembled TALENs have very high genome-editing activity in human cells means that we can essentially target any DNA sequence of interest, a capability that greatly exceeds what has been possible with other nucleases," says Jeffry D. Sander, PhD, co-senior author of the FLASH report and a fellow in Joung's laboratory. "The ability to make a TALEN for any DNA sequence with a high probability of success changes the way we think about gene-altering technology because now the question isn't whether you can target your gene of interest but rather which genes do you want to target and alter."
The research team also found that the longer a TALEN was, the less likely it was to have toxic effects on a cell, which they suspect may indicate that shorter TALENs have a greater probability of binding to and altering unintended gene sites. Joung notes that this supports the importance of designing longer TALENs for future research and potential therapeutic applications.
In 2008, Joung and colleagues at other institutions established the Zinc Finger Consortium (http://zincfingers.org), which has made a method of engineering ZFNs broadly available to academic laboratories. His team is now making the information and materials required to create TALENs with FLASH available within the academic community, and information about accessing those tools is available at http://TALengineering.org. Gene editing nucleases, including both ZFNs and TALENs, were recently named "Method of the Year" for 2011 by the journal Nature Methods.
Joung says, "While I believe that TALENs ease of design and better targeting range will probably make them a preferred option over ZFNs made by publicly available methods, ZFNs' smaller size and the less repetitive nature of their amino acid sequences may give them advantages for certain applications. For the time being, it will be important to continue developing both technologies." Joung is an associate professor of Pathology and Sander an instructor in Pathology at Harvard Medical School,
Explore further: Researchers conduct first genomic survey of human skin fungal diversity
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Development way tool gene sequences ability researchers expression gene method investigators number TALENs transcription activator effector nucleases enzymes DNA sequences advantages zinc finger nucleases tool gene function gene therapy applications TALENs ability throughput technology way biology knockout gene interest researcher PhD chief author report release TALENs advantage effectors proteins plant bacteria base pairs DNA string effectors DNA sequence TALENs nuclease enzyme strands location introduction material TALENs gene sequences method number TALENs method colleagues FLASH ligation phase throughput system fragments TALEN bead place magnet construction liquid robot TALENs day cost team version FLASH labs access equipment sequences day test system cells investigators FLASH TALENs breaks genes cancer regulation percent FLASH TALENs genome editing activity cells DNA sequence interest capability nucleases PhD author FLASH report fellow laboratory ability TALEN DNA sequence probability success way gene technology question gene interest genes research team TALEN effects cell TALENs probability gene sites importance TALENs research applications colleagues institutions method laboratories team information materials TALENs FLASH community information tools nucleases TALENs journal TALENs ease design range option methods size nature amino acid sequences advantages applications time technologies professor instructor Researchers survey skin fungal diversity
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development of a new way to make a powerful tool for alter gene sequence should greatly increase the ability of researcher to knock out or otherwise alter the expression of any gene they be study. the new method allow investigator to quickly create a large number of talen (transcription activator-like effector nuclease), enzyme that target specific dna sequence and have several advantage over zinc-finger nuclease (ZFNs), which have become a critical tool for investigate gene function and potential gene therapy application.
"I believe that talen and the ability to make they in high throughput, which this new technology allow, could literally change the way much of biology be practice by enable rapid and simple targeted knockout of any gene of interest by any researcher," say J. Keith Joung, MD, phd, associate chief for Research in the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Department of Pathology and co-senior author of the report that will appear in Nature Biotechnology and have receive advance online release.
talen take advantage of TAL effector, protein naturally secrete by a plant bacteria that be able to recognize specific base pair of dna. a string of the appropriate TAL effector can be design to recognize and bind to any desire dna sequence. talen be create by attach a nuclease, an enzyme that snip through both DNA strand at the desire location, allow the introduction of new genetic material. talen be able to target long gene sequence than be possible with ZFNs and be significantly easy to construct. but until now there have be no inexpensive, publicly available method of rapidly generate a large number of talen.
the method develop by Joung and his colleague call the flash (fast ligation-base automatable solid-phase high-throughput) system assemble DNA fragment encode a talen on a magnetic bead hold in place by an external magnet, allow automated construction by a liquid-handle robot of DNA that encode as many as 96 talen in a single day at a cost of around $75 per TALEN. Joung's team also develop a manual version of flash that would allow lab without access to robotic equipment to construct up to 24 TALEN sequence a day. in their test of the system in human cell, the investigator find that flash-assemble talen be able to successfully induce break in 84 of 96 target gene know to be involve in cancer or in epigenetic regulation.
"find that 85 to 90 percent of flash-assemble talen have very high genome-editing activity in human cell mean that we can essentially target any dna sequence of interest, a capability that greatly exceed what have be possible with other nuclease," say Jeffry D. Sander, phd, co-senior author of the flash report and a fellow in Joung's laboratory. "the ability to make a talen for any dna sequence with a high probability of success change the way we think about gene-alter technology because now the question benot whether you can target your gene of interest but rather which gene do you want to target and alter."
the research team also find that the long a talen be, the less likely it be to have toxic effect on a cell, which they suspect may indicate that short talen have a great probability of bind to and alter unintended gene site. Joung note that this support the importance of design long talen for future research and potential therapeutic application.
in 2008, Joung and colleague at other institution establish the Zinc Finger Consortium (http://zincfingers.org), which have make a method of engineer ZFNs broadly available to academic laboratory. his team be now make the information and material require to create talen with flash available within the academic community, and information about access those tool be available at http://TALengineering.org. Gene edit nuclease, include both ZFNs and talen, be recently name "Method of the Year" for 2011 by the journal Nature Methods.
Joung say, "while I believe that talen ease of design and well target range will probably make they a preferred option over ZFNs make by publicly available method, ZFNs' small size and the less repetitive nature of their amino acid sequence may give they advantage for certain application. for the time be, it will be important to continue develop both technology." Joung be an associate professor of Pathology and Sander an instructor in Pathology at Harvard Medical School,
explore far: researcher conduct first genomic survey of human skin fungal diversity
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Development ADP DET ADJ way PART VERB DET ADJ tool ADP VERB gene sequences AUX ADV VERB DET ability ADP researchers PART VERB ADP CCONJ ADV VERB DET expression ADP DET gene PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADJ method VERB investigators PART ADV VERB DET ADJ number ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ activator PUNCT ADJ effector nucleases PUNCT PUNCT enzymes PRON VERB ADJ PROPN sequences CCONJ AUX ADJ advantages ADP zinc PUNCT finger nucleases PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET AUX VERB DET ADJ tool ADP VERB gene function CCONJ ADJ gene therapy applications PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ PROPN CCONJ DET ability PART VERB PRON ADP ADJ throughput PUNCT DET DET ADJ technology VERB PUNCT AUX ADV VERB DET way ADJ ADP biology AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ VERB knockout ADP DET gene ADP interest ADP DET researcher PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT associate chief ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ author ADP DET report PRON AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ AUX VERB ADJ ADJ release PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB advantage ADP PROPN effectors PUNCT proteins ADV VERB ADP DET plant bacteria PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ base pairs ADP PROPN PUNCT DET string ADP DET ADJ PROPN effectors AUX AUX VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET VERB DNA sequence PUNCT TALENs AUX VERB ADP VERB DET nuclease PUNCT DET enzyme PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN strands ADP DET VERB location PUNCT VERB DET introduction ADP ADJ ADJ material PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ gene sequences ADP AUX ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADV PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ PUNCT ADV ADJ method ADP ADV VERB DET ADJ number ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET method VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PRON colleagues VERB DET PROPN PUNCT ADJ ligation PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ PUNCT phase ADJ PUNCT throughput PUNCT system VERB DNA fragments VERB DET PROPN ADP DET ADJ bead VERB ADP place ADP DET ADJ magnet PUNCT VERB VERB construction ADP DET liquid PUNCT VERB robot ADP PROPN PRON VERB ADV ADJ ADP NUM PROPN ADP DET ADJ day ADP DET cost ADP ADP SYM NUM ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART team ADV VERB DET ADJ version ADP PROPN PRON AUX VERB labs ADP access ADP ADJ equipment PART VERB ADP PART NUM PROPN sequences DET day PUNCT ADP PRON test ADP DET system ADP ADJ cells PUNCT DET investigators VERB SCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB TALENs AUX ADJ PART ADV VERB breaks ADP NUM ADP NUM VERB genes VERB PART AUX VERB ADP cancer CCONJ ADP ADJ regulation PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB SCONJ NUM PART NUM percent ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN AUX ADV ADJ genome PUNCT VERB activity ADP ADJ cells VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB DET DNA sequence ADP interest PUNCT DET capability PRON ADV VERB PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADJ nucleases PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ author ADP DET PROPN report CCONJ DET fellow ADP PROPN PART laboratory PUNCT PUNCT DET ability PART VERB DET PROPN ADP DET DNA sequence ADP DET ADJ probability ADP success VERB DET way PRON VERB ADP gene PUNCT VERB technology SCONJ ADV DET question AUX PART SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PRON gene ADP interest CCONJ ADV DET genes AUX PRON VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET research team ADV VERB SCONJ DET ADJ DET PROPN AUX PUNCT DET ADV ADJ PRON AUX PART AUX ADJ effects ADP DET cell PUNCT DET PRON VERB AUX VERB SCONJ ADJ PROPN AUX DET ADJ probability ADP VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADJ gene sites PUNCT PROPN VERB SCONJ DET VERB DET importance ADP VERB ADJ PROPN ADP ADJ research CCONJ ADJ ADJ applications PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ colleagues ADP ADJ institutions VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT X PUNCT PUNCT DET AUX VERB DET method ADP VERB PROPN ADV ADJ ADP ADJ laboratories PUNCT PRON team AUX ADV VERB DET information CCONJ materials VERB PART VERB PROPN ADP PROPN ADJ ADP DET ADJ community PUNCT CCONJ information ADP VERB DET tools AUX ADJ ADP X PUNCT Gene VERB nucleases PUNCT VERB DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN ADP DET Year PUNCT ADP NUM ADP DET journal PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ PROPN ease ADP design CCONJ ADJ targeting range AUX ADV VERB PRON DET VERB option ADP PROPN VERB ADP ADV ADJ methods PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ size CCONJ DET ADV ADJ nature ADP PRON amino acid sequences AUX VERB PRON advantages ADP ADJ applications PUNCT ADP DET time AUX PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB VERB DET technologies PUNCT PUNCT PROPN AUX DET associate professor ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN DET instructor ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADV PUNCT Researchers VERB ADJ ADJ survey ADP ADJ skin fungal diversity
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Development ADP DET ADJ way PART VERB DET ADJ tool ADP VERB gene sequences AUX ADV VERB DET ability ADP researchers PART VERB ADP CCONJ ADV VERB DET expression ADP DET gene PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADJ method VERB investigators PART ADV VERB DET ADJ number ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ activator PUNCT ADJ effector nucleases PUNCT PUNCT enzymes PRON VERB ADJ PROPN sequences CCONJ AUX ADJ advantages ADP zinc PUNCT finger nucleases PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET AUX VERB DET ADJ tool ADP VERB gene function CCONJ ADJ gene therapy applications PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ PROPN CCONJ DET ability PART VERB PRON ADP ADJ throughput PUNCT DET DET ADJ technology VERB PUNCT AUX ADV VERB DET way ADJ ADP biology AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ VERB knockout ADP DET gene ADP interest ADP DET researcher PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT associate chief ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ author ADP DET report PRON AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ AUX VERB ADJ ADJ release PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB advantage ADP PROPN effectors PUNCT proteins ADV VERB ADP DET plant bacteria PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ base pairs ADP PROPN PUNCT DET string ADP DET ADJ PROPN effectors AUX AUX VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET VERB DNA sequence PUNCT TALENs AUX VERB ADP VERB DET nuclease PUNCT DET enzyme PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN strands ADP DET VERB location PUNCT VERB DET introduction ADP ADJ ADJ material PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ gene sequences ADP AUX ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADV PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ PUNCT ADV ADJ method ADP ADV VERB DET ADJ number ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET method VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PRON colleagues VERB DET PROPN PUNCT ADJ ligation PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ PUNCT phase ADJ PUNCT throughput PUNCT system VERB DNA fragments VERB DET PROPN ADP DET ADJ bead VERB ADP place ADP DET ADJ magnet PUNCT VERB VERB construction ADP DET liquid PUNCT VERB robot ADP PROPN PRON VERB ADV ADJ ADP NUM PROPN ADP DET ADJ day ADP DET cost ADP ADP SYM NUM ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART team ADV VERB DET ADJ version ADP PROPN PRON AUX VERB labs ADP access ADP ADJ equipment PART VERB ADP PART NUM PROPN sequences DET day PUNCT ADP PRON test ADP DET system ADP ADJ cells PUNCT DET investigators VERB SCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB TALENs AUX ADJ PART ADV VERB breaks ADP NUM ADP NUM VERB genes VERB PART AUX VERB ADP cancer CCONJ ADP ADJ regulation PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB SCONJ NUM PART NUM percent ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN AUX ADV ADJ genome PUNCT VERB activity ADP ADJ cells VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB DET DNA sequence ADP interest PUNCT DET capability PRON ADV VERB PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADJ nucleases PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ author ADP DET PROPN report CCONJ DET fellow ADP PROPN PART laboratory PUNCT PUNCT DET ability PART VERB DET PROPN ADP DET DNA sequence ADP DET ADJ probability ADP success VERB DET way PRON VERB ADP gene PUNCT VERB technology SCONJ ADV DET question AUX PART SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PRON gene ADP interest CCONJ ADV DET genes AUX PRON VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET research team ADV VERB SCONJ DET ADJ DET PROPN AUX PUNCT DET ADV ADJ PRON AUX PART AUX ADJ effects ADP DET cell PUNCT DET PRON VERB AUX VERB SCONJ ADJ PROPN AUX DET ADJ probability ADP VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADJ gene sites PUNCT PROPN VERB SCONJ DET VERB DET importance ADP VERB ADJ PROPN ADP ADJ research CCONJ ADJ ADJ applications PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ colleagues ADP ADJ institutions VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT X PUNCT PUNCT DET AUX VERB DET method ADP VERB PROPN ADV ADJ ADP ADJ laboratories PUNCT PRON team AUX ADV VERB DET information CCONJ materials VERB PART VERB PROPN ADP PROPN ADJ ADP DET ADJ community PUNCT CCONJ information ADP VERB DET tools AUX ADJ ADP X PUNCT Gene VERB nucleases PUNCT VERB DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN ADP DET Year PUNCT ADP NUM ADP DET journal PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ PROPN ease ADP design CCONJ ADJ targeting range AUX ADV VERB PRON DET VERB option ADP PROPN VERB ADP ADV ADJ methods PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ size CCONJ DET ADV ADJ nature ADP PRON amino acid sequences AUX VERB PRON advantages ADP ADJ applications PUNCT ADP DET time AUX PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB VERB DET technologies PUNCT PUNCT PROPN AUX DET associate professor ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN DET instructor ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADV PUNCT Researchers VERB ADJ ADJ survey ADP ADJ skin fungal diversity
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Development ADP DET ADJ way PART VERB DET ADJ tool ADP VERB gene sequences AUX ADV VERB DET ability ADP researchers PART VERB ADP CCONJ ADV VERB DET expression ADP DET gene PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADJ method VERB investigators PART ADV VERB DET ADJ number ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ activator PUNCT ADJ effector nucleases PUNCT PUNCT enzymes PRON VERB ADJ PROPN sequences CCONJ AUX ADJ advantages ADP zinc PUNCT finger nucleases PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET AUX VERB DET ADJ tool ADP VERB gene function CCONJ ADJ gene therapy applications PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ PROPN CCONJ DET ability PART VERB PRON ADP ADJ throughput PUNCT DET DET ADJ technology VERB PUNCT AUX ADV VERB DET way ADJ ADP biology AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ VERB knockout ADP DET gene ADP interest ADP DET researcher PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT associate chief ADP PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ author ADP DET report PRON AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ AUX VERB ADJ ADJ release PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB advantage ADP PROPN effectors PUNCT proteins ADV VERB ADP DET plant bacteria PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ base pairs ADP PROPN PUNCT DET string ADP DET ADJ PROPN effectors AUX AUX VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET VERB DNA sequence PUNCT TALENs AUX VERB ADP VERB DET nuclease PUNCT DET enzyme PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN strands ADP DET VERB location PUNCT VERB DET introduction ADP ADJ ADJ material PUNCT PROPN AUX ADJ PART VERB ADJ gene sequences ADP AUX ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADV PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ PUNCT ADV ADJ method ADP ADV VERB DET ADJ number ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET method VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PRON colleagues VERB DET PROPN PUNCT ADJ ligation PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ PUNCT phase ADJ PUNCT throughput PUNCT system VERB DNA fragments VERB DET PROPN ADP DET ADJ bead VERB ADP place ADP DET ADJ magnet PUNCT VERB VERB construction ADP DET liquid PUNCT VERB robot ADP PROPN PRON VERB ADV ADJ ADP NUM PROPN ADP DET ADJ day ADP DET cost ADP ADP SYM NUM ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART team ADV VERB DET ADJ version ADP PROPN PRON AUX VERB labs ADP access ADP ADJ equipment PART VERB ADP PART NUM PROPN sequences DET day PUNCT ADP PRON test ADP DET system ADP ADJ cells PUNCT DET investigators VERB SCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB TALENs AUX ADJ PART ADV VERB breaks ADP NUM ADP NUM VERB genes VERB PART AUX VERB ADP cancer CCONJ ADP ADJ regulation PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB SCONJ NUM PART NUM percent ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN AUX ADV ADJ genome PUNCT VERB activity ADP ADJ cells VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB DET DNA sequence ADP interest PUNCT DET capability PRON ADV VERB PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADJ nucleases PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ author ADP DET PROPN report CCONJ DET fellow ADP PROPN PART laboratory PUNCT PUNCT DET ability PART VERB DET PROPN ADP DET DNA sequence ADP DET ADJ probability ADP success VERB DET way PRON VERB ADP gene PUNCT VERB technology SCONJ ADV DET question AUX PART SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PRON gene ADP interest CCONJ ADV DET genes AUX PRON VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET research team ADV VERB SCONJ DET ADJ DET PROPN AUX PUNCT DET ADV ADJ PRON AUX PART AUX ADJ effects ADP DET cell PUNCT DET PRON VERB AUX VERB SCONJ ADJ PROPN AUX DET ADJ probability ADP VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADJ gene sites PUNCT PROPN VERB SCONJ DET VERB DET importance ADP VERB ADJ PROPN ADP ADJ research CCONJ ADJ ADJ applications PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ colleagues ADP ADJ institutions VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT X PUNCT PUNCT DET AUX VERB DET method ADP VERB PROPN ADV ADJ ADP ADJ laboratories PUNCT PRON team AUX ADV VERB DET information CCONJ materials VERB PART VERB PROPN ADP PROPN ADJ ADP DET ADJ community PUNCT CCONJ information ADP VERB DET tools AUX ADJ ADP X PUNCT Gene VERB nucleases PUNCT VERB DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN ADP DET Year PUNCT ADP NUM ADP DET journal PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ PROPN ease ADP design CCONJ ADJ targeting range AUX ADV VERB PRON DET VERB option ADP PROPN VERB ADP ADV ADJ methods PUNCT PROPN PART ADJ size CCONJ DET ADV ADJ nature ADP PRON amino acid sequences AUX VERB PRON advantages ADP ADJ applications PUNCT ADP DET time AUX PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB VERB DET technologies PUNCT PUNCT PROPN AUX DET associate professor ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN DET instructor ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADV PUNCT Researchers VERB ADJ ADJ survey ADP ADJ skin fungal diversity
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Jan. 1, 2011 A large collaborative study has added to the growing list of genetic variants that determine how tall a person will be. The research, published on December 30 in the American Journal of Human Genetics, identifies uncommon and previously unknown variants associated with height and might provide insight into the genetic architecture of other complex traits.
Although environmental variables can impact attained adult height, it is clear that height is primarily determined by specific alleles that an individual inherits. Height is thought to be influenced by variants in a large number of genes, and each variant is thought to have only a small impact on height. However, the genetics of height are still not completely understood. "All of the variants needed to explain height have not yet been identified, and it is likely that the additional genetic variants are uncommon in the population or of very small effect, requiring extremely large samples to be confidently identified," explains Dr. Hakon Hakonarson from The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
To search for genetic variants associated with adult height, researchers performed a complex genetic analysis of more than 100,000 individuals. "We set out to replicate previous genetic associations with height and to find relevant genomic locations not previously thought to underpin this complex trait" explains Dr. Brendan Keating, also from The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. The authors report that they identified 64 height-associated variants, two of which would not have been observed without such a large sample size and the inclusion of direct genotyping of uncommon single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A SNP is a variation in just one nucleotide of a genetic sequence; think of it as a spelling change affecting just one letter in an uncommonly long word.
These results suggest that genotyping arrays with SNPs that are relatively rare and occur in less than 5% of the population have the ability to capture new signals and disease variants that the common SNP arrays missed (i.e., 30 new signals in this study), as long as sample sizes are large enough. These low-frequency variants also confer greater effect sizes and, when associated with a disease, could be a lot closer to causative than more common variants. "The increased power to identify variants of small effect afforded by large sample size and dense genetic coverage including low-frequency SNPs within loci of interest has resulted in the identification of association between previously unreported genetic variants and height," concludes Dr. Keating.
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Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
- Matthew B. Lanktree et al. Meta-analysis of Dense Genecentric Association Studies Reveals Common and Uncommon Variants Associated with Height. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 30 December 2010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.007
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
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study list variants person research variants height insight architecture traits variables adult height height alleles inherits Height variants number genes variant impact height genetics height variants height variants population effect samples variants adult height researchers analysis individuals associations height genomic locations trait authors height variants sample size inclusion genotyping nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs variation nucleotide sequence spelling change letter word results arrays SNPs % population ability signals disease variants arrays signals study sample sizes frequency variants effect sizes disease lot variants power variants effect sample size coverage frequency SNPs loci interest identification association variants height bookmarking sharing tools Note Materials content length information source Meta analysis j.ajhg.2010.11.007 Note author source
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Jan. 1, 2011 a large collaborative study have add to the grow list of genetic variant that determine how tall a person will be. the research, publish on December 30 in the American Journal of Human Genetics, identify uncommon and previously unknown variant associate with height and might provide insight into the genetic architecture of other complex trait.
although environmental variable can impact attain adult height, it be clear that height be primarily determine by specific allele that an individual inherit. height be think to be influence by variant in a large number of gene, and each variant be think to have only a small impact on height. however, the genetic of height be still not completely understand. "all of the variant need to explain height have not yet be identify, and it be likely that the additional genetic variant be uncommon in the population or of very small effect, require extremely large sample to be confidently identify," explain Dr. Hakon Hakonarson from the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
to search for genetic variant associate with adult height, researcher perform a complex genetic analysis of more than 100,000 individual. "we set out to replicate previous genetic association with height and to find relevant genomic location not previously think to underpin this complex trait" explain Dr. Brendan Keating, also from the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. the author report that they identify 64 height-associate variant, two of which would not have be observe without such a large sample size and the inclusion of direct genotyping of uncommon single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp). a SNP be a variation in just one nucleotide of a genetic sequence; think of it as a spelling change affect just one letter in an uncommonly long word.
these result suggest that genotype array with snp that be relatively rare and occur in less than 5% of the population have the ability to capture new signal and disease variant that the common SNP array miss (i.e., 30 new signal in this study), as long as sample size be large enough. these low-frequency variant also confer great effect size and, when associate with a disease, could be a lot close to causative than more common variant. "the increase power to identify variant of small effect afford by large sample size and dense genetic coverage include low-frequency snp within loci of interest have result in the identification of association between previously unreported genetic variant and height," conclude Dr. Keating.
other social bookmarking and sharing tool:
note: material may be edit for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cite above.
- Matthew B. Lanktree et al. meta-analysis of Dense Genecentric Association Studies reveal Common and Uncommon Variants Associated with Height. the American Journal of Human Genetics, 30 December 2010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.007
note: if no author be give, the source be cite instead.
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PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM DET ADJ ADJ study AUX VERB ADP DET VERB list ADP ADJ variants PRON VERB SCONJ ADJ DET person AUX AUX PUNCT DET research PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN NUM ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ variants VERB ADP height CCONJ AUX VERB insight ADP DET ADJ architecture ADP ADJ ADJ traits PUNCT SPACE SCONJ ADJ variables AUX VERB VERB adult height PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ height AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ alleles SCONJ DET individual VERB PUNCT Height AUX VERB PART AUX VERB ADP variants ADP DET ADJ number ADP genes PUNCT CCONJ DET variant AUX VERB PART AUX ADV DET ADJ impact ADP height PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET genetics ADP height AUX ADV PART ADV VERB PUNCT PUNCT DET ADP DET variants VERB PART VERB height AUX PART ADV AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ DET ADJ ADJ variants AUX ADJ ADP DET population CCONJ ADP ADV ADJ effect PUNCT VERB ADV ADJ samples PART AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PART VERB ADP ADJ variants VERB ADP adult height PUNCT researchers VERB DET ADJ ADJ analysis ADP ADJ ADP NUM individuals PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PART VERB ADJ ADJ associations ADP height CCONJ PART VERB ADJ ADJ locations PART ADV VERB PART VERB DET ADJ trait PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET authors VERB SCONJ PRON VERB NUM height PUNCT VERB variants PUNCT NUM ADP DET AUX PART AUX AUX VERB ADP DET DET ADJ sample size CCONJ DET inclusion ADP ADJ genotyping ADP ADJ ADJ PUNCT nucleotide polymorphisms PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN AUX DET variation ADP ADV NUM nucleotide ADP DET ADJ sequence PUNCT VERB ADP PRON ADP DET spelling change VERB ADV NUM letter ADP DET ADV ADJ word PUNCT SPACE DET results VERB SCONJ VERB arrays ADP SNPs PRON AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ ADP NUM% ADP DET population AUX DET ability PART VERB ADJ signals CCONJ disease variants PRON DET ADJ SNP arrays VERB PUNCT X PUNCT NUM ADJ signals ADP DET study PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADV ADP sample sizes AUX ADJ ADV PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT frequency variants ADV VERB ADJ effect sizes CCONJ PUNCT SCONJ VERB ADP DET disease PUNCT AUX AUX DET lot ADJ ADP ADJ ADP ADJ ADJ variants PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB power PART VERB variants ADP ADJ effect VERB ADP ADJ sample size CCONJ ADJ ADJ coverage VERB ADJ PUNCT frequency SNPs ADP loci ADP interest AUX VERB ADP DET identification ADP association ADP ADV ADJ ADJ variants CCONJ height PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ bookmarking CCONJ sharing tools PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT Materials AUX AUX VERB ADP content CCONJ length PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT INTJ VERB DET source VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN al PUNCT Meta - analysis ADP ADJ PROPN PROPN Studies VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ Variants VERB ADP Height PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PROPN NUM DOI PUNCT NUM X X SPACE VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET author AUX VERB PUNCT DET source AUX VERB ADV PUNCT
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PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM DET ADJ ADJ study AUX VERB ADP DET VERB list ADP ADJ variants PRON VERB SCONJ ADJ DET person AUX AUX PUNCT DET research PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN NUM ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ variants VERB ADP height CCONJ AUX VERB insight ADP DET ADJ architecture ADP ADJ ADJ traits PUNCT SPACE SCONJ ADJ variables AUX VERB VERB adult height PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ height AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ alleles SCONJ DET individual VERB PUNCT Height AUX VERB PART AUX VERB ADP variants ADP DET ADJ number ADP genes PUNCT CCONJ DET variant AUX VERB PART AUX ADV DET ADJ impact ADP height PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET genetics ADP height AUX ADV PART ADV VERB PUNCT PUNCT DET ADP DET variants VERB PART VERB height AUX PART ADV AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ DET ADJ ADJ variants AUX ADJ ADP DET population CCONJ ADP ADV ADJ effect PUNCT VERB ADV ADJ samples PART AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PART VERB ADP ADJ variants VERB ADP adult height PUNCT researchers VERB DET ADJ ADJ analysis ADP ADJ ADP NUM individuals PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PART VERB ADJ ADJ associations ADP height CCONJ PART VERB ADJ ADJ locations PART ADV VERB PART VERB DET ADJ trait PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET authors VERB SCONJ PRON VERB NUM height PUNCT VERB variants PUNCT NUM ADP DET AUX PART AUX AUX VERB ADP DET DET ADJ sample size CCONJ DET inclusion ADP ADJ genotyping ADP ADJ ADJ PUNCT nucleotide polymorphisms PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN AUX DET variation ADP ADV NUM nucleotide ADP DET ADJ sequence PUNCT VERB ADP PRON ADP DET spelling change VERB ADV NUM letter ADP DET ADV ADJ word PUNCT SPACE DET results VERB SCONJ VERB arrays ADP SNPs PRON AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ ADP NUM% ADP DET population AUX DET ability PART VERB ADJ signals CCONJ disease variants PRON DET ADJ SNP arrays VERB PUNCT X PUNCT NUM ADJ signals ADP DET study PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADV ADP sample sizes AUX ADJ ADV PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT frequency variants ADV VERB ADJ effect sizes CCONJ PUNCT SCONJ VERB ADP DET disease PUNCT AUX AUX DET lot ADJ ADP ADJ ADP ADJ ADJ variants PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB power PART VERB variants ADP ADJ effect VERB ADP ADJ sample size CCONJ ADJ ADJ coverage VERB ADJ PUNCT frequency SNPs ADP loci ADP interest AUX VERB ADP DET identification ADP association ADP ADV ADJ ADJ variants CCONJ height PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ bookmarking CCONJ sharing tools PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT Materials AUX AUX VERB ADP content CCONJ length PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT INTJ VERB DET source VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN al PUNCT Meta - analysis ADP ADJ PROPN PROPN Studies VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ Variants VERB ADP Height PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PROPN NUM DOI PUNCT NUM X X SPACE VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET author AUX VERB PUNCT DET source AUX VERB ADV PUNCT
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PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM DET ADJ ADJ study AUX VERB ADP DET VERB list ADP ADJ variants PRON VERB SCONJ ADJ DET person AUX AUX PUNCT DET research PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN NUM ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ variants VERB ADP height CCONJ AUX VERB insight ADP DET ADJ architecture ADP ADJ ADJ traits PUNCT SPACE SCONJ ADJ variables AUX VERB VERB adult height PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ height AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ alleles SCONJ DET individual VERB PUNCT Height AUX VERB PART AUX VERB ADP variants ADP DET ADJ number ADP genes PUNCT CCONJ DET variant AUX VERB PART AUX ADV DET ADJ impact ADP height PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET genetics ADP height AUX ADV PART ADV VERB PUNCT PUNCT DET ADP DET variants VERB PART VERB height AUX PART ADV AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ DET ADJ ADJ variants AUX ADJ ADP DET population CCONJ ADP ADV ADJ effect PUNCT VERB ADV ADJ samples PART AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PART VERB ADP ADJ variants VERB ADP adult height PUNCT researchers VERB DET ADJ ADJ analysis ADP ADJ ADP NUM individuals PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB ADP PART VERB ADJ ADJ associations ADP height CCONJ PART VERB ADJ ADJ locations PART ADV VERB PART VERB DET ADJ trait PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET authors VERB SCONJ PRON VERB NUM height PUNCT VERB variants PUNCT NUM ADP DET AUX PART AUX AUX VERB ADP DET DET ADJ sample size CCONJ DET inclusion ADP ADJ genotyping ADP ADJ ADJ PUNCT nucleotide polymorphisms PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN AUX DET variation ADP ADV NUM nucleotide ADP DET ADJ sequence PUNCT VERB ADP PRON ADP DET spelling change VERB ADV NUM letter ADP DET ADV ADJ word PUNCT SPACE DET results VERB SCONJ VERB arrays ADP SNPs PRON AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ ADP NUM% ADP DET population AUX DET ability PART VERB ADJ signals CCONJ disease variants PRON DET ADJ SNP arrays VERB PUNCT X PUNCT NUM ADJ signals ADP DET study PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADV ADP sample sizes AUX ADJ ADV PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT frequency variants ADV VERB ADJ effect sizes CCONJ PUNCT SCONJ VERB ADP DET disease PUNCT AUX AUX DET lot ADJ ADP ADJ ADP ADJ ADJ variants PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB power PART VERB variants ADP ADJ effect VERB ADP ADJ sample size CCONJ ADJ ADJ coverage VERB ADJ PUNCT frequency SNPs ADP loci ADP interest AUX VERB ADP DET identification ADP association ADP ADV ADJ ADJ variants CCONJ height PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ bookmarking CCONJ sharing tools PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT Materials AUX AUX VERB ADP content CCONJ length PUNCT ADP ADJ information PUNCT INTJ VERB DET source VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN al PUNCT Meta - analysis ADP ADJ PROPN PROPN Studies VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ Variants VERB ADP Height PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PROPN NUM DOI PUNCT NUM X X SPACE VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET author AUX VERB PUNCT DET source AUX VERB ADV PUNCT
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The Mississippi Delta is famous for more than floods; it's the birthplace of uniquely American music. As the flood waters rose, many blues artists were inspired to write songs about the disaster and describe the experience of being in a flood. Mai Cramer, who has hosted her "Blues After Hours" radio show for over two decades, and Prof. David Evans, an ethnomusicologist at the University of Memphis, explain some of the history behind blues music, especially the stripped-down, raw style of music called Delta blues.
Blues is very visceral. For the most part it's narrative. It tells a story out of people's lives. Compared to other types of music, it's very authentic -- there aren't a lot of frills. What we usually think of as Delta blues is one person with a guitar, typically a slide guitar, and that real raw kind of singing. Delta blues grew up into modern Chicago blues. If you listen to Muddy Waters, for example, he's basically singing Delta blues that are citified and electrified. Delta blues is the foundation for that.
When we listen to blues music of the 1920s, it's like looking through a window at the experience people are having at the time. Typically, blues artists write out of their own experience. A lot of blues is about men and women, and relationships. Blues was sung at rent parties, where you'd play music and pass the hat to pay your rent. Or they'd be in shacks behind the fields, "juke joints" where people would drink, dance, and hear music. It's the music you'd play when you were relaxing or partying. Initially it was black music played by black people for black people. Only a few early performers, like Bessie Smith, who sold a lot of records, sold to white people. The blues were mostly only in the black community until large numbers of whites discovered the music in the 1950s and especially in the 1960s.
We always think of blues as being intense, as having an emotional intensity. Floods are natural disasters that overwhelm you the way emotions can overwhelm you, and so the flood is an important image for the blues, a metaphor for an experience that's too much, that's just impossible to handle.
Two artists who are still alive today have connections to the very earliest Delta blues. They're in their 80s. These two artists are not the only ones who play Delta blues, but they're among the last who were there when it started. Robert Junior Lockwood was up for a Grammy this year with traditional Delta blues, and he's a link to the Delta because his mother had a relationship with Robert Johnson, who was known as the King of the Delta Blues. Robert Junior learned from Robert Johnson. David "Honey Boy" Edwards is also still alive, and he's another important musician. He lived the life of an itinerant blues singer and wrote about it in his autobiography, The World Don't Owe Me Nothing. A lot of Delta blues appears on the Yazoo label.
Most blues songs are about personal experiences and personal feelings and they tend to concentrate on themes of man-woman relationships and the related emotions -- the whole range of emotions, happy and sad. Travel is another theme. Movement. Work and other social conditions. Social problems. Luck. Magic. More or less, the ups and downs of daily life. There are some that deal with themes of broader interest: current events, political events, commentary, and so on. These are still often tied to personal reactions and personal feelings. The flood was both a public event, a news story, and something that hundreds of thousands of African Americans experienced directly.
The Delta itself has throughout blues history been a stronghold of blues music. It was very intensely developed there, stylistically and creatively. It has been central to African American cultural life in the Delta, particularly in the first half of the 20th century. It's characterized stylistically by a very intense type of performance, a minimalist style that squeezes the maximum feeling and emotion out of each note. The perfomers typically sing and play very hard, and often explore very deep themes philosophically. In other words, it tends not to be superficial music, but a very deep expression of a personal, and a collective, feeling.
The music started around the beginning of the 20th century and it seems to have reached a creative peak in the 1920s that's captured in phonograph records of that era, starting in the year 1920. A number of Mississippi Delta artists recorded in that decade. This was really a golden age, particularly of the country blues. The first flowering of country blues on records happened in 1926.
It seems there were 25 or 30 records by blues artists on or related to the 1927 flood. The songs present a variety of commentary on the flood. The ones by the few artists that were from the area, who might have actually experienced the flood (like Charlie Patton or Alice Pearson) tend to be the most realistic in their descriptions, the most accurate in their details. Some of the others are inaccurate, based on hearsay, some sentimentalize the flood, some even trivialize it, or find some way to connect it to the man-woman theme, or sexual double entendre, getting back to more standard blues themes. A song by Atlanta artist Barbecue Bob, "Mississippi Heavy Water Blues," describes losing his woman, who's washed away in the flood. They range over quite a bit of emotional territory.
Blind Lemon Jefferson, from Texas, recorded a flood song, and frequently performed in the Delta, in small theaters in towns like Greenwood and Greenville. Sometimes he would just come into town and set up in a park, and draw a crowd. Lonnie Johnson, who was based in St. Louis, recorded a flood song also. There were artists in other styles, too, the vaudeville blues singers, who also recorded flood songs. Bessie Smith had probably the most famous song on the flood, but there's a peculiarity to it. It was recorded before the flood. "Back Water Blues" was recorded in February 1927, before the great disaster of April. Perhaps the buildup of rain made her anticipate the flood; it was released just as the flood came, and as a result, it became a big hit. It's a description of one woman's experience of a flood. There had been a lot of rain for weeks prior to the flood so she might have in some way anticipated the flood, or it might have been a coincidence.
There had been generic flood songs in the 1920s. There was a piece called "Muddy Water" which was a pop song of 1926. Bessie Smith also recorded this song. There were certainly enough floods in all parts of the lowland South so that flood themes would be taken up often. On the religious side, in gospel music, there were some recordings that saw greater significance in this flood. One in particular, "The1927 Flood," by Elders McIntorsh and Edwards (recorded in December 1928), saw the hand of God in the flood, as a punishment for wickedness. A black preacher in Memphis, the Reverend Sutton E. Griggs, saw the flood as a metaphor of black-white cooperation, the people trying to shore up the levees, something that led to better race relations, although the historical fact about it was that there were some major race-related problems related to the relief effort.
The whites in charge of the relief effort thought that the blacks would just pitch in after the flood to restore the old order, and give volunteer labor so they could go back to being sharecroppers. The blacks tended to view the flood as wiping the slate clean, wiping out the old order. The flood wiped out the crops in the areas it devastated, so any black sharecroppers in that area knew they weren't going to get a crop, with the water and mud staying up until June. It was impossible to get a good crop. So they had to go somewhere and find some work. A lot of people headed North.
Charlie Patton's great two-part song, "High Water Everywhere," was recorded in December 1929, two and a half years after the flood. Patton was from the Delta. He had probably composed it earlier; his recording career didn't start until 1929. But he and his record company thought the song still had relevance.
In the early 1920s virtually all American record companies were recording blues material, and they had developed the concept of race records along with other specialized genres of music: hillbilly music, various non-English language ethnic series for immigrant communities, etc. It was a marketing strategy the record companies had, to direct their promotional efforts in these communities. Unfortunately it had the effect of isolating these American musical traditions and keping them out of the mainstream of American music, so that they didn't come to the attention of most Americans, but remained on the periphery. There were a few African American artists who had mainstream appeal: Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, and people like that. But the vast majority of African American recording artists, especially blues and gospel singers, sold almost entirely within the black community. If there hadn't been race records, much of this music might not have been recorded at all. It was recorded, but it didn't reach a bigger audience.
Some artists, like Louis Armstrong, were heard on the radio, but blues was hardly broadcast at all. Some stations in the South started barn dance programs, like the Grand Ole Opry, which had a black harmonica player, but it was pretty unusual. Record players would have been one of the few luxuries, one of the few pieces of furniture, poor people might have had, more so even than radios. They were very important cultural items, even among people who were relatively poor. And in the cities you'd have people who had come from the country, listening to the blues.
Blues is a music that's highly personalized, that deals with fairly intimate personal relationships, so you have to read through the songs to see broader social issues. But the personal relationships described in the blues are affected by social conditions of poverty, racism, the nature of work, rural life, and so on, and these shape how people relate to each other. You have to do a little bit of projection from those lyrics; blues are not usually songs of ideology or protest. But you can detect an overriding aura of dissatisfaction in the blues. They deal with the changes and fluctuations of life, and the possibilities of change, too, on a very personal level.
My American Experience
We invite you to tell us your own stories - whether you lived through a tumultuous time period or learned about it from a relative, a book or a movie.
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floods birthplace music flood waters blues artists songs disaster experience flood Blues Hours radio show decades ethnomusicologist history blues music style music blues Blues part narrative story people lives types music lot frills blues person guitar slide guitar kind singing blues blues example blues blues foundation blues music 1920s window experience people time blues artists experience lot blues men women relationships Blues rent parties music hat rent shacks fields joints people dance music music partying music people people performers lot records people blues community numbers whites music 1950s 1960s blues intensity Floods disasters way emotions flood image blues metaphor experience artists today connections blues 80s artists ones blues year blues link mother relationship musician life blues singer autobiography lot blues label blues songs experiences feelings themes man woman relationships emotions range emotions Travel theme Movement Work conditions problems Luck ups downs life themes interest events events commentary reactions feelings flood event news story hundreds thousands blues history stronghold blues music life half century type performance style feeling emotion note perfomers themes words music expression music beginning century peak 1920s phonograph records era year number artists decade age country blues flowering country blues records records blues artists flood songs variety commentary flood ones artists area flood descriptions details others hearsay flood way man woman theme entendre blues themes song artist woman flood bit territory flood song theaters towns town park crowd flood song artists styles vaudeville blues singers flood songs song flood peculiarity flood disaster buildup rain flood flood result hit description woman experience flood lot rain weeks flood way flood coincidence flood songs piece pop song song floods parts lowland flood themes side gospel music recordings significance flood hand flood punishment wickedness preacher flood metaphor cooperation people levees race relations fact race problems relief effort whites charge relief effort blacks flood order volunteer labor sharecroppers blacks flood slate order flood crops areas sharecroppers area crop water mud crop work lot people part song half years flood recording career record company song relevance record companies blues material concept race records genres music music language series communities marketing strategy record companies efforts communities effect traditions mainstream music attention periphery artists appeal people majority recording artists blues gospel singers community race records music audience artists radio blues stations dance programs player Record players luxuries pieces furniture people radios items people cities people country blues Blues music relationships songs issues relationships blues conditions poverty racism nature work life shape people bit projection lyrics blues songs ideology protest aura dissatisfaction blues changes fluctuations life possibilities change level Experience stories time period relative book movie
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the Mississippi Delta be famous for more than flood; itbe the birthplace of uniquely american music. as the flood water rise, many blue artist be inspire to write song about the disaster and describe the experience of be in a flood. Mai Cramer, who have host she "blue after hour" radio show for over two decade, and Prof. David Evans, an ethnomusicologist at the University of Memphis, explain some of the history behind blue music, especially the strip-down, raw style of music call Delta blue.
blue be very visceral. for the most part itbe narrative. it tell a story out of people's life. compare to other type of music, itbe very authentic -- there benot a lot of frill. what we usually think of as Delta blue be one person with a guitar, typically a slide guitar, and that real raw kind of singing. Delta blue grow up into modern Chicago blue. if you listen to Muddy Waters, for example, hebe basically sing Delta blue that be citify and electrify. Delta blue be the foundation for that.
when we listen to blue music of the 1920, itbe like look through a window at the experience people be have at the time. typically, blue artist write out of their own experience. a lot of blue be about man and woman, and relationship. blue be sing at rent party, where youwould play music and pass the hat to pay your rent. or theywould be in shack behind the field, "juke joint" where people would drink, dance, and hear music. itbe the music youwould play when you be relax or partying. initially it be black music play by black people for black people. only a few early performer, like Bessie Smith, who sell a lot of record, sell to white people. the blue be mostly only in the black community until large number of white discover the music in the 1950 and especially in the 1960.
we always think of blue as be intense, as have an emotional intensity. flood be natural disaster that overwhelm you the way emotion can overwhelm you, and so the flood be an important image for the blue, a metaphor for an experience thatbe too much, thatbe just impossible to handle.
two artist who be still alive today have connection to the very early Delta blue. theybe in their 80. these two artist be not the only one who play Delta blue, but theybe among the last who be there when it start. Robert Junior Lockwood be up for a Grammy this year with traditional Delta blue, and hebe a link to the Delta because his mother have a relationship with Robert Johnson, who be know as the King of the Delta Blues. Robert Junior learn from Robert Johnson. David "Honey Boy" Edwards be also still alive, and hebe another important musician. he live the life of an itinerant blue singer and write about it in his autobiography, the World donot owe I nothing. a lot of Delta blue appear on the Yazoo label.
Most blue song be about personal experience and personal feeling and they tend to concentrate on theme of man-woman relationship and the related emotion -- the whole range of emotion, happy and sad. travel be another theme. movement. work and other social condition. social problem. luck. Magic. more or less, the up and down of daily life. there be some that deal with theme of broad interest: current event, political event, commentary, and so on. these be still often tie to personal reaction and personal feeling. the flood be both a public event, a news story, and something that hundred of thousand of African Americans experience directly.
the Delta itself have throughout blue history be a stronghold of blue music. it be very intensely develop there, stylistically and creatively. it have be central to african american cultural life in the Delta, particularly in the first half of the 20th century. itbe characterize stylistically by a very intense type of performance, a minimalist style that squeeze the maximum feeling and emotion out of each note. the perfomer typically sing and play very hard, and often explore very deep theme philosophically. in other word, it tend not to be superficial music, but a very deep expression of a personal, and a collective, feel.
the music start around the beginning of the 20th century and it seem to have reach a creative peak in the 1920s thatbe capture in phonograph record of that era, start in the year 1920. a number of Mississippi Delta artist record in that decade. this be really a golden age, particularly of the country blue. the first flowering of country blue on record happen in 1926.
it seem there be 25 or 30 record by blue artist on or relate to the 1927 flood. the song present a variety of commentary on the flood. the one by the few artist that be from the area, who might have actually experience the flood (like Charlie Patton or Alice Pearson) tend to be the most realistic in their description, the most accurate in their detail. some of the other be inaccurate, base on hearsay, some sentimentalize the flood, some even trivialize it, or find some way to connect it to the man-woman theme, or sexual double entendre, get back to more standard blue theme. a song by Atlanta artist Barbecue Bob, "Mississippi Heavy Water Blues," describe lose his woman, whobe wash away in the flood. they range over quite a bit of emotional territory.
Blind Lemon Jefferson, from Texas, record a flood song, and frequently perform in the Delta, in small theater in town like Greenwood and Greenville. sometimes he would just come into town and set up in a park, and draw a crowd. Lonnie Johnson, who be base in St. Louis, record a flood song also. there be artist in other style, too, the vaudeville blue singer, who also record flood song. Bessie Smith have probably the most famous song on the flood, but therebe a peculiarity to it. it be record before the flood. "Back Water Blues" be record in February 1927, before the great disaster of April. perhaps the buildup of rain make she anticipate the flood; it be release just as the flood come, and as a result, it become a big hit. itbe a description of one woman's experience of a flood. there have be a lot of rain for week prior to the flood so she might have in some way anticipate the flood, or it might have be a coincidence.
there have be generic flood song in the 1920s. there be a piece call "Muddy Water" which be a pop song of 1926. Bessie Smith also record this song. there be certainly enough flood in all part of the lowland South so that flood theme would be take up often. on the religious side, in gospel music, there be some recording that see great significance in this flood. one in particular, "The1927 Flood," by Elders McIntorsh and Edwards (record in December 1928), see the hand of God in the flood, as a punishment for wickedness. a black preacher in Memphis, the Reverend Sutton E. Griggs, see the flood as a metaphor of black-white cooperation, the people try to shore up the levee, something that lead to well race relation, although the historical fact about it be that there be some major race-relate problem relate to the relief effort.
the white in charge of the relief effort think that the black would just pitch in after the flood to restore the old order, and give volunteer labor so they could go back to be sharecropper. the black tend to view the flood as wipe the slate clean, wipe out the old order. the flood wipe out the crop in the area it devastate, so any black sharecropper in that area know they benot go to get a crop, with the water and mud stay up until June. it be impossible to get a good crop. so they have to go somewhere and find some work. a lot of people head North.
Charlie Patton's great two-part song, "High Water Everywhere," be record in December 1929, two and a half year after the flood. Patton be from the Delta. he have probably compose it early; his recording career donot start until 1929. but he and his record company think the song still have relevance.
in the early 1920s virtually all american record company be record blue material, and they have develop the concept of race record along with other specialized genre of music: hillbilly music, various non-english language ethnic series for immigrant community, etc. it be a marketing strategy the record company have, to direct their promotional effort in these community. unfortunately it have the effect of isolate these american musical tradition and kepe they out of the mainstream of american music, so that they donot come to the attention of most Americans, but remain on the periphery. there be a few african american artist who have mainstream appeal: Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, and people like that. but the vast majority of african american recording artist, especially blue and gospel singer, sell almost entirely within the black community. if there havenot be race record, much of this music might not have be record at all. it be record, but it donot reach a big audience.
some artist, like Louis Armstrong, be hear on the radio, but blue be hardly broadcast at all. some station in the South start barn dance program, like the Grand Ole Opry, which have a black harmonica player, but it be pretty unusual. record player would have be one of the few luxury, one of the few piece of furniture, poor people might have have, more so even than radio. they be very important cultural item, even among people who be relatively poor. and in the city youwould have people who have come from the country, listen to the blue.
blue be a music thatbe highly personalize, that deal with fairly intimate personal relationship, so you have to read through the song to see broad social issue. but the personal relationship describe in the blue be affect by social condition of poverty, racism, the nature of work, rural life, and so on, and these shape how people relate to each other. you have to do a little bit of projection from those lyric; blue be not usually song of ideology or protest. but you can detect an overriding aura of dissatisfaction in the blue. they deal with the change and fluctuation of life, and the possibility of change, too, on a very personal level.
my american experience
we invite you to tell we your own story - whether you live through a tumultuous time period or learn about it from a relative, a book or a movie.
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ADV ADP DET 1960s PUNCT SPACE PRON ADV VERB ADP blues ADP AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ intensity PUNCT Floods AUX ADJ disasters PRON VERB PRON DET way emotions AUX VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET flood AUX DET ADJ image ADP DET blues PUNCT DET metaphor ADP DET experience PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB PUNCT SPACE NUM artists PRON AUX ADV ADJ today AUX connections ADP DET ADV ADJ PROPN blues PUNCT PRON AUX ADP PRON 80s PUNCT DET NUM artists AUX PART DET ADJ ones PRON VERB PROPN blues PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADP DET ADJ PRON AUX ADV SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADP ADP DET PROPN DET year ADP ADJ PROPN blues PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET link ADP DET PROPN SCONJ PRON mother AUX DET relationship ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ musician PUNCT PRON VERB DET life ADP DET ADJ blues singer CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADP PRON autobiography PUNCT DET World AUX PART VERB PRON PRON PUNCT DET lot ADP PROPN blues VERB ADP DET PROPN label PUNCT SPACE ADJ blues songs AUX ADP ADJ experiences CCONJ ADJ feelings CCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB ADP themes ADP man PUNCT woman relationships CCONJ DET VERB emotions PUNCT DET ADJ range ADP emotions PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT Travel AUX DET theme PUNCT Movement PUNCT Work CCONJ ADJ ADJ conditions PUNCT ADJ problems PUNCT Luck PUNCT Magic PUNCT ADV CCONJ ADV PUNCT DET ups CCONJ downs ADP ADJ life PUNCT PRON AUX DET PRON VERB ADP themes ADP ADJ interest PUNCT ADJ events PUNCT ADJ events PUNCT commentary PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADV VERB ADP ADJ reactions CCONJ ADJ feelings PUNCT DET flood AUX DET DET ADJ event PUNCT DET news story PUNCT CCONJ PRON PRON hundreds ADP thousands ADP PROPN PROPN VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PRON AUX ADP blues history AUX DET stronghold ADP blues music PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADV VERB ADV PUNCT ADV CCONJ ADV PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ 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flood song ADV PUNCT PRON AUX artists ADP ADJ styles PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET vaudeville blues singers PUNCT PRON ADV VERB flood songs PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX ADV DET ADV ADJ song ADP DET flood PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET peculiarity ADP PRON PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET flood PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN Blues PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP DET ADJ disaster ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV DET buildup ADP rain VERB PRON VERB DET flood PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADV ADP DET flood VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET result PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ hit PUNCT PRON AUX DET description ADP NUM woman PART experience ADP DET flood PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET lot ADP rain ADP weeks ADV ADP DET flood SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADP DET way VERB DET flood PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX AUX AUX DET coincidence PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX AUX ADJ flood songs ADP DET NUM PUNCT PRON AUX DET piece VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET AUX DET ADJ song ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADV VERB DET song PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ floods ADP DET parts ADP DET lowland PROPN SCONJ SCONJ flood themes AUX AUX VERB ADP ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ side PUNCT ADP gospel music PUNCT PRON AUX DET recordings PRON VERB ADJ significance ADP DET flood PUNCT NUM ADP ADJ PUNCT PUNCT NUM Flood PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET hand ADP PROPN ADP DET flood PUNCT ADP DET punishment ADP wickedness PUNCT DET ADJ preacher ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET flood ADP DET metaphor ADP ADJ PUNCT white cooperation PUNCT DET people VERB PART VERB ADP DET levees PUNCT PRON PRON VERB ADP ADJ race relations PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ fact ADP PRON AUX SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ race PUNCT VERB problems VERB ADP DET relief effort PUNCT SPACE DET whites ADP charge ADP DET relief effort VERB SCONJ DET blacks AUX ADV VERB ADP ADP DET flood PART VERB DET ADJ order PUNCT CCONJ VERB volunteer labor SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADV ADP AUX sharecroppers PUNCT DET blacks VERB PART VERB DET flood ADP VERB DET slate ADJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ order PUNCT 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AUX PUNCT PART VERB PRON ADJ efforts ADP DET communities PUNCT ADV PRON AUX DET effect ADP VERB DET ADJ ADJ traditions CCONJ VERB PRON ADP ADP DET mainstream ADP ADJ music PUNCT SCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB ADP DET attention ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP DET periphery PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ ADJ ADJ artists PRON AUX mainstream appeal PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ people ADP DET PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ majority ADP ADJ ADJ VERB artists PUNCT ADV blues CCONJ gospel singers PUNCT VERB ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ community PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART AUX race records PUNCT ADJ ADP DET music AUX PART AUX AUX VERB ADV ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET ADJ audience PUNCT SPACE DET artists PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET radio PUNCT CCONJ blues AUX ADV VERB ADV ADV PUNCT DET stations ADP DET PROPN VERB barn dance programs PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET AUX DET ADJ harmonica player PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT Record players AUX AUX AUX NUM ADP DET ADJ luxuries PUNCT NUM ADP DET ADJ pieces ADP furniture PUNCT ADJ people AUX AUX AUX PUNCT ADV ADV ADV ADP radios PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADJ items PUNCT ADV ADP people PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET cities PRON AUX AUX people PRON AUX VERB ADP DET country PUNCT VERB ADP DET blues PUNCT SPACE Blues AUX DET music PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADV ADJ ADJ relationships PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB ADP DET songs PART VERB ADJ ADJ issues PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ relationships VERB ADP DET blues AUX VERB ADP ADJ conditions ADP poverty PUNCT racism PUNCT DET nature ADP work PUNCT ADJ life PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB SCONJ people VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX PART AUX DET ADJ bit ADP projection ADP DET lyrics PUNCT blues AUX PART ADV songs ADP ideology CCONJ protest PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET VERB aura ADP dissatisfaction ADP DET blues PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET changes CCONJ fluctuations ADP life PUNCT CCONJ DET possibilities ADP change PUNCT ADV 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DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ ADP ADJ ADP floods PUNCT PRON AUX DET birthplace ADP ADV ADJ music PUNCT ADP DET flood waters VERB PUNCT ADJ blues artists AUX VERB PART VERB songs ADP DET disaster CCONJ VERB DET experience ADP AUX ADP DET flood PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PRON PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT radio show ADP ADP NUM decades PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ethnomusicologist ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADP DET history ADP blues music PUNCT ADV DET VERB PUNCT ADP PUNCT ADJ style ADP music VERB PROPN blues PUNCT SPACE Blues AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ part PRON AUX narrative PUNCT PRON VERB DET story ADP ADP people PART lives PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ types ADP music PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX PART DET lot ADP frills PUNCT PRON PRON ADV VERB ADP ADP PROPN blues AUX NUM person ADP DET guitar PUNCT ADV DET slide guitar PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ kind ADP singing PUNCT PROPN blues VERB ADP ADP ADJ PROPN blues PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP 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ADV ADP DET 1960s PUNCT SPACE PRON ADV VERB ADP blues ADP AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ intensity PUNCT Floods AUX ADJ disasters PRON VERB PRON DET way emotions AUX VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET flood AUX DET ADJ image ADP DET blues PUNCT DET metaphor ADP DET experience PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB PUNCT SPACE NUM artists PRON AUX ADV ADJ today AUX connections ADP DET ADV ADJ PROPN blues PUNCT PRON AUX ADP PRON 80s PUNCT DET NUM artists AUX PART DET ADJ ones PRON VERB PROPN blues PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADP DET ADJ PRON AUX ADV SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADP ADP DET PROPN DET year ADP ADJ PROPN blues PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET link ADP DET PROPN SCONJ PRON mother AUX DET relationship ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ musician PUNCT PRON VERB DET life ADP DET ADJ blues singer CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADP PRON autobiography PUNCT DET World AUX PART VERB PRON PRON PUNCT DET lot ADP PROPN blues VERB ADP DET PROPN label PUNCT SPACE ADJ blues songs AUX ADP ADJ experiences CCONJ ADJ feelings CCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB ADP themes ADP man PUNCT woman relationships CCONJ DET VERB emotions PUNCT DET ADJ range ADP emotions PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT Travel AUX DET theme PUNCT Movement PUNCT Work CCONJ ADJ ADJ conditions PUNCT ADJ problems PUNCT Luck PUNCT Magic PUNCT ADV CCONJ ADV PUNCT DET ups CCONJ downs ADP ADJ life PUNCT PRON AUX DET PRON VERB ADP themes ADP ADJ interest PUNCT ADJ events PUNCT ADJ events PUNCT commentary PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADV VERB ADP ADJ reactions CCONJ ADJ feelings PUNCT DET flood AUX DET DET ADJ event PUNCT DET news story PUNCT CCONJ PRON PRON hundreds ADP thousands ADP PROPN PROPN VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PRON AUX ADP blues history AUX DET stronghold ADP blues music PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADV VERB ADV PUNCT ADV CCONJ ADV PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ life ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ half ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADV ADJ type ADP performance PUNCT DET ADJ style PRON VERB DET ADJ feeling CCONJ emotion ADP ADP DET note PUNCT DET perfomers ADV VERB CCONJ VERB ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB ADV ADJ themes ADV PUNCT ADP ADJ words PUNCT PRON VERB PART PART AUX ADJ music PUNCT CCONJ DET ADV ADJ expression ADP DET ADJ PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT feeling PUNCT SPACE DET music VERB ADP DET beginning ADP DET ADJ century CCONJ PRON VERB PART AUX VERB DET ADJ peak ADP DET NUM PRON AUX VERB ADP phonograph records ADP DET era PUNCT VERB ADP DET year NUM PUNCT DET number ADP PROPN PROPN artists VERB ADP DET decade PUNCT DET AUX ADV DET ADJ age PUNCT ADV ADP DET country blues PUNCT DET ADJ flowering ADP country blues ADP records VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON AUX NUM CCONJ NUM records ADP blues artists ADP CCONJ VERB ADP DET NUM flood PUNCT DET songs VERB DET variety ADP commentary ADP DET flood PUNCT DET ones ADP DET ADJ artists PRON AUX ADP DET area PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADV VERB DET flood PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB PART AUX DET ADV ADJ ADP PRON descriptions PUNCT DET ADV ADJ ADP PRON details PUNCT DET ADP DET others AUX ADJ PUNCT VERB ADP hearsay PUNCT DET VERB DET flood PUNCT DET ADV VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET way PART VERB PRON ADP DET man PUNCT woman theme PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ entendre PUNCT VERB ADV ADP ADJ ADJ blues themes PUNCT DET song ADP PROPN artist PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN Blues PUNCT PUNCT VERB VERB PRON woman PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP DET flood PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET DET bit ADP ADJ territory PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET flood song PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ theaters ADP towns ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADV PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP town CCONJ VERB ADP ADP DET park PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET crowd PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET flood song ADV PUNCT PRON AUX artists ADP ADJ styles PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET vaudeville blues singers PUNCT PRON ADV VERB flood songs PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX ADV DET ADV ADJ song ADP DET flood PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET peculiarity ADP PRON PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET flood PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN Blues PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP DET ADJ disaster ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV DET buildup ADP rain VERB PRON VERB DET flood PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADV ADP DET flood VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET result PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ hit PUNCT PRON AUX DET description ADP NUM woman PART experience ADP DET flood PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET lot ADP rain ADP weeks ADV ADP DET flood SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADP DET way VERB DET flood PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX AUX AUX DET coincidence PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX AUX ADJ flood songs ADP DET NUM PUNCT PRON AUX DET piece VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET AUX DET ADJ song ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADV VERB DET song PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ floods ADP DET parts ADP DET lowland PROPN SCONJ SCONJ 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AUX AUX NUM ADP DET ADJ luxuries PUNCT NUM ADP DET ADJ pieces ADP furniture PUNCT ADJ people AUX AUX AUX PUNCT ADV ADV ADV ADP radios PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADJ items PUNCT ADV ADP people PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET cities PRON AUX AUX people PRON AUX VERB ADP DET country PUNCT VERB ADP DET blues PUNCT SPACE Blues AUX DET music PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADV ADJ ADJ relationships PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB ADP DET songs PART VERB ADJ ADJ issues PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ relationships VERB ADP DET blues AUX VERB ADP ADJ conditions ADP poverty PUNCT racism PUNCT DET nature ADP work PUNCT ADJ life PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB SCONJ people VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX PART AUX DET ADJ bit ADP projection ADP DET lyrics PUNCT blues AUX PART ADV songs ADP ideology CCONJ protest PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET VERB aura ADP dissatisfaction ADP DET blues PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET changes CCONJ fluctuations ADP life PUNCT CCONJ DET possibilities ADP change PUNCT ADV 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DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADJ ADP ADJ ADP floods PUNCT PRON AUX DET birthplace ADP ADV ADJ music PUNCT ADP DET flood waters VERB PUNCT ADJ blues artists AUX VERB PART VERB songs ADP DET disaster CCONJ VERB DET experience ADP AUX ADP DET flood PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PRON PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT radio show ADP ADP NUM decades PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ethnomusicologist ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADP DET history ADP blues music PUNCT ADV DET VERB PUNCT ADP PUNCT ADJ style ADP music VERB PROPN blues PUNCT SPACE Blues AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ part PRON AUX narrative PUNCT PRON VERB DET story ADP ADP people PART lives PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ types ADP music PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX PART DET lot ADP frills PUNCT PRON PRON ADV VERB ADP ADP PROPN blues AUX NUM person ADP DET guitar PUNCT ADV DET slide guitar PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ kind ADP singing PUNCT PROPN blues VERB ADP ADP ADJ PROPN blues PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP 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ADV ADP DET 1960s PUNCT SPACE PRON ADV VERB ADP blues ADP AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ intensity PUNCT Floods AUX ADJ disasters PRON VERB PRON DET way emotions AUX VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET flood AUX DET ADJ image ADP DET blues PUNCT DET metaphor ADP DET experience PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB PUNCT SPACE NUM artists PRON AUX ADV ADJ today AUX connections ADP DET ADV ADJ PROPN blues PUNCT PRON AUX ADP PRON 80s PUNCT DET NUM artists AUX PART DET ADJ ones PRON VERB PROPN blues PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADP DET ADJ PRON AUX ADV SCONJ PRON VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN AUX ADP ADP DET PROPN DET year ADP ADJ PROPN blues PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET link ADP DET PROPN SCONJ PRON mother AUX DET relationship ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ musician PUNCT PRON VERB DET life ADP DET ADJ blues singer CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADP PRON autobiography PUNCT DET World AUX PART VERB PRON PRON PUNCT DET lot ADP PROPN blues VERB ADP DET PROPN label PUNCT SPACE ADJ blues songs AUX ADP ADJ experiences CCONJ ADJ feelings CCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB ADP themes ADP man PUNCT woman relationships CCONJ DET VERB emotions PUNCT DET ADJ range ADP emotions PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT Travel AUX DET theme PUNCT Movement PUNCT Work CCONJ ADJ ADJ conditions PUNCT ADJ problems PUNCT Luck PUNCT Magic PUNCT ADV CCONJ ADV PUNCT DET ups CCONJ downs ADP ADJ life PUNCT PRON AUX DET PRON VERB ADP themes ADP ADJ interest PUNCT ADJ events PUNCT ADJ events PUNCT commentary PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADV VERB ADP ADJ reactions CCONJ ADJ feelings PUNCT DET flood AUX DET DET ADJ event PUNCT DET news story PUNCT CCONJ PRON PRON hundreds ADP thousands ADP PROPN PROPN VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PRON AUX ADP blues history AUX DET stronghold ADP blues music PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADV VERB ADV PUNCT ADV CCONJ ADV PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ life ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ half ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADV ADJ type ADP performance PUNCT DET ADJ style PRON VERB DET ADJ feeling CCONJ emotion ADP ADP DET note PUNCT DET perfomers ADV VERB CCONJ VERB ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB ADV ADJ themes ADV PUNCT ADP ADJ words PUNCT PRON VERB PART PART AUX ADJ music PUNCT CCONJ DET ADV ADJ expression ADP DET ADJ PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT feeling PUNCT SPACE DET music VERB ADP DET beginning ADP DET ADJ century CCONJ PRON VERB PART AUX VERB DET ADJ peak ADP DET NUM PRON AUX VERB ADP phonograph records ADP DET era PUNCT VERB ADP DET year NUM PUNCT DET number ADP PROPN PROPN artists VERB ADP DET decade PUNCT DET AUX ADV DET ADJ age PUNCT ADV ADP DET country blues PUNCT DET ADJ flowering ADP country blues ADP records VERB ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON AUX NUM CCONJ NUM records ADP blues artists ADP CCONJ VERB ADP DET NUM flood PUNCT DET songs VERB DET variety ADP commentary ADP DET flood PUNCT DET ones ADP DET ADJ artists PRON AUX ADP DET area PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADV VERB DET flood PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB PART AUX DET ADV ADJ ADP PRON descriptions PUNCT DET ADV ADJ ADP PRON details PUNCT DET ADP DET others AUX ADJ PUNCT VERB ADP hearsay PUNCT DET VERB DET flood PUNCT DET ADV VERB PRON PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET way PART VERB PRON ADP DET man PUNCT woman theme PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ entendre PUNCT VERB ADV ADP ADJ ADJ blues themes PUNCT DET song ADP PROPN artist PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN Blues PUNCT PUNCT VERB VERB PRON woman PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP ADP DET flood PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET DET bit ADP ADJ territory PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET flood song PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ theaters ADP towns ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADV PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP town CCONJ VERB ADP ADP DET park PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET crowd PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET flood song ADV PUNCT PRON AUX artists ADP ADJ styles PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET vaudeville blues singers PUNCT PRON ADV VERB flood songs PUNCT PROPN PROPN AUX ADV DET ADV ADJ song ADP DET flood PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET peculiarity ADP PRON PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET flood PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN Blues PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP DET ADJ disaster ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV DET buildup ADP rain VERB PRON VERB DET flood PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADV ADP DET flood VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET result PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ hit PUNCT PRON AUX DET description ADP NUM woman PART experience ADP DET flood PUNCT PRON AUX AUX DET lot ADP rain ADP weeks ADV ADP DET flood SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADP DET way VERB DET flood PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX AUX AUX DET coincidence PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX AUX ADJ flood songs ADP DET NUM PUNCT PRON AUX DET piece VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET AUX DET ADJ song ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADV VERB DET song PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ floods ADP DET parts ADP DET lowland PROPN SCONJ SCONJ flood themes AUX AUX VERB ADP ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ side PUNCT ADP gospel music PUNCT PRON AUX DET recordings PRON VERB ADJ significance ADP DET flood PUNCT NUM ADP ADJ PUNCT PUNCT NUM Flood PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET hand ADP PROPN ADP DET flood PUNCT ADP DET punishment ADP wickedness PUNCT DET ADJ preacher ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET flood ADP DET metaphor ADP ADJ PUNCT white cooperation PUNCT DET people VERB PART VERB ADP DET levees PUNCT PRON PRON VERB ADP ADJ race relations PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ fact ADP PRON AUX SCONJ PRON AUX DET ADJ race PUNCT VERB problems VERB ADP DET relief effort PUNCT SPACE DET whites ADP charge ADP DET relief effort VERB SCONJ DET blacks AUX ADV VERB ADP ADP DET flood PART VERB DET ADJ order PUNCT CCONJ VERB volunteer labor SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADV ADP AUX sharecroppers PUNCT DET blacks VERB PART VERB DET flood ADP VERB DET slate ADJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ order PUNCT DET flood VERB ADP DET crops ADP DET areas PRON VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ sharecroppers ADP DET area VERB PRON AUX PART VERB PART VERB DET crop PUNCT ADP DET water CCONJ mud VERB ADP ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB DET ADJ crop PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB ADV CCONJ VERB DET work PUNCT DET lot ADP people VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PART ADJ NUM PUNCT part song PUNCT PUNCT ADJ Water ADV PUNCT PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM CCONJ DET half years ADP DET flood PUNCT PROPN AUX ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB PRON ADV PUNCT PRON recording career AUX PART VERB ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ PRON CCONJ PRON record company VERB DET song ADV AUX relevance PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ NUM ADV DET ADJ record companies AUX VERB blues material PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET concept ADP race records ADP ADP ADJ ADJ genres ADP music PUNCT hillbilly music PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ language ADJ series ADP immigrant communities PUNCT X PUNCT PRON AUX DET marketing strategy DET record companies AUX PUNCT PART VERB PRON ADJ efforts ADP DET communities PUNCT ADV PRON AUX DET effect ADP VERB DET ADJ ADJ traditions CCONJ VERB PRON ADP ADP DET mainstream ADP ADJ music PUNCT SCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB ADP DET attention ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP DET periphery PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ ADJ ADJ artists PRON AUX mainstream appeal PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ people ADP DET PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ majority ADP ADJ ADJ VERB artists PUNCT ADV blues CCONJ gospel singers PUNCT VERB ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ community PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART AUX race records PUNCT ADJ ADP DET music AUX PART AUX AUX VERB ADV ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET ADJ audience PUNCT SPACE DET artists PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET radio PUNCT CCONJ blues AUX ADV VERB ADV ADV PUNCT DET stations ADP DET PROPN VERB barn dance programs PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET AUX DET ADJ harmonica player PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT Record players AUX AUX AUX NUM ADP DET ADJ luxuries PUNCT NUM ADP DET ADJ pieces ADP furniture PUNCT ADJ people AUX AUX AUX PUNCT ADV ADV ADV ADP radios PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADJ items PUNCT ADV ADP people PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET cities PRON AUX AUX people PRON AUX VERB ADP DET country PUNCT VERB ADP DET blues PUNCT SPACE Blues AUX DET music PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADV ADJ ADJ relationships PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB ADP DET songs PART VERB ADJ ADJ issues PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ relationships VERB ADP DET blues AUX VERB ADP ADJ conditions ADP poverty PUNCT racism PUNCT DET nature ADP work PUNCT ADJ life PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB SCONJ people VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX PART AUX DET ADJ bit ADP projection ADP DET lyrics PUNCT blues AUX PART ADV songs ADP ideology CCONJ protest PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX VERB DET VERB aura ADP dissatisfaction ADP DET blues PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET changes CCONJ fluctuations ADP life PUNCT CCONJ DET possibilities ADP change PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADV ADJ level PUNCT SPACE PRON PROPN PROPN SPACE PRON VERB PRON PART VERB PRON PRON ADJ stories PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ time period CCONJ VERB ADP PRON ADP DET relative PUNCT DET book CCONJ DET movie PUNCT
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What is HIPAA?
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 is set of statutes designed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the US health care system:
Title I: Title I of HIPAA provides rules to
"improve the portability and continuity of health insurance coverage"
for workers when they change employers.
- Title II: Title II of HIPAA provides rules for controlling health care fraud and abuse, and includes an "Administrative Simplification" section that sets standards for enabling the electronic exchange of health information.
Provisions in the "Administrative Simplification" section of Title II include rules protecting the privacy and security of health data. These rules are enforced by the US Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights (OCR):
- The Privacy Rule protects the privacy of individually identifiable
health information. For more, see Privacy
Rule on the OCR web site.
- The Security Rule sets national standards for the security of electronic protected health information (ePHI). For more, see Security Rule on the OCR web site.
In 2009, HIPAA enforcement rules were strengthened by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act. Subtitle D of the HITECH Act improved privacy and security provisions found in the original HIPAA privacy and security rules.
At Indiana University, compliance with the HIPAA privacy and security rules is coordinated through the Office for Clinical Affairs, with the interim HIPAA Privacy Officer and interim HIPAA Security Officer. For more about HIPAA compliance at IU, see the HIPAA Compliance page.
For more about HIPAA and the HITECH Act, see these US Health and Human Services pages:
- HIPAA Administrative Simplification Statute and Rules
- Summary of the HIPAA Privacy Rule
- Summary of the HIPAA Security Rule
- HITECH Act Enforcement Interim Final Rule
Last modified on December 07, 2012.
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statutes efficiency effectiveness health care system Title Title rules portability continuity health insurance coverage workers employers Title rules health care fraud abuse section standards exchange health information Provisions section rules privacy security health data rules privacy health information web site standards security health information ePHI web site enforcement rules D privacy security provisions privacy security rules compliance privacy security rules compliance page pages Summary
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what be HIPAA?
the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 be set of statute design to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the US health care system:
title I: title I of HIPAA provide rule to
"improve the portability and continuity of health insurance coverage"
for worker when they change employer.
- Title II: title II of HIPAA provide rule for control health care fraud and abuse, and include an "Administrative Simplification" section that set standard for enable the electronic exchange of health information.
provision in the "Administrative Simplification" section of Title II include rule protect the privacy and security of health datum. these rule be enforce by the US Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights (OCR):
- the Privacy Rule protect the privacy of individually identifiable
health information. for more, see Privacy
Rule on the OCR web site.
- the Security Rule set national standard for the security of electronic protect health information (ephi). for more, see Security Rule on the OCR web site.
in 2009, HIPAA enforcement rule be strengthen by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act. Subtitle d of the HITECH Act improve privacy and security provision find in the original HIPAA privacy and security rule.
at Indiana University, compliance with the HIPAA privacy and security rule be coordinate through the Office for Clinical Affairs, with the interim HIPAA Privacy Officer and interim HIPAA Security Officer. for more about hipaa compliance at IU, see the HIPAA Compliance page.
for more about HIPAA and the HITECH Act, see these US Health and Human Services page:
- HIPAA Administrative Simplification Statute and Rules
- Summary of the HIPAA Privacy Rule
- summary of the HIPAA Security Rule
- HITECH Act Enforcement Interim Final Rule
last modify on December 07, 2012.
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PRON AUX PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM AUX VERB ADP statutes VERB PART VERB DET efficiency CCONJ effectiveness ADP DET PROPN health care system PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM ADP PROPN VERB rules PART SPACE PUNCT VERB DET portability CCONJ continuity ADP health insurance coverage PUNCT SPACE ADP workers SCONJ PRON VERB employers PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM ADP PROPN VERB rules ADP VERB health care fraud CCONJ abuse PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT section PRON VERB standards ADP VERB DET ADJ exchange ADP health information PUNCT SPACE Provisions ADP DET PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT section ADP PROPN NUM VERB rules VERB DET privacy CCONJ security ADP health data PUNCT DET rules AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET privacy ADP ADV ADJ SPACE health information PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT VERB PROPN SPACE PROPN ADP DET PROPN web site PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ standards ADP DET security ADP ADJ VERB health information PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN web site PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN enforcement rules AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Subtitle PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN VERB privacy CCONJ security provisions VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN privacy CCONJ security rules PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT compliance ADP DET PROPN privacy CCONJ security rules AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ ADP PROPN compliance ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN page PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN pages PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE ADV VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT
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PRON AUX PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM AUX VERB ADP statutes VERB PART VERB DET efficiency CCONJ effectiveness ADP DET PROPN health care system PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM ADP PROPN VERB rules PART SPACE PUNCT VERB DET portability CCONJ continuity ADP health insurance coverage PUNCT SPACE ADP workers SCONJ PRON VERB employers PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM ADP PROPN VERB rules ADP VERB health care fraud CCONJ abuse PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT section PRON VERB standards ADP VERB DET ADJ exchange ADP health information PUNCT SPACE Provisions ADP DET PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT section ADP PROPN NUM VERB rules VERB DET privacy CCONJ security ADP health data PUNCT DET rules AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET privacy ADP ADV ADJ SPACE health information PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT VERB PROPN SPACE PROPN ADP DET PROPN web site PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ standards ADP DET security ADP ADJ VERB health information PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN web site PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN enforcement rules AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Subtitle PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN VERB privacy CCONJ security provisions VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN privacy CCONJ security rules PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT compliance ADP DET PROPN privacy CCONJ security rules AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ ADP PROPN compliance ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN page PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN pages PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE ADV VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT
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PRON AUX PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP NUM AUX VERB ADP statutes VERB PART VERB DET efficiency CCONJ effectiveness ADP DET PROPN health care system PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM ADP PROPN VERB rules PART SPACE PUNCT VERB DET portability CCONJ continuity ADP health insurance coverage PUNCT SPACE ADP workers SCONJ PRON VERB employers PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM ADP PROPN VERB rules ADP VERB health care fraud CCONJ abuse PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT section PRON VERB standards ADP VERB DET ADJ exchange ADP health information PUNCT SPACE Provisions ADP DET PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT section ADP PROPN NUM VERB rules VERB DET privacy CCONJ security ADP health data PUNCT DET rules AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB DET privacy ADP ADV ADJ SPACE health information PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT VERB PROPN SPACE PROPN ADP DET PROPN web site PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB ADJ standards ADP DET security ADP ADJ VERB health information PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN web site PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN enforcement rules AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Subtitle PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN VERB privacy CCONJ security provisions VERB ADP DET ADJ PROPN privacy CCONJ security rules PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT compliance ADP DET PROPN privacy CCONJ security rules AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ ADP PROPN compliance ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN page PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN pages PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE ADV VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT
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12-13 year old boys plan their own workshop where they meet with 12 senior citizens from the local area.
Charlotte Berry, Assistant Headteacher, Billericay School, explains what they did at their school.
“The Historypin workshop came about as part of our work with a group of twelve boys (aged 12-13) and their mentors (aged 16-17). We’ve been working with them to help them explore their individual skills and abilities and to develop positive behavior, particularly in group work.
I needed an activity that they could plan themselves where they could demonstrate motivation, responsibility and a degree of altruism. I wanted something that would involve them with the local community as part of the school’s Community Cohesion work.
I showed Historypin.com to the boys and we explored the site, discussed photos we’d brought in, scanned them and pinned them to the site. The boys then had to plan an entire workshop themselves to which we’d invite 12 senior citizens from the local area.
On the day of the workshop, we provided tea and coffee for the senior citizens and the boys ran some warm-up and ‘getting to know you’ activities. All of our guests had brought in photos and willingly discussed their memories and the stories behind them. The boys were totally engaged and absolutely fascinated. I was incredibly proud of how easily they chatted with the senior citizens because of their genuine interest in the photos they had brought in.
I’ve never seen them write as much as they wrote on the Historypin prompt sheet
They then scanned and uploaded photos, pinning them onto Historypin.com and adding information. The site is designed so that this is very straightforward to do this. They also explored other photos on the site and travelled all over Historypin using the Google Street View feature.
Initial evaluations of the Historypin sessions show that everyone thoroughly enjoyed the experience. The project completely fulfilled some of the key aims of the We Are What We Do’s inter-generational work - the sharing of knowledge and skills, breaking down barriers and over-turning misconceptions between generations.
We will definitely run these sessions again. Historypin has so much potential to be used across the curriculum, especially in History and English, and is perfect for designing community projects. We also intend to work with our feeder primary schools to help them run Historypin workshops with their children, parents and grandparents.”
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year boys workshop citizens area school workshop part work group boys mentors skills abilities behavior group work activity motivation responsibility degree altruism community part school work boys site photos site boys workshop citizens area day workshop tea coffee citizens boys warm up activities guests photos memories stories boys citizens interest photos prompt sheet photos information site photos site feature evaluations sessions experience project aims ’s work sharing knowledge skills barriers misconceptions generations sessions potential curriculum History community projects schools workshops children parents grandparents
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12-13 year old boy plan their own workshop where they meet with 12 senior citizen from the local area.
Charlotte Berry, Assistant Headteacher, Billericay School, explain what they do at their school.
"the Historypin workshop come about as part of our work with a group of twelve boy (age 12-13) and their mentor (aged 16-17). we’ve be work with they to help they explore their individual skill and ability and to develop positive behavior, particularly in group work.
I need an activity that they could plan themselves where they could demonstrate motivation, responsibility and a degree of altruism. I want something that would involve they with the local community as part of the school’s Community Cohesion work.
I show Historypin.com to the boy and we explore the site, discuss photo we’d bring in, scan they and pin they to the site. the boy then have to plan an entire workshop themselves to which we’d invite 12 senior citizen from the local area.
on the day of the workshop, we provide tea and coffee for the senior citizen and the boy run some warm-up and 'get to know you' activity. all of our guest have bring in photo and willingly discuss their memory and the story behind they. the boy be totally engaged and absolutely fascinated. I be incredibly proud of how easily they chat with the senior citizen because of their genuine interest in the photo they have bring in.
I’ve never see they write as much as they write on the Historypin prompt sheet
they then scan and uploaded photo, pin they onto Historypin.com and add information. the site be design so that this be very straightforward to do this. they also explore other photo on the site and travel all over Historypin use the Google Street View feature.
initial evaluation of the Historypin session show that everyone thoroughly enjoy the experience. the project completely fulfil some of the key aim of the we be what we do’s inter-generational work - the sharing of knowledge and skill, break down barrier and over-turn misconception between generation.
we will definitely run these session again. Historypin have so much potential to be use across the curriculum, especially in history and English, and be perfect for design community project. we also intend to work with our feeder primary school to help they run Historypin workshop with their child, parent and grandparent."
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NUM SYM NUM year ADJ boys VERB PRON ADJ workshop SCONJ PRON VERB ADP NUM ADJ citizens ADP DET ADJ area PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN Headteacher PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON PRON AUX ADP PRON school PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET PROPN workshop VERB ADP ADP part ADP PRON work ADP DET group ADP NUM boys PUNCT ADJ NUM SYM NUM PUNCT CCONJ PRON mentors PUNCT ADJ NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB AUX VERB ADP PRON PART VERB PRON VERB PRON ADJ skills CCONJ abilities CCONJ PART VERB ADJ behavior PUNCT ADV ADP group work PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB DET activity PRON PRON AUX VERB PRON SCONJ PRON AUX VERB motivation PUNCT responsibility CCONJ DET degree ADP altruism PUNCT PRON VERB PRON PRON AUX VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ community ADP part ADP DET school PART PROPN PROPN work PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB X ADP DET boys CCONJ PRON VERB DET site PUNCT VERB photos PRON VERB VERB ADP PUNCT VERB PRON CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET site PUNCT DET boys ADV AUX PART VERB DET ADJ workshop PRON PART DET PRON AUX VERB NUM ADJ citizens ADP DET ADJ area PUNCT SPACE ADP DET day ADP DET workshop PUNCT PRON VERB tea CCONJ coffee ADP DET ADJ citizens CCONJ DET boys VERB DET VERB PUNCT ADP CCONJ PUNCT VERB PART VERB PRON PUNCT activities PUNCT DET ADP PRON guests AUX VERB ADP photos CCONJ ADV VERB PRON memories CCONJ DET stories ADP PRON PUNCT DET boys AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP SCONJ ADV PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ citizens SCONJ ADP PRON ADJ interest ADP DET photos PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB ADV VERB PRON VERB ADV ADJ ADP PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN prompt sheet SPACE PRON ADV VERB CCONJ VERB photos PUNCT VERB PRON ADP X CCONJ VERB information PUNCT DET site AUX VERB SCONJ SCONJ DET AUX ADV ADJ PART AUX DET PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADJ photos ADP DET site CCONJ VERB ADV ADP PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN feature PUNCT SPACE ADJ evaluations ADP DET PROPN sessions VERB SCONJ PRON ADV VERB DET experience PUNCT DET project ADV VERB DET ADP DET ADJ aims ADP DET PRON AUX PRON PRON AUX PART ADJ ADJ ADJ work PUNCT DET sharing ADP knowledge CCONJ skills PUNCT VERB ADP barriers CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB misconceptions ADP generations PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADV VERB DET sessions ADV PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV ADJ potential PART AUX VERB ADP DET curriculum PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADJ ADP VERB community projects PUNCT PRON ADV VERB PART VERB ADP PRON feeder ADJ schools PART VERB PRON VERB PROPN workshops ADP PRON children PUNCT parents CCONJ grandparents PUNCT PUNCT
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NUM SYM NUM year ADJ boys VERB PRON ADJ workshop SCONJ PRON VERB ADP NUM ADJ citizens ADP DET ADJ area PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN Headteacher PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON PRON AUX ADP PRON school PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET PROPN workshop VERB ADP ADP part ADP PRON work ADP DET group ADP NUM boys PUNCT ADJ NUM SYM NUM PUNCT CCONJ PRON mentors PUNCT ADJ NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB AUX VERB ADP PRON PART VERB PRON VERB PRON ADJ skills CCONJ abilities CCONJ PART VERB ADJ behavior PUNCT ADV ADP group work PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB DET activity PRON PRON AUX VERB PRON SCONJ PRON AUX VERB motivation PUNCT responsibility CCONJ DET degree ADP altruism PUNCT PRON VERB PRON PRON AUX VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ community ADP part ADP DET school PART PROPN PROPN work PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB X ADP DET boys CCONJ PRON VERB DET site PUNCT VERB photos PRON VERB VERB ADP PUNCT VERB PRON CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET site PUNCT DET boys ADV AUX PART VERB DET ADJ workshop PRON PART DET PRON AUX VERB NUM ADJ citizens ADP DET ADJ area PUNCT SPACE ADP DET day ADP DET workshop PUNCT PRON VERB tea CCONJ coffee ADP DET ADJ citizens CCONJ DET boys VERB DET VERB PUNCT ADP CCONJ PUNCT VERB PART VERB PRON PUNCT activities PUNCT DET ADP PRON guests AUX VERB ADP photos CCONJ ADV VERB PRON memories CCONJ DET stories ADP PRON PUNCT DET boys AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP SCONJ ADV PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ citizens SCONJ ADP PRON ADJ interest ADP DET photos PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB ADV VERB PRON VERB ADV ADJ ADP PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN prompt sheet SPACE PRON ADV VERB CCONJ VERB photos PUNCT VERB PRON ADP X CCONJ VERB information PUNCT DET site AUX VERB SCONJ SCONJ DET AUX ADV ADJ PART AUX DET PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADJ photos ADP DET site CCONJ VERB ADV ADP PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN feature PUNCT SPACE ADJ evaluations ADP DET PROPN sessions VERB SCONJ PRON ADV VERB DET experience PUNCT DET project ADV VERB DET ADP DET ADJ aims ADP DET PRON AUX PRON PRON AUX PART ADJ ADJ ADJ work PUNCT DET sharing ADP knowledge CCONJ skills PUNCT VERB ADP barriers CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB misconceptions ADP generations PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADV VERB DET sessions ADV PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV ADJ potential PART AUX VERB ADP DET curriculum PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADJ ADP VERB community projects PUNCT PRON ADV VERB PART VERB ADP PRON feeder ADJ schools PART VERB PRON VERB PROPN workshops ADP PRON children PUNCT parents CCONJ grandparents PUNCT PUNCT
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NUM SYM NUM year ADJ boys VERB PRON ADJ workshop SCONJ PRON VERB ADP NUM ADJ citizens ADP DET ADJ area PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN Headteacher PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON PRON AUX ADP PRON school PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET PROPN workshop VERB ADP ADP part ADP PRON work ADP DET group ADP NUM boys PUNCT ADJ NUM SYM NUM PUNCT CCONJ PRON mentors PUNCT ADJ NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB AUX VERB ADP PRON PART VERB PRON VERB PRON ADJ skills CCONJ abilities CCONJ PART VERB ADJ behavior PUNCT ADV ADP group work PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB DET activity PRON PRON AUX VERB PRON SCONJ PRON AUX VERB motivation PUNCT responsibility CCONJ DET degree ADP altruism PUNCT PRON VERB PRON PRON AUX VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ community ADP part ADP DET school PART PROPN PROPN work PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB X ADP DET boys CCONJ PRON VERB DET site PUNCT VERB photos PRON VERB VERB ADP PUNCT VERB PRON CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET site PUNCT DET boys ADV AUX PART VERB DET ADJ workshop PRON PART DET PRON AUX VERB NUM ADJ citizens ADP DET ADJ area PUNCT SPACE ADP DET day ADP DET workshop PUNCT PRON VERB tea CCONJ coffee ADP DET ADJ citizens CCONJ DET boys VERB DET VERB PUNCT ADP CCONJ PUNCT VERB PART VERB PRON PUNCT activities PUNCT DET ADP PRON guests AUX VERB ADP photos CCONJ ADV VERB PRON memories CCONJ DET stories ADP PRON PUNCT DET boys AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP SCONJ ADV PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ citizens SCONJ ADP PRON ADJ interest ADP DET photos PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB ADV VERB PRON VERB ADV ADJ ADP PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN prompt sheet SPACE PRON ADV VERB CCONJ VERB photos PUNCT VERB PRON ADP X CCONJ VERB information PUNCT DET site AUX VERB SCONJ SCONJ DET AUX ADV ADJ PART AUX DET PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADJ photos ADP DET site CCONJ VERB ADV ADP PROPN VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN feature PUNCT SPACE ADJ evaluations ADP DET PROPN sessions VERB SCONJ PRON ADV VERB DET experience PUNCT DET project ADV VERB DET ADP DET ADJ aims ADP DET PRON AUX PRON PRON AUX PART ADJ ADJ ADJ work PUNCT DET sharing ADP knowledge CCONJ skills PUNCT VERB ADP barriers CCONJ ADV PUNCT VERB misconceptions ADP generations PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADV VERB DET sessions ADV PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV ADJ potential PART AUX VERB ADP DET curriculum PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADJ ADP VERB community projects PUNCT PRON ADV VERB PART VERB ADP PRON feeder ADJ schools PART VERB PRON VERB PROPN workshops ADP PRON children PUNCT parents CCONJ grandparents PUNCT PUNCT
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International Labour Organisation
The International Labour Organisation (ILO) is the United Nations' specialised agency for labour issues.
ILO seeks to promote human and labour rights by establishing international standards of basic labour rights: freedom of association, the right to organize, collective bargaining, abolition of forced labour, equality of opportunity and treatment, and other standards regulating conditions across the entire spectrum of work related issues.
The International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) works towards the progressive elimination of child labour by strengthening national capacities to address child labour problems, and by creating a worldwide movement to combat it. Founded by ILO in 1992, IPEC's work is considered especially important in contributing to ILO's Decent Work Agenda.
The impetus of World Scouting's involvement with ILO-IPEC is its interest in youth rights and protection. This interest was formally recognized with the Memorandum of Understanding on Child Labour in 2004.
In terms of advocacy, much of World Scouting's work with ILO-IPEC has been through YEN. Regarding child rights and protection, since 1992 World Scouting and ILO-IPEC have carried out the Extension Programme in Kenya. The Extension Program targets marginalized young people and helps them reintegrate into society by teaching them life and vocational skills.
12th June - World Day Against Child Labour 2009
Theme: Give girls a chance, end child labour
The World Day Against Child Labour will be celebrated on 12 June 2009. The World Day this year marks the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the landmark ILO Convention No. 182, which addresses the need for action to tackle the worst forms of child labour.
The International Labour Organization (ILO) and World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) share a common commitment to pursuing social justice and peace, empowering young people through human rights-based educational programmes and promoting the social dimension of globalisation. This long-standing partnership was recently strengthened through a renewed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) extending our cooperation in the fight against child labour, earlier this year.
Ms. Michele Jankanish, Director of the ILO’s International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC ) and Mr. Luc Panissod, Acting Secretary-General of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM), signed a new Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) today, to extend their cooperation in the fight against child labour for a further 3 years.
The cooperation between the two organizations will be based on a shared vision in pursuing social justice and peace, the empowerment of young people, and promoting the social dimensions of globalization.
The ILO has estimated that some 165 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 are involved in child labour. Many of these children work long hours, often in dangerous conditions. This year the World Day against Child Labour will be marked around the world with activities to raise awareness that Education is the right response to child labour. World Scouting, as the largest global youth movement which prides itself on its strong history of non-formal education, is encouraged to get involved and draw attention to the key issues related to Child Labour.
In view of the common commitment to defending and promoting the rights of children and young people, the partnership between the International Labour Organization (ILO) and World Scouting has continued to grow. An increasing number of joint initiatives between Scouts Organizations and ILO Field and Branch Offices are being developed at the local level, in particular in the framework of the SCREAM – Supporting Children’s Rights through Education, the Arts and the Media – programme ( www.ilo.org/scream).
The International Labour Organisation (ILO) is working with World Scouting to address the issue of child labour. This is mainly done through the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC).
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agency issues rights standards labour rights freedom association right bargaining abolition labour equality opportunity treatment standards conditions spectrum work issues elimination child labour capacities child labour problems movement work impetus involvement interest youth rights protection interest terms advocacy work child rights protection targets people society life skills Theme girls chance child labour year anniversary adoption landmark need action forms child labour commitment justice peace people rights programmes dimension globalisation partnership MoU cooperation fight child labour year MoU today cooperation fight child labour years cooperation organizations vision justice peace empowerment people dimensions globalization children ages child labour children hours conditions year world activities awareness Education response child labour youth movement history education attention issues view commitment rights children people partnership number initiatives level framework Children Media programme issue child labour
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International Labour Organisation
the International Labour Organisation (ILO) be the United Nations' specialised agency for labour issue.
ILO seek to promote human and labour right by establish international standard of basic labour right: freedom of association, the right to organize, collective bargaining, abolition of force labour, equality of opportunity and treatment, and other standard regulate condition across the entire spectrum of work relate issue.
the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) work towards the progressive elimination of child labour by strengthen national capacity to address child labour problem, and by create a worldwide movement to combat it. found by ILO in 1992, IPEC's work be consider especially important in contribute to ILO's Decent Work Agenda.
the impetus of World Scouting's involvement with ILO-IPEC be its interest in youth right and protection. this interest be formally recognize with the Memorandum of Understanding on Child Labour in 2004.
in term of advocacy, much of World Scouting's work with ILO-IPEC have be through YEN. regard child right and protection, since 1992 World Scouting and ILO-IPEC have carry out the Extension Programme in Kenya. the Extension Program target marginalize young people and help they reintegrate into society by teach they life and vocational skill.
12th June - World Day against Child Labour 2009
theme: give girl a chance, end child labour
the World Day against Child Labour will be celebrate on 12 June 2009. the World Day this year mark the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the landmark ILO Convention No. 182, which address the need for action to tackle the bad form of child labour.
the International Labour Organization (ILO) and World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) share a common commitment to pursue social justice and peace, empower young people through human right-base educational programme and promote the social dimension of globalisation. this long-stand partnership be recently strengthen through a renew Memorandum of Understanding (mou) extend our cooperation in the fight against child labour, early this year.
Ms. Michele Jankanish, Director of the ILO’s International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC ) and Mr. Luc Panissod, Acting Secretary-General of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM), sign a new Memorandum of Understanding (mou) today, to extend their cooperation in the fight against child labour for a further 3 year.
the cooperation between the two organization will be base on a share vision in pursue social justice and peace, the empowerment of young people, and promote the social dimension of globalization.
the ILO have estimate that some 165 million child between the age of 5 and 14 be involve in child labour. many of these child work long hour, often in dangerous condition. this year the World Day against Child Labour will be mark around the world with activity to raise awareness that education be the right response to child labour. World Scouting, as the large global youth movement which pride itself on its strong history of non-formal education, be encourage to get involve and draw attention to the key issue relate to Child Labour.
in view of the common commitment to defend and promote the right of child and young people, the partnership between the International Labour Organization (ILO) and World Scouting have continue to grow. an increase number of joint initiative between Scouts Organizations and ILO Field and Branch Offices be be develop at the local level, in particular in the framework of the SCREAM – support child’s Rights through Education, the Arts and the medium – programme ( www.ilo.org/scream).
the International Labour Organisation (ILO) be work with World Scouting to address the issue of child labour. this be mainly do through the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC).
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PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX DET PROPN PROPN PART ADJ agency ADP labour issues PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB PART VERB ADJ CCONJ labour rights ADP VERB ADJ standards ADP ADJ labour rights PUNCT freedom ADP association PUNCT DET right PART VERB PUNCT ADJ bargaining PUNCT abolition ADP VERB labour PUNCT equality ADP opportunity CCONJ treatment PUNCT CCONJ ADJ standards VERB conditions ADP DET ADJ spectrum ADP work VERB issues PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ elimination ADP child labour ADP VERB ADJ capacities PART VERB child labour problems PUNCT CCONJ ADP VERB DET ADJ movement PART VERB PRON PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PART work AUX VERB ADV ADJ ADP VERB ADP PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET impetus ADP PROPN PROPN PART involvement ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX PRON interest ADP youth rights CCONJ protection PUNCT DET interest AUX ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP terms ADP advocacy PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PART work ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX AUX ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB child rights CCONJ protection PUNCT SCONJ NUM PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB VERB ADJ people CCONJ VERB PRON VERB ADP society ADP VERB PRON life CCONJ ADJ skills PUNCT SPACE ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN NUM SPACE Theme PUNCT VERB girls DET chance PUNCT VERB child labour SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN DET year VERB DET ADJ anniversary ADP DET adoption ADP DET landmark PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT DET VERB DET need ADP action PART VERB DET ADJ forms ADP child labour PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ commitment ADP VERB ADJ justice CCONJ peace PUNCT VERB ADJ people ADP ADJ rights PUNCT VERB ADJ programmes CCONJ VERB DET ADJ dimension ADP globalisation PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT VERB partnership AUX ADV VERB ADP DET VERB PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON cooperation ADP DET fight ADP child labour PUNCT ADV DET year PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PART PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET ADJ PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT today PUNCT PART VERB PRON cooperation ADP DET fight ADP child labour ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT SPACE DET cooperation ADP DET NUM organizations AUX AUX VERB ADP DET VERB vision ADP VERB ADJ justice CCONJ peace PUNCT DET empowerment ADP ADJ people PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET ADJ dimensions ADP globalization PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN AUX VERB SCONJ DET NUM NUM children ADP DET ages ADP NUM CCONJ NUM AUX VERB ADP child labour PUNCT ADJ ADP DET children VERB ADJ hours PUNCT ADV ADP ADJ conditions PUNCT DET year DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP DET world ADP activities PART VERB awareness SCONJ Education AUX DET ADJ response ADP child labour PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADJ youth movement DET VERB PRON ADP PRON ADJ history ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ education PUNCT AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ CCONJ VERB attention ADP DET ADJ issues VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP view ADP DET ADJ commitment ADP VERB CCONJ VERB DET rights ADP children CCONJ ADJ people PUNCT DET partnership ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB PUNCT DET VERB number ADP ADJ initiatives ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT ADP ADJ ADP DET framework ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT programme PUNCT X PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART VERB DET issue ADP child labour PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX DET PROPN PROPN PART ADJ agency ADP labour issues PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB PART VERB ADJ CCONJ labour rights ADP VERB ADJ standards ADP ADJ labour rights PUNCT freedom ADP association PUNCT DET right PART VERB PUNCT ADJ bargaining PUNCT abolition ADP VERB labour PUNCT equality ADP opportunity CCONJ treatment PUNCT CCONJ ADJ standards VERB conditions ADP DET ADJ spectrum ADP work VERB issues PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ elimination ADP child labour ADP VERB ADJ capacities PART VERB child labour problems PUNCT CCONJ ADP VERB DET ADJ movement PART VERB PRON PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PART work AUX VERB ADV ADJ ADP VERB ADP PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET impetus ADP PROPN PROPN PART involvement ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX PRON interest ADP youth rights CCONJ protection PUNCT DET interest AUX ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP terms ADP advocacy PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PART work ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX AUX ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB child rights CCONJ protection PUNCT SCONJ NUM PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB VERB ADJ people CCONJ VERB PRON VERB ADP society ADP VERB PRON life CCONJ ADJ skills PUNCT SPACE ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN NUM SPACE Theme PUNCT VERB girls DET chance PUNCT VERB child labour SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN DET year VERB DET ADJ anniversary ADP DET adoption ADP DET landmark PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT DET VERB DET need ADP action PART VERB DET ADJ forms ADP child labour PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ commitment ADP VERB ADJ justice CCONJ peace PUNCT VERB ADJ people ADP ADJ rights PUNCT VERB ADJ programmes CCONJ VERB DET ADJ dimension ADP globalisation PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT VERB partnership AUX ADV VERB ADP DET VERB PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON cooperation ADP DET fight ADP child labour PUNCT ADV DET year PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PART PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET ADJ PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT today PUNCT PART VERB PRON cooperation ADP DET fight ADP child labour ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT SPACE DET cooperation ADP DET NUM organizations AUX AUX VERB ADP DET VERB vision ADP VERB ADJ justice CCONJ peace PUNCT DET empowerment ADP ADJ people PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET ADJ dimensions ADP globalization PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN AUX VERB SCONJ DET NUM NUM children ADP DET ages ADP NUM CCONJ NUM AUX VERB ADP child labour PUNCT ADJ ADP DET children VERB ADJ hours PUNCT ADV ADP ADJ conditions PUNCT DET year DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP DET world ADP activities PART VERB awareness SCONJ Education AUX DET ADJ response ADP child labour PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADJ youth movement DET VERB PRON ADP PRON ADJ history ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ education PUNCT AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ CCONJ VERB attention ADP DET ADJ issues VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP view ADP DET ADJ commitment ADP VERB CCONJ VERB DET rights ADP children CCONJ ADJ people PUNCT DET partnership ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB PUNCT DET VERB number ADP ADJ initiatives ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT ADP ADJ ADP DET framework ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT programme PUNCT X PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART VERB DET issue ADP child labour PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX DET PROPN PROPN PART ADJ agency ADP labour issues PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB PART VERB ADJ CCONJ labour rights ADP VERB ADJ standards ADP ADJ labour rights PUNCT freedom ADP association PUNCT DET right PART VERB PUNCT ADJ bargaining PUNCT abolition ADP VERB labour PUNCT equality ADP opportunity CCONJ treatment PUNCT CCONJ ADJ standards VERB conditions ADP DET ADJ spectrum ADP work VERB issues PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ elimination ADP child labour ADP VERB ADJ capacities PART VERB child labour problems PUNCT CCONJ ADP VERB DET ADJ movement PART VERB PRON PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT PROPN PART work AUX VERB ADV ADJ ADP VERB ADP PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET impetus ADP PROPN PROPN PART involvement ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX PRON interest ADP youth rights CCONJ protection PUNCT DET interest AUX ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP terms ADP advocacy PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PART work ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX AUX ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB child rights CCONJ protection PUNCT SCONJ NUM PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN VERB VERB ADJ people CCONJ VERB PRON VERB ADP society ADP VERB PRON life CCONJ ADJ skills PUNCT SPACE ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN NUM SPACE Theme PUNCT VERB girls DET chance PUNCT VERB child labour SPACE DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN DET year VERB DET ADJ anniversary ADP DET adoption ADP DET landmark PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT DET VERB DET need ADP action PART VERB DET ADJ forms ADP child labour PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB DET ADJ commitment ADP VERB ADJ justice CCONJ peace PUNCT VERB ADJ people ADP ADJ rights PUNCT VERB ADJ programmes CCONJ VERB DET ADJ dimension ADP globalisation PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT VERB partnership AUX ADV VERB ADP DET VERB PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB PRON cooperation ADP DET fight ADP child labour PUNCT ADV DET year PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PART PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET ADJ PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT today PUNCT PART VERB PRON cooperation ADP DET fight ADP child labour ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT SPACE DET cooperation ADP DET NUM organizations AUX AUX VERB ADP DET VERB vision ADP VERB ADJ justice CCONJ peace PUNCT DET empowerment ADP ADJ people PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET ADJ dimensions ADP globalization PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN AUX VERB SCONJ DET NUM NUM children ADP DET ages ADP NUM CCONJ NUM AUX VERB ADP child labour PUNCT ADJ ADP DET children VERB ADJ hours PUNCT ADV ADP ADJ conditions PUNCT DET year DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP DET world ADP activities PART VERB awareness SCONJ Education AUX DET ADJ response ADP child labour PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADJ youth movement DET VERB PRON ADP PRON ADJ history ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ education PUNCT AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ CCONJ VERB attention ADP DET ADJ issues VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP view ADP DET ADJ commitment ADP VERB CCONJ VERB DET rights ADP children CCONJ ADJ people PUNCT DET partnership ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX VERB PART VERB PUNCT DET VERB number ADP ADJ initiatives ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ level PUNCT ADP ADJ ADP DET framework ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PART PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT programme PUNCT X PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PART VERB DET issue ADP child labour PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT
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- SW Valley
Mark Henle/The Republic
Anyone who lives in metro Phoenix has seen the brown cloud that drapes the horizon on a still day.
The pollution is more than what can be seen. Valley air carries bits of dirt, toxic metals, ammonia from farm fertilizer, ozone that irritates nasal tissues. Freeways spew a mix of exhaust and dust, putting anyone who lives nearby at an increased risk.
A day with bad air takes its toll first on those who are already ill. A heavily polluted day sends children to emergency rooms. People with respiratory problems are forced indoors. But a lifetime with bad air takes a toll on each one of us. People who live in bad air live shorter lives.
Government plans typically focus only on narrow parts of the problem — so overall solutions continue to fall short. The Valley sprawls with little regard for how growth has affected air quality — so each day, traffic rolls on as 300,000 people or more live their lives in the danger zone.
The biggest problem may be the most obvious: No one who lives in the Valley can escape the air we breathe.
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cloud horizon day pollution air bits dirt metals ammonia farm ozone tissues Freeways mix exhaust dust risk day air toll day children emergency rooms People problems indoors lifetime air toll People air lives Government plans parts problem solutions regard growth air quality day traffic people lives danger zone problem one air
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- SW Valley
Mark Henle/the Republic
anyone who live in metro Phoenix have see the brown cloud that drape the horizon on a still day.
the pollution be more than what can be see. Valley air carry bit of dirt, toxic metal, ammonia from farm fertilizer, ozone that irritate nasal tissue. freeway spew a mix of exhaust and dust, put anyone who live nearby at an increase risk.
a day with bad air take its toll first on those who be already ill. a heavily polluted day send child to emergency room. People with respiratory problem be force indoor. but a lifetime with bad air take a toll on each one of we. People who live in bad air live short life.
government plan typically focus only on narrow part of the problem — so overall solution continue to fall short. the Valley sprawl with little regard for how growth have affect air quality — so each day, traffic roll on as 300,000 people or more live their life in the danger zone.
the big problem may be the most obvious: no one who live in the Valley can escape the air we breathe.
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PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN SYM DET PROPN SPACE PRON PRON VERB ADP metro PROPN AUX VERB DET ADJ cloud PRON VERB DET horizon ADP DET ADJ day PUNCT SPACE DET pollution AUX ADJ ADP PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN air VERB bits ADP dirt PUNCT ADJ metals PUNCT ammonia ADP farm fertilizer PUNCT ozone PRON VERB ADJ tissues PUNCT Freeways VERB DET mix ADP exhaust CCONJ dust PUNCT VERB PRON PRON VERB ADV ADP DET VERB risk PUNCT SPACE DET day ADP ADJ air VERB PRON toll ADV ADP DET PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADV ADJ day VERB children ADP emergency rooms PUNCT People ADP ADJ problems AUX VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET lifetime ADP ADJ air VERB DET toll ADP DET NUM ADP PRON PUNCT People PRON VERB ADP ADJ air VERB ADJ lives PUNCT SPACE Government plans ADV VERB ADV ADP ADJ parts ADP DET problem PUNCT SCONJ ADJ solutions VERB PART VERB ADJ PUNCT DET PROPN VERB ADP ADJ regard ADP SCONJ growth AUX VERB air quality PUNCT SCONJ DET day PUNCT traffic VERB ADP ADP NUM people CCONJ ADJ VERB PRON lives ADP DET danger zone PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ problem AUX AUX DET ADV ADJ PUNCT DET one PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN AUX VERB DET air PRON VERB PUNCT
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PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN SYM DET PROPN SPACE PRON PRON VERB ADP metro PROPN AUX VERB DET ADJ cloud PRON VERB DET horizon ADP DET ADJ day PUNCT SPACE DET pollution AUX ADJ ADP PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN air VERB bits ADP dirt PUNCT ADJ metals PUNCT ammonia ADP farm fertilizer PUNCT ozone PRON VERB ADJ tissues PUNCT Freeways VERB DET mix ADP exhaust CCONJ dust PUNCT VERB PRON PRON VERB ADV ADP DET VERB risk PUNCT SPACE DET day ADP ADJ air VERB PRON toll ADV ADP DET PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADV ADJ day VERB children ADP emergency rooms PUNCT People ADP ADJ problems AUX VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET lifetime ADP ADJ air VERB DET toll ADP DET NUM ADP PRON PUNCT People PRON VERB ADP ADJ air VERB ADJ lives PUNCT SPACE Government plans ADV VERB ADV ADP ADJ parts ADP DET problem PUNCT SCONJ ADJ solutions VERB PART VERB ADJ PUNCT DET PROPN VERB ADP ADJ regard ADP SCONJ growth AUX VERB air quality PUNCT SCONJ DET day PUNCT traffic VERB ADP ADP NUM people CCONJ ADJ VERB PRON lives ADP DET danger zone PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ problem AUX AUX DET ADV ADJ PUNCT DET one PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN AUX VERB DET air PRON VERB PUNCT
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PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN SYM DET PROPN SPACE PRON PRON VERB ADP metro PROPN AUX VERB DET ADJ cloud PRON VERB DET horizon ADP DET ADJ day PUNCT SPACE DET pollution AUX ADJ ADP PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN air VERB bits ADP dirt PUNCT ADJ metals PUNCT ammonia ADP farm fertilizer PUNCT ozone PRON VERB ADJ tissues PUNCT Freeways VERB DET mix ADP exhaust CCONJ dust PUNCT VERB PRON PRON VERB ADV ADP DET VERB risk PUNCT SPACE DET day ADP ADJ air VERB PRON toll ADV ADP DET PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADV ADJ day VERB children ADP emergency rooms PUNCT People ADP ADJ problems AUX VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ DET lifetime ADP ADJ air VERB DET toll ADP DET NUM ADP PRON PUNCT People PRON VERB ADP ADJ air VERB ADJ lives PUNCT SPACE Government plans ADV VERB ADV ADP ADJ parts ADP DET problem PUNCT SCONJ ADJ solutions VERB PART VERB ADJ PUNCT DET PROPN VERB ADP ADJ regard ADP SCONJ growth AUX VERB air quality PUNCT SCONJ DET day PUNCT traffic VERB ADP ADP NUM people CCONJ ADJ VERB PRON lives ADP DET danger zone PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ problem AUX AUX DET ADV ADJ PUNCT DET one PRON VERB ADP DET PROPN AUX VERB DET air PRON VERB PUNCT
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When we were growing up, there learned that there were four basic tastes: salt, sweet, sour and bitter. We were told that our taste buds had special taste receptors in particular zones on our tongues that detected these four tastes and that all other components of flavor came from our olfactory sense–the sense of smell.
Well, it turns out that what we learned in middle school about tastes, our tongues and noses, was not quite complete or correct.
There is a fifth basic taste.
It is called “umami,” and a Japanese scientist named Kitunae Ikeda isolated one compound which contibutes this taste back in 1908. Working with a seaweed broth, he isolated the amino acid, glutamate, as one of the sources for the taste which is described as “meaty, rich, savory and satisfying.” Glutamate itself was already a known substance, having been discovered in 1866 by a German chemist named Dr. Karl Ritthausen who discovered it while studying gluten in wheat.
“Umami” itself is a compound Japanese word, from the root words, “umai” meaning “delicious,” and “mi,” meaning “essence,” and while it is often used to describe the flavor enhancing ability of the salt form of glutamate, ,monosodium glutamate, that is not the only proper context for its useage.
In fact, researchers have found that umami accurately describes the flavor of many amino acids and proteins. In 2000, researchers at the University of Miami discovered the taste receptor for umami, which essentially proves that umami is a basic taste, for which humans had evolved a hunger. This receptor, named “taste-mGluR4″ responds not only to glutamate, but in greater and lesser degrees, to every other amino acid and nucelotide.
Considering the myriad of uses to which amino acids are put in the human body, it is no wonder we are programmed to enjoy their flavors. Amino acids are necessary in building muscles, enzymes and other chemicals necessary to bodily function.
So, what does all of this mean to cooks?
Does this mean we need to study chemistry and put MSG in everything?
It means we just need to look at what foods have large supplies of naturally occurring glutamates and amino acids and combine them with the principles we already know of good cooking, to help us make our dishes even more delicious.
It isn’t like any of these ingredients are new or anything.
People all over the world have been cooking with glutamate and amino acid rich foods for thousands of years.
Take a look at the foods surrounding the new cookbook, The Fifth Taste, above, and think about how many of them you have in your kitchen right now. If you are like me, you probably have plenty of umami sitting in your cupboards, refrigerators, shelves and countertops, just waiting to add goodness to your next meal. A quick glance at my illustration should identify soy sauce, nori, dried and fresh shiitake mushrooms, red wine, truffle oil, parmesan cheese, sun dried tomatoes and tomato paste.
Every serious cook in the world is bound to have one or two of those ingredients in their kitchen at any given time. The concatenation of jars, bottles, tubes, packages and loose items above are just what I pulled off my shelves this morning when I went on a mission to find good examples of umami-rich foods.
Over the next few days, look for posts specifically listing and identifying umami rich foods from both the East and the West, recipes featuring my favorite flavor and a review of the new cookbook, The Fifth Taste: Cooking With Umami by David and Anna Kasabian.
The upshot of all of this is, if you don’t know umami now, you will by the time I am finished with you.
Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.
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tastes salt taste buds taste receptors zones tongues tastes components flavor sense sense smell school tastes tongues noses taste scientist compound taste seaweed broth amino acid sources taste substance chemist wheat word root words essence flavor ability salt form monosodium glutamate context useage fact researchers flavor acids proteins researchers taste receptor taste humans hunger receptor taste mGluR4″ degrees amino acid myriad uses acids body wonder flavors acids muscles enzymes chemicals cooks chemistry foods supplies glutamates acids principles cooking dishes ingredients People world foods thousands years look foods cookbook kitchen plenty cupboards refrigerators shelves countertops goodness meal glance illustration soy sauce shiitake mushrooms wine oil sun tomatoes tomato paste cook world ingredients kitchen time concatenation jars bottles tubes packages items shelves morning mission examples foods days posts foods recipes flavor review cookbook upshot time comment form time
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when we be grow up, there learn that there be four basic taste: salt, sweet, sour and bitter. we be tell that our taste bud have special taste receptor in particular zone on our tongue that detect these four taste and that all other component of flavor come from our olfactory sense–the sense of smell.
well, it turn out that what we learn in middle school about taste, our tongue and nose, be not quite complete or correct.
there be a fifth basic taste.
it be call "umami," and a japanese scientist name Kitunae Ikeda isolate one compound which contibute this taste back in 1908. work with a seaweed broth, he isolate the amino acid, glutamate, as one of the source for the taste which be describe as "meaty, rich, savory and satisfying." Glutamate itself be already a know substance, have be discover in 1866 by a german chemist name Dr. Karl Ritthausen who discover it while study gluten in wheat.
"Umami" itself be a compound japanese word, from the root word, "umai" mean "delicious," and "mi," mean "essence," and while it be often use to describe the flavor enhance ability of the salt form of glutamate, ,monosodium glutamate, that be not the only proper context for its useage.
in fact, researcher have find that umami accurately describe the flavor of many amino acid and protein. in 2000, researcher at the University of Miami discover the taste receptor for umami, which essentially prove that umami be a basic taste, for which human have evolve a hunger. this receptor, name "taste-mGluR4″ respond not only to glutamate, but in great and less degree, to every other amino acid and nucelotide.
consider the myriad of us to which amino acid be put in the human body, it be no wonder we be program to enjoy their flavor. amino acid be necessary in build muscle, enzyme and other chemical necessary to bodily function.
so, what do all of this mean to cook?
do this mean we need to study chemistry and put MSG in everything?
it mean we just need to look at what food have large supply of naturally occur glutamate and amino acid and combine they with the principle we already know of good cooking, to help we make our dish even more delicious.
it benot like any of these ingredient be new or anything.
People all over the world have be cook with glutamate and amino acid rich food for thousand of year.
take a look at the food surround the new cookbook, the Fifth Taste, above, and think about how many of they you have in your kitchen right now. if you be like I, you probably have plenty of umami sit in your cupboard, refrigerator, shelf and countertop, just wait to add goodness to your next meal. a quick glance at my illustration should identify soy sauce, nori, dry and fresh shiitake mushroom, red wine, truffle oil, parmesan cheese, sun dry tomato and tomato paste.
every serious cook in the world be bind to have one or two of those ingredient in their kitchen at any give time. the concatenation of jar, bottle, tube, package and loose item above be just what I pull off my shelf this morning when I go on a mission to find good example of umami-rich food.
over the next few day, look for post specifically list and identify umami rich food from both the East and the West, recipe feature my favorite flavor and a review of the new cookbook, the Fifth Taste: cook with Umami by David and Anna Kasabian.
the upshot of all of this be, if you donot know umami now, you will by the time I be finish with you.
sorry, the comment form be close at this time.
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SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ PRON AUX NUM ADJ tastes PUNCT salt PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON taste buds AUX ADJ taste receptors ADP ADJ zones ADP PRON tongues PRON VERB DET NUM tastes CCONJ SCONJ DET ADJ components ADP flavor VERB ADP PRON ADJ sense PUNCT DET sense ADP smell PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT PRON VERB ADP SCONJ PRON PRON VERB ADP ADJ school ADP tastes PUNCT PRON tongues CCONJ noses PUNCT AUX PART ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET ADJ ADJ taste PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB PUNCT umami PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ scientist VERB PROPN PROPN VERB NUM compound DET VERB DET taste ADV ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET seaweed broth PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ acid PUNCT glutamate PUNCT ADP NUM ADP DET sources ADP DET taste DET AUX VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT Glutamate PRON AUX ADV DET VERB substance PUNCT VERB AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP DET ADJ chemist VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PRON VERB PRON SCONJ VERB gluten ADP wheat PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX DET compound ADJ word PUNCT ADP DET root words PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT PUNCT VERB PUNCT essence PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET flavor VERB ability ADP DET salt form ADP glutamate PUNCT PUNCT monosodium glutamate PUNCT DET AUX PART DET ADJ ADJ context ADP PRON useage PUNCT SPACE ADP fact PUNCT researchers AUX VERB SCONJ umami ADV VERB DET flavor ADP ADJ ADJ acids CCONJ proteins PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT researchers ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN VERB DET taste receptor ADP umami PUNCT DET ADV VERB SCONJ umami AUX DET ADJ taste PUNCT ADP DET humans AUX VERB DET hunger PUNCT DET receptor PUNCT VERB PUNCT taste PUNCT mGluR4″ VERB PART ADV ADP glutamate PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ degrees PUNCT ADP DET ADJ amino acid CCONJ nucelotide PUNCT SPACE VERB DET myriad ADP uses PART DET ADJ acids AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ body PUNCT PRON AUX DET wonder PRON AUX VERB PART VERB PRON flavors PUNCT Amino acids AUX ADJ ADP VERB muscles PUNCT enzymes CCONJ ADJ chemicals ADJ ADP ADJ function PUNCT SPACE CCONJ PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADP DET VERB ADP cooks PUNCT SPACE AUX DET VERB PRON VERB PART VERB chemistry CCONJ VERB PROPN ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON ADV VERB PART VERB ADP DET foods AUX ADJ supplies ADP ADV VERB glutamates CCONJ ADJ acids CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET principles PRON ADV VERB ADP ADJ cooking PUNCT PART VERB PRON VERB PRON dishes ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART ADP DET ADP DET ingredients AUX ADJ CCONJ PRON PUNCT SPACE People ADV ADP DET world AUX AUX VERB ADP glutamate CCONJ amino acid ADJ foods ADP thousands ADP years PUNCT SPACE VERB DET look ADP DET foods VERB DET ADJ cookbook PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP SCONJ ADJ ADP PRON PRON AUX ADP PRON kitchen ADV ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADP PRON PUNCT PRON ADV AUX plenty ADP umami VERB ADP PRON cupboards PUNCT refrigerators PUNCT shelves CCONJ countertops PUNCT ADV VERB PART VERB goodness ADP PRON ADJ meal PUNCT DET ADJ glance ADP PRON illustration AUX VERB soy sauce PUNCT nori PUNCT VERB CCONJ ADJ shiitake mushrooms PUNCT ADJ wine PUNCT truffle oil PUNCT parmesan cheese PUNCT sun VERB tomatoes CCONJ tomato paste PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ cook ADP DET world AUX VERB PART AUX NUM CCONJ NUM ADP DET ingredients ADP PRON kitchen ADP DET VERB time PUNCT DET concatenation ADP jars PUNCT bottles PUNCT tubes PUNCT packages CCONJ ADJ items ADV AUX ADV PRON PRON VERB ADP PRON shelves DET morning SCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET mission PART VERB ADJ examples ADP umami PUNCT ADJ foods PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ ADJ days PUNCT VERB ADP posts ADV VERB CCONJ VERB umami ADJ foods ADP DET DET PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT recipes VERB PRON ADJ flavor CCONJ DET review ADP DET ADJ cookbook PUNCT DET PROPN Taste PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET upshot ADP DET ADP DET AUX PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB umami ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADP DET time PRON AUX VERB ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT DET comment form AUX VERB ADP DET time PUNCT
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SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ PRON AUX NUM ADJ tastes PUNCT salt PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON taste buds AUX ADJ taste receptors ADP ADJ zones ADP PRON tongues PRON VERB DET NUM tastes CCONJ SCONJ DET ADJ components ADP flavor VERB ADP PRON ADJ sense PUNCT DET sense ADP smell PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT PRON VERB ADP SCONJ PRON PRON VERB ADP ADJ school ADP tastes PUNCT PRON tongues CCONJ noses PUNCT AUX PART ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET ADJ ADJ taste PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB PUNCT umami PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ scientist VERB PROPN PROPN VERB NUM compound DET VERB DET taste ADV ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET seaweed broth PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ acid PUNCT glutamate PUNCT ADP NUM ADP DET sources ADP DET taste DET AUX VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT Glutamate PRON AUX ADV DET VERB substance PUNCT VERB AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP DET ADJ chemist VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PRON VERB PRON SCONJ VERB gluten ADP wheat PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX DET compound ADJ word PUNCT ADP DET root words PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT PUNCT VERB PUNCT essence PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET flavor VERB ability ADP DET salt form ADP glutamate PUNCT PUNCT monosodium glutamate PUNCT DET AUX PART DET ADJ ADJ context ADP PRON useage PUNCT SPACE ADP fact PUNCT researchers AUX VERB SCONJ umami ADV VERB DET flavor ADP ADJ ADJ acids CCONJ proteins PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT researchers ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN VERB DET taste receptor ADP umami PUNCT DET ADV VERB SCONJ umami AUX DET ADJ taste PUNCT ADP DET humans AUX VERB DET hunger PUNCT DET receptor PUNCT VERB PUNCT taste PUNCT mGluR4″ VERB PART ADV ADP glutamate PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ degrees PUNCT ADP DET ADJ amino acid CCONJ nucelotide PUNCT SPACE VERB DET myriad ADP uses PART DET ADJ acids AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ body PUNCT PRON AUX DET wonder PRON AUX VERB PART VERB PRON flavors PUNCT Amino acids AUX ADJ ADP VERB muscles PUNCT enzymes CCONJ ADJ chemicals ADJ ADP ADJ function PUNCT SPACE CCONJ PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADP DET VERB ADP cooks PUNCT SPACE AUX DET VERB PRON VERB PART VERB chemistry CCONJ VERB PROPN ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON ADV VERB PART VERB ADP DET foods AUX ADJ supplies ADP ADV VERB glutamates CCONJ ADJ acids CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET principles PRON ADV VERB ADP ADJ cooking PUNCT PART VERB PRON VERB PRON dishes ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART ADP DET ADP DET ingredients AUX ADJ CCONJ PRON PUNCT SPACE People ADV ADP DET world AUX AUX VERB ADP glutamate CCONJ amino acid ADJ foods ADP thousands ADP years PUNCT SPACE VERB DET look ADP DET foods VERB DET ADJ cookbook PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP SCONJ ADJ ADP PRON PRON AUX ADP PRON kitchen ADV ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADP PRON PUNCT PRON ADV AUX plenty ADP umami VERB ADP PRON cupboards PUNCT refrigerators PUNCT shelves CCONJ countertops PUNCT ADV VERB PART VERB goodness ADP PRON ADJ meal PUNCT DET ADJ glance ADP PRON illustration AUX VERB soy sauce PUNCT nori PUNCT VERB CCONJ ADJ shiitake mushrooms PUNCT ADJ wine PUNCT truffle oil PUNCT parmesan cheese PUNCT sun VERB tomatoes CCONJ tomato paste PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ cook ADP DET world AUX VERB PART AUX NUM CCONJ NUM ADP DET ingredients ADP PRON kitchen ADP DET VERB time PUNCT DET concatenation ADP jars PUNCT bottles PUNCT tubes PUNCT packages CCONJ ADJ items ADV AUX ADV PRON PRON VERB ADP PRON shelves DET morning SCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET mission PART VERB ADJ examples ADP umami PUNCT ADJ foods PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ ADJ days PUNCT VERB ADP posts ADV VERB CCONJ VERB umami ADJ foods ADP DET DET PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT recipes VERB PRON ADJ flavor CCONJ DET review ADP DET ADJ cookbook PUNCT DET PROPN Taste PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET upshot ADP DET ADP DET AUX PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB umami ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADP DET time PRON AUX VERB ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT DET comment form AUX VERB ADP DET time PUNCT
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SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ PRON AUX NUM ADJ tastes PUNCT salt PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PRON taste buds AUX ADJ taste receptors ADP ADJ zones ADP PRON tongues PRON VERB DET NUM tastes CCONJ SCONJ DET ADJ components ADP flavor VERB ADP PRON ADJ sense PUNCT DET sense ADP smell PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT PRON VERB ADP SCONJ PRON PRON VERB ADP ADJ school ADP tastes PUNCT PRON tongues CCONJ noses PUNCT AUX PART ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET ADJ ADJ taste PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB PUNCT umami PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ scientist VERB PROPN PROPN VERB NUM compound DET VERB DET taste ADV ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP DET seaweed broth PUNCT PRON VERB DET ADJ acid PUNCT glutamate PUNCT ADP NUM ADP DET sources ADP DET taste DET AUX VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT Glutamate PRON AUX ADV DET VERB substance PUNCT VERB AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP DET ADJ chemist VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PRON VERB PRON SCONJ VERB gluten ADP wheat PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX DET compound ADJ word PUNCT ADP DET root words PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT X PUNCT PUNCT VERB PUNCT essence PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET flavor VERB ability ADP DET salt form ADP glutamate PUNCT PUNCT monosodium glutamate PUNCT DET AUX PART DET ADJ ADJ context ADP PRON useage PUNCT SPACE ADP fact PUNCT researchers AUX VERB SCONJ umami ADV VERB DET flavor ADP ADJ ADJ acids CCONJ proteins PUNCT ADP NUM PUNCT researchers ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN VERB DET taste receptor ADP umami PUNCT DET ADV VERB SCONJ umami AUX DET ADJ taste PUNCT ADP DET humans AUX VERB DET hunger PUNCT DET receptor PUNCT VERB PUNCT taste PUNCT mGluR4″ VERB PART ADV ADP glutamate PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ degrees PUNCT ADP DET ADJ amino acid CCONJ nucelotide PUNCT SPACE VERB DET myriad ADP uses PART DET ADJ acids AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ body PUNCT PRON AUX DET wonder PRON AUX VERB PART VERB PRON flavors PUNCT Amino acids AUX ADJ ADP VERB muscles PUNCT enzymes CCONJ ADJ chemicals ADJ ADP ADJ function PUNCT SPACE CCONJ PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADP DET VERB ADP cooks PUNCT SPACE AUX DET VERB PRON VERB PART VERB chemistry CCONJ VERB PROPN ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB PRON ADV VERB PART VERB ADP DET foods AUX ADJ supplies ADP ADV VERB glutamates CCONJ ADJ acids CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET principles PRON ADV VERB ADP ADJ cooking PUNCT PART VERB PRON VERB PRON dishes ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PART ADP DET ADP DET ingredients AUX ADJ CCONJ PRON PUNCT SPACE People ADV ADP DET world AUX AUX VERB ADP glutamate CCONJ amino acid ADJ foods ADP thousands ADP years PUNCT SPACE VERB DET look ADP DET foods VERB DET ADJ cookbook PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADP SCONJ ADJ ADP PRON PRON AUX ADP PRON kitchen ADV ADV PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADP PRON PUNCT PRON ADV AUX plenty ADP umami VERB ADP PRON cupboards PUNCT refrigerators PUNCT shelves CCONJ countertops PUNCT ADV VERB PART VERB goodness ADP PRON ADJ meal PUNCT DET ADJ glance ADP PRON illustration AUX VERB soy sauce PUNCT nori PUNCT VERB CCONJ ADJ shiitake mushrooms PUNCT ADJ wine PUNCT truffle oil PUNCT parmesan cheese PUNCT sun VERB tomatoes CCONJ tomato paste PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ cook ADP DET world AUX VERB PART AUX NUM CCONJ NUM ADP DET ingredients ADP PRON kitchen ADP DET VERB time PUNCT DET concatenation ADP jars PUNCT bottles PUNCT tubes PUNCT packages CCONJ ADJ items ADV AUX ADV PRON PRON VERB ADP PRON shelves DET morning SCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET mission PART VERB ADJ examples ADP umami PUNCT ADJ foods PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ ADJ days PUNCT VERB ADP posts ADV VERB CCONJ VERB umami ADJ foods ADP DET DET PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT recipes VERB PRON ADJ flavor CCONJ DET review ADP DET ADJ cookbook PUNCT DET PROPN Taste PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET upshot ADP DET ADP DET AUX PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB umami ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADP DET time PRON AUX VERB ADP PRON PUNCT SPACE INTJ PUNCT DET comment form AUX VERB ADP DET time PUNCT
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Heart Paper Chain
These heart paper chains are easy to make but they do require scissors so adult supervision is recommended.
- Take a peice of paper and cut it length-wise into 4 strips.
- Valley-fold the paper in half and unfold.
- Valley-fold again into quarters, and unfold.
- Mountain-fold each of the four sections in half. You should have 8 sections.
- Compress the strip of paper along the already made creases. The pleats will look like an accordion.
- Draw a heart shape onto the top layer of paper. Draw it such that the rounded top-part of the heart (shown with an arrow) doesn't connect with the bottom part of the heart. Cut along the line making sure that you don't cut the rounded corner of the heart (they need to remain connected to one another).
- Unfold and voila! A heart paper chain. Repeat with the other strips of paper and connect them together with tape.
Note: there are two possible result. The first is as shown above: four connected hearts. The other possibility is 3 connected hearts and two half-hearts at the beginning and end of the chain. Experiment a bit to determine how to position the paper to get the chain that you prefer.
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heart paper chains scissors adult supervision peice paper length strips paper half - quarters Mountain sections half sections strip paper creases pleats accordion heart shape layer paper part heart arrow part heart line corner heart voila heart paper chain strips paper tape Note result hearts possibility hearts hearts beginning end chain Experiment bit paper chain
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Heart Paper Chain
these heart paper chain be easy to make but they do require scissor so adult supervision be recommend.
- take a peice of paper and cut it length-wise into 4 strip.
- Valley-fold the paper in half and unfold.
- Valley-fold again into quarter, and unfold.
- mountain-fold each of the four section in half. you should have 8 section.
- compress the strip of paper along the already make crease. the pleat will look like an accordion.
- draw a heart shape onto the top layer of paper. draw it such that the rounded top-part of the heart (show with an arrow) donot connect with the bottom part of the heart. cut along the line make sure that you donot cut the rounded corner of the heart (they need to remain connected to one another).
- Unfold and voila! a heart paper chain. repeat with the other strip of paper and connect they together with tape.
note: there be two possible result. the first be as show above: four connected heart. the other possibility be 3 connect heart and two half-heart at the beginning and end of the chain. experiment a bit to determine how to position the paper to get the chain that you prefer.
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Heart Paper Chain SPACE DET heart paper chains AUX ADJ PART VERB CCONJ PRON AUX VERB scissors SCONJ adult supervision AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET peice ADP paper CCONJ VERB PRON ADV PUNCT ADV ADP NUM strips PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Valley PUNCT VERB DET paper ADP half CCONJ VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Valley PUNCT VERB ADV ADP quarters PUNCT CCONJ VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Mountain PUNCT VERB DET ADP DET NUM sections ADP half PUNCT PRON AUX AUX NUM sections PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET strip ADP paper ADP DET ADV VERB creases PUNCT DET pleats AUX VERB ADP DET accordion PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET heart shape ADP DET ADJ layer ADP paper PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ SCONJ DET ADJ ADJ PUNCT part ADP DET heart PUNCT VERB ADP DET arrow PUNCT AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ part ADP DET heart PUNCT VERB ADP DET line VERB ADJ SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET ADJ corner ADP DET heart PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB ADJ ADP NUM DET PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB CCONJ INTJ PUNCT DET heart paper chain PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ strips ADP paper CCONJ VERB PRON ADV ADP tape PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT PRON AUX NUM ADJ result PUNCT DET ADJ AUX ADP VERB ADV PUNCT NUM VERB hearts PUNCT DET ADJ possibility AUX NUM VERB hearts CCONJ NUM ADJ PUNCT hearts ADP DET beginning CCONJ end ADP DET chain PUNCT VERB DET bit PART VERB SCONJ PART VERB DET paper PART VERB DET chain PRON PRON VERB PUNCT
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Heart Paper Chain SPACE DET heart paper chains AUX ADJ PART VERB CCONJ PRON AUX VERB scissors SCONJ adult supervision AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET peice ADP paper CCONJ VERB PRON ADV PUNCT ADV ADP NUM strips PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Valley PUNCT VERB DET paper ADP half CCONJ VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Valley PUNCT VERB ADV ADP quarters PUNCT CCONJ VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Mountain PUNCT VERB DET ADP DET NUM sections ADP half PUNCT PRON AUX AUX NUM sections PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET strip ADP paper ADP DET ADV VERB creases PUNCT DET pleats AUX VERB ADP DET accordion PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET heart shape ADP DET ADJ layer ADP paper PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ SCONJ DET ADJ ADJ PUNCT part ADP DET heart PUNCT VERB ADP DET arrow PUNCT AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ part ADP DET heart PUNCT VERB ADP DET line VERB ADJ SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET ADJ corner ADP DET heart PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB ADJ ADP NUM DET PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB CCONJ INTJ PUNCT DET heart paper chain PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ strips ADP paper CCONJ VERB PRON ADV ADP tape PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT PRON AUX NUM ADJ result PUNCT DET ADJ AUX ADP VERB ADV PUNCT NUM VERB hearts PUNCT DET ADJ possibility AUX NUM VERB hearts CCONJ NUM ADJ PUNCT hearts ADP DET beginning CCONJ end ADP DET chain PUNCT VERB DET bit PART VERB SCONJ PART VERB DET paper PART VERB DET chain PRON PRON VERB PUNCT
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Heart Paper Chain SPACE DET heart paper chains AUX ADJ PART VERB CCONJ PRON AUX VERB scissors SCONJ adult supervision AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET peice ADP paper CCONJ VERB PRON ADV PUNCT ADV ADP NUM strips PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Valley PUNCT VERB DET paper ADP half CCONJ VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Valley PUNCT VERB ADV ADP quarters PUNCT CCONJ VERB PUNCT SPACE PUNCT Mountain PUNCT VERB DET ADP DET NUM sections ADP half PUNCT PRON AUX AUX NUM sections PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET strip ADP paper ADP DET ADV VERB creases PUNCT DET pleats AUX VERB ADP DET accordion PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB DET heart shape ADP DET ADJ layer ADP paper PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ SCONJ DET ADJ ADJ PUNCT part ADP DET heart PUNCT VERB ADP DET arrow PUNCT AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ part ADP DET heart PUNCT VERB ADP DET line VERB ADJ SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET ADJ corner ADP DET heart PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB ADJ ADP NUM DET PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PUNCT VERB CCONJ INTJ PUNCT DET heart paper chain PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ strips ADP paper CCONJ VERB PRON ADV ADP tape PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT PRON AUX NUM ADJ result PUNCT DET ADJ AUX ADP VERB ADV PUNCT NUM VERB hearts PUNCT DET ADJ possibility AUX NUM VERB hearts CCONJ NUM ADJ PUNCT hearts ADP DET beginning CCONJ end ADP DET chain PUNCT VERB DET bit PART VERB SCONJ PART VERB DET paper PART VERB DET chain PRON PRON VERB PUNCT
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As Internet Protocol (IP)-based networks are increasingly deployed, packet-based applications such as voice over IP (VoIP), IP video, video telephony (VT), integrated voice and email, and instant messaging (IM), have emerged. The ability to integrate these services over the same network has become more important as customers appreciate and demand the bundling of multiple services. Many of these services benefit from session based connections between communicating network devices. For example, rather than having each data transmission between two devices be considered independent from each other, a series of data transmissions may be logically grouped together as a session. As session based traffic increases in the network, the problems of how to provide redundancy and load balancing among a cluster of session handling servers have to be addressed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 a is a diagram of an exemplary system for implementing a congestion control method;
FIG. 1b is a system diagram of an exemplary upstream network device;
FIG. 2a is a representation of server and cluster capacities;
FIG. 2b is a representation of server and cluster capacities in the event of a server failure;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart depicting exemplary steps and decisions related to a process for managing congestion control and server redundancy;
FIG. 4 is a flowchart depicting exemplary steps and decisions related to a process for updating server utilization factors; and
FIG. 5 is a flowchart depicting exemplary steps and decisions related to a process for scheduling packet data traffic to servers in the cluster.
Exemplary illustrations of a congestion control method for session based network traffic are described below. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification. It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual illustration, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the specific goals of the developer, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints that will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those having the benefit of this disclosure.
Referring now to the drawings wherein like numerals indicate like or corresponding parts throughout the several views, exemplary illustrations are provided.
FIG. 1a illustrates a system 100 for use with a congestion control method for session based network traffic. Details of the elements depicted in the figures are included following a brief functional overview of the system 100 and method. Packetized data on a packet data network 105 may be transmitted to and from any of a number of interconnected network devices. For example, end user devices such as a Personal Computer (PC) 110, a mobile phone 115, a television 120 via a set-top-box 125, etc., may be the recipient or initiator of data traffic over the packet network 105. Servers 130a-c may receive and process data traffic from the end user devices. Moreover, the servers 130a-c may provide responsive data traffic to the end user devices. When multiple servers 130a-c collectively handle the same type of requests and data traffic, they may be arranged into a cluster 135.
When arranged as the cluster 135, additional measures may need to be implemented to ensure that the servers 130 are utilized in a suitable manner. For example, it may be desirable to have similarly situated servers 130 handle corresponding amounts of data. Accordingly, a load-balancing scheme may be implemented to assign certain amounts of data processing to particular servers 130 of the cluster. Additionally, certain amounts of the data processing capacities of the servers 130 may need to be reserved for redundancy. A redundancy scheme may allow the cluster 135 to maintain normal operations even with a failure of one of the servers 130.
By focusing on the capacity of each server to process data as well as on the amount of data actually processed by each server 130, a single cluster manager may be able to implement both redundancy planning and load-balancing schemes. A router 140, or any other network device acting as the cluster manager, may have the responsibility of tracking the amount of data actually processed by each server 130 and scheduling new data traffic to a particular server. Accordingly, the router 140 may provide a congestion control module 145 to implement the redundancy planning and load-balancing schemes.
The packet network 105 may be a packet switched communication network such as an Internet Protocol (IP) network. The packet network 105 generally interconnects various computing devices and the like through a common communication protocol, e.g. the Internet Protocol. Interconnections in and with the packet network 105 may be made by various media including wires, radio frequency transmissions, and optical cables. Other devices connecting to and included with the packet network 105, e.g., switches, routers, etc., are omitted for simplicity of illustration in FIG. 1. The packet network 105 may interface with an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), which integrates voice, video, and data communications on the same network infrastructure.
The PC 110, mobile phone 115, and television 120 by way of a set-top-box 125 merely represent three of many possible network devices capable of connecting to the cluster 135 for session based data processing. Each of these devices has computer software including an implementation of the network protocol needed to communicate over the packet network 105. Additionally, the devices may also implement higher level protocols to interface with the session handling facilities of the servers 130. For example, the mobile phone 115 may include instructions for conducting a voice communication based session over the packet network 105. Likewise, the set-top-box 125 may include instructions for conducting a video based session over the packet network 105.
The servers 130 of the cluster 135 generally provide session handling capabilities. For example, they may be able to initiate a session based on a request from one of the network devices 110, 115, 125, etc., process data during the session, and terminate the session as necessary. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a signaling protocol for initiating, managing and terminating application sessions in IP networks, and provides a mechanism to allow voice, video, and data to be integrated over the same network. Accordingly, the servers 130 may implement SIP for session handling.
The router 140 may interconnect one or more computing devices, e.g., servers 130, to the packet network 105. Moreover, the router 108 may establish and operate a local area network (LAN) for the servers 130, and may route certain communications thereof. For example the computing devices 110 may be connected to the router 108 using a wireless connection, a network cable such as a “Cat5” cable, or the like.
The router 140 may further act as the cluster manager of the cluster 135. The cluster manager may be an upstream network device to the cluster 135 such as a device positioned between the cluster and the packet network 105. However, in another exemplary approach, one of the servers, e.g., 130a, may be designated as the cluster manager. In such an approach, the designated server 130a may be considered upstream in that it acts as a gateway of the cluster 135 for incoming network traffic.
The congestion control module 145 may include computer instructions for implementing redundancy and load balancing schemes. The congestion control module will be provided by the device acting as the cluster manager, e.g., the router 140 as depicted in the exemplary approach of FIG. 1. As will be discussed in detail below, the congestion control module 145 may continuously schedule incoming traffic to particular servers 130, calculate utilization rates of the servers, monitor the cluster 135 for server failures, and update redundancy factors based on the state of the cluster. Positioning the congestion control module 145 upstream from the servers 130 may allow for the estimation of current utilization rates of the servers. Estimating utilization rates by the congestion control module 145 may eliminate time consuming bi-direction communication between the servers 130 and router 140 to determine the actual current utilization rates.
FIG. 1b illustrates the elements of an exemplary upstream network device, such as the router 140. As illustrated, the router 140 may include elements for guaranteeing the quality of service for different classifications of data. For example, the incoming packet data 155 may first encounter a classifier 160. The classifier 160 may inspect the header of the packet data 155 to identify the proper classification. A marker 165 may write, or rewrite, a portion of the packet header to more clearly identify the determined classification. For example, the marker 165 may write to the Differentiated Service Code Point (DSCP) field of the header.
A meter 170 may track the amount of incoming data 155 processed by the router 140. Moreover, the meter 170 may track the amount of data 155 for each classification. A policer/shaper 175 may use the tracked amounts from the meter 170 to enforce particular traffic routing polices, e.g., quality of service guarantees, service level agreements, etc. To enforce a policy, the policer/shaper 175 may drop packets if the tracked amount of data 155 exceeds the service level agreement. Additionally, the policer/shaper 175 may buffer or delay traffic that fails to conform to policy being enforced. A scheduler 180 has the responsibility of deciding which packets to forward to the cluster 135 for data processing. The scheduler typically bases its decision on the priority levels of the data as well as on the service level agreements. However, the scheduler 180 may be further influenced by the congestion control module 145. In one exemplary approach, the congestion control module 145 may be integrated into the scheduler 180. However, in another exemplary approach, the congestion control module 145 may be distinct from the scheduler 180 while still providing input thereto.
FIG. 2a illustrates a representation 200 of server and cluster capacities during normal operation. Each server 130 may have an actual capacity 205, which represents the normal or default ability of a server to process data. As depicted, each server 130 has the same actual capacity 205a-d. However, in another exemplary approach, servers 130 with different actual capacities may be part of the same cluster 135.
The actual capacity 205 may be artificially limited or reduced to an available capacity 210. The reduction of the actual capacity 205 provides redundant capacity 215 that is reserved for periods in which there is a server failure. The reduction of the actual capacity 205 of each server 130 may differ. Accordingly, a respective redundancy factor, ri, i=1, 2, . . . , n, where 0≦ri≦1, may be established for each server 130. The redundancy factor ri states the amount of redundant capacity as a fraction or percentage of the actual capacity 205. Accordingly, the available capacity 210a for each server 130 will be expressed as (Actual Capacity*(1−ri)), while the redundant capacity 215 will be expressed as (Actual Capacity*ri)
If ri=0, it is assumed that the server 130 is expected to have an available capacity 210 equal to the actual capacity 205. Accordingly, any server with a redundancy factor of zero (ri=0) will not provide any redundancy to the cluster 135. On the other hand, if ri=1, then the server will limit its entire actual capacity 205 for redundant capacity 215. Moreover, any server with a redundancy factor of one (ri=1) will not handle any data processing requests unless there has been a failure of another server in the cluster 135. In general, higher redundancy factor values limit larger amounts of actual capacity 205 for redundancy capacity 215.
The available capacity 210 may be used to handle data processing sessions from remote devices. A current usage 220a-d of each server reflects the amount of the available capacity 210 that is currently being used to handle data processing sessions. The current usage 220 will typically fluctuate as the server 130 receives new sessions and completes others. Moreover, the data processing demands on the server 130 may vary throughout a session. The router 140, or equivalent cluster manager, may determine which server 130 should handle newly received packet data. As will be discussed in detail with respect to FIG. 4, a utilization factor may be defined as the ratio of the estimate of current usage 200 over the available capacity 210. In one exemplary approach, the router 140 may implement packet data scheduling decisions by directing incoming traffic to the server meeting at least one threshold criterion. In one illustrative approach the criterion includes a consideration of utilization factor and in another approach the criterion is the lowest utilization factor.
Because the servers 130 act together as a cluster 135, the sum of the actual capacity 205 of each server defines an actual cluster capacity 240. Similarly, the sum of the available capacities 210 of each server defines an available cluster capacity 250. The sum of the redundant capacities 215 of each server defines a cluster redundant capacity 255. The actual cluster capacity 240 will remain constant so long as there are no server failures in the cluster 135. Likewise, the available cluster capacity 250 and the cluster redundant capacity 255 will remain constant so long as there are no changes to the any of the redundancy factors (ri). However, a cluster usage 260 will fluctuate as the sum of the current usage 220 of each server varies.
FIG. 2b illustrates a representation 202 of server and cluster capacities during a failure of one of the servers. As indicated by the X, the actual capacity 205a is currently unavailable due to a server failure. Accordingly, the actual cluster capacity 240 is reduced by the actual capacity 205a of the failed server 130. Because of the failure, the redundancy capacity 215 of the remaining servers may be reallocated as available capacity 210. Moreover, the redundant factor of the remaining servers may be set to zero (ri=0) in order to cause the available capacity 210 to fully encompass the actual capacity 205. The current usage 220a of the failed server 130 represents sessions with incomplete or unfinished data processing. Accordingly, the sessions encompassing the current usage 220a may be redistributed to the remaining servers of the cluster 135, thereby increasing the current usage 220b-d levels thereof. As expected, the cluster usage 260 will typically remain unchanged.
The router 140 and servers 130 may be any general purpose computing device, such as a PC, or a specialized network device. The router 140 and servers 130 may have software, such as an operating system with low-level driver software, and the like, for receiving signals over network links. The operating system may also include a network protocol stack, for establishing and accepting network connections from remote devices.
The router 140 and servers 130 may employ any of a number of user-level and embedded operating systems known to those skilled in the art, including, but by no means limited to, known versions and/or varieties of the Microsoft Windows® operating system, the Unix operating system (e.g., the Solaris® operating system distributed by Sun Microsystems of Menlo Park, Calif.), the AIX UNIX operating system distributed by International Business Machines of Armonk, N.Y., and the Linux operating system. Computing devices may include any one of a number of computing devices known to those skilled in the art, including, without limitation, a computer workstation, a desktop, notebook, laptop, or handheld computer, or some other computing device known to those skilled in the art.
The router 140 and servers 130 may include instructions executable by one or more processing elements such as those listed above. Computer-executable instructions may be compiled or interpreted from computer programs created using a variety of programming languages and/or technologies known to those skilled in the art, including, without limitation, and either alone or in combination, Java™, C, C++, Visual Basic, Java Script, Perl, etc. In general, a processor (e.g., a microprocessor) receives instructions, e.g., from a memory, a computer-readable medium, etc., and executes these instructions, thereby performing one or more processes, including one or more of the processes described herein. Such instructions and other data may be stored and transmitted using a variety of known computer-readable media.
A computer-readable medium includes any medium that participates in providing data (e.g., instructions), which may be read by a computer. Such a medium may take many forms, including, but not limited to, non-volatile media, and volatile media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks and other persistent memory. Volatile media include dynamic random access memory (DRAM), which typically constitutes a main memory. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other medium from which a computer can read.
FIGS. 3-5 and the description thereof below present exemplary approaches to the functional details of the congestion control module 145. As illustrated, processes 300, 400 and 500 all operate concurrently. Concurrent operation may allow for the constant monitoring and detection of any failures in the servers 130 of the cluster 135. However, in another exemplary approach, the steps of the processes may be rearranged to operate sequentially. For example, after the initial set-up steps of process 300, process 400 may operate repeatedly for a period of time. Subsequently, process 400 may be paused while the cluster 135 is checked for server failures and process 500 updates the utilization factors.
FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary process 300 for managing congestion control and server redundancy. The router 140 may include a computer-readable medium having stored instructions for carrying out certain operations described herein, including some or all of the operations described with respect to process 300. For example, some or all of such instructions may be included in the congestion control module 145. As described below, some steps of process 300 may include user input and interactions. However, it is to be understood that fully automated or other types of programmatic techniques may implement steps that include user input.
Process 300 begins in step 305 by receiving initial parameters. The initial parameters include at least the actual capacities 205 and redundancy factors for each of the servers 130. The parameters may be received from user input, e.g., via a command line interface, Graphical User Interface, etc. In another exemplary approach, the parameters may be provided in a configuration file, or the like. Accordingly, the parameters may be received in step 305 by opening the file for reading and extracting the relevant data.
Next, in step 310, an expected traffic load may be established. The expected traffic load may be used to alter or set the redundancy factors of the servers. Historical traffic loads for similar dates and times may be used to establish the expected traffic load. Moreover, the expected traffic load presets a baseline value to be used when initially setting the redundancy factors.
Next, in step 315, the actual capacity 205 of each server may be limited to respective available capacities 210 based on the redundancy factors. In generally, the sum of the available capacities 210, also referred to as the available cluster capacity 250, will correspond to the expected traffic load in order to ensure that all expected traffic will be able to be processed. Moreover, the limiting provides redundant capacity 215 which is reserved for times in which there is a failure of one of the servers 130 of the cluster 135. This initialization step sets baseline values for the available capacities 210. However, in the event of a server failure, the available capacities 210 may be altered by changing the respective redundancy factors.
Following, step 315, steps 320, 325, and 330 may operate concurrently as discussed above. Step 320 includes the steps and decisions of process 500 discussed below. Similarly, step 325 includes the steps and decisions of process 400, also discussed below. Because the utilization factor (uij) is based on the estimated current usage for the given time interval (j), the utilization factor will be calculated at each interval. The process will continue to schedule the data for the given time interval. At the conclusion of a time interval, the process must update the current usage based on the recent traffic load of each server.
In step 330, it is determined whether any of the servers 130 have failed. In one exemplary approach, the router 140 may attempt to contact the servers 130, e.g., by initiate a connection, transmitting a so-called ping (Internet Control Message Protocol echo), etc. In another exemplary approach, the servers 130 may be configured to send out a communication, sometimes referred to as a life beat, to the router 140. No matter the approach, the router 140 will continuously monitor the servers 130 for failures. For example, the lack of a response or the lack of a life beat may be indicative of a server failure.
In step 335, the redundancy factors are set to a failure state if a server failure is detected in step 340. As discussed above, the redundancy factors may be dynamically set to a high values, e.g., one, in order to allocate all of the redundant capacity 215 as available capacity 210.
In step 340, the redundancy factors are set to the initial parameters if a server failure is not detected. In most cases the redundancy factors will already be set to the initial parameters. However, if the functionally of a server 130 has just been restored following a failure, the redundancy factors may need to be changed from the failure state. As discussed above, the redundancy factors may be established such that the available cluster capacity 250 corresponds to the baseline or expected traffic load.
Next, in step 345, the parameters may be adjusted. For example, the redundancy factors may vary based on time and date to correspond with expected traffic loads and the service level that needs to be provided by the cluster 135. For example, if service must be guaranteed to a high degree for a certain time, the redundancy factors may be set to a low level to ensure there is redundant capacity 215 to accommodate any server failures. Accordingly, the parameters may be scheduled for particular times. However, in another exemplary approach, process 300 may be adaptive to current traffic conditions. For example, the parameters may automatically adjust in the face of changing traffic conditions.
If the parameters need to be adjusted, process 300 may return to step 305 to receive the new parameters. However, if no adjustment is required, process 300 may return to concurrent steps 320, 325, and 330.
FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary process 400 for updating server utilization factors. The router 140 may include a computer-readable medium having stored instructions for carrying out certain operations described herein, including some or all of the operations described with respect to process 400. For example, some or all of such instructions may be included in the congestion control module 145. As discussed above, process 400 may be sub-process for process 300, e.g., in step 325.
Process 400 begins in step 405 by determining the available capacity 210 of each server. In one exemplary approach, the actual capacity 205 and the respective redundancy factor (ri) may be retrieved. For example, these values may be provided as initial parameters via user input, a configuration file, etc. The actual capacity 205 may be multiplied by the redundancy factor (1−ri) to determine the limited available capacity 210.
Next, in step 410, the current usage 220 of each server 130 may be estimated. Unlike the expected traffic load discussed above for setting baseline values for the available capacity, the estimated traffic load attempts to determine the current or actual traffic load. Because it may be too costly to constantly monitor the actual traffic load, e.g., amount of packet data traffic sent to a server 130, the router may break the monitoring into discrete time intervals. In one exemplary approach, the router 140 may monitor the amount of packet data sent to a server every 200 milliseconds. Accordingly, the router 140 only knows historical amounts of packet data traffic sent to a server 130. Moreover, the router may not know the actual amount of traffic sent to a sever during the instant time interval. However, because traffic volumes could potentially change dramatically even during a brief interval, an understanding of the current usage 220 of a server 130 is important for properly balancing the data processing load over the cluster 135. Moreover, the scheduling decision (discussed with respect to FIG. 5) is ideally based on an estimated current usage (Eλij) and not on historical usage.
In one exemplary approach, the current usage 220 may be based on a weighted moving average of the actual amounts of usage in prior intervals (λi,j−1), (λi,j−2), etc. Because the data processing may be based on sessions which exist and draw on server capacity for a period of time, it may be useful to base the current usage on more than just the actual usage of the most recent interval (λi,j−1). A weighting factor (0≦w≦1) may be selected to allocate the weight given to the most recent interval (λi,j l) and the second most recent interval (λi,j−2). For example, if it is unusual for a typical session to extend beyond a single interval, the weighting factor (w) may be set to a high value to give more weight the most recent period. Similarly, a lower value of (w) may be selected if it is likely that sessions draw on server capacity 210 for more than one time interval. Accordingly, the estimated current usage (Eλij) of each (i) server at each (j) time interval may be represented as Eλij=w·λi,j−1+(1−w)·λi,j−2. In other exemplary approaches, formulas that take even more historical values of the actual usage may be appropriate. As will be discussed with respect to FIG. 5, the actual usages for prior time intervals (λi,j−1) (λi,j−2), etc., may be stored during the packet data scheduling.
Next, in step 415, utilization factors for each server 130 may be calculated. The utilization factor may represent the estimated current usage (Eλij) as a ratio to the available capacity 210, where the available capacity is the actual capacity limited by the redundancy factor (ri). In one exemplary approach, the utilization factor (uij) may be expressed as
FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary process 500 for scheduling packet data traffic to servers in the cluster. The router 140 may include a computer-readable medium having stored instructions for carrying out certain operations described herein, including some or all of the operations described with respect to process 500. For example, some or all of such instructions may be included in the congestion control module 145. As discussed above, process 500 may be sub-process for process 300, e.g., in step 320.
Process 500 begins in step 505 when incoming packet data traffic 155 is received by the router 140. As discussed above with respect to FIG. 2b, the router may classify, meter, mark, and shape the traffic as necessary. Subsequent to these preliminary steps, the scheduler 180, in coordination with the congestion control module 145, may proceed with the following steps to further process and direct the traffic to a particular server 130 of the cluster 135.
Next, in step 510, it is determined whether the received packet data belongs to an existing session. For example, the data may include a session identifier thereby associating the data with a particular session.
In step 515, the packet data will be scheduled to the server 130 that is already handling the session to which the data belongs. The session data from step 510 may be used to determine which server is handling a particular session. While not depicted, process 500 may also store associations between the servers 130 and sessions being processed thereby.
In step 520, following the determination in step 510 that the packet data does not belong to an existing session, the data will be scheduled to one of the servers 130 of the cluster 135. As discussed above with respect to process 400, utilization factors may be maintained and updated for each server. The utilization factors express the estimated usage of the server 130 with respect to the available capacity 210. The server with the highest utilization factor has the least amount of unused available capacity 210. To effectively balance the traffic load between the servers 130 of the cluster 135, the new traffic may be scheduled to the server 130 having the lowest utilization factor.
Following both steps 515 and 520, the record of the amount of packet data traffic sent to the server 130 may be updated in step 525. The router 140, or cluster manager, may keep historical records of the amounts of traffic sent to each server, e.g., a record for each of the last five time intervals. As discussed above, a time interval, e.g., 200 ms, may be defined for breaking down the calculation of the utilization factors. The historical records may be in the form of a circular list, or equivalent data structure, with an index value, e.g., 0-4, used to identify the record associated with the current time interval. Accordingly, the amount of the traffic scheduled to the server in either step 515 or step 520 will be added to the record associate with the server and the current time interval. While in another exemplary approach, the servers 130 could report back their actual current usage rates, monitoring estimated usage rates by the router 140 may eliminate time consuming bi-directional communication required for such reporting.
Accordingly, an exemplary congestion control method for session based network traffic has been described. Session handling servers 130 arranged in a cluster 135 may receive packet data traffic 155 from an upstream network device such as a router 140. The actual traffic handling capacity 205 of each server 130 may be limited by a redundancy factor (ri) to respective available capacities 210 in order to provide redundancy capacity 215. The redundancy factors (ri) may be altered dynamically in order to provide more or less redundancy in the cluster 135. For example, the redundancy factors (ri) may be decreased during times in which service availability is critically important. At other times, the redundancy factors may be increased to provide more available processing capacity 210, which may be useful in the event of a failure of one of the servers 130. To balance the traffic load across the cluster 135, the amount of data traffic sent to each server may be tracked and recorded for a number of historical time intervals. Some or all of the historical records may be used to estimate a current usage (Eλij). Newly received traffic that is not associated with an existing session may be scheduled to the server having the lowest utilization factor (uij), e.g., the ratio of the estimated usage to the available capacity.
With regard to the processes, systems, methods, heuristics, etc. described herein, it should be understood that, although the steps of such processes, etc. have been described as occurring according to a certain ordered sequence, such processes could be practiced with the described steps performed in an order other than the order described herein. It further should be understood that certain steps could be performed simultaneously, that other steps could be added, or that certain steps described herein could be omitted. In other words, the descriptions of processes herein are provided for the purpose of illustrating certain systems, and should in no way be construed so as to limit the claimed invention.
Accordingly, it is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many systems and applications other than the examples provided would be apparent upon reading the above description. The scope of the invention should be determined, not with reference to the above description, but should instead be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is anticipated and intended that future developments will occur in the arts discussed herein, and that the disclosed systems and methods will be incorporated into such future systems. In sum, it should be understood that the disclosure is capable of modification and variation and is limited only by the following claims.
All terms used in the claims are intended to be given their broadest reasonable constructions and their ordinary meanings as understood by those skilled in the art unless an explicit indication to the contrary is made herein. In particular, use of the singular articles such as “a,” “the,” “said,” etc. should be read to recite one or more of the indicated elements unless a claim recites explicitly to the contrary.
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networks packet applications voice video video telephony voice email messaging ability services network customers bundling services services session connections network devices example data transmission devices series data transmissions session session traffic increases network problems redundancy load cluster session servers DESCRIPTION diagram system congestion control method system diagram network device representation server cluster capacities representation server cluster capacities event server failure flowchart steps decisions process congestion control server redundancy flowchart steps decisions process server utilization factors flowchart steps decisions process scheduling packet data traffic servers cluster illustrations congestion control method session network traffic interest clarity features implementation specification course development illustration implementation decisions goals developer compliance system business constraints implementation development effort time undertaking benefit disclosure drawings numerals parts views illustrations system use congestion control method session network traffic Details elements figures overview system method data data network number network devices example end user devices phone television set box recipient initiator data traffic network Servers data traffic end user devices servers data traffic end user devices type requests data traffic cluster cluster measures servers manner example servers amounts data load scheme amounts data processing servers cluster amounts data processing capacities servers redundancy redundancy scheme cluster operations failure servers capacity server data amount data server cluster manager redundancy planning load schemes router network device cluster manager responsibility amount data server data traffic server router congestion control module redundancy planning load schemes network packet communication network network packet network computing devices communication protocol Interconnections network media wires radio frequency transmissions cables devices network switches routers simplicity illustration packet network voice video data communications network infrastructure PC phone television way set box network devices cluster session data processing devices computer software implementation network protocol network devices level protocols session facilities servers example phone instructions voice communication session network set box instructions video session network servers cluster session handling capabilities example session request network process data session session protocol application sessions networks mechanism voice video data network servers session handling router devices network router area network servers communications example computing devices router connection network cable cable router cluster manager cluster cluster manager network device cluster device cluster network approach servers 130a cluster manager approach server 130a gateway cluster network traffic congestion control module computer instructions redundancy load balancing schemes congestion control module device cluster manager router approach detail congestion module traffic servers utilization rates servers cluster server failures redundancy factors state cluster congestion module upstream servers estimation utilization rates servers utilization rates congestion module time - direction communication servers utilization rates elements network device router router elements quality service classifications data example packet data classifier classifier header packet data classification marker portion packet header classification example marker field header meter amount data router meter amount data classification policer shaper amounts meter traffic routing polices quality service guarantees service level agreements policy policer shaper packets amount data service level agreement policer shaper traffic policy scheduler responsibility cluster data processing scheduler decision priority levels data service level agreements scheduler congestion module approach congestion scheduler approach congestion scheduler input thereto representation server cluster capacities operation server capacity default ability server data server capacity approach capacities part cluster capacity capacity reduction capacity capacity periods server failure reduction capacity server redundancy factor server redundancy factor amount capacity fraction percentage capacity capacity server capacity server capacity capacity server redundancy factor redundancy cluster hand server capacity capacity server redundancy factor data processing requests failure server cluster redundancy factor values amounts capacity redundancy capacity capacity data processing sessions devices usage 220a d server amount capacity data processing sessions usage server sessions others data processing demands server session router cluster manager server data detail respect utilization factor ratio estimate usage capacity approach router data scheduling decisions traffic server meeting threshold criterion approach criterion consideration utilization factor approach criterion utilization factor servers cluster sum capacity server cluster capacity sum capacities server cluster capacity sum capacities server cluster redundant capacity cluster capacity server failures cluster cluster capacity cluster redundant capacity changes redundancy factors cluster usage sum usage server varies representation server cluster capacities failure servers X capacity server failure cluster capacity capacity server failure redundancy capacity servers capacity factor servers order capacity capacity usage 220a server sessions data processing sessions usage 220a servers cluster usage levels cluster usage router servers purpose computing device PC network device router servers software operating system level driver software signals network links operating system network protocol stack network connections devices router servers number user level operating systems art means versions varieties ® operating system operating system ® operating system operating system operating system devices number computing devices art limitation computer workstation desktop notebook laptop computer device art router servers instructions processing elements Computer instructions computer programs variety programming languages technologies art limitation combination processor microprocessor instructions memory computer medium instructions processes processes herein instructions data variety computer media computer medium medium data instructions computer medium forms media media media example disks memory media access memory memory forms computer media example disk disk disk tape medium CD medium punch cards paper tape medium patterns holes PROM EPROM FLASH EEPROM memory chip cartridge medium computer description approaches details congestion module operation monitoring detection failures servers cluster approach steps processes example steps process process period time process cluster server failures process utilization factors flowchart process congestion control server redundancy router computer medium instructions operations herein operations respect example instructions congestion control module steps process user input interactions types techniques steps user Process step parameters parameters capacities redundancy factors servers parameters user command line interface approach parameters configuration file parameters step file data step traffic load traffic load redundancy factors servers traffic loads dates times traffic load traffic load value redundancy factors step capacity server capacities redundancy factors sum capacities cluster capacity traffic load order traffic limiting capacity times failure servers cluster initialization step values capacities event server failure capacities redundancy factors steps Step steps decisions process step steps decisions process utilization factor usage time interval utilization factor interval process data time interval conclusion time interval process usage traffic load server step servers approach router servers connection ping echo approach servers communication life beat router approach router servers failures example lack response lack life beat server failure step redundancy factors failure state server failure step redundancy factors values order capacity capacity step redundancy factors parameters server failure cases redundancy factors parameters server failure redundancy factors failure state redundancy factors cluster capacity corresponds baseline traffic load step parameters example redundancy factors time date traffic loads service level cluster example service degree time redundancy factors level capacity server failures parameters times approach process traffic conditions example parameters face traffic conditions parameters process parameters adjustment process steps flowchart process server utilization factors router computer medium instructions operations herein operations respect example instructions congestion control module - process process step Process step capacity server approach capacity redundancy factor example values parameters user configuration file capacity redundancy factor capacity step usage server traffic load baseline values capacity traffic load attempts traffic load traffic load amount packet data traffic server router monitoring time intervals approach router amount packet data server milliseconds router amounts packet data traffic server router amount traffic sever time interval traffic volumes interval understanding usage server data processing load cluster scheduling decision respect usage usage approach usage moving average amounts usage intervals data processing sessions server capacity period time usage usage interval weighting factor weight interval l interval example session interval weighting factor value weight period value sessions server capacity time interval usage server time interval = w·λi j−1+(1−w)·λi approaches formulas values usage respect usages time intervals data scheduling step utilization factors server utilization factor usage ratio capacity capacity capacity redundancy factor approach utilization factor flowchart process scheduling packet data traffic servers cluster router computer medium instructions operations herein operations respect example instructions congestion control module - process process step Process step packet data traffic router respect 2b router meter mark traffic steps scheduler coordination congestion module steps traffic server cluster step packet data session example data session identifier data session step packet data server session data session data step server session process associations servers sessions step determination step packet data session data servers cluster respect utilization factors server utilization factors usage server respect capacity server utilization factor amount capacity traffic load servers cluster traffic server utilization factor steps record amount packet data traffic server step router cluster manager records amounts traffic server record time intervals time interval ms calculation utilization factors records form list data structure index value record time interval amount traffic server step associate server time interval approach servers usage rates usage rates router time communication reporting congestion control method session network traffic Session servers cluster data traffic network device router traffic handling capacity server redundancy factor capacities order redundancy capacity redundancy factors order redundancy cluster example redundancy factors times service availability times redundancy factors processing capacity event failure servers traffic load cluster amount data traffic server number time intervals records usage traffic session server utilization factor ratio usage capacity regard processes systems methods heuristics herein steps processes sequence processes steps order order herein steps steps steps herein words descriptions processes herein purpose systems way invention description systems applications examples description scope invention reference description reference claims scope equivalents claims developments arts herein systems methods systems sum disclosure modification variation claims terms claims constructions meanings art indication contrary use articles elements claim contrary
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as Internet Protocol (ip)-base network be increasingly deploy, packet-base application such as voice over IP (VoIP), IP video, video telephony (VT), integrate voice and email, and instant messaging (IM), have emerge. the ability to integrate these service over the same network have become more important as customer appreciate and demand the bundling of multiple service. many of these service benefit from session base connection between communicate network device. for example, rather than have each datum transmission between two device be consider independent from each other, a series of datum transmission may be logically group together as a session. as session base traffic increase in the network, the problem of how to provide redundancy and load balance among a cluster of session handle server have to be address.
brief description of the DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 a be a diagram of an exemplary system for implement a congestion control method;
FIG. 1b be a system diagram of an exemplary upstream network device;
FIG. 2a be a representation of server and cluster capacity;
FIG. 2b be a representation of server and cluster capacity in the event of a server failure;
FIG. 3 be a flowchart depict exemplary step and decision relate to a process for manage congestion control and server redundancy;
FIG. 4 be a flowchart depict exemplary step and decision relate to a process for update server utilization factor; and
FIG. 5 be a flowchart depict exemplary step and decision relate to a process for scheduling packet datum traffic to server in the cluster.
exemplary illustration of a congestion control method for session base network traffic be describe below. in the interest of clarity, not all feature of an actual implementation be describe in this specification. it will of course be appreciate that in the development of any such actual illustration, numerous implementation-specific decision must be make to achieve the specific goal of the developer, such as compliance with system-relate and business-relate constraint that will vary from one implementation to another. moreover, it will be appreciate that such a development effort might be complex and time-consume, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those have the benefit of this disclosure.
refer now to the drawing wherein like numeral indicate like or corresponding part throughout the several view, exemplary illustration be provide.
FIG. 1a illustrate a system 100 for use with a congestion control method for session base network traffic. detail of the element depict in the figure be include follow a brief functional overview of the system 100 and method. packetize datum on a packet datum network 105 may be transmit to and from any of a number of interconnect network device. for example, end user device such as a Personal Computer (PC) 110, a mobile phone 115, a television 120 via a set-top-box 125, etc., may be the recipient or initiator of datum traffic over the packet network 105. server 130a-c may receive and process datum traffic from the end user device. moreover, the server 130a-c may provide responsive datum traffic to the end user device. when multiple server 130a-c collectively handle the same type of request and datum traffic, they may be arrange into a cluster 135.
when arrange as the cluster 135, additional measure may need to be implement to ensure that the server 130 be utilize in a suitable manner. for example, it may be desirable to have similarly situate server 130 handle correspond amount of datum. accordingly, a load-balance scheme may be implement to assign certain amount of datum processing to particular server 130 of the cluster. additionally, certain amount of the datum processing capacity of the server 130 may need to be reserve for redundancy. a redundancy scheme may allow the cluster 135 to maintain normal operation even with a failure of one of the server 130.
by focus on the capacity of each server to process datum as well as on the amount of datum actually process by each server 130, a single cluster manager may be able to implement both redundancy planning and load-balance scheme. a router 140, or any other network device act as the cluster manager, may have the responsibility of track the amount of datum actually process by each server 130 and schedule new datum traffic to a particular server. accordingly, the router 140 may provide a congestion control module 145 to implement the redundancy planning and load-balance scheme.
the packet network 105 may be a packet switch communication network such as an Internet Protocol (IP) network. the packet network 105 generally interconnect various computing device and the like through a common communication protocol, e.g. the Internet Protocol. interconnection in and with the packet network 105 may be make by various medium include wire, radio frequency transmission, and optical cable. other device connect to and include with the packet network 105, e.g., switch, router, etc., be omit for simplicity of illustration in FIG. 1. the packet network 105 may interface with an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), which integrate voice, video, and data communication on the same network infrastructure.
the pc 110, mobile phone 115, and television 120 by way of a set-top-box 125 merely represent three of many possible network device capable of connect to the cluster 135 for session base datum processing. each of these device have computer software include an implementation of the network protocol need to communicate over the packet network 105. additionally, the device may also implement high level protocol to interface with the session handle facility of the server 130. for example, the mobile phone 115 may include instruction for conduct a voice communication base session over the packet network 105. likewise, the set-top-box 125 may include instruction for conduct a video base session over the packet network 105.
the server 130 of the cluster 135 generally provide session handling capability. for example, they may be able to initiate a session base on a request from one of the network device 110, 115, 125, etc., process datum during the session, and terminate the session as necessary. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) be a signal protocol for initiate, manage and terminate application session in IP network, and provide a mechanism to allow voice, video, and datum to be integrate over the same network. accordingly, the server 130 may implement SIP for session handling.
the router 140 may interconnect one or more compute device, e.g., server 130, to the packet network 105. moreover, the router 108 may establish and operate a local area network (LAN) for the server 130, and may route certain communication thereof. for example the computing device 110 may be connect to the router 108 use a wireless connection, a network cable such as a "cat5" cable, or the like.
the router 140 may far act as the cluster manager of the cluster 135. the cluster manager may be an upstream network device to the cluster 135 such as a device position between the cluster and the packet network 105. however, in another exemplary approach, one of the server, e.g., 130a, may be designate as the cluster manager. in such an approach, the designate server 130a may be consider upstream in that it act as a gateway of the cluster 135 for incoming network traffic.
the congestion control module 145 may include computer instruction for implement redundancy and load balancing scheme. the congestion control module will be provide by the device act as the cluster manager, e.g., the router 140 as depict in the exemplary approach of FIG. 1. as will be discuss in detail below, the congestion control module 145 may continuously schedule incoming traffic to particular server 130, calculate utilization rate of the server, monitor the cluster 135 for server failure, and update redundancy factor base on the state of the cluster. position the congestion control module 145 upstream from the server 130 may allow for the estimation of current utilization rate of the server. estimate utilization rate by the congestion control module 145 may eliminate time consume bi-direction communication between the server 130 and router 140 to determine the actual current utilization rate.
FIG. 1b illustrate the element of an exemplary upstream network device, such as the router 140. as illustrate, the router 140 may include element for guarantee the quality of service for different classification of datum. for example, the incoming packet datum 155 may first encounter a classifier 160. the classifier 160 may inspect the header of the packet datum 155 to identify the proper classification. a marker 165 may write, or rewrite, a portion of the packet header to more clearly identify the determined classification. for example, the marker 165 may write to the Differentiated Service Code Point (DSCP) field of the header.
a meter 170 may track the amount of incoming datum 155 process by the router 140. moreover, the meter 170 may track the amount of datum 155 for each classification. a policer/shaper 175 may use the track amount from the meter 170 to enforce particular traffic routing police, e.g., quality of service guarantee, service level agreement, etc. to enforce a policy, the policer/shaper 175 may drop packet if the track amount of datum 155 exceed the service level agreement. additionally, the policer/shaper 175 may buffer or delay traffic that fail to conform to policy be enforce. a scheduler 180 have the responsibility of decide which packet to forward to the cluster 135 for datum processing. the scheduler typically base its decision on the priority level of the datum as well as on the service level agreement. however, the scheduler 180 may be far influence by the congestion control module 145. in one exemplary approach, the congestion control module 145 may be integrate into the scheduler 180. however, in another exemplary approach, the congestion control module 145 may be distinct from the scheduler 180 while still provide input thereto.
FIG. 2a illustrate a representation 200 of server and cluster capacity during normal operation. each server 130 may have an actual capacity 205, which represent the normal or default ability of a server to process datum. as depict, each server 130 have the same actual capacity 205a-d. however, in another exemplary approach, server 130 with different actual capacity may be part of the same cluster 135.
the actual capacity 205 may be artificially limit or reduce to an available capacity 210. the reduction of the actual capacity 205 provide redundant capacity 215 that be reserve for period in which there be a server failure. the reduction of the actual capacity 205 of each server 130 may differ. accordingly, a respective redundancy factor, ri, i=1, 2, . . . , n, where 0≦ri≦1, may be establish for each server 130. the redundancy factor ri state the amount of redundant capacity as a fraction or percentage of the actual capacity 205. accordingly, the available capacity 210a for each server 130 will be express as (Actual Capacity*(1−ri)), while the redundant capacity 215 will be express as (Actual Capacity*ri)
if ri=0, it be assume that the server 130 be expect to have an available capacity 210 equal to the actual capacity 205. accordingly, any server with a redundancy factor of zero (ri=0) will not provide any redundancy to the cluster 135. on the other hand, if ri=1, then the server will limit its entire actual capacity 205 for redundant capacity 215. moreover, any server with a redundancy factor of one (ri=1) will not handle any datum processing request unless there have be a failure of another server in the cluster 135. in general, high redundancy factor value limit large amount of actual capacity 205 for redundancy capacity 215.
the available capacity 210 may be use to handle datum processing session from remote device. a current usage 220a-d of each server reflect the amount of the available capacity 210 that be currently be use to handle datum processing session. the current usage 220 will typically fluctuate as the server 130 receive new session and complete other. moreover, the data processing demand on the server 130 may vary throughout a session. the router 140, or equivalent cluster manager, may determine which server 130 should handle newly receive packet datum. as will be discuss in detail with respect to FIG. 4, a utilization factor may be define as the ratio of the estimate of current usage 200 over the available capacity 210. in one exemplary approach, the router 140 may implement packet datum scheduling decision by direct incoming traffic to the server meeting at least one threshold criterion. in one illustrative approach the criterion include a consideration of utilization factor and in another approach the criterion be the low utilization factor.
because the server 130 act together as a cluster 135, the sum of the actual capacity 205 of each server define an actual cluster capacity 240. similarly, the sum of the available capacity 210 of each server define an available cluster capacity 250. the sum of the redundant capacity 215 of each server define a cluster redundant capacity 255. the actual cluster capacity 240 will remain constant so long as there be no server failure in the cluster 135. likewise, the available cluster capacity 250 and the cluster redundant capacity 255 will remain constant so long as there be no change to the any of the redundancy factor (ri). however, a cluster usage 260 will fluctuate as the sum of the current usage 220 of each server varie.
FIG. 2b illustrate a representation 202 of server and cluster capacity during a failure of one of the server. as indicate by the X, the actual capacity 205a be currently unavailable due to a server failure. accordingly, the actual cluster capacity 240 be reduce by the actual capacity 205a of the fail server 130. because of the failure, the redundancy capacity 215 of the remain server may be reallocate as available capacity 210. moreover, the redundant factor of the remain server may be set to zero (ri=0) in order to cause the available capacity 210 to fully encompass the actual capacity 205. the current usage 220a of the fail server 130 represent session with incomplete or unfinished datum processing. accordingly, the session encompass the current usage 220a may be redistribute to the remain server of the cluster 135, thereby increase the current usage 220b-d level thereof. as expect, the cluster usage 260 will typically remain unchanged.
the router 140 and server 130 may be any general purpose computing device, such as a pc, or a specialized network device. the router 140 and server 130 may have software, such as an operating system with low-level driver software, and the like, for receive signal over network link. the operating system may also include a network protocol stack, for establish and accept network connection from remote device.
the router 140 and server 130 may employ any of a number of user-level and embed operating system know to those skilled in the art, include, but by no mean limit to, know version and/or variety of the Microsoft Windows® operating system, the Unix operating system (e.g., the Solaris® operating system distribute by Sun Microsystems of Menlo Park, Calif.), the AIX UNIX operating system distribute by International Business Machines of Armonk, N.Y., and the Linux operating system. Computing device may include any one of a number of computing device know to those skilled in the art, include, without limitation, a computer workstation, a desktop, notebook, laptop, or handheld computer, or some other compute device know to those skilled in the art.
the router 140 and server 130 may include instruction executable by one or more processing element such as those list above. computer-executable instruction may be compile or interpret from computer program create use a variety of programming language and/or technology know to those skilled in the art, include, without limitation, and either alone or in combination, Java™, C, C++, Visual Basic, Java Script, Perl, etc. in general, a processor (e.g., a microprocessor) receive instruction, e.g., from a memory, a computer-readable medium, etc., and execute these instruction, thereby perform one or more process, include one or more of the process describe herein. such instruction and other datum may be store and transmit use a variety of know computer-readable medium.
a computer-readable medium include any medium that participate in provide datum (e.g., instruction), which may be read by a computer. such a medium may take many form, include, but not limit to, non-volatile medium, and volatile medium. non-volatile medium include, for example, optical or magnetic disk and other persistent memory. volatile medium include dynamic random access memory (DRAM), which typically constitute a main memory. common form of computer-readable medium include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a cd-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch card, paper tape, any other physical medium with pattern of hole, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a flash-EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other medium from which a computer can read.
FIGS. 3-5 and the description thereof below present exemplary approach to the functional detail of the congestion control module 145. as illustrate, process 300, 400 and 500 all operate concurrently. concurrent operation may allow for the constant monitoring and detection of any failure in the server 130 of the cluster 135. however, in another exemplary approach, the step of the process may be rearrange to operate sequentially. for example, after the initial set-up step of process 300, process 400 may operate repeatedly for a period of time. subsequently, process 400 may be pause while the cluster 135 be check for server failure and process 500 update the utilization factor.
FIG. 3 illustrate a flowchart of an exemplary process 300 for manage congestion control and server redundancy. the router 140 may include a computer-readable medium have store instruction for carry out certain operation describe herein, include some or all of the operation describe with respect to process 300. for example, some or all of such instruction may be include in the congestion control module 145. as describe below, some step of process 300 may include user input and interaction. however, it be to be understand that fully automated or other type of programmatic technique may implement step that include user input.
process 300 begin in step 305 by receive initial parameter. the initial parameter include at least the actual capacity 205 and redundancy factor for each of the server 130. the parameter may be receive from user input, e.g., via a command line interface, Graphical User Interface, etc. in another exemplary approach, the parameter may be provide in a configuration file, or the like. accordingly, the parameter may be receive in step 305 by open the file for read and extract the relevant datum.
next, in step 310, an expected traffic load may be establish. the expected traffic load may be use to alter or set the redundancy factor of the server. historical traffic load for similar date and time may be use to establish the expected traffic load. moreover, the expect traffic load preset a baseline value to be use when initially set the redundancy factor.
next, in step 315, the actual capacity 205 of each server may be limit to respective available capacity 210 base on the redundancy factor. in generally, the sum of the available capacity 210, also refer to as the available cluster capacity 250, will correspond to the expected traffic load in order to ensure that all expect traffic will be able to be process. moreover, the limiting provide redundant capacity 215 which be reserve for time in which there be a failure of one of the server 130 of the cluster 135. this initialization step set baseline value for the available capacity 210. however, in the event of a server failure, the available capacity 210 may be alter by change the respective redundancy factor.
follow, step 315, step 320, 325, and 330 may operate concurrently as discuss above. step 320 include the step and decision of process 500 discuss below. similarly, step 325 include the step and decision of process 400, also discuss below. because the utilization factor (uij) be base on the estimate current usage for the give time interval (j), the utilization factor will be calculate at each interval. the process will continue to schedule the datum for the give time interval. at the conclusion of a time interval, the process must update the current usage base on the recent traffic load of each server.
in step 330, it be determined whether any of the server 130 have fail. in one exemplary approach, the router 140 may attempt to contact the server 130, e.g., by initiate a connection, transmit a so-call ping (Internet Control Message Protocol echo), etc. in another exemplary approach, the server 130 may be configure to send out a communication, sometimes refer to as a life beat, to the router 140. no matter the approach, the router 140 will continuously monitor the server 130 for failure. for example, the lack of a response or the lack of a life beat may be indicative of a server failure.
in step 335, the redundancy factor be set to a failure state if a server failure be detect in step 340. as discuss above, the redundancy factor may be dynamically set to a high value, e.g., one, in order to allocate all of the redundant capacity 215 as available capacity 210.
in step 340, the redundancy factor be set to the initial parameter if a server failure be not detect. in most case the redundancy factor will already be set to the initial parameter. however, if the functionally of a server 130 have just be restore follow a failure, the redundancy factor may need to be change from the failure state. as discuss above, the redundancy factor may be establish such that the available cluster capacity 250 correspond to the baseline or expect traffic load.
next, in step 345, the parameter may be adjust. for example, the redundancy factor may vary base on time and date to correspond with expect traffic load and the service level that need to be provide by the cluster 135. for example, if service must be guarantee to a high degree for a certain time, the redundancy factor may be set to a low level to ensure there be redundant capacity 215 to accommodate any server failure. accordingly, the parameter may be schedule for particular time. however, in another exemplary approach, process 300 may be adaptive to current traffic condition. for example, the parameter may automatically adjust in the face of change traffic condition.
if the parameter need to be adjust, process 300 may return to step 305 to receive the new parameter. however, if no adjustment be require, process 300 may return to concurrent step 320, 325, and 330.
FIG. 4 illustrate a flowchart of an exemplary process 400 for update server utilization factor. the router 140 may include a computer-readable medium have store instruction for carry out certain operation describe herein, include some or all of the operation describe with respect to process 400. for example, some or all of such instruction may be include in the congestion control module 145. as discuss above, process 400 may be sub-process for process 300, e.g., in step 325.
process 400 begin in step 405 by determine the available capacity 210 of each server. in one exemplary approach, the actual capacity 205 and the respective redundancy factor (ri) may be retrieve. for example, these value may be provide as initial parameter via user input, a configuration file, etc. the actual capacity 205 may be multiply by the redundancy factor (1−ri) to determine the limit available capacity 210.
next, in step 410, the current usage 220 of each server 130 may be estimate. unlike the expected traffic load discuss above for set baseline value for the available capacity, the estimate traffic load attempt to determine the current or actual traffic load. because it may be too costly to constantly monitor the actual traffic load, e.g., amount of packet datum traffic send to a server 130, the router may break the monitoring into discrete time interval. in one exemplary approach, the router 140 may monitor the amount of packet datum send to a server every 200 millisecond. accordingly, the router 140 only know historical amount of packet datum traffic send to a server 130. moreover, the router may not know the actual amount of traffic send to a sever during the instant time interval. however, because traffic volume could potentially change dramatically even during a brief interval, an understanding of the current usage 220 of a server 130 be important for properly balance the data processing load over the cluster 135. moreover, the scheduling decision (discuss with respect to FIG. 5) be ideally base on an estimate current usage (Eλij) and not on historical usage.
in one exemplary approach, the current usage 220 may be base on a weighted moving average of the actual amount of usage in prior interval (λi,j−1), (λi,j−2), etc. because the data processing may be base on session which exist and draw on server capacity for a period of time, it may be useful to base the current usage on more than just the actual usage of the most recent interval (λi,j−1). a weighting factor (0≦w≦1) may be select to allocate the weight give to the most recent interval (λi,j l) and the second most recent interval (λi,j−2). for example, if it be unusual for a typical session to extend beyond a single interval, the weighting factor (w) may be set to a high value to give more weight the most recent period. similarly, a low value of (w) may be select if it be likely that session draw on server capacity 210 for more than one time interval. accordingly, the estimate current usage (Eλij) of each (i) server at each (j) time interval may be represent as Eλij=w·λi,j−1+(1−w)·λi,j−2. in other exemplary approach, formula that take even more historical value of the actual usage may be appropriate. as will be discuss with respect to FIG. 5, the actual usage for prior time interval (λi,j−1) (λi,j−2), etc., may be store during the packet datum scheduling.
next, in step 415, utilization factor for each server 130 may be calculate. the utilization factor may represent the estimate current usage (Eλij) as a ratio to the available capacity 210, where the available capacity be the actual capacity limit by the redundancy factor (ri). in one exemplary approach, the utilization factor (uij) may be express as
FIG. 5 illustrate a flowchart of an exemplary process 500 for scheduling packet datum traffic to server in the cluster. the router 140 may include a computer-readable medium have store instruction for carry out certain operation describe herein, include some or all of the operation describe with respect to process 500. for example, some or all of such instruction may be include in the congestion control module 145. as discuss above, process 500 may be sub-process for process 300, e.g., in step 320.
process 500 begin in step 505 when incoming packet datum traffic 155 be receive by the router 140. as discuss above with respect to FIG. 2b, the router may classify, meter, mark, and shape the traffic as necessary. subsequent to these preliminary step, the scheduler 180, in coordination with the congestion control module 145, may proceed with the following step to further process and direct the traffic to a particular server 130 of the cluster 135.
next, in step 510, it be determined whether the received packet datum belong to an exist session. for example, the datum may include a session identifier thereby associate the datum with a particular session.
in step 515, the packet datum will be schedule to the server 130 that be already handle the session to which the datum belong. the session datum from step 510 may be use to determine which server be handle a particular session. while not depict, process 500 may also store association between the server 130 and session be process thereby.
in step 520, follow the determination in step 510 that the packet datum do not belong to an exist session, the datum will be schedule to one of the server 130 of the cluster 135. as discuss above with respect to process 400, utilization factor may be maintain and update for each server. the utilization factor express the estimate usage of the server 130 with respect to the available capacity 210. the server with the high utilization factor have the least amount of unused available capacity 210. to effectively balance the traffic load between the server 130 of the cluster 135, the new traffic may be schedule to the server 130 have the low utilization factor.
follow both step 515 and 520, the record of the amount of packet datum traffic send to the server 130 may be update in step 525. the router 140, or cluster manager, may keep historical record of the amount of traffic send to each server, e.g., a record for each of the last five time interval. as discuss above, a time interval, e.g., 200 ms, may be define for break down the calculation of the utilization factor. the historical record may be in the form of a circular list, or equivalent datum structure, with an index value, e.g., 0-4, use to identify the record associate with the current time interval. accordingly, the amount of the traffic schedule to the server in either step 515 or step 520 will be add to the record associate with the server and the current time interval. while in another exemplary approach, the server 130 could report back their actual current usage rate, monitor estimate usage rate by the router 140 may eliminate time consume bi-directional communication require for such reporting.
accordingly, an exemplary congestion control method for session base network traffic have be describe. session handle server 130 arrange in a cluster 135 may receive packet datum traffic 155 from an upstream network device such as a router 140. the actual traffic handling capacity 205 of each server 130 may be limit by a redundancy factor (ri) to respective available capacity 210 in order to provide redundancy capacity 215. the redundancy factor (ri) may be alter dynamically in order to provide more or less redundancy in the cluster 135. for example, the redundancy factor (ri) may be decrease during time in which service availability be critically important. at other time, the redundancy factor may be increase to provide more available processing capacity 210, which may be useful in the event of a failure of one of the server 130. to balance the traffic load across the cluster 135, the amount of datum traffic send to each server may be track and record for a number of historical time interval. some or all of the historical record may be use to estimate a current usage (Eλij). newly receive traffic that be not associate with an exist session may be schedule to the server have the low utilization factor (uij), e.g., the ratio of the estimate usage to the available capacity.
with regard to the process, system, method, heuristic, etc. describe herein, it should be understand that, although the step of such process, etc. have be describe as occur accord to a certain order sequence, such process could be practice with the describe step perform in an order other than the order describe herein. it far should be understand that certain step could be perform simultaneously, that other step could be add, or that certain step describe herein could be omit. in other word, the description of process herein be provide for the purpose of illustrate certain system, and should in no way be construe so as to limit the claim invention.
accordingly, it be to be understand that the above description be intend to be illustrative and not restrictive. many system and application other than the example provide would be apparent upon read the above description. the scope of the invention should be determine, not with reference to the above description, but should instead be determine with reference to the appended claim, along with the full scope of equivalent to which such claim be entitle. it be anticipate and intend that future development will occur in the art discuss herein, and that the disclose system and method will be incorporate into such future system. in sum, it should be understand that the disclosure be capable of modification and variation and be limit only by the following claim.
all term use in the claim be intend to be give their broad reasonable construction and their ordinary meaning as understand by those skilled in the art unless an explicit indication to the contrary be make herein. in particular, use of the singular article such as "a," "the," "say," etc. should be read to recite one or more of the indicate element unless a claim recite explicitly to the contrary.
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ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB networks AUX ADV VERB PUNCT packet PUNCT VERB applications ADJ ADP voice ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT IP video PUNCT video telephony PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB voice CCONJ email PUNCT CCONJ instant messaging PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT AUX VERB PUNCT DET ability PART VERB DET services ADP DET ADJ network AUX VERB ADV ADJ ADP customers VERB CCONJ VERB DET bundling ADP ADJ services PUNCT ADJ ADP DET services VERB ADP session VERB connections ADP VERB network devices PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADV ADP VERB DET data transmission ADP NUM devices AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT DET series ADP data transmissions AUX AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP DET session PUNCT ADP session VERB traffic VERB ADP DET network PUNCT DET problems ADP SCONJ PART VERB redundancy CCONJ load balancing ADP DET cluster ADP session VERB servers AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE ADJ DESCRIPTION ADP DET DRAWINGS SPACE FIG . NUM a AUX DET diagram ADP DET ADJ system ADP VERB DET congestion control method PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET system diagram ADP DET ADJ ADJ network device PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET representation ADP server CCONJ cluster capacities PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET representation ADP server CCONJ cluster capacities ADP DET event ADP DET server failure PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET flowchart VERB ADJ steps CCONJ decisions VERB ADP DET process ADP VERB congestion control CCONJ server redundancy PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET flowchart VERB ADJ steps CCONJ decisions VERB ADP DET process ADP VERB server utilization factors PUNCT CCONJ SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET flowchart VERB ADJ steps CCONJ decisions VERB ADP DET process ADP VERB packet data traffic ADP servers ADP DET cluster PUNCT SPACE ADJ illustrations ADP DET congestion control method ADP session VERB network traffic AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADP DET interest ADP clarity PUNCT PART DET features ADP DET ADJ implementation AUX VERB ADP DET specification PUNCT PRON AUX ADP course AUX VERB SCONJ ADP DET development ADP DET ADJ ADJ illustration PUNCT ADJ implementation PUNCT ADJ decisions AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ goals ADP DET developer PUNCT ADJ ADP compliance ADP system PUNCT VERB CCONJ business PUNCT VERB constraints PRON AUX VERB ADP NUM implementation ADP DET PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB SCONJ DET DET development effort AUX AUX ADJ CCONJ time PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADV AUX DET ADJ undertaking ADP DET VERB DET benefit ADP DET disclosure PUNCT SPACE VERB ADV ADP DET drawings SCONJ ADJ numerals VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ parts ADP DET ADJ views PUNCT ADJ illustrations AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET system NUM ADP use ADP DET congestion control method ADP session VERB network traffic PUNCT Details ADP DET elements VERB ADP DET figures AUX VERB VERB DET ADJ ADJ overview ADP DET system NUM CCONJ method PUNCT ADJ data ADP DET packet data network NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP CCONJ ADP DET ADP DET number ADP ADJ network devices PUNCT ADP example PUNCT end user devices ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET ADJ phone NUM PUNCT DET television NUM ADP DET set PUNCT top PUNCT box NUM PUNCT X X PUNCT AUX AUX DET recipient CCONJ initiator ADP data traffic ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT Servers NUM PUNCT c AUX VERB CCONJ VERB data traffic ADP DET end user devices PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET servers NUM PUNCT c AUX VERB ADJ data traffic ADP DET end user devices PUNCT SCONJ ADJ servers NUM PUNCT c ADV VERB DET ADJ type ADP requests CCONJ data traffic PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT SPACE SCONJ VERB ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADJ measures AUX VERB PART AUX VERB PART VERB SCONJ DET servers NUM AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ manner PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ PART AUX ADV VERB servers NUM VERB ADJ amounts ADP data PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET load PUNCT VERB scheme AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ amounts ADP data processing ADP ADJ servers NUM ADP DET cluster PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ amounts ADP DET data processing capacities ADP DET servers NUM AUX VERB PART AUX VERB ADP redundancy PUNCT DET redundancy scheme AUX VERB DET cluster NUM PART VERB ADJ operations ADV ADP DET failure ADP NUM ADP DET servers NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP VERB ADP DET capacity ADP DET server PART VERB data ADV ADV ADP ADP DET amount ADP data ADV VERB ADP DET server NUM PUNCT DET ADJ cluster manager AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB CCONJ redundancy planning CCONJ load PUNCT balancing schemes PUNCT DET router NUM PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ network device VERB ADP DET cluster manager PUNCT AUX AUX DET responsibility ADP VERB DET amount ADP data ADV VERB ADP DET server PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ data traffic ADP DET ADJ server PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB DET congestion control module NUM PART VERB DET redundancy planning CCONJ load PUNCT balancing schemes PUNCT SPACE DET packet network NUM AUX AUX DET packet VERB communication network ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT network PUNCT DET packet network NUM ADV VERB ADJ VERB devices CCONJ DET ADJ ADP DET ADJ communication protocol PUNCT X DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT Interconnections ADP CCONJ ADP DET packet network NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ media VERB wires PUNCT radio frequency transmissions PUNCT CCONJ ADJ cables PUNCT ADJ devices VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT X PUNCT switches PUNCT routers PUNCT X X PUNCT AUX VERB ADP simplicity ADP illustration ADP PROPN . NUM PUNCT DET packet network NUM AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB voice PUNCT video PUNCT CCONJ data communications ADP DET ADJ network infrastructure PUNCT SPACE DET PC NUM PUNCT ADJ phone NUM PUNCT CCONJ television NUM ADP way ADP DET set PUNCT top PUNCT box NUM ADV VERB NUM ADP ADJ ADJ network devices ADJ ADP VERB ADP DET cluster NUM ADP session VERB data processing PUNCT DET ADP DET devices AUX computer software VERB DET implementation ADP DET network protocol VERB PART VERB ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET devices AUX ADV VERB ADJ level protocols PART VERB ADP DET session handling facilities ADP DET servers NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET ADJ phone NUM AUX VERB instructions ADP VERB DET voice communication VERB session ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET set PUNCT top PUNCT box NUM AUX VERB instructions ADP VERB DET video VERB session ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT SPACE DET servers NUM ADP DET cluster NUM ADV VERB session handling capabilities PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB DET session VERB ADP DET request ADP NUM ADP DET network devices NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT X X PUNCT process data ADP DET session PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET session ADP ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX DET VERB protocol ADP VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB application sessions ADP IP networks PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET mechanism PART VERB voice PUNCT video PUNCT CCONJ data PART AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ network PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET servers NUM AUX VERB PROPN ADP session handling PUNCT SPACE DET router NUM AUX VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ VERB devices PUNCT X PUNCT servers NUM PUNCT ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB CCONJ VERB DET ADJ area network PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET servers NUM PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADJ communications ADV PUNCT ADP example DET VERB devices NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET router NUM VERB DET ADJ connection PUNCT DET network cable ADJ ADP DET PUNCT PROPN PUNCT cable PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET router NUM AUX ADV VERB ADP DET cluster manager ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT DET cluster manager AUX AUX DET ADJ network device ADP DET cluster NUM ADJ ADP DET device VERB ADP DET cluster CCONJ DET packet network NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT NUM ADP DET servers PUNCT X PUNCT NUM PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET cluster manager PUNCT ADP DET DET approach PUNCT DET VERB server NUM AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP SCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET gateway ADP DET cluster NUM ADP ADJ network traffic PUNCT SPACE DET congestion control module NUM AUX VERB computer instructions ADP VERB redundancy CCONJ load balancing schemes PUNCT DET congestion control module AUX AUX VERB ADP DET device VERB ADP DET cluster manager PUNCT X PUNCT DET router NUM ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ approach ADP FIG . NUM PUNCT ADP AUX AUX VERB ADP detail ADV PUNCT DET congestion control module NUM AUX ADV VERB ADJ traffic ADP ADJ servers NUM PUNCT VERB utilization rates ADP DET servers PUNCT VERB DET cluster NUM ADP server failures PUNCT CCONJ VERB redundancy factors VERB ADP DET state ADP DET cluster PUNCT VERB DET congestion control module NUM ADV ADP DET servers NUM AUX VERB ADP DET estimation ADP ADJ utilization rates ADP DET servers PUNCT VERB utilization rates ADP DET congestion control module NUM AUX VERB time VERB ADJ - direction communication ADP DET servers NUM CCONJ router NUM PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ utilization rates PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET elements ADP DET ADJ ADJ network device PUNCT ADJ ADP DET router NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB elements ADP VERB DET quality ADP service ADP ADJ classifications ADP data PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET ADJ packet data NUM AUX ADV VERB DET classifier NUM PUNCT DET classifier NUM AUX VERB DET header ADP DET packet data NUM PART VERB DET ADJ classification PUNCT DET marker NUM AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET portion ADP DET packet header PART ADV ADV VERB DET VERB classification PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET marker NUM AUX VERB ADP DET VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT field ADP DET header PUNCT SPACE DET meter NUM AUX VERB DET amount ADP ADJ data NUM VERB ADP DET router NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET meter NUM AUX VERB DET amount ADP data NUM ADP DET classification PUNCT DET policer PUNCT shaper NUM AUX VERB DET VERB amounts ADP DET meter NUM PART VERB ADJ traffic routing polices PUNCT X PUNCT quality ADP service guarantees PUNCT service level agreements PUNCT X PUNCT PART VERB DET policy PUNCT DET policer SYM shaper NUM AUX VERB packets SCONJ DET VERB amount ADP data NUM VERB DET service level agreement PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET policer SYM shaper NUM AUX VERB CCONJ VERB traffic PRON VERB PART VERB ADP policy AUX VERB PUNCT DET scheduler NUM AUX DET responsibility ADP VERB DET packets PART VERB ADP DET cluster NUM ADP data processing PUNCT DET scheduler ADV VERB PRON decision ADP DET priority levels ADP DET data ADV ADV ADP ADP DET service level agreements PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET scheduler NUM AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET congestion control module NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET scheduler NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT DET congestion control module NUM AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET scheduler NUM SCONJ ADV VERB input ADV PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET representation NUM ADP server CCONJ cluster capacities ADP ADJ operation PUNCT DET server NUM AUX AUX DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT DET VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ability ADP DET server PART VERB data PUNCT ADP VERB PUNCT DET server NUM AUX DET ADJ ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT d. ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT servers NUM ADP ADJ ADJ capacities AUX AUX part ADP DET ADJ cluster NUM PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ capacity NUM AUX AUX ADV VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT DET reduction ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM VERB ADJ capacity NUM PRON AUX VERB ADP periods ADP DET PRON AUX DET server failure PUNCT DET reduction ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET server NUM AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ redundancy factor PUNCT ri PUNCT i=1 PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT n PUNCT SCONJ 0≦ri≦1 PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET server NUM PUNCT DET redundancy factor ri VERB DET amount ADP ADJ capacity ADP DET fraction CCONJ percentage ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET server NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN Capacity*(1−ri PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ capacity NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE SCONJ ri=0 PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET server NUM AUX VERB PART AUX DET ADJ capacity NUM ADJ ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET server ADP DET redundancy factor ADP NUM PUNCT ri=0 PUNCT AUX PART VERB DET redundancy ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADP DET ADJ hand PUNCT SCONJ X PUNCT ADV DET server AUX VERB PRON ADJ ADJ capacity NUM ADP ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET server ADP DET redundancy factor ADP NUM PUNCT ri=1 PUNCT AUX PART VERB DET data VERB requests SCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET failure ADP DET server ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ redundancy factor values VERB ADJ amounts ADP ADJ capacity NUM ADP redundancy capacity NUM PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ capacity NUM AUX AUX VERB PART VERB data VERB sessions ADP ADJ devices PUNCT DET ADJ usage NUM PUNCT d ADP DET server VERB DET amount ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PRON AUX ADV AUX VERB PART VERB data VERB sessions PUNCT DET ADJ usage NUM AUX ADV VERB ADP DET server NUM VERB ADJ sessions CCONJ VERB others PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET data VERB demands ADP DET server NUM AUX VERB ADP DET session PUNCT DET router NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADJ cluster manager PUNCT AUX VERB DET server NUM AUX VERB ADV VERB packet data PUNCT ADP AUX AUX VERB ADP detail ADP respect ADP FIG . NUM PUNCT DET utilization factor AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ratio ADP DET estimate ADP ADJ usage NUM ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB packet data scheduling decisions ADP VERB ADJ traffic ADP DET server VERB ADV ADV NUM threshold criterion PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach DET criterion VERB DET consideration ADP utilization factor CCONJ ADP DET approach DET criterion AUX DET ADJ utilization factor PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET servers NUM VERB ADV ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT DET sum ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET server VERB DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET sum ADP DET ADJ capacities NUM ADP DET server VERB DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM PUNCT DET sum ADP DET ADJ capacities NUM ADP DET server VERB DET cluster ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM AUX VERB ADJ ADV ADV ADP PRON AUX DET server failures ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM CCONJ DET cluster ADJ capacity NUM AUX VERB ADJ ADV ADV ADP PRON AUX DET changes ADP DET DET ADP DET redundancy factors PUNCT ri PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET cluster usage NUM AUX VERB ADP DET sum ADP DET ADJ usage NUM ADP DET server VERB PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET representation NUM ADP server CCONJ cluster capacities ADP DET failure ADP NUM ADP DET servers PUNCT ADP VERB ADP DET X PUNCT DET ADJ capacity NUM AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADP DET server failure PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET VERB server NUM PUNCT SCONJ ADP DET failure PUNCT DET redundancy capacity NUM ADP DET VERB servers AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ factor ADP DET VERB servers AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT ri=0 PUNCT ADP order PART VERB DET ADJ capacity NUM PART ADV VERB DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT DET ADJ usage NUM ADP DET VERB server NUM VERB sessions ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ data processing PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET sessions VERB DET ADJ usage NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET VERB servers ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADV VERB DET ADJ usage 220b PUNCT d levels ADV PUNCT ADP VERB PUNCT DET cluster usage NUM AUX ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET router NUM CCONJ servers NUM AUX AUX DET ADJ purpose computing device PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PC PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ network device PUNCT DET router NUM CCONJ servers NUM AUX AUX software PUNCT ADJ ADP DET operating system ADP ADJ PUNCT level driver software PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT ADP VERB signals ADP network links PUNCT DET operating system AUX ADV VERB DET network protocol stack PUNCT ADP VERB CCONJ VERB network connections ADP ADJ devices PUNCT SPACE DET router NUM CCONJ servers NUM AUX VERB DET ADP DET number ADP user PUNCT level CCONJ VERB operating systems VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP DET art PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET means VERB ADP PUNCT VERB versions CCONJ varieties ADP DET PROPN PROPN NUM VERB system PUNCT DET PROPN operating system PUNCT X PUNCT DET PROPN NUM VERB system VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN operating system VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN VERB system PUNCT Computing devices AUX VERB DET NUM ADP DET number ADP VERB devices VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP DET art PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADP limitation PUNCT DET computer workstation PUNCT DET desktop PUNCT notebook PUNCT laptop PUNCT CCONJ ADJ computer PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ computing device VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP DET art PUNCT SPACE DET router NUM CCONJ servers NUM AUX VERB instructions ADJ ADP NUM CCONJ ADJ processing elements ADJ ADP DET VERB ADV PUNCT Computer PUNCT ADJ instructions AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP computer programs VERB VERB DET variety ADP programming languages CCONJ technologies VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP DET art PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADP limitation PUNCT CCONJ CCONJ ADV CCONJ ADP combination PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT X PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT DET processor PUNCT X PUNCT DET microprocessor PUNCT VERB instructions PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET memory PUNCT DET computer PUNCT ADJ medium PUNCT X X PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET instructions PUNCT ADV VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ processes PUNCT VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ ADP DET processes VERB ADV PUNCT ADJ instructions CCONJ ADJ data AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB VERB DET variety ADP VERB computer PUNCT ADJ media PUNCT SPACE DET computer PUNCT ADJ medium VERB DET medium PRON VERB ADP VERB data PUNCT X PUNCT instructions PUNCT PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB ADP DET computer PUNCT ADJ DET medium AUX VERB ADJ forms PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ PART VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ media PUNCT CCONJ ADJ media PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ media VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ disks CCONJ ADJ ADJ memory PUNCT ADJ media VERB ADJ ADJ access memory PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV VERB DET ADJ memory PUNCT ADJ forms ADP computer PUNCT ADJ media VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET ADJ disk PUNCT DET ADJ disk PUNCT ADJ disk PUNCT ADJ tape PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ medium PUNCT DET CD PUNCT ROM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ medium PUNCT punch cards PUNCT paper tape PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ medium ADP patterns ADP holes PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT DET FLASH PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ memory chip CCONJ cartridge PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ medium ADP DET DET computer AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE FIGS . NUM SYM NUM CCONJ DET description ADV ADV VERB ADJ approaches ADP DET ADJ details ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PUNCT processes NUM PUNCT NUM CCONJ NUM DET VERB ADV PUNCT ADJ operation AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ monitoring CCONJ detection ADP DET failures ADP DET servers NUM ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT DET steps ADP DET processes AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADV PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP DET ADJ VERB PUNCT ADP steps ADP process NUM PUNCT process NUM AUX VERB ADV ADP DET period ADP time PUNCT ADV PUNCT process NUM AUX AUX VERB SCONJ DET cluster NUM AUX VERB ADP server failures CCONJ process NUM VERB DET utilization factors PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET flowchart ADP DET ADJ process NUM ADP VERB congestion control CCONJ server redundancy PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB DET computer PUNCT ADJ medium VERB VERB instructions ADP VERB ADP ADJ operations VERB ADV PUNCT VERB DET CCONJ DET ADP DET operations VERB ADP respect ADP process NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET CCONJ DET ADP ADJ instructions AUX AUX VERB ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADV PUNCT DET steps ADP process NUM AUX VERB user input CCONJ interactions PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART AUX VERB SCONJ ADV VERB CCONJ ADJ types ADP ADJ techniques AUX VERB steps PRON VERB user input PUNCT SPACE Process NUM VERB ADP step NUM ADP VERB ADJ parameters PUNCT DET ADJ parameters VERB ADP ADJ DET ADJ capacities NUM CCONJ redundancy factors ADP DET ADP DET servers NUM PUNCT DET parameters AUX AUX VERB ADP user input PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET command line interface PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT X PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT DET parameters AUX AUX VERB ADP DET configuration file PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET parameters AUX AUX VERB ADP step NUM ADP VERB DET file ADP VERB CCONJ VERB DET ADJ data PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT DET VERB traffic load AUX AUX VERB PUNCT DET VERB traffic load AUX AUX VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB DET redundancy factors ADP DET servers PUNCT ADJ traffic loads ADP ADJ dates CCONJ times AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET VERB traffic load PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET VERB traffic load presets DET baseline value PART AUX VERB SCONJ ADV VERB DET redundancy factors PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET server AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADJ capacities NUM VERB ADP DET redundancy factors PUNCT ADP ADV PUNCT DET sum ADP DET ADJ capacities NUM PUNCT ADV VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET VERB traffic load ADP order PART VERB SCONJ DET VERB traffic AUX AUX ADJ PART AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET limiting VERB ADJ capacity NUM DET AUX VERB ADP times ADP DET PRON AUX DET failure ADP NUM ADP DET servers NUM ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT DET initialization step VERB baseline values ADP DET ADJ capacities NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET event ADP DET server failure PUNCT DET ADJ capacities NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB DET ADJ redundancy factors PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT step NUM PUNCT steps NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ NUM AUX VERB ADV ADP VERB ADV PUNCT Step NUM VERB DET steps CCONJ decisions ADP process NUM VERB ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT step NUM VERB DET steps CCONJ decisions ADP process NUM PUNCT ADV VERB ADV PUNCT SCONJ DET utilization factor PUNCT uij PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET VERB ADJ usage ADP DET VERB time interval PUNCT j PUNCT PUNCT DET utilization factor AUX AUX VERB ADP DET interval PUNCT DET process AUX VERB PART VERB DET data ADP DET VERB time interval PUNCT ADP DET conclusion ADP DET time interval PUNCT DET process AUX VERB DET ADJ usage VERB ADP DET ADJ traffic load ADP DET server PUNCT SPACE ADP step NUM PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET ADP DET servers NUM AUX VERB PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB PART VERB DET servers NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP VERB DET connection PUNCT VERB DET ADV PUNCT VERB ping PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN echo PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT DET servers NUM AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADP DET communication PUNCT ADV VERB ADP ADP DET life beat PUNCT ADP DET router NUM PUNCT ADV ADV DET approach PUNCT DET router NUM AUX ADV VERB DET servers NUM ADP failures PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET lack ADP DET response CCONJ DET lack ADP DET life beat AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET server failure PUNCT SPACE ADP step NUM PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX VERB ADP DET failure state SCONJ DET server failure AUX VERB ADP step NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADV PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ values PUNCT X PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP order PART VERB DET ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP step NUM PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ parameters SCONJ DET server failure AUX PART VERB PUNCT ADP ADJ cases DET redundancy factors AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ parameters PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ DET functionally ADP DET server NUM AUX ADV AUX VERB VERB DET failure PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX VERB PART AUX VERB ADP DET failure state PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX AUX VERB ADJ SCONJ DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM VERB ADP DET baseline CCONJ VERB traffic load PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT DET parameters AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX VERB VERB ADP time CCONJ date PART VERB ADP VERB traffic loads CCONJ DET service level PRON VERB PART AUX VERB ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT SCONJ service AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ degree ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ level PART VERB PRON AUX ADJ capacity NUM PART VERB DET server failures PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET parameters AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ times PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT process NUM AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADJ traffic conditions PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET parameters AUX ADV VERB ADP DET face ADP VERB traffic conditions PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET parameters VERB PART AUX VERB PUNCT process NUM AUX VERB ADP step NUM PART VERB DET ADJ parameters PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ DET adjustment AUX VERB PUNCT process NUM AUX VERB ADP ADJ steps NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ NUM PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET flowchart ADP DET ADJ process NUM ADP VERB server utilization factors PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB DET computer PUNCT ADJ medium VERB VERB instructions ADP VERB ADP ADJ operations VERB ADV PUNCT VERB DET CCONJ DET ADP DET operations VERB ADP respect ADP process NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET CCONJ DET ADP ADJ instructions AUX AUX VERB ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PUNCT process NUM AUX AUX VERB VERB ADJ ADP process NUM PUNCT X PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT SPACE Process NUM VERB ADP step NUM ADP VERB DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET server PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET ADJ capacity NUM CCONJ DET ADJ redundancy factor PUNCT ri PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET values AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ parameters ADP user input PUNCT DET configuration file PUNCT X PUNCT DET ADJ capacity NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET redundancy factor PUNCT NUM PUNCT PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT DET ADJ usage NUM ADP DET server NUM AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADP DET VERB traffic load VERB ADV ADP VERB baseline values ADP DET ADJ capacity PUNCT DET VERB traffic load VERB PART VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ traffic load PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADV ADJ PART ADV VERB DET ADJ traffic load PUNCT X PUNCT amount ADP packet data traffic VERB ADP DET server NUM PUNCT DET router AUX VERB DET monitoring ADP ADJ time intervals PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB DET amount ADP packet data VERB ADP DET server DET NUM milliseconds PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET router NUM ADV VERB ADJ amounts ADP packet data traffic VERB ADP DET server NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET router AUX PART VERB DET ADJ amount ADP traffic VERB ADP DET sever ADP DET instant time interval PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ traffic volumes AUX ADV VERB ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ interval PUNCT DET understanding ADP DET ADJ usage NUM ADP DET server NUM AUX ADJ ADP ADV VERB DET data processing load ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET scheduling decision PUNCT VERB ADP respect ADP PROPN . NUM PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET VERB ADJ usage PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PART ADP ADJ usage PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET ADJ usage NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ VERB average ADP DET ADJ amounts ADP usage ADP ADJ intervals PUNCT λi PUNCT j−1 PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT λi X j−2 PUNCT PUNCT X X SCONJ DET data processing AUX AUX VERB ADP sessions DET VERB CCONJ VERB ADP server capacity ADP DET period ADP time PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB DET ADJ usage ADP ADJ ADP ADV DET ADJ usage ADP DET ADV ADJ interval PUNCT λi X j−1 PUNCT PUNCT DET weighting factor PUNCT 0≦w≦1 PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET weight VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ interval PUNCT λi PUNCT j l PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADV ADJ interval PUNCT λi PUNCT j−2 PUNCT PUNCT ADP example PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ session PART VERB ADP DET ADJ interval PUNCT DET weighting factor PUNCT w PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ value PART VERB ADJ weight DET ADV ADJ period PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ value ADP PUNCT w PUNCT AUX AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ sessions VERB ADP server capacity NUM ADP ADJ ADP NUM time interval PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET VERB ADJ usage PUNCT Eλij PUNCT ADP DET PUNCT i PUNCT server ADP DET PUNCT j PUNCT time interval AUX AUX VERB ADP Eλij X w·λi PUNCT j−1+(1−w)·λi PUNCT j−2 PUNCT ADP ADJ ADJ approaches PUNCT formulas PRON VERB ADV ADJ ADJ values ADP DET ADJ usage AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP AUX AUX VERB ADP respect ADP PROPN . NUM PUNCT DET ADJ usages ADP ADJ time intervals PUNCT λi PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT λi PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT X X PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET packet data scheduling PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT utilization factors ADP DET server NUM AUX AUX VERB PUNCT DET utilization factor AUX VERB DET VERB ADJ usage PUNCT Eλij PUNCT ADP DET ratio ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ capacity AUX DET ADJ capacity VERB ADP DET redundancy factor PUNCT ri PUNCT PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET utilization factor PUNCT uij PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET flowchart ADP DET ADJ process NUM ADP VERB packet data traffic ADP servers ADP DET cluster PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB DET computer PUNCT ADJ medium VERB VERB instructions ADP VERB ADP ADJ operations VERB ADV PUNCT VERB DET CCONJ DET ADP DET operations VERB ADP respect ADP process NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET CCONJ DET ADP ADJ instructions AUX AUX VERB ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADV PUNCT process NUM AUX AUX VERB - process ADP process NUM PUNCT X PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT SPACE Process NUM VERB ADP step NUM SCONJ ADJ packet data traffic NUM AUX VERB ADP DET router NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADV ADP respect ADP FIG . NUM PUNCT DET router AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET traffic ADP ADJ PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ steps PUNCT DET scheduler NUM PUNCT ADP coordination ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET VERB steps PART ADV VERB CCONJ VERB DET traffic ADP DET ADJ server NUM ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET VERB packet data VERB ADP DET VERB session PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET data AUX VERB DET session identifier ADV VERB DET data ADP DET ADJ session PUNCT SPACE ADP step NUM PUNCT DET packet data AUX AUX VERB ADP DET server NUM PRON AUX ADV VERB DET session PART DET DET data VERB PUNCT DET session data ADP step NUM AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET server AUX VERB DET ADJ session PUNCT SCONJ PART VERB PUNCT process NUM AUX ADV VERB associations ADP DET servers NUM CCONJ sessions AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE ADP step NUM PUNCT VERB DET determination ADP step NUM SCONJ DET packet data AUX PART VERB ADP DET VERB session PUNCT DET data AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP DET servers NUM ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADV ADP respect ADP process NUM PUNCT utilization factors AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET server PUNCT DET utilization factors VERB DET VERB usage ADP DET server NUM ADP respect ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT DET server ADP DET ADJ utilization factor AUX DET ADJ amount ADP ADJ ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT PART ADV VERB DET traffic load ADP DET servers NUM ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT DET ADJ traffic AUX AUX VERB ADP DET server NUM VERB DET ADJ utilization factor PUNCT SPACE VERB DET steps NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT DET record ADP DET amount ADP packet data traffic VERB ADP DET server NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP step NUM PUNCT DET router NUM PUNCT CCONJ cluster manager PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ records ADP DET amounts ADP traffic VERB ADP DET server PUNCT X PUNCT DET record ADP DET ADP DET ADJ NUM time intervals PUNCT ADP VERB ADV PUNCT DET time interval PUNCT X PUNCT NUM ms PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADP DET calculation ADP DET utilization factors PUNCT DET ADJ records AUX AUX ADP DET form ADP DET ADJ list PUNCT CCONJ ADJ data structure PUNCT ADP DET index value PUNCT X PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT VERB PART VERB DET record VERB ADP DET ADJ time interval PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET amount ADP DET traffic VERB ADP DET server ADP CCONJ step NUM CCONJ step NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET record VERB ADP DET server CCONJ DET ADJ time interval PUNCT SCONJ ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT DET servers NUM AUX VERB ADP PRON ADJ ADJ usage rates PUNCT VERB VERB usage rates ADP DET router NUM AUX VERB time VERB ADJ ADJ ADJ communication VERB ADP ADJ reporting PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET ADJ congestion control method ADP session VERB network traffic AUX AUX VERB PUNCT Session VERB servers NUM VERB ADP DET cluster NUM AUX VERB packet data traffic NUM ADP DET ADJ network device ADJ ADP DET router NUM PUNCT DET ADJ traffic handling capacity NUM ADP DET server NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET redundancy factor PUNCT ri PUNCT ADP ADJ ADJ capacities NUM ADP order PART VERB redundancy capacity NUM PUNCT DET redundancy factors PUNCT ri PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP order PART VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ redundancy ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET redundancy factors PUNCT ri PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP times ADP DET service availability AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP ADJ times PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADV ADJ processing capacity NUM PUNCT DET AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET event ADP DET failure ADP NUM ADP DET servers NUM PUNCT PART VERB DET traffic load ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT DET amount ADP data traffic VERB ADP DET server AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET number ADP ADJ time intervals PUNCT DET CCONJ DET ADP DET ADJ records AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ usage PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB traffic PRON AUX PART VERB ADP DET VERB session AUX AUX VERB ADP DET server VERB DET ADJ utilization factor PUNCT uij PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT DET ratio ADP DET VERB usage ADP DET ADJ capacity PUNCT SPACE ADP regard ADP DET processes PUNCT systems PUNCT methods PUNCT heuristics PUNCT X X VERB ADV PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB SCONJ PUNCT SCONJ DET steps ADP ADJ processes PUNCT X X AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB VERB ADP DET ADJ VERB sequence PUNCT ADJ processes AUX AUX VERB ADP DET VERB steps VERB ADP DET order ADJ ADP DET order VERB ADV PUNCT PRON ADV AUX AUX VERB SCONJ ADJ steps AUX AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SCONJ ADJ steps AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADJ steps VERB ADV AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADP ADJ words PUNCT DET descriptions ADP processes ADV AUX VERB ADP DET purpose ADP VERB ADJ systems PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADP DET way AUX VERB SCONJ ADP PART VERB DET VERB invention PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART AUX VERB SCONJ DET ADJ description AUX VERB PART AUX ADJ CCONJ PART ADJ PUNCT ADJ systems CCONJ applications ADJ ADP DET examples VERB AUX AUX ADJ SCONJ VERB DET ADJ description PUNCT DET scope ADP DET invention AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PART ADP reference ADP DET ADJ description PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP reference ADP DET VERB claims PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ scope ADP equivalents PART DET ADJ claims AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB CCONJ VERB SCONJ ADJ developments AUX VERB ADP DET arts VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET VERB systems CCONJ methods AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADJ systems PUNCT ADP sum PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB SCONJ DET disclosure AUX ADJ ADP modification CCONJ variation CCONJ AUX VERB ADV ADP DET VERB claims PUNCT SPACE DET terms VERB ADP DET claims AUX VERB PART AUX VERB PRON ADJ ADJ constructions CCONJ PRON ADJ meanings ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP DET art SCONJ DET ADJ indication ADP DET contrary AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT use ADP DET ADJ articles ADJ ADP PUNCT a PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT VERB PUNCT PUNCT X X AUX AUX VERB PART VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ ADP DET VERB elements SCONJ DET claim VERB ADV ADP DET contrary PUNCT
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ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB networks AUX ADV VERB PUNCT packet PUNCT VERB applications ADJ ADP voice ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT IP video PUNCT video telephony PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB voice CCONJ email PUNCT CCONJ instant messaging PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT AUX VERB PUNCT DET ability PART VERB DET services ADP DET ADJ network AUX VERB ADV ADJ ADP customers VERB CCONJ VERB DET bundling ADP ADJ services PUNCT ADJ ADP DET services VERB ADP session VERB connections ADP VERB network devices PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADV ADP VERB DET data transmission ADP NUM devices AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT DET series ADP data transmissions AUX AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP DET session PUNCT ADP session VERB traffic VERB ADP DET network PUNCT DET problems ADP SCONJ PART VERB redundancy CCONJ load balancing ADP DET cluster ADP session VERB servers AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE ADJ DESCRIPTION ADP DET DRAWINGS SPACE FIG . NUM a AUX DET diagram ADP DET ADJ system ADP VERB DET congestion control method PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET system diagram ADP DET ADJ ADJ network device PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET representation ADP server CCONJ cluster capacities PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET representation ADP server CCONJ cluster capacities ADP DET event ADP DET server failure PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET flowchart VERB ADJ steps CCONJ decisions VERB ADP DET process ADP VERB congestion control CCONJ server redundancy PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET flowchart VERB ADJ steps CCONJ decisions VERB ADP DET process ADP VERB server utilization factors PUNCT CCONJ SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET flowchart VERB ADJ steps CCONJ decisions VERB ADP DET process ADP VERB packet data traffic ADP servers ADP DET cluster PUNCT SPACE ADJ illustrations ADP DET congestion control method ADP session VERB network traffic AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADP DET interest ADP clarity PUNCT PART DET features ADP DET ADJ implementation AUX VERB ADP DET specification PUNCT PRON AUX ADP course AUX VERB SCONJ ADP DET development ADP DET ADJ ADJ illustration PUNCT ADJ implementation PUNCT ADJ decisions AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ goals ADP DET developer PUNCT ADJ ADP compliance ADP system PUNCT VERB CCONJ business PUNCT VERB constraints PRON AUX VERB ADP NUM implementation ADP DET PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB SCONJ DET DET development effort AUX AUX ADJ CCONJ time PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADV AUX DET ADJ undertaking ADP DET VERB DET benefit ADP DET disclosure PUNCT SPACE VERB ADV ADP DET drawings SCONJ ADJ numerals VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ parts ADP DET ADJ views PUNCT ADJ illustrations AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET system NUM ADP use ADP DET congestion control method ADP session VERB network traffic PUNCT Details ADP DET elements VERB ADP DET figures AUX VERB VERB DET ADJ ADJ overview ADP DET system NUM CCONJ method PUNCT ADJ data ADP DET packet data network NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP CCONJ ADP DET ADP DET number ADP ADJ network devices PUNCT ADP example PUNCT end user devices ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET ADJ phone NUM PUNCT DET television NUM ADP DET set PUNCT top PUNCT box NUM PUNCT X X PUNCT AUX AUX DET recipient CCONJ initiator ADP data traffic ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT Servers NUM PUNCT c AUX VERB CCONJ VERB data traffic ADP DET end user devices PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET servers NUM PUNCT c AUX VERB ADJ data traffic ADP DET end user devices PUNCT SCONJ ADJ servers NUM PUNCT c ADV VERB DET ADJ type ADP requests CCONJ data traffic PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT SPACE SCONJ VERB ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADJ measures AUX VERB PART AUX VERB PART VERB SCONJ DET servers NUM AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ manner PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ PART AUX ADV VERB servers NUM VERB ADJ amounts ADP data PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET load PUNCT VERB scheme AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ amounts ADP data processing ADP ADJ servers NUM ADP DET cluster PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ amounts ADP DET data processing capacities ADP DET servers NUM AUX VERB PART AUX VERB ADP redundancy PUNCT DET redundancy scheme AUX VERB DET cluster NUM PART VERB ADJ operations ADV ADP DET failure ADP NUM ADP DET servers NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP VERB ADP DET capacity ADP DET server PART VERB data ADV ADV ADP ADP DET amount ADP data ADV VERB ADP DET server NUM PUNCT DET ADJ cluster manager AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB CCONJ redundancy planning CCONJ load PUNCT balancing schemes PUNCT DET router NUM PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ network device VERB ADP DET cluster manager PUNCT AUX AUX DET responsibility ADP VERB DET amount ADP data ADV VERB ADP DET server PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ data traffic ADP DET ADJ server PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB DET congestion control module NUM PART VERB DET redundancy planning CCONJ load PUNCT balancing schemes PUNCT SPACE DET packet network NUM AUX AUX DET packet VERB communication network ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT network PUNCT DET packet network NUM ADV VERB ADJ VERB devices CCONJ DET ADJ ADP DET ADJ communication protocol PUNCT X DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT Interconnections ADP CCONJ ADP DET packet network NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ media VERB wires PUNCT radio frequency transmissions PUNCT CCONJ ADJ cables PUNCT ADJ devices VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT X PUNCT switches PUNCT routers PUNCT X X PUNCT AUX VERB ADP simplicity ADP illustration ADP PROPN . NUM PUNCT DET packet network NUM AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB voice PUNCT video PUNCT CCONJ data communications ADP DET ADJ network infrastructure PUNCT SPACE DET PC NUM PUNCT ADJ phone NUM PUNCT CCONJ television NUM ADP way ADP DET set PUNCT top PUNCT box NUM ADV VERB NUM ADP ADJ ADJ network devices ADJ ADP VERB ADP DET cluster NUM ADP session VERB data processing PUNCT DET ADP DET devices AUX computer software VERB DET implementation ADP DET network protocol VERB PART VERB ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET devices AUX ADV VERB ADJ level protocols PART VERB ADP DET session handling facilities ADP DET servers NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET ADJ phone NUM AUX VERB instructions ADP VERB DET voice communication VERB session ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET set PUNCT top PUNCT box NUM AUX VERB instructions ADP VERB DET video VERB session ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT SPACE DET servers NUM ADP DET cluster NUM ADV VERB session handling capabilities PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB DET session VERB ADP DET request ADP NUM ADP DET network devices NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT X X PUNCT process data ADP DET session PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET session ADP ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX DET VERB protocol ADP VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB application sessions ADP IP networks PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET mechanism PART VERB voice PUNCT video PUNCT CCONJ data PART AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ network PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET servers NUM AUX VERB PROPN ADP session handling PUNCT SPACE DET router NUM AUX VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ VERB devices PUNCT X PUNCT servers NUM PUNCT ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB CCONJ VERB DET ADJ area network PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET servers NUM PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADJ communications ADV PUNCT ADP example DET VERB devices NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET router NUM VERB DET ADJ connection PUNCT DET network cable ADJ ADP DET PUNCT PROPN PUNCT cable PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET router NUM AUX ADV VERB ADP DET cluster manager ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT DET cluster manager AUX AUX DET ADJ network device ADP DET cluster NUM ADJ ADP DET device VERB ADP DET cluster CCONJ DET packet network NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT NUM ADP DET servers PUNCT X PUNCT NUM PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET cluster manager PUNCT ADP DET DET approach PUNCT DET VERB server NUM AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP SCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET gateway ADP DET cluster NUM ADP ADJ network traffic PUNCT SPACE DET congestion control module NUM AUX VERB computer instructions ADP VERB redundancy CCONJ load balancing schemes PUNCT DET congestion control module AUX AUX VERB ADP DET device VERB ADP DET cluster manager PUNCT X PUNCT DET router NUM ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ approach ADP FIG . NUM PUNCT ADP AUX AUX VERB ADP detail ADV PUNCT DET congestion control module NUM AUX ADV VERB ADJ traffic ADP ADJ servers NUM PUNCT VERB utilization rates ADP DET servers PUNCT VERB DET cluster NUM ADP server failures PUNCT CCONJ VERB redundancy factors VERB ADP DET state ADP DET cluster PUNCT VERB DET congestion control module NUM ADV ADP DET servers NUM AUX VERB ADP DET estimation ADP ADJ utilization rates ADP DET servers PUNCT VERB utilization rates ADP DET congestion control module NUM AUX VERB time VERB ADJ - direction communication ADP DET servers NUM CCONJ router NUM PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ utilization rates PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET elements ADP DET ADJ ADJ network device PUNCT ADJ ADP DET router NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB elements ADP VERB DET quality ADP service ADP ADJ classifications ADP data PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET ADJ packet data NUM AUX ADV VERB DET classifier NUM PUNCT DET classifier NUM AUX VERB DET header ADP DET packet data NUM PART VERB DET ADJ classification PUNCT DET marker NUM AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET portion ADP DET packet header PART ADV ADV VERB DET VERB classification PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET marker NUM AUX VERB ADP DET VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT field ADP DET header PUNCT SPACE DET meter NUM AUX VERB DET amount ADP ADJ data NUM VERB ADP DET router NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET meter NUM AUX VERB DET amount ADP data NUM ADP DET classification PUNCT DET policer PUNCT shaper NUM AUX VERB DET VERB amounts ADP DET meter NUM PART VERB ADJ traffic routing polices PUNCT X PUNCT quality ADP service guarantees PUNCT service level agreements PUNCT X PUNCT PART VERB DET policy PUNCT DET policer SYM shaper NUM AUX VERB packets SCONJ DET VERB amount ADP data NUM VERB DET service level agreement PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET policer SYM shaper NUM AUX VERB CCONJ VERB traffic PRON VERB PART VERB ADP policy AUX VERB PUNCT DET scheduler NUM AUX DET responsibility ADP VERB DET packets PART VERB ADP DET cluster NUM ADP data processing PUNCT DET scheduler ADV VERB PRON decision ADP DET priority levels ADP DET data ADV ADV ADP ADP DET service level agreements PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET scheduler NUM AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET congestion control module NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET scheduler NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT DET congestion control module NUM AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET scheduler NUM SCONJ ADV VERB input ADV PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET representation NUM ADP server CCONJ cluster capacities ADP ADJ operation PUNCT DET server NUM AUX AUX DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT DET VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ability ADP DET server PART VERB data PUNCT ADP VERB PUNCT DET server NUM AUX DET ADJ ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT d. ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT servers NUM ADP ADJ ADJ capacities AUX AUX part ADP DET ADJ cluster NUM PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ capacity NUM AUX AUX ADV VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT DET reduction ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM VERB ADJ capacity NUM PRON AUX VERB ADP periods ADP DET PRON AUX DET server failure PUNCT DET reduction ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET server NUM AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ redundancy factor PUNCT ri PUNCT i=1 PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT n PUNCT SCONJ 0≦ri≦1 PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET server NUM PUNCT DET redundancy factor ri VERB DET amount ADP ADJ capacity ADP DET fraction CCONJ percentage ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET server NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN Capacity*(1−ri PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ capacity NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE SCONJ ri=0 PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET server NUM AUX VERB PART AUX DET ADJ capacity NUM ADJ ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET server ADP DET redundancy factor ADP NUM PUNCT ri=0 PUNCT AUX PART VERB DET redundancy ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADP DET ADJ hand PUNCT SCONJ X PUNCT ADV DET server AUX VERB PRON ADJ ADJ capacity NUM ADP ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET server ADP DET redundancy factor ADP NUM PUNCT ri=1 PUNCT AUX PART VERB DET data VERB requests SCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET failure ADP DET server ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ redundancy factor values VERB ADJ amounts ADP ADJ capacity NUM ADP redundancy capacity NUM PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ capacity NUM AUX AUX VERB PART VERB data VERB sessions ADP ADJ devices PUNCT DET ADJ usage NUM PUNCT d ADP DET server VERB DET amount ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PRON AUX ADV AUX VERB PART VERB data VERB sessions PUNCT DET ADJ usage NUM AUX ADV VERB ADP DET server NUM VERB ADJ sessions CCONJ VERB others PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET data VERB demands ADP DET server NUM AUX VERB ADP DET session PUNCT DET router NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADJ cluster manager PUNCT AUX VERB DET server NUM AUX VERB ADV VERB packet data PUNCT ADP AUX AUX VERB ADP detail ADP respect ADP FIG . NUM PUNCT DET utilization factor AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ratio ADP DET estimate ADP ADJ usage NUM ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB packet data scheduling decisions ADP VERB ADJ traffic ADP DET server VERB ADV ADV NUM threshold criterion PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach DET criterion VERB DET consideration ADP utilization factor CCONJ ADP DET approach DET criterion AUX DET ADJ utilization factor PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET servers NUM VERB ADV ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT DET sum ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET server VERB DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET sum ADP DET ADJ capacities NUM ADP DET server VERB DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM PUNCT DET sum ADP DET ADJ capacities NUM ADP DET server VERB DET cluster ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM AUX VERB ADJ ADV ADV ADP PRON AUX DET server failures ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM CCONJ DET cluster ADJ capacity NUM AUX VERB ADJ ADV ADV ADP PRON AUX DET changes ADP DET DET ADP DET redundancy factors PUNCT ri PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET cluster usage NUM AUX VERB ADP DET sum ADP DET ADJ usage NUM ADP DET server VERB PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET representation NUM ADP server CCONJ cluster capacities ADP DET failure ADP NUM ADP DET servers PUNCT ADP VERB ADP DET X PUNCT DET ADJ capacity NUM AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADP DET server failure PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET VERB server NUM PUNCT SCONJ ADP DET failure PUNCT DET redundancy capacity NUM ADP DET VERB servers AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ factor ADP DET VERB servers AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT ri=0 PUNCT ADP order PART VERB DET ADJ capacity NUM PART ADV VERB DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT DET ADJ usage NUM ADP DET VERB server NUM VERB sessions ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ data processing PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET sessions VERB DET ADJ usage NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET VERB servers ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADV VERB DET ADJ usage 220b PUNCT d levels ADV PUNCT ADP VERB PUNCT DET cluster usage NUM AUX ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET router NUM CCONJ servers NUM AUX AUX DET ADJ purpose computing device PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PC PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ network device PUNCT DET router NUM CCONJ servers NUM AUX AUX software PUNCT ADJ ADP DET operating system ADP ADJ PUNCT level driver software PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT ADP VERB signals ADP network links PUNCT DET operating system AUX ADV VERB DET network protocol stack PUNCT ADP VERB CCONJ VERB network connections ADP ADJ devices PUNCT SPACE DET router NUM CCONJ servers NUM AUX VERB DET ADP DET number ADP user PUNCT level CCONJ VERB operating systems VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP DET art PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET means VERB ADP PUNCT VERB versions CCONJ varieties ADP DET PROPN PROPN NUM VERB system PUNCT DET PROPN operating system PUNCT X PUNCT DET PROPN NUM VERB system VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN operating system VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN VERB system PUNCT Computing devices AUX VERB DET NUM ADP DET number ADP VERB devices VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP DET art PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADP limitation PUNCT DET computer workstation PUNCT DET desktop PUNCT notebook PUNCT laptop PUNCT CCONJ ADJ computer PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ computing device VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP DET art PUNCT SPACE DET router NUM CCONJ servers NUM AUX VERB instructions ADJ ADP NUM CCONJ ADJ processing elements ADJ ADP DET VERB ADV PUNCT Computer PUNCT ADJ instructions AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP computer programs VERB VERB DET variety ADP programming languages CCONJ technologies VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP DET art PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADP limitation PUNCT CCONJ CCONJ ADV CCONJ ADP combination PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT X PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT DET processor PUNCT X PUNCT DET microprocessor PUNCT VERB instructions PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET memory PUNCT DET computer PUNCT ADJ medium PUNCT X X PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET instructions PUNCT ADV VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ processes PUNCT VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ ADP DET processes VERB ADV PUNCT ADJ instructions CCONJ ADJ data AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB VERB DET variety ADP VERB computer PUNCT ADJ media PUNCT SPACE DET computer PUNCT ADJ medium VERB DET medium PRON VERB ADP VERB data PUNCT X PUNCT instructions PUNCT PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB ADP DET computer PUNCT ADJ DET medium AUX VERB ADJ forms PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ PART VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ media PUNCT CCONJ ADJ media PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ media VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ disks CCONJ ADJ ADJ memory PUNCT ADJ media VERB ADJ ADJ access memory PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV VERB DET ADJ memory PUNCT ADJ forms ADP computer PUNCT ADJ media VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET ADJ disk PUNCT DET ADJ disk PUNCT ADJ disk PUNCT ADJ tape PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ medium PUNCT DET CD PUNCT ROM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ medium PUNCT punch cards PUNCT paper tape PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ medium ADP patterns ADP holes PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT DET FLASH PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ memory chip CCONJ cartridge PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ medium ADP DET DET computer AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE FIGS . NUM SYM NUM CCONJ DET description ADV ADV VERB ADJ approaches ADP DET ADJ details ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PUNCT processes NUM PUNCT NUM CCONJ NUM DET VERB ADV PUNCT ADJ operation AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ monitoring CCONJ detection ADP DET failures ADP DET servers NUM ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT DET steps ADP DET processes AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADV PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP DET ADJ VERB PUNCT ADP steps ADP process NUM PUNCT process NUM AUX VERB ADV ADP DET period ADP time PUNCT ADV PUNCT process NUM AUX AUX VERB SCONJ DET cluster NUM AUX VERB ADP server failures CCONJ process NUM VERB DET utilization factors PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET flowchart ADP DET ADJ process NUM ADP VERB congestion control CCONJ server redundancy PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB DET computer PUNCT ADJ medium VERB VERB instructions ADP VERB ADP ADJ operations VERB ADV PUNCT VERB DET CCONJ DET ADP DET operations VERB ADP respect ADP process NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET CCONJ DET ADP ADJ instructions AUX AUX VERB ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADV PUNCT DET steps ADP process NUM AUX VERB user input CCONJ interactions PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART AUX VERB SCONJ ADV VERB CCONJ ADJ types ADP ADJ techniques AUX VERB steps PRON VERB user input PUNCT SPACE Process NUM VERB ADP step NUM ADP VERB ADJ parameters PUNCT DET ADJ parameters VERB ADP ADJ DET ADJ capacities NUM CCONJ redundancy factors ADP DET ADP DET servers NUM PUNCT DET parameters AUX AUX VERB ADP user input PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET command line interface PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT X PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT DET parameters AUX AUX VERB ADP DET configuration file PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET parameters AUX AUX VERB ADP step NUM ADP VERB DET file ADP VERB CCONJ VERB DET ADJ data PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT DET VERB traffic load AUX AUX VERB PUNCT DET VERB traffic load AUX AUX VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB DET redundancy factors ADP DET servers PUNCT ADJ traffic loads ADP ADJ dates CCONJ times AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET VERB traffic load PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET VERB traffic load presets DET baseline value PART AUX VERB SCONJ ADV VERB DET redundancy factors PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET server AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADJ capacities NUM VERB ADP DET redundancy factors PUNCT ADP ADV PUNCT DET sum ADP DET ADJ capacities NUM PUNCT ADV VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET VERB traffic load ADP order PART VERB SCONJ DET VERB traffic AUX AUX ADJ PART AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET limiting VERB ADJ capacity NUM DET AUX VERB ADP times ADP DET PRON AUX DET failure ADP NUM ADP DET servers NUM ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT DET initialization step VERB baseline values ADP DET ADJ capacities NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET event ADP DET server failure PUNCT DET ADJ capacities NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB DET ADJ redundancy factors PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT step NUM PUNCT steps NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ NUM AUX VERB ADV ADP VERB ADV PUNCT Step NUM VERB DET steps CCONJ decisions ADP process NUM VERB ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT step NUM VERB DET steps CCONJ decisions ADP process NUM PUNCT ADV VERB ADV PUNCT SCONJ DET utilization factor PUNCT uij PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET VERB ADJ usage ADP DET VERB time interval PUNCT j PUNCT PUNCT DET utilization factor AUX AUX VERB ADP DET interval PUNCT DET process AUX VERB PART VERB DET data ADP DET VERB time interval PUNCT ADP DET conclusion ADP DET time interval PUNCT DET process AUX VERB DET ADJ usage VERB ADP DET ADJ traffic load ADP DET server PUNCT SPACE ADP step NUM PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET ADP DET servers NUM AUX VERB PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB PART VERB DET servers NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP VERB DET connection PUNCT VERB DET ADV PUNCT VERB ping PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN echo PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT DET servers NUM AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADP DET communication PUNCT ADV VERB ADP ADP DET life beat PUNCT ADP DET router NUM PUNCT ADV ADV DET approach PUNCT DET router NUM AUX ADV VERB DET servers NUM ADP failures PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET lack ADP DET response CCONJ DET lack ADP DET life beat AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET server failure PUNCT SPACE ADP step NUM PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX VERB ADP DET failure state SCONJ DET server failure AUX VERB ADP step NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADV PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ values PUNCT X PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP order PART VERB DET ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP step NUM PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ parameters SCONJ DET server failure AUX PART VERB PUNCT ADP ADJ cases DET redundancy factors AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ parameters PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ DET functionally ADP DET server NUM AUX ADV AUX VERB VERB DET failure PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX VERB PART AUX VERB ADP DET failure state PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX AUX VERB ADJ SCONJ DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM VERB ADP DET baseline CCONJ VERB traffic load PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT DET parameters AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX VERB VERB ADP time CCONJ date PART VERB ADP VERB traffic loads CCONJ DET service level PRON VERB PART AUX VERB ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT SCONJ service AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ degree ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ level PART VERB PRON AUX ADJ capacity NUM PART VERB DET server failures PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET parameters AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ times PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT process NUM AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADJ traffic conditions PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET parameters AUX ADV VERB ADP DET face ADP VERB traffic conditions PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET parameters VERB PART AUX VERB PUNCT process NUM AUX VERB ADP step NUM PART VERB DET ADJ parameters PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ DET adjustment AUX VERB PUNCT process NUM AUX VERB ADP ADJ steps NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ NUM PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET flowchart ADP DET ADJ process NUM ADP VERB server utilization factors PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB DET computer PUNCT ADJ medium VERB VERB instructions ADP VERB ADP ADJ operations VERB ADV PUNCT VERB DET CCONJ DET ADP DET operations VERB ADP respect ADP process NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET CCONJ DET ADP ADJ instructions AUX AUX VERB ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PUNCT process NUM AUX AUX VERB VERB ADJ ADP process NUM PUNCT X PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT SPACE Process NUM VERB ADP step NUM ADP VERB DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET server PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET ADJ capacity NUM CCONJ DET ADJ redundancy factor PUNCT ri PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET values AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ parameters ADP user input PUNCT DET configuration file PUNCT X PUNCT DET ADJ capacity NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET redundancy factor PUNCT NUM PUNCT PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT DET ADJ usage NUM ADP DET server NUM AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADP DET VERB traffic load VERB ADV ADP VERB baseline values ADP DET ADJ capacity PUNCT DET VERB traffic load VERB PART VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ traffic load PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADV ADJ PART ADV VERB DET ADJ traffic load PUNCT X PUNCT amount ADP packet data traffic VERB ADP DET server NUM PUNCT DET router AUX VERB DET monitoring ADP ADJ time intervals PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB DET amount ADP packet data VERB ADP DET server DET NUM milliseconds PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET router NUM ADV VERB ADJ amounts ADP packet data traffic VERB ADP DET server NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET router AUX PART VERB DET ADJ amount ADP traffic VERB ADP DET sever ADP DET instant time interval PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ traffic volumes AUX ADV VERB ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ interval PUNCT DET understanding ADP DET ADJ usage NUM ADP DET server NUM AUX ADJ ADP ADV VERB DET data processing load ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET scheduling decision PUNCT VERB ADP respect ADP PROPN . NUM PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET VERB ADJ usage PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PART ADP ADJ usage PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET ADJ usage NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ VERB average ADP DET ADJ amounts ADP usage ADP ADJ intervals PUNCT λi PUNCT j−1 PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT λi X j−2 PUNCT PUNCT X X SCONJ DET data processing AUX AUX VERB ADP sessions DET VERB CCONJ VERB ADP server capacity ADP DET period ADP time PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB DET ADJ usage ADP ADJ ADP ADV DET ADJ usage ADP DET ADV ADJ interval PUNCT λi X j−1 PUNCT PUNCT DET weighting factor PUNCT 0≦w≦1 PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET weight VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ interval PUNCT λi PUNCT j l PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADV ADJ interval PUNCT λi PUNCT j−2 PUNCT PUNCT ADP example PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ session PART VERB ADP DET ADJ interval PUNCT DET weighting factor PUNCT w PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ value PART VERB ADJ weight DET ADV ADJ period PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ value ADP PUNCT w PUNCT AUX AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ sessions VERB ADP server capacity NUM ADP ADJ ADP NUM time interval PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET VERB ADJ usage PUNCT Eλij PUNCT ADP DET PUNCT i PUNCT server ADP DET PUNCT j PUNCT time interval AUX AUX VERB ADP Eλij X w·λi PUNCT j−1+(1−w)·λi PUNCT j−2 PUNCT ADP ADJ ADJ approaches PUNCT formulas PRON VERB ADV ADJ ADJ values ADP DET ADJ usage AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP AUX AUX VERB ADP respect ADP PROPN . NUM PUNCT DET ADJ usages ADP ADJ time intervals PUNCT λi PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT λi PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT X X PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET packet data scheduling PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT utilization factors ADP DET server NUM AUX AUX VERB PUNCT DET utilization factor AUX VERB DET VERB ADJ usage PUNCT Eλij PUNCT ADP DET ratio ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ capacity AUX DET ADJ capacity VERB ADP DET redundancy factor PUNCT ri PUNCT PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET utilization factor PUNCT uij PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET flowchart ADP DET ADJ process NUM ADP VERB packet data traffic ADP servers ADP DET cluster PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB DET computer PUNCT ADJ medium VERB VERB instructions ADP VERB ADP ADJ operations VERB ADV PUNCT VERB DET CCONJ DET ADP DET operations VERB ADP respect ADP process NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET CCONJ DET ADP ADJ instructions AUX AUX VERB ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADV PUNCT process NUM AUX AUX VERB - process ADP process NUM PUNCT X PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT SPACE Process NUM VERB ADP step NUM SCONJ ADJ packet data traffic NUM AUX VERB ADP DET router NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADV ADP respect ADP FIG . NUM PUNCT DET router AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET traffic ADP ADJ PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ steps PUNCT DET scheduler NUM PUNCT ADP coordination ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET VERB steps PART ADV VERB CCONJ VERB DET traffic ADP DET ADJ server NUM ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET VERB packet data VERB ADP DET VERB session PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET data AUX VERB DET session identifier ADV VERB DET data ADP DET ADJ session PUNCT SPACE ADP step NUM PUNCT DET packet data AUX AUX VERB ADP DET server NUM PRON AUX ADV VERB DET session PART DET DET data VERB PUNCT DET session data ADP step NUM AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET server AUX VERB DET ADJ session PUNCT SCONJ PART VERB PUNCT process NUM AUX ADV VERB associations ADP DET servers NUM CCONJ sessions AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE ADP step NUM PUNCT VERB DET determination ADP step NUM SCONJ DET packet data AUX PART VERB ADP DET VERB session PUNCT DET data AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM ADP DET servers NUM ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADV ADP respect ADP process NUM PUNCT utilization factors AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET server PUNCT DET utilization factors VERB DET VERB usage ADP DET server NUM ADP respect ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT DET server ADP DET ADJ utilization factor AUX DET ADJ amount ADP ADJ ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT PART ADV VERB DET traffic load ADP DET servers NUM ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT DET ADJ traffic AUX AUX VERB ADP DET server NUM VERB DET ADJ utilization factor PUNCT SPACE VERB DET steps NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT DET record ADP DET amount ADP packet data traffic VERB ADP DET server NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP step NUM PUNCT DET router NUM PUNCT CCONJ cluster manager PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ records ADP DET amounts ADP traffic VERB ADP DET server PUNCT X PUNCT DET record ADP DET ADP DET ADJ NUM time intervals PUNCT ADP VERB ADV PUNCT DET time interval PUNCT X PUNCT NUM ms PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADP DET calculation ADP DET utilization factors PUNCT DET ADJ records AUX AUX ADP DET form ADP DET ADJ list PUNCT CCONJ ADJ data structure PUNCT ADP DET index value PUNCT X PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT VERB PART VERB DET record VERB ADP DET ADJ time interval PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET amount ADP DET traffic VERB ADP DET server ADP CCONJ step NUM CCONJ step NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET record VERB ADP DET server CCONJ DET ADJ time interval PUNCT SCONJ ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT DET servers NUM AUX VERB ADP PRON ADJ ADJ usage rates PUNCT VERB VERB usage rates ADP DET router NUM AUX VERB time VERB ADJ ADJ ADJ communication VERB ADP ADJ reporting PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT DET ADJ congestion control method ADP session VERB network traffic AUX AUX VERB PUNCT Session VERB servers NUM VERB ADP DET cluster NUM AUX VERB packet data traffic NUM ADP DET ADJ network device ADJ ADP DET router NUM PUNCT DET ADJ traffic handling capacity NUM ADP DET server NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET redundancy factor PUNCT ri PUNCT ADP ADJ ADJ capacities NUM ADP order PART VERB redundancy capacity NUM PUNCT DET redundancy factors PUNCT ri PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP order PART VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ redundancy ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET redundancy factors PUNCT ri PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP times ADP DET service availability AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP ADJ times PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADV ADJ processing capacity NUM PUNCT DET AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET event ADP DET failure ADP NUM ADP DET servers NUM PUNCT PART VERB DET traffic load ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT DET amount ADP data traffic VERB ADP DET server AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET number ADP ADJ time intervals PUNCT DET CCONJ DET ADP DET ADJ records AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ usage PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB traffic PRON AUX PART VERB ADP DET VERB session AUX AUX VERB ADP DET server VERB DET ADJ utilization factor PUNCT uij PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT DET ratio ADP DET VERB usage ADP DET ADJ capacity PUNCT SPACE ADP regard ADP DET processes PUNCT systems PUNCT methods PUNCT heuristics PUNCT X X VERB ADV PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB SCONJ PUNCT SCONJ DET steps ADP ADJ processes PUNCT X X AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB VERB ADP DET ADJ VERB sequence PUNCT ADJ processes AUX AUX VERB ADP DET VERB steps VERB ADP DET order ADJ ADP DET order VERB ADV PUNCT PRON ADV AUX AUX VERB SCONJ ADJ steps AUX AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SCONJ ADJ steps AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADJ steps VERB ADV AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADP ADJ words PUNCT DET descriptions ADP processes ADV AUX VERB ADP DET purpose ADP VERB ADJ systems PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADP DET way AUX VERB SCONJ ADP PART VERB DET VERB invention PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART AUX VERB SCONJ DET ADJ description AUX VERB PART AUX ADJ CCONJ PART ADJ PUNCT ADJ systems CCONJ applications ADJ ADP DET examples VERB AUX AUX ADJ SCONJ VERB DET ADJ description PUNCT DET scope ADP DET invention AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PART ADP reference ADP DET ADJ description PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP reference ADP DET VERB claims PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ scope ADP equivalents PART DET ADJ claims AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB CCONJ VERB SCONJ ADJ developments AUX VERB ADP DET arts VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET VERB systems CCONJ methods AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADJ systems PUNCT ADP sum PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB SCONJ DET disclosure AUX ADJ ADP modification CCONJ variation CCONJ AUX VERB ADV ADP DET VERB claims PUNCT SPACE DET terms VERB ADP DET claims AUX VERB PART AUX VERB PRON ADJ ADJ constructions CCONJ PRON ADJ meanings ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP DET art SCONJ DET ADJ indication ADP DET contrary AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT use ADP DET ADJ articles ADJ ADP PUNCT a PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT VERB PUNCT PUNCT X X AUX AUX VERB PART VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ ADP DET VERB elements SCONJ DET claim VERB ADV ADP DET contrary PUNCT
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ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB networks AUX ADV VERB PUNCT packet PUNCT VERB applications ADJ ADP voice ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT IP video PUNCT video telephony PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT VERB voice CCONJ email PUNCT CCONJ instant messaging PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT AUX VERB PUNCT DET ability PART VERB DET services ADP DET ADJ network AUX VERB ADV ADJ ADP customers VERB CCONJ VERB DET bundling ADP ADJ services PUNCT ADJ ADP DET services VERB ADP session VERB connections ADP VERB network devices PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADV ADP VERB DET data transmission ADP NUM devices AUX VERB ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT DET series ADP data transmissions AUX AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP DET session PUNCT ADP session VERB traffic VERB ADP DET network PUNCT DET problems ADP SCONJ PART VERB redundancy CCONJ load balancing ADP DET cluster ADP session VERB servers AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE ADJ DESCRIPTION ADP DET DRAWINGS SPACE FIG . NUM a AUX DET diagram ADP DET ADJ system ADP VERB DET congestion control method PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET system diagram ADP DET ADJ ADJ network device PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET representation ADP server CCONJ cluster capacities PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET representation ADP server CCONJ cluster capacities ADP DET event ADP DET server failure PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET flowchart VERB ADJ steps CCONJ decisions VERB ADP DET process ADP VERB congestion control CCONJ server redundancy PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET flowchart VERB ADJ steps CCONJ decisions VERB ADP DET process ADP VERB server utilization factors PUNCT CCONJ SPACE FIG . NUM AUX DET flowchart VERB ADJ steps CCONJ decisions VERB ADP DET process ADP VERB packet data traffic ADP servers ADP DET cluster PUNCT SPACE ADJ illustrations ADP DET congestion control method ADP session VERB network traffic AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADP DET interest ADP clarity PUNCT PART DET features ADP DET ADJ implementation AUX VERB ADP DET specification PUNCT PRON AUX ADP course AUX VERB SCONJ ADP DET development ADP DET ADJ ADJ illustration PUNCT ADJ implementation PUNCT ADJ decisions AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ goals ADP DET developer PUNCT ADJ ADP compliance ADP system PUNCT VERB CCONJ business PUNCT VERB constraints PRON AUX VERB ADP NUM implementation ADP DET PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB SCONJ DET DET development effort AUX AUX ADJ CCONJ time PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADV AUX DET ADJ undertaking ADP DET VERB DET benefit ADP DET disclosure PUNCT SPACE VERB ADV ADP DET drawings SCONJ ADJ numerals VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ parts ADP DET ADJ views PUNCT ADJ illustrations AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET system NUM ADP use ADP DET congestion control method ADP session VERB network traffic PUNCT Details ADP DET elements VERB ADP DET figures AUX VERB VERB DET ADJ ADJ overview ADP DET system NUM CCONJ method PUNCT ADJ data ADP DET packet data network NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP CCONJ ADP DET ADP DET number ADP ADJ network devices PUNCT ADP example PUNCT end user devices ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET ADJ phone NUM PUNCT DET television NUM ADP DET set PUNCT top PUNCT box NUM PUNCT X X PUNCT AUX AUX DET recipient CCONJ initiator ADP data traffic ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT Servers NUM PUNCT c AUX VERB CCONJ VERB data traffic ADP DET end user devices PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET servers NUM PUNCT c AUX VERB ADJ data traffic ADP DET end user devices PUNCT SCONJ ADJ servers NUM PUNCT c ADV VERB DET ADJ type ADP requests CCONJ data traffic PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT SPACE SCONJ VERB ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADJ measures AUX VERB PART AUX VERB PART VERB SCONJ DET servers NUM AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ manner PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ PART AUX ADV VERB servers NUM VERB ADJ amounts ADP data PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET load PUNCT VERB scheme AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ amounts ADP data processing ADP ADJ servers NUM ADP DET cluster PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ amounts ADP DET data processing capacities ADP DET servers NUM AUX VERB PART AUX VERB ADP redundancy PUNCT DET redundancy scheme AUX VERB DET cluster NUM PART VERB ADJ operations ADV ADP DET failure ADP NUM ADP DET servers NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP VERB ADP DET capacity ADP DET server PART VERB data ADV ADV ADP ADP DET amount ADP data ADV VERB ADP DET server NUM PUNCT DET ADJ cluster manager AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB CCONJ redundancy planning CCONJ load PUNCT balancing schemes PUNCT DET router NUM PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ network device VERB ADP DET cluster manager PUNCT AUX AUX DET responsibility ADP VERB DET amount ADP data ADV VERB ADP DET server PUNCT CCONJ VERB ADJ data traffic ADP DET ADJ server PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB DET congestion control module NUM PART VERB DET redundancy planning CCONJ load PUNCT balancing schemes PUNCT SPACE DET packet network NUM AUX AUX DET packet VERB communication network ADJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT network PUNCT DET packet network NUM ADV VERB ADJ VERB devices CCONJ DET ADJ ADP DET ADJ communication protocol PUNCT X DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT Interconnections ADP CCONJ ADP DET packet network NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ media VERB wires PUNCT radio frequency transmissions PUNCT CCONJ ADJ cables PUNCT ADJ devices VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT X PUNCT switches PUNCT routers PUNCT X X PUNCT AUX VERB ADP simplicity ADP illustration ADP PROPN . NUM PUNCT DET packet network NUM AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB voice PUNCT video PUNCT CCONJ data communications ADP DET ADJ network infrastructure PUNCT SPACE DET PC NUM PUNCT ADJ phone NUM PUNCT CCONJ television NUM ADP way ADP DET set PUNCT top PUNCT box NUM ADV VERB NUM ADP ADJ ADJ network devices ADJ ADP VERB ADP DET cluster NUM ADP session VERB data processing PUNCT DET ADP DET devices AUX computer software VERB DET implementation ADP DET network protocol VERB PART VERB ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET devices AUX ADV VERB ADJ level protocols PART VERB ADP DET session handling facilities ADP DET servers NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET ADJ phone NUM AUX VERB instructions ADP VERB DET voice communication VERB session ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET set PUNCT top PUNCT box NUM AUX VERB instructions ADP VERB DET video VERB session ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT SPACE DET servers NUM ADP DET cluster NUM ADV VERB session handling capabilities PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB DET session VERB ADP DET request ADP NUM ADP DET network devices NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT X X PUNCT process data ADP DET session PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET session ADP ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT AUX DET VERB protocol ADP VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB application sessions ADP IP networks PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET mechanism PART VERB voice PUNCT video PUNCT CCONJ data PART AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ network PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET servers NUM AUX VERB PROPN ADP session handling PUNCT SPACE DET router NUM AUX VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ VERB devices PUNCT X PUNCT servers NUM PUNCT ADP DET packet network NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB CCONJ VERB DET ADJ area network PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET servers NUM PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADJ communications ADV PUNCT ADP example DET VERB devices NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET router NUM VERB DET ADJ connection PUNCT DET network cable ADJ ADP DET PUNCT PROPN PUNCT cable PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET router NUM AUX ADV VERB ADP DET cluster manager ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT DET cluster manager AUX AUX DET ADJ network device ADP DET cluster NUM ADJ ADP DET device VERB ADP DET cluster CCONJ DET packet network NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT NUM ADP DET servers PUNCT X PUNCT NUM PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET cluster manager PUNCT ADP DET DET approach PUNCT DET VERB server NUM AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP SCONJ PRON VERB ADP DET gateway ADP DET cluster NUM ADP ADJ network traffic PUNCT SPACE DET congestion control module NUM AUX VERB computer instructions ADP VERB redundancy CCONJ load balancing schemes PUNCT DET congestion control module AUX AUX VERB ADP DET device VERB ADP DET cluster manager PUNCT X PUNCT DET router NUM ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ approach ADP FIG . NUM PUNCT ADP AUX AUX VERB ADP detail ADV PUNCT DET congestion control module NUM AUX ADV VERB ADJ traffic ADP ADJ servers NUM PUNCT VERB utilization rates ADP DET servers PUNCT VERB DET cluster NUM ADP server failures PUNCT CCONJ VERB redundancy factors VERB ADP DET state ADP DET cluster PUNCT VERB DET congestion control module NUM ADV ADP DET servers NUM AUX VERB ADP DET estimation ADP ADJ utilization rates ADP DET servers PUNCT VERB utilization rates ADP DET congestion control module NUM AUX VERB time VERB ADJ - direction communication ADP DET servers NUM CCONJ router NUM PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ utilization rates PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET elements ADP DET ADJ ADJ network device PUNCT ADJ ADP DET router NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB elements ADP VERB DET quality ADP service ADP ADJ classifications ADP data PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET ADJ packet data NUM AUX ADV VERB DET classifier NUM PUNCT DET classifier NUM AUX VERB DET header ADP DET packet data NUM PART VERB DET ADJ classification PUNCT DET marker NUM AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB PUNCT DET portion ADP DET packet header PART ADV ADV VERB DET VERB classification PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET marker NUM AUX VERB ADP DET VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT field ADP DET header PUNCT SPACE DET meter NUM AUX VERB DET amount ADP ADJ data NUM VERB ADP DET router NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET meter NUM AUX VERB DET amount ADP data NUM ADP DET classification PUNCT DET policer PUNCT shaper NUM AUX VERB DET VERB amounts ADP DET meter NUM PART VERB ADJ traffic routing polices PUNCT X PUNCT quality ADP service guarantees PUNCT service level agreements PUNCT X PUNCT PART VERB DET policy PUNCT DET policer SYM shaper NUM AUX VERB packets SCONJ DET VERB amount ADP data NUM VERB DET service level agreement PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET policer SYM shaper NUM AUX VERB CCONJ VERB traffic PRON VERB PART VERB ADP policy AUX VERB PUNCT DET scheduler NUM AUX DET responsibility ADP VERB DET packets PART VERB ADP DET cluster NUM ADP data processing PUNCT DET scheduler ADV VERB PRON decision ADP DET priority levels ADP DET data ADV ADV ADP ADP DET service level agreements PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET scheduler NUM AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET congestion control module NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET scheduler NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT DET congestion control module NUM AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET scheduler NUM SCONJ ADV VERB input ADV PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET representation NUM ADP server CCONJ cluster capacities ADP ADJ operation PUNCT DET server NUM AUX AUX DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT DET VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ability ADP DET server PART VERB data PUNCT ADP VERB PUNCT DET server NUM AUX DET ADJ ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT d. ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT servers NUM ADP ADJ ADJ capacities AUX AUX part ADP DET ADJ cluster NUM PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ capacity NUM AUX AUX ADV VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT DET reduction ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM VERB ADJ capacity NUM PRON AUX VERB ADP periods ADP DET PRON AUX DET server failure PUNCT DET reduction ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET server NUM AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ redundancy factor PUNCT ri PUNCT i=1 PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT n PUNCT SCONJ 0≦ri≦1 PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET server NUM PUNCT DET redundancy factor ri VERB DET amount ADP ADJ capacity ADP DET fraction CCONJ percentage ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET server NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN Capacity*(1−ri PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ capacity NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE SCONJ ri=0 PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET server NUM AUX VERB PART AUX DET ADJ capacity NUM ADJ ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET server ADP DET redundancy factor ADP NUM PUNCT ri=0 PUNCT AUX PART VERB DET redundancy ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADP DET ADJ hand PUNCT SCONJ X PUNCT ADV DET server AUX VERB PRON ADJ ADJ capacity NUM ADP ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET server ADP DET redundancy factor ADP NUM PUNCT ri=1 PUNCT AUX PART VERB DET data VERB requests SCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET failure ADP DET server ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ redundancy factor values VERB ADJ amounts ADP ADJ capacity NUM ADP redundancy capacity NUM PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ capacity NUM AUX AUX VERB PART VERB data VERB sessions ADP ADJ devices PUNCT DET ADJ usage NUM PUNCT d ADP DET server VERB DET amount ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PRON AUX ADV AUX VERB PART VERB data VERB sessions PUNCT DET ADJ usage NUM AUX ADV VERB ADP DET server NUM VERB ADJ sessions CCONJ VERB others PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET data VERB demands ADP DET server NUM AUX VERB ADP DET session PUNCT DET router NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADJ cluster manager PUNCT AUX VERB DET server NUM AUX VERB ADV VERB packet data PUNCT ADP AUX AUX VERB ADP detail ADP respect ADP FIG . NUM PUNCT DET utilization factor AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ratio ADP DET estimate ADP ADJ usage NUM ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB packet data scheduling decisions ADP VERB ADJ traffic ADP DET server VERB ADV ADV NUM threshold criterion PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach DET criterion VERB DET consideration ADP utilization factor CCONJ ADP DET approach DET criterion AUX DET ADJ utilization factor PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET servers NUM VERB ADV ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT DET sum ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET server VERB DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET sum ADP DET ADJ capacities NUM ADP DET server VERB DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM PUNCT DET sum ADP DET ADJ capacities NUM ADP DET server VERB DET cluster ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM AUX VERB ADJ ADV ADV ADP PRON AUX DET server failures ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM CCONJ DET cluster ADJ capacity NUM AUX VERB ADJ ADV ADV ADP PRON AUX DET changes ADP DET DET ADP DET redundancy factors PUNCT ri PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET cluster usage NUM AUX VERB ADP DET sum ADP DET ADJ usage NUM ADP DET server VERB PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET representation NUM ADP server CCONJ cluster capacities ADP DET failure ADP NUM ADP DET servers PUNCT ADP VERB ADP DET X PUNCT DET ADJ capacity NUM AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADP DET server failure PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET VERB server NUM PUNCT SCONJ ADP DET failure PUNCT DET redundancy capacity NUM ADP DET VERB servers AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ factor ADP DET VERB servers AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM PUNCT ri=0 PUNCT ADP order PART VERB DET ADJ capacity NUM PART ADV VERB DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT DET ADJ usage NUM ADP DET VERB server NUM VERB sessions ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ data processing PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET sessions VERB DET ADJ usage NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET VERB servers ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADV VERB DET ADJ usage 220b PUNCT d levels ADV PUNCT ADP VERB PUNCT DET cluster usage NUM AUX ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET router NUM CCONJ servers NUM AUX AUX DET ADJ purpose computing device PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PC PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ network device PUNCT DET router NUM CCONJ servers NUM AUX AUX software PUNCT ADJ ADP DET operating system ADP ADJ PUNCT level driver software PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT ADP VERB signals ADP network links PUNCT DET operating system AUX ADV VERB DET network protocol stack PUNCT ADP VERB CCONJ VERB network connections ADP ADJ devices PUNCT SPACE DET router NUM CCONJ servers NUM AUX VERB DET ADP DET number ADP user PUNCT level CCONJ VERB operating systems VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP DET art PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET means VERB ADP PUNCT VERB versions CCONJ varieties ADP DET PROPN PROPN NUM VERB system PUNCT DET PROPN operating system PUNCT X PUNCT DET PROPN NUM VERB system VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN operating system VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN VERB system PUNCT Computing devices AUX VERB DET NUM ADP DET number ADP VERB devices VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP DET art PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADP limitation PUNCT DET computer workstation PUNCT DET desktop PUNCT notebook PUNCT laptop PUNCT CCONJ ADJ computer PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ computing device VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP DET art PUNCT SPACE DET router NUM CCONJ servers NUM AUX VERB instructions ADJ ADP NUM CCONJ ADJ processing elements ADJ ADP DET VERB ADV PUNCT Computer PUNCT ADJ instructions AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP computer programs VERB VERB DET variety ADP programming languages CCONJ technologies VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP DET art PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADP limitation PUNCT CCONJ CCONJ ADV CCONJ ADP combination PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT X PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT DET processor PUNCT X PUNCT DET microprocessor PUNCT VERB instructions PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET memory PUNCT DET computer PUNCT ADJ medium PUNCT X X PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET instructions PUNCT ADV VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ processes PUNCT VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ ADP DET processes VERB ADV PUNCT ADJ instructions CCONJ ADJ data AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB VERB DET variety ADP VERB computer PUNCT ADJ media PUNCT SPACE DET computer PUNCT ADJ medium VERB DET medium PRON VERB ADP VERB data PUNCT X PUNCT instructions PUNCT PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB ADP DET computer PUNCT ADJ DET medium AUX VERB ADJ forms PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ PART VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ media PUNCT CCONJ ADJ media PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ media VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ disks CCONJ ADJ ADJ memory PUNCT ADJ media VERB ADJ ADJ access memory PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV VERB DET ADJ memory PUNCT ADJ forms ADP computer PUNCT ADJ media VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET ADJ disk PUNCT DET ADJ disk PUNCT ADJ disk PUNCT ADJ tape PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ medium PUNCT DET CD PUNCT ROM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ medium PUNCT punch cards PUNCT paper tape PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ medium ADP patterns ADP holes PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT DET FLASH PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ memory chip CCONJ cartridge PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ medium ADP DET DET computer AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE FIGS . NUM SYM NUM CCONJ DET description ADV ADV VERB ADJ approaches ADP DET ADJ details ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PUNCT processes NUM PUNCT NUM CCONJ NUM DET VERB ADV PUNCT ADJ operation AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ monitoring CCONJ detection ADP DET failures ADP DET servers NUM ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT DET steps ADP DET processes AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADV PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP DET ADJ VERB PUNCT ADP steps ADP process NUM PUNCT process NUM AUX VERB ADV ADP DET period ADP time PUNCT ADV PUNCT process NUM AUX AUX VERB SCONJ DET cluster NUM AUX VERB ADP server failures CCONJ process NUM VERB DET utilization factors PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET flowchart ADP DET ADJ process NUM ADP VERB congestion control CCONJ server redundancy PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB DET computer PUNCT ADJ medium VERB VERB instructions ADP VERB ADP ADJ operations VERB ADV PUNCT VERB DET CCONJ DET ADP DET operations VERB ADP respect ADP process NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET CCONJ DET ADP ADJ instructions AUX AUX VERB ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADV PUNCT DET steps ADP process NUM AUX VERB user input CCONJ interactions PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART AUX VERB SCONJ ADV VERB CCONJ ADJ types ADP ADJ techniques AUX VERB steps PRON VERB user input PUNCT SPACE Process NUM VERB ADP step NUM ADP VERB ADJ parameters PUNCT DET ADJ parameters VERB ADP ADJ DET ADJ capacities NUM CCONJ redundancy factors ADP DET ADP DET servers NUM PUNCT DET parameters AUX AUX VERB ADP user input PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET command line interface PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT X PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT DET parameters AUX AUX VERB ADP DET configuration file PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET parameters AUX AUX VERB ADP step NUM ADP VERB DET file ADP VERB CCONJ VERB DET ADJ data PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT DET VERB traffic load AUX AUX VERB PUNCT DET VERB traffic load AUX AUX VERB PART VERB CCONJ VERB DET redundancy factors ADP DET servers PUNCT ADJ traffic loads ADP ADJ dates CCONJ times AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET VERB traffic load PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET VERB traffic load presets DET baseline value PART AUX VERB SCONJ ADV VERB DET redundancy factors PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET server AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADJ capacities NUM VERB ADP DET redundancy factors PUNCT ADP ADV PUNCT DET sum ADP DET ADJ capacities NUM PUNCT ADV VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET VERB traffic load ADP order PART VERB SCONJ DET VERB traffic AUX AUX ADJ PART AUX VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET limiting VERB ADJ capacity NUM DET AUX VERB ADP times ADP DET PRON AUX DET failure ADP NUM ADP DET servers NUM ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT DET initialization step VERB baseline values ADP DET ADJ capacities NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET event ADP DET server failure PUNCT DET ADJ capacities NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB DET ADJ redundancy factors PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT step NUM PUNCT steps NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ NUM AUX VERB ADV ADP VERB ADV PUNCT Step NUM VERB DET steps CCONJ decisions ADP process NUM VERB ADV PUNCT ADV PUNCT step NUM VERB DET steps CCONJ decisions ADP process NUM PUNCT ADV VERB ADV PUNCT SCONJ DET utilization factor PUNCT uij PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET VERB ADJ usage ADP DET VERB time interval PUNCT j PUNCT PUNCT DET utilization factor AUX AUX VERB ADP DET interval PUNCT DET process AUX VERB PART VERB DET data ADP DET VERB time interval PUNCT ADP DET conclusion ADP DET time interval PUNCT DET process AUX VERB DET ADJ usage VERB ADP DET ADJ traffic load ADP DET server PUNCT SPACE ADP step NUM PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET ADP DET servers NUM AUX VERB PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB PART VERB DET servers NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP VERB DET connection PUNCT VERB DET ADV PUNCT VERB ping PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN echo PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT DET servers NUM AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADP DET communication PUNCT ADV VERB ADP ADP DET life beat PUNCT ADP DET router NUM PUNCT ADV ADV DET approach PUNCT DET router NUM AUX ADV VERB DET servers NUM ADP failures PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET lack ADP DET response CCONJ DET lack ADP DET life beat AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET server failure PUNCT SPACE ADP step NUM PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX VERB ADP DET failure state SCONJ DET server failure AUX VERB ADP step NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADV PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ values PUNCT X PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP order PART VERB DET ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT SPACE ADP step NUM PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ parameters SCONJ DET server failure AUX PART VERB PUNCT ADP ADJ cases DET redundancy factors AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ parameters PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ DET functionally ADP DET server NUM AUX ADV AUX VERB VERB DET failure PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX VERB PART AUX VERB ADP DET failure state PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX AUX VERB ADJ SCONJ DET ADJ cluster capacity NUM VERB ADP DET baseline CCONJ VERB traffic load PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT DET parameters AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX VERB VERB ADP time CCONJ date PART VERB ADP VERB traffic loads CCONJ DET service level PRON VERB PART AUX VERB ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT SCONJ service AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ degree ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ level PART VERB PRON AUX ADJ capacity NUM PART VERB DET server failures PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET parameters AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ times PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT process NUM AUX AUX ADJ ADP ADJ traffic conditions PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET parameters AUX ADV VERB ADP DET face ADP VERB traffic conditions PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET parameters VERB PART AUX VERB PUNCT process NUM AUX VERB ADP step NUM PART VERB DET ADJ parameters PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ DET adjustment AUX VERB PUNCT process NUM AUX VERB ADP ADJ steps NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ NUM PUNCT SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET flowchart ADP DET ADJ process NUM ADP VERB server utilization factors PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB DET computer PUNCT ADJ medium VERB VERB instructions ADP VERB ADP ADJ operations VERB ADV PUNCT VERB DET CCONJ DET ADP DET operations VERB ADP respect ADP process NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET CCONJ DET ADP ADJ instructions AUX AUX VERB ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PUNCT process NUM AUX AUX VERB VERB ADJ ADP process NUM PUNCT X PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT SPACE Process NUM VERB ADP step NUM ADP VERB DET ADJ capacity NUM ADP DET server PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET ADJ capacity NUM CCONJ DET ADJ redundancy factor PUNCT ri PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET values AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ parameters ADP user input PUNCT DET configuration file PUNCT X PUNCT DET ADJ capacity NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET redundancy factor PUNCT NUM PUNCT PART VERB DET ADJ ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT DET ADJ usage NUM ADP DET server NUM AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADP DET VERB traffic load VERB ADV ADP VERB baseline values ADP DET ADJ capacity PUNCT DET VERB traffic load VERB PART VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ traffic load PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADV ADJ PART ADV VERB DET ADJ traffic load PUNCT X PUNCT amount ADP packet data traffic VERB ADP DET server NUM PUNCT DET router AUX VERB DET monitoring ADP ADJ time intervals PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB DET amount ADP packet data VERB ADP DET server DET NUM milliseconds PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET router NUM ADV VERB ADJ amounts ADP packet data traffic VERB ADP DET server NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET router AUX PART VERB DET ADJ amount ADP traffic VERB ADP DET sever ADP DET instant time interval PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ traffic volumes AUX ADV VERB ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ interval PUNCT DET understanding ADP DET ADJ usage NUM ADP DET server NUM AUX ADJ ADP ADV VERB DET data processing load ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET scheduling decision PUNCT VERB ADP respect ADP PROPN . NUM PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET VERB ADJ usage PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PART ADP ADJ usage PUNCT SPACE ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET ADJ usage NUM AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ VERB average ADP DET ADJ amounts ADP usage ADP ADJ intervals PUNCT λi PUNCT j−1 PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT λi X j−2 PUNCT PUNCT X X SCONJ DET data processing AUX AUX VERB ADP sessions DET VERB CCONJ VERB ADP server capacity ADP DET period ADP time PUNCT PRON AUX AUX ADJ PART VERB DET ADJ usage ADP ADJ ADP ADV DET ADJ usage ADP DET ADV ADJ interval PUNCT λi X j−1 PUNCT PUNCT DET weighting factor PUNCT 0≦w≦1 PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET weight VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ interval PUNCT λi PUNCT j l PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADV ADJ interval PUNCT λi PUNCT j−2 PUNCT PUNCT ADP example PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ session PART VERB ADP DET ADJ interval PUNCT DET weighting factor PUNCT w PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ value PART VERB ADJ weight DET ADV ADJ period PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ value ADP PUNCT w PUNCT AUX AUX VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ sessions VERB ADP server capacity NUM ADP ADJ ADP NUM time interval PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET VERB ADJ usage PUNCT Eλij PUNCT ADP DET PUNCT i PUNCT server ADP DET PUNCT j PUNCT time interval AUX AUX VERB ADP Eλij X w·λi PUNCT j−1+(1−w)·λi PUNCT j−2 PUNCT ADP ADJ ADJ approaches PUNCT formulas PRON VERB ADV ADJ ADJ values ADP DET ADJ usage AUX AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP AUX AUX VERB ADP respect ADP PROPN . NUM PUNCT DET ADJ usages ADP ADJ time intervals PUNCT λi PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT λi PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT X X PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET packet data scheduling PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT utilization factors ADP DET server NUM AUX AUX VERB PUNCT DET utilization factor AUX VERB DET VERB ADJ usage PUNCT Eλij PUNCT ADP DET ratio ADP DET ADJ capacity NUM PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ capacity AUX DET ADJ capacity VERB ADP DET redundancy factor PUNCT ri PUNCT PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ approach PUNCT DET utilization factor PUNCT uij PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP SPACE FIG . NUM VERB DET flowchart ADP DET ADJ process NUM ADP VERB packet data traffic ADP servers ADP DET cluster PUNCT DET router NUM AUX VERB DET computer PUNCT ADJ medium VERB VERB instructions ADP VERB ADP ADJ operations VERB ADV PUNCT VERB DET CCONJ DET ADP DET operations VERB ADP respect ADP process NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET CCONJ DET ADP ADJ instructions AUX AUX VERB ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADV PUNCT process NUM AUX AUX VERB - process ADP process NUM PUNCT X PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT SPACE Process NUM VERB ADP step NUM SCONJ ADJ packet data traffic NUM AUX VERB ADP DET router NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADV ADP respect ADP FIG . NUM PUNCT DET router AUX VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT VERB PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET traffic ADP ADJ PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ steps PUNCT DET scheduler NUM PUNCT ADP coordination ADP DET congestion control module NUM PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET VERB steps PART ADV VERB CCONJ VERB DET traffic ADP DET ADJ server NUM ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP step NUM PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET VERB packet data VERB ADP DET VERB session PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET data AUX VERB DET session identifier ADV VERB DET data ADP DET ADJ session PUNCT SPACE ADP step NUM PUNCT DET packet data AUX AUX VERB ADP DET server NUM PRON AUX ADV VERB DET session PART DET DET data VERB PUNCT DET session data ADP step NUM AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET server AUX VERB DET ADJ session PUNCT SCONJ PART VERB PUNCT process NUM AUX ADV VERB associations ADP DET servers NUM CCONJ sessions AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE ADP step NUM PUNCT VERB DET determination ADP step NUM SCONJ DET packet data AUX PART VERB ADP DET VERB session PUNCT 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order PART VERB redundancy capacity NUM PUNCT DET redundancy factors PUNCT ri PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP order PART VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ redundancy ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET redundancy factors PUNCT ri PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP times ADP DET service availability AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP ADJ times PUNCT DET redundancy factors AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADV ADJ processing capacity NUM PUNCT DET AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET event ADP DET failure ADP NUM ADP DET servers NUM PUNCT PART VERB DET traffic load ADP DET cluster NUM PUNCT DET amount ADP data traffic VERB ADP DET server AUX AUX VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET number ADP ADJ time intervals PUNCT DET CCONJ DET ADP DET ADJ records AUX AUX VERB PART VERB DET ADJ usage PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB traffic PRON AUX PART VERB ADP DET VERB session AUX AUX VERB ADP DET server VERB DET ADJ utilization factor PUNCT uij PUNCT PUNCT X PUNCT DET ratio ADP DET VERB usage ADP DET ADJ capacity PUNCT SPACE ADP regard ADP DET processes PUNCT systems PUNCT methods PUNCT heuristics PUNCT X X VERB ADV PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB SCONJ PUNCT SCONJ DET steps ADP ADJ processes PUNCT X X AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB VERB ADP DET ADJ VERB sequence PUNCT ADJ processes AUX AUX VERB ADP DET VERB steps VERB ADP DET order ADJ ADP DET order VERB ADV PUNCT PRON ADV AUX AUX VERB SCONJ ADJ steps AUX AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SCONJ ADJ steps AUX AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADJ steps VERB ADV AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADP ADJ words PUNCT DET descriptions ADP processes ADV AUX VERB ADP DET purpose ADP VERB ADJ systems PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADP DET way AUX VERB SCONJ ADP PART VERB DET VERB invention PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT PRON AUX PART AUX VERB SCONJ DET ADJ description AUX VERB PART AUX ADJ CCONJ PART ADJ PUNCT ADJ systems CCONJ applications ADJ ADP DET examples VERB AUX AUX ADJ SCONJ VERB DET ADJ description PUNCT DET scope ADP DET invention AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PART ADP reference ADP DET ADJ description PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP reference ADP DET VERB claims PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ scope ADP equivalents PART DET ADJ claims AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB CCONJ VERB SCONJ ADJ developments AUX VERB ADP DET arts VERB ADV PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET VERB systems CCONJ methods AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ ADJ systems PUNCT ADP sum PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB SCONJ DET disclosure AUX ADJ ADP modification CCONJ variation CCONJ AUX VERB ADV ADP DET VERB claims PUNCT SPACE DET terms VERB ADP DET claims AUX VERB PART AUX VERB PRON ADJ ADJ constructions CCONJ PRON ADJ meanings ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ ADP DET art SCONJ DET ADJ indication ADP DET contrary AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT use ADP DET ADJ articles ADJ ADP PUNCT a PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT DET PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT VERB PUNCT PUNCT X X AUX AUX VERB PART VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ ADP DET VERB elements SCONJ DET claim VERB ADV ADP DET contrary PUNCT
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white blood cell Component of the blood that functions in the immune system. Also known as a leukocyte.
wood The inner layer of the stems of woody plants; composed of xylem.
X-chromosome One of the sex chromosomes.
xerophytic leaves The leaves of plants that grow under arid conditions with low levels of soil and water. Usually characterized by water-conserving features such as thick cuticle and sunken stomatal pits.
x-ray diffraction Technique utilized to study atomic structure of crystalline substances by noting the patterns produced by x-rays shot through the crystal.
xylem Tissue in the vascular system of plants that moves water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to the leaves; composed of various cell types including tracheids and vessel elements. Plant tissue type that conducts water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves.
zebroid A hybrid animal that results from breeding zebras and horses.
Z lines Dense areas in myoÞbrils that mark the beginning of the sarcomeres. The actin Þlaments of the sarcomeres are anchored in the Z lines.
zone of differentiation Area in plant roots where recently produced cells develop into different cell types.
zone of elongation Area in plant roots where recently produced cells grow and elongate prior to differentiation.
zone of intolerance The area outside the geographic range where a population is absent; grades into the zone of physiological stress.
zone of physiological stress The area in a population's geographic range where members of population are rare due to physical and biological limiting factors.
zygomycetes One of the division of the fungi, characterized by the production of zygospores; includes the bread molds.
zygospore In fungi, a structure that forms from the diploid zygote created by the fusion of haploid hyphae of different mating types. After a period of dormancy, the zygospore forms sporangia, where meiosis occurs and spores form.
zygote A fertilized egg. A diploid cell resulting from fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell.
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blood cell blood functions system leukocyte wood layer stems woody plants X - chromosome sex chromosomes leaves plants conditions levels soil water water features cuticle pits - ray diffraction Technique structure substances patterns x - rays crystal system plants water nutrients roots leaves cell types tracheids vessel elements Plant tissue type water nutrients roots leaves zebroid animal zebras horses Z lines areas myoÞbrils beginning sarcomeres actin Þlaments sarcomeres Z lines zone differentiation plant roots cells cell types zone elongation plant roots cells differentiation zone intolerance area range population grades zone stress zone stress area population range members population limiting factors division fungi production zygospores bread molds fungi structure zygote fusion hyphae mating types period dormancy sporangia meiosis form egg cell fertilization egg sperm cell Table URL page
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white blood cell Component of the blood that function in the immune system. also know as a leukocyte.
wood the inner layer of the stem of woody plant; compose of xylem.
X-chromosome one of the sex chromosome.
xerophytic leave the leaf of plant that grow under arid condition with low level of soil and water. usually characterize by water-conserve feature such as thick cuticle and sink stomatal pit.
x-ray diffraction technique utilize to study atomic structure of crystalline substance by note the pattern produce by x-ray shoot through the crystal.
xylem Tissue in the vascular system of plant that move water and dissolve nutrient from the root to the leaf; compose of various cell type include tracheid and vessel element. plant tissue type that conduct water and nutrient from the root to the leaf.
zebroid a hybrid animal that result from breed zebra and horse.
z line dense area in myoþbrils that mark the beginning of the sarcomere. the actin þlament of the sarcomere be anchor in the z line.
zone of differentiation Area in plant root where recently produce cell develop into different cell type.
zone of elongation Area in plant root where recently produce cell grow and elongate prior to differentiation.
zone of intolerance the area outside the geographic range where a population be absent; grade into the zone of physiological stress.
zone of physiological stress the area in a population's geographic range where member of population be rare due to physical and biological limiting factor.
zygomycete one of the division of the fungus, characterize by the production of zygospore; include the bread mold.
zygospore in fungus, a structure that form from the diploid zygote create by the fusion of haploid hypha of different mating type. after a period of dormancy, the zygospore form sporangia, where meiosis occur and spore form.
zygote a fertilized egg. a diploid cell result from fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell.
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ADJ blood cell Component ADP DET blood PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ system PUNCT ADV VERB ADP DET leukocyte PUNCT SPACE wood DET ADJ layer ADP DET stems ADP ADJ plants PUNCT VERB ADP xylem PUNCT SPACE X - chromosome NUM ADP DET sex chromosomes PUNCT SPACE ADJ leaves DET leaves ADP plants PRON VERB ADP ADJ conditions ADP ADJ levels ADP soil CCONJ water PUNCT ADV VERB ADP water PUNCT VERB features ADJ ADP ADJ cuticle CCONJ ADJ stomatal pits PUNCT SPACE x PUNCT ray diffraction Technique VERB PART VERB ADJ structure ADP ADJ substances ADP VERB DET patterns VERB ADP x - rays VERB ADP DET crystal PUNCT SPACE xylem Tissue ADP DET ADJ system ADP plants PRON VERB water CCONJ VERB nutrients ADP DET roots ADP DET leaves PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ cell types VERB tracheids CCONJ vessel elements PUNCT Plant tissue type PRON VERB water CCONJ nutrients ADP DET roots ADP DET leaves PUNCT SPACE zebroid DET ADJ animal PRON VERB ADP VERB zebras CCONJ horses PUNCT SPACE PROPN lines ADJ areas ADP myoÞbrils PRON VERB DET beginning ADP DET sarcomeres PUNCT DET actin Þlaments ADP DET sarcomeres AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN lines PUNCT SPACE zone ADP differentiation Area ADP plant roots SCONJ ADV VERB cells VERB ADP ADJ cell types PUNCT SPACE zone ADP elongation Area ADP plant roots SCONJ ADV VERB cells VERB CCONJ VERB ADV ADP differentiation PUNCT SPACE zone ADP intolerance DET area ADP DET ADJ range SCONJ DET population AUX ADJ PUNCT grades ADP DET zone ADP ADJ stress PUNCT SPACE zone ADP ADJ stress DET area ADP DET population PART ADJ range SCONJ members ADP population AUX ADJ ADP ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ VERB factors PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM ADP DET division ADP DET fungi PUNCT VERB ADP DET production ADP zygospores PUNCT VERB DET bread molds PUNCT SPACE zygospore ADP fungi PUNCT DET structure PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ zygote VERB ADP DET fusion ADP ADJ hyphae ADP ADJ mating types PUNCT ADP DET period ADP dormancy PUNCT DET zygospore VERB sporangia PUNCT SCONJ meiosis VERB CCONJ spores VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN DET VERB egg PUNCT DET diploid cell VERB ADP fertilization ADP DET egg ADP DET sperm cell PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP ADJ Glossary Page SPACE PROPN PROPN NUM NUM SPACE DET URL ADP DET page AUX PUNCT
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ADJ blood cell Component ADP DET blood PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ system PUNCT ADV VERB ADP DET leukocyte PUNCT SPACE wood DET ADJ layer ADP DET stems ADP ADJ plants PUNCT VERB ADP xylem PUNCT SPACE X - chromosome NUM ADP DET sex chromosomes PUNCT SPACE ADJ leaves DET leaves ADP plants PRON VERB ADP ADJ conditions ADP ADJ levels ADP soil CCONJ water PUNCT ADV VERB ADP water PUNCT VERB features ADJ ADP ADJ cuticle CCONJ ADJ stomatal pits PUNCT SPACE x PUNCT ray diffraction Technique VERB PART VERB ADJ structure ADP ADJ substances ADP VERB DET patterns VERB ADP x - rays VERB ADP DET crystal PUNCT SPACE xylem Tissue ADP DET ADJ system ADP plants PRON VERB water CCONJ VERB nutrients ADP DET roots ADP DET leaves PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ cell types VERB tracheids CCONJ vessel elements PUNCT Plant tissue type PRON VERB water CCONJ nutrients ADP DET roots ADP DET leaves PUNCT SPACE zebroid DET ADJ animal PRON VERB ADP VERB zebras CCONJ horses PUNCT SPACE PROPN lines ADJ areas ADP myoÞbrils PRON VERB DET beginning ADP DET sarcomeres PUNCT DET actin Þlaments ADP DET sarcomeres AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN lines PUNCT SPACE zone ADP differentiation Area ADP plant roots SCONJ ADV VERB cells VERB ADP ADJ cell types PUNCT SPACE zone ADP elongation Area ADP plant roots SCONJ ADV VERB cells VERB CCONJ VERB ADV ADP differentiation PUNCT SPACE zone ADP intolerance DET area ADP DET ADJ range SCONJ DET population AUX ADJ PUNCT grades ADP DET zone ADP ADJ stress PUNCT SPACE zone ADP ADJ stress DET area ADP DET population PART ADJ range SCONJ members ADP population AUX ADJ ADP ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ VERB factors PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM ADP DET division ADP DET fungi PUNCT VERB ADP DET production ADP zygospores PUNCT VERB DET bread molds PUNCT SPACE zygospore ADP fungi PUNCT DET structure PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ zygote VERB ADP DET fusion ADP ADJ hyphae ADP ADJ mating types PUNCT ADP DET period ADP dormancy PUNCT DET zygospore VERB sporangia PUNCT SCONJ meiosis VERB CCONJ spores VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN DET VERB egg PUNCT DET diploid cell VERB ADP fertilization ADP DET egg ADP DET sperm cell PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP ADJ Glossary Page SPACE PROPN PROPN NUM NUM SPACE DET URL ADP DET page AUX PUNCT
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ADJ blood cell Component ADP DET blood PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ system PUNCT ADV VERB ADP DET leukocyte PUNCT SPACE wood DET ADJ layer ADP DET stems ADP ADJ plants PUNCT VERB ADP xylem PUNCT SPACE X - chromosome NUM ADP DET sex chromosomes PUNCT SPACE ADJ leaves DET leaves ADP plants PRON VERB ADP ADJ conditions ADP ADJ levels ADP soil CCONJ water PUNCT ADV VERB ADP water PUNCT VERB features ADJ ADP ADJ cuticle CCONJ ADJ stomatal pits PUNCT SPACE x PUNCT ray diffraction Technique VERB PART VERB ADJ structure ADP ADJ substances ADP VERB DET patterns VERB ADP x - rays VERB ADP DET crystal PUNCT SPACE xylem Tissue ADP DET ADJ system ADP plants PRON VERB water CCONJ VERB nutrients ADP DET roots ADP DET leaves PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ cell types VERB tracheids CCONJ vessel elements PUNCT Plant tissue type PRON VERB water CCONJ nutrients ADP DET roots ADP DET leaves PUNCT SPACE zebroid DET ADJ animal PRON VERB ADP VERB zebras CCONJ horses PUNCT SPACE PROPN lines ADJ areas ADP myoÞbrils PRON VERB DET beginning ADP DET sarcomeres PUNCT DET actin Þlaments ADP DET sarcomeres AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN lines PUNCT SPACE zone ADP differentiation Area ADP plant roots SCONJ ADV VERB cells VERB ADP ADJ cell types PUNCT SPACE zone ADP elongation Area ADP plant roots SCONJ ADV VERB cells VERB CCONJ VERB ADV ADP differentiation PUNCT SPACE zone ADP intolerance DET area ADP DET ADJ range SCONJ DET population AUX ADJ PUNCT grades ADP DET zone ADP ADJ stress PUNCT SPACE zone ADP ADJ stress DET area ADP DET population PART ADJ range SCONJ members ADP population AUX ADJ ADP ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ VERB factors PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM ADP DET division ADP DET fungi PUNCT VERB ADP DET production ADP zygospores PUNCT VERB DET bread molds PUNCT SPACE zygospore ADP fungi PUNCT DET structure PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ zygote VERB ADP DET fusion ADP ADJ hyphae ADP ADJ mating types PUNCT ADP DET period ADP dormancy PUNCT DET zygospore VERB sporangia PUNCT SCONJ meiosis VERB CCONJ spores VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN DET VERB egg PUNCT DET diploid cell VERB ADP fertilization ADP DET egg ADP DET sperm cell PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP ADJ Glossary Page SPACE PROPN PROPN NUM NUM SPACE DET URL ADP DET page AUX PUNCT
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Alabama Beach Mouse
ALABAMA BEACH MOUSE
Photo Credit: Nick R. Holler
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Peromyscus polionotus ammobates (Bowen)
DESCRIPTION: Smallest (adults, total length =122-153 mm [4.8-6.0 in.]; weights =10.0-17.0 g [0.35-0.60 oz.]; pregnant females reaching 22-25 g [0.78-0.88 oz.]) species of Peromyscus in North America (Hall 1981b). Tail short, usually 55-65 percent of body length. Males generally smaller than females. Brown to pale gray above, with pure white undersides and feet. A dark brown mid-dorsal stripe is common. Tail bicolored, with variable (10-80 percent of tail length) dark brown stripe on dorsal surface and pure white underneath (Howell 1939; Hall 1981b).
DISTRIBUTION: Historic distribution was along the coastal dunes of Baldwin County, Alabama, from the western tip of Fort Morgan Peninsula eastward to the Perdido Bay inlet, including Ono Island. The type locality was a sand bar immediately west of Perdido Key inlet (Alabama Point, Bowen 1968). Type locality has been heavily developed and no longer exhibits natural characteristics. Because of extensive development throughout the Alabama Gulf Coast, the present-day distribution of the Alabama beach mouse is greatly reduced (Holliman 1983). Active populations are known to exist in areas of public ownership at Fort Morgan and within the Perdue Unit of the Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge (Swilling and Wooten 2002). Discontinuous occupation of dune and scrub habitat between these two sites also occurs. Have been re-established at Gulf State Park. Trapping and visual surveys suggest extirpation from all areas east of Gulf State Park.
HABITAT: Typically includes primary, secondary, and scrub dunes of the coastal strand community (Bowen 1968, Rave and Holler 1992). Densities often greatest in sparsely vegetated areas within the primary dune zone. Recent research indicated that scrub habitat is more important than previously thought. Recognition of the value of this habitat as refugia from hurricanes and other storm events has prompted formal redesignation of the Critical Habitat limit for this subspecies. Only rarely found associated with human dwellings.
LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY: Monogamous; pair bonding strong and parental cooperation in rearing has been noted (Blair 1951, Margulis 1997, Swilling and Wooten 1992). Litter sizes range from two to eight (mode = four) (Caldwell and Gentry 1965, Smith 1966). Gestation period averages 28 days with a postpartum estrus common. Reproduction occurs throughout the year, but typically slows during summer and peaks during late fall/early winter in correlation with availability of forage seeds. A semifossorial, nocturnal rodent that digs distinctive burrows in sandy soils. Burrows typically consist of an entrance tube up to one meter (three feet) deep leading to one or more chambers (Hayne 1936, Smith 1966). An escape tunnel is normally present from the nest chamber to just below the surface. Nests of dried grasses and other fibers are found in the central chamber. Burrow openings are frequently located within vegetation. A fan-shaped plume of expelled sand is characteristic of active burrows. Entrance tunnels are blocked several centimeters (three to five inches) below surface by sand plugs, presumably for predator defense. Granivorous-omnivorous, with a majority of diet being seasonal seeds (Smith 1966, Gentry and Smith 1968, Moyers 1996). Wind-deposited seeds such as sea oats and bluestem important components of diet; acorns eaten when available. Also consumes a variety of animal foods, including both insects and vertebrates. Insects reported in diet include beetles, leaf hoppers, true bugs, and ants. Nocturnal, with daytime activity rare; nightly movements directly affected by weather conditions. Radio tracking indicates activity throughout the night, with peaks occurring shortly after dusk and again after midnight (Lynn 2000). Capable of dispersing over five kilometers (3.1 miles) (Smith 1966) and commonly traverse 0.5 kilometers (0.31 miles) of habitat per night, but most observations indicate that individuals settle within a few hundred meters (200-1,000 feet) of their natal sites. Juveniles disperse an average of 160 meters (500 feet), effectively one home range, away from the natal site (Swilling and Wooten 2002). Dispersal distances for juvenile males and females not reported to differ. Home range size varies according to season and reproductive state. Average values reported for Alabama beach mice were 4,086 -5,512 square meters (43,981-59,330 square feet) from trapping data and 6,783-7,000 square meters (73,011-75,347 square feet) from telemetry data, but ranges as small as 389 square meters (4,187 square feet) and as large as 29,330 square meters (315,715 square feet) have been observed (Lynn 2000). Home range sizes do not differ significantly between males and females. In general, populations show little evidence of intraspecies competition with increasing densities yielding increased compaction of home ranges. This combination of tolerance and dispersal results in the formation of spatial "neighborhoods" within populations. For Alabama beach mice, approximate size of these spatial units is 550 meters (1,800 feet; linear) with occupancy by 40-70 mice. Average life span in natural populations less than nine months although common to encounter mice more than one year of age. Captures of mice known to be two years old have been reported and captive mice have reached four or more years of age. Preyed upon by the red and gray fox , great horned owl, great blue heron, weasel, striped skunk, raccoon, various snakes including coach-whip and pygmy and eastern diamondback rattlesnakes, and domestic dogs and cats.
BASIS FOR STATUS CLASSIFICATION: Habitat loss and fragmentation associated with residential and commercial real estate development single most important factor contributing to imperiled status. Existing or proposed beachfront development will substantially alter all Alabama beach mouse habitat not in public ownership. Reduction of available habitat and isolation of the remaining populations substantially increases vulnerability to the effects of tropical storms, weather cycles, predation, and other environmental factors. Substantial disagreement exists as to the current status and appropriate management protocol for the Alabama beach mouse. Various researchers have argued it is in immediate jeopardy of range-wide extinction if habitat loss is allowed to continue. This position is supported by evidence of widespread extirpation from all developed areas in the eastern portion of the historic distribution. Similar levels of development are occurring throughout the Fort Morgan Peninsula and real estate development on all private areas is proceeding rapidly. In addition, Population Viability Analyses indicate that extinction of even the largest remaining populations is likely within 50 years if current trends continue (Oli et al. 2001). Listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1986.
Author: Michael C. Wooten
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NAME polionotus DESCRIPTION adults length = mm in weights = g oz females g oz species Tail percent body length Males females undersides feet stripe Tail variable percent tail length stripe dorsal surface white DISTRIBUTION distribution dunes tip inlet type locality sand bar inlet Type locality characteristics development day distribution beach mouse populations areas ownership occupation dune scrub habitat sites surveys extirpation areas HABITAT scrub dunes Bowen Densities areas dune zone research scrub Recognition value habitat refugia hurricanes storm events redesignation limit subspecies dwellings LIFE HISTORY pair cooperation rearing sizes mode Gestation period days postpartum Reproduction year summer peaks fall winter correlation availability forage seeds rodent burrows soils Burrows entrance tube meter feet chambers escape tunnel nest chamber surface Nests grasses fibers chamber openings vegetation fan plume sand burrows Entrance tunnels centimeters inches surface sand plugs predator defense majority diet seeds Wind seeds sea oats components diet acorns variety animal foods insects vertebrates Insects diet beetles leaf hoppers bugs ants activity movements weather conditions Radio tracking activity night peaks dusk midnight kilometers miles kilometers miles habitat night observations individuals meters feet natal sites Juveniles average meters feet home range natal site distances males females Home range size season state values beach mice -5,512 meters feet data meters feet telemetry data meters feet meters feet Home range sizes males females populations evidence intraspecies competition densities compaction home ranges combination tolerance dispersal results formation neighborhoods populations beach mice size units meters feet linear occupancy mice life span populations months mice year age Captures mice years mice years age fox owl skunk raccoon snakes coach whip pygmy diamondback rattlesnakes dogs cats BASIS loss fragmentation estate development factor status development beach mouse ownership Reduction habitat isolation populations vulnerability effects storms weather cycles predation factors disagreement status management protocol beach mouse researchers jeopardy range extinction habitat loss position evidence extirpation areas portion distribution levels development estate development areas addition extinction populations years trends et Author
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Alabama Beach Mouse
ALABAMA BEACH MOUSE
Photo Credit: Nick R. Holler
SCIENTIFIC name: Peromyscus polionotus ammobate (Bowen)
description: Smallest (adult, total length =122-153 mm [4.8-6.0 in.]; weight =10.0-17.0 g [0.35-0.60 oz.]; pregnant female reach 22-25 g [0.78-0.88 oz.]) specie of Peromyscus in North America (Hall 1981b). tail short, usually 55-65 percent of body length. male generally small than female. Brown to pale gray above, with pure white underside and foot. a dark brown mid-dorsal stripe be common. tail bicolore, with variable (10-80 percent of tail length) dark brown stripe on dorsal surface and pure white underneath (Howell 1939; Hall 1981b).
distribution: historic distribution be along the coastal dune of Baldwin County, Alabama, from the western tip of Fort Morgan Peninsula eastward to the Perdido Bay inlet, include Ono Island. the type locality be a sand bar immediately west of Perdido Key inlet (Alabama Point, Bowen 1968). type locality have be heavily develop and no long exhibit natural characteristic. because of extensive development throughout the Alabama Gulf Coast, the present-day distribution of the Alabama beach mouse be greatly reduce (Holliman 1983). active population be know to exist in area of public ownership at Fort Morgan and within the Perdue Unit of the Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge (Swilling and Wooten 2002). discontinuous occupation of dune and scrub habitat between these two site also occur. have be re-establish at Gulf State Park. trapping and visual survey suggest extirpation from all area east of Gulf State Park.
HABITAT: typically include primary, secondary, and scrub dune of the coastal strand community (bowen 1968, Rave and Holler 1992). density often great in sparsely vegetate area within the primary dune zone. recent research indicate that scrub habitat be more important than previously think. recognition of the value of this habitat as refugia from hurricane and other storm event have prompt formal redesignation of the Critical Habitat limit for this subspecie. only rarely find associate with human dwelling.
life history and ECOLOGY: monogamous; pair bond strong and parental cooperation in rearing have be note (Blair 1951, Margulis 1997, Swilling and Wooten 1992). Litter size range from two to eight (mode = four) (Caldwell and Gentry 1965, Smith 1966). gestation period average 28 day with a postpartum estrus common. reproduction occur throughout the year, but typically slow during summer and peak during late fall/early winter in correlation with availability of forage seed. a semifossorial, nocturnal rodent that dig distinctive burrow in sandy soil. burrow typically consist of an entrance tube up to one meter (three foot) deep lead to one or more chamber (Hayne 1936, Smith 1966). an escape tunnel be normally present from the nest chamber to just below the surface. nest of dry grass and other fiber be find in the central chamber. Burrow opening be frequently locate within vegetation. a fan-shape plume of expel sand be characteristic of active burrow. entrance tunnel be block several centimeter (three to five inch) below surface by sand plug, presumably for predator defense. granivorous-omnivorous, with a majority of diet be seasonal seed (Smith 1966, Gentry and Smith 1968, Moyers 1996). wind-deposit seed such as sea oat and bluestem important component of diet; acorn eat when available. also consume a variety of animal food, include both insect and vertebrate. insect report in diet include beetle, leaf hopper, true bug, and ant. Nocturnal, with daytime activity rare; nightly movement directly affect by weather condition. radio tracking indicate activity throughout the night, with peak occur shortly after dusk and again after midnight (Lynn 2000). capable of disperse over five kilometer (3.1 mile) (Smith 1966) and commonly traverse 0.5 kilometer (0.31 mile) of habitat per night, but most observation indicate that individual settle within a few hundred meter (200-1,000 foot) of their natal site. juvenile disperse an average of 160 meter (500 foot), effectively one home range, away from the natal site (Swilling and Wooten 2002). Dispersal distance for juvenile male and female not report to differ. home range size vary accord to season and reproductive state. average value report for Alabama beach mouse be 4,086 -5,512 square meter (43,981-59,330 square foot) from trap datum and 6,783-7,000 square meter (73,011-75,347 square foot) from telemetry datum, but range as small as 389 square meter (4,187 square foot) and as large as 29,330 square meter (315,715 square foot) have be observe (Lynn 2000). home range size do not differ significantly between male and female. in general, population show little evidence of intraspecie competition with increase density yield increase compaction of home range. this combination of tolerance and dispersal result in the formation of spatial "neighborhood" within population. for Alabama beach mouse, approximate size of these spatial unit be 550 meter (1,800 foot; linear) with occupancy by 40-70 mouse. average life span in natural population less than nine month although common to encounter mouse more than one year of age. capture of mouse know to be two year old have be report and captive mouse have reach four or more year of age. prey upon by the red and gray fox , great horn owl, great blue heron, weasel, striped skunk, raccoon, various snake include coach-whip and pygmy and eastern diamondback rattlesnake, and domestic dog and cat.
basis for STATUS CLASSIFICATION: Habitat loss and fragmentation associate with residential and commercial real estate development single most important factor contribute to imperiled status. exist or propose beachfront development will substantially alter all Alabama beach mouse habitat not in public ownership. reduction of available habitat and isolation of the remain population substantially increase vulnerability to the effect of tropical storm, weather cycle, predation, and other environmental factor. substantial disagreement exist as to the current status and appropriate management protocol for the Alabama beach mouse. various researcher have argue it be in immediate jeopardy of range-wide extinction if habitat loss be allow to continue. this position be support by evidence of widespread extirpation from all develop area in the eastern portion of the historic distribution. similar level of development be occur throughout the Fort Morgan Peninsula and real estate development on all private area be proceed rapidly. in addition, Population Viability Analyses indicate that extinction of even the large remain population be likely within 50 year if current trend continue (Oli et al. 2001). list as endanger by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1986.
author: Michael C. Wooten
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PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN Credit PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE ADJ NAME PUNCT PROPN polionotus PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE DESCRIPTION PUNCT ADJ PUNCT adults PUNCT ADJ length SYM NUM SYM NUM mm PUNCT NUM SYM NUM in PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT weights SYM NUM SYM NUM g PUNCT NUM SYM NUM oz PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADJ females VERB NUM SYM NUM g PUNCT NUM SYM NUM oz PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT species ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Tail ADJ PUNCT ADV NUM SYM NUM percent ADP body length PUNCT Males ADV ADJ ADP females PUNCT ADJ PART ADJ gray ADP PUNCT ADP ADJ ADJ undersides CCONJ feet PUNCT DET ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ stripe AUX ADJ PUNCT Tail ADJ PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT NUM SYM NUM percent ADP tail length PUNCT ADJ ADJ stripe ADP ADJ surface CCONJ ADJ white ADV PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DISTRIBUTION PUNCT ADJ distribution AUX ADP DET ADJ dunes ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ tip ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN inlet PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET type locality AUX DET sand bar ADV ADV ADP PROPN PROPN inlet PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Type locality AUX AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV ADV VERB ADJ characteristics PUNCT SCONJ ADP ADJ development ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT day distribution ADP DET PROPN beach mouse AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ populations AUX VERB PART VERB ADP areas ADP ADJ ownership ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ occupation ADP dune CCONJ scrub habitat ADP DET NUM sites ADV VERB PUNCT AUX AUX VERB VERB VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT Trapping CCONJ ADJ surveys VERB extirpation ADP DET areas ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE HABITAT PUNCT ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ scrub dunes ADP DET ADJ strand community PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Densities ADV ADJ ADP ADV ADJ areas ADP DET ADJ dune zone PUNCT ADJ research VERB SCONJ scrub habitat AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADV VERB PUNCT Recognition ADP DET value ADP DET habitat ADP refugia ADP hurricanes CCONJ ADJ storm events AUX VERB ADJ redesignation ADP DET PROPN PROPN limit ADP DET subspecies PUNCT ADV ADV VERB VERB ADP ADJ dwellings PUNCT SPACE LIFE HISTORY CCONJ ECOLOGY PUNCT ADJ PUNCT pair bonding ADJ CCONJ ADJ cooperation ADP rearing AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Litter sizes VERB ADP NUM ADP NUM PUNCT mode SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Gestation period VERB NUM days ADP DET ADJ estrus ADJ PUNCT Reproduction VERB ADP DET year PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB ADP summer CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ fall SYM ADJ winter ADP correlation ADP availability ADP forage seeds PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ rodent PRON VERB ADJ burrows ADP ADJ soils PUNCT Burrows ADV VERB ADP DET entrance tube ADP PART NUM meter PUNCT NUM feet PUNCT ADJ VERB ADP NUM CCONJ ADJ chambers PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET escape tunnel AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET nest chamber ADP ADV ADP DET surface PUNCT Nests ADP VERB grasses CCONJ ADJ fibers AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ chamber PUNCT Burrow openings AUX ADV VERB ADP vegetation PUNCT DET fan PUNCT ADJ plume ADP VERB sand AUX ADJ ADP ADJ burrows PUNCT Entrance tunnels AUX VERB ADJ centimeters PUNCT NUM PART NUM inches PUNCT ADP surface ADP sand plugs PUNCT ADV ADP predator defense PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP DET majority ADP diet AUX ADJ seeds PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Wind PUNCT VERB seeds ADJ ADP sea oats CCONJ bluestem ADJ components ADP diet PUNCT acorns VERB SCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADV VERB DET variety ADP animal foods PUNCT VERB DET insects CCONJ vertebrates PUNCT Insects VERB ADP diet VERB beetles PUNCT leaf hoppers PUNCT ADJ bugs PUNCT CCONJ ants PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP daytime activity ADJ PUNCT ADJ movements ADV VERB ADP weather conditions PUNCT Radio tracking VERB activity ADP DET night PUNCT ADP peaks VERB ADV ADP dusk CCONJ ADV ADP midnight PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ ADP VERB ADP NUM kilometers PUNCT NUM miles PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB NUM kilometers PUNCT NUM miles PUNCT ADP habitat ADP night PUNCT CCONJ ADJ observations VERB SCONJ individuals VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM meters PUNCT NUM SYM NUM feet PUNCT ADP PRON ADJ sites PUNCT Juveniles VERB DET average ADP NUM meters PUNCT NUM feet PUNCT PUNCT ADV NUM home range PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ site PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ distances ADP ADJ males CCONJ females PART VERB PART VERB PUNCT Home range size VERB VERB ADP season CCONJ ADJ state PUNCT ADJ values VERB ADP PROPN beach mice AUX NUM NUM ADJ meters PUNCT NUM SYM NUM ADJ feet PUNCT ADP trapping data CCONJ NUM SYM NUM ADJ meters PUNCT NUM SYM NUM ADJ feet PUNCT ADP telemetry data PUNCT CCONJ ranges ADV ADJ ADP NUM ADJ meters PUNCT NUM ADJ feet PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ ADP NUM ADJ meters PUNCT NUM ADJ feet PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Home range sizes AUX PART VERB ADV ADP males CCONJ females PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT populations VERB ADJ evidence ADP ADJ competition ADP VERB densities VERB VERB compaction ADP home ranges PUNCT DET combination ADP tolerance CCONJ dispersal VERB ADP DET formation ADP ADJ PUNCT neighborhoods PUNCT ADP populations PUNCT ADP PROPN beach mice PUNCT ADJ size ADP DET ADJ units AUX NUM meters PUNCT NUM feet PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP occupancy ADP NUM SYM NUM mice PUNCT ADJ life span ADP ADJ populations ADJ ADP NUM months SCONJ ADJ PART VERB mice ADJ ADP NUM year ADP age PUNCT Captures ADP mice VERB PART AUX NUM years ADJ AUX AUX VERB CCONJ ADJ mice AUX VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ years ADP age PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ fox PUNCT ADJ ADJ owl PUNCT ADJ ADJ heron PUNCT weasel PUNCT ADJ skunk PUNCT raccoon PUNCT ADJ snakes VERB coach PUNCT whip CCONJ pygmy CCONJ ADJ diamondback rattlesnakes PUNCT CCONJ ADJ dogs CCONJ cats PUNCT SPACE BASIS ADP STATUS CLASSIFICATION PUNCT Habitat loss CCONJ fragmentation VERB ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ estate development ADJ ADV ADJ factor VERB ADP ADJ status PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ development AUX ADV VERB DET PROPN beach mouse habitat PART ADP ADJ ownership PUNCT Reduction ADP ADJ habitat CCONJ isolation ADP DET VERB populations ADV VERB vulnerability ADP DET effects ADP ADJ storms PUNCT weather cycles PUNCT predation PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ factors PUNCT ADJ disagreement VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ status CCONJ ADJ management protocol ADP DET PROPN beach mouse PUNCT ADJ researchers AUX VERB PRON AUX ADP ADJ jeopardy ADP range PUNCT ADJ extinction SCONJ habitat loss AUX VERB PART VERB PUNCT DET position AUX VERB ADP evidence ADP ADJ extirpation ADP DET VERB areas ADP DET ADJ portion ADP DET ADJ distribution PUNCT ADJ levels ADP development AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ estate development ADP DET ADJ areas AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB SCONJ extinction ADP ADV DET ADJ VERB populations AUX ADJ ADP NUM years SCONJ ADJ trends VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE Author PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN
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PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN Credit PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE ADJ NAME PUNCT PROPN polionotus PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE DESCRIPTION PUNCT ADJ PUNCT adults PUNCT ADJ length SYM NUM SYM NUM mm PUNCT NUM SYM NUM in PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT weights SYM NUM SYM NUM g PUNCT NUM SYM NUM oz PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADJ females VERB NUM SYM NUM g PUNCT NUM SYM NUM oz PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT species ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Tail ADJ PUNCT ADV NUM SYM NUM percent ADP body length PUNCT Males ADV ADJ ADP females PUNCT ADJ PART ADJ gray ADP PUNCT ADP ADJ ADJ undersides CCONJ feet PUNCT DET ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ stripe AUX ADJ PUNCT Tail ADJ PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT NUM SYM NUM percent ADP tail length PUNCT ADJ ADJ stripe ADP ADJ surface CCONJ ADJ white ADV PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DISTRIBUTION PUNCT ADJ distribution AUX ADP DET ADJ dunes ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ tip ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN inlet PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET type locality AUX DET sand bar ADV ADV ADP PROPN PROPN inlet PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Type locality AUX AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV ADV VERB ADJ characteristics PUNCT SCONJ ADP ADJ development ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT day distribution ADP DET PROPN beach mouse AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ populations AUX VERB PART VERB ADP areas ADP ADJ ownership ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ occupation ADP dune CCONJ scrub habitat ADP DET NUM sites ADV VERB PUNCT AUX AUX VERB VERB VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT Trapping CCONJ ADJ surveys VERB extirpation ADP DET areas ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE HABITAT PUNCT ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ scrub dunes ADP DET ADJ strand community PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Densities ADV ADJ ADP ADV ADJ areas ADP DET ADJ dune zone PUNCT ADJ research VERB SCONJ scrub habitat AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADV VERB PUNCT Recognition ADP DET value ADP DET habitat ADP refugia ADP hurricanes CCONJ ADJ storm events AUX VERB ADJ redesignation ADP DET PROPN PROPN limit ADP DET subspecies PUNCT ADV ADV VERB VERB ADP ADJ dwellings PUNCT SPACE LIFE HISTORY CCONJ ECOLOGY PUNCT ADJ PUNCT pair bonding ADJ CCONJ ADJ cooperation ADP rearing AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Litter sizes VERB ADP NUM ADP NUM PUNCT mode SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Gestation period VERB NUM days ADP DET ADJ estrus ADJ PUNCT Reproduction VERB ADP DET year PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB ADP summer CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ fall SYM ADJ winter ADP correlation ADP availability ADP forage seeds PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ rodent PRON VERB ADJ burrows ADP ADJ soils PUNCT Burrows ADV VERB ADP DET entrance tube ADP PART NUM meter PUNCT NUM feet PUNCT ADJ VERB ADP NUM CCONJ ADJ chambers PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET escape tunnel AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET nest chamber ADP ADV ADP DET surface PUNCT Nests ADP VERB grasses CCONJ ADJ fibers AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ chamber PUNCT Burrow openings AUX ADV VERB ADP vegetation PUNCT DET fan PUNCT ADJ plume ADP VERB sand AUX ADJ ADP ADJ burrows PUNCT Entrance tunnels AUX VERB ADJ centimeters PUNCT NUM PART NUM inches PUNCT ADP surface ADP sand plugs PUNCT ADV ADP predator defense PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP DET majority ADP diet AUX ADJ seeds PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Wind PUNCT VERB seeds ADJ ADP sea oats CCONJ bluestem ADJ components ADP diet PUNCT acorns VERB SCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADV VERB DET variety ADP animal foods PUNCT VERB DET insects CCONJ vertebrates PUNCT Insects VERB ADP diet VERB beetles PUNCT leaf hoppers PUNCT ADJ bugs PUNCT CCONJ ants PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP daytime activity ADJ PUNCT ADJ movements ADV VERB ADP weather conditions PUNCT Radio tracking VERB activity ADP DET night PUNCT ADP peaks VERB ADV ADP dusk CCONJ ADV ADP midnight PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ ADP VERB ADP NUM kilometers PUNCT NUM miles PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB NUM kilometers PUNCT NUM miles PUNCT ADP habitat ADP night PUNCT CCONJ ADJ observations VERB SCONJ individuals VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM meters PUNCT NUM SYM NUM feet PUNCT ADP PRON ADJ sites PUNCT Juveniles VERB DET average ADP NUM meters PUNCT NUM feet PUNCT PUNCT ADV NUM home range PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ site PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ distances ADP ADJ males CCONJ females PART VERB PART VERB PUNCT Home range size VERB VERB ADP season CCONJ ADJ state PUNCT ADJ values VERB ADP PROPN beach mice AUX NUM NUM ADJ meters PUNCT NUM SYM NUM ADJ feet PUNCT ADP trapping data CCONJ NUM SYM NUM ADJ meters PUNCT NUM SYM NUM ADJ feet PUNCT ADP telemetry data PUNCT CCONJ ranges ADV ADJ ADP NUM ADJ meters PUNCT NUM ADJ feet PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ ADP NUM ADJ meters PUNCT NUM ADJ feet PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Home range sizes AUX PART VERB ADV ADP males CCONJ females PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT populations VERB ADJ evidence ADP ADJ competition ADP VERB densities VERB VERB compaction ADP home ranges PUNCT DET combination ADP tolerance CCONJ dispersal VERB ADP DET formation ADP ADJ PUNCT neighborhoods PUNCT ADP populations PUNCT ADP PROPN beach mice PUNCT ADJ size ADP DET ADJ units AUX NUM meters PUNCT NUM feet PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP occupancy ADP NUM SYM NUM mice PUNCT ADJ life span ADP ADJ populations ADJ ADP NUM months SCONJ ADJ PART VERB mice ADJ ADP NUM year ADP age PUNCT Captures ADP mice VERB PART AUX NUM years ADJ AUX AUX VERB CCONJ ADJ mice AUX VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ years ADP age PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ fox PUNCT ADJ ADJ owl PUNCT ADJ ADJ heron PUNCT weasel PUNCT ADJ skunk PUNCT raccoon PUNCT ADJ snakes VERB coach PUNCT whip CCONJ pygmy CCONJ ADJ diamondback rattlesnakes PUNCT CCONJ ADJ dogs CCONJ cats PUNCT SPACE BASIS ADP STATUS CLASSIFICATION PUNCT Habitat loss CCONJ fragmentation VERB ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ estate development ADJ ADV ADJ factor VERB ADP ADJ status PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ development AUX ADV VERB DET PROPN beach mouse habitat PART ADP ADJ ownership PUNCT Reduction ADP ADJ habitat CCONJ isolation ADP DET VERB populations ADV VERB vulnerability ADP DET effects ADP ADJ storms PUNCT weather cycles PUNCT predation PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ factors PUNCT ADJ disagreement VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ status CCONJ ADJ management protocol ADP DET PROPN beach mouse PUNCT ADJ researchers AUX VERB PRON AUX ADP ADJ jeopardy ADP range PUNCT ADJ extinction SCONJ habitat loss AUX VERB PART VERB PUNCT DET position AUX VERB ADP evidence ADP ADJ extirpation ADP DET VERB areas ADP DET ADJ portion ADP DET ADJ distribution PUNCT ADJ levels ADP development AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ estate development ADP DET ADJ areas AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB SCONJ extinction ADP ADV DET ADJ VERB populations AUX ADJ ADP NUM years SCONJ ADJ trends VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE Author PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN
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PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN Credit PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE ADJ NAME PUNCT PROPN polionotus PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE DESCRIPTION PUNCT ADJ PUNCT adults PUNCT ADJ length SYM NUM SYM NUM mm PUNCT NUM SYM NUM in PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT weights SYM NUM SYM NUM g PUNCT NUM SYM NUM oz PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADJ females VERB NUM SYM NUM g PUNCT NUM SYM NUM oz PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT species ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Tail ADJ PUNCT ADV NUM SYM NUM percent ADP body length PUNCT Males ADV ADJ ADP females PUNCT ADJ PART ADJ gray ADP PUNCT ADP ADJ ADJ undersides CCONJ feet PUNCT DET ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ stripe AUX ADJ PUNCT Tail ADJ PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT NUM SYM NUM percent ADP tail length PUNCT ADJ ADJ stripe ADP ADJ surface CCONJ ADJ white ADV PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DISTRIBUTION PUNCT ADJ distribution AUX ADP DET ADJ dunes ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ tip ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADV ADP DET PROPN PROPN inlet PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET type locality AUX DET sand bar ADV ADV ADP PROPN PROPN inlet PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Type locality AUX AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV ADV VERB ADJ characteristics PUNCT SCONJ ADP ADJ development ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT day distribution ADP DET PROPN beach mouse AUX ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ populations AUX VERB PART VERB ADP areas ADP ADJ ownership ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ occupation ADP dune CCONJ scrub habitat ADP DET NUM sites ADV VERB PUNCT AUX AUX VERB VERB VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT Trapping CCONJ ADJ surveys VERB extirpation ADP DET areas ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE HABITAT PUNCT ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ scrub dunes ADP DET ADJ strand community PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Densities ADV ADJ ADP ADV ADJ areas ADP DET ADJ dune zone PUNCT ADJ research VERB SCONJ scrub habitat AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADV VERB PUNCT Recognition ADP DET value ADP DET habitat ADP refugia ADP hurricanes CCONJ ADJ storm events AUX VERB ADJ redesignation ADP DET PROPN PROPN limit ADP DET subspecies PUNCT ADV ADV VERB VERB ADP ADJ dwellings PUNCT SPACE LIFE HISTORY CCONJ ECOLOGY PUNCT ADJ PUNCT pair bonding ADJ CCONJ ADJ cooperation ADP rearing AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Litter sizes VERB ADP NUM ADP NUM PUNCT mode SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Gestation period VERB NUM days ADP DET ADJ estrus ADJ PUNCT Reproduction VERB ADP DET year PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB ADP summer CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ fall SYM ADJ winter ADP correlation ADP availability ADP forage seeds PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ rodent PRON VERB ADJ burrows ADP ADJ soils PUNCT Burrows ADV VERB ADP DET entrance tube ADP PART NUM meter PUNCT NUM feet PUNCT ADJ VERB ADP NUM CCONJ ADJ chambers PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET escape tunnel AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET nest chamber ADP ADV ADP DET surface PUNCT Nests ADP VERB grasses CCONJ ADJ fibers AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ chamber PUNCT Burrow openings AUX ADV VERB ADP vegetation PUNCT DET fan PUNCT ADJ plume ADP VERB sand AUX ADJ ADP ADJ burrows PUNCT Entrance tunnels AUX VERB ADJ centimeters PUNCT NUM PART NUM inches PUNCT ADP surface ADP sand plugs PUNCT ADV ADP predator defense PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP DET majority ADP diet AUX ADJ seeds PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Wind PUNCT VERB seeds ADJ ADP sea oats CCONJ bluestem ADJ components ADP diet PUNCT acorns VERB SCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADV VERB DET variety ADP animal foods PUNCT VERB DET insects CCONJ vertebrates PUNCT Insects VERB ADP diet VERB beetles PUNCT leaf hoppers PUNCT ADJ bugs PUNCT CCONJ ants PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP daytime activity ADJ PUNCT ADJ movements ADV VERB ADP weather conditions PUNCT Radio tracking VERB activity ADP DET night PUNCT ADP peaks VERB ADV ADP dusk CCONJ ADV ADP midnight PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ ADP VERB ADP NUM kilometers PUNCT NUM miles PUNCT PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB NUM kilometers PUNCT NUM miles PUNCT ADP habitat ADP night PUNCT CCONJ ADJ observations VERB SCONJ individuals VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM meters PUNCT NUM SYM NUM feet PUNCT ADP PRON ADJ sites PUNCT Juveniles VERB DET average ADP NUM meters PUNCT NUM feet PUNCT PUNCT ADV NUM home range PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ site PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ distances ADP ADJ males CCONJ females PART VERB PART VERB PUNCT Home range size VERB VERB ADP season CCONJ ADJ state PUNCT ADJ values VERB ADP PROPN beach mice AUX NUM NUM ADJ meters PUNCT NUM SYM NUM ADJ feet PUNCT ADP trapping data CCONJ NUM SYM NUM ADJ meters PUNCT NUM SYM NUM ADJ feet PUNCT ADP telemetry data PUNCT CCONJ ranges ADV ADJ ADP NUM ADJ meters PUNCT NUM ADJ feet PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ ADP NUM ADJ meters PUNCT NUM ADJ feet PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT Home range sizes AUX PART VERB ADV ADP males CCONJ females PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT populations VERB ADJ evidence ADP ADJ competition ADP VERB densities VERB VERB compaction ADP home ranges PUNCT DET combination ADP tolerance CCONJ dispersal VERB ADP DET formation ADP ADJ PUNCT neighborhoods PUNCT ADP populations PUNCT ADP PROPN beach mice PUNCT ADJ size ADP DET ADJ units AUX NUM meters PUNCT NUM feet PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP occupancy ADP NUM SYM NUM mice PUNCT ADJ life span ADP ADJ populations ADJ ADP NUM months SCONJ ADJ PART VERB mice ADJ ADP NUM year ADP age PUNCT Captures ADP mice VERB PART AUX NUM years ADJ AUX AUX VERB CCONJ ADJ mice AUX VERB NUM CCONJ ADJ years ADP age PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ fox PUNCT ADJ ADJ owl PUNCT ADJ ADJ heron PUNCT weasel PUNCT ADJ skunk PUNCT raccoon PUNCT ADJ snakes VERB coach PUNCT whip CCONJ pygmy CCONJ ADJ diamondback rattlesnakes PUNCT CCONJ ADJ dogs CCONJ cats PUNCT SPACE BASIS ADP STATUS CLASSIFICATION PUNCT Habitat loss CCONJ fragmentation VERB ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ estate development ADJ ADV ADJ factor VERB ADP ADJ status PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ development AUX ADV VERB DET PROPN beach mouse habitat PART ADP ADJ ownership PUNCT Reduction ADP ADJ habitat CCONJ isolation ADP DET VERB populations ADV VERB vulnerability ADP DET effects ADP ADJ storms PUNCT weather cycles PUNCT predation PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ factors PUNCT ADJ disagreement VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ status CCONJ ADJ management protocol ADP DET PROPN beach mouse PUNCT ADJ researchers AUX VERB PRON AUX ADP ADJ jeopardy ADP range PUNCT ADJ extinction SCONJ habitat loss AUX VERB PART VERB PUNCT DET position AUX VERB ADP evidence ADP ADJ extirpation ADP DET VERB areas ADP DET ADJ portion ADP DET ADJ distribution PUNCT ADJ levels ADP development AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ estate development ADP DET ADJ areas AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADP addition PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB SCONJ extinction ADP ADV DET ADJ VERB populations AUX ADJ ADP NUM years SCONJ ADJ trends VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN al . NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE Author PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN
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Document for February 2nd:
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
This treaty, signed on February 2, 1848, ended the war between the United States and Mexico. By its terms, Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory, including parts of present-day Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Nevada, and Utah, to the United States.
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Document 2nd treaty war terms percent territory parts day Share comment documents Today
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document for February 2nd:
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
this treaty, sign on February 2, 1848, end the war between the United States and Mexico. by its term, Mexico cede 55 percent of its territory, include part of present-day Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Nevada, and Utah, to the United States.
read more at our Documents...
share, comment and suggest new document at the today's Document Tumblr Blog
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Document ADP PROPN 2nd PUNCT SPACE Treaty ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE DET treaty PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB DET war ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON terms PUNCT PROPN VERB NUM percent ADP PRON territory PUNCT VERB parts ADP ADJ PUNCT day PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ ADP PRON Documents PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ documents ADP DET PROPN PART Document PROPN PROPN
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Document ADP PROPN 2nd PUNCT SPACE Treaty ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE DET treaty PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB DET war ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON terms PUNCT PROPN VERB NUM percent ADP PRON territory PUNCT VERB parts ADP ADJ PUNCT day PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ ADP PRON Documents PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ documents ADP DET PROPN PART Document PROPN PROPN
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Document ADP PROPN 2nd PUNCT SPACE Treaty ADP PROPN PROPN SPACE DET treaty PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB DET war ADP DET PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON terms PUNCT PROPN VERB NUM percent ADP PRON territory PUNCT VERB parts ADP ADJ PUNCT day PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ ADP PRON Documents PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ documents ADP DET PROPN PART Document PROPN PROPN
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"I never saw more simplicity," recorded the famous evangelist George Whitefield in 1740, after preaching at Skippack in southeastern Pennsylvania. Had he ridden fifteen miles back through the woods to Germantown, and viewed the Mennonite meetinghouse there, he would doubtless have mused further. For even the successor of that log building of 1708, built of stone in 1770, greets a twenty-first century eye as a statement of simplicity.
More than that, as this guidebook explains, Germantowns Mennonite meetinghouse is an expression of continuity. It was children and grandchildren of European Mennonites who gathered here along the towns only major street, in the first of their peoples congregations to endure in America. The location was the site of a homestead bought by a Dutch-speaking paper-maker four years after the towns founding in 1683.
Willem Rittinghuysen (William Rittenhouse) had immigrated from Amsterdam with his wife Gertruid and three children. The first paper-maker in the English colonies, he was also elected in 1698 as its first Mennonite minister. By then he and his partner-son Nicholas had already moved out of town to the site of their mill along the nearby Wissahickon Creek. It was in his Lower Rhenish accent, in the house of Mennonite neighbor Isaac van Bebber, that the slowly accruing congregation heard the scriptural message for a decade.
Willem himself never saw the log meetinghouse built in the months following his unexpected death in 1708. Nor will we see it. What we can visit is the sturdy stone replacement that served the congregation for two centuries after 1770. "Simple, substantial and beautiful," to use the phrase of a Lancaster County Mennonite preacher, it has become an icon of American Mennonite memory, even while its surroundings have changed beyond the imagination of its first users.
Location can speak. Standing in the doorway and looking outward, one faces, across the urban horizon, in the direction of the paper mill site on a branch of the Wissahickon Creek. A tiny village of buildings there, one bearing the date of 1707, evokes physicallyunlike the written-only records of earlier and temporary Mennonite dwellings in Manhattan or along the Delaware Baythe earliest permanent Mennonite dwelling outside of Europe. The quiet stream running through the dell still called Rittenhousetown reminds us of the mill it once powered. And back in the heart of the main town, the north-south angle of Germantown Avenue recalls the Indian trail along which a lot fell to the communitys first Mennonite couple, Jan and Mercken Lensen, at the towns very beginning in the late fall of 1683.
The earliest stones clustered next to the meetinghouse do not reach far enough back to include Jan and Merckens names. But names such as Cassel, Funk, Keyser, and Rittenhouse declare that this Mennonite community was a convergence. The hearts that beat here came from at least four different regions of Europe, both urban and rural. Some names are Palatine, suggesting spiritual origins in Zurich, while others witness to the heritage of Menno Simons of Friesland. This realization flavors our recognition of the varieties of the present residents of this historic community. It also reminds us that the church of Christ will always be about bringing together a family that transcends nations, cultures and languages.
History is here in layers. Native Americans visited in the first huts; schoolmaster Christopher Dock held summer schools here; peach trees once picturesquely lined the street running by Dirk Keysers gracious residence; George Washingtons troops met in confused shock with British redcoats in front of the Meetinghouse; a congregation struggled for two centuries after most of their people had moved into the country. It was after 1960 when a flock surprisingly regathered from many points to worship in this modern urban setting with a long memory.
The miraculously enduring meetinghouse along Germantown Avenue has become a place to meditate on how spiritual concerns leave their testimony. Those miscellaneous Mennonites living in a straggling village three centuries ago had come from a variety of motivesincluding persecution and economic opportunity. But in this rustic village of linen-weavers they brought to common focus what they believed. Instead of merging their identities in a generic spirituality, they insisted on being responsible to their parental church fellowships in Europe. Even before electing a preacher, "they tried to instruct each other," meeting in homes. They waited twenty-five years to celebrate a communion which they believed was an accountable one. Then they chose leaders from all four of the main communities of their European backgrounds. And built a meetinghouse. In that remarkable, scrupulous convergence, they became the departing point, and an example, for a fellowship that would spread across North America.
May this careful guidebook, in both word and image, instruct our imagination, helping us to be intelligent and appreciative pilgrims as we come back to visit Germantown.
John L. Ruth
Colonial Germantown Mennonites orders:
|Click here to explore joining InnerCircle readers club and receiving occasional updates and special discounts.|
© 2006 by Cascadia Publishing House
|
simplicity evangelist miles woods meetinghouse successor log building stone century eye statement simplicity guidebook expression continuity children grandchildren towns street peoples congregations location site homestead paper maker years towns wife children paper maker colonies minister partner son town site mill accent house neighbor congregation message decade log months death stone replacement congregation centuries phrase preacher icon memory surroundings imagination users Location doorway horizon direction paper mill site branch village buildings date evokes records dwellings dwelling stream mill heart town north south angle trail lot communitys couple towns fall stones meetinghouse names names community convergence hearts regions names origins others heritage realization recognition varieties residents community church family nations cultures languages History layers huts schoolmaster summer schools peach trees street residence troops shock redcoats front congregation centuries people country flock points setting memory meetinghouse place concerns testimony village centuries variety persecution opportunity village linen weavers focus identities spirituality church preacher homes years communion one leaders communities backgrounds meetinghouse convergence point example fellowship guidebook word image imagination pilgrims orders readers club updates discounts.| ©
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"I never see more simplicity," record the famous evangelist George Whitefield in 1740, after preach at Skippack in southeastern Pennsylvania. have he ride fifteen mile back through the wood to Germantown, and view the Mennonite meetinghouse there, he would doubtless have muse far. for even the successor of that log building of 1708, build of stone in 1770, greet a twenty-first century eye as a statement of simplicity.
More than that, as this guidebook explain, Germantowns Mennonite meetinghouse be an expression of continuity. it be child and grandchild of European Mennonites who gather here along the town only major street, in the first of their people congregation to endure in America. the location be the site of a homestead buy by a Dutch-speak paper-maker four year after the town found in 1683.
Willem Rittinghuysen (William Rittenhouse) have immigrate from Amsterdam with his wife Gertruid and three child. the first paper-maker in the english colony, he be also elect in 1698 as its first Mennonite minister. by then he and his partner-son Nicholas have already move out of town to the site of their mill along the nearby Wissahickon Creek. it be in his Lower Rhenish accent, in the house of Mennonite neighbor Isaac van Bebber, that the slowly accruing congregation hear the scriptural message for a decade.
Willem himself never see the log meetinghouse build in the month follow his unexpected death in 1708. nor will we see it. what we can visit be the sturdy stone replacement that serve the congregation for two century after 1770. "simple, substantial and beautiful," to use the phrase of a Lancaster County Mennonite preacher, it have become an icon of American Mennonite memory, even while its surrounding have change beyond the imagination of its first user.
location can speak. stand in the doorway and look outward, one face, across the urban horizon, in the direction of the paper mill site on a branch of the Wissahickon Creek. a tiny village of building there, one bear the date of 1707, evoke physicallyunlike the write-only record of early and temporary Mennonite dwelling in Manhattan or along the Delaware Baythe early permanent Mennonite dwelling outside of Europe. the quiet stream run through the dell still call Rittenhousetown remind we of the mill it once power. and back in the heart of the main town, the north-south angle of Germantown Avenue recall the indian trail along which a lot fall to the communitys first Mennonite couple, Jan and Mercken Lensen, at the town very begin in the late fall of 1683.
the early stone cluster next to the meetinghouse do not reach far enough back to include Jan and Merckens name. but name such as Cassel, Funk, Keyser, and Rittenhouse declare that this Mennonite community be a convergence. the heart that beat here come from at least four different region of Europe, both urban and rural. some name be Palatine, suggest spiritual origin in Zurich, while other witness to the heritage of Menno Simons of Friesland. this realization flavor our recognition of the variety of the present resident of this historic community. it also remind we that the church of Christ will always be about bring together a family that transcend nation, culture and language.
history be here in layer. Native Americans visit in the first hut; schoolmaster Christopher Dock hold summer school here; peach tree once picturesquely line the street run by Dirk Keysers gracious residence; George Washingtons troop meet in confused shock with british redcoat in front of the Meetinghouse; a congregation struggle for two century after most of their people have move into the country. it be after 1960 when a flock surprisingly regathere from many point to worship in this modern urban setting with a long memory.
the miraculously endure meetinghouse along Germantown Avenue have become a place to meditate on how spiritual concern leave their testimony. those miscellaneous Mennonites live in a straggling village three century ago have come from a variety of motivesincluding persecution and economic opportunity. but in this rustic village of linen-weaver they bring to common focus what they believe. instead of merge their identity in a generic spirituality, they insist on be responsible to their parental church fellowship in Europe. even before elect a preacher, "they try to instruct each other," meet in home. they wait twenty-five year to celebrate a communion which they believe be an accountable one. then they choose leader from all four of the main community of their european background. and build a meetinghouse. in that remarkable, scrupulous convergence, they become the depart point, and an example, for a fellowship that would spread across North America.
may this careful guidebook, in both word and image, instruct our imagination, help we to be intelligent and appreciative pilgrim as we come back to visit Germantown.
John L. Ruth
Colonial Germantown Mennonites order:
|Click here to explore join InnerCircle reader club and receive occasional update and special discounts.|
© 2006 by Cascadia Publishing House
|
PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADJ simplicity PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET ADJ evangelist PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT AUX PRON VERB NUM miles ADV ADP DET woods ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET ADJ meetinghouse ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADV AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADP ADV DET successor ADP DET log building ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP stone ADP NUM PUNCT VERB DET NUM PUNCT ADJ century eye ADP DET statement ADP simplicity PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADP DET PUNCT ADP DET guidebook VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN meetinghouse AUX DET expression ADP continuity PUNCT PRON AUX children CCONJ grandchildren ADP ADJ PROPN PRON VERB ADV ADP DET towns ADJ ADJ street PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADP PRON peoples congregations PART VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET location AUX DET site ADP DET homestead VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB paper PUNCT maker NUM years ADP DET towns founding ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP PRON wife PROPN CCONJ NUM children PUNCT DET ADJ paper PUNCT maker ADP DET ADJ colonies PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM ADP PRON ADJ PROPN minister PUNCT ADP ADV PRON CCONJ PRON partner PUNCT son PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP ADP town ADP DET site ADP PRON mill ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADP PRON ADJ ADJ accent PUNCT ADP DET house ADP ADJ neighbor PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON DET ADV VERB congregation VERB DET ADJ message ADP DET decade PUNCT SPACE PROPN PRON ADV VERB DET log meetinghouse VERB ADP DET months VERB PRON ADJ death ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ AUX PRON VERB PRON PUNCT PRON PRON AUX VERB AUX DET ADJ stone replacement PRON VERB DET congregation ADP NUM centuries ADP NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT PART VERB DET phrase ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN preacher PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET icon ADP ADJ PROPN memory PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON surroundings AUX VERB ADP DET imagination ADP PRON ADJ users PUNCT SPACE Location AUX VERB PUNCT VERB ADP DET doorway CCONJ VERB ADV PUNCT NUM VERB PUNCT ADP DET ADJ horizon PUNCT ADP DET direction ADP DET paper mill site ADP DET branch ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ village ADP buildings ADV PUNCT NUM VERB DET date ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADV DET VERB PUNCT ADV records ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ dwellings ADP PROPN CCONJ ADP DET PROPN DET ADJ ADJ ADJ dwelling ADP ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ stream VERB ADP DET dell ADV VERB PROPN VERB PRON ADP DET mill PRON ADV VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET heart ADP DET ADJ town PUNCT DET north PUNCT south angle ADP PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ trail ADP DET DET lot VERB ADP DET communitys ADJ ADJ couple PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET towns ADJ beginning ADP DET ADJ fall ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ stones VERB ADV ADP DET meetinghouse AUX PART VERB ADV ADV ADV PART VERB PROPN CCONJ PROPN names PUNCT CCONJ names ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN VERB SCONJ DET PROPN community AUX DET convergence PUNCT DET hearts PRON VERB ADV VERB ADP ADV ADV NUM ADJ regions ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT DET names AUX ADJ PUNCT VERB ADJ origins ADP PROPN PUNCT SCONJ others VERB ADP DET heritage ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET realization VERB PRON recognition ADP DET varieties ADP DET ADJ residents ADP DET ADJ community PUNCT PRON ADV VERB PRON SCONJ DET church ADP PROPN AUX ADV AUX ADP VERB ADV DET family PRON VERB nations PUNCT cultures CCONJ languages PUNCT SPACE History AUX ADV ADP layers PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ huts PUNCT schoolmaster PROPN PROPN VERB summer schools ADV PUNCT peach trees ADV ADV VERB DET street VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADJ residence PUNCT PROPN PROPN troops VERB ADP ADJ shock ADP ADJ redcoats ADP front ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET congregation VERB ADP NUM centuries ADP ADJ ADP PRON people AUX VERB ADP DET country PUNCT PRON AUX ADP NUM SCONJ DET flock ADV VERB ADP ADJ points PART worship ADP DET ADJ ADJ setting ADP DET ADJ memory PUNCT SPACE DET ADV VERB meetinghouse ADP PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET place PART VERB ADP SCONJ ADJ concerns VERB PRON testimony PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN VERB ADP DET VERB village NUM centuries ADV AUX VERB ADP DET variety ADP motivesincluding persecution CCONJ ADJ opportunity PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ village ADP linen PUNCT weavers PRON VERB ADP ADJ focus PRON PRON VERB PUNCT ADV ADP VERB PRON identities ADP DET ADJ spirituality PUNCT PRON VERB ADP AUX ADJ ADP PRON ADJ church fellowships ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP VERB DET preacher PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB DET ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP homes PUNCT PRON VERB NUM PUNCT NUM years PART VERB DET communion DET PRON VERB AUX DET ADJ NUM PUNCT ADV PRON VERB leaders ADP DET NUM ADP DET ADJ communities ADP PRON ADJ backgrounds PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET meetinghouse PUNCT ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ convergence PUNCT PRON VERB DET VERB point PUNCT CCONJ DET example PUNCT ADP DET fellowship PRON AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE AUX DET ADJ guidebook PUNCT ADP DET word CCONJ image PUNCT VERB PRON imagination PUNCT VERB PRON PART AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ pilgrims ADP PRON VERB ADV PART VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN orders PUNCT SPACE VERB ADV PART VERB VERB PROPN readers club CCONJ VERB ADJ updates CCONJ ADJ discounts.| SPACE PUNCT NUM ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN
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PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADJ simplicity PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET ADJ evangelist PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT AUX PRON VERB NUM miles ADV ADP DET woods ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET ADJ meetinghouse ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADV AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADP ADV DET successor ADP DET log building ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP stone ADP NUM PUNCT VERB DET NUM PUNCT ADJ century eye ADP DET statement ADP simplicity PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADP DET PUNCT ADP DET guidebook VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN meetinghouse AUX DET expression ADP continuity PUNCT PRON AUX children CCONJ grandchildren ADP ADJ PROPN PRON VERB ADV ADP DET towns ADJ ADJ street PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADP PRON peoples congregations PART VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET location AUX DET site ADP DET homestead VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB paper PUNCT maker NUM years ADP DET towns founding ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP PRON wife PROPN CCONJ NUM children PUNCT DET ADJ paper PUNCT maker ADP DET ADJ 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site ADP DET branch ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ village ADP buildings ADV PUNCT NUM VERB DET date ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADV DET VERB PUNCT ADV records ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ dwellings ADP PROPN CCONJ ADP DET PROPN DET ADJ ADJ ADJ dwelling ADP ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ stream VERB ADP DET dell ADV VERB PROPN VERB PRON ADP DET mill PRON ADV VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET heart ADP DET ADJ town PUNCT DET north PUNCT south angle ADP PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ trail ADP DET DET lot VERB ADP DET communitys ADJ ADJ couple PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET towns ADJ beginning ADP DET ADJ fall ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ stones VERB ADV ADP DET meetinghouse AUX PART VERB ADV ADV ADV PART VERB PROPN CCONJ PROPN names PUNCT CCONJ names ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN VERB SCONJ DET PROPN community AUX DET convergence PUNCT DET hearts PRON VERB ADV VERB ADP ADV ADV NUM ADJ regions ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT DET names AUX ADJ PUNCT VERB ADJ origins ADP PROPN PUNCT SCONJ others VERB ADP DET heritage ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT DET realization VERB PRON recognition ADP DET varieties ADP DET ADJ residents ADP DET ADJ community PUNCT PRON ADV VERB PRON SCONJ DET church ADP PROPN AUX ADV AUX ADP VERB ADV DET family PRON VERB nations PUNCT cultures CCONJ languages PUNCT SPACE History AUX ADV ADP layers PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB ADP DET ADJ huts PUNCT schoolmaster PROPN PROPN VERB summer schools ADV PUNCT peach trees ADV ADV VERB DET street VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADJ residence PUNCT PROPN PROPN troops VERB ADP ADJ shock ADP ADJ redcoats ADP front ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET congregation VERB ADP NUM centuries ADP ADJ ADP PRON people AUX VERB ADP DET country PUNCT PRON AUX ADP NUM SCONJ DET flock ADV VERB ADP ADJ points PART worship ADP DET ADJ ADJ setting ADP DET ADJ memory PUNCT SPACE DET ADV VERB meetinghouse ADP PROPN PROPN AUX VERB DET place PART VERB ADP SCONJ ADJ concerns VERB PRON testimony PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN VERB ADP DET VERB village NUM centuries ADV AUX VERB ADP DET variety ADP motivesincluding persecution CCONJ ADJ opportunity PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ village ADP linen PUNCT weavers PRON VERB ADP ADJ focus PRON PRON VERB PUNCT ADV ADP VERB PRON identities ADP DET ADJ spirituality PUNCT PRON VERB ADP AUX ADJ ADP PRON ADJ church fellowships ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP VERB DET preacher PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB DET ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP homes PUNCT PRON VERB NUM PUNCT NUM years PART VERB DET communion DET PRON VERB AUX DET ADJ NUM PUNCT ADV PRON VERB leaders ADP DET NUM ADP DET ADJ communities ADP PRON ADJ backgrounds PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET meetinghouse PUNCT ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ convergence PUNCT PRON VERB DET VERB point PUNCT CCONJ DET example PUNCT ADP DET fellowship PRON AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE AUX DET ADJ guidebook PUNCT ADP DET word CCONJ image PUNCT VERB PRON imagination PUNCT VERB PRON PART AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ pilgrims ADP PRON VERB ADV PART VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN orders PUNCT SPACE VERB ADV PART VERB VERB PROPN readers club CCONJ VERB ADJ updates CCONJ ADJ discounts.| SPACE PUNCT NUM ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN
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PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADJ simplicity PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET ADJ evangelist PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PROPN ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT AUX PRON VERB NUM miles ADV ADP DET woods ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET ADJ meetinghouse ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADV AUX VERB ADV PUNCT ADP ADV DET successor ADP DET log building ADP NUM PUNCT VERB ADP stone ADP NUM PUNCT VERB DET NUM PUNCT ADJ century eye ADP DET statement ADP simplicity PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADP DET PUNCT ADP DET guidebook VERB PUNCT PROPN PROPN meetinghouse AUX DET expression ADP continuity PUNCT PRON AUX children CCONJ grandchildren ADP ADJ PROPN PRON VERB ADV ADP DET towns ADJ ADJ street PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADP PRON peoples congregations PART VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET location AUX DET site ADP DET homestead VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB paper PUNCT maker NUM years ADP DET towns founding ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP PRON wife PROPN CCONJ NUM children PUNCT DET ADJ paper PUNCT maker ADP DET ADJ colonies PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM ADP PRON ADJ PROPN minister PUNCT ADP ADV PRON CCONJ PRON partner PUNCT son PROPN AUX ADV VERB ADP ADP town ADP DET site ADP PRON mill ADP DET ADJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADP PRON ADJ ADJ accent PUNCT ADP DET house ADP ADJ neighbor PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON DET ADV VERB congregation VERB DET ADJ message ADP DET decade PUNCT SPACE PROPN PRON ADV VERB DET log meetinghouse VERB ADP DET months VERB PRON ADJ death ADP NUM PUNCT CCONJ AUX PRON VERB PRON PUNCT PRON PRON AUX VERB AUX DET ADJ stone replacement PRON VERB DET congregation ADP NUM centuries ADP NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT PART VERB DET phrase ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN preacher PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET icon ADP ADJ PROPN memory PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON surroundings AUX VERB ADP DET imagination ADP PRON ADJ users PUNCT SPACE Location AUX VERB PUNCT VERB ADP DET doorway CCONJ VERB ADV PUNCT NUM VERB PUNCT ADP DET ADJ horizon PUNCT ADP DET direction ADP DET paper mill 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NUM centuries ADV AUX VERB ADP DET variety ADP motivesincluding persecution CCONJ ADJ opportunity PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ village ADP linen PUNCT weavers PRON VERB ADP ADJ focus PRON PRON VERB PUNCT ADV ADP VERB PRON identities ADP DET ADJ spirituality PUNCT PRON VERB ADP AUX ADJ ADP PRON ADJ church fellowships ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP VERB DET preacher PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB DET ADJ PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP homes PUNCT PRON VERB NUM PUNCT NUM years PART VERB DET communion DET PRON VERB AUX DET ADJ NUM PUNCT ADV PRON VERB leaders ADP DET NUM ADP DET ADJ communities ADP PRON ADJ backgrounds PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET meetinghouse PUNCT ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ convergence PUNCT PRON VERB DET VERB point PUNCT CCONJ DET example PUNCT ADP DET fellowship PRON AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE AUX DET ADJ guidebook PUNCT ADP DET word CCONJ image PUNCT VERB PRON imagination PUNCT VERB PRON PART AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ pilgrims ADP PRON VERB ADV PART VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN orders PUNCT SPACE VERB ADV PART VERB VERB PROPN readers club CCONJ VERB ADJ updates CCONJ ADJ discounts.| SPACE PUNCT NUM ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN
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The world's best-selling astronomy magazine offers you the most exciting, visually stunning, and timely coverage of the heavens above. Each monthly issue includes expert science reporting, vivid color photography, complete sky coverage, spot-on observing tips, informative telescope reviews, and much more! All this in an easy-to-understand, user-friendly style that's perfect for astronomers at any level.
Looking inside the Sun
The Sun rings with sound waves that may give away secrets hidden deep in the solar interior.
A New Window on Star Birth
New submillimeter telescopes will open up unexplored territory.
The Curious Shapes of Cosmic Jets
Individual circumstances determine why jets come in so many different shapes.
The Many Faces of the Sun
During the International Solar Month astronomers observed the Sun across the wavelengths for the first time.
ASTRONOMY Sky Almanac
Eight Lunar Wonders
Odd lunar features have fascinated observers for centuries.
Your Own Piece of the Solar System
Create a three-dimensional model of your favorite planetary feature.
Galaxy Hunting around the Big Dipper
Springtime offers galaxies bright enough to be seen in binoculars and small telescopes.
How to Observe Planets during the Day
You don't have to wait until night to see planets and stars.
Behind the Scenes
Who Will Miss the Night Sky?
Saturn's Hexagon Jet
NASA's Mars Rover
Capturing Mars on Paper
Meetings and Events
Readings and Resources
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issue stock today | world astronomy magazine coverage heavens issue science reporting color photography sky coverage spot tips telescope reviews user style astronomers level rings waves secrets interior submillimeter telescopes territory circumstances jets shapes Faces astronomers wavelengths time Wonders features observers centuries Piece model feature galaxies binoculars telescopes Planets Day night planets stars Meetings Events icon denotes content »
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this issue be currently out of stock and will not be reprint.
subscribe today and save! |
the world's well-sell astronomy magazine offer you the most exciting, visually stunning, and timely coverage of the heaven above. each monthly issue include expert science reporting, vivid color photography, complete sky coverage, spot-on observe tip, informative telescope review, and much more! all this in an easy-to-understand, user-friendly style thatbe perfect for astronomer at any level.
look inside the Sun
the Sun ring with sound wave that may give away secret hide deep in the solar interior.
a New Window on Star Birth
New submillimeter telescope will open up unexplored territory.
the Curious Shapes of Cosmic Jets
Individual circumstance determine why jet come in so many different shape.
the many face of the Sun
during the International Solar Month astronomer observe the Sun across the wavelength for the first time.
ASTRONOMY Sky Almanac
eight Lunar wonder
odd lunar feature have fascinated observer for century.
your own piece of the Solar System
create a three-dimensional model of your favorite planetary feature.
Galaxy hunt around the Big Dipper
Springtime offer galaxy bright enough to be see in binocular and small telescope.
how to observe planet during the day
you donot have to wait until night to see planet and star.
behind the Scenes
who will miss the Night Sky?
Saturn's Hexagon Jet
NASA's Mars Rover
capture Mars on Paper
meeting and event
Readings and Resources
look for this icon. this denote premium subscriber content.
learn more »
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DET issue AUX ADV ADP ADP stock CCONJ AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB today CCONJ VERB PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET world PART ADV PUNCT VERB astronomy magazine VERB PRON DET ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ coverage ADP DET heavens ADV PUNCT DET ADJ issue VERB expert science reporting PUNCT ADJ color photography PUNCT ADJ sky coverage PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADV observing tips PUNCT ADJ telescope reviews PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT DET DET ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PART PUNCT VERB PUNCT user PUNCT ADJ style PRON AUX ADJ ADP astronomers ADP DET level PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET PROPN SPACE DET PROPN rings ADP sound waves PRON AUX VERB ADP secrets VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ interior PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ Window ADP PROPN Birth SPACE ADJ submillimeter telescopes AUX VERB ADP ADJ territory PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ Shapes ADP ADJ Jets SPACE ADJ circumstances VERB SCONJ jets VERB ADP ADV ADJ ADJ shapes PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ Faces ADP DET PROPN SPACE ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN astronomers VERB DET PROPN ADP DET wavelengths ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT SPACE PROPN Sky PROPN SPACE NUM ADJ Wonders SPACE ADJ ADJ features AUX VERB observers ADP centuries PUNCT SPACE PRON ADJ Piece ADP DET PROPN System SPACE VERB DET NUM PUNCT ADJ model ADP PRON ADJ ADJ feature PUNCT SPACE Galaxy Hunting ADP DET ADJ Dipper SPACE PROPN VERB galaxies ADJ ADV PART AUX VERB ADP binoculars CCONJ ADJ telescopes PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PART VERB Planets ADP DET Day SPACE PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB ADP night PART VERB planets CCONJ stars PUNCT SPACE ADP DET Scenes SPACE PRON AUX VERB DET Night Sky PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART PROPN Jet SPACE PROPN PART PROPN Rover SPACE VERB PROPN ADP Paper SPACE Meetings CCONJ Events SPACE Readings CCONJ Resources SPACE VERB ADP DET icon PUNCT DET VERB ADJ subscriber content PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ PUNCT
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DET issue AUX ADV ADP ADP stock CCONJ AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB today CCONJ VERB PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET world PART ADV PUNCT VERB astronomy magazine VERB PRON DET ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ coverage ADP DET heavens ADV PUNCT DET ADJ issue VERB expert science reporting PUNCT ADJ color photography PUNCT ADJ sky coverage PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADV observing tips PUNCT ADJ telescope reviews PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT DET DET ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PART PUNCT VERB PUNCT user PUNCT ADJ style PRON AUX ADJ ADP astronomers ADP DET level PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET PROPN SPACE DET PROPN rings ADP sound waves PRON AUX VERB ADP secrets VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ interior PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ Window ADP PROPN Birth SPACE ADJ submillimeter telescopes AUX VERB ADP ADJ territory PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ Shapes ADP ADJ Jets SPACE ADJ circumstances VERB SCONJ jets VERB ADP ADV ADJ ADJ shapes PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ Faces ADP DET PROPN SPACE ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN astronomers VERB DET PROPN ADP DET wavelengths ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT SPACE PROPN Sky PROPN SPACE NUM ADJ Wonders SPACE ADJ ADJ features AUX VERB observers ADP centuries PUNCT SPACE PRON ADJ Piece ADP DET PROPN System SPACE VERB DET NUM PUNCT ADJ model ADP PRON ADJ ADJ feature PUNCT SPACE Galaxy Hunting ADP DET ADJ Dipper SPACE PROPN VERB galaxies ADJ ADV PART AUX VERB ADP binoculars CCONJ ADJ telescopes PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PART VERB Planets ADP DET Day SPACE PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB ADP night PART VERB planets CCONJ stars PUNCT SPACE ADP DET Scenes SPACE PRON AUX VERB DET Night Sky PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART PROPN Jet SPACE PROPN PART PROPN Rover SPACE VERB PROPN ADP Paper SPACE Meetings CCONJ Events SPACE Readings CCONJ Resources SPACE VERB ADP DET icon PUNCT DET VERB ADJ subscriber content PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ PUNCT
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DET issue AUX ADV ADP ADP stock CCONJ AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB today CCONJ VERB PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET world PART ADV PUNCT VERB astronomy magazine VERB PRON DET ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ coverage ADP DET heavens ADV PUNCT DET ADJ issue VERB expert science reporting PUNCT ADJ color photography PUNCT ADJ sky coverage PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADV observing tips PUNCT ADJ telescope reviews PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT DET DET ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PART PUNCT VERB PUNCT user PUNCT ADJ style PRON AUX ADJ ADP astronomers ADP DET level PUNCT SPACE VERB ADP DET PROPN SPACE DET PROPN rings ADP sound waves PRON AUX VERB ADP secrets VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ interior PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ Window ADP PROPN Birth SPACE ADJ submillimeter telescopes AUX VERB ADP ADJ territory PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ Shapes ADP ADJ Jets SPACE ADJ circumstances VERB SCONJ jets VERB ADP ADV ADJ ADJ shapes PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ Faces ADP DET PROPN SPACE ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN astronomers VERB DET PROPN ADP DET wavelengths ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT SPACE PROPN Sky PROPN SPACE NUM ADJ Wonders SPACE ADJ ADJ features AUX VERB observers ADP centuries PUNCT SPACE PRON ADJ Piece ADP DET PROPN System SPACE VERB DET NUM PUNCT ADJ model ADP PRON ADJ ADJ feature PUNCT SPACE Galaxy Hunting ADP DET ADJ Dipper SPACE PROPN VERB galaxies ADJ ADV PART AUX VERB ADP binoculars CCONJ ADJ telescopes PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PART VERB Planets ADP DET Day SPACE PRON AUX PART AUX PART VERB ADP night PART VERB planets CCONJ stars PUNCT SPACE ADP DET Scenes SPACE PRON AUX VERB DET Night Sky PUNCT SPACE PROPN PART PROPN Jet SPACE PROPN PART PROPN Rover SPACE VERB PROPN ADP Paper SPACE Meetings CCONJ Events SPACE Readings CCONJ Resources SPACE VERB ADP DET icon PUNCT DET VERB ADJ subscriber content PUNCT SPACE VERB ADJ PUNCT
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The term ‘homosexuality’ was coined in the late 19th century by a German psychologist, Karoly Maria Benkert. Although the term is new, discussions about sexuality in general, and same-sex attraction in particular, have occasioned philosophical discussion ranging from Plato's Symposium to contemporary queer theory. Since the history of cultural understandings of same-sex attraction is relevant to the philosophical issues raised by those understandings, it is necessary to review briefly some of the social history of homosexuality. Arising out of this history, at least in the West, is the idea of natural law and some interpretations of that law as forbidding homosexual sex. References to natural law still play an important role in contemporary debates about homosexuality in religion, politics, and even courtrooms. Finally, perhaps the most significant recent social change involving homosexuality is the emergence of the gay liberation movement in the West. In philosophical circles this movement is, in part, represented through a rather diverse group of thinkers who are grouped under the label of queer theory. A central issue raised by queer theory, which will be discussed below, is whether homosexuality, and hence also heterosexuality and bisexuality, is socially constructed or purely driven by biological forces.
- 1. History
- 2. Historiographical Debates
- 3. Natural Law
- 4. Queer Theory and the Social Construction of Sexuality
- 5. Conclusion
- Academic Tools
- Other Internet Resources
- Related Entries
As has been frequently noted, the ancient Greeks did not have terms or concepts that correspond to the contemporary dichotomy of ‘heterosexual’ and ‘homosexual’. There is a wealth of material from ancient Greece pertinent to issues of sexuality, ranging from dialogues of Plato, such as the Symposium, to plays by Aristophanes, and Greek artwork and vases. What follows is a brief description of ancient Greek attitudes, but it is important to recognize that there was regional variation. For example, in parts of Ionia there were general strictures against same-sex eros, while in Elis and Boiotia (e.g., Thebes), it was approved of and even celebrated (cf. Dover, 1989; Halperin, 1990).
Probably the most frequent assumption of sexual orientation is that persons can respond erotically to beauty in either sex. Diogenes Laeurtius, for example, wrote of Alcibiades, the Athenian general and politician of the 5th century B.C., “in his adolescence he drew away the husbands from their wives, and as a young man the wives from their husbands.” (Quoted in Greenberg, 1988, 144) Some persons were noted for their exclusive interests in persons of one gender. For example, Alexander the Great and the founder of Stoicism, Zeno of Citium, were known for their exclusive interest in boys and other men. Such persons, however, are generally portrayed as the exception. Furthermore, the issue of what gender one is attracted to is seen as an issue of taste or preference, rather than as a moral issue. A character in Plutarch's Erotikos (Dialogue on Love) argues that “the noble lover of beauty engages in love wherever he sees excellence and splendid natural endowment without regard for any difference in physiological detail.” (Ibid., 146) Gender just becomes irrelevant “detail” and instead the excellence in character and beauty is what is most important.
Even though the gender that one was erotically attracted to (at any specific time, given the assumption that persons will likely be attracted to persons of both sexes) was not important, other issues were salient, such as whether one exercised moderation. Status concerns were also of the highest importance. Given that only free men had full status, women and male slaves were not problematic sexual partners. Sex between freemen, however, was problematic for status. The central distinction in ancient Greek sexual relations was between taking an active or insertive role, versus a passive or penetrated one. The passive role was acceptable only for inferiors, such as women, slaves, or male youths who were not yet citizens. Hence the cultural ideal of a same-sex relationship was between an older man, probably in his 20's or 30's, known as the erastes, and a boy whose beard had not yet begun to grow, the eromenos or paidika. In this relationship there was courtship ritual, involving gifts (such as a rooster), and other norms. The erastes had to show that he had nobler interests in the boy, rather than a purely sexual concern. The boy was not to submit too easily, and if pursued by more than one man, was to show discretion and pick the more noble one. There is also evidence that penetration was often avoided by having the erastes face his beloved and place his penis between the thighs of the eromenos, which is known as intercrural sex. The relationship was to be temporary and should end upon the boy reaching adulthood (Dover, 1989). To continue in a submissive role even while one should be an equal citizen was considered troubling, although there certainly were many adult male same-sex relationships that were noted and not strongly stigmatized. While the passive role was thus seen as problematic, to be attracted to men was often taken as a sign of masculinity. Greek gods, such as Zeus, had stories of same-sex exploits attributed to them, as did other key figures in Greek myth and literature, such as Achilles and Hercules. Plato, in the Symposium, argues for an army to be comprised of same-sex lovers. Thebes did form such a regiment, the Sacred Band of Thebes, formed of 500 soldiers. They were renowned in the ancient world for their valor in battle.
Ancient Rome had many parallels in its understanding of same-sex attraction, and sexual issues more generally, to ancient Greece. This is especially true under the Republic. Yet under the Empire, Roman society slowly became more negative in its views towards sexuality, probably due to social and economic turmoil, even before Christianity became influential.
Exactly what attitude the New Testament has towards sexuality in general, and same-sex attraction in particular, is a matter of sharp debate. John Boswell argues, in his fascinating Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, that many passages taken today as condemnations of homosexuality are more concerned with prostitution, or where same-sex acts are described as “unnatural” the meaning is more akin to ‘out of the ordinary’ rather than as immoral (Boswell, 1980, ch.4; see also Boswell, 1994). Yet others have criticized, sometimes persuasively, Boswell's scholarship (see Greenberg, 1988, ch.5). What is clear, however, is that while condemnation of same-sex attraction is marginal to the Gospels and only an intermittent focus in the rest of the New Testament, early Christian church fathers were much more outspoken. In their writings there is a horror at any sort of sex, but in a few generations these views eased, in part due no doubt to practical concerns of recruiting converts. By the fourth and fifth centuries the mainstream Christian view allowed for procreative sex.
This viewpoint, that procreative sex within marriage is allowed, while every other expression of sexuality is sinful, can be found, for example, in St. Augustine. This understanding leads to a concern with the gender of one's partner that is not found in previous Greek or Roman views, and it clearly forbids homosexual acts. Soon this attitude, especially towards homosexual sex, came to be reflected in Roman Law. In Justinian's Code, promulgated in 529, persons who engaged in homosexual sex were to be executed, although those who were repentant could be spared. Historians agree that the late Roman Empire saw a rise in intolerance towards sexuality, although there were again important regional variations.
With the decline of the Roman Empire, and its replacement by various barbarian kingdoms, a general tolerance (with the sole exception of Visigothic Spain) of homosexual acts prevailed. As one prominent scholar puts it, “European secular law contained few measures against homosexuality until the middle of the thirteenth century.” (Greenberg, 1988, 260) Even while some Christian theologians continued to denounce nonprocreative sexuality, including same-sex acts, a genre of homophilic literature, especially among the clergy, developed in the eleventh and twelfth centuries (Boswell, 1980, chapters 8 and 9).
The latter part of the twelfth through the fourteenth centuries, however, saw a sharp rise in intolerance towards homosexual sex, alongside persecution of Jews, Muslims, heretics, and others. While the causes of this are somewhat unclear, it is likely that increased class conflict alongside the Gregorian reform movement in the Catholic Church were two important factors. The Church itself started to appeal to a conception of “nature” as the standard of morality, and drew it in such a way so as to forbid homosexual sex (as well as extramarital sex, nonprocreative sex within marriage, and often masturbation). For example, the first ecumenical council to condemn homosexual sex, Lateran III of 1179, stated that “Whoever shall be found to have committed that incontinence which is against nature” shall be punished, the severity of which depended upon whether the transgressor was a cleric or layperson (quoted in Boswell, 1980, 277). This appeal to natural law (discussed below) became very influential in the Western tradition. An important point to note, however, is that the key category here is the ‘sodomite,’ which differs from the contemporary idea of ‘homosexual’. A sodomite was understood as act-defined, rather than as a type of person. Someone who had desires to engage in sodomy, yet did not act upon them, was not a sodomite. Also, persons who engaged in heterosexual sodomy were also sodomites. There are reports of persons being burned to death or beheaded for sodomy with a spouse (Greenberg, 1988, 277). Finally, a person who had engaged in sodomy, yet who had repented of his sin and vowed to never do it again, was no longer a sodomite. The gender of one's partner is again not of decisive importance, although some medieval theologians single out same-sex sodomy as the worst type of sexual crime.
For the next several centuries in Europe, the laws against homosexual sex were severe in their penalties. Enforcement, however, was episodic. In some regions, decades would pass without any prosecutions. Yet the Dutch, in the 1730's, mounted a harsh anti-sodomy campaign (alongside an anti-Gypsy pogrom), even using torture to obtain confessions. As many as one hundred men and boys were executed and denied burial (Greenberg, 1988, 313-4). Also, the degree to which sodomy and same-sex attraction were accepted varied by class, with the middle class taking the narrowest view, while the aristocracy and nobility often accepted public expressions of alternative sexualities. At times, even with the risk of severe punishment, same-sex oriented subcultures would flourish in cities, sometimes only to be suppressed by the authorities. In the 19th century there was a significant reduction in the legal penalties for sodomy. The Napoleonic code decriminalized sodomy, and with Napoleon's conquests that Code spread. Furthermore, in many countries where homosexual sex remained a crime, the general movement at this time away from the death penalty usually meant that sodomy was removed from the list of capital offenses.
In the 18th and 19th centuries an overtly theological framework no longer dominated the discourse about same-sex attraction. Instead, secular arguments and interpretations became increasingly common. Probably the most important secular domain for discussions of homosexuality was in medicine, including psychology. This discourse, in turn, linked up with considerations about the state and its need for a growing population, good soldiers, and intact families marked by clearly defined gender roles. Doctors were called in by courts to examine sex crime defendants (Foucault, 1980; Greenberg, 1988). At the same time, the dramatic increase in school attendance rates and the average length of time spent in school, reduced transgenerational contact, and hence also the frequency of transgenerational sex. Same-sex relations between persons of roughly the same age became the norm.
Clearly the rise in the prestige of medicine resulted in part from the increasing ability of science to account for natural phenomena on the basis of mechanistic causation. The application of this viewpoint to humans led to accounts of sexuality as innate or biologically driven. The voluntarism of the medieval understanding of sodomy, that sodomites chose sin, gave way to the modern notion of homosexuality as a deep, unchosen characteristic of persons, regardless of whether they act upon that orientation. The idea of a ‘latent sodomite’ would not have made sense, yet under this new view it does make sense to speak of a person as a ‘latent homosexual.’ Instead of specific acts defining a person, as in the medieval view, an entire physical and mental makeup, usually portrayed as somehow defective or pathological, is ascribed to the modern category of ‘homosexual.’ Although there are historical precursors to these ideas (e.g., Aristotle gave a physiological explanation of passive homosexuality), medicine gave them greater public exposure and credibility (Greenberg, 1988, ch.15). The effects of these ideas cut in conflicting ways. Since homosexuality is, by this view, not chosen, it makes less sense to criminalize it. Persons are not choosing evil acts. Yet persons may be expressing a diseased or pathological mental state, and hence medical intervention for a cure is appropriate. Hence doctors, especially psychiatrists, campaigned for the repeal or reduction of criminal penalties for consensual homosexual sodomy, yet intervened to “rehabilitate” homosexuals. They also sought to develop techniques to prevent children from becoming homosexual, for example by arguing that childhood masturbation caused homosexuality, hence it must be closely guarded against.
In the 20th century sexual roles were redefined once again. For a variety of reasons, premarital intercourse slowly became more common and eventually acceptable. With the decline of prohibitions against sex for the sake of pleasure even outside of marriage, it became more difficult to argue against gay sex. These trends were especially strong in the 1960's, and it was in this context that the gay liberation movement took off. Although gay and lesbian rights groups had been around for decades, the low-key approach of the Mattachine Society (named after a medieval secret society) and the Daughters of Bilitis had not gained much ground. This changed in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, when the patrons of the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in Greenwich Village, rioted after a police raid. In the aftermath of that event, gay and lesbian groups began to organize around the country. Gay Democratic clubs were created in every major city, and one fourth of all college campuses had gay and lesbian groups (Shilts, 1993, ch.28). Large gay urban communities in cities from coast to coast became the norm. The American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its official listing of mental disorders. The increased visibility of gays and lesbians has become a permanent feature of American life despite the two critical setbacks of the AIDS epidemic and an anti-gay backlash (see Berman, 1993, for a good survey). The post-Stonewall era has also seen marked changes in Western Europe, where the repeal of anti-sodomy laws and legal equality for gays and lesbians has become common.
Broader currents in society have influenced the ways in which scholars and activists have approached research into sexuality and same-sex attraction. Some early 20th century researchers and equality advocates, seeking to vindicate same-sex relations in societies that disparaged and criminalized it, put forward lists of famous historical figures attracted to persons of the same sex. Such lists implied a common historical entity underlying sexual attraction, whether one called it ‘inversion’ or ‘homosexuality.’ This approach (or perhaps closely related family of approaches) is commonly called essentialism. Historians and researchers sympathetic to the gay liberation movement of the late 1960s and 1970s produced a number of books that implicitly relied on an essentialist approach. In the 1970s and 1980s John Boswell raised it to a new level of methodological and historical sophistication, although his position shifted over time to one of virtual agnosticism between essentialists and their critics. Crompton’s work (2003) is a notable contemporary example of an essentialist methodology.
Essentialists claim that categories of sexual attraction are observed rather than created. For example, while ancient Greece did not have terms that correspond to the heterosexual/homosexual division, persons did note men who were only attracted to person of a specific sex. Through history and across cultures there are consistent features, albeit with meaningful variety over time and space, in sexual attraction to the point that it makes sense of speak of specific sexual orientations. According to this view, homosexuality is a specific, natural kind rather than a cultural or historical product. Essentialists allow that there are cultural differences in how homosexuality is expressed and interpreted, but they emphasize that this does not prevent it from being a universal category of human sexual expression.
In contrast, in the 1970s and since a number of researchers, often influenced by Mary McIntosh or Michel Foucault, argued that class relations, the human sciences, and other historically constructed forces create sexual categories and the personal identities associated with them. For advocates of this view, such as David Halperin, how sex is organized in a given cultural and historical setting is irreducibly particular (Halperin, 2002). The emphasis on the social creation of sexual experience and expression led to the labeling of the viewpoint as social constructionism, although more recently several of its proponents have preferred the term ‘historicism.’ Thus homosexuality, as a specific sexual construction, is best understood as a solely modern, Western concept and role. Prior to the development of this construction, persons were not really ‘homosexual’ even when they were only attracted to persons of the same sex. The differences between, say, ancient Greece, with its emphasis on pederasty, role in the sex act, and social status, and the contemporary Western role of ‘gay’ or ‘homosexual’ are simply too great to collapse into one category.
In a manner closely related to the claims of queer theory, discussed below, social constructionists argue that specific social constructs produce sexual ways of being. There is no given mode of sexuality that is independent of culture; even the concept and experience of sexual orientation itself are products of history. For advocates of this view, the range of historical sexual diversity, and the fluidity of human possibility, is simply too varied to be adequately captured by any specific conceptual scheme.
There is a significant political dimension to this seemingly abstract historiographical debate. Social constructionists argue that essentialism is the weaker position politically for at least two reasons. First, by accepting a basic heterosexual/homosexual organizing dichotomy, essentialism wrongly concedes that heterosexuality is the norm and that homosexuality is, strictly speaking, abnormal and the basis for a permanent minority. Second, social constructionists argue that an important goal of historical investigations should be to put into question contemporary organizing schemas about sexuality. The acceptance of the contemporary heterosexual/homosexual dichotomy is conservative, perhaps even reactionary, and forecloses the exploration of new possibilities. (There are related queer theory criticisms of the essentialist position, discussed below.) In contrast, essentialists argue that a historicist approach forecloses the very possibility of a ‘gay history.’ Instead, the field of investigation becomes other social forces and how they ‘produce’ a distinct form or forms of sexuality. Only an essentialist approach can maintain the project of gay history, and minority histories in general, as a force for liberation.
Today natural law theory offers the most common intellectual defense for differential treatment of gays and lesbians, and as such it merits attention. The development of natural law is a long and very complicated story, but a reasonable place to begin is with the dialogues of Plato, for this is where some of the central ideas are first articulated, and, significantly enough, are immediately applied to the sexual domain. For the Sophists, the human world is a realm of convention and change, rather than of unchanging moral truth. Plato, in contrast, argued that unchanging truths underpin the flux of the material world. Reality, including eternal moral truths, is a matter of phusis. Even though there is clearly a great degree of variety in conventions from one city to another (something ancient Greeks became increasingly aware of), there is still an unwritten standard, or law, that humans should live under.
In the Laws, Plato applies the idea of a fixed, natural law to sex, and takes a much harsher line than he does in the Symposium or the Phraedrus. In Book One he writes about how opposite-sex sex acts cause pleasure by nature, while same-sex sexuality is “unnatural” (636c). In Book Eight, the Athenian speaker considers how to have legislation banning homosexual acts, masturbation, and illegitimate procreative sex widely accepted. He then states that this law is according to nature (838-839d). Probably the best way of understanding Plato's discussion here is in the context of his overall concerns with the appetitive part of the soul and how best to control it. Plato clearly sees same-sex passions as especially strong, and hence particularly problematic, although in the Symposium that erotic attraction could be the catalyst for a life of philosophy, rather than base sensuality (Cf. Dover, 1989, 153-170; Nussbaum, 1999, esp. chapter 12).
Other figures played important roles in the development of natural law theory. Aristotle, with his emphasis upon reason as the distinctive human function, and the Stoics, with their emphasis upon human beings as a part of the natural order of the cosmos, both helped to shape the natural law perspective which says that “True law is right reason in agreement with nature,” as Cicero put it. Aristotle, in his approach, did allow for change to occur according to nature, and therefore the way that natural law is embodied could itself change with time, which was an idea Aquinas later incorporated into his own natural law theory. Aristotle did not write extensively about sexual issues, since he was less concerned with the appetites than Plato. Probably the best reconstruction of his views places him in mainstream Greek society as outlined above; the main issue is that of active versus a passive role, with only the latter problematic for those who either are or will become citizens. Zeno, the founder of Stoicism, was, according to his contemporaries, only attracted to men, and his thought had no prohibitions against same-sex sexuality. In contrast, Cicero, a later Stoic, was dismissive about sexuality in general, with some harsher remarks towards same-sex pursuits (Cicero, 1966, 407-415).
The most influential formulation of natural law theory was made by Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth century. Integrating an Aristotelian approach with Christian theology, Aquinas emphasized the centrality of certain human goods, including marriage and procreation. While Aquinas did not write much about same-sex sexual relations, he did write at length about various sex acts as sins. For Aquinas, sexuality that was within the bounds of marriage and which helped to further what he saw as the distinctive goods of marriage, mainly love, companionship, and legitimate offspring, was permissible, and even good. Aquinas did not argue that procreation was a necessary part of moral or just sex; married couples could enjoy sex without the motive of having children, and sex in marriages where one or both partners is sterile (perhaps because the woman is postmenopausal) is also potentially just (given a motive of expressing love). So far Aquinas' view actually need not rule out homosexual sex. For example, a Thomist could embrace same-sex marriage, and then apply the same reasoning, simply seeing the couple as a reproductively sterile, yet still fully loving and companionate union.
Aquinas, in a significant move, adds a requirement that for any given sex act to be moral it must be of a generative kind. The only way that this can be achieved is via vaginal intercourse. That is, since only the emission of semen in a vagina can result in natural reproduction, only sex acts of that type are generative, even if a given sex act does not lead to reproduction, and even if it is impossible due to infertility. The consequence of this addition is to rule out the possibility, of course, that homosexual sex could ever be moral (even if done within a loving marriage), in addition to forbidding any non-vaginal sex for opposite-sex married couples. What is the justification for this important addition? This question is made all the more pressing in that Aquinas does allow that how broad moral rules apply to individuals may vary considerably, since the nature of persons also varies to some extent. That is, since Aquinas allows that individual natures vary, one could simply argue that one is, by nature, emotionally and physically attracted to persons of one's own gender, and hence to pursue same-sex relationships is ‘natural’ (Sullivan, 1995). Unfortunately, Aquinas does not spell out a justification for this generative requirement.
More recent natural law theorists, however, have tried a couple different lines of defense for Aquinas' ‘generative type’ requirement. The first is that sex acts that involve either homosexuality, heterosexual sodomy, or which use contraception, frustrate the purpose of the sex organs, which is reproductive. This argument, often called the ‘perverted faculty argument’, is perhaps implicit in Aquinas. It has, however, come in for sharp attack (see Weitham, 1997), and the best recent defenders of a Thomistic natural law approach are attempting to move beyond it (e.g., George, 1999, dismisses the argument). If their arguments fail, of course, they must allow that some homosexual sex acts are morally permissible (even positively good), although they would still have resources with which to argue against casual gay (and straight) sex.
Although the specifics of the second sort of argument offered by various contemporary natural law theorists vary, the common elements are strong (Finnis, 1994; George, 1999). As Thomists, their argument rests largely upon an account of human goods. The two most important for the argument against homosexual sex (though not against homosexuality as an orientation which is not acted upon, and hence in this they follow official Catholic doctrine; see George, 1999, ch.15) are personal integration and marriage. Personal integration, in this view, is the idea that humans, as agents, need to have integration between their intentions as agents and their embodied selves. Thus, to use one's or another's body as a mere means to one's own pleasure, as they argue happens with masturbation, causes ‘dis-integration’ of the self. That is, one's intention then is just to use a body (one's own or another's) as a mere means to the end of pleasure, and this detracts from personal integration. Yet one could easily reply that two persons of the same sex engaging in sexual union does not necessarily imply any sort of ‘use’ of the other as a mere means to one's own pleasure. Hence, natural law theorists respond that sexual union in the context of the realization of marriage as an important human good is the only permissible expression of sexuality. Yet this argument requires drawing how marriage is an important good in a very particular way, since it puts procreation at the center of marriage as its “natural fulfillment” (George, 1999, 168). Natural law theorists, if they want to support their objection to homosexual sex, have to emphasize procreation. If, for example, they were to place love and mutual support for human flourishing at the center, it is clear that many same-sex couples would meet this standard. Hence their sexual acts would be morally just.
There are, however, several objections that are made against this account of marriage as a central human good. One is that by placing procreation as the ‘natural fulfillment’ of marriage, sterile marriages are thereby denigrated. Sex in an opposite-sex marriage where the partners know that one or both of them are sterile is not done for procreation. Yet surely it is not wrong. Why, then, is homosexual sex in the same context (a long-term companionate union) wrong (Macedo, 1995)? The natural law rejoinder is that while vaginal intercourse is a potentially procreative sex act, considered in itself (though admitting the possibility that it may be impossible for a particular couple), oral and anal sex acts are never potentially procreative, whether heterosexual or homosexual (George, 1999). But is this biological distinction also morally relevant, and in the manner that natural law theorists assume? Natural law theorists, in their discussions of these issues, seem to waver. On the one hand, they want to defend an ideal of marriage as a loving union wherein two persons are committed to their mutual flourishing, and where sex is a complement to that ideal. Yet that opens the possibility of permissible gay sex, or heterosexual sodomy, both of which they want to oppose. So they then defend an account of sexuality which seems crudely reductive, emphasizing procreation to the point where literally a male orgasm anywhere except in the vagina of one's loving spouse is impermissible. Then, when accused of being reductive, they move back to the broader ideal of marriage.
Natural law theory, at present, has made significant concessions to mainstream liberal thought. In contrast certainly to its medieval formulation, most contemporary natural law theorists argue for limited governmental power, and do not believe that the state has an interest in attempting to prevent all moral wrongdoing. Still, they do argue against homosexuality, and against legal protections for gays and lesbians in terms of employment and housing, even to the point of serving as expert witnesses in court cases or helping in the writing of amicus curae briefs. They also argue against same sex marriage (Bradley, 2001; George, 2001).
With the rise of the gay liberation movement in the post-Stonewall era, overtly gay and lesbian perspectives began to be put forward in politics, philosophy and literary theory. Initially these often were overtly linked to feminist analyses of patriarchy (e.g., Rich, 1980) or other, earlier approaches to theory. Yet in the late 1980's and early 1990's queer theory was developed, although there are obviously important antecedents which make it difficult to date it precisely. There are a number of ways in which queer theory differed from earlier gay liberation theory, but an important initial difference can be gotten at by examining the reasons for opting for the term ‘queer’ as opposed to ‘gay and lesbian.’ Some versions of, for example, lesbian theory portrayed the essence of lesbian identity and sexuality in very specific terms: non-hierarchical, consensual, and, specifically in terms of sexuality, as not necessarily focused upon genitalia (e.g., Faderman, 1985). Lesbians arguing from this framework, for example, could very well criticize natural law theorists as inscribing into the very “law of nature” an essentially masculine sexuality, focused upon the genitals, penetration, and the status of the male orgasm (natural law theorists rarely mention female orgasms).
This approach, based upon characterizations of ‘lesbian’ and ‘gay’ identity and sexuality, however, suffered from three difficulties. First, it appeared even though the goal was to critique a heterosexist regime for its exclusion and marginalization of those whose sexuality is different, any specific or “essentialist” account of gay or lesbian sexuality had the same effect. Sticking with the example used above, of a specific conceptualization of lesbian identity, it denigrates women who are sexually and emotionally attracted to other women, yet who do not fit the description. Sado-masochists and butch/fem lesbians arguably do not fit this ideal of ‘equality’ offered. A second problem was that by placing such an emphasis upon the gender of one's sexual partner(s), other possible important sources of identity are marginalized, such as race and ethnicity. What is of utmost importance, for example, for a black lesbian is her lesbianism, rather than her race. Many gays and lesbians of color attacked this approach, accusing it of re-inscribing an essentially white identity into the heart of gay or lesbian identity (Jagose, 1996).
The third and final problem for the gay liberationist approach was that it often took this category of ‘identity’ itself as unproblematic and unhistorical. Such a view, however, largely because of arguments developed within poststructuralism, seemed increasingly untenable. The key figure in the attack upon identity as ahistorical is Michel Foucault. In a series of works he set out to analyze the history of sexuality from ancient Greece to the modern era (1980, 1985, 1986). Although the project was tragically cut short by his death in 1984, from complications arising from AIDS, Foucault articulated how profoundly understandings of sexuality can vary across time and space, and his arguments have proven very influential in gay and lesbian theorizing in general, and queer theory in particular (Spargo, 1999; Stychin, 2005).
One of the reasons for the historical review above is that it helps to give some background for understanding the claim that sexuality is socially constructed, rather than given by nature. Moreover, in order to not prejudge the issue of social constructionism versus essentialism, I avoided applying the term ‘homosexual’ to the ancient or medieval eras. In ancient Greece the gender of one's partner(s) was not important, but instead whether one took the active or passive role. In the medieval view, a ‘sodomite’ was a person who succumbed to temptation and engaged in certain non-procreative sex acts. Although the gender of the partner was more important than in the ancient view, the broader theological framework placed the emphasis upon a sin versus refraining-from-sin dichotomy. With the rise of the notion of ‘homosexuality’ in the modern era, a person is placed into a specific category even if one does not act upon those inclinations. What is the common, natural sexuality expressed across these three very different cultures? The social constructionist answer is that there is no ‘natural’ sexuality; all sexual understandings are constructed within and mediated by cultural understandings. The examples can be pushed much further by incorporating anthropological data outside of the Western tradition (Halperin, 1990; Greenberg, 1988). Yet even within the narrower context offered here, the differences between them are striking. The assumption in ancient Greece was that men (less is known about women) can respond erotically to either sex, and the vast majority of men who engaged in same-sex relationships were also married (or would later become married). Yet the contemporary understanding of homosexuality divides the sexual domain in two, heterosexual and homosexual, and most heterosexuals cannot respond erotically to their own sex.
In saying that sexuality is a social construct, these theorists are not saying that these understandings are not real. Since persons are also constructs of their culture (in this view), we are made into those categories. Hence today persons of course understand themselves as straight or gay (or perhaps bisexual), and it is very difficult to step outside of these categories, even once one comes to seem them as the historical constructs they are.
Gay and lesbian theory was thus faced with three significant problems, all of which involved difficulties with the notion of ‘identity.’ Queer theory thus arose in large part as an attempt to overcome them. How queer theory does so can be seen by looking at the term ‘queer’ itself. In contrast to gay or lesbian, ‘queer,’ it is argued, does not refer to an essence, whether of a sexual nature or not. Instead it is purely relational, standing as an undefined term that gets its meaning precisely by being that which is outside of the norm, however that norm itself may be defined. As one of the most articulate queer theorists puts it: “Queer is … whatever is at odds with the normal, the legitimate, the dominant. There is nothing in particular to which it necessarily refers. It is an identity without an essence” (Halperin, 1995, 62, original emphasis). By lacking any essence, queer does not marginalize those whose sexuality is outside of any gay or lesbian norm, such as sado-masochists. Since specific conceptualizations of sexuality are avoided, and hence not put at the center of any definition of queer, it allows more freedom for self-identification for, say, black lesbians to identify as much or more with their race (or any other trait, such as involvement in an S & M subculture) than with lesbianism. Finally, it incorporates the insights of poststructuralism about the difficulties in ascribing any essence or non-historical aspect to identity.
This central move by queer theorists, the claim that the categories through which identity is understood are all social constructs rather than given to us by nature, opens up a number of analytical possibilities. For example, queer theorists examine how fundamental notions of gender and sex which seem so natural and self-evident to persons in the modern West are in fact constructed and reinforced through everyday actions, and that this occurs in ways that privilege heterosexuality (Butler, 1990, 1993). Also examined are medical categories which are themselves socially constructed (Fausto-Sterling, 2000, is an erudite example of this, although she is not ultimately a queer theorist). Others examine how language and especially divisions between what is said and what is not said, corresponding to the dichotomy between ‘closeted’ and ‘out,’ especially in regards to the modern division of heterosexual/homosexual, structure much of modern thought. That is, it is argued that when we look at dichotomies such as natural/artificial, or masculine/feminine, we find in the background an implicit reliance upon a very recent, and arbitrary, understanding of the sexual world as split into two species (Sedgwick, 1990). The fluidity of categories created through queer theory even opens the possibility of new sorts of histories that examine previously silent types of affections and relationships (Carter, 2005).
Another critical perspective opened up by a queer approach, although certainly implicit in those just referred to, is especially important. Since most anti-gay and lesbian arguments rely upon the alleged naturalness of heterosexuality, queer theorists attempt to show how these categories are themselves deeply social constructs. An example helps to illustrate the approach. In an essay against gay marriage, chosen because it is very representative, James Q. Wilson (1996) contends that gay men have a “great tendency” to be promiscuous. In contrast, he puts forward loving, monogamous marriage as the natural condition of heterosexuality. Heterosexuality, in his argument, is an odd combination of something completely natural yet simultaneously endangered. One is born straight, yet this natural condition can be subverted by such things as the presence of gay couples, gay teachers, or even excessive talk about homosexuality. Wilson's argument requires a radical disjunction between heterosexuality and homosexuality. If gayness is radically different, it is legitimate to suppress it. Wilson has the courage to be forthright about this element of his argument; he comes out against “the political imposition of tolerance” towards gays and lesbians (Wilson, 1996, 35).
It is a common move in queer theory to bracket, at least temporarily, issues of truth and falsity (Halperin, 1995). Instead, the analysis focuses on the social function of discourse. Questions of who counts as an expert and why, and concerns about the effects of the expert's discourse are given equal status to questions of the verity of what is said. This approach reveals that hidden underneath Wilson's (and other anti-gay) work is an important epistemological move. Since heterosexuality is the natural condition, it is a place that is spoken from but not inquired into. In contrast, homosexuality is the aberration and hence it needs to be studied but it is not an authoritative place from which one can speak. By virtue of this heterosexual privilege, Wilson is allowed the voice of the impartial, fair-minded expert. Yet, as the history section above shows, there are striking discontinuities in understandings of sexuality, and this is true to the point that, according to queer theorists, we should not think of sexuality as having any particular nature at all. Through undoing our infatuation with any specific conception of sexuality, the queer theorist opens space for marginalized forms.
Queer theory, however, has been criticized in a myriad of ways (Jagose, 1996). One set of criticisms comes from theorists who are sympathetic to gay liberation conceived as a project of radical social change. An initial criticism is that precisely because ‘queer’ does not refer to any specific sexual status or gender object choice, for example Halperin (1995) allows that straight persons may be ‘queer,’ it robs gays and lesbians of the distinctiveness of what makes them marginal. It desexualizes identity, when the issue is precisely about a sexual identity (Jagose, 1996). A related criticism is that queer theory, since it refuses any essence or reference to standard ideas of normality, cannot make crucial distinctions. For example, queer theorists usually argue that one of the advantages of the term ‘queer’ is that it thereby includes transsexuals, sado-masochists, and other marginalized sexualities. How far does this extend? Is transgenerational sex (e.g., pedophilia) permissible? Are there any limits upon the forms of acceptable sado-masochism or fetishism? While some queer theorists specifically disallow pedophilia, it is an open question whether the theory has the resources to support such a distinction. Furthermore, some queer theorists overtly refuse to rule out pedophiles as ‘queer’ (Halperin, 1995, 62) Another criticism is that queer theory, in part because it typically has recourse to a very technical jargon, is written by a narrow elite for that narrow elite. It is therefore class biased and also, in practice, only really referred to at universities and colleges (Malinowitz, 1993).
Queer theory is also criticized by those who reject the desirability of radical social change. For example, centrist and conservative gays and lesbians have criticized a queer approach by arguing that it will be “disastrously counter-productive” (Bawer, 1996, xii). If ‘queer’ keeps its connotation of something perverse and at odds with mainstream society, which is precisely what most queer theorists want, it would seem to only validate the attacks upon gays and lesbians made by conservatives. Sullivan (1996) also criticizes queer theorists for relying upon Foucault's account of power, which he argues does not allow for meaningful resistance. It seems likely, however, that Sullivan's understanding of Foucault's notions of power and resistance are misguided.
The debates about homosexuality, in part because they often involve public policy and legal issues, tend to be sharply polarized. Those most concerned with homosexuality, positively or negatively, are also those most engaged, with natural law theorists arguing for gays and lesbians having a reduced legal status, and queer theorists engaged in critique and deconstruction of what they see as a heterosexist regime. Yet the two do not talk much to one another, but rather ignore or talk past one another. There are some theorists in the middle. For example, Michael Sandel takes an Aristotelian approach from which he argues that gay and lesbian relationships can realize the same goods that heterosexual relationships do (Sandel, 1995). He largely shares the account of important human goods that natural law theorists have, yet in his evaluation of the worth of same-sex relationships, he is clearly sympathetic to gay and lesbian concerns. Similarly, Bruce Bawer (1993) and Andrew Sullivan (1995) have written eloquent defenses of full legal equality for gays and lesbians, including marriage rights. Yet neither argue for any systematic reform of broader American culture or politics. In this they are essentially conservative. Therefore, rather unsurprisingly, these centrists are attacked from both sides. Sullivan, for example, has been criticized at length both by queer theorists (e.g., Phelan, 2001) and natural law theorists (e.g., George, 1999).
Yet as the foregoing also clearly shows, the policy and legal debates surrounding homosexuality involve fundamental issues of morality and justice. Perhaps most centrally of all, they cut to issues of personal identity and self-definition. Hence there is another, and even deeper, set of reasons for the polarization that marks these debates.
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homosexual precursors ideas explanation homosexuality medicine exposure credibility effects ideas ways homosexuality view sense Persons acts persons state intervention cure doctors psychiatrists repeal reduction penalties sodomy homosexuals techniques children example childhood masturbation homosexuality century roles variety reasons intercourse decline prohibitions sex sake pleasure marriage sex trends context liberation movement rights groups decades key approach society Daughters ground morning hours patrons bar police raid aftermath event groups country clubs city college campuses groups Shilts communities cities coast coast norm homosexuality listing disorders visibility gays lesbians feature life setbacks epidemic backlash survey era changes repeal laws equality gays lesbians currents society ways scholars activists research sexuality sex attraction century researchers equality advocates sex relations societies lists figures persons sex lists entity attraction inversion homosexuality approach family approaches essentialism Historians researchers liberation movement 1960s 1970s number books essentialist approach 1970s 1980s level sophistication position time agnosticism essentialists critics work example essentialist methodology Essentialists categories attraction example terms homosexual division persons men person sex history cultures features variety time space attraction point sense speak orientations view homosexuality kind product Essentialists differences homosexuality category expression contrast 1970s number researchers class relations sciences forces categories identities advocates view sex setting emphasis creation experience expression labeling viewpoint constructionism proponents term historicism homosexuality construction concept role development construction persons homosexual persons sex differences emphasis pederasty role sex act status role homosexual category manner claims queer theory constructionists constructs ways mode sexuality culture concept experience orientation products history advocates view range diversity fluidity possibility scheme dimension debate constructionists essentialism position reasons homosexual organizing dichotomy essentialism heterosexuality norm homosexuality basis minority constructionists goal investigations question organizing sexuality acceptance dichotomy exploration possibilities queer theory criticisms essentialist position contrast essentialists approach possibility history field investigation forces form forms sexuality essentialist approach project history minority histories force liberation Today law theory defense treatment gays lesbians attention development law story place dialogues ideas domain world realm convention change truth contrast truths flux world Reality truths matter phusis degree variety conventions city standard law humans idea law sex line sex sex acts pleasure nature sex sexuality speaker legislation acts masturbation sex law nature 839d way discussion context concerns part soul sex passions Symposium attraction catalyst life philosophy base sensuality chapter figures roles development law theory emphasis reason function emphasis beings part order cosmos law perspective law reason agreement nature approach change nature way law time idea Aquinas law theory issues appetites reconstruction views mainstream society issue role problematic citizens founder contemporaries men thought prohibitions sex sexuality contrast sexuality remarks sex pursuits formulation law theory century approach theology centrality goods marriage procreation sex relations length sex acts sins sexuality bounds marriage goods marriage companionship offspring Aquinas procreation part sex couples sex motive children sex marriages partners woman motive love view sex example sex marriage reasoning couple union Aquinas move requirement sex act kind way intercourse emission semen vagina reproduction sex acts type sex act reproduction infertility consequence addition possibility course sex marriage addition sex sex couples justification addition question rules individuals nature persons extent natures nature persons gender sex relationships Aquinas justification requirement law theorists couple lines defense type requirement sex acts homosexuality sodomy contraception purpose sex organs argument faculty argument attack defenders law approach argument arguments course sex acts resources gay sex specifics sort argument law theorists elements Thomists argument account goods argument sex homosexuality orientation doctrine integration marriage integration view idea humans agents integration intentions agents selves body means pleasure masturbation dis - integration self intention body one end pleasure integration persons sex union sort use means pleasure law theorists union context realization marriage good expression sexuality argument marriage good way procreation center marriage fulfillment law theorists objection sex procreation example love support center sex couples standard acts objections account marriage good procreation fulfillment marriage marriages Sex sex marriage partners procreation sex context term union wrong law rejoinder intercourse sex act possibility couple sex acts homosexual distinction manner law theorists law theorists discussions issues hand ideal marriage union persons flourishing sex complement ideal possibility sex sodomy account sexuality procreation point orgasm vagina spouse ideal marriage law theory present concessions thought contrast formulation law theorists power state interest wrongdoing homosexuality protections gays lesbians terms employment housing point witnesses court cases writing curae briefs sex marriage rise liberation movement era perspectives politics philosophy theory analyses patriarchy approaches theory queer theory antecedents number ways queer theory liberation theory difference reasons term queer lesbian versions example theory essence identity sexuality terms terms sexuality genitalia Lesbians framework example law theorists law nature sexuality genitals penetration status orgasm law theorists orgasms approach characterizations identity sexuality difficulties goal heterosexist regime exclusion marginalization sexuality account sexuality effect example conceptualization identity women women description Sado masochists butch lesbians ideal equality problem emphasis gender one partner(s sources identity race ethnicity importance example lesbian lesbianism race gays lesbians color approach identity heart identity problem liberationist approach category identity view arguments poststructuralism figure attack identity series works history sexuality era project death complications understandings sexuality time space arguments queer theory reasons review background claim sexuality nature order issue constructionism essentialism term homosexual eras gender partner(s one role view person sex acts gender partner view framework emphasis sin sin dichotomy rise notion homosexuality era person category inclinations sexuality cultures answer sexuality understandings understandings examples data tradition context differences assumption men women sex majority men sex relationships understanding homosexuality domain homosexual heterosexuals sex sexuality construct theorists understandings persons constructs culture view categories today persons course categories constructs theory problems difficulties notion identity theory part attempt queer theory term queer contrast gay essence nature term meaning norm norm queer theorists odds identity essence emphasis essence queer sexuality norm sado masochists conceptualizations sexuality center definition queer freedom self identification lesbians race trait involvement subculture lesbianism insights poststructuralism difficulties essence aspect identity move queer theorists claim categories identity constructs nature number possibilities example theorists notions gender sex self persons fact actions ways privilege heterosexuality categories example queer theorist Others language divisions dichotomy regards division homosexual structure thought dichotomies masculine background reliance understanding world species fluidity categories queer theory possibility sorts histories types affections relationships perspective queer approach arguments naturalness heterosexuality theorists categories constructs example approach essay marriage men tendency contrast marriage condition heterosexuality Heterosexuality argument combination condition things presence couples teachers talk homosexuality argument disjunction heterosexuality homosexuality gayness courage element argument imposition tolerance gays lesbians move queer theory bracket issues truth falsity analysis function discourse Questions expert concerns effects expert discourse status questions verity approach work move heterosexuality condition place contrast homosexuality aberration place virtue privilege voice expert history section shows discontinuities understandings sexuality point queer theorists sexuality nature infatuation conception sexuality queer theorist space forms theory myriad ways set criticisms theorists liberation project change criticism queer status gender object choice example persons queer gays lesbians distinctiveness identity issue identity criticism queer theory essence reference ideas normality distinctions example theorists advantages term queer transsexuals sado masochists sexualities sex pedophilia permissible limits forms sado masochism fetishism theorists pedophilia question theory resources distinction theorists pedophiles queer criticism queer theory part jargon elite elite class practice universities colleges theory desirability change example centrist gays lesbians queer approach queer connotation odds mainstream society theorists attacks gays lesbians conservatives queer theorists account power resistance understanding notions power resistance debates homosexuality part policy issues homosexuality law theorists gays lesbians status queer theorists critique deconstruction heterosexist regime theorists middle example approach relationships goods relationships account goods law theorists evaluation worth sex relationships concerns defenses equality gays lesbians marriage rights reform culture politics centrists sides example length theorists law theorists foregoing policy debates homosexuality issues morality justice issues identity self definition reasons polarization debates Table Vol.209 Homosexuality Beginning End Marriage Marriage Bodies Matter History History Vol.14 Love Body Orientation History Volume Introduction History Volume History Volume Defense Sex Marriage Neutrality Years essays love Theory Introduction Theory Theory Vol.13 Citizenship Persons Shilts Family Essay entry version entry Friends entry topic bibliography entry links database
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the term 'homosexuality' be coin in the late 19th century by a german psychologist, Karoly Maria Benkert. although the term be new, discussion about sexuality in general, and same-sex attraction in particular, have occasion philosophical discussion range from Plato's Symposium to contemporary queer theory. since the history of cultural understanding of same-sex attraction be relevant to the philosophical issue raise by those understanding, it be necessary to review briefly some of the social history of homosexuality. arise out of this history, at least in the West, be the idea of natural law and some interpretation of that law as forbid homosexual sex. reference to natural law still play an important role in contemporary debate about homosexuality in religion, politic, and even courtroom. finally, perhaps the most significant recent social change involve homosexuality be the emergence of the gay liberation movement in the West. in philosophical circle this movement be, in part, represent through a rather diverse group of thinker who be group under the label of queer theory. a central issue raise by queer theory, which will be discuss below, be whether homosexuality, and hence also heterosexuality and bisexuality, be socially construct or purely drive by biological force.
- 1. history
- 2. Historiographical Debates
- 3. natural Law
- 4. Queer Theory and the Social Construction of Sexuality
- 5. Conclusion
- Academic Tools
- other Internet Resources
- relate entry
as have be frequently note, the ancient Greeks do not have term or concept that correspond to the contemporary dichotomy of 'heterosexual' and 'homosexual'. there be a wealth of material from ancient Greece pertinent to issue of sexuality, range from dialogue of Plato, such as the Symposium, to play by Aristophanes, and greek artwork and vas. what follow be a brief description of ancient greek attitude, but it be important to recognize that there be regional variation. for example, in part of Ionia there be general stricture against same-sex ero, while in Elis and Boiotia (e.g., Thebes), it be approve of and even celebrate (cf. Dover, 1989; Halperin, 1990).
probably the most frequent assumption of sexual orientation be that person can respond erotically to beauty in either sex. Diogenes Laeurtius, for example, write of Alcibiades, the athenian general and politician of the 5th century B.C., "in his adolescence he draw away the husband from their wife, and as a young man the wife from their husband." (quote in Greenberg, 1988, 144) some person be note for their exclusive interest in person of one gender. for example, Alexander the Great and the founder of Stoicism, Zeno of Citium, be know for their exclusive interest in boy and other man. such person, however, be generally portray as the exception. furthermore, the issue of what gender one be attract to be see as an issue of taste or preference, rather than as a moral issue. a character in Plutarch's Erotikos (Dialogue on Love) argue that "the noble lover of beauty engage in love wherever he see excellence and splendid natural endowment without regard for any difference in physiological detail." (ibid., 146) Gender just become irrelevant "detail" and instead the excellence in character and beauty be what be most important.
even though the gender that one be erotically attract to (at any specific time, give the assumption that person will likely be attract to person of both sex) be not important, other issue be salient, such as whether one exercised moderation. status concern be also of the high importance. give that only free man have full status, woman and male slave be not problematic sexual partner. sex between freeman, however, be problematic for status. the central distinction in ancient greek sexual relation be between take an active or insertive role, versus a passive or penetrate one. the passive role be acceptable only for inferior, such as woman, slave, or male youth who be not yet citizen. hence the cultural ideal of a same-sex relationship be between an old man, probably in his 20's or 30's, know as the eraste, and a boy whose beard have not yet begin to grow, the eromenos or paidika. in this relationship there be courtship ritual, involve gift (such as a rooster), and other norm. the eraste have to show that he have nobler interest in the boy, rather than a purely sexual concern. the boy be not to submit too easily, and if pursue by more than one man, be to show discretion and pick the more noble one. there be also evidence that penetration be often avoid by have the eraste face his beloved and place his penis between the thigh of the eromenos, which be know as intercrural sex. the relationship be to be temporary and should end upon the boy reach adulthood (Dover, 1989). to continue in a submissive role even while one should be an equal citizen be consider troubling, although there certainly be many adult male same-sex relationship that be note and not strongly stigmatize. while the passive role be thus see as problematic, to be attract to man be often take as a sign of masculinity. greek god, such as Zeus, have story of same-sex exploit attribute to they, as do other key figure in greek myth and literature, such as Achilles and Hercules. Plato, in the symposium, argue for an army to be comprise of same-sex lover. thebe do form such a regiment, the Sacred Band of Thebes, form of 500 soldier. they be renowned in the ancient world for their valor in battle.
Ancient Rome have many parallel in its understanding of same-sex attraction, and sexual issue more generally, to ancient Greece. this be especially true under the Republic. yet under the empire, roman society slowly become more negative in its view towards sexuality, probably due to social and economic turmoil, even before Christianity become influential.
exactly what attitude the New Testament have towards sexuality in general, and same-sex attraction in particular, be a matter of sharp debate. John Boswell argue, in his fascinating Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, that many passage take today as condemnation of homosexuality be more concerned with prostitution, or where same-sex act be describe as "unnatural" the meaning be more akin to 'out of the ordinary' rather than as immoral (Boswell, 1980, ch.4; see also Boswell, 1994). yet other have criticize, sometimes persuasively, Boswell's scholarship (see Greenberg, 1988, ch.5). what be clear, however, be that while condemnation of same-sex attraction be marginal to the Gospels and only an intermittent focus in the rest of the New Testament, early christian church father be much more outspoken. in their writing there be a horror at any sort of sex, but in a few generation these view ease, in part due no doubt to practical concern of recruiting convert. by the fourth and fifth century the mainstream christian view allow for procreative sex.
this viewpoint, that procreative sex within marriage be allow, while every other expression of sexuality be sinful, can be find, for example, in St. Augustine. this understanding lead to a concern with the gender of one's partner that be not find in previous greek or roman view, and it clearly forbid homosexual act. soon this attitude, especially towards homosexual sex, come to be reflect in Roman Law. in Justinian's Code, promulgate in 529, person who engage in homosexual sex be to be execute, although those who be repentant could be spar. historian agree that the late Roman Empire see a rise in intolerance towards sexuality, although there be again important regional variation.
with the decline of the Roman Empire, and its replacement by various barbarian kingdom, a general tolerance (with the sole exception of Visigothic Spain) of homosexual act prevail. as one prominent scholar put it, "european secular law contain few measure against homosexuality until the middle of the thirteenth century." (Greenberg, 1988, 260) even while some christian theologian continue to denounce nonprocreative sexuality, include same-sex act, a genre of homophilic literature, especially among the clergy, develop in the eleventh and twelfth century (Boswell, 1980, chapter 8 and 9).
the latter part of the twelfth through the fourteenth century, however, see a sharp rise in intolerance towards homosexual sex, alongside persecution of Jews, Muslims, heretic, and other. while the cause of this be somewhat unclear, it be likely that increase class conflict alongside the gregorian reform movement in the Catholic Church be two important factor. the Church itself start to appeal to a conception of "nature" as the standard of morality, and draw it in such a way so as to forbid homosexual sex (as well as extramarital sex, nonprocreative sex within marriage, and often masturbation). for example, the first ecumenical council to condemn homosexual sex, Lateran III of 1179, state that "whoever shall be find to have commit that incontinence which be against nature" shall be punish, the severity of which depend upon whether the transgressor be a cleric or layperson (quote in Boswell, 1980, 277). this appeal to natural law (discuss below) become very influential in the western tradition. an important point to note, however, be that the key category here be the 'sodomite,' which differ from the contemporary idea of 'homosexual'. a sodomite be understand as act-define, rather than as a type of person. someone who have desire to engage in sodomy, yet do not act upon they, be not a sodomite. also, person who engage in heterosexual sodomy be also sodomite. there be report of person be burn to death or behead for sodomy with a spouse (Greenberg, 1988, 277). finally, a person who have engage in sodomy, yet who have repent of his sin and vow to never do it again, be no long a sodomite. the gender of one's partner be again not of decisive importance, although some medieval theologian single out same-sex sodomy as the bad type of sexual crime.
for the next several century in Europe, the law against homosexual sex be severe in their penalty. enforcement, however, be episodic. in some region, decade would pass without any prosecution. yet the Dutch, in the 1730's, mount a harsh anti-sodomy campaign (alongside an anti-gypsy pogrom), even use torture to obtain confession. as many as one hundred man and boy be execute and deny burial (Greenberg, 1988, 313-4). also, the degree to which sodomy and same-sex attraction be accept varied by class, with the middle class take the narrow view, while the aristocracy and nobility often accept public expression of alternative sexuality. at time, even with the risk of severe punishment, same-sex orient subculture would flourish in city, sometimes only to be suppress by the authority. in the 19th century there be a significant reduction in the legal penalty for sodomy. the napoleonic code decriminalize sodomy, and with Napoleon's conquest that Code spread. furthermore, in many country where homosexual sex remain a crime, the general movement at this time away from the death penalty usually mean that sodomy be remove from the list of capital offense.
in the 18th and 19th century an overtly theological framework no long dominate the discourse about same-sex attraction. instead, secular argument and interpretation become increasingly common. probably the most important secular domain for discussion of homosexuality be in medicine, include psychology. this discourse, in turn, link up with consideration about the state and its need for a grow population, good soldier, and intact family mark by clearly define gender role. doctor be call in by court to examine sex crime defendant (Foucault, 1980; Greenberg, 1988). at the same time, the dramatic increase in school attendance rate and the average length of time spend in school, reduce transgenerational contact, and hence also the frequency of transgenerational sex. same-sex relation between person of roughly the same age become the norm.
clearly the rise in the prestige of medicine result in part from the increase ability of science to account for natural phenomenon on the basis of mechanistic causation. the application of this viewpoint to human lead to account of sexuality as innate or biologically drive. the voluntarism of the medieval understanding of sodomy, that sodomite choose sin, give way to the modern notion of homosexuality as a deep, unchosen characteristic of person, regardless of whether they act upon that orientation. the idea of a 'latent sodomite' would not have make sense, yet under this new view it do make sense to speak of a person as a 'latent homosexual.' instead of specific act define a person, as in the medieval view, an entire physical and mental makeup, usually portray as somehow defective or pathological, be ascribe to the modern category of 'homosexual.' although there be historical precursor to these idea (e.g., Aristotle give a physiological explanation of passive homosexuality), medicine give they great public exposure and credibility (Greenberg, 1988, ch.15). the effect of these idea cut in conflicting way. since homosexuality be, by this view, not choose, it make less sense to criminalize it. person be not choose evil act. yet person may be express a diseased or pathological mental state, and hence medical intervention for a cure be appropriate. hence doctor, especially psychiatrist, campaign for the repeal or reduction of criminal penalty for consensual homosexual sodomy, yet intervene to "rehabilitate" homosexual. they also seek to develop technique to prevent child from become homosexual, for example by argue that childhood masturbation cause homosexuality, hence it must be closely guard against.
in the 20th century sexual role be redefine once again. for a variety of reason, premarital intercourse slowly become more common and eventually acceptable. with the decline of prohibition against sex for the sake of pleasure even outside of marriage, it become more difficult to argue against gay sex. these trend be especially strong in the 1960's, and it be in this context that the gay liberation movement take off. although gay and lesbian right group have be around for decade, the low-key approach of the Mattachine Society (name after a medieval secret society) and the daughter of Bilitis have not gain much ground. this change in the early morning hour of June 28, 1969, when the patron of the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in Greenwich Village, riot after a police raid. in the aftermath of that event, gay and lesbian group begin to organize around the country. gay democratic club be create in every major city, and one fourth of all college campus have gay and lesbian group (shilt, 1993, ch.28). large gay urban community in city from coast to coast become the norm. the American Psychiatric Association remove homosexuality from its official listing of mental disorder. the increase visibility of gay and lesbian have become a permanent feature of american life despite the two critical setback of the AIDS epidemic and an anti-gay backlash (see Berman, 1993, for a good survey). the post-stonewall era have also see mark change in Western Europe, where the repeal of anti-sodomy law and legal equality for gay and lesbian have become common.
broad current in society have influence the way in which scholar and activist have approach research into sexuality and same-sex attraction. some early 20th century researcher and equality advocate, seek to vindicate same-sex relation in society that disparage and criminalize it, put forward list of famous historical figure attract to person of the same sex. such list imply a common historical entity underlie sexual attraction, whether one call it 'inversion' or 'homosexuality.' this approach (or perhaps closely related family of approach) be commonly call essentialism. historian and researcher sympathetic to the gay liberation movement of the late 1960 and 1970 produce a number of book that implicitly rely on an essentialist approach. in the 1970 and 1980 John Boswell raise it to a new level of methodological and historical sophistication, although his position shift over time to one of virtual agnosticism between essentialist and their critic. Crompton’s work (2003) be a notable contemporary example of an essentialist methodology.
essentialist claim that category of sexual attraction be observe rather than create. for example, while ancient Greece do not have term that correspond to the heterosexual/homosexual division, person do note man who be only attract to person of a specific sex. through history and across culture there be consistent feature, albeit with meaningful variety over time and space, in sexual attraction to the point that it make sense of speak of specific sexual orientation. accord to this view, homosexuality be a specific, natural kind rather than a cultural or historical product. essentialist allow that there be cultural difference in how homosexuality be express and interpret, but they emphasize that this do not prevent it from be a universal category of human sexual expression.
in contrast, in the 1970 and since a number of researcher, often influence by Mary McIntosh or Michel Foucault, argue that class relation, the human science, and other historically construct force create sexual category and the personal identity associate with they. for advocate of this view, such as David Halperin, how sex be organize in a give cultural and historical setting be irreducibly particular (Halperin, 2002). the emphasis on the social creation of sexual experience and expression lead to the labeling of the viewpoint as social constructionism, although more recently several of its proponent have prefer the term 'historicism.' thus homosexuality, as a specific sexual construction, be well understand as a solely modern, western concept and role. prior to the development of this construction, person be not really 'homosexual' even when they be only attract to person of the same sex. the difference between, say, ancient Greece, with its emphasis on pederasty, role in the sex act, and social status, and the contemporary western role of 'gay' or 'homosexual' be simply too great to collapse into one category.
in a manner closely relate to the claim of queer theory, discuss below, social constructionist argue that specific social construct produce sexual way of be. there be no give mode of sexuality that be independent of culture; even the concept and experience of sexual orientation itself be product of history. for advocate of this view, the range of historical sexual diversity, and the fluidity of human possibility, be simply too varied to be adequately capture by any specific conceptual scheme.
there be a significant political dimension to this seemingly abstract historiographical debate. social constructionist argue that essentialism be the weak position politically for at least two reason. first, by accept a basic heterosexual/homosexual organizing dichotomy, essentialism wrongly concede that heterosexuality be the norm and that homosexuality be, strictly speak, abnormal and the basis for a permanent minority. second, social constructionist argue that an important goal of historical investigation should be to put into question contemporary organizing schemas about sexuality. the acceptance of the contemporary heterosexual/homosexual dichotomy be conservative, perhaps even reactionary, and foreclose the exploration of new possibility. (there be related queer theory criticism of the essentialist position, discuss below.) in contrast, essentialist argue that a historicist approach foreclose the very possibility of a 'gay history.' instead, the field of investigation become other social force and how they 'produce' a distinct form or form of sexuality. only an essentialist approach can maintain the project of gay history, and minority history in general, as a force for liberation.
today natural law theory offer the most common intellectual defense for differential treatment of gay and lesbian, and as such it merit attention. the development of natural law be a long and very complicated story, but a reasonable place to begin be with the dialogue of Plato, for this be where some of the central idea be first articulate, and, significantly enough, be immediately apply to the sexual domain. for the Sophists, the human world be a realm of convention and change, rather than of unchanging moral truth. Plato, in contrast, argue that unchanging truth underpin the flux of the material world. reality, include eternal moral truth, be a matter of phusis. even though there be clearly a great degree of variety in convention from one city to another (something ancient Greeks become increasingly aware of), there be still an unwritten standard, or law, that human should live under.
in the Laws, Plato apply the idea of a fix, natural law to sex, and take a much harsh line than he do in the Symposium or the Phraedrus. in Book one he write about how opposite-sex sex act cause pleasure by nature, while same-sex sexuality be "unnatural" (636c). in Book Eight, the athenian speaker consider how to have legislation ban homosexual act, masturbation, and illegitimate procreative sex widely accept. he then state that this law be accord to nature (838-839d). probably the good way of understand Plato's discussion here be in the context of his overall concern with the appetitive part of the soul and how good to control it. Plato clearly see same-sex passion as especially strong, and hence particularly problematic, although in the symposium that erotic attraction could be the catalyst for a life of philosophy, rather than base sensuality (Cf. Dover, 1989, 153-170; Nussbaum, 1999, esp. chapter 12).
other figure play important role in the development of natural law theory. Aristotle, with his emphasis upon reason as the distinctive human function, and the Stoics, with their emphasis upon human being as a part of the natural order of the cosmo, both help to shape the natural law perspective which say that "true law be right reason in agreement with nature," as Cicero put it. Aristotle, in his approach, do allow for change to occur accord to nature, and therefore the way that natural law be embody could itself change with time, which be an idea aquina later incorporate into his own natural law theory. Aristotle do not write extensively about sexual issue, since he be less concerned with the appetite than Plato. probably the good reconstruction of his view place he in mainstream greek society as outline above; the main issue be that of active versus a passive role, with only the latter problematic for those who either be or will become citizen. Zeno, the founder of Stoicism, be, accord to his contemporary, only attract to man, and his thought have no prohibition against same-sex sexuality. in contrast, Cicero, a later stoic, be dismissive about sexuality in general, with some harsh remark towards same-sex pursuit (Cicero, 1966, 407-415).
the most influential formulation of natural law theory be make by Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth century. integrate an aristotelian approach with christian theology, Aquinas emphasize the centrality of certain human good, include marriage and procreation. while Aquinas do not write much about same-sex sexual relation, he do write at length about various sex act as sin. for Aquinas, sexuality that be within the bound of marriage and which help to further what he see as the distinctive good of marriage, mainly love, companionship, and legitimate offspring, be permissible, and even good. aquina do not argue that procreation be a necessary part of moral or just sex; married couple could enjoy sex without the motive of have child, and sex in marriage where one or both partner be sterile (perhaps because the woman be postmenopausal) be also potentially just (give a motive of express love). so far Aquinas' view actually need not rule out homosexual sex. for example, a Thomist could embrace same-sex marriage, and then apply the same reasoning, simply see the couple as a reproductively sterile, yet still fully loving and companionate union.
aquina, in a significant move, add a requirement that for any give sex act to be moral it must be of a generative kind. the only way that this can be achieve be via vaginal intercourse. that is, since only the emission of semen in a vagina can result in natural reproduction, only sex act of that type be generative, even if a give sex act do not lead to reproduction, and even if it be impossible due to infertility. the consequence of this addition be to rule out the possibility, of course, that homosexual sex could ever be moral (even if do within a love marriage), in addition to forbid any non-vaginal sex for opposite-sex married couple. what be the justification for this important addition? this question be make all the more pressing in that Aquinas do allow that how broad moral rule apply to individual may vary considerably, since the nature of person also vary to some extent. that is, since Aquinas allow that individual nature vary, one could simply argue that one be, by nature, emotionally and physically attract to person of one's own gender, and hence to pursue same-sex relationship be 'natural' (Sullivan, 1995). unfortunately, aquina do not spell out a justification for this generative requirement.
more recent natural law theorist, however, have try a couple different line of defense for Aquinas' 'generative type' requirement. the first be that sex act that involve either homosexuality, heterosexual sodomy, or which use contraception, frustrate the purpose of the sex organ, which be reproductive. this argument, often call the 'perverted faculty argument', be perhaps implicit in Aquinas. it have, however, come in for sharp attack (see Weitham, 1997), and the good recent defender of a thomistic natural law approach be attempt to move beyond it (e.g., George, 1999, dismiss the argument). if their argument fail, of course, they must allow that some homosexual sex act be morally permissible (even positively good), although they would still have resource with which to argue against casual gay (and straight) sex.
although the specific of the second sort of argument offer by various contemporary natural law theorist vary, the common element be strong (Finnis, 1994; George, 1999). as thomist, their argument rest largely upon an account of human good. the two most important for the argument against homosexual sex (though not against homosexuality as an orientation which be not act upon, and hence in this they follow official catholic doctrine; see George, 1999, ch.15) be personal integration and marriage. personal integration, in this view, be the idea that human, as agent, need to have integration between their intention as agent and their embodied self. thus, to use one's or another's body as a mere mean to one's own pleasure, as they argue happen with masturbation, cause 'dis-integration' of the self. that is, one's intention then be just to use a body (one's own or another's) as a mere mean to the end of pleasure, and this detract from personal integration. yet one could easily reply that two person of the same sex engage in sexual union do not necessarily imply any sort of 'use' of the other as a mere mean to one's own pleasure. hence, natural law theorist respond that sexual union in the context of the realization of marriage as an important human good be the only permissible expression of sexuality. yet this argument require draw how marriage be an important good in a very particular way, since it put procreation at the center of marriage as its "natural fulfillment" (George, 1999, 168). natural law theorist, if they want to support their objection to homosexual sex, have to emphasize procreation. if, for example, they be to place love and mutual support for human flourish at the center, it be clear that many same-sex couple would meet this standard. hence their sexual act would be morally just.
there be, however, several objection that be make against this account of marriage as a central human good. one be that by place procreation as the 'natural fulfillment' of marriage, sterile marriage be thereby denigrate. sex in an opposite-sex marriage where the partner know that one or both of they be sterile be not do for procreation. yet surely it be not wrong. why, then, be homosexual sex in the same context (a long-term companionate union) wrong (Macedo, 1995)? the natural law rejoinder be that while vaginal intercourse be a potentially procreative sex act, consider in itself (though admit the possibility that it may be impossible for a particular couple), oral and anal sex act be never potentially procreative, whether heterosexual or homosexual (George, 1999). but be this biological distinction also morally relevant, and in the manner that natural law theorist assume? natural law theorist, in their discussion of these issue, seem to waver. on the one hand, they want to defend an ideal of marriage as a love union wherein two person be commit to their mutual flourishing, and where sex be a complement to that ideal. yet that open the possibility of permissible gay sex, or heterosexual sodomy, both of which they want to oppose. so they then defend an account of sexuality which seem crudely reductive, emphasize procreation to the point where literally a male orgasm anywhere except in the vagina of one's love spouse be impermissible. then, when accuse of be reductive, they move back to the broad ideal of marriage.
natural law theory, at present, have make significant concession to mainstream liberal thought. in contrast certainly to its medieval formulation, most contemporary natural law theorist argue for limited governmental power, and do not believe that the state have an interest in attempt to prevent all moral wrongdoing. still, they do argue against homosexuality, and against legal protection for gay and lesbian in term of employment and housing, even to the point of serve as expert witness in court case or help in the writing of amicus curae brief. they also argue against same sex marriage (Bradley, 2001; George, 2001).
with the rise of the gay liberation movement in the post-stonewall era, overtly gay and lesbian perspective begin to be put forward in politic, philosophy and literary theory. initially these often be overtly link to feminist analysis of patriarchy (e.g., Rich, 1980) or other, early approach to theory. yet in the late 1980's and early 1990's queer theory be develop, although there be obviously important antecedent which make it difficult to date it precisely. there be a number of way in which queer theory differ from early gay liberation theory, but an important initial difference can be get at by examine the reason for opt for the term 'queer' as oppose to 'gay and lesbian.' some version of, for example, lesbian theory portray the essence of lesbian identity and sexuality in very specific term: non-hierarchical, consensual, and, specifically in term of sexuality, as not necessarily focus upon genitalia (e.g., Faderman, 1985). lesbian argue from this framework, for example, could very well criticize natural law theorist as inscribe into the very "law of nature" an essentially masculine sexuality, focus upon the genital, penetration, and the status of the male orgasm (natural law theorist rarely mention female orgasm).
this approach, base upon characterization of 'lesbian' and 'gay' identity and sexuality, however, suffer from three difficulty. first, it appear even though the goal be to critique a heterosexist regime for its exclusion and marginalization of those whose sexuality be different, any specific or "essentialist" account of gay or lesbian sexuality have the same effect. stick with the example use above, of a specific conceptualization of lesbian identity, it denigrate woman who be sexually and emotionally attract to other woman, yet who do not fit the description. sado-masochist and butch/fem lesbian arguably do not fit this ideal of 'equality' offer. a second problem be that by place such an emphasis upon the gender of one's sexual partner(s), other possible important source of identity be marginalize, such as race and ethnicity. what be of utmost importance, for example, for a black lesbian be her lesbianism, rather than her race. many gay and lesbian of color attack this approach, accuse it of re-inscribe an essentially white identity into the heart of gay or lesbian identity (Jagose, 1996).
the third and final problem for the gay liberationist approach be that it often take this category of 'identity' itself as unproblematic and unhistorical. such a view, however, largely because of argument develop within poststructuralism, seem increasingly untenable. the key figure in the attack upon identity as ahistorical be Michel Foucault. in a series of work he set out to analyze the history of sexuality from ancient Greece to the modern era (1980, 1985, 1986). although the project be tragically cut short by his death in 1984, from complication arise from AIDS, Foucault articulate how profoundly understanding of sexuality can vary across time and space, and his argument have prove very influential in gay and lesbian theorize in general, and queer theory in particular (Spargo, 1999; Stychin, 2005).
one of the reason for the historical review above be that it help to give some background for understand the claim that sexuality be socially construct, rather than give by nature. moreover, in order to not prejudge the issue of social constructionism versus essentialism, I avoid apply the term 'homosexual' to the ancient or medieval era. in ancient Greece the gender of one's partner(s) be not important, but instead whether one take the active or passive role. in the medieval view, a 'sodomite' be a person who succumb to temptation and engage in certain non-procreative sex act. although the gender of the partner be more important than in the ancient view, the broad theological framework place the emphasis upon a sin versus refrain-from-sin dichotomy. with the rise of the notion of 'homosexuality' in the modern era, a person be place into a specific category even if one do not act upon those inclination. what be the common, natural sexuality express across these three very different culture? the social constructionist answer be that there be no 'natural' sexuality; all sexual understanding be construct within and mediate by cultural understanding. the example can be push much far by incorporate anthropological datum outside of the western tradition (Halperin, 1990; Greenberg, 1988). yet even within the narrow context offer here, the difference between they be strike. the assumption in ancient Greece be that man (less be know about woman) can respond erotically to either sex, and the vast majority of man who engage in same-sex relationship be also married (or would later become married). yet the contemporary understanding of homosexuality divide the sexual domain in two, heterosexual and homosexual, and most heterosexual cannot respond erotically to their own sex.
in say that sexuality be a social construct, these theorist be not say that these understanding be not real. since person be also construct of their culture (in this view), we be make into those category. hence today person of course understand themselves as straight or gay (or perhaps bisexual), and it be very difficult to step outside of these category, even once one come to seem they as the historical construct they be.
Gay and lesbian theory be thus face with three significant problem, all of which involve difficulty with the notion of 'identity.' Queer theory thus arise in large part as an attempt to overcome they. how queer theory do so can be see by look at the term 'queer' itself. in contrast to gay or lesbian, 'queer,' it be argue, do not refer to an essence, whether of a sexual nature or not. instead it be purely relational, stand as an undefined term that get its meaning precisely by be that which be outside of the norm, however that norm itself may be define. as one of the most articulate queer theorist put it: "Queer be … whatever be at odd with the normal, the legitimate, the dominant. there be nothing in particular to which it necessarily refer. it be an identity without an essence" (Halperin, 1995, 62, original emphasis). by lack any essence, queer do not marginalize those whose sexuality be outside of any gay or lesbian norm, such as sado-masochist. since specific conceptualization of sexuality be avoid, and hence not put at the center of any definition of queer, it allow more freedom for self-identification for, say, black lesbian to identify as much or more with their race (or any other trait, such as involvement in an S & M subculture) than with lesbianism. finally, it incorporate the insight of poststructuralism about the difficulty in ascribe any essence or non-historical aspect to identity.
this central move by queer theorist, the claim that the category through which identity be understand be all social construct rather than give to we by nature, open up a number of analytical possibility. for example, queer theorist examine how fundamental notion of gender and sex which seem so natural and self-evident to person in the modern West be in fact construct and reinforce through everyday action, and that this occur in way that privilege heterosexuality (Butler, 1990, 1993). also examine be medical category which be themselves socially construct (Fausto-Sterling, 2000, be an erudite example of this, although she be not ultimately a queer theorist). other examine how language and especially division between what be say and what be not say, correspond to the dichotomy between 'closet' and 'out,' especially in regard to the modern division of heterosexual/homosexual, structure much of modern thought. that is, it be argue that when we look at dichotomy such as natural/artificial, or masculine/feminine, we find in the background an implicit reliance upon a very recent, and arbitrary, understanding of the sexual world as split into two specie (Sedgwick, 1990). the fluidity of category create through queer theory even open the possibility of new sort of history that examine previously silent type of affection and relationship (Carter, 2005).
another critical perspective open up by a queer approach, although certainly implicit in those just refer to, be especially important. since most anti-gay and lesbian argument rely upon the allege naturalness of heterosexuality, queer theorist attempt to show how these category be themselves deeply social construct. an example help to illustrate the approach. in an essay against gay marriage, choose because it be very representative, James Q. Wilson (1996) contend that gay man have a "great tendency" to be promiscuous. in contrast, he put forward love, monogamous marriage as the natural condition of heterosexuality. heterosexuality, in his argument, be an odd combination of something completely natural yet simultaneously endanger. one be bear straight, yet this natural condition can be subvert by such thing as the presence of gay couple, gay teacher, or even excessive talk about homosexuality. Wilson's argument require a radical disjunction between heterosexuality and homosexuality. if gayness be radically different, it be legitimate to suppress it. Wilson have the courage to be forthright about this element of his argument; he come out against "the political imposition of tolerance" towards gay and lesbian (Wilson, 1996, 35).
it be a common move in queer theory to bracket, at least temporarily, issue of truth and falsity (Halperin, 1995). instead, the analysis focus on the social function of discourse. question of who count as an expert and why, and concern about the effect of the expert's discourse be give equal status to question of the verity of what be say. this approach reveal that hide underneath Wilson's (and other anti-gay) work be an important epistemological move. since heterosexuality be the natural condition, it be a place that be speak from but not inquire into. in contrast, homosexuality be the aberration and hence it need to be study but it be not an authoritative place from which one can speak. by virtue of this heterosexual privilege, Wilson be allow the voice of the impartial, fair-minded expert. yet, as the history section above show, there be strike discontinuity in understanding of sexuality, and this be true to the point that, accord to queer theorist, we should not think of sexuality as have any particular nature at all. through undo our infatuation with any specific conception of sexuality, the queer theorist open space for marginalized form.
Queer theory, however, have be criticize in a myriad of way (Jagose, 1996). one set of criticism come from theorist who be sympathetic to gay liberation conceive as a project of radical social change. an initial criticism be that precisely because 'queer' do not refer to any specific sexual status or gender object choice, for example Halperin (1995) allow that straight person may be 'queer,' it rob gay and lesbian of the distinctiveness of what make they marginal. it desexualize identity, when the issue be precisely about a sexual identity (Jagose, 1996). a related criticism be that queer theory, since it refuse any essence or reference to standard idea of normality, cannot make crucial distinction. for example, queer theorist usually argue that one of the advantage of the term 'queer' be that it thereby include transsexual, sado-masochist, and other marginalized sexuality. how far do this extend? be transgenerational sex (e.g., pedophilia) permissible? be there any limit upon the form of acceptable sado-masochism or fetishism? while some queer theorist specifically disallow pedophilia, it be an open question whether the theory have the resource to support such a distinction. furthermore, some queer theorist overtly refuse to rule out pedophile as 'queer' (Halperin, 1995, 62) another criticism be that queer theory, in part because it typically have recourse to a very technical jargon, be write by a narrow elite for that narrow elite. it be therefore class biased and also, in practice, only really refer to at university and college (Malinowitz, 1993).
Queer theory be also criticize by those who reject the desirability of radical social change. for example, centrist and conservative gay and lesbian have criticize a queer approach by argue that it will be "disastrously counter-productive" (Bawer, 1996, xii). if 'queer' keep its connotation of something perverse and at odd with mainstream society, which be precisely what most queer theorist want, it would seem to only validate the attack upon gay and lesbian make by conservative. Sullivan (1996) also criticize queer theorist for rely upon Foucault's account of power, which he argue do not allow for meaningful resistance. it seem likely, however, that Sullivan's understanding of Foucault's notion of power and resistance be misguide.
the debate about homosexuality, in part because they often involve public policy and legal issue, tend to be sharply polarize. those most concerned with homosexuality, positively or negatively, be also those most engaged, with natural law theorist argue for gay and lesbian have a reduce legal status, and queer theorist engage in critique and deconstruction of what they see as a heterosexist regime. yet the two do not talk much to one another, but rather ignore or talk past one another. there be some theorist in the middle. for example, Michael Sandel take an aristotelian approach from which he argue that gay and lesbian relationship can realize the same good that heterosexual relationship do (Sandel, 1995). he largely share the account of important human good that natural law theorist have, yet in his evaluation of the worth of same-sex relationship, he be clearly sympathetic to gay and lesbian concern. similarly, Bruce Bawer (1993) and Andrew Sullivan (1995) have write eloquent defense of full legal equality for gay and lesbian, include marriage right. yet neither argue for any systematic reform of broad american culture or politic. in this they be essentially conservative. therefore, rather unsurprisingly, these centrist be attack from both side. Sullivan, for example, have be criticize at length both by queer theorist (e.g., Phelan, 2001) and natural law theorist (e.g., George, 1999).
yet as the foregoing also clearly show, the policy and legal debate surround homosexuality involve fundamental issue of morality and justice. perhaps most centrally of all, they cut to issue of personal identity and self-definition. hence there be another, and even deep, set of reason for the polarization that mark these debate.
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sexuality PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADJ variations PUNCT SPACE ADP DET decline ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON replacement ADP ADJ ADJ kingdoms PUNCT DET ADJ tolerance PUNCT ADP DET ADJ exception ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ acts VERB PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ scholar VERB PRON PUNCT PUNCT ADJ ADJ law VERB ADJ measures ADP homosexuality ADP DET middle ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET ADJ theologians VERB PART VERB ADJ sexuality PUNCT VERB ADJ PUNCT sex acts PUNCT DET genre ADP ADJ literature PUNCT ADV ADP DET clergy PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ centuries PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT chapters NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ part ADP DET ADJ ADP DET ADJ centuries PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB DET ADJ rise ADP intolerance ADP ADJ sex PUNCT ADP persecution ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT heretics PUNCT CCONJ others PUNCT SCONJ DET causes ADP DET AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADJ class conflict ADP DET ADJ reform movement ADP DET PROPN PROPN AUX NUM ADJ factors PUNCT DET PROPN PRON VERB PART VERB ADP DET conception ADP PUNCT nature PUNCT ADP DET standard ADP morality PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET DET way SCONJ ADP PART VERB ADJ sex PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADJ sex PUNCT ADJ sex ADP marriage PUNCT CCONJ ADV masturbation PUNCT PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ council PART VERB ADJ sex PUNCT PROPN NUM ADP NUM PUNCT VERB SCONJ PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB PART AUX VERB DET incontinence DET AUX ADP nature PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PUNCT DET severity ADP DET VERB SCONJ SCONJ DET transgressor AUX DET cleric CCONJ layperson PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET appeal ADP ADJ law PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT VERB ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ tradition PUNCT DET ADJ point PART VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX SCONJ DET ADJ category ADV AUX DET PUNCT sodomite PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB ADP DET ADJ idea ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT DET sodomite AUX VERB ADP act PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADV ADP ADP DET type ADP person PUNCT PRON PRON AUX desires PART VERB ADP sodomy PUNCT CCONJ AUX PART VERB SCONJ PRON PUNCT AUX PART DET sodomite PUNCT ADV PUNCT persons PRON VERB ADP ADJ sodomy AUX ADV sodomites PUNCT PRON AUX reports ADP persons AUX VERB ADP death CCONJ VERB ADP sodomy ADP DET spouse PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET person PRON AUX VERB ADP sodomy PUNCT ADV PRON AUX VERB ADP PRON sin CCONJ VERB PART ADV AUX PRON ADV PUNCT AUX ADV ADV DET sodomite PUNCT DET gender ADP PRON PART partner AUX ADV PART ADP ADJ importance PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ theologians VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT sex sodomy ADP DET ADJ type ADP ADJ crime PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ ADJ centuries ADP PROPN PUNCT DET laws ADP ADJ sex AUX ADJ ADP PRON penalties PUNCT Enforcement PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP DET regions PUNCT decades AUX VERB ADP DET prosecutions PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT ADP DET NUM's PUNCT VERB DET ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ campaign PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ pogrom PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB torture PART VERB confessions PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP NUM NUM men CCONJ boys AUX VERB CCONJ VERB burial PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET degree PART DET sodomy CCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex attraction AUX VERB VERB ADP class PUNCT ADP DET ADJ class VERB DET ADJ view PUNCT SCONJ DET aristocracy CCONJ nobility ADV VERB ADJ expressions ADP ADJ sexualities PUNCT ADP times PUNCT ADV ADP DET risk ADP ADJ punishment PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sex VERB subcultures AUX VERB ADP cities PUNCT ADV ADV PART AUX VERB ADP DET authorities PUNCT ADP DET ADJ century PRON AUX DET ADJ reduction ADP DET ADJ penalties ADP sodomy PUNCT DET ADJ code VERB sodomy PUNCT CCONJ ADP PROPN PART conquests DET PROPN VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP ADJ countries SCONJ ADJ sex VERB DET crime PUNCT DET ADJ movement ADP DET time ADV ADP DET death penalty ADV VERB SCONJ sodomy AUX VERB ADP DET list ADP ADJ offenses PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ centuries DET ADV ADJ framework ADV ADV VERB DET discourse ADP ADJ PUNCT sex attraction PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ arguments CCONJ interpretations VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV DET ADV ADJ ADJ domain ADP discussions ADP homosexuality AUX ADP medicine PUNCT VERB psychology PUNCT DET discourse PUNCT ADP turn PUNCT VERB ADP ADP considerations ADP DET state CCONJ PRON need ADP DET VERB population PUNCT ADJ soldiers PUNCT CCONJ ADJ families VERB ADP ADV VERB gender roles PUNCT Doctors AUX VERB ADP ADP courts PART VERB sex crime defendants PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT DET ADJ increase ADP school attendance rates CCONJ DET ADJ length ADP time VERB ADP school PUNCT VERB ADJ contact PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV DET frequency ADP ADJ sex PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sex relations ADP persons ADP ADV DET ADJ age VERB DET norm PUNCT SPACE ADV DET rise ADP DET prestige ADP medicine VERB ADP part ADP DET VERB ability ADP science PART VERB ADP ADJ phenomena ADP DET basis ADP ADJ causation PUNCT DET application ADP DET viewpoint ADP humans VERB ADP accounts ADP sexuality ADP ADJ CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT DET voluntarism ADP DET ADJ understanding ADP sodomy PUNCT SCONJ sodomites VERB sin PUNCT VERB way ADP DET ADJ notion ADP homosexuality ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ characteristic ADP persons PUNCT ADV ADP SCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ DET orientation PUNCT DET idea ADP DET PUNCT ADJ sodomite PUNCT AUX PART AUX VERB sense PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ view PRON AUX VERB sense PART VERB ADP DET person ADP DET PUNCT ADJ homosexual PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADP ADJ acts VERB DET person PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ view PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ makeup PUNCT ADV VERB ADP ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ category ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ precursors ADP DET ideas PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN VERB DET ADJ explanation ADP ADJ homosexuality PUNCT PUNCT medicine VERB PRON ADJ ADJ exposure CCONJ credibility PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET effects ADP DET ideas VERB ADP ADJ ways PUNCT SCONJ homosexuality AUX PUNCT ADP DET view PUNCT PART VERB PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ sense PART VERB PRON PUNCT Persons AUX PART VERB ADJ acts PUNCT CCONJ persons AUX AUX VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ state PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ intervention ADP DET cure AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV doctors PUNCT ADV psychiatrists PUNCT VERB ADP DET repeal CCONJ reduction ADP ADJ penalties ADP ADJ ADJ sodomy PUNCT ADV VERB PART PUNCT VERB PUNCT homosexuals PUNCT PRON ADV VERB PART VERB techniques PART VERB children ADP VERB ADJ PUNCT ADP example ADP VERB SCONJ childhood masturbation VERB homosexuality PUNCT ADV PRON AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ century ADJ roles AUX VERB ADV ADV PUNCT ADP DET variety ADP reasons PUNCT ADJ intercourse ADV VERB ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP DET decline ADP prohibitions ADP sex ADP DET sake ADP pleasure ADV ADP ADP marriage PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADJ PART VERB ADP ADJ sex PUNCT DET trends AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET 1960's PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADP DET context PRON DET ADJ liberation movement VERB ADP PUNCT SCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ rights groups AUX AUX ADV ADP decades PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT key approach ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ society PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN ADP PROPN AUX PART VERB ADJ ground PUNCT DET VERB ADP DET ADJ morning hours ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT SCONJ DET patrons ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ bar ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET police raid PUNCT ADP DET aftermath ADP DET event PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ groups VERB PART VERB ADP DET country PUNCT ADJ ADJ clubs AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ city PUNCT CCONJ NUM fourth ADP DET college campuses AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ groups PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ communities ADP cities ADP coast ADP coast VERB DET norm PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB homosexuality ADP PRON ADJ listing ADP ADJ disorders PUNCT DET VERB visibility ADP gays CCONJ lesbians AUX VERB DET ADJ feature ADP ADJ life SCONJ DET NUM ADJ setbacks ADP DET PROPN epidemic CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ ADJ backlash PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP DET ADJ survey PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ ADJ era AUX ADV VERB ADJ changes ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET repeal ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ laws CCONJ ADJ equality ADP gays CCONJ lesbians AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADJ currents ADP society AUX VERB DET ways ADP DET scholars CCONJ activists AUX VERB research ADP sexuality CCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex attraction PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ century researchers CCONJ equality advocates PUNCT VERB PART VERB ADJ PUNCT sex relations ADP societies PRON VERB CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT VERB ADV lists ADP ADJ ADJ figures VERB ADP persons ADP DET ADJ sex PUNCT ADJ lists VERB DET ADJ ADJ entity VERB ADJ attraction PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PRON PUNCT inversion PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT homosexuality PUNCT PUNCT DET approach PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV VERB family ADP approaches PUNCT AUX ADV VERB essentialism PUNCT Historians CCONJ researchers ADJ ADP DET gay liberation movement ADP DET ADJ 1960s CCONJ NUM VERB DET number ADP books PRON ADV VERB ADP DET essentialist approach PUNCT ADP DET NUM CCONJ NUM PROPN PROPN VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ level ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ sophistication PUNCT SCONJ PRON position VERB ADP time ADP NUM ADP ADJ agnosticism ADP essentialists CCONJ PRON critics PUNCT PROPN PART work PUNCT NUM PUNCT AUX DET ADJ ADJ example ADP DET ADJ methodology PUNCT SPACE Essentialists VERB SCONJ categories ADP ADJ attraction AUX VERB ADV ADP VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT SCONJ ADJ PROPN AUX PART AUX terms PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ SYM ADJ division PUNCT persons AUX VERB men PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP person ADP DET ADJ sex PUNCT ADP history CCONJ ADP cultures PRON AUX ADJ features PUNCT SCONJ ADP ADJ variety ADP time CCONJ space PUNCT ADP ADJ attraction ADP DET point SCONJ PRON VERB sense ADP speak ADP ADJ ADJ orientations PUNCT VERB ADP DET view PUNCT homosexuality AUX DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ kind ADV ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ product PUNCT Essentialists VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ differences ADP SCONJ homosexuality AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ DET AUX PART VERB PRON ADP AUX DET ADJ category ADP ADJ ADJ expression PUNCT SPACE ADP contrast PUNCT ADP DET NUM CCONJ SCONJ DET number ADP researchers PUNCT ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ class relations PUNCT DET ADJ sciences PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADV VERB forces VERB ADJ categories CCONJ DET ADJ identities VERB ADP PRON PUNCT ADP advocates ADP DET view PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ sex AUX VERB ADP DET VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ setting AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET emphasis ADP DET ADJ creation ADP ADJ experience CCONJ expression VERB ADP DET labeling ADP DET viewpoint ADP ADJ constructionism PUNCT SCONJ ADV ADV ADJ ADP PRON proponents AUX VERB DET term PUNCT historicism PUNCT PUNCT ADV homosexuality PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADJ construction PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ PUNCT ADJ concept CCONJ role PUNCT ADV ADP DET development ADP DET construction PUNCT persons AUX PART ADV PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP persons ADP DET ADJ sex PUNCT DET differences ADP PUNCT INTJ PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON emphasis ADP pederasty PUNCT role ADP DET sex act PUNCT CCONJ ADJ status PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ role ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT AUX ADV ADV ADJ PART VERB ADP NUM category PUNCT SPACE ADP DET manner ADV VERB ADP DET claims ADP ADJ theory PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT ADJ constructionists VERB SCONJ ADJ ADJ constructs VERB ADJ ways ADP being PUNCT PRON AUX DET VERB mode ADP sexuality PRON AUX ADJ ADP culture PUNCT ADV DET concept CCONJ experience ADP ADJ orientation PRON AUX products ADP history PUNCT ADP advocates ADP DET view PUNCT DET range ADP ADJ ADJ diversity PUNCT CCONJ DET fluidity ADP ADJ possibility PUNCT AUX ADV ADV ADJ PART AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ scheme PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET ADJ ADJ dimension ADP DET ADV ADJ ADJ debate PUNCT ADJ constructionists VERB SCONJ essentialism AUX DET ADJ position ADV ADP ADV ADV NUM reasons PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ ADJ SYM ADJ organizing dichotomy PUNCT essentialism ADV VERB SCONJ heterosexuality AUX DET norm CCONJ SCONJ homosexuality AUX PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT ADJ CCONJ DET basis ADP DET ADJ minority PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ constructionists VERB SCONJ DET ADJ goal ADP ADJ investigations AUX AUX PART VERB ADP question ADJ organizing schemas ADP sexuality PUNCT DET acceptance ADP DET ADJ ADJ SYM ADJ dichotomy AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET exploration ADP ADJ possibilities PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB queer theory criticisms ADP DET essentialist position PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT PUNCT ADP contrast PUNCT essentialists VERB SCONJ DET ADJ approach VERB DET ADJ possibility ADP DET PUNCT gay history PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET field ADP investigation VERB ADJ ADJ forces CCONJ SCONJ PRON PUNCT VERB PUNCT DET ADJ form CCONJ forms ADP sexuality PUNCT ADV DET ADJ approach AUX VERB DET project ADP gay history PUNCT CCONJ minority histories ADP ADJ PUNCT ADP DET force ADP liberation PUNCT SPACE Today ADJ law theory VERB DET ADV ADJ ADJ defense ADP ADJ treatment ADP gays CCONJ lesbians PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ PRON VERB attention PUNCT DET development ADP ADJ law AUX DET ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ story PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ place PART VERB AUX ADP DET dialogues ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP DET AUX SCONJ DET ADP DET ADJ ideas AUX ADV VERB PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ domain PUNCT ADP DET Sophists PUNCT DET ADJ world AUX DET realm ADP convention CCONJ change PUNCT ADV ADP ADP ADJ ADJ truth PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP contrast PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ truths VERB DET flux ADP DET ADJ world PUNCT Reality PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ truths PUNCT AUX DET matter ADP phusis PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ degree ADP variety ADP conventions ADP NUM city ADP DET PUNCT PRON ADJ PROPN VERB ADV ADJ ADP PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ standard PUNCT CCONJ law PUNCT PRON humans AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE ADP DET Laws PUNCT PROPN VERB DET idea ADP DET VERB PUNCT ADJ law ADP sex PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET ADV ADJ line ADP PRON AUX ADP DET PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT ADP Book NUM PRON VERB ADP SCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex sex acts VERB pleasure ADP nature PUNCT SCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex sexuality AUX PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP Book NUM PUNCT DET ADJ speaker VERB SCONJ PART AUX legislation VERB ADJ acts PUNCT masturbation PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ sex ADV VERB PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ DET law AUX VERB ADP nature PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV DET ADJ way ADP VERB PROPN PART discussion ADV AUX ADP DET context ADP PRON ADJ concerns ADP DET ADJ part ADP DET soul CCONJ SCONJ ADV PART VERB PRON PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT sex passions ADP ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT SCONJ ADP DET PROPN DET ADJ attraction AUX AUX DET catalyst ADP DET life ADP philosophy PUNCT ADV ADP base sensuality PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT esp . chapter NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ figures VERB ADJ roles ADP DET development ADP ADJ law theory PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON emphasis SCONJ reason ADP DET ADJ ADJ function PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON emphasis SCONJ ADJ beings ADP DET part ADP DET ADJ order ADP DET cosmos PUNCT DET VERB PART VERB DET ADJ law perspective DET VERB SCONJ PUNCT ADJ law AUX ADJ reason ADP agreement ADP nature PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN VERB PRON PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON approach PUNCT AUX VERB ADP change PART VERB VERB ADP nature PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET way PRON ADJ law AUX VERB AUX PRON VERB ADP time PUNCT DET AUX DET idea PROPN ADV VERB ADP PRON ADJ ADJ law theory PUNCT PROPN AUX PART VERB ADV ADP ADJ issues PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET appetites ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV DET ADJ reconstruction ADP PRON views VERB PRON ADP ADJ ADJ society ADP VERB ADP PUNCT DET ADJ issue AUX DET ADP ADJ ADP DET ADJ role PUNCT ADP ADV DET latter ADJ ADP DET PRON CCONJ AUX CCONJ AUX VERB citizens PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET founder ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX PUNCT VERB ADP PRON contemporaries PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP men PUNCT CCONJ PRON thought AUX DET prohibitions ADP ADJ PUNCT sex sexuality PUNCT ADP contrast PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP sexuality ADP ADJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ remarks ADP ADJ PUNCT sex pursuits PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADV ADJ formulation ADP ADJ law theory AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT VERB DET ADJ approach ADP ADJ theology PUNCT PROPN VERB DET centrality ADP ADJ ADJ goods PUNCT VERB marriage CCONJ procreation PUNCT SCONJ PROPN AUX PART VERB ADJ ADP ADJ PUNCT sex ADJ relations PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP length ADP ADJ sex acts ADP sins PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT sexuality PRON AUX ADP DET bounds ADP marriage CCONJ DET VERB PART VERB PRON PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ goods ADP marriage PUNCT ADV love PUNCT companionship PUNCT CCONJ ADJ offspring PUNCT AUX ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT PROPN AUX PART VERB SCONJ procreation AUX DET ADJ part ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ sex PUNCT VERB couples AUX VERB sex ADP DET motive ADP VERB children PUNCT CCONJ sex ADP marriages SCONJ NUM CCONJ DET partners AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET woman AUX ADJ PUNCT AUX ADV ADV ADV PUNCT VERB DET motive ADP VERB love PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADV PROPN PART view ADV AUX PART VERB ADP ADJ sex PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT sex marriage PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET ADJ reasoning PUNCT ADV VERB DET couple ADP DET ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV VERB CCONJ ADJ union PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ move PUNCT VERB DET requirement SCONJ ADP DET VERB sex act PART AUX ADJ PRON AUX AUX ADP DET ADJ kind PUNCT DET ADJ way PRON DET AUX AUX VERB AUX ADP ADJ intercourse PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT SCONJ ADV DET emission ADP semen ADP DET vagina AUX VERB ADP ADJ reproduction PUNCT ADV sex acts ADP DET type AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET VERB sex act AUX PART VERB ADP reproduction PUNCT CCONJ ADV SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ ADJ ADP infertility PUNCT DET consequence ADP DET addition AUX PART VERB ADP DET possibility PUNCT ADP course PUNCT SCONJ ADJ sex AUX ADV AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ VERB ADP DET VERB marriage PUNCT PUNCT ADP addition ADP VERB DET ADJ ADJ ADJ sex ADP ADJ PUNCT sex VERB couples PUNCT PRON AUX DET justification ADP DET ADJ addition PUNCT DET question AUX VERB DET DET ADV ADJ ADP SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB SCONJ SCONJ ADJ ADJ rules VERB ADP individuals AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SCONJ DET nature ADP persons ADV VERB ADP DET extent PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT SCONJ PROPN VERB SCONJ ADJ natures VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT ADP nature PUNCT ADV CCONJ ADV ADJ ADP persons ADP PRON PART ADJ gender PUNCT CCONJ ADV PART VERB ADJ PUNCT sex relationships AUX PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN AUX PART VERB ADP DET justification ADP DET ADJ requirement PUNCT SPACE ADV ADJ ADJ law theorists PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX VERB DET couple ADJ lines ADP defense ADP PROPN PART PUNCT ADJ type PUNCT requirement PUNCT DET ADJ AUX SCONJ sex acts PRON VERB CCONJ homosexuality PUNCT ADJ sodomy PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB contraception PUNCT VERB DET purpose ADP DET sex organs PUNCT DET AUX ADJ PUNCT DET argument PUNCT ADV VERB DET PUNCT ADJ faculty argument PUNCT PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADP ADP ADJ attack PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ defenders ADP DET ADJ ADJ law approach AUX VERB PART VERB ADP PRON PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB DET argument PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON arguments VERB PUNCT ADP course PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET ADJ sex acts AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV AUX resources ADP DET PART VERB ADP ADJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET specifics ADP DET ADJ sort ADP argument VERB ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ law theorists VERB PUNCT DET ADJ elements AUX ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON argument VERB ADV SCONJ DET account ADP ADJ goods PUNCT DET NUM ADV ADJ ADP DET argument ADP ADJ sex PUNCT SCONJ PART ADP homosexuality ADP DET orientation DET AUX PART VERB SCONJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET PRON VERB ADJ ADJ doctrine PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ch.15 PUNCT AUX ADJ integration CCONJ marriage PUNCT ADJ integration PUNCT ADP DET view PUNCT AUX DET idea SCONJ humans PUNCT ADP agents PUNCT VERB PART AUX integration ADP PRON intentions ADP agents CCONJ PRON VERB selves PUNCT ADV PUNCT PART VERB PRON PART CCONJ DET PART body ADP DET ADJ means ADP PRON PART ADJ pleasure PUNCT ADP PRON VERB VERB ADP masturbation PUNCT VERB PUNCT dis - integration PUNCT ADP DET self PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT PRON PART intention ADV AUX ADV PART VERB DET body PUNCT one PART ADJ CCONJ DET PART PUNCT ADP DET ADJ means ADP DET end ADP pleasure PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB ADP ADJ integration PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB SCONJ NUM persons ADP DET ADJ sex VERB ADP ADJ union AUX PART ADV VERB DET sort ADP PUNCT use PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADP DET ADJ means ADP PRON PART ADJ pleasure PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ law theorists VERB SCONJ ADJ union ADP DET context ADP DET realization ADP marriage ADP DET ADJ ADJ good AUX DET ADJ ADJ expression ADP sexuality PUNCT CCONJ DET argument VERB VERB SCONJ marriage AUX DET ADJ good ADP DET ADV ADJ way PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB procreation ADP DET center ADP marriage ADP PRON PUNCT ADJ fulfillment PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ law theorists PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB PRON objection ADP ADJ sex PUNCT AUX PART VERB procreation PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB love CCONJ ADJ support ADP human flourishing ADP DET center PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT sex couples AUX VERB DET standard PUNCT ADV PRON ADJ acts AUX AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ objections PRON AUX VERB ADP DET account ADP marriage ADP DET ADJ ADJ good PUNCT NUM AUX SCONJ ADP VERB procreation ADP DET PUNCT ADJ fulfillment PUNCT ADP marriage PUNCT ADJ marriages AUX ADV VERB PUNCT Sex ADP DET ADJ PUNCT sex marriage SCONJ DET partners VERB SCONJ NUM CCONJ DET ADP PRON AUX ADJ AUX PART VERB ADP procreation PUNCT ADV ADV PRON AUX PART ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADJ sex ADP DET ADJ context PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT term companionate union PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ law rejoinder AUX SCONJ SCONJ ADJ intercourse AUX DET ADV ADJ sex act PUNCT VERB ADP PRON PUNCT SCONJ VERB DET possibility SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ couple PUNCT PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ sex acts AUX ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ AUX DET ADJ distinction ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET manner SCONJ ADJ law theorists VERB PUNCT ADJ law theorists PUNCT ADP PRON discussions ADP DET issues PUNCT VERB PART VERB PUNCT ADP DET NUM hand PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB DET ideal ADP marriage ADP DET VERB union SCONJ NUM persons AUX VERB ADP PRON ADJ flourishing PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ sex AUX DET complement ADP DET ideal PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB DET possibility ADP ADJ ADJ sex PUNCT CCONJ ADJ sodomy PUNCT DET ADP DET PRON VERB PART VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON ADV VERB DET account ADP sexuality DET VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT VERB procreation ADP DET point SCONJ ADV DET ADJ orgasm ADV SCONJ ADP DET vagina ADP PRON PART VERB spouse AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ VERB ADP AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ ideal ADP marriage PUNCT SPACE ADJ law theory PUNCT ADP present PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ concessions ADP ADJ ADJ thought PUNCT ADP contrast ADV ADP PRON ADJ formulation PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ law theorists VERB ADP ADJ ADJ power PUNCT CCONJ AUX PART VERB SCONJ DET state AUX DET interest ADP VERB PART VERB DET ADJ wrongdoing PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP homosexuality PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ protections ADP gays CCONJ lesbians ADP terms ADP employment CCONJ housing PUNCT ADV ADP DET point ADP VERB ADP expert witnesses ADP court cases CCONJ VERB ADP DET writing ADP amicus curae briefs PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADP ADJ sex marriage PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET rise ADP DET gay liberation movement ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ era PUNCT ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ perspectives VERB PART AUX VERB ADV ADP politics PUNCT philosophy CCONJ ADJ theory PUNCT ADV DET ADV AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ analyses ADP patriarchy PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ approaches ADP theory PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ NUM PART CCONJ ADJ NUM's ADJ theory AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ antecedents DET VERB PRON ADJ PART VERB PRON ADV PUNCT PRON AUX DET number ADP ways ADP DET queer theory VERB ADP ADJ gay liberation theory PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ difference AUX AUX VERB ADP ADP VERB DET reasons ADP VERB ADP DET term PUNCT queer PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT DET versions ADP PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ theory VERB DET essence ADP ADJ identity CCONJ sexuality ADP ADV ADJ terms PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADV ADP terms ADP sexuality PUNCT ADP PART ADV VERB SCONJ genitalia PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Lesbians VERB ADP DET framework PUNCT ADP example PUNCT AUX ADV ADV VERB ADJ law theorists ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT law ADP nature PUNCT DET ADV ADJ sexuality PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET genitals PUNCT penetration PUNCT CCONJ DET status ADP DET ADJ orgasm PUNCT ADJ law theorists ADV VERB ADJ orgasms PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET approach PUNCT VERB SCONJ characterizations ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT identity CCONJ sexuality PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADP NUM difficulties PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB ADV SCONJ DET goal AUX PART VERB DET ADJ regime ADP PRON exclusion CCONJ marginalization ADP DET DET sexuality AUX ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT account ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ sexuality AUX DET ADJ effect PUNCT VERB ADP DET example VERB ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ conceptualization ADP ADJ identity PUNCT PRON VERB women PRON AUX ADV CCONJ ADV ADJ ADP ADJ women PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET description PUNCT Sado PUNCT masochists CCONJ butch SYM fem lesbians ADV AUX PART VERB DET ideal ADP PUNCT equality PUNCT VERB PUNCT DET ADJ problem AUX SCONJ ADP VERB ADJ DET emphasis SCONJ DET gender ADP PRON PART ADJ partner(s PUNCT PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ sources ADP identity AUX VERB PUNCT ADJ ADP race CCONJ ethnicity PUNCT PRON AUX ADP ADJ importance PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP DET ADJ lesbian AUX PRON lesbianism PUNCT ADV ADP PRON race PUNCT ADJ gays CCONJ lesbians ADP color VERB DET approach PUNCT VERB PRON ADP VERB VERB VERB DET ADV ADJ identity ADP DET heart ADP gay CCONJ ADJ identity PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ problem ADP DET gay liberationist approach AUX SCONJ PRON ADV VERB DET category ADP PUNCT identity PUNCT PRON ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT DET DET view PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV SCONJ ADP arguments VERB ADP poststructuralism PUNCT VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ figure ADP DET attack SCONJ identity ADP ADJ AUX PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET series ADP works PRON VERB ADP PART VERB DET history ADP sexuality ADP ADJ PROPN ADP DET ADJ era PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ DET project AUX ADV VERB ADJ ADP PRON death ADP NUM PUNCT ADP complications VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB SCONJ ADV understandings ADP sexuality AUX VERB ADP time CCONJ space PUNCT CCONJ PRON arguments AUX VERB ADV ADJ ADP gay CCONJ ADJ theorizing ADP ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ theory ADP ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM ADP DET reasons ADP DET ADJ review ADV AUX SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB DET background ADP VERB DET claim SCONJ sexuality AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADV ADP VERB ADP nature PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP order PART PART VERB DET issue ADP ADJ constructionism ADP essentialism PUNCT PRON VERB VERB DET term PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ eras PUNCT ADP ADJ PROPN DET gender ADP PRON PART partner(s PUNCT AUX PART ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV SCONJ PRON VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ role PUNCT ADP DET ADJ view PUNCT DET PUNCT sodomite PUNCT AUX DET person PRON VERB ADP temptation CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ sex acts PUNCT SCONJ DET gender ADP DET partner AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADP DET ADJ view PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ framework VERB DET emphasis SCONJ DET sin ADP VERB PUNCT ADP PUNCT sin dichotomy PUNCT ADP DET rise ADP DET notion ADP PUNCT homosexuality PUNCT ADP DET ADJ era PUNCT DET person AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ category ADV SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB SCONJ DET inclinations PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ sexuality VERB ADP DET NUM ADV ADJ cultures PUNCT DET ADJ constructionist answer AUX SCONJ PRON AUX DET PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sexuality PUNCT DET ADJ understandings AUX VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ understandings PUNCT DET examples AUX AUX VERB ADV ADV ADP VERB ADJ data ADP ADP DET ADJ tradition PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ context VERB ADV PUNCT DET differences ADP PRON AUX ADJ PUNCT DET assumption ADP ADJ PROPN AUX SCONJ men PUNCT ADJ AUX VERB ADP women PUNCT AUX VERB ADV ADP DET sex PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ majority ADP men PRON VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT sex relationships AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ understanding ADP homosexuality VERB DET ADJ domain ADP NUM PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ heterosexuals AUX PART VERB ADV ADP PRON ADJ sex PUNCT SPACE ADP VERB SCONJ sexuality AUX DET ADJ construct PUNCT DET theorists AUX PART VERB SCONJ DET understandings AUX PART ADJ PUNCT SCONJ persons AUX ADV constructs ADP PRON culture PUNCT ADP DET view PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET categories PUNCT ADV today persons ADP course VERB PRON ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB ADV ADP DET categories PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ constructs PRON AUX PUNCT SPACE ADJ CCONJ ADJ theory AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM ADJ problems PUNCT DET ADP DET VERB difficulties ADP DET notion ADP PUNCT identity PUNCT PUNCT ADJ theory ADV VERB ADP ADJ part ADP DET attempt PART VERB PRON PUNCT SCONJ ADJ theory AUX ADV AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADP DET term PUNCT queer PUNCT PRON PUNCT ADP contrast ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT queer PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PUNCT AUX PART VERB ADP DET essence PUNCT SCONJ ADP DET ADJ nature CCONJ PART PUNCT ADV PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ term PRON VERB PRON meaning ADV ADP AUX DET DET AUX ADV ADP DET norm PUNCT ADV DET norm PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADP NUM ADP DET ADV ADJ ADJ theorists VERB PRON PUNCT PUNCT ADJ AUX PUNCT DET AUX ADP odds ADP DET ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX PRON ADP ADJ PART DET PRON ADV VERB PUNCT PRON AUX DET identity ADP DET essence PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADJ emphasis PUNCT PUNCT ADP VERB DET essence PUNCT ADJ AUX PART VERB DET DET sexuality AUX ADP ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ norm PUNCT ADJ ADP sado PUNCT masochists PUNCT SCONJ ADJ conceptualizations ADP sexuality AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADV PART VERB ADP DET center ADP DET definition ADP queer PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ freedom ADP self PUNCT identification ADP PUNCT INTJ PUNCT ADJ lesbians PART VERB ADV ADV CCONJ ADV ADP PRON race PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ trait PUNCT ADJ ADP involvement ADP DET PROPN CCONJ M subculture PUNCT ADP ADP lesbianism PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET insights ADP poststructuralism ADP DET difficulties ADP VERB DET essence CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ aspect ADP identity PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ move ADP ADJ theorists PUNCT DET claim SCONJ DET categories ADP DET identity AUX VERB AUX DET ADJ constructs ADV ADP VERB ADP PRON ADP nature PUNCT VERB ADP DET number ADP ADJ possibilities PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ theorists VERB SCONJ ADJ notions ADP gender CCONJ sex DET VERB ADV ADJ CCONJ self PUNCT ADJ ADP persons ADP DET ADJ PROPN AUX ADP fact VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ actions PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET VERB ADP ways PRON VERB heterosexuality PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB AUX ADJ categories DET AUX PRON ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT AUX DET ADJ example ADP DET PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART ADV DET ADJ theorist PUNCT PUNCT Others VERB SCONJ language CCONJ ADV divisions ADP PRON AUX VERB CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT VERB ADP DET dichotomy ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADP regards ADP DET ADJ division ADP ADJ SYM ADJ PUNCT structure ADJ ADP ADJ thought PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB ADP dichotomies ADJ ADP ADJ SYM ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ SYM ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET background DET ADJ reliance SCONJ DET ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT understanding ADP DET ADJ world ADP VERB ADP NUM species PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET fluidity ADP categories VERB ADP ADJ theory ADV VERB DET possibility ADP ADJ sorts ADP histories PRON VERB ADV ADJ types ADP affections CCONJ relationships PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ perspective VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT SCONJ ADV ADJ ADP DET ADV VERB ADP PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ arguments VERB SCONJ DET VERB naturalness ADP heterosexuality PUNCT ADJ theorists VERB PART VERB SCONJ DET categories AUX PRON ADV ADJ constructs PUNCT DET example VERB PART VERB DET approach PUNCT ADP DET essay ADP ADJ marriage PUNCT VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ men AUX DET PUNCT ADJ tendency PUNCT PART AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP contrast PUNCT PRON VERB ADV VERB PUNCT ADJ marriage ADP DET ADJ condition ADP heterosexuality PUNCT Heterosexuality PUNCT ADP PRON argument PUNCT AUX DET ADJ combination ADP PRON ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ condition AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ things ADP DET presence ADP ADJ couples PUNCT ADJ teachers PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ talk ADP homosexuality PUNCT PROPN PART argument VERB DET ADJ disjunction ADP heterosexuality CCONJ homosexuality PUNCT SCONJ gayness AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB PRON PUNCT PROPN AUX DET courage PART AUX ADJ ADP DET element ADP PRON argument PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADP PUNCT DET ADJ imposition ADP tolerance PUNCT ADP gays CCONJ lesbians PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET ADJ move ADP ADJ theory PART VERB PUNCT ADP ADJ ADV PUNCT issues ADP truth CCONJ falsity PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET analysis VERB ADP DET ADJ function ADP discourse PUNCT Questions ADP PRON VERB ADP DET expert CCONJ SCONJ PUNCT CCONJ concerns ADP DET effects ADP DET expert PART discourse AUX VERB ADJ status ADP questions ADP DET verity ADP PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET 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CCONJ fetishism PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ theorists ADV VERB pedophilia PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ question SCONJ DET theory AUX DET resources PART VERB DET DET distinction PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ theorists ADV VERB PART VERB ADP pedophiles ADP PUNCT queer PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET criticism AUX SCONJ queer theory PUNCT ADP part SCONJ PRON ADV AUX recourse ADP DET ADV ADJ jargon PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ elite ADP DET ADJ elite PUNCT PRON AUX ADV class VERB CCONJ ADV PUNCT ADP practice PUNCT ADV ADV VERB ADP ADP universities CCONJ colleges PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ theory AUX ADV VERB ADP DET PRON VERB DET desirability ADP ADJ ADJ change PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ gays CCONJ lesbians AUX VERB DET ADJ approach ADP VERB SCONJ PRON AUX AUX PUNCT ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT queer PUNCT VERB PRON connotation ADP PRON ADJ CCONJ ADP odds ADP mainstream society PUNCT DET AUX ADV PRON ADJ ADJ theorists 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CCONJ ADJ relationships AUX VERB DET ADJ goods PRON ADJ relationships AUX PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET account ADP ADJ ADJ goods PRON ADJ law theorists AUX PUNCT CCONJ ADP PRON evaluation ADP DET worth ADP ADJ PUNCT sex relationships PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ concerns PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ defenses ADP ADJ ADJ equality ADP gays CCONJ lesbians PUNCT VERB marriage rights PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB ADP DET ADJ reform ADP ADJ ADJ culture CCONJ politics PUNCT ADP DET PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT DET centrists AUX VERB ADP DET sides PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP example PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP length DET ADP queer theorists PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADJ law theorists PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP DET foregoing ADV ADV VERB PUNCT DET policy CCONJ ADJ debates VERB homosexuality VERB ADJ issues ADP morality CCONJ justice PUNCT ADV ADV ADV ADP DET PUNCT PRON VERB ADP issues ADP ADJ identity CCONJ self PUNCT definition PUNCT ADV PRON AUX DET PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT set ADP reasons ADP DET polarization PRON VERB DET debates PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Democracy CCONJ Homosexuality PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT Vol.209 PUNCT No.25 PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT pp.17 SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET Beginning ADP DET ADJ Era ADP DET ADJ Century PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET End ADP Marriage PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN ADP Identity PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PRON VERB PUNCT ADP DET ADJ Limits ADP PUNCT Sex PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT History PUNCT ADJ Theory PUNCT CCONJ ADJ Identity PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT Vol.14 PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT 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NUM PUNCT PUNCT Homosexuality CCONJ DET ADJ Mind PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN Theory PUNCT PROPN Theory PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Vol.13 PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ Dilemmas ADP Citizenship PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET Laws PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN Argument CCONJ ADJ Toleration PUNCT Abortion CCONJ Homosexuality PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Virtues PUNCT Institutions PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT Conduct PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT AUX ADJ PUNCT PROPN CCONJ Opposition PUNCT Vol.40 PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP Homosexuality PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ Law PUNCT Morality PUNCT CCONJ ADJ Complementarity PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ Family PUNCT Essay ADP PROPN CCONJ Nature PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP ADJ Marriage PUNCT Commentary PUNCT Vol.101 PUNCT No.3 PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PART VERB DET entry PUNCT VERB DET PROPN version ADP DET entry ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET entry topic ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADJ bibliography ADP DET entry ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP links ADP PRON database PUNCT
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INTJ VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB VERB DET Encyclopedia ADJ SPACE DET term PUNCT homosexuality PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ century ADP DET ADJ psychologist PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET term AUX ADJ PUNCT discussions ADP sexuality ADP ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex attraction ADP ADJ PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ discussion VERB ADP PROPN PART PROPN ADP ADJ queer theory PUNCT SCONJ DET history ADP ADJ understandings ADP ADJ PUNCT sex attraction AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ issues VERB ADP DET understandings PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB ADV DET ADP DET ADJ history ADP homosexuality PUNCT VERB ADP ADP DET history PUNCT ADP ADJ ADP DET PROPN PUNCT AUX DET idea ADP ADJ law CCONJ DET interpretations ADP DET law ADP VERB ADJ sex PUNCT References ADP ADJ law ADV VERB DET ADJ role ADP ADJ debates ADP homosexuality ADP religion PUNCT politics PUNCT CCONJ ADV courtrooms PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV DET ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ change VERB homosexuality AUX DET emergence ADP DET gay liberation movement ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ circles DET movement AUX PUNCT ADP part PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ group ADP thinkers PRON AUX VERB ADP DET label ADP ADJ theory PUNCT DET ADJ issue VERB ADP ADJ theory PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB ADV PUNCT AUX SCONJ homosexuality PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV heterosexuality CCONJ bisexuality PUNCT AUX ADV VERB CCONJ ADV VERB ADP ADJ forces PUNCT SPACE PUNCT X X History SPACE PUNCT X X ADJ Debates SPACE PUNCT X X ADJ Law SPACE PUNCT X X PROPN Theory CCONJ DET ADJ Construction ADP Sexuality SPACE PUNCT X X Conclusion SPACE PUNCT ADJ PROPN SPACE PUNCT ADJ Internet PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN Entries SPACE ADP AUX AUX ADV VERB PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN AUX PART AUX terms CCONJ concepts PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ dichotomy ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX DET wealth ADP material ADP ADJ PROPN ADJ ADP issues ADP sexuality PUNCT VERB ADP dialogues ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP plays ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADJ artwork CCONJ vases PUNCT PRON VERB AUX DET ADJ description ADP ADJ ADJ attitudes PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ variation PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP parts ADP PROPN PRON AUX ADJ strictures ADP ADJ PUNCT sex X PUNCT SCONJ ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV DET ADV ADJ assumption ADP ADJ orientation AUX SCONJ persons AUX VERB ADV ADP beauty ADP DET sex PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP example PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ general CCONJ politician ADP DET ADJ century PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PRON adolescence PRON VERB ADV DET husbands ADP PRON wives PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ man DET wives ADP PRON husbands PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET persons AUX VERB ADP PRON ADJ interests ADP persons ADP NUM gender PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PROPN DET PROPN CCONJ DET founder ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PRON ADJ interest ADP boys CCONJ ADJ men PUNCT ADJ persons PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET exception PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET issue ADP DET gender PRON AUX VERB ADP AUX VERB ADP DET issue ADP taste CCONJ preference PUNCT ADV ADP ADP DET ADJ issue PUNCT DET character ADP PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT Dialogue ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ PUNCT DET ADJ lover ADP beauty VERB ADP love SCONJ PRON VERB excellence CCONJ ADJ ADJ endowment ADP regard ADP DET difference ADP ADJ detail PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT Gender ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT detail PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET excellence ADP character CCONJ beauty AUX PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADV SCONJ DET gender PRON PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT VERB DET assumption SCONJ persons AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP persons ADP DET sexes PUNCT AUX PART ADJ PUNCT ADJ issues AUX ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADP SCONJ PRON VERB moderation PUNCT Status concerns AUX ADV ADP DET ADJ importance PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADV ADJ men AUX ADJ status PUNCT women CCONJ ADJ slaves AUX PART ADJ ADJ partners PUNCT Sex ADP freemen PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP status PUNCT DET ADJ distinction ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ relations AUX ADP VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ role PUNCT ADP DET ADJ CCONJ VERB one PUNCT DET ADJ role AUX ADJ ADV ADP inferiors PUNCT ADJ ADP women PUNCT slaves PUNCT CCONJ ADJ youths PRON AUX PART ADV citizens PUNCT ADV DET ADJ ideal ADP DET ADJ PUNCT sex relationship AUX ADP DET ADJ man PUNCT ADV ADP PRON 20's CCONJ 30's PUNCT VERB ADP DET X PUNCT CCONJ DET boy DET beard AUX PART ADV VERB PART VERB PUNCT DET X CCONJ X PUNCT ADP DET relationship PRON AUX courtship ritual PUNCT VERB gifts PUNCT ADJ ADP DET rooster PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ ADJ norms PUNCT DET erastes AUX PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ interests ADP DET boy PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADV ADJ concern PUNCT DET boy AUX PART PART VERB ADV ADV PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ VERB ADP ADJ ADP NUM man PUNCT AUX PART VERB discretion CCONJ VERB DET ADV ADJ NUM PUNCT PRON AUX ADV evidence SCONJ penetration AUX ADV VERB ADP VERB DET erastes VERB PRON ADJ CCONJ VERB PRON penis ADP DET thighs ADP DET X PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP ADJ sex PUNCT DET relationship AUX PART AUX ADJ CCONJ AUX VERB SCONJ DET boy VERB adulthood PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PART VERB ADP DET ADJ role ADV SCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ citizen AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PRON ADV AUX ADJ ADJ male ADJ PUNCT sex relationships PRON AUX VERB CCONJ PART ADV VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ role AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT PART AUX VERB ADP men AUX ADV VERB ADP DET sign ADP masculinity PUNCT ADJ gods PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX stories ADP ADJ PUNCT sex exploits VERB ADP PRON PUNCT ADP AUX ADJ ADJ figures ADP ADJ myth CCONJ literature PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET army PART AUX VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT sex lovers PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB DET DET regiment PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP NUM soldiers PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ world ADP PRON valor ADP battle PUNCT SPACE ADJ PROPN AUX ADJ parallels ADP PRON understanding ADP ADJ PUNCT sex attraction PUNCT CCONJ ADJ issues ADV ADV PUNCT ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADJ society ADV VERB ADV ADJ ADP PRON views ADP sexuality PUNCT ADV ADP ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ turmoil PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON attitude DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADP sexuality ADP ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex attraction ADP ADJ PUNCT AUX DET matter ADP ADJ debate PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT ADP PRON ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ Homosexuality PUNCT SCONJ ADJ passages VERB today ADP condemnations ADP homosexuality AUX ADV ADJ ADP prostitution PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex acts AUX VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT DET meaning AUX ADV ADJ ADP PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADV ADP ADP ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB ADV PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ others AUX VERB PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT PROPN PART scholarship PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX SCONJ SCONJ condemnation ADP ADJ PUNCT sex attraction AUX ADJ ADP DET PROPN CCONJ ADV DET ADJ focus ADP DET rest ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADJ church fathers AUX ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP PRON writings PRON AUX DET horror ADP DET sort ADP sex PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ generations DET views VERB PUNCT ADP part ADJ ADV ADV ADP ADJ concerns ADP VERB converts PUNCT ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ centuries DET ADJ ADJ view VERB ADP ADJ sex PUNCT SPACE DET viewpoint PUNCT SCONJ ADJ sex ADP marriage AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ expression ADP sexuality AUX ADJ PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET understanding VERB ADP DET concern ADP DET gender ADP PRON PART partner PRON AUX PART VERB ADP ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ views PUNCT CCONJ PRON ADV VERB ADJ acts PUNCT ADV DET attitude PUNCT ADV ADP ADJ sex PUNCT VERB PART AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP NUM PUNCT persons PRON VERB ADP ADJ sex AUX PART AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET PRON AUX ADJ AUX AUX VERB PUNCT Historians VERB SCONJ DET ADJ PROPN PROPN VERB DET rise ADP intolerance ADP sexuality PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADJ variations PUNCT SPACE ADP DET decline ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON replacement ADP ADJ ADJ kingdoms PUNCT DET ADJ tolerance PUNCT ADP DET ADJ exception ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ acts VERB PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ scholar VERB PRON PUNCT PUNCT ADJ ADJ law VERB ADJ measures ADP homosexuality ADP DET middle ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET ADJ theologians VERB PART VERB ADJ sexuality PUNCT VERB ADJ PUNCT sex acts PUNCT DET genre ADP ADJ literature PUNCT ADV ADP DET clergy PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ centuries PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT chapters NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ part ADP DET ADJ ADP DET ADJ centuries PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB DET ADJ rise ADP intolerance ADP ADJ sex PUNCT ADP persecution ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT heretics PUNCT CCONJ others PUNCT SCONJ DET causes ADP DET AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADJ class conflict ADP DET ADJ reform movement ADP DET PROPN PROPN AUX NUM ADJ factors PUNCT DET PROPN PRON VERB PART VERB ADP DET conception ADP PUNCT nature PUNCT ADP DET standard ADP morality PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET DET way SCONJ ADP PART VERB ADJ sex PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADJ sex PUNCT ADJ sex ADP marriage PUNCT CCONJ ADV masturbation PUNCT PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ council PART VERB ADJ sex PUNCT PROPN NUM ADP NUM PUNCT VERB SCONJ PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB PART AUX VERB DET incontinence DET AUX ADP nature PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PUNCT DET severity ADP DET VERB SCONJ SCONJ DET transgressor AUX DET cleric CCONJ layperson PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET appeal ADP ADJ law PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT VERB ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ tradition PUNCT DET ADJ point PART VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX SCONJ DET ADJ category ADV AUX DET PUNCT sodomite PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB ADP DET ADJ idea ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT DET sodomite AUX VERB ADP act PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADV ADP ADP DET type ADP person PUNCT PRON PRON AUX desires PART VERB ADP sodomy PUNCT CCONJ AUX PART VERB SCONJ PRON PUNCT AUX PART DET sodomite PUNCT ADV PUNCT persons PRON VERB ADP ADJ sodomy AUX ADV sodomites PUNCT PRON AUX reports ADP persons AUX VERB ADP death CCONJ VERB ADP sodomy ADP DET spouse PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET person PRON AUX VERB ADP sodomy PUNCT ADV PRON AUX VERB ADP PRON sin CCONJ VERB PART ADV AUX PRON ADV PUNCT AUX ADV ADV DET sodomite PUNCT DET gender ADP PRON PART partner AUX ADV PART ADP ADJ importance PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ theologians VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT sex sodomy ADP DET ADJ type ADP ADJ crime PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ ADJ centuries ADP PROPN PUNCT DET laws ADP ADJ sex AUX ADJ ADP PRON penalties PUNCT Enforcement PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP DET regions PUNCT decades AUX VERB ADP DET prosecutions PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT ADP DET NUM's PUNCT VERB DET ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ campaign PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ pogrom PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB torture PART VERB confessions PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP NUM NUM men CCONJ boys AUX VERB CCONJ VERB burial PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET degree PART DET sodomy CCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex attraction AUX VERB VERB ADP class PUNCT ADP DET ADJ class VERB DET ADJ view PUNCT SCONJ DET aristocracy CCONJ nobility ADV VERB ADJ expressions ADP ADJ sexualities PUNCT ADP times PUNCT ADV ADP DET risk ADP ADJ punishment PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sex VERB subcultures AUX VERB ADP cities PUNCT ADV ADV PART AUX VERB ADP DET authorities PUNCT ADP DET ADJ century PRON AUX DET ADJ reduction ADP DET ADJ penalties ADP sodomy PUNCT DET ADJ code VERB sodomy PUNCT CCONJ ADP PROPN PART conquests DET PROPN VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP ADJ countries SCONJ ADJ sex VERB DET crime PUNCT DET ADJ movement ADP DET time ADV ADP DET death penalty ADV VERB SCONJ sodomy AUX VERB ADP DET list ADP ADJ offenses PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ centuries DET ADV ADJ framework ADV ADV VERB DET discourse ADP ADJ PUNCT sex attraction PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ arguments CCONJ interpretations VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV DET ADV ADJ ADJ domain ADP discussions ADP homosexuality AUX ADP medicine PUNCT VERB psychology PUNCT DET discourse PUNCT ADP turn PUNCT VERB ADP ADP considerations ADP DET state CCONJ PRON need ADP DET VERB population PUNCT ADJ soldiers PUNCT CCONJ ADJ families VERB ADP ADV VERB gender roles PUNCT Doctors AUX VERB ADP ADP courts PART VERB sex crime defendants PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT DET ADJ increase ADP school attendance rates CCONJ DET ADJ length ADP time VERB ADP school PUNCT VERB ADJ contact PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV DET frequency ADP ADJ sex PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sex relations ADP persons ADP ADV DET ADJ age VERB DET norm PUNCT SPACE ADV DET rise ADP DET prestige ADP medicine VERB ADP part ADP DET VERB ability ADP science PART VERB ADP ADJ phenomena ADP DET basis ADP ADJ causation PUNCT DET application ADP DET viewpoint ADP humans VERB ADP accounts ADP sexuality ADP ADJ CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT DET voluntarism ADP DET ADJ understanding ADP sodomy PUNCT SCONJ sodomites VERB sin PUNCT VERB way ADP DET ADJ notion ADP homosexuality ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ characteristic ADP persons PUNCT ADV ADP SCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ DET orientation PUNCT DET idea ADP DET PUNCT ADJ sodomite PUNCT AUX PART AUX VERB sense PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ view PRON AUX VERB sense PART VERB ADP DET person ADP DET PUNCT ADJ homosexual PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADP ADJ acts VERB DET person PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ view PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ makeup PUNCT ADV VERB ADP ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ category ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ precursors ADP DET ideas PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN VERB DET ADJ explanation ADP ADJ homosexuality PUNCT PUNCT medicine VERB PRON ADJ ADJ exposure CCONJ credibility PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET effects ADP DET ideas VERB ADP ADJ ways PUNCT SCONJ homosexuality AUX PUNCT ADP DET view PUNCT PART VERB PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ sense PART VERB PRON PUNCT Persons AUX PART VERB ADJ acts PUNCT CCONJ persons AUX AUX VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ state PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ intervention ADP DET cure AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV doctors PUNCT ADV psychiatrists PUNCT VERB ADP DET repeal CCONJ reduction ADP ADJ penalties ADP ADJ ADJ sodomy PUNCT ADV VERB PART PUNCT VERB PUNCT homosexuals PUNCT PRON ADV VERB PART VERB techniques PART VERB children ADP VERB ADJ PUNCT ADP example ADP VERB SCONJ childhood masturbation VERB homosexuality PUNCT ADV PRON AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ century ADJ roles AUX VERB ADV ADV PUNCT ADP DET variety ADP reasons PUNCT ADJ intercourse ADV VERB ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP DET decline ADP prohibitions ADP sex ADP DET sake ADP pleasure ADV ADP ADP marriage PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADJ PART VERB ADP ADJ sex PUNCT DET trends AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET 1960's PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADP DET context PRON DET ADJ liberation movement VERB ADP PUNCT SCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ rights groups AUX AUX ADV ADP decades PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT key approach ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ society PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN ADP PROPN AUX PART VERB ADJ ground PUNCT DET VERB ADP DET ADJ morning hours ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT SCONJ DET patrons ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ bar ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET police raid PUNCT ADP DET aftermath ADP DET event PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ groups VERB PART VERB ADP DET country PUNCT ADJ ADJ clubs AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ city PUNCT CCONJ NUM fourth ADP DET college campuses AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ groups PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ communities ADP cities ADP coast ADP coast VERB DET norm PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB homosexuality ADP PRON ADJ listing ADP ADJ disorders PUNCT DET VERB visibility ADP gays CCONJ lesbians AUX VERB DET ADJ feature ADP ADJ life SCONJ DET NUM ADJ setbacks ADP DET PROPN epidemic CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ ADJ backlash PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP DET ADJ survey PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ ADJ era AUX ADV VERB ADJ changes ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET repeal ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ laws CCONJ ADJ equality ADP gays CCONJ lesbians AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADJ currents ADP society AUX VERB DET ways ADP DET scholars CCONJ activists AUX VERB research ADP sexuality CCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex attraction PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ century researchers CCONJ equality advocates PUNCT VERB PART VERB ADJ PUNCT sex relations ADP societies PRON VERB CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT VERB ADV lists ADP ADJ ADJ figures VERB ADP persons ADP DET ADJ sex PUNCT ADJ lists VERB DET ADJ ADJ entity VERB ADJ attraction PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PRON PUNCT inversion PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT homosexuality PUNCT PUNCT DET approach PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV VERB family ADP approaches PUNCT AUX ADV VERB essentialism PUNCT Historians CCONJ researchers ADJ ADP DET gay liberation movement ADP DET ADJ 1960s CCONJ NUM VERB DET number ADP books PRON ADV VERB ADP DET essentialist approach PUNCT ADP DET NUM CCONJ NUM PROPN PROPN VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ level ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ sophistication PUNCT SCONJ PRON position VERB ADP time ADP NUM ADP ADJ agnosticism ADP essentialists CCONJ PRON critics PUNCT PROPN PART work PUNCT NUM PUNCT AUX DET ADJ ADJ example ADP DET ADJ methodology PUNCT SPACE Essentialists VERB SCONJ categories ADP ADJ attraction AUX VERB ADV ADP VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT SCONJ ADJ PROPN AUX PART AUX terms PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ SYM ADJ division PUNCT persons AUX VERB men PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP person ADP DET ADJ sex PUNCT ADP history CCONJ ADP cultures PRON AUX ADJ features PUNCT SCONJ ADP ADJ variety ADP time CCONJ space PUNCT ADP ADJ attraction ADP DET point SCONJ PRON VERB sense ADP speak ADP ADJ ADJ orientations PUNCT VERB ADP DET view PUNCT homosexuality AUX DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ kind ADV ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ product PUNCT Essentialists VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ differences ADP SCONJ homosexuality AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ DET AUX PART VERB PRON ADP AUX DET ADJ category ADP ADJ ADJ expression PUNCT SPACE ADP contrast PUNCT ADP DET NUM CCONJ SCONJ DET number ADP researchers PUNCT ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ class relations PUNCT DET ADJ sciences PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADV VERB forces VERB ADJ categories CCONJ DET ADJ identities VERB ADP PRON PUNCT ADP advocates ADP DET view PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ sex AUX VERB ADP DET VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ setting AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET emphasis ADP DET ADJ creation ADP ADJ experience CCONJ expression VERB ADP DET labeling ADP DET viewpoint ADP ADJ constructionism PUNCT SCONJ ADV ADV ADJ ADP PRON proponents AUX VERB DET term PUNCT historicism PUNCT PUNCT ADV homosexuality PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADJ construction PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ PUNCT ADJ concept CCONJ role PUNCT ADV ADP DET development ADP DET construction PUNCT persons AUX PART ADV PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP persons ADP DET ADJ sex PUNCT DET differences ADP PUNCT INTJ PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON emphasis ADP pederasty PUNCT role ADP DET sex act PUNCT CCONJ ADJ status PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ role ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT AUX ADV ADV ADJ PART VERB ADP NUM category PUNCT SPACE ADP DET manner ADV VERB ADP DET claims ADP ADJ theory PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT ADJ constructionists VERB SCONJ ADJ ADJ constructs VERB ADJ ways ADP being PUNCT PRON AUX DET VERB mode ADP sexuality PRON AUX ADJ ADP culture PUNCT ADV DET concept CCONJ experience ADP ADJ orientation PRON AUX products ADP history PUNCT ADP advocates ADP DET view PUNCT DET range ADP ADJ ADJ diversity PUNCT CCONJ DET fluidity ADP ADJ possibility PUNCT AUX ADV ADV ADJ PART AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ scheme PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET ADJ ADJ dimension ADP DET ADV ADJ ADJ debate PUNCT ADJ constructionists VERB SCONJ essentialism AUX DET ADJ position ADV ADP ADV ADV NUM reasons PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ ADJ SYM ADJ organizing dichotomy PUNCT essentialism ADV VERB SCONJ heterosexuality AUX DET norm CCONJ SCONJ homosexuality AUX PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT ADJ CCONJ DET basis ADP DET ADJ minority PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ constructionists VERB SCONJ DET ADJ goal ADP ADJ investigations AUX AUX PART VERB ADP question ADJ organizing schemas ADP sexuality PUNCT DET acceptance ADP DET ADJ ADJ SYM ADJ dichotomy AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET exploration ADP ADJ possibilities PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB queer theory criticisms ADP DET essentialist position PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT PUNCT ADP contrast PUNCT essentialists VERB SCONJ DET ADJ approach VERB DET ADJ possibility ADP DET PUNCT gay history PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET field ADP investigation VERB ADJ ADJ forces CCONJ SCONJ PRON PUNCT VERB PUNCT DET ADJ form CCONJ forms ADP sexuality PUNCT ADV DET ADJ approach AUX VERB DET project ADP gay history PUNCT CCONJ minority histories ADP ADJ PUNCT ADP DET force ADP liberation PUNCT SPACE Today ADJ law theory VERB DET ADV ADJ ADJ defense ADP ADJ treatment ADP gays CCONJ lesbians PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ PRON VERB attention PUNCT DET development ADP ADJ law AUX DET ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ story PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ place PART VERB AUX ADP DET dialogues ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP DET AUX SCONJ DET ADP DET ADJ ideas AUX ADV VERB PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ domain PUNCT ADP DET Sophists PUNCT DET ADJ world AUX DET realm ADP convention CCONJ change PUNCT ADV ADP ADP ADJ ADJ truth PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP contrast PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ truths VERB DET flux ADP DET ADJ world PUNCT Reality PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ truths PUNCT AUX DET matter ADP phusis PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ degree ADP variety ADP conventions ADP NUM city ADP DET PUNCT PRON ADJ PROPN VERB ADV ADJ ADP PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ standard PUNCT CCONJ law PUNCT PRON humans AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE ADP DET Laws PUNCT PROPN VERB DET idea ADP DET VERB PUNCT ADJ law ADP sex PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET ADV ADJ line ADP PRON AUX ADP DET PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT ADP Book NUM PRON VERB ADP SCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex sex acts VERB pleasure ADP nature PUNCT SCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex sexuality AUX PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP Book NUM PUNCT DET ADJ speaker VERB SCONJ PART AUX legislation VERB ADJ acts PUNCT masturbation PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ sex ADV VERB PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ DET law AUX VERB ADP nature PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV DET ADJ way ADP VERB PROPN PART discussion ADV AUX ADP DET context ADP PRON ADJ concerns ADP DET ADJ part ADP DET soul CCONJ SCONJ ADV PART VERB PRON PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT sex passions ADP ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT SCONJ ADP DET PROPN DET ADJ attraction AUX AUX DET catalyst ADP DET life ADP philosophy PUNCT ADV ADP base sensuality PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT esp . chapter NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ figures VERB ADJ roles ADP DET development ADP ADJ law theory PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON emphasis SCONJ reason ADP DET ADJ ADJ function PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON emphasis SCONJ ADJ beings ADP DET part ADP DET ADJ order ADP DET cosmos PUNCT DET VERB PART VERB DET ADJ law perspective DET VERB SCONJ PUNCT ADJ law AUX ADJ reason ADP agreement ADP nature PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN VERB PRON PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON approach PUNCT AUX VERB ADP change PART VERB VERB ADP nature PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET way PRON ADJ law AUX VERB AUX PRON VERB ADP time PUNCT DET AUX DET idea PROPN ADV VERB ADP PRON ADJ ADJ law theory PUNCT PROPN AUX PART VERB ADV ADP ADJ issues PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET appetites ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV DET ADJ reconstruction ADP PRON views VERB PRON ADP ADJ ADJ society ADP VERB ADP PUNCT DET ADJ issue AUX DET ADP ADJ ADP DET ADJ role PUNCT ADP ADV DET latter ADJ ADP DET PRON CCONJ AUX CCONJ AUX VERB citizens PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET founder ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX PUNCT VERB ADP PRON contemporaries PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP men PUNCT CCONJ PRON thought AUX DET prohibitions ADP ADJ PUNCT sex sexuality PUNCT ADP contrast PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP sexuality ADP ADJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ remarks ADP ADJ PUNCT sex pursuits PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADV ADJ formulation ADP ADJ law theory AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT VERB DET ADJ approach ADP ADJ theology PUNCT PROPN VERB DET centrality ADP ADJ ADJ goods PUNCT VERB marriage CCONJ procreation PUNCT SCONJ PROPN AUX PART VERB ADJ ADP ADJ PUNCT sex ADJ relations PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP length ADP ADJ sex acts ADP sins PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT sexuality PRON AUX ADP DET bounds ADP marriage CCONJ DET VERB PART VERB PRON PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ goods ADP marriage PUNCT ADV love PUNCT companionship PUNCT CCONJ ADJ offspring PUNCT AUX ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT PROPN AUX PART VERB SCONJ procreation AUX DET ADJ part ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ sex PUNCT VERB couples AUX VERB sex ADP DET motive ADP VERB children PUNCT CCONJ sex ADP marriages SCONJ NUM CCONJ DET partners AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET woman AUX ADJ PUNCT AUX ADV ADV ADV PUNCT VERB DET motive ADP VERB love PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADV PROPN PART view ADV AUX PART VERB ADP ADJ sex PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT sex marriage PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET ADJ reasoning PUNCT ADV VERB DET couple ADP DET ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV VERB CCONJ ADJ union PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ move PUNCT VERB DET requirement SCONJ ADP DET VERB sex act PART AUX ADJ PRON AUX AUX ADP DET ADJ kind PUNCT DET ADJ way PRON DET AUX AUX VERB AUX ADP ADJ intercourse PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT SCONJ ADV DET emission ADP semen ADP DET vagina AUX VERB ADP ADJ reproduction PUNCT ADV sex acts ADP DET type AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET VERB sex act AUX PART VERB ADP reproduction PUNCT CCONJ ADV SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ ADJ ADP infertility PUNCT DET consequence ADP DET addition AUX PART VERB ADP DET possibility PUNCT ADP course PUNCT SCONJ ADJ sex AUX ADV AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ VERB ADP DET VERB marriage PUNCT PUNCT ADP addition ADP VERB DET ADJ ADJ ADJ sex ADP ADJ PUNCT sex VERB couples PUNCT PRON AUX DET justification ADP DET ADJ addition PUNCT DET question AUX VERB DET DET ADV ADJ ADP SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB SCONJ SCONJ ADJ ADJ rules VERB ADP individuals AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SCONJ DET nature ADP persons ADV VERB ADP DET extent PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT SCONJ PROPN VERB SCONJ ADJ natures VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT ADP nature PUNCT ADV CCONJ ADV ADJ ADP persons ADP PRON PART ADJ gender PUNCT CCONJ ADV PART VERB ADJ PUNCT sex relationships AUX PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN AUX PART VERB ADP DET justification ADP DET ADJ requirement PUNCT SPACE ADV ADJ ADJ law theorists PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX VERB DET couple ADJ lines ADP defense ADP PROPN PART PUNCT ADJ type PUNCT requirement PUNCT DET ADJ AUX SCONJ sex acts PRON VERB CCONJ homosexuality PUNCT ADJ sodomy PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB contraception PUNCT VERB DET purpose ADP DET sex organs PUNCT DET AUX ADJ PUNCT DET argument PUNCT ADV VERB DET PUNCT ADJ faculty argument PUNCT PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADP ADP ADJ attack PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ defenders ADP DET ADJ ADJ law approach AUX VERB PART VERB ADP PRON PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB DET argument PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON arguments VERB PUNCT ADP course PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET ADJ sex acts AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV AUX resources ADP DET PART VERB ADP ADJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET specifics ADP DET ADJ sort ADP argument VERB ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ law theorists VERB PUNCT DET ADJ elements AUX ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON argument VERB ADV SCONJ DET account ADP ADJ goods PUNCT DET NUM ADV ADJ ADP DET argument ADP ADJ sex PUNCT SCONJ PART ADP homosexuality ADP DET orientation DET AUX PART VERB SCONJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET PRON VERB ADJ ADJ doctrine PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ch.15 PUNCT AUX ADJ integration CCONJ marriage PUNCT ADJ integration PUNCT ADP DET view PUNCT AUX DET idea SCONJ humans PUNCT ADP agents PUNCT VERB PART AUX integration ADP PRON intentions ADP agents CCONJ PRON VERB selves PUNCT ADV PUNCT PART VERB PRON PART CCONJ DET PART body ADP DET ADJ means ADP PRON PART ADJ pleasure PUNCT ADP PRON VERB VERB ADP masturbation PUNCT VERB PUNCT dis - integration PUNCT ADP DET self PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT PRON PART intention ADV AUX ADV PART VERB DET body PUNCT one PART ADJ CCONJ DET PART PUNCT ADP DET ADJ means ADP DET end ADP pleasure PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB ADP ADJ integration PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB SCONJ NUM persons ADP DET ADJ sex VERB ADP ADJ union AUX PART ADV VERB DET sort ADP PUNCT use PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADP DET ADJ means ADP PRON PART ADJ pleasure PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ law theorists VERB SCONJ ADJ union ADP DET context ADP DET realization ADP marriage ADP DET ADJ ADJ good AUX DET ADJ ADJ expression ADP sexuality PUNCT CCONJ DET argument VERB VERB SCONJ marriage AUX DET ADJ good ADP DET ADV ADJ way PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB procreation ADP DET center ADP marriage ADP PRON PUNCT ADJ fulfillment PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ law theorists PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB PRON objection ADP ADJ sex PUNCT AUX PART VERB procreation PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB love CCONJ ADJ support ADP human flourishing ADP DET center PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT sex couples AUX VERB DET standard PUNCT ADV PRON ADJ acts AUX AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ objections PRON AUX VERB ADP DET account ADP marriage ADP DET ADJ ADJ good PUNCT NUM AUX SCONJ ADP VERB procreation ADP DET PUNCT ADJ fulfillment PUNCT ADP marriage PUNCT ADJ marriages AUX ADV VERB PUNCT Sex ADP DET ADJ PUNCT sex marriage SCONJ DET partners VERB SCONJ NUM CCONJ DET ADP PRON AUX ADJ AUX PART VERB ADP procreation PUNCT ADV ADV PRON AUX PART ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADJ sex ADP DET ADJ context PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT term companionate union PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ law rejoinder AUX SCONJ SCONJ ADJ intercourse AUX DET ADV ADJ sex act PUNCT VERB ADP PRON PUNCT SCONJ VERB DET possibility SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ couple PUNCT PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ sex acts AUX ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ AUX DET ADJ distinction ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET manner SCONJ ADJ law theorists VERB PUNCT ADJ law theorists PUNCT ADP PRON discussions ADP DET issues PUNCT VERB PART VERB PUNCT ADP DET NUM hand PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB DET ideal ADP marriage ADP DET VERB union SCONJ NUM persons AUX VERB ADP PRON ADJ flourishing PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ sex AUX DET complement ADP DET ideal PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB DET possibility ADP ADJ ADJ sex PUNCT CCONJ ADJ sodomy PUNCT DET ADP DET PRON VERB PART VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON ADV VERB DET account ADP sexuality DET VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT VERB procreation ADP DET point SCONJ ADV DET ADJ orgasm ADV SCONJ ADP DET vagina ADP PRON PART VERB spouse AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ VERB ADP AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ ideal ADP marriage PUNCT SPACE ADJ law theory PUNCT ADP present PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ concessions ADP ADJ ADJ thought PUNCT ADP contrast ADV ADP PRON ADJ formulation PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ law theorists VERB ADP ADJ ADJ power PUNCT CCONJ AUX PART VERB SCONJ DET state AUX DET interest ADP VERB PART VERB DET ADJ wrongdoing PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP homosexuality PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ protections ADP gays CCONJ lesbians ADP terms ADP employment CCONJ housing PUNCT ADV ADP DET point ADP VERB ADP expert witnesses ADP court cases CCONJ VERB ADP DET writing ADP amicus curae briefs PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADP ADJ sex marriage PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET rise ADP DET gay liberation movement ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ era PUNCT ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ perspectives VERB PART AUX VERB ADV ADP politics PUNCT philosophy CCONJ ADJ theory PUNCT ADV DET ADV AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ analyses ADP patriarchy PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ approaches ADP theory PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ NUM PART CCONJ ADJ NUM's ADJ theory AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ antecedents DET VERB PRON ADJ PART VERB PRON ADV PUNCT PRON AUX DET number ADP ways ADP DET queer theory VERB ADP ADJ gay liberation theory PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ difference AUX AUX VERB ADP ADP VERB DET reasons ADP VERB ADP DET term PUNCT queer PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT DET versions ADP PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ theory VERB DET essence ADP ADJ identity CCONJ sexuality ADP ADV ADJ terms PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADV ADP terms ADP sexuality PUNCT ADP PART ADV VERB SCONJ genitalia PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Lesbians VERB ADP DET framework PUNCT ADP example PUNCT AUX ADV ADV VERB ADJ law theorists ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT law ADP nature PUNCT DET ADV ADJ sexuality PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET genitals PUNCT penetration PUNCT CCONJ DET status ADP DET ADJ orgasm PUNCT ADJ law theorists ADV VERB ADJ orgasms PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET approach PUNCT VERB SCONJ characterizations ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT identity CCONJ sexuality PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADP NUM difficulties PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB ADV SCONJ DET goal AUX PART VERB DET ADJ regime ADP PRON exclusion CCONJ marginalization ADP DET DET sexuality AUX ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT account ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ sexuality AUX DET ADJ effect PUNCT VERB ADP DET example VERB ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ conceptualization ADP ADJ identity PUNCT PRON VERB women PRON AUX ADV CCONJ ADV ADJ ADP ADJ women PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET description PUNCT Sado PUNCT masochists CCONJ butch SYM fem lesbians ADV AUX PART VERB DET ideal ADP PUNCT equality PUNCT VERB PUNCT DET ADJ problem AUX SCONJ ADP VERB ADJ DET emphasis SCONJ DET gender ADP PRON PART ADJ partner(s PUNCT PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ sources ADP identity AUX VERB PUNCT ADJ ADP race CCONJ ethnicity PUNCT PRON AUX ADP ADJ importance PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP DET ADJ lesbian AUX PRON lesbianism PUNCT ADV ADP PRON race PUNCT ADJ gays CCONJ lesbians ADP color VERB DET approach PUNCT VERB PRON ADP VERB VERB VERB DET ADV ADJ identity ADP DET heart ADP gay CCONJ ADJ identity PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ problem ADP DET gay liberationist approach AUX SCONJ PRON ADV VERB DET category ADP PUNCT identity PUNCT PRON ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT DET DET view PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV SCONJ ADP arguments VERB ADP poststructuralism PUNCT VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ figure ADP DET attack SCONJ identity ADP ADJ AUX PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET series ADP works PRON VERB ADP PART VERB DET history ADP sexuality ADP ADJ PROPN ADP DET ADJ era PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ DET project AUX ADV VERB ADJ ADP PRON death ADP NUM PUNCT ADP complications VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB SCONJ ADV understandings ADP sexuality AUX VERB ADP time CCONJ space PUNCT CCONJ PRON arguments AUX VERB ADV ADJ ADP gay CCONJ ADJ theorizing ADP ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ theory ADP ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM ADP DET reasons ADP DET ADJ review ADV AUX SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB DET background ADP VERB DET claim SCONJ sexuality AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADV ADP VERB ADP nature PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP order PART PART VERB DET issue ADP ADJ constructionism ADP essentialism PUNCT PRON VERB VERB DET term PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ eras PUNCT ADP ADJ PROPN DET gender ADP PRON PART partner(s PUNCT AUX PART ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV SCONJ PRON VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ role PUNCT ADP DET ADJ view PUNCT DET PUNCT sodomite PUNCT AUX DET person PRON VERB ADP temptation CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ sex acts PUNCT SCONJ DET gender ADP DET partner AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADP DET ADJ view PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ framework VERB DET emphasis SCONJ DET sin ADP VERB PUNCT ADP PUNCT sin dichotomy PUNCT ADP DET rise ADP DET notion ADP PUNCT homosexuality PUNCT ADP DET ADJ era PUNCT DET person AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ category ADV SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB SCONJ DET inclinations PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ sexuality VERB ADP DET NUM ADV ADJ cultures PUNCT DET ADJ constructionist answer AUX SCONJ PRON AUX DET PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sexuality PUNCT DET ADJ understandings AUX VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ understandings PUNCT DET examples AUX AUX VERB ADV ADV ADP VERB ADJ data ADP ADP DET ADJ tradition PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ context VERB ADV PUNCT DET differences ADP PRON AUX ADJ PUNCT DET assumption ADP ADJ PROPN AUX SCONJ men PUNCT ADJ AUX VERB ADP women PUNCT AUX VERB ADV ADP DET sex PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ majority ADP men PRON VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT sex relationships AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ understanding ADP homosexuality VERB DET ADJ domain ADP NUM PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ heterosexuals AUX PART VERB ADV ADP PRON ADJ sex PUNCT SPACE ADP VERB SCONJ sexuality AUX DET ADJ construct PUNCT DET theorists AUX PART VERB SCONJ DET understandings AUX PART ADJ PUNCT SCONJ persons AUX ADV constructs ADP PRON culture PUNCT ADP DET view PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET categories PUNCT ADV today persons ADP course VERB PRON ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB ADV ADP DET categories PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ constructs PRON AUX PUNCT SPACE ADJ CCONJ ADJ theory AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM ADJ problems PUNCT DET ADP DET VERB difficulties ADP DET notion ADP PUNCT identity PUNCT PUNCT ADJ theory ADV VERB ADP ADJ part ADP DET attempt PART VERB PRON PUNCT SCONJ ADJ theory AUX ADV AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADP DET term PUNCT queer PUNCT PRON PUNCT ADP contrast ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT queer PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PUNCT AUX PART VERB ADP DET essence PUNCT SCONJ ADP DET ADJ nature CCONJ PART PUNCT ADV PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ term PRON VERB PRON meaning ADV ADP AUX DET DET AUX ADV ADP DET norm PUNCT ADV DET norm PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADP NUM ADP DET ADV ADJ ADJ theorists VERB PRON PUNCT PUNCT ADJ AUX PUNCT DET AUX ADP odds ADP DET ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX PRON ADP ADJ PART DET PRON ADV VERB PUNCT PRON AUX DET identity ADP DET essence PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADJ emphasis PUNCT PUNCT ADP VERB DET essence PUNCT ADJ AUX PART VERB DET DET sexuality AUX ADP ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ norm PUNCT ADJ ADP sado PUNCT masochists PUNCT SCONJ ADJ conceptualizations ADP sexuality AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADV PART VERB ADP DET center ADP DET definition ADP queer PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ freedom ADP self PUNCT identification ADP PUNCT INTJ PUNCT ADJ lesbians PART VERB ADV ADV CCONJ ADV ADP PRON race PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ trait PUNCT ADJ ADP involvement ADP DET PROPN CCONJ M subculture PUNCT ADP ADP lesbianism PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET insights ADP poststructuralism ADP DET difficulties ADP VERB DET essence CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ aspect ADP identity PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ move ADP ADJ theorists PUNCT DET claim SCONJ DET categories ADP DET identity AUX VERB AUX DET ADJ constructs ADV ADP VERB ADP PRON ADP nature PUNCT VERB ADP DET number ADP ADJ possibilities PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ theorists VERB SCONJ ADJ notions ADP gender CCONJ sex DET VERB ADV ADJ CCONJ self PUNCT ADJ ADP persons ADP DET ADJ PROPN AUX ADP fact VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ actions PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET VERB ADP ways PRON VERB heterosexuality PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB AUX ADJ categories DET AUX PRON ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT AUX DET ADJ example ADP DET PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART ADV DET ADJ theorist PUNCT PUNCT Others VERB SCONJ language CCONJ ADV divisions ADP PRON AUX VERB CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT VERB ADP DET dichotomy ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADP regards ADP DET ADJ division ADP ADJ SYM ADJ PUNCT structure ADJ ADP ADJ thought PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB ADP dichotomies ADJ ADP ADJ SYM ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ SYM ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET background DET ADJ reliance SCONJ DET ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT understanding ADP DET ADJ world ADP VERB ADP NUM species PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET fluidity ADP categories VERB ADP ADJ theory ADV VERB DET possibility ADP ADJ sorts ADP histories PRON VERB ADV ADJ types ADP affections CCONJ relationships PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ perspective VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT SCONJ ADV ADJ ADP DET ADV VERB ADP PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ arguments VERB SCONJ DET VERB naturalness ADP heterosexuality PUNCT ADJ theorists VERB PART VERB SCONJ DET categories AUX PRON ADV ADJ constructs PUNCT DET example VERB PART VERB DET approach PUNCT ADP DET essay ADP ADJ marriage PUNCT VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ men AUX DET PUNCT ADJ tendency PUNCT PART AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP contrast PUNCT PRON VERB ADV VERB PUNCT ADJ marriage ADP DET ADJ condition ADP heterosexuality PUNCT Heterosexuality PUNCT ADP PRON argument PUNCT AUX DET ADJ combination ADP PRON ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ condition AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ things ADP DET presence ADP ADJ couples PUNCT ADJ teachers PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ talk ADP homosexuality PUNCT PROPN PART argument VERB DET ADJ disjunction ADP heterosexuality CCONJ homosexuality PUNCT SCONJ gayness AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB PRON PUNCT PROPN AUX DET courage PART AUX ADJ ADP DET element ADP PRON argument PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADP PUNCT DET ADJ imposition ADP tolerance PUNCT ADP gays CCONJ lesbians PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET ADJ move ADP ADJ theory PART VERB PUNCT ADP ADJ ADV PUNCT issues ADP truth CCONJ falsity PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET analysis VERB ADP DET ADJ function ADP discourse PUNCT Questions ADP PRON VERB ADP DET expert CCONJ SCONJ PUNCT CCONJ concerns ADP DET effects ADP DET expert PART discourse AUX VERB ADJ status ADP questions ADP DET verity ADP PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET approach VERB SCONJ VERB ADP PROPN PART PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT work AUX DET ADJ ADJ move PUNCT SCONJ heterosexuality AUX DET ADJ condition PUNCT PRON AUX DET place PRON AUX VERB ADP CCONJ PART VERB ADP PUNCT ADP contrast PUNCT homosexuality AUX DET aberration CCONJ ADV PRON VERB PART AUX VERB CCONJ PRON AUX PART DET ADJ place ADP DET PRON AUX VERB PUNCT ADP virtue ADP DET ADJ privilege PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB DET voice ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ expert PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP DET history section ADV VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB discontinuities ADP understandings ADP sexuality PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX ADJ ADP DET point SCONJ PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ theorists PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADP sexuality ADP VERB DET ADJ nature ADV ADV PUNCT ADP VERB PRON infatuation ADP DET ADJ conception ADP sexuality PUNCT DET ADJ theorist VERB space ADP VERB forms PUNCT SPACE ADJ theory PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP DET myriad ADP ways PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT NUM set ADP criticisms VERB ADP theorists PRON AUX ADJ ADP gay liberation VERB ADP DET project ADP ADJ ADJ change PUNCT DET ADJ criticism AUX SCONJ ADV SCONJ PUNCT queer PUNCT AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ status CCONJ gender object choice PUNCT ADP example PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ persons AUX AUX PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB gays CCONJ lesbians ADP DET distinctiveness ADP PRON VERB PRON ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB identity PUNCT SCONJ DET issue AUX ADV ADP DET ADJ identity PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ criticism AUX SCONJ ADJ theory PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB DET essence CCONJ reference ADP ADJ ideas ADP normality PUNCT AUX PART VERB ADJ distinctions PUNCT ADP example PUNCT queer theorists ADV VERB SCONJ NUM ADP DET advantages ADP DET term PUNCT queer PUNCT AUX SCONJ PRON ADV VERB transsexuals PUNCT sado PUNCT masochists PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ sexualities PUNCT SCONJ ADV AUX DET VERB PUNCT AUX ADJ sex PUNCT X PUNCT pedophilia PUNCT ADJ PUNCT AUX PRON DET limits SCONJ DET forms ADP ADJ sado PUNCT masochism CCONJ fetishism PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ theorists ADV VERB pedophilia PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ question SCONJ DET theory AUX DET resources PART VERB DET DET distinction PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ theorists ADV VERB PART VERB ADP pedophiles ADP PUNCT queer PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET criticism AUX SCONJ queer theory PUNCT ADP part SCONJ PRON ADV AUX recourse ADP DET ADV ADJ jargon PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ elite ADP DET ADJ elite PUNCT PRON AUX ADV class VERB CCONJ ADV PUNCT ADP practice PUNCT ADV ADV VERB ADP ADP universities CCONJ colleges PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ theory AUX ADV VERB ADP DET PRON VERB DET desirability ADP ADJ ADJ change PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ gays CCONJ lesbians AUX VERB DET ADJ approach ADP VERB SCONJ PRON AUX AUX PUNCT ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT queer PUNCT VERB PRON connotation ADP PRON ADJ CCONJ ADP odds ADP mainstream society PUNCT DET AUX ADV PRON ADJ ADJ theorists VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART ADV VERB DET attacks SCONJ gays CCONJ lesbians VERB ADP conservatives PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADV VERB ADJ theorists ADP VERB SCONJ PROPN PART account ADP power PUNCT DET PRON VERB AUX PART VERB ADP ADJ resistance PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ PROPN PART understanding ADP PROPN PART notions ADP power CCONJ resistance AUX ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET debates ADP homosexuality PUNCT ADP part SCONJ PRON ADV VERB ADJ policy CCONJ ADJ issues PUNCT VERB PART AUX ADV VERB PUNCT DET ADV ADJ ADP homosexuality PUNCT ADV CCONJ ADV PUNCT AUX ADV DET ADV VERB PUNCT ADP ADJ law theorists VERB ADP gays CCONJ lesbians VERB DET VERB ADJ status PUNCT CCONJ queer theorists VERB ADP critique CCONJ deconstruction ADP PRON PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ regime PUNCT CCONJ DET NUM AUX PART VERB ADV ADP NUM DET PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB CCONJ VERB ADP NUM DET PUNCT PRON AUX DET theorists ADP DET middle PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB DET ADJ approach ADP DET PRON VERB SCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ relationships AUX VERB DET ADJ goods PRON ADJ relationships AUX PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET account ADP ADJ ADJ goods PRON ADJ law theorists AUX PUNCT CCONJ ADP PRON evaluation ADP DET worth ADP ADJ PUNCT sex relationships PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ concerns PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ defenses ADP ADJ ADJ equality ADP gays CCONJ lesbians PUNCT VERB marriage rights PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB ADP DET ADJ reform ADP ADJ ADJ culture CCONJ politics PUNCT ADP DET PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT DET centrists AUX VERB ADP DET sides PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP example PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP length DET ADP queer theorists PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADJ law theorists PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP DET foregoing ADV ADV VERB PUNCT DET policy CCONJ ADJ debates VERB homosexuality VERB ADJ issues ADP morality CCONJ justice PUNCT ADV ADV ADV ADP DET PUNCT PRON VERB ADP issues ADP ADJ identity CCONJ self PUNCT definition PUNCT ADV PRON AUX DET PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT set ADP reasons ADP DET polarization PRON VERB DET debates PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Democracy CCONJ Homosexuality PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT Vol.209 PUNCT No.25 PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT pp.17 SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET Beginning ADP DET ADJ Era ADP DET ADJ Century PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET End ADP Marriage PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN ADP Identity PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PRON VERB PUNCT ADP DET ADJ Limits ADP PUNCT Sex PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT History PUNCT ADJ Theory PUNCT CCONJ ADJ Identity PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT Vol.14 PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB DET PROPN ADP Men PUNCT ADJ PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP PROPN ADP DET Renaissance ADP DET Present PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB DET Body PUNCT PROPN Politics CCONJ DET Construction ADP Sexuality PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Law PUNCT Morality PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ Orientation PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET History ADP PROPN PUNCT Volume NUM PUNCT DET Introduction PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT Volume NUM PUNCT DET PROPN ADP Pleasure PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT Volume NUM PUNCT DET Care ADP DET Self PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP Defense ADP ADJ Law PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT ADJ PUNCT Sex Marriage PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM NUM PROPN ADP Homosexuality PUNCT CCONJ ADJ essays ADP ADJ love PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT 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PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN Argument CCONJ ADJ Toleration PUNCT Abortion CCONJ Homosexuality PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Virtues PUNCT Institutions PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT Conduct PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT AUX ADJ PUNCT PROPN CCONJ Opposition PUNCT Vol.40 PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP Homosexuality PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ Law PUNCT Morality PUNCT CCONJ ADJ Complementarity PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ Family PUNCT Essay ADP PROPN CCONJ Nature PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP ADJ Marriage PUNCT Commentary PUNCT Vol.101 PUNCT No.3 PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PART VERB DET entry PUNCT VERB DET PROPN version ADP DET entry ADP DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET entry topic ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADJ bibliography ADP DET entry ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP links ADP PRON database PUNCT
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INTJ VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB VERB DET Encyclopedia ADJ SPACE DET term PUNCT homosexuality PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ century ADP DET ADJ psychologist PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET term AUX ADJ PUNCT discussions ADP sexuality ADP ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex attraction ADP ADJ PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ discussion VERB ADP PROPN PART PROPN ADP ADJ queer theory PUNCT SCONJ DET history ADP ADJ understandings ADP ADJ PUNCT sex attraction AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ issues VERB ADP DET understandings PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB ADV DET ADP DET ADJ history ADP homosexuality PUNCT VERB ADP ADP DET history PUNCT ADP ADJ ADP DET PROPN PUNCT AUX DET idea ADP ADJ law CCONJ DET interpretations ADP DET law ADP VERB ADJ sex PUNCT References ADP ADJ law ADV VERB DET ADJ role ADP ADJ debates ADP homosexuality ADP religion PUNCT politics PUNCT CCONJ ADV courtrooms PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV DET ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ change VERB homosexuality AUX DET emergence ADP DET gay liberation movement ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ circles DET movement AUX PUNCT ADP part PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ group ADP thinkers PRON AUX VERB ADP DET label ADP ADJ theory PUNCT DET ADJ issue VERB ADP ADJ theory PUNCT DET AUX AUX VERB ADV PUNCT AUX SCONJ homosexuality PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV heterosexuality CCONJ bisexuality PUNCT AUX ADV VERB CCONJ ADV VERB ADP ADJ forces PUNCT SPACE PUNCT X X History SPACE PUNCT X X ADJ Debates SPACE PUNCT X X ADJ Law SPACE PUNCT X X PROPN Theory CCONJ DET ADJ Construction ADP Sexuality SPACE PUNCT X X Conclusion SPACE PUNCT ADJ PROPN SPACE PUNCT ADJ Internet PROPN SPACE PUNCT PROPN Entries SPACE ADP AUX AUX ADV VERB PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN AUX PART AUX terms CCONJ concepts PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ dichotomy ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX DET wealth ADP material ADP ADJ PROPN ADJ ADP issues ADP sexuality PUNCT VERB ADP dialogues ADP PROPN PUNCT ADJ ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADP plays ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADJ artwork CCONJ vases PUNCT PRON VERB AUX DET ADJ description ADP ADJ ADJ attitudes PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ variation PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP parts ADP PROPN PRON AUX ADJ strictures ADP ADJ PUNCT sex X PUNCT SCONJ ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV DET ADV ADJ assumption ADP ADJ orientation AUX SCONJ persons AUX VERB ADV ADP beauty ADP DET sex PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP example PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ general CCONJ politician ADP DET ADJ century PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP PRON adolescence PRON VERB ADV DET husbands ADP PRON wives PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ man DET wives ADP PRON husbands PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET persons AUX VERB ADP PRON ADJ interests ADP persons ADP NUM gender PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PROPN DET PROPN CCONJ DET founder ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX VERB ADP PRON ADJ interest ADP boys CCONJ ADJ men PUNCT ADJ persons PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET exception PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET issue ADP DET gender PRON AUX VERB ADP AUX VERB ADP DET issue ADP taste CCONJ preference PUNCT ADV ADP ADP DET ADJ issue PUNCT DET character ADP PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT Dialogue ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ PUNCT DET ADJ lover ADP beauty VERB ADP love SCONJ PRON VERB excellence CCONJ ADJ ADJ endowment ADP regard ADP DET difference ADP ADJ detail PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT Gender ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT detail PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET excellence ADP character CCONJ beauty AUX PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADV SCONJ DET gender PRON PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT VERB DET assumption SCONJ persons AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP persons ADP DET sexes PUNCT AUX PART ADJ PUNCT ADJ issues AUX ADJ PUNCT ADJ ADP SCONJ PRON VERB moderation PUNCT Status concerns AUX ADV ADP DET ADJ importance PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADV ADJ men AUX ADJ status PUNCT women CCONJ ADJ slaves AUX PART ADJ ADJ partners PUNCT Sex ADP freemen PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX 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AUX VERB ADP ADJ sex PUNCT DET relationship AUX PART AUX ADJ CCONJ AUX VERB SCONJ DET boy VERB adulthood PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PART VERB ADP DET ADJ role ADV SCONJ PRON AUX AUX DET ADJ citizen AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PRON ADV AUX ADJ ADJ male ADJ PUNCT sex relationships PRON AUX VERB CCONJ PART ADV VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ role AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT PART AUX VERB ADP men AUX ADV VERB ADP DET sign ADP masculinity PUNCT ADJ gods PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX stories ADP ADJ PUNCT sex exploits VERB ADP PRON PUNCT ADP AUX ADJ ADJ figures ADP ADJ myth CCONJ literature PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET army PART AUX VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT sex lovers PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB DET DET regiment PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP NUM soldiers PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ world ADP PRON valor ADP battle PUNCT SPACE ADJ PROPN AUX ADJ parallels ADP PRON understanding ADP ADJ PUNCT sex attraction PUNCT CCONJ ADJ issues ADV ADV PUNCT ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADV ADP DET PROPN PUNCT ADJ society ADV VERB ADV ADJ ADP PRON views ADP sexuality PUNCT ADV ADP ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ turmoil PUNCT ADV ADP PROPN VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON attitude DET PROPN PROPN AUX ADP sexuality ADP ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex attraction ADP ADJ PUNCT AUX DET matter ADP ADJ debate PUNCT PROPN PROPN VERB PUNCT ADP PRON ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ Homosexuality PUNCT SCONJ ADJ passages VERB today ADP condemnations ADP homosexuality AUX ADV ADJ ADP prostitution PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex acts AUX VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT DET meaning AUX ADV ADJ ADP PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADV ADP ADP ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB ADV PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ others AUX VERB PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT PROPN PART scholarship PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX SCONJ SCONJ condemnation ADP ADJ PUNCT sex attraction AUX ADJ ADP DET PROPN CCONJ 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sexuality PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADJ variations PUNCT SPACE ADP DET decline ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PRON replacement ADP ADJ ADJ kingdoms PUNCT DET ADJ tolerance PUNCT ADP DET ADJ exception ADP ADJ PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ acts VERB PUNCT ADP NUM ADJ scholar VERB PRON PUNCT PUNCT ADJ ADJ law VERB ADJ measures ADP homosexuality ADP DET middle ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET ADJ theologians VERB PART VERB ADJ sexuality PUNCT VERB ADJ PUNCT sex acts PUNCT DET genre ADP ADJ literature PUNCT ADV ADP DET clergy PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ centuries PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT chapters NUM CCONJ NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ part ADP DET ADJ ADP DET ADJ centuries PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB DET ADJ rise ADP intolerance ADP ADJ sex PUNCT ADP persecution ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT heretics PUNCT CCONJ others PUNCT SCONJ DET causes ADP DET AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADJ class conflict ADP DET ADJ reform movement ADP DET PROPN PROPN AUX NUM ADJ factors PUNCT DET PROPN PRON VERB PART VERB ADP DET conception ADP PUNCT nature PUNCT ADP DET standard ADP morality PUNCT CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET DET way SCONJ ADP PART VERB ADJ sex PUNCT ADV ADV ADP ADJ sex PUNCT ADJ sex ADP marriage PUNCT CCONJ ADV masturbation PUNCT PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ council PART VERB ADJ sex PUNCT PROPN NUM ADP NUM PUNCT VERB SCONJ PUNCT PRON AUX AUX VERB PART AUX VERB DET incontinence DET AUX ADP nature PUNCT AUX AUX VERB PUNCT DET severity ADP DET VERB SCONJ SCONJ DET transgressor AUX DET cleric CCONJ layperson PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET appeal ADP ADJ law PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT VERB ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ tradition PUNCT DET ADJ point PART VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX SCONJ DET ADJ category ADV AUX DET PUNCT sodomite PUNCT PUNCT DET VERB ADP DET ADJ idea ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT DET sodomite AUX VERB ADP act PUNCT VERB PUNCT ADV ADP ADP DET type ADP person PUNCT PRON PRON AUX desires PART VERB ADP sodomy PUNCT CCONJ AUX PART VERB SCONJ PRON PUNCT AUX PART DET sodomite PUNCT ADV PUNCT persons PRON VERB ADP ADJ sodomy AUX ADV sodomites PUNCT PRON AUX reports ADP persons AUX VERB ADP death CCONJ VERB ADP sodomy ADP DET spouse PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET person PRON AUX VERB ADP sodomy PUNCT ADV PRON AUX VERB ADP PRON sin CCONJ VERB PART ADV AUX PRON ADV PUNCT AUX ADV ADV DET sodomite PUNCT DET gender ADP PRON PART partner AUX ADV PART ADP ADJ importance PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ theologians VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT sex sodomy ADP DET ADJ type ADP ADJ crime PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ ADJ centuries ADP PROPN PUNCT DET laws ADP ADJ sex AUX ADJ ADP PRON penalties PUNCT Enforcement PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP DET regions PUNCT decades AUX VERB ADP DET prosecutions PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT ADP DET NUM's PUNCT VERB DET ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ campaign PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ pogrom PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB torture PART VERB confessions PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP NUM NUM men CCONJ boys AUX VERB CCONJ VERB burial PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET degree PART DET sodomy CCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex attraction AUX VERB VERB ADP class PUNCT ADP DET ADJ class VERB DET ADJ view PUNCT SCONJ DET aristocracy CCONJ nobility ADV VERB ADJ expressions ADP ADJ sexualities PUNCT ADP times PUNCT ADV ADP DET risk ADP ADJ punishment PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sex VERB subcultures AUX VERB ADP cities PUNCT ADV ADV PART AUX VERB ADP DET authorities PUNCT ADP DET ADJ century PRON AUX DET ADJ reduction ADP DET ADJ penalties ADP sodomy PUNCT DET ADJ code VERB sodomy PUNCT CCONJ ADP PROPN PART conquests DET PROPN VERB PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP ADJ countries SCONJ ADJ sex VERB DET crime PUNCT DET ADJ movement ADP DET time ADV ADP DET death penalty ADV VERB SCONJ sodomy AUX VERB ADP DET list ADP ADJ offenses PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ centuries DET ADV ADJ framework ADV ADV VERB DET discourse ADP ADJ PUNCT sex attraction PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ arguments CCONJ interpretations VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV DET ADV ADJ ADJ domain ADP discussions ADP homosexuality AUX ADP medicine PUNCT VERB psychology PUNCT DET discourse PUNCT ADP turn PUNCT VERB ADP ADP considerations ADP DET state CCONJ PRON need ADP DET VERB population PUNCT ADJ soldiers PUNCT CCONJ ADJ families VERB ADP ADV VERB gender roles PUNCT Doctors AUX VERB ADP ADP courts PART VERB sex crime defendants PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET ADJ time PUNCT DET ADJ increase ADP school attendance rates CCONJ DET ADJ length ADP time VERB ADP school PUNCT VERB ADJ contact PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV DET frequency ADP ADJ sex PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sex relations ADP persons ADP ADV DET ADJ age VERB DET norm PUNCT SPACE ADV DET rise ADP DET prestige ADP medicine VERB ADP part ADP DET VERB ability ADP science PART VERB ADP ADJ phenomena ADP DET basis ADP ADJ causation PUNCT DET application ADP DET viewpoint ADP humans VERB ADP accounts ADP sexuality ADP ADJ CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT DET voluntarism ADP DET ADJ understanding ADP sodomy PUNCT SCONJ sodomites VERB sin PUNCT VERB way ADP DET ADJ notion ADP homosexuality ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ characteristic ADP persons PUNCT ADV ADP SCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ DET orientation PUNCT DET idea ADP DET PUNCT ADJ sodomite PUNCT AUX PART AUX VERB sense PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET ADJ view PRON AUX VERB sense PART VERB ADP DET person ADP DET PUNCT ADJ homosexual PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADP ADJ acts VERB DET person PUNCT ADP ADP DET ADJ view PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ makeup PUNCT ADV VERB ADP ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ category ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ precursors ADP DET ideas PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN VERB DET ADJ explanation ADP ADJ homosexuality PUNCT PUNCT medicine VERB PRON ADJ ADJ exposure CCONJ credibility PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET effects ADP DET ideas VERB ADP ADJ ways PUNCT SCONJ homosexuality AUX PUNCT ADP DET view PUNCT PART VERB PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ sense PART VERB PRON PUNCT Persons AUX PART VERB ADJ acts PUNCT CCONJ persons AUX AUX VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ state PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ intervention ADP DET cure AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV doctors PUNCT ADV psychiatrists PUNCT VERB ADP DET repeal CCONJ reduction ADP ADJ penalties ADP ADJ ADJ sodomy PUNCT ADV VERB PART PUNCT VERB PUNCT homosexuals PUNCT PRON ADV VERB PART VERB techniques PART VERB children ADP VERB ADJ PUNCT ADP example ADP VERB SCONJ childhood masturbation VERB homosexuality PUNCT ADV PRON AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE ADP DET ADJ century ADJ roles AUX VERB ADV ADV PUNCT ADP DET variety ADP reasons PUNCT ADJ intercourse ADV VERB ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP DET decline ADP prohibitions ADP sex ADP DET sake ADP pleasure ADV ADP ADP marriage PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADJ PART VERB ADP ADJ sex PUNCT DET trends AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET 1960's PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADP DET context PRON DET ADJ liberation movement VERB ADP PUNCT SCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ rights groups AUX AUX ADV ADP decades PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT key approach ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ society PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN ADP PROPN AUX PART VERB ADJ ground PUNCT DET VERB ADP DET ADJ morning hours ADP PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT SCONJ DET patrons ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ bar ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP DET police raid PUNCT ADP DET aftermath ADP DET event PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ groups VERB PART VERB ADP DET country PUNCT ADJ ADJ clubs AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ city PUNCT CCONJ NUM fourth ADP DET college campuses AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ groups PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ communities ADP cities ADP coast ADP coast VERB DET norm PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB homosexuality ADP PRON ADJ listing ADP ADJ disorders PUNCT DET VERB visibility ADP gays CCONJ lesbians AUX VERB DET ADJ feature ADP ADJ life SCONJ DET NUM ADJ setbacks ADP DET PROPN epidemic CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ ADJ backlash PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP DET ADJ survey PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ ADJ era AUX ADV VERB ADJ changes ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET repeal ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ laws CCONJ ADJ equality ADP gays CCONJ lesbians AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADJ currents ADP society AUX VERB DET ways ADP DET scholars CCONJ activists AUX VERB research ADP sexuality CCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex attraction PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ century researchers CCONJ equality advocates PUNCT VERB PART VERB ADJ PUNCT sex relations ADP societies PRON VERB CCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT VERB ADV lists ADP ADJ ADJ figures VERB ADP persons ADP DET ADJ sex PUNCT ADJ lists VERB DET ADJ ADJ entity VERB ADJ attraction PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PRON PUNCT inversion PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT homosexuality PUNCT PUNCT DET approach PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV VERB family ADP approaches PUNCT AUX ADV VERB essentialism PUNCT Historians CCONJ researchers ADJ ADP DET gay liberation movement ADP DET ADJ 1960s CCONJ NUM VERB DET number ADP books PRON ADV VERB ADP DET essentialist approach PUNCT ADP DET NUM CCONJ NUM PROPN PROPN VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ level ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ sophistication PUNCT SCONJ PRON position VERB ADP time ADP NUM ADP ADJ agnosticism ADP essentialists CCONJ PRON critics PUNCT PROPN PART work PUNCT NUM PUNCT AUX DET ADJ ADJ example ADP DET ADJ methodology PUNCT SPACE Essentialists VERB SCONJ categories ADP ADJ attraction AUX VERB ADV ADP VERB PUNCT ADP example PUNCT SCONJ ADJ PROPN AUX PART AUX terms PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ SYM ADJ division PUNCT persons AUX VERB men PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP person ADP DET ADJ sex PUNCT ADP history CCONJ ADP cultures PRON AUX ADJ features PUNCT SCONJ ADP ADJ variety ADP time CCONJ space PUNCT ADP ADJ attraction ADP DET point SCONJ PRON VERB sense ADP speak ADP ADJ ADJ orientations PUNCT VERB ADP DET view PUNCT homosexuality AUX DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ kind ADV ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ product PUNCT Essentialists VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ differences ADP SCONJ homosexuality AUX VERB CCONJ VERB PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB SCONJ DET AUX PART VERB PRON ADP AUX DET ADJ category ADP ADJ ADJ expression PUNCT SPACE ADP contrast PUNCT ADP DET NUM CCONJ SCONJ DET number ADP researchers PUNCT ADV VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ class relations PUNCT DET ADJ sciences PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADV VERB forces VERB ADJ categories CCONJ DET ADJ identities VERB ADP PRON PUNCT ADP advocates ADP DET view PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ sex AUX VERB ADP DET VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ setting AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET emphasis ADP DET ADJ creation ADP ADJ experience CCONJ expression VERB ADP DET labeling ADP DET viewpoint ADP ADJ constructionism PUNCT SCONJ ADV ADV ADJ ADP PRON proponents AUX VERB DET term PUNCT historicism PUNCT PUNCT ADV homosexuality PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADJ construction PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ PUNCT ADJ concept CCONJ role PUNCT ADV ADP DET development ADP DET construction PUNCT persons AUX PART ADV PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP persons ADP DET ADJ sex PUNCT DET differences ADP PUNCT INTJ PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON emphasis ADP pederasty PUNCT role ADP DET sex act PUNCT CCONJ ADJ status PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ role ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT AUX ADV ADV ADJ PART VERB ADP NUM category PUNCT SPACE ADP DET manner ADV VERB ADP DET claims ADP ADJ theory PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT ADJ constructionists VERB SCONJ ADJ ADJ constructs VERB ADJ ways ADP being PUNCT PRON AUX DET VERB mode ADP sexuality PRON AUX ADJ ADP culture PUNCT ADV DET concept CCONJ experience ADP ADJ orientation PRON AUX products ADP history PUNCT ADP advocates ADP DET view PUNCT DET range ADP ADJ ADJ diversity PUNCT CCONJ DET fluidity ADP ADJ possibility PUNCT AUX ADV ADV ADJ PART AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ scheme PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET ADJ ADJ dimension ADP DET ADV ADJ ADJ debate PUNCT ADJ constructionists VERB SCONJ essentialism AUX DET ADJ position ADV ADP ADV ADV NUM reasons PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP VERB DET ADJ ADJ SYM ADJ organizing dichotomy PUNCT essentialism ADV VERB SCONJ heterosexuality AUX DET norm CCONJ SCONJ homosexuality AUX PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT ADJ CCONJ DET basis ADP DET ADJ minority PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ constructionists VERB SCONJ DET ADJ goal ADP ADJ investigations AUX AUX PART VERB ADP question ADJ organizing schemas ADP sexuality PUNCT DET acceptance ADP DET ADJ ADJ SYM ADJ dichotomy AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET exploration ADP ADJ possibilities PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB queer theory criticisms ADP DET essentialist position PUNCT VERB ADV PUNCT PUNCT ADP contrast PUNCT essentialists VERB SCONJ DET ADJ approach VERB DET ADJ possibility ADP DET PUNCT gay history PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET field ADP investigation VERB ADJ ADJ forces CCONJ SCONJ PRON PUNCT VERB PUNCT DET ADJ form CCONJ forms ADP sexuality PUNCT ADV DET ADJ approach AUX VERB DET project ADP gay history PUNCT CCONJ minority histories ADP ADJ PUNCT ADP DET force ADP liberation PUNCT SPACE Today ADJ law theory VERB DET ADV ADJ ADJ defense ADP ADJ treatment ADP gays CCONJ lesbians PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ PRON VERB attention PUNCT DET development ADP ADJ law AUX DET ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ story PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ place PART VERB AUX ADP DET dialogues ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP DET AUX SCONJ DET ADP DET ADJ ideas AUX ADV VERB PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT AUX ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ domain PUNCT ADP DET Sophists PUNCT DET ADJ world AUX DET realm ADP convention CCONJ change PUNCT ADV ADP ADP ADJ ADJ truth PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP contrast PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ truths VERB DET flux ADP DET ADJ world PUNCT Reality PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ truths PUNCT AUX DET matter ADP phusis PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ degree ADP variety ADP conventions ADP NUM city ADP DET PUNCT PRON ADJ PROPN VERB ADV ADJ ADP PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET ADJ standard PUNCT CCONJ law PUNCT PRON humans AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE ADP DET Laws PUNCT PROPN VERB DET idea ADP DET VERB PUNCT ADJ law ADP sex PUNCT CCONJ VERB DET ADV ADJ line ADP PRON AUX ADP DET PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT ADP Book NUM PRON VERB ADP SCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex sex acts VERB pleasure ADP nature PUNCT SCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex sexuality AUX PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP Book NUM PUNCT DET ADJ speaker VERB SCONJ PART AUX legislation VERB ADJ acts PUNCT masturbation PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ sex ADV VERB PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ DET law AUX VERB ADP nature PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV DET ADJ way ADP VERB PROPN PART discussion ADV AUX ADP DET context ADP PRON ADJ concerns ADP DET ADJ part ADP DET soul CCONJ SCONJ ADV PART VERB PRON PUNCT PROPN ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT sex passions ADP ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT SCONJ ADP DET PROPN DET ADJ attraction AUX AUX DET catalyst ADP DET life ADP philosophy PUNCT ADV ADP base sensuality PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT esp . chapter NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ figures VERB ADJ roles ADP DET development ADP ADJ law theory PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON emphasis SCONJ reason ADP DET ADJ ADJ function PUNCT CCONJ DET PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON emphasis SCONJ ADJ beings ADP DET part ADP DET ADJ order ADP DET cosmos PUNCT DET VERB PART VERB DET ADJ law perspective DET VERB SCONJ PUNCT ADJ law AUX ADJ reason ADP agreement ADP nature PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN VERB PRON PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PRON approach PUNCT AUX VERB ADP change PART VERB VERB ADP nature PUNCT CCONJ ADV DET way PRON ADJ law AUX VERB AUX PRON VERB ADP time PUNCT DET AUX DET idea PROPN ADV VERB ADP PRON ADJ ADJ law theory PUNCT PROPN AUX PART VERB ADV ADP ADJ issues PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET appetites ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV DET ADJ reconstruction ADP PRON views VERB PRON ADP ADJ ADJ society ADP VERB ADP PUNCT DET ADJ issue AUX DET ADP ADJ ADP DET ADJ role PUNCT ADP ADV DET latter ADJ ADP DET PRON CCONJ AUX CCONJ AUX VERB citizens PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET founder ADP PROPN PUNCT AUX PUNCT VERB ADP PRON contemporaries PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP men PUNCT CCONJ PRON thought AUX DET prohibitions ADP ADJ PUNCT sex sexuality PUNCT ADP contrast PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN PUNCT AUX ADJ ADP sexuality ADP ADJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ remarks ADP ADJ PUNCT sex pursuits PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADV ADJ formulation ADP ADJ law theory AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET ADJ century PUNCT VERB DET ADJ approach ADP ADJ theology PUNCT PROPN VERB DET centrality ADP ADJ ADJ goods PUNCT VERB marriage CCONJ procreation PUNCT SCONJ PROPN AUX PART VERB ADJ ADP ADJ PUNCT sex ADJ relations PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP length ADP ADJ sex acts ADP sins PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT sexuality PRON AUX ADP DET bounds ADP marriage CCONJ DET VERB PART VERB PRON PRON VERB ADP DET ADJ goods ADP marriage PUNCT ADV love PUNCT companionship PUNCT CCONJ ADJ offspring PUNCT AUX ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT PROPN AUX PART VERB SCONJ procreation AUX DET ADJ part ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ sex PUNCT VERB couples AUX VERB sex ADP DET motive ADP VERB children PUNCT CCONJ sex ADP marriages SCONJ NUM CCONJ DET partners AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET woman AUX ADJ PUNCT AUX ADV ADV ADV PUNCT VERB DET motive ADP VERB love PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADV PROPN PART view ADV AUX PART VERB ADP ADJ sex PUNCT ADP example PUNCT DET PROPN AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT sex marriage PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET ADJ reasoning PUNCT ADV VERB DET couple ADP DET ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADV VERB CCONJ ADJ union PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT ADP DET ADJ move PUNCT VERB DET requirement SCONJ ADP DET VERB sex act PART AUX ADJ PRON AUX AUX ADP DET ADJ kind PUNCT DET ADJ way PRON DET AUX AUX VERB AUX ADP ADJ intercourse PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT SCONJ ADV DET emission ADP semen ADP DET vagina AUX VERB ADP ADJ reproduction PUNCT ADV sex acts ADP DET type AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ DET VERB sex act AUX PART VERB ADP reproduction PUNCT CCONJ ADV SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ ADJ ADP infertility PUNCT DET consequence ADP DET addition AUX PART VERB ADP DET possibility PUNCT ADP course PUNCT SCONJ ADJ sex AUX ADV AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV SCONJ VERB ADP DET VERB marriage PUNCT PUNCT ADP addition ADP VERB DET ADJ ADJ ADJ sex ADP ADJ PUNCT sex VERB couples PUNCT PRON AUX DET justification ADP DET ADJ addition PUNCT DET question AUX VERB DET DET ADV ADJ ADP SCONJ PROPN AUX VERB SCONJ SCONJ ADJ ADJ rules VERB ADP individuals AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SCONJ DET nature ADP persons ADV VERB ADP DET extent PUNCT DET ADV PUNCT SCONJ PROPN VERB SCONJ ADJ natures VERB PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT ADP nature PUNCT ADV CCONJ ADV ADJ ADP persons ADP PRON PART ADJ gender PUNCT CCONJ ADV PART VERB ADJ PUNCT sex relationships AUX PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN AUX PART VERB ADP DET justification ADP DET ADJ requirement PUNCT SPACE ADV ADJ ADJ law theorists PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX VERB DET couple ADJ lines ADP defense ADP PROPN PART PUNCT ADJ type PUNCT requirement PUNCT DET ADJ AUX SCONJ sex acts PRON VERB CCONJ homosexuality PUNCT ADJ sodomy PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB contraception PUNCT VERB DET purpose ADP DET sex organs PUNCT DET AUX ADJ PUNCT DET argument PUNCT ADV VERB DET PUNCT ADJ faculty argument PUNCT PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADP ADP ADJ attack PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ defenders ADP DET ADJ ADJ law approach AUX VERB PART VERB ADP PRON PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB DET argument PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON arguments VERB PUNCT ADP course PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET ADJ sex acts AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV AUX resources ADP DET PART VERB ADP ADJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT sex PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET specifics ADP DET ADJ sort ADP argument VERB ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ law theorists VERB PUNCT DET ADJ elements AUX ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON argument VERB ADV SCONJ DET account ADP ADJ goods PUNCT DET NUM ADV ADJ ADP DET argument ADP ADJ sex PUNCT SCONJ PART ADP homosexuality ADP DET orientation DET AUX PART VERB SCONJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET PRON VERB ADJ ADJ doctrine PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ch.15 PUNCT AUX ADJ integration CCONJ marriage PUNCT ADJ integration PUNCT ADP DET view PUNCT AUX DET idea SCONJ humans PUNCT ADP agents PUNCT VERB PART AUX integration ADP PRON intentions ADP agents CCONJ PRON VERB selves PUNCT ADV PUNCT PART VERB PRON PART CCONJ DET PART body ADP DET ADJ means ADP PRON PART ADJ pleasure PUNCT ADP PRON VERB VERB ADP masturbation PUNCT VERB PUNCT dis - integration PUNCT ADP DET self PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT PRON PART intention ADV AUX ADV PART VERB DET body PUNCT one PART ADJ CCONJ DET PART PUNCT ADP DET ADJ means ADP DET end ADP pleasure PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB ADP ADJ integration PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADV VERB SCONJ NUM persons ADP DET ADJ sex VERB ADP ADJ union AUX PART ADV VERB DET sort ADP PUNCT use PUNCT ADP DET ADJ ADP DET ADJ means ADP PRON PART ADJ pleasure PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ law theorists VERB SCONJ ADJ union ADP DET context ADP DET realization ADP marriage ADP DET ADJ ADJ good AUX DET ADJ ADJ expression ADP sexuality PUNCT CCONJ DET argument VERB VERB SCONJ marriage AUX DET ADJ good ADP DET ADV ADJ way PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB procreation ADP DET center ADP marriage ADP PRON PUNCT ADJ fulfillment PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ law theorists PUNCT SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB PRON objection ADP ADJ sex PUNCT AUX PART VERB procreation PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT ADP example PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB love CCONJ ADJ support ADP human flourishing ADP DET center PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT sex couples AUX VERB DET standard PUNCT ADV PRON ADJ acts AUX AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADJ objections PRON AUX VERB ADP DET account ADP marriage ADP DET ADJ ADJ good PUNCT NUM AUX SCONJ ADP VERB procreation ADP DET PUNCT ADJ fulfillment PUNCT ADP marriage PUNCT ADJ marriages AUX ADV VERB PUNCT Sex ADP DET ADJ PUNCT sex marriage SCONJ DET partners VERB SCONJ NUM CCONJ DET ADP PRON AUX ADJ AUX PART VERB ADP procreation PUNCT ADV ADV PRON AUX PART ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADJ sex ADP DET ADJ context PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT term companionate union PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ law rejoinder AUX SCONJ SCONJ ADJ intercourse AUX DET ADV ADJ sex act PUNCT VERB ADP PRON PUNCT SCONJ VERB DET possibility SCONJ PRON AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ couple PUNCT PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ sex acts AUX ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ AUX DET ADJ distinction ADV ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET manner SCONJ ADJ law theorists VERB PUNCT ADJ law theorists PUNCT ADP PRON discussions ADP DET issues PUNCT VERB PART VERB PUNCT ADP DET NUM hand PUNCT PRON VERB PART VERB DET ideal ADP marriage ADP DET VERB union SCONJ NUM persons AUX VERB ADP PRON ADJ flourishing PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ sex AUX DET complement ADP DET ideal PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB DET possibility ADP ADJ ADJ sex PUNCT CCONJ ADJ sodomy PUNCT DET ADP DET PRON VERB PART VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON ADV VERB DET account ADP sexuality DET VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT VERB procreation ADP DET point SCONJ ADV DET ADJ orgasm ADV SCONJ ADP DET vagina ADP PRON PART VERB spouse AUX ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT SCONJ VERB ADP AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ ideal ADP marriage PUNCT SPACE ADJ law theory PUNCT ADP present PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ concessions ADP ADJ ADJ thought PUNCT ADP contrast ADV ADP PRON ADJ formulation PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ law theorists VERB ADP ADJ ADJ power PUNCT CCONJ AUX PART VERB SCONJ DET state AUX DET interest ADP VERB PART VERB DET ADJ wrongdoing PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP homosexuality PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ protections ADP gays CCONJ lesbians ADP terms ADP employment CCONJ housing PUNCT ADV ADP DET point ADP VERB ADP expert witnesses ADP court cases CCONJ VERB ADP DET writing ADP amicus curae briefs PUNCT PRON ADV VERB ADP ADJ sex marriage PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET rise ADP DET gay liberation movement ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ era PUNCT ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ perspectives VERB PART AUX VERB ADV ADP politics PUNCT philosophy CCONJ ADJ theory PUNCT ADV DET ADV AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ analyses ADP patriarchy PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ approaches ADP theory PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ NUM PART CCONJ ADJ NUM's ADJ theory AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ antecedents DET VERB PRON ADJ PART VERB PRON ADV PUNCT PRON AUX DET number ADP ways ADP DET queer theory VERB ADP ADJ gay liberation theory PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ difference AUX AUX VERB ADP ADP VERB DET reasons ADP VERB ADP DET term PUNCT queer PUNCT ADP VERB ADP PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT DET versions ADP PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ theory VERB DET essence ADP ADJ identity CCONJ sexuality ADP ADV ADJ terms PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADV ADP terms ADP sexuality PUNCT ADP PART ADV VERB SCONJ genitalia PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Lesbians VERB ADP DET framework PUNCT ADP example PUNCT AUX ADV ADV VERB ADJ law theorists ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT law ADP nature PUNCT DET ADV ADJ sexuality PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET genitals PUNCT penetration PUNCT CCONJ DET status ADP DET ADJ orgasm PUNCT ADJ law theorists ADV VERB ADJ orgasms PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET approach PUNCT VERB SCONJ characterizations ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT identity CCONJ sexuality PUNCT ADV PUNCT VERB ADP NUM difficulties PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB ADV SCONJ DET goal AUX PART VERB DET ADJ regime ADP PRON exclusion CCONJ marginalization ADP DET DET sexuality AUX ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT account ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ sexuality AUX DET ADJ effect PUNCT VERB ADP DET example VERB ADV PUNCT ADP DET ADJ conceptualization ADP ADJ identity PUNCT PRON VERB women PRON AUX ADV CCONJ ADV ADJ ADP ADJ women PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET description PUNCT Sado PUNCT masochists CCONJ butch SYM fem lesbians ADV AUX PART VERB DET ideal ADP PUNCT equality PUNCT VERB PUNCT DET ADJ problem AUX SCONJ ADP VERB ADJ DET emphasis SCONJ DET gender ADP PRON PART ADJ partner(s PUNCT PUNCT ADJ ADJ ADJ sources ADP identity AUX VERB PUNCT ADJ ADP race CCONJ ethnicity PUNCT PRON AUX ADP ADJ importance PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADP DET ADJ lesbian AUX PRON lesbianism PUNCT ADV ADP PRON race PUNCT ADJ gays CCONJ lesbians ADP color VERB DET approach PUNCT VERB PRON ADP VERB VERB VERB DET ADV ADJ identity ADP DET heart ADP gay CCONJ ADJ identity PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ problem ADP DET gay liberationist approach AUX SCONJ PRON ADV VERB DET category ADP PUNCT identity PUNCT PRON ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT DET DET view PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV SCONJ ADP arguments VERB ADP poststructuralism PUNCT VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ figure ADP DET attack SCONJ identity ADP ADJ AUX PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP DET series ADP works PRON VERB ADP PART VERB DET history ADP sexuality ADP ADJ PROPN ADP DET ADJ era PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ DET project AUX ADV VERB ADJ ADP PRON death ADP NUM PUNCT ADP complications VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB SCONJ ADV understandings ADP sexuality AUX VERB ADP time CCONJ space PUNCT CCONJ PRON arguments AUX VERB ADV ADJ ADP gay CCONJ ADJ theorizing ADP ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ theory ADP ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE NUM ADP DET reasons ADP DET ADJ review ADV AUX SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB DET background ADP VERB DET claim SCONJ sexuality AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADV ADP VERB ADP nature PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADP order PART PART VERB DET issue ADP ADJ constructionism ADP essentialism PUNCT PRON VERB VERB DET term PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ eras PUNCT ADP ADJ PROPN DET gender ADP PRON PART partner(s PUNCT AUX PART ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV SCONJ PRON VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ role PUNCT ADP DET ADJ view PUNCT DET PUNCT sodomite PUNCT AUX DET person PRON VERB ADP temptation CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ sex acts PUNCT SCONJ DET gender ADP DET partner AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADP DET ADJ view PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ framework VERB DET emphasis SCONJ DET sin ADP VERB PUNCT ADP PUNCT sin dichotomy PUNCT ADP DET rise ADP DET notion ADP PUNCT homosexuality PUNCT ADP DET ADJ era PUNCT DET person AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ category ADV SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB SCONJ DET inclinations PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ sexuality VERB ADP DET NUM ADV ADJ cultures PUNCT DET ADJ constructionist answer AUX SCONJ PRON AUX DET PUNCT ADJ PUNCT sexuality PUNCT DET ADJ understandings AUX VERB ADP CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ understandings PUNCT DET examples AUX AUX VERB ADV ADV ADP VERB ADJ data ADP ADP DET ADJ tradition PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ context VERB ADV PUNCT DET differences ADP PRON AUX ADJ PUNCT DET assumption ADP ADJ PROPN AUX SCONJ men PUNCT ADJ AUX VERB ADP women PUNCT AUX VERB ADV ADP DET sex PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ majority ADP men PRON VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT sex relationships AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADV VERB ADJ PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ understanding ADP homosexuality VERB DET ADJ domain ADP NUM PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ heterosexuals AUX PART VERB ADV ADP PRON ADJ sex PUNCT SPACE ADP VERB SCONJ sexuality AUX DET ADJ construct PUNCT DET theorists AUX PART VERB SCONJ DET understandings AUX PART ADJ PUNCT SCONJ persons AUX ADV constructs ADP PRON culture PUNCT ADP DET view PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP DET categories PUNCT ADV today persons ADP course VERB PRON ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PART VERB ADV ADP DET categories PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ constructs PRON AUX PUNCT SPACE ADJ CCONJ ADJ theory AUX ADV VERB ADP NUM ADJ problems PUNCT DET ADP DET VERB difficulties ADP DET notion ADP PUNCT identity PUNCT PUNCT ADJ theory ADV VERB ADP ADJ part ADP DET attempt PART VERB PRON PUNCT SCONJ ADJ theory AUX ADV AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB ADP DET term PUNCT queer PUNCT PRON PUNCT ADP contrast ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT queer PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PUNCT AUX PART VERB ADP DET essence PUNCT SCONJ ADP DET ADJ nature CCONJ PART PUNCT ADV PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT VERB ADP DET ADJ term PRON VERB PRON meaning ADV ADP AUX DET DET AUX ADV ADP DET norm PUNCT ADV DET norm PRON AUX AUX VERB PUNCT ADP NUM ADP DET ADV ADJ ADJ theorists VERB PRON PUNCT PUNCT ADJ AUX PUNCT DET AUX ADP odds ADP DET ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX PRON ADP ADJ PART DET PRON ADV VERB PUNCT PRON AUX DET identity ADP DET essence PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADJ emphasis PUNCT PUNCT ADP VERB DET essence PUNCT ADJ AUX PART VERB DET DET sexuality AUX ADP ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ norm PUNCT ADJ ADP sado PUNCT masochists PUNCT SCONJ ADJ conceptualizations ADP sexuality AUX VERB PUNCT CCONJ ADV PART VERB ADP DET center ADP DET definition ADP queer PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ freedom ADP self PUNCT identification ADP PUNCT INTJ PUNCT ADJ lesbians PART VERB ADV ADV CCONJ ADV ADP PRON race PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ trait PUNCT ADJ ADP involvement ADP DET PROPN CCONJ M subculture PUNCT ADP ADP lesbianism PUNCT ADV PUNCT PRON VERB DET insights ADP poststructuralism ADP DET difficulties ADP VERB DET essence CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ aspect ADP identity PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ move ADP ADJ theorists PUNCT DET claim SCONJ DET categories ADP DET identity AUX VERB AUX DET ADJ constructs ADV ADP VERB ADP PRON ADP nature PUNCT VERB ADP DET number ADP ADJ possibilities PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ theorists VERB SCONJ ADJ notions ADP gender CCONJ sex DET VERB ADV ADJ CCONJ self PUNCT ADJ ADP persons ADP DET ADJ PROPN AUX ADP fact VERB CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ actions PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ DET VERB ADP ways PRON VERB heterosexuality PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV VERB AUX ADJ categories DET AUX PRON ADV VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT AUX DET ADJ example ADP DET PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX PART ADV DET ADJ theorist PUNCT PUNCT Others VERB SCONJ language CCONJ ADV divisions ADP PRON AUX VERB CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT VERB ADP DET dichotomy ADP PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PUNCT ADV ADP regards ADP DET ADJ division ADP ADJ SYM ADJ PUNCT structure ADJ ADP ADJ thought PUNCT DET AUX PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB ADP dichotomies ADJ ADP ADJ SYM ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ SYM ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET background DET ADJ reliance SCONJ DET ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ PUNCT understanding ADP DET ADJ world ADP VERB ADP NUM species PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET fluidity ADP categories VERB ADP ADJ theory ADV VERB DET possibility ADP ADJ sorts ADP histories PRON VERB ADV ADJ types ADP affections CCONJ relationships PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ perspective VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ approach PUNCT SCONJ ADV ADJ ADP DET ADV VERB ADP PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ arguments VERB SCONJ DET VERB naturalness ADP heterosexuality PUNCT ADJ theorists VERB PART VERB SCONJ DET categories AUX PRON ADV ADJ constructs PUNCT DET example VERB PART VERB DET approach PUNCT ADP DET essay ADP ADJ marriage PUNCT VERB SCONJ PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ men AUX DET PUNCT ADJ tendency PUNCT PART AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP contrast PUNCT PRON VERB ADV VERB PUNCT ADJ marriage ADP DET ADJ condition ADP heterosexuality PUNCT Heterosexuality PUNCT ADP PRON argument PUNCT AUX DET ADJ combination ADP PRON ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ condition AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ things ADP DET presence ADP ADJ couples PUNCT ADJ teachers PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ talk ADP homosexuality PUNCT PROPN PART argument VERB DET ADJ disjunction ADP heterosexuality CCONJ homosexuality PUNCT SCONJ gayness AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB PRON PUNCT PROPN AUX DET courage PART AUX ADJ ADP DET element ADP PRON argument PUNCT PRON VERB ADP ADP PUNCT DET ADJ imposition ADP tolerance PUNCT ADP gays CCONJ lesbians PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX DET ADJ move ADP ADJ theory PART VERB PUNCT ADP ADJ ADV PUNCT issues ADP truth CCONJ falsity PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET analysis VERB ADP DET ADJ function ADP discourse PUNCT Questions ADP PRON VERB ADP DET expert CCONJ SCONJ PUNCT CCONJ concerns ADP DET effects ADP DET expert PART discourse AUX VERB ADJ status ADP questions ADP DET verity ADP PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET 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CCONJ fetishism PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ theorists ADV VERB pedophilia PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ question SCONJ DET theory AUX DET resources PART VERB DET DET distinction PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ theorists ADV VERB PART VERB ADP pedophiles ADP PUNCT queer PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET criticism AUX SCONJ queer theory PUNCT ADP part SCONJ PRON ADV AUX recourse ADP DET ADV ADJ jargon PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ elite ADP DET ADJ elite PUNCT PRON AUX ADV class VERB CCONJ ADV PUNCT ADP practice PUNCT ADV ADV VERB ADP ADP universities CCONJ colleges PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ theory AUX ADV VERB ADP DET PRON VERB DET desirability ADP ADJ ADJ change PUNCT ADP example PUNCT ADJ CCONJ ADJ gays CCONJ lesbians AUX VERB DET ADJ approach ADP VERB SCONJ PRON AUX AUX PUNCT ADV ADJ ADJ ADJ PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PUNCT queer PUNCT VERB PRON connotation ADP PRON ADJ CCONJ ADP odds ADP mainstream society PUNCT DET AUX ADV PRON ADJ ADJ theorists 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CCONJ ADJ relationships AUX VERB DET ADJ goods PRON ADJ relationships AUX PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PRON ADV VERB DET account ADP ADJ ADJ goods PRON ADJ law theorists AUX PUNCT CCONJ ADP PRON evaluation ADP DET worth ADP ADJ PUNCT sex relationships PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ concerns PUNCT ADV PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT AUX VERB ADJ defenses ADP ADJ ADJ equality ADP gays CCONJ lesbians PUNCT VERB marriage rights PUNCT CCONJ DET VERB ADP DET ADJ reform ADP ADJ ADJ culture CCONJ politics PUNCT ADP DET PRON AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT DET centrists AUX VERB ADP DET sides PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP example PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP length DET ADP queer theorists PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ ADJ law theorists PUNCT X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP DET foregoing ADV ADV VERB PUNCT DET policy CCONJ ADJ debates VERB homosexuality VERB ADJ issues ADP morality CCONJ justice PUNCT ADV ADV ADV ADP DET PUNCT PRON VERB ADP issues ADP ADJ identity CCONJ self PUNCT definition PUNCT ADV PRON AUX DET PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT set ADP reasons ADP DET polarization PRON VERB DET debates PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT DET PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Democracy CCONJ Homosexuality PUNCT ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT Vol.209 PUNCT No.25 PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT pp.17 SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET Beginning ADP DET ADJ Era ADP DET ADJ Century PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADJ PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET End ADP Marriage PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN ADP Identity PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PRON VERB PUNCT ADP DET ADJ Limits ADP PUNCT Sex PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT History PUNCT ADJ Theory PUNCT CCONJ ADJ Identity PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT Vol.14 PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT 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NUM PUNCT PUNCT Homosexuality CCONJ DET ADJ Mind PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN Theory PUNCT PROPN Theory PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Vol.13 PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ Dilemmas ADP Citizenship PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET Laws PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADJ PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN Argument CCONJ ADJ Toleration PUNCT Abortion CCONJ Homosexuality PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT Virtues PUNCT Institutions PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT Conduct PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT AUX ADJ PUNCT PROPN CCONJ Opposition PUNCT Vol.40 PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP Homosexuality PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ Law PUNCT Morality PUNCT CCONJ ADJ 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I. E. Coop
In such a wide field as pastures and crops it is impossible in the time and space available, to do more than summarise the main lines of research and development of recent years having special reference to underdeveloped countries. In the long-term the greatest advances have been made in fundamental knowledge, such as - the basic physiology and biochemistry of plant growth, the significance of the C4 pathway in tropical plants, genetic engineering, embryo transfer in animals, remote sensing photography, the ecology of the world's grasslands. The pressing problems of rangeland degeneration, and social and economic change in human societies, are also better understood.
The immediate problem and the task of this paper is to descend to a lower practical level of what has been learned about the possibilities of increasing pasture and forage production, and of utilising feed grown in the most efficient manner.
Approximately one half of the sheep and three quarters of the goats in developing countries are within the tropics, the remainder being in a band from North Africa through the Near East to China. It is useful to have some classification of climatic zones governing plant growth, and for the tropics it is given below:
|Zone||Rainfall1 (mm)||Rainfall2 (mm)||Growing Period (days)||Dry Season (months)|
|Arid||< 400||< 500||< 90||> 8|
|Semi-arid||400 – 750||500 – 1000||90 – 180||6 – 8|
|Sub humid||750 – 1200||1000 – 1500||180 – 270||4–6|
|Humid||> 1200||> 1500||> 270||< 4|
1 From Unesco (1979)
2 From Jahnke (1982) for Africa
A feature of research and development work in the tropics, with the exception of the arid zone, is that cattle rather than sheep and goats have been used, so that in the absence of good data on small ruminants one has unfortunately to interpret from cattle data. It is proposed to discuss briefly the recent pasture utilisation studies with sheep in the temperate zone and then move to the arid and semi-arid pastoral zones, followed by the cropping/livestock situation in the semi-arid and subhumid zones and finally to the subhumid and humid zones.
4 RD, Christchurch, New Zealand.
PASTURE UTILISATION IN THE TEMPERATE ZONE
Research activities, and the methods derived therefrom, for increasing ruminant production in developed countries follow fairly standarised lines - breeding and selection for improved cultivars, determination of plant nutrient (fertiliser) requirements, determination of animal feed requirements, grazing management studies aimed at integrating pasture growth and animal requirements with maximum efficiency on a year round basis. In the temperate zone under favourable conditions grass-legume pastures are capable of yielding 10–20t DM/ha/ annum on cultivatable land and 5–10t DM/ha/annum on hill land oversown with clovers especially (Trifolium repens).
While these studies have progressed on a broad front, in recent years special attention has been devoted to the most difficult and complex area - the efficient use of pasture under-grazing (Morley, 1981; Parsons et al., 1983). Techniques have been developed for measuring herbage mass, ratio of green to dead leaf, net DM growth of green material under various grazing pressures, the intake of the grazing sheep (or goat) at various levels of pasture availability, the pasture availability needed to promote given levels of production, and the residual pasture (DM/ha) at which production falls below critical levels. Concurrently research has determined the critical and non-critical nutritional periods in the annual cycle of the ewe, and the extent to which the resilience of the ewe to gain and lose body fat may be used to buffer seasonal peaks and troughs of pasture growth (Coop, 1982; Milligan, 1983).
Finally to put this into practice requires control of pasture growth and control or rationing of intake of the grazing sheep. This can only be achieved by adequate subdivision with fencing. This has been greatly facilitated by the development of electric fencing and in really intensive systems by the additional use of cheap portable electric fencing. Such fencing is also used for strip grazing of forage crops, in order to get maximum utilization of the forage.
The efficient conversion of pasture to animal production is a highly complex matter because of the interactions between the grazing animal and the pasture, interactions which vary with season. At low stocking rates percentage utilisation is low and continuous grazing is as good as, or better than, rotational grazing. However to obtain high animal production per hectare intensive grazing at high stocking rates is required in order to give a high percentage utilisation. In this case rotational grazing is superior. In practice compromises become necessary because pasture growth is seasonal, there are periods when utilisation is sacrificed in the interests of achieving high individual animal growth rates and others, such as in winter, when utilisation is much more important than liveweight gain.
The efficiency of utilisation of native pasture in extensive grazing systems running less than 2 sheep/ha is estimated in recent research to be below 30%. When such pasture is improved by oversowing, fertilisation and fencing, utilisation can be increased to 60–70%. On really intensively grazed cultivated pastures efficiencies of 70–85% are possible on a year-round basis. Some appreciation of intensive grazing and utilisation may be gauged from the current practice of wintering pregnant ewes in New Zealand, where the ewes are rotated, at a density of 1000 ewes per hectare, on a daily shift behind electric fences.
In the Northern Hemisphere where winters are colder, greater reliance on hay and silage is made for winter feed. It is estimated that the percentage utilisation of metabolisable energy (ME) of the original pasture, when consumed as hay, is below 50%. For this, and for reasons of cost, the Southern Hemisphere grazing countries place emphasis on utilisation of pasture by the grazing animal with minimal use of conserved fodder.
Advances in grazing management and utilisation have nevertheless been made in northern countries. One example of this is the “two pasture” system developed for the wet cold hill country of Britain, whereby a smaller area of improved pasture is integrated with the larger area of unimproved hill land and utilised at strategic points in the annual cycle of the ewes. Another is the “three pasture” system aimed at minimising worm parasite problems. Finally in all the major grazing countries there is increasing evidence that cattle, sheep and goats can all be beneficial to one another, the special grazing characteristics of each being complimentary to the other. With coats this is seen especially in their preferences for weeds and pasture species not relished by sheep.
If proof is needed that modern pasture/sheep technology can lead to increased animal production the case of New Zealand may be quoted, where from approximately the same area of grazing land, sheep numbers have increased from 33 millions in 1950 to 53 millions in 1965, to 70 millions in 1982 with proportionate increases in meat and wool output. While only some of this temperate zone technology is immediately transferrable to developing countries, the objectives and the principles certainly are.
ARID AND SEMI-ARID ZONE RANGELANDS
The extensive rangelands of the arid and semi-arid zones of developing countries and the peoples they support are in varying degrees of crisis as a result of rangeland degradation, brought about by overstocking. The area is traditionally used solely by pastoralists under nomadic and transhumant systems, but the pressure of human population has led to the incursion of agriculturalists with their livestock into marginal areas, so putting an unbearable pressure on the rangeland vegetation.
Much has been written about the current state of rangeland vegetation, the social and economic impediments as well as the technical difficulties in reversing the deterioration (e.g. Unesco, 1979; Jahnke, 1982; Harrington, 1982 and Malechek, 1982). While there are cases or instances of potential improvements or improvements actually made, the concensus of opinion of authors is that the only solution short and midterm is to reduce grazing pressure. It is recommended that this be achieved by destocking, or by deferred grazing or some other form of grazing management which would permit a more even grazing and reduce severe overgrazing on critical areas. A recent FAO review (FAO 1984) commented that there is need for rehabilitation by the introduction of good management, that forage cultivation is not yet generally accepted and conservation of hay and silage rarely practised. There is a need to introduce forage trees and browze shrubs, but there was little likelihood of increasing forage availability in the near future due to pressure of livestock combined with the persistence of drought.
The productivity of the arid and semi-arid zone rangelands is low. Jahnke (1982), quoting other authorities, gives a figure of 2.5kg DM/ha/annum per mm rainfall, or It DM/ha/annum at 400 mm which is likely to be inefficiently utilised. Such yields cannot hope to generate enough income to provide incentive to introduce improved species even if this were technologically feasible.
While acceptance by the inhabitants and by Governments that reduction in grazing pressure is the only short term solution, one must not be entirely negative. Observation and development project results indicate that there are avenues for improvement and some specific examples of these are listed below.
Grain yields and sheep production were twice as great in South Australia through replacing fallow with subterranean clover and medic pasture, compared with Algeria having a similar Mediterranean climate but not integrating crop and sheep grazing (Allden, 1982, quoting Carter).
In the Drought Prone Areas Programme in Western India the introduction of Cenchrus ciliaris and Lasiurus sindicus increased DM yield from 0.4 t to 3t/ha/annum (Jain, 1983).
Depleted rangeland in China has been shown to be capable of yielding 3t DM/ha/annum by oversowing with milk vetch and fertiliser (Chinzagco project, pers. comm). In another site having 300 mm rainfall, all in summer, the yields of native grassland have been doubled with fertiliser alone, while in cultivated areas the use of newer cultivars of sorghums, maize, and annual grasses for silage, and native grass for hay has also doubled the number of stock carried as well as improving them greatly (FAO 1983).
The Syrian Arab Republic Rangeland Conservation and Development Project is one of the best known, reviving the ancient “Hema” system of grazing control, introducing Atriplex spp. planting fodder trees and creating lamb fattening cooperatives (Draz 1978).
The wide ranging development project in Morocco where Agropyron elongatum has been introduced into a Stipa-Artemisia ecosystem in a 300 mm rainfall area (El Gharbaoui, 1984).
The introduction of Atriplex and Kochia spp. in Saudia Arabia (Hassan 1984),
The legumes Stylosanthes humilis and to a lesser degree S. guyanensis have been shown to be capable of being oversown or direct drilled on sites in the semi-arid zone.
There are also arid or semi-arid rangelands in the temperate zone (U.S.A., South America, South Africa, Australia) which have also degenerated under overstocking during the last 100 years and it is significant that in all of these stock numbers have declined. The most intensively studied are those in the U.S.A. and in a recent review of rangeland management and reseeding results, it is commented that “a considerable portion of western rangelands currently support vegetation assemblages greatly below their potential” (Herbel, 1984; Young et. a!., 1984). Wilson, A.D. (1982) in another review concludes that “there are no technological improvements in the pipeline that will lead to major productivity gains. The basic restrictions of sparse vegetation, low rainfall and a harsh climate are not subject to technological innovation”. Nevertheless there are instances that in all of these countries improvements are technically possible. To take but one example, Stevens and Villalta (1983) at high altitudes in Peru were able to establish ryegrass-clover pastures and to direct-seed lucerne into rangeland with large increases in sheep numbers carried.
The problem is that research and development projects in both developed and developing countries on which the possibilities if improvement have been shown, have high inputs of technical and economic aid. Whether they can survive in a straight commercial sense and whether it is economic to attempt to increase production is highly dubious. In the more favourable sites it may be so, but for most of it, the problem is to halt further deterioration. The poor income-generating power of the extensive rangelands dictates that any improvements must be ecologically sound and low cost, and should act in a catalytic role to permit better utilisation of the much larger area of unimproved land.
Research priorities suggested should include grazing management studies to provide more even grazing pressure, forage conservation, selection of species and cultivars extending growth into the dry period, integration with cropping systems. (Unesco, 1979; Malechek, 1982; Butterworth et.al,1984).
CROP - LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION
Crop production is an occupation of agriculturalists living in villages mostly in the semi-arid and subhumid zones. Traditionally some nomads have included the grazing of crop stubbles in their annual movement, while transhumant pastoralists have also made use of stubbles and crop residues during the dry period. The increasing sedentarisation or semi-sedentarisation of nomads and transhumants, together with movement of agriculturalists with their own livestock in the opposite direction into drier areas, is reducing the areas available for grazing and also increasing the risks of crop failure. The integration of cropping with sheep and goats is primarily in the semi-arid zone but extends into the subhumid zone. Although the cropping regime yields more DM/ha in the form of stubbles, straws and byproducts available for stock the increases in stock numbers more than offsets this. Nevertheless cropping systems and the more intensive and settled human existence in villages or permanent abodes, offers an environment much more amenable to technological change and improvement than does the rangeland. The following research developments in recent years are some of the more promising.
The breeding of improved cultivars of human feed crops - wheat, maize, sorghum, groundnuts etc. and research on fertiliser responses, together with an appreciation that in subsistence agriculture, fertilizer put on crops increases yield sufficiently to release land for planting in animal forage crops.
Research and demonstration has shown that forage production can be expanded considerably by inter-row sowing of legumes with the cereal, using improved cultivars of forage species, and especially replacing the traditional fallow with sown perennial or annual forage crops. Legumes such as Stylosanthes and vetches, and other tropical legumes in higher rainfall areas, are much preferred since their nitrogen level and nutritive value are high and they increase soil nitrogen for the next cereal crop. High yields have been obtained in Cyprus from barley and barley/vetch forage made into hay (Osman and Nersoyan, 1984; Unesco, 1979; FAO, 1983). If a move to greater use of forage crops and more efficient use of grazing stubbles is to be made then control of the sheep and goats becomes important. Attempts should therefore be made to gain acceptance of the electric fence by herders and cultivators.
Intensive fattening of lambs and kids, on locally grown roughage plus concentrates and byproducts, has a double advantage of controlled marketing with a superior product and more importantly of removing young animals to be fattened from the overgrazed rangeland, thereby reducing the grazing pressure. Lamb fattening trials have been reported from several countries showing typically that weaned lambs make gains of 100 – 250 g/day with feed conversion ratios of 6 to 10 according to the energy content of the diet. There is a need to examine what effect this has on the total system.
Some arid and semi-arid areas have water available for irrigation, which is used mainly for cereal or cash crops (cotton) but some is available for forage. Water from the Nile is used in Egypt and Sudan, underground water in Libya and Saudi Arabia. Extremely high yields of lucerne (Medicago sativa ) and Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) are obtained and provide a high protein source for cattle, sheep and goats.
Improving the utilisation of low quality roughages is also possible. Low protein levels characteristic of tropical forages during the long dry period are a limiting factor in animal intake and performance. (Minson, 1982). A considerable amount of research work has been done over the last 20 – 25 years on the use of urea to improve the voluntary intake of straws and other low quality roughages by cattle, sheep and goats. Trials conducted in pens have almost universally given good results but selective grazing by animals in the field has caused some doubts about its application in a grazing context (Coombe 1981). A more recent discovery is that alkali or ammonia treatment of straw can increase digestibility by 10–15units, e.g. from 45% to 55–60%. Encouraging results are being obtained from the technique at both the village level (Dolberg et.al., 1981), and the factory level (Creek et.al., 1984).
A much better understanding of protein requirements of sheep and goats has been developed during the last decade, with recognition of the significance of rumen nondegradable protein. This is of special importance in the tropics (Lindsay, 1984).
The outlook then for improvements in pasture and crop production, and of utilisation by sheep and goats in the cropping areas is reasonably encouraging. Whether it can keep pace with the increases in human population is another matter. Fortunately much of the research done in developed countries is less sensitive to environment in a cropping activity than in a grazing activity, and is therefore more likely to find application in the cropping scene. The most important fields of research in the cropping areas as far as sheep and goats are concerned are likely to be further integration of pastoral ism with cropping, conservation and forage production for the dry period, and improvements in the utilisation of straws.
Somewhat similar problems exist in the semi-arid/cold regions of the world such as in the arc from Turkey to China. Here the winter replaces the dry period of the tropics. In the USSR and Northern China for example, many pastoralists have been semi-or wholly sedenterised, and winter bases exist in villages or have been especially constructed. The growing of forage, partly for grazing but mostly for conservation as hay and silage, is a dominant feature of the system (Demiruren, 1982).
SUBHUMID AND HUMID ZONES
Though the line of demarkation between the semi-arid and subhumid zones is diffuse, there is a distinct trend towards tree crop agriculture as well as cropping, towards tall-grass pasture species and a greater density of villages, especially where associated with rice culture. This is accompanied by a shift in the relative importance of large and small ruminants. Whereas in developing countries sheep and goats outnumber cattle by nearly 2 : 1 in the arid and semi-arid zones, cattle outnumber sheep and goats in the subhumid and humid zones. As far as sheep and goats are concerned there are no longer any pastoralists and nearly all the animals are associated with village and cropping agriculture.
Tropical Pasture Development
Present native pastures consisting of Hyperrhenia, Andropogon, Themeda and many other species exist in a savanna landscape derived from forest or woodland. Soils are heavily leached, grazing is primarily with cattle and fire plays an important part in the grass, scrub, tree balance. The most important development in this area in the last few decades has undoubtedly been the selection, breeding and cultivation of improved cultivars of tropical grasses and legumes. The legume is particularly important because of the low nitrogen status of tropical soils. Though this work has been carried out in several tropical environments the driving force has been the CSIRO Division of Tropical Pastures in Queensland, Australia (Mannetje, 1982; Minson, 1982). Now there are established cattle ranches and cattle projects in most tropical countries with rainfall in excess of 800–1000 mm.
Unfortunately, in relation to sheep and goats, the basic grazing experiments and present projects are almost wholly involved with cattle. There are good reasons for this cattle dominance, but not for the exclusion of small ruminants. Very high yields of pasture DM are attainable - up to 30 – 40t/ha/annum but control of pasture growth, maintenance of the grass-legume balance, and ingress of weeds do present greater problems than with temperate pastures (Mannetje, 1982). Nevertheless the potential of these tropical pasture species for small ruminants with or without cattle should be explored. Some trials using sheep and goats have been recorded (Boulton and Norton, 1982; Potts and Humphreys, 1983; Susetyo et.al. 1983) but not yet on a farm scale. Some of the improved species, especially legumes such as Stylosanthes humilis and S. guyanensis, Macroptilium, Desmodium spp are also finding use as forages for establishment on fallows which are grazed by sheep and goats in both semi- and subhumid zones.
Sheep and Goats in the Village
The place of sheep and goats in the village is much the same as described for the arid and semi-arid zones. The scope for increases in numbers and production especially of goats has been emphasised (Devendra, 1980; Roy-Smith, 1982; Zulkifli et.al., 1980; Wilson, R. T. 1982), involving greater utilisation of the considerable byproducts available from cereal and tree crop production, the introduction of improved grass and legume species in available land and recognition of the part which the milking goat rather than the cow could play. The opportunity to exploit the production of tropical grasses and legumes is facilitated by the fact that many sheep and goats, especially in the humid zone, are fed under a cut and carry system, or are let out during the day time on a controlled grazing system. There is no doubt that small ruminant production in this zone could be increased and there are good reasons why it should. Most of the arguments about the relative merits of cattle, sheep and goats are based on personal factors, and on calculations of what ought to be, and there is a need for comparisons to be made on a strictly scientific basis. It is encouraging that recognition of animal production potential in the humid tropics is evidenced by the creation of the joint Australian/Indonesian Centre for animal research and development in Ciawi, Indonesia in 1975.
Utilisation of Pasture in Plantations
In the humid tropics there are large areas of tree crops such as coconut, rubber and oil palm. They are established in association with a tropical legume cover crop which in time regresses to grasses and weeds. Except in coconut plantations often grazed by cattle the herbage available is generally not used at all. Attention has been given by the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (Tan and Abraham, 1980) to using sheep to consume this herbage and to reduce the high cost of weed control. Promising results are being achieved, confirming that a considerable potential exists for the utilisation of this large feed resource.
Forage Trees and Tree Byproducts
The utilisation of edible trees and shrubs, and of tree byproducts such as leaves, pods and seeds has received considerable attention in recent years. The characteristics and feed values of tree crops have been reviewed recently by Hutagalung (1981). Particular attention has been given to leguminous trees-such as Leucaena, Gliricidia, Tagasaste spp. since the leaves of leguminous trees, and especially L. Leucocephala, have protein levels in excess of 20%. Recent evidence (Bamualim et.al., 1984) shows that the protein is a good by-pass protein, capable of enhancing intake of low quality roughages where these form the main diet. Acacia spp prevalent in many parts of the tropics can also be valuable in droughts (Snook, 1984).
Leguminous trees and edible shrubs are not confined to the subhumid and humid zones, but can contribute also in the semi-arid zone, and are likely to be utilised much more than in the past.
There is considerable scientific evidence that both pasture and animal production can be increased substantially in all except the arid zone. The major problems are lack of capital to implement improvement and uncertainty about its viability, economically. The greatest and quickest responses in pasture and forage production are likely to be in the subhumid zone, and also in cropping systems.
To maintain impetus in research it is suggested that priority be given to:
breeding and selection of pasture species for the semi-arid zone aimed at increasing the length of the growing period. Selection of low phosphate demanding legumes for this zone.
studies of the utilisation of tropical pastures by sheep and goats.
pasture conservation for the dry period, forage production on cropping land.
studies to increase the complementarity (or integration) of rangeland and cropping land.
continuation of studies aimed at improving the utilisation of low quality roughages by sheep and goats.
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Bamualim, A., Weston, R. H., Hogan, J. P. and Murray, R. M., 1984. Anim. Prod. in Australia, 15: 255–258.
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field pastures crops time space lines research development years reference countries term advances knowledge physiology biochemistry plant growth significance pathway plants engineering embryo transfer animals photography ecology world grasslands problems rangeland degeneration change societies problem task paper level possibilities pasture forage production feed manner half sheep quarters goats countries tropics remainder band classification zones plant growth tropics mm)||Rainfall2 Period days)||Dry 400|| - 750||500 8| humid||750 feature research development work tropics exception arid zone cattle sheep goats absence data ruminants cattle data pasture utilisation studies sheep temperate zone arid zones cropping livestock situation subhumid zones subhumid zones UTILISATION TEMPERATE ZONE Research activities methods production countries lines breeding selection cultivars determination plant nutrient requirements determination animal feed requirements management studies pasture growth animal requirements efficiency year round basis temperate zone conditions grass legume pastures t annum land t hill land clovers repens studies front years attention area use pasture under Parsons Techniques herbage mass ratio green leaf growth material grazing pressures intake sheep levels pasture availability pasture availability levels production pasture production levels research periods cycle extent resilience body fat peaks troughs pasture growth practice control pasture growth control rationing intake sheep subdivision fencing development fencing systems use fencing fencing strip grazing forage crops order utilization forage conversion pasture animal production matter interactions animal pasture interactions season stocking rates percentage utilisation grazing grazing animal production hectare grazing stocking rates order percentage utilisation case grazing practice compromises growth periods utilisation interests animal growth rates others winter utilisation liveweight gain efficiency utilisation pasture systems sheep research % pasture fertilisation fencing utilisation % pastures efficiencies % year basis appreciation grazing utilisation practice ewes ewes density ewes hectare shift fences winters reliance hay silage winter feed percentage utilisation energy pasture hay % reasons cost countries emphasis utilisation pasture animal use fodder Advances management utilisation countries example pasture system country area pasture area hill land points cycle ewes pasture system worm parasite problems countries evidence cattle sheep goats characteristics coats preferences weeds pasture species sheep proof pasture sheep technology animal production case area land sheep numbers millions millions millions increases meat wool output temperate zone technology countries objectives principles ARID ZONE RANGELANDS rangelands arid zones countries peoples degrees crisis result rangeland degradation area pastoralists systems pressure population incursion agriculturalists livestock areas pressure rangeland vegetation state rangeland vegetation impediments difficulties deterioration cases instances improvements improvements concensus opinion authors solution midterm grazing pressure destocking grazing form management overgrazing areas review FAO need rehabilitation introduction management forage cultivation conservation hay silage need forage trees shrubs likelihood forage availability future pressure livestock persistence drought productivity arid zone rangelands authorities figure kg rainfall mm yields income incentive species acceptance inhabitants Governments reduction pressure term solution Observation development project results avenues improvement examples Grain yields sheep production fallow clover medic pasture climate crop sheep grazing introduction sindicus yield t rangeland t milk vetch fertiliser project pers comm site mm rainfall summer yields grassland fertiliser areas use cultivars sorghums maize grasses silage grass hay number stock FAO system control planting fodder trees lamb cooperatives development project elongatum ecosystem mm rainfall area introduction legumes humilis degree guyanensis sites zone rangelands temperate zone years stock numbers review rangeland management reseeding results portion rangelands vegetation assemblages potential review improvements pipeline productivity gains restrictions vegetation rainfall climate innovation instances countries improvements example altitudes ryegrass clover pastures seed lucerne rangeland increases sheep numbers problem research development projects countries possibilities improvement inputs aid sense production sites problem deterioration income power rangelands improvements cost role utilisation area land Research priorities management studies pressure forage conservation selection species cultivars growth period integration cropping systems production occupation agriculturalists villages subhumid zones nomads grazing crop stubbles movement pastoralists use stubbles crop residues period sedentarisation semi - sedentarisation nomads transhumants movement agriculturalists livestock direction areas areas risks crop failure integration sheep goats zone subhumid zone cropping regime form stubbles straws byproducts stock increases stock numbers offsets systems existence villages abodes environment change improvement rangeland research developments years breeding cultivars feed crops wheat maize sorghum groundnuts fertiliser responses appreciation subsistence agriculture fertilizer crops land animal forage crops Research demonstration forage production sowing legumes cereal cultivars forage species fallow forage crops Legumes legumes rainfall areas nitrogen level value soil nitrogen cereal crop yields barley barley vetch forage hay move use forage crops use stubbles control sheep goats Attempts acceptance fence herders cultivators fattening lambs kids roughage concentrates byproducts advantage marketing product animals rangeland pressure trials countries lambs gains g day feed conversion ratios energy content diet need effect system arid areas water irrigation cereal cash crops cotton forage Water water yields lucerne sativa clover alexandrinum protein source cattle sheep goats utilisation quality roughages protein levels forages period factor animal intake performance amount research work years use urea intake straws quality roughages cattle sheep goats Trials pens results grazing animals field doubts application context discovery treatment straw digestibility 10–15units % % results technique village level factory level understanding protein requirements sheep goats decade recognition significance rumen protein importance tropics outlook improvements pasture crop production utilisation sheep goats cropping areas pace increases population matter research countries environment cropping activity activity application cropping scene fields research cropping areas sheep goats integration ism cropping conservation forage production period improvements utilisation straws problems regions world arc winter period tropics example pastoralists winter bases villages forage conservation hay silage feature system line demarkation subhumid zones trend tree crop agriculture cropping grass pasture species density villages rice culture shift importance ruminants countries sheep goats cattle arid zones cattle sheep goats subhumid zones sheep goats pastoralists animals village agriculture pastures species savanna landscape forest woodland Soils cattle fire part grass scrub tree balance development area decades selection breeding cultivation cultivars grasses legumes legume nitrogen status soils work environments force cattle ranches cattle projects countries rainfall excess relation sheep goats experiments projects cattle reasons cattle dominance exclusion ruminants yields pasture control pasture growth maintenance grass legume balance ingress weeds problems temperate pastures potential pasture species ruminants cattle trials sheep goats farm scale species legumes humilis spp use forages establishment fallows sheep goats zones place sheep goats village arid zones scope increases numbers production goats utilisation byproducts cereal tree crop production introduction grass legume species land recognition part milking goat cow opportunity production grasses legumes fact sheep goats zone cut system day time system doubt production zone reasons arguments merits cattle sheep goats factors calculations need comparisons basis recognition animal production potential tropics creation animal research development tropics areas tree crops coconut rubber oil palm association legume cover crop time regresses grasses weeds coconut plantations cattle herbage Attention sheep herbage cost weed control results potential utilisation feed resource Byproducts utilisation trees shrubs tree byproducts leaves pods seeds attention years characteristics feed values tree crops attention trees leaves trees protein levels excess % evidence protein pass protein intake quality roughages diet spp parts tropics droughts trees shrubs subhumid zones zone past evidence animal production arid zone problems lack capital improvement uncertainty viability responses pasture forage production subhumid zone cropping systems impetus research priority breeding selection pasture species zone length period Selection phosphate legumes zone studies utilisation pastures sheep goats pasture conservation period forage production land studies complementarity integration rangeland cropping land continuation studies utilisation quality roughages sheep goats Comm A. A.,1982 37–41 . FAO A. Livestock p. Comm W.,1981 A. Ecology A. Soc . Int p. p. A.
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I. E. Coop
in such a wide field as pasture and crop it be impossible in the time and space available, to do more than summarise the main line of research and development of recent year have special reference to underdeveloped country. in the long-term the great advance have be make in fundamental knowledge, such as - the basic physiology and biochemistry of plant growth, the significance of the C4 pathway in tropical plant, genetic engineering, embryo transfer in animal, remote sense photography, the ecology of the world's grassland. the press problem of rangeland degeneration, and social and economic change in human society, be also well understand.
the immediate problem and the task of this paper be to descend to a lower practical level of what have be learn about the possibility of increase pasture and forage production, and of utilise feed grow in the most efficient manner.
approximately one half of the sheep and three quarter of the goat in develop country be within the tropic, the remainder be in a band from North Africa through the Near East to China. it be useful to have some classification of climatic zone govern plant growth, and for the tropic it be give below:
|zone||rainfall1 (mm)||Rainfall2 (mm)||growe period (days)||dry Season (months)|
|Arid||< 400||< 500||< 90||> 8|
|Semi-arid||400 – 750||500 – 1000||90 – 180||6 – 8|
|Sub humid||750 – 1200||1000 – 1500||180 – 270||4–6|
|Humid||> 1200||> 1500||> 270||< 4|
1 from Unesco (1979)
2 from Jahnke (1982) for Africa
a feature of research and development work in the tropic, with the exception of the arid zone, be that cattle rather than sheep and goat have be use, so that in the absence of good datum on small ruminant one have unfortunately to interpret from cattle datum. it be propose to discuss briefly the recent pasture utilisation study with sheep in the temperate zone and then move to the arid and semi-arid pastoral zone, follow by the cropping/livestock situation in the semi-arid and subhumid zone and finally to the subhumid and humid zone.
4 RD, Christchurch, New Zealand.
PASTURE utilisation in the temperate zone
research activity, and the method derive therefrom, for increase ruminant production in develop country follow fairly standarise line - breeding and selection for improved cultivar, determination of plant nutrient (fertiliser) requirement, determination of animal feed requirement, graze management study aim at integrate pasture growth and animal requirement with maximum efficiency on a year round basis. in the temperate zone under favourable condition grass-legume pasture be capable of yield 10–20t DM/ha/ annum on cultivatable land and 5–10t DM/ha/annum on hill land oversown with clover especially (Trifolium repen).
while these study have progress on a broad front, in recent year special attention have be devote to the most difficult and complex area - the efficient use of pasture under-graze (Morley, 1981; parson et al., 1983). technique have be develop for measure herbage mass, ratio of green to dead leaf, net DM growth of green material under various grazing pressure, the intake of the graze sheep (or goat) at various level of pasture availability, the pasture availability need to promote give level of production, and the residual pasture (DM/ha) at which production fall below critical level. concurrently research have determine the critical and non-critical nutritional period in the annual cycle of the ewe, and the extent to which the resilience of the ewe to gain and lose body fat may be use to buffer seasonal peak and trough of pasture growth (Coop, 1982; Milligan, 1983).
finally to put this into practice require control of pasture growth and control or rationing of intake of the graze sheep. this can only be achieve by adequate subdivision with fencing. this have be greatly facilitate by the development of electric fencing and in really intensive system by the additional use of cheap portable electric fencing. such fencing be also use for strip grazing of forage crop, in order to get maximum utilization of the forage.
the efficient conversion of pasture to animal production be a highly complex matter because of the interaction between the graze animal and the pasture, interaction which vary with season. at low stocking rate percentage utilisation be low and continuous grazing be as good as, or well than, rotational grazing. however to obtain high animal production per hectare intensive grazing at high stocking rate be require in order to give a high percentage utilisation. in this case rotational grazing be superior. in practice compromise become necessary because pasture growth be seasonal, there be period when utilisation be sacrifice in the interest of achieve high individual animal growth rate and other, such as in winter, when utilisation be much more important than liveweight gain.
the efficiency of utilisation of native pasture in extensive graze system run less than 2 sheep/ha be estimate in recent research to be below 30%. when such pasture be improve by oversowe, fertilisation and fencing, utilisation can be increase to 60–70%. on really intensively graze cultivate pasture efficiency of 70–85% be possible on a year-round basis. some appreciation of intensive grazing and utilisation may be gauge from the current practice of winter pregnant ewe in New Zealand, where the ewe be rotate, at a density of 1000 ewe per hectare, on a daily shift behind electric fence.
in the Northern Hemisphere where winter be cold, great reliance on hay and silage be make for winter feed. it be estimate that the percentage utilisation of metabolisable energy (ME) of the original pasture, when consume as hay, be below 50%. for this, and for reason of cost, the Southern Hemisphere graze country place emphasis on utilisation of pasture by the graze animal with minimal use of conserved fodder.
advance in graze management and utilisation have nevertheless be make in northern country. one example of this be the "two pasture" system develop for the wet cold hill country of Britain, whereby a small area of improve pasture be integrate with the large area of unimproved hill land and utilise at strategic point in the annual cycle of the ewe. another be the "three pasture" system aim at minimise worm parasite problem. finally in all the major graze country there be increase evidence that cattle, sheep and goat can all be beneficial to one another, the special graze characteristic of each be complimentary to the other. with coat this be see especially in their preference for weed and pasture specie not relish by sheep.
if proof be need that modern pasture/sheep technology can lead to increase animal production the case of New Zealand may be quote, where from approximately the same area of graze land, sheep number have increase from 33 million in 1950 to 53 million in 1965, to 70 million in 1982 with proportionate increase in meat and wool output. while only some of this temperate zone technology be immediately transferrable to develop country, the objective and the principle certainly be.
arid and semi-arid zone rangeland
the extensive rangeland of the arid and semi-arid zone of develop country and the people they support be in vary degree of crisis as a result of rangeland degradation, bring about by overstock. the area be traditionally use solely by pastoralist under nomadic and transhumant system, but the pressure of human population have lead to the incursion of agriculturalist with their livestock into marginal area, so put an unbearable pressure on the rangeland vegetation.
much have be write about the current state of rangeland vegetation, the social and economic impediment as well as the technical difficulty in reverse the deterioration (e.g. Unesco, 1979; Jahnke, 1982; Harrington, 1982 and Malechek, 1982). while there be case or instance of potential improvement or improvement actually make, the concensus of opinion of author be that the only solution short and midterm be to reduce grazing pressure. it be recommend that this be achieve by destocking, or by defer grazing or some other form of graze management which would permit a more even graze and reduce severe overgrazing on critical area. a recent FAO review (fao 1984) comment that there be need for rehabilitation by the introduction of good management, that forage cultivation be not yet generally accept and conservation of hay and silage rarely practise. there be a need to introduce forage tree and browze shrub, but there be little likelihood of increase forage availability in the near future due to pressure of livestock combine with the persistence of drought.
the productivity of the arid and semi-arid zone rangeland be low. Jahnke (1982), quote other authority, give a figure of 2.5kg DM/ha/annum per mm rainfall, or it DM/ha/annum at 400 mm which be likely to be inefficiently utilise. such yield cannot hope to generate enough income to provide incentive to introduce improved specie even if this be technologically feasible.
while acceptance by the inhabitant and by government that reduction in graze pressure be the only short term solution, one must not be entirely negative. observation and development project result indicate that there be avenue for improvement and some specific example of these be list below.
grain yield and sheep production be twice as great in South Australia through replace fallow with subterranean clover and medic pasture, compare with Algeria have a similar Mediterranean climate but not integrate crop and sheep grazing (Allden, 1982, quote Carter).
in the Drought Prone Areas Programme in Western India the introduction of Cenchrus ciliaris and Lasiurus sindicus increase DM yield from 0.4 t to 3t/ha/annum (Jain, 1983).
deplete rangeland in China have be show to be capable of yield 3t DM/ha/annum by oversowe with milk vetch and fertiliser (Chinzagco project, per. comm). in another site have 300 mm rainfall, all in summer, the yield of native grassland have be double with fertiliser alone, while in cultivate area the use of new cultivar of sorghum, maize, and annual grass for silage, and native grass for hay have also double the number of stock carry as well as improve they greatly (fao 1983).
the Syrian Arab Republic Rangeland Conservation and Development Project be one of the well know, revive the ancient "Hema" system of graze control, introduce Atriplex spp. planting fodder tree and create lamb fatten cooperative (Draz 1978).
the wide range development project in Morocco where Agropyron elongatum have be introduce into a Stipa-Artemisia ecosystem in a 300 mm rainfall area (El Gharbaoui, 1984).
the introduction of Atriplex and Kochia spp. in Saudia Arabia (Hassan 1984),
the legume stylosanthe humili and to a less degree S. guyanensis have be show to be capable of be oversown or direct drill on site in the semi-arid zone.
there be also arid or semi-arid rangeland in the temperate zone (U.S.A., South America, South Africa, Australia) which have also degenerate under overstock during the last 100 year and it be significant that in all of these stock number have decline. the most intensively study be those in the U.S.A. and in a recent review of rangeland management and reseeding result, it be comment that "a considerable portion of western rangeland currently support vegetation assemblage greatly below their potential" (Herbel, 1984; Young et. a!., 1984). Wilson, A.D. (1982) in another review conclude that "there be no technological improvement in the pipeline that will lead to major productivity gain. the basic restriction of sparse vegetation, low rainfall and a harsh climate be not subject to technological innovation". nevertheless there be instance that in all of these country improvement be technically possible. to take but one example, Stevens and Villalta (1983) at high altitude in Peru be able to establish ryegrass-clover pasture and to direct-seed lucerne into rangeland with large increase in sheep number carry.
the problem be that research and development project in both develop and develop country on which the possibility if improvement have be show, have high input of technical and economic aid. whether they can survive in a straight commercial sense and whether it be economic to attempt to increase production be highly dubious. in the more favourable site it may be so, but for most of it, the problem be to halt further deterioration. the poor income-generate power of the extensive rangeland dictate that any improvement must be ecologically sound and low cost, and should act in a catalytic role to permit well utilisation of the much large area of unimproved land.
research priority suggest should include graze management study to provide more even graze pressure, forage conservation, selection of specie and cultivar extend growth into the dry period, integration with cropping system. (Unesco, 1979; Malechek, 1982; Butterworth et.al,1984).
CROP - LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION
Crop production be an occupation of agriculturalist live in village mostly in the semi-arid and subhumid zone. traditionally some nomad have include the grazing of crop stubble in their annual movement, while transhumant pastoralist have also make use of stubble and crop residue during the dry period. the increase sedentarisation or semi-sedentarisation of nomad and transhumant, together with movement of agriculturalist with their own livestock in the opposite direction into dry area, be reduce the area available for graze and also increase the risk of crop failure. the integration of crop with sheep and goat be primarily in the semi-arid zone but extend into the subhumid zone. although the cropping regime yield more DM/ha in the form of stubble, straw and byproduct available for stock the increase in stock number more than offset this. nevertheless crop system and the more intensive and settle human existence in village or permanent abode, offer an environment much more amenable to technological change and improvement than do the rangeland. the follow research development in recent year be some of the more promising.
the breeding of improved cultivar of human feed crop - wheat, maize, sorghum, groundnut etc. and research on fertiliser response, together with an appreciation that in subsistence agriculture, fertilizer put on crop increase yield sufficiently to release land for plant in animal forage crop.
research and demonstration have show that forage production can be expand considerably by inter-row sowing of legume with the cereal, use improved cultivar of forage specie, and especially replace the traditional fallow with sow perennial or annual forage crop. legume such as Stylosanthes and vetche, and other tropical legume in high rainfall area, be much preferred since their nitrogen level and nutritive value be high and they increase soil nitrogen for the next cereal crop. high yield have be obtain in Cyprus from barley and barley/vetch forage make into hay (Osman and Nersoyan, 1984; Unesco, 1979; FAO, 1983). if a move to great use of forage crop and more efficient use of graze stubble be to be make then control of the sheep and goat become important. attempt should therefore be make to gain acceptance of the electric fence by herder and cultivator.
intensive fattening of lamb and kid, on locally grow roughage plus concentrate and byproduct, have a double advantage of control marketing with a superior product and more importantly of remove young animal to be fatten from the overgraze rangeland, thereby reduce the graze pressure. Lamb fatten trial have be report from several country show typically that wean lamb make gain of 100 – 250 g/day with feed conversion ratio of 6 to 10 accord to the energy content of the diet. there be a need to examine what effect this have on the total system.
some arid and semi-arid area have water available for irrigation, which be use mainly for cereal or cash crop (cotton) but some be available for forage. water from the Nile be use in Egypt and Sudan, underground water in Libya and Saudi Arabia. extremely high yield of lucerne (Medicago sativa ) and egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) be obtain and provide a high protein source for cattle, sheep and goat.
improve the utilisation of low quality roughage be also possible. low protein level characteristic of tropical forage during the long dry period be a limit factor in animal intake and performance. (Minson, 1982). a considerable amount of research work have be do over the last 20 – 25 year on the use of urea to improve the voluntary intake of straw and other low quality roughage by cattle, sheep and goat. trial conduct in pen have almost universally give good result but selective grazing by animal in the field have cause some doubt about its application in a graze context (Coombe 1981). a more recent discovery be that alkali or ammonia treatment of straw can increase digestibility by 10–15unit, e.g. from 45% to 55–60%. encourage result be be obtain from the technique at both the village level (Dolberg et.al., 1981), and the factory level (Creek et.al., 1984).
a much well understanding of protein requirement of sheep and goat have be develop during the last decade, with recognition of the significance of ruman nondegradable protein. this be of special importance in the tropic (Lindsay, 1984).
the outlook then for improvement in pasture and crop production, and of utilisation by sheep and goat in the cropping area be reasonably encouraging. whether it can keep pace with the increase in human population be another matter. fortunately much of the research do in develop country be less sensitive to environment in a cropping activity than in a grazing activity, and be therefore more likely to find application in the cropping scene. the most important field of research in the cropping area as far as sheep and goat be concerned be likely to be further integration of pastoral ism with cropping, conservation and forage production for the dry period, and improvement in the utilisation of straw.
somewhat similar problem exist in the semi-arid/cold region of the world such as in the arc from Turkey to China. here the winter replace the dry period of the tropic. in the USSR and Northern China for example, many pastoralist have be semi-or wholly sedenterise, and winter basis exist in village or have be especially construct. the grow of forage, partly for graze but mostly for conservation as hay and silage, be a dominant feature of the system (Demiruren, 1982).
SUBHUMID and HUMID ZONES
though the line of demarkation between the semi-arid and subhumid zone be diffuse, there be a distinct trend towards tree crop agriculture as well as cropping, towards tall-grass pasture specie and a great density of village, especially where associate with rice culture. this be accompany by a shift in the relative importance of large and small ruminant. whereas in develop country sheep and goat outnumber cattle by nearly 2 : 1 in the arid and semi-arid zone, cattle outnumber sheep and goat in the subhumid and humid zone. as far as sheep and goat be concerned there be no long any pastoralist and nearly all the animal be associate with village and crop agriculture.
Tropical Pasture Development
present native pasture consist of Hyperrhenia, Andropogon, Themeda and many other specie exist in a savanna landscape derive from forest or woodland. soil be heavily leach, graze be primarily with cattle and fire play an important part in the grass, scrub, tree balance. the most important development in this area in the last few decade have undoubtedly be the selection, breeding and cultivation of improved cultivar of tropical grass and legume. the legume be particularly important because of the low nitrogen status of tropical soil. though this work have be carry out in several tropical environment the drive force have be the CSIRO Division of Tropical Pastures in Queensland, Australia (Mannetje, 1982; Minson, 1982). now there be establish cattle ranch and cattle project in most tropical country with rainfall in excess of 800–1000 mm.
unfortunately, in relation to sheep and goat, the basic graze experiment and present project be almost wholly involve with cattle. there be good reason for this cattle dominance, but not for the exclusion of small ruminant. very high yield of pasture DM be attainable - up to 30 – 40t/ha/annum but control of pasture growth, maintenance of the grass-legume balance, and ingress of weed do present great problem than with temperate pasture (Mannetje, 1982). nevertheless the potential of these tropical pasture specie for small ruminant with or without cattle should be explore. some trial use sheep and goat have be record (Boulton and Norton, 1982; Potts and Humphreys, 1983; Susetyo et.al. 1983) but not yet on a farm scale. some of the improved specie, especially legume such as Stylosanthes humili and S. guyanensis, Macroptilium, Desmodium spp be also find use as forage for establishment on fallow which be graze by sheep and goat in both semi- and subhumid zone.
Sheep and Goats in the Village
the place of sheep and goat in the village be much the same as describe for the arid and semi-arid zone. the scope for increase in number and production especially of goat have be emphasise (Devendra, 1980; Roy-Smith, 1982; Zulkifli et.al., 1980; Wilson, R. T. 1982), involve great utilisation of the considerable byproduct available from cereal and tree crop production, the introduction of improved grass and legume specie in available land and recognition of the part which the milking goat rather than the cow could play. the opportunity to exploit the production of tropical grass and legume be facilitate by the fact that many sheep and goat, especially in the humid zone, be feed under a cut and carry system, or be let out during the day time on a control graze system. there be no doubt that small ruminant production in this zone could be increase and there be good reason why it should. Most of the argument about the relative merit of cattle, sheep and goat be base on personal factor, and on calculation of what ought to be, and there be a need for comparison to be make on a strictly scientific basis. it be encourage that recognition of animal production potential in the humid tropic be evidence by the creation of the joint Australian/Indonesian Centre for animal research and development in Ciawi, Indonesia in 1975.
Utilisation of Pasture in Plantations
in the humid tropic there be large area of tree crop such as coconut, rubber and oil palm. they be establish in association with a tropical legume cover crop which in time regress to grass and weed. except in coconut plantation often graze by cattle the herbage available be generally not use at all. attention have be give by the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (Tan and Abraham, 1980) to use sheep to consume this herbage and to reduce the high cost of weed control. promising result be be achieve, confirm that a considerable potential exist for the utilisation of this large feed resource.
Forage Trees and Tree byproduct
the utilisation of edible tree and shrub, and of tree byproduct such as leaf, pod and seed have receive considerable attention in recent year. the characteristic and feed value of tree crop have be review recently by Hutagalung (1981). particular attention have be give to leguminous tree-such as Leucaena, Gliricidia, Tagasaste spp. since the leaf of leguminous tree, and especially L. Leucocephala, have protein level in excess of 20%. recent evidence (Bamualim et.al., 1984) show that the protein be a good by-pass protein, capable of enhance intake of low quality roughage where these form the main diet. Acacia spp prevalent in many part of the tropic can also be valuable in drought (Snook, 1984).
leguminous tree and edible shrub be not confine to the subhumid and humid zone, but can contribute also in the semi-arid zone, and be likely to be utilise much more than in the past.
there be considerable scientific evidence that both pasture and animal production can be increase substantially in all except the arid zone. the major problem be lack of capital to implement improvement and uncertainty about its viability, economically. the great and quick response in pasture and forage production be likely to be in the subhumid zone, and also in cropping system.
to maintain impetus in research it be suggest that priority be give to:
breeding and selection of pasture specie for the semi-arid zone aim at increase the length of the grow period. selection of low phosphate demand legume for this zone.
study of the utilisation of tropical pasture by sheep and goat.
pasture conservation for the dry period, forage production on crop land.
study to increase the complementarity (or integration) of rangeland and cropping land.
continuation of study aim at improve the utilisation of low quality roughage by sheep and goat.
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PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE ADP ADJ DET ADJ field ADP pastures CCONJ crops PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET time CCONJ space ADJ PUNCT PART AUX ADJ ADP VERB DET ADJ lines ADP research CCONJ development ADP ADJ years VERB ADJ reference ADP ADJ countries PUNCT ADP DET ADJ PUNCT term DET ADJ advances AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ knowledge PUNCT ADJ ADP PUNCT DET ADJ physiology CCONJ biochemistry ADP plant growth PUNCT DET significance ADP DET PROPN pathway ADP ADJ plants PUNCT ADJ engineering PUNCT embryo transfer ADP animals PUNCT ADJ sensing photography PUNCT DET ecology ADP DET world PART grasslands PUNCT DET VERB problems ADP rangeland degeneration PUNCT CCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ change ADP ADJ societies PUNCT AUX ADV ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ problem CCONJ DET task ADP DET paper AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ level ADP PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET possibilities ADP VERB pasture CCONJ forage production PUNCT CCONJ ADP VERB feed VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ manner PUNCT SPACE ADV NUM half ADP DET sheep CCONJ NUM quarters ADP DET goats ADP VERB countries AUX ADP DET tropics PUNCT DET remainder AUX ADP DET band ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART AUX DET classification ADP ADJ zones VERB plant growth PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET tropics PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE |Zone||Rainfall1 PUNCT mm)||Rainfall2 PUNCT PUNCT Period PUNCT days)||Dry Season PUNCT months)| SPACE PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE X PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM SYM NUM SYM NUM SPACE PUNCT ADJ PUNCT NUM SYM NUM SYM NUM SPACE PUNCT PUNCT NUM SYM NUM SYM NUM PUNCT NUM SPACE NUM ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE NUM ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN SPACE ADJ feature ADP research CCONJ development work ADP DET tropics PUNCT ADP DET exception ADP DET ADJ zone PUNCT AUX SCONJ cattle ADV ADP sheep CCONJ goats AUX AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ SCONJ ADP DET absence ADP ADJ data ADP ADJ ruminants PRON AUX ADV PART VERB ADP cattle data PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART VERB ADV DET ADJ pasture utilisation studies ADP sheep ADP DET ADJ zone CCONJ ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ zones PUNCT VERB ADP DET cropping SYM livestock situation ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ UTILISATION ADP DET ADJ ZONE SPACE Research activities PUNCT CCONJ DET methods VERB ADV PUNCT ADP VERB ADJ production ADP VERB countries VERB ADV ADJ lines PUNCT breeding CCONJ selection ADP ADJ cultivars PUNCT determination ADP plant nutrient PUNCT fertiliser PUNCT requirements PUNCT determination ADP animal feed requirements PUNCT grazing management studies VERB ADP VERB pasture growth CCONJ animal requirements ADP ADJ efficiency ADP DET year ADJ basis PUNCT ADP DET ADJ zone ADP ADJ conditions grass PUNCT legume pastures AUX ADJ ADP VERB NUM t PROPN SYM ha/ annum ADP ADJ land CCONJ NUM t DM SYM ha SYM annum ADP hill land VERB ADP clovers ADV PUNCT Trifolium repens PUNCT PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET studies AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ front PUNCT ADP ADJ years ADJ attention AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ area PUNCT DET ADJ use ADP pasture under PUNCT grazing PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Techniques AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB herbage mass PUNCT ratio ADP green ADP ADJ leaf PUNCT ADJ PROPN growth ADP ADJ material ADP ADJ grazing pressures PUNCT DET intake ADP DET VERB sheep PUNCT CCONJ goat PUNCT ADP ADJ levels ADP pasture availability PUNCT DET pasture availability VERB PART VERB VERB levels ADP production PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ pasture PUNCT PROPN SYM ha PUNCT ADP DET production VERB ADP ADJ levels PUNCT ADV research AUX VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ periods ADP DET ADJ cycle ADP DET ewe PUNCT CCONJ DET extent PART DET DET resilience ADP DET ewe PART VERB CCONJ VERB body fat AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ peaks CCONJ troughs ADP pasture growth PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV PART VERB DET ADP practice VERB control ADP pasture growth CCONJ control CCONJ rationing ADP intake ADP DET VERB sheep PUNCT DET AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP ADJ subdivision ADP fencing PUNCT DET AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP DET development ADP ADJ fencing CCONJ ADP ADV ADJ systems ADP DET ADJ use ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ fencing PUNCT ADJ fencing AUX ADV VERB ADP strip grazing ADP forage crops PUNCT ADP order PART VERB ADJ utilization ADP DET forage PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ conversion ADP pasture ADP animal production AUX DET ADV ADJ matter SCONJ ADP DET interactions ADP DET VERB animal CCONJ DET pasture PUNCT interactions DET VERB ADP season PUNCT ADP ADJ stocking rates percentage utilisation AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ grazing AUX ADV ADJ ADP PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADP PUNCT ADJ grazing PUNCT ADV PART VERB ADJ animal production ADP hectare ADJ grazing ADP ADJ stocking rates AUX VERB ADP order PART VERB DET ADJ percentage utilisation PUNCT ADP DET case ADJ grazing AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP practice compromises VERB ADJ SCONJ pasture growth AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX periods SCONJ utilisation AUX VERB ADP DET interests ADP VERB ADJ ADJ animal growth rates CCONJ others PUNCT ADJ ADP ADP winter PUNCT SCONJ utilisation AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP liveweight gain PUNCT SPACE DET efficiency ADP utilisation ADP ADJ pasture ADP ADJ grazing systems VERB ADJ ADP NUM sheep SYM ha AUX VERB ADP ADJ research PART AUX ADP NUM% PUNCT SCONJ ADJ pasture AUX VERB ADP oversowing PUNCT fertilisation CCONJ fencing PUNCT utilisation AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM% PUNCT ADP ADV ADV VERB VERB pastures efficiencies ADP NUM% AUX ADJ ADP DET year PUNCT ADV basis PUNCT DET appreciation ADP ADJ grazing CCONJ utilisation AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ practice ADP VERB ADJ ewes ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET ewes AUX VERB PUNCT ADP DET density ADP NUM ewes ADP hectare PUNCT ADP DET ADJ shift ADP ADJ fences PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN PROPN SCONJ winters AUX ADJ PUNCT ADJ reliance ADP hay CCONJ silage AUX VERB ADP winter feed PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET percentage utilisation ADP ADJ energy PUNCT ME PUNCT ADP DET ADJ pasture PUNCT SCONJ VERB ADP hay PUNCT AUX ADP NUM% PUNCT ADP DET PUNCT CCONJ ADP reasons ADP cost PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN grazing countries VERB emphasis ADP utilisation ADP pasture ADP DET VERB animal ADP ADJ use ADP VERB fodder PUNCT SPACE Advances ADP grazing management CCONJ utilisation AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP ADJ countries PUNCT NUM example ADP DET AUX DET PUNCT NUM pasture PUNCT system VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ hill country ADP PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ area ADP ADJ pasture AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ area ADP ADJ hill land CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ points ADP DET ADJ cycle ADP DET ewes PUNCT DET AUX DET PUNCT NUM pasture PUNCT system VERB ADP VERB worm parasite problems PUNCT ADV ADP DET DET ADJ grazing countries PRON AUX VERB evidence SCONJ cattle PUNCT sheep CCONJ goats AUX DET AUX ADJ ADP NUM DET PUNCT DET ADJ grazing characteristics ADP DET AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADP coats DET AUX VERB ADV ADP PRON preferences ADP weeds CCONJ pasture species PART VERB ADP sheep PUNCT SPACE SCONJ proof AUX VERB SCONJ ADJ pasture SYM sheep technology AUX VERB ADP VERB animal production DET case ADP PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ ADP ADV DET ADJ area ADP grazing land PUNCT sheep numbers AUX VERB ADP NUM millions ADP NUM ADP NUM millions ADP NUM PUNCT ADP NUM millions ADP NUM ADP ADJ increases ADP meat CCONJ wool output PUNCT SCONJ ADV DET ADP DET ADJ zone technology AUX ADV ADJ ADP VERB countries PUNCT DET objectives CCONJ DET principles ADV AUX PUNCT SPACE ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ ZONE RANGELANDS SPACE DET ADJ rangelands ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ zones ADP VERB countries CCONJ DET peoples PRON VERB AUX ADP VERB degrees ADP crisis ADP DET result ADP rangeland degradation PUNCT VERB ADP ADP overstocking PUNCT DET area AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP pastoralists ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ systems PUNCT CCONJ DET pressure ADP ADJ population AUX VERB ADP DET incursion ADP agriculturalists ADP PRON livestock ADP ADJ areas PUNCT ADV VERB DET ADJ pressure ADP DET rangeland vegetation PUNCT SPACE ADJ AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ state ADP rangeland vegetation PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ impediments ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ difficulties ADP VERB DET deterioration PUNCT X PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX cases CCONJ instances ADP ADJ improvements CCONJ improvements ADV VERB PUNCT DET concensus ADP opinion ADP authors AUX SCONJ DET ADJ solution ADJ CCONJ ADJ AUX PART VERB grazing pressure PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET AUX VERB ADP destocking PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ grazing CCONJ DET ADJ form ADP grazing management DET AUX VERB DET ADV ADJ grazing CCONJ VERB ADJ overgrazing ADP ADJ areas PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN review PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB SCONJ PRON AUX need ADP rehabilitation ADP DET introduction ADP ADJ management PUNCT SCONJ forage cultivation AUX PART ADV ADV VERB CCONJ conservation ADP hay CCONJ silage ADV VERB PUNCT PRON AUX DET need PART VERB forage trees CCONJ VERB shrubs PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ likelihood ADP VERB forage availability ADP DET ADJ future ADP ADP pressure ADP livestock VERB ADP DET persistence ADP drought PUNCT SPACE DET productivity ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ zone rangelands AUX ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADJ authorities PUNCT VERB DET figure ADP NUM kg PROPN SYM ha SYM annum ADP mm rainfall PUNCT CCONJ PRON DM SYM ha SYM X ADP NUM mm DET AUX ADJ PART AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADJ yields AUX PART VERB PART VERB ADJ income PART VERB incentive PART VERB ADJ species ADV SCONJ DET AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE SCONJ acceptance ADP DET inhabitants CCONJ ADP Governments SCONJ reduction ADP grazing pressure AUX DET ADJ ADJ term solution PUNCT PRON AUX PART AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT Observation CCONJ development project results VERB SCONJ PRON AUX avenues ADP improvement CCONJ DET ADJ examples ADP DET AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE Grain yields CCONJ sheep production AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN ADP VERB fallow ADP ADJ clover CCONJ medic pasture PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN VERB DET ADJ ADJ climate CCONJ PART VERB crop CCONJ sheep grazing PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN DET introduction ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB DM yield ADP NUM t ADP NUM SYM ha SYM X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE VERB rangeland ADP PROPN AUX AUX VERB PART AUX ADJ ADP VERB NUM ADJ DM SYM ha SYM annum ADP VERB ADP milk vetch CCONJ fertiliser PUNCT PROPN project PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET site VERB NUM mm rainfall PUNCT DET ADP summer PUNCT DET yields ADP ADJ grassland AUX AUX VERB ADP fertiliser ADV PUNCT SCONJ ADP VERB areas DET use ADP ADJ cultivars ADP sorghums PUNCT maize PUNCT CCONJ ADJ grasses ADP silage PUNCT CCONJ ADJ grass ADP hay AUX ADV VERB DET number ADP stock VERB ADV ADV ADP VERB PRON ADV PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX NUM ADP DET ADV VERB PUNCT VERB DET ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT system ADP grazing control PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB fodder trees CCONJ VERB lamb fattening cooperatives PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADV VERB development project ADP PROPN SCONJ PROPN elongatum AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN ecosystem ADP DET NUM mm rainfall area PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET introduction ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET legumes PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADP DET ADJ degree PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB PART AUX ADJ ADP AUX VERB CCONJ ADV VERB ADP sites ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ zone PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ rangelands ADP DET ADJ zone PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB ADP overstocking ADP DET ADJ NUM years CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADP DET ADP DET stock numbers AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADV ADV VERB AUX DET ADP DET PROPN CCONJ ADP DET ADJ review ADP rangeland management CCONJ reseeding results PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PUNCT DET ADJ portion ADP ADJ rangelands ADV VERB vegetation assemblages ADV ADP PRON potential PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP DET review VERB SCONJ PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ improvements ADP DET pipeline PRON AUX VERB ADP ADJ productivity gains PUNCT DET ADJ restrictions ADP ADJ vegetation PUNCT ADJ rainfall CCONJ DET ADJ climate AUX PART ADJ ADP ADJ innovation PUNCT PUNCT ADV PRON AUX instances SCONJ ADP DET ADP DET countries improvements AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PART VERB ADV NUM example PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP ADJ altitudes ADP PROPN AUX ADJ PART VERB ryegrass PUNCT clover pastures CCONJ PART VERB PUNCT seed lucerne ADP rangeland ADP ADJ increases ADP sheep numbers VERB PUNCT SPACE DET problem AUX SCONJ research CCONJ development projects ADP CCONJ VERB CCONJ VERB countries ADP DET DET possibilities SCONJ improvement AUX AUX VERB PUNCT AUX ADJ inputs ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ aid PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ sense CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB PART VERB production AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP DET ADV ADJ sites PRON AUX AUX ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT DET problem AUX PART VERB ADJ deterioration PUNCT DET ADJ income PUNCT VERB power ADP DET ADJ rangelands VERB SCONJ DET improvements AUX AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ cost PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ role PART VERB ADJ utilisation ADP DET ADV ADJ area ADP ADJ land PUNCT SPACE Research priorities VERB AUX VERB grazing management studies PART VERB ADV ADJ grazing pressure PUNCT forage conservation PUNCT selection ADP species CCONJ cultivars VERB growth ADP DET ADJ period PUNCT integration ADP cropping systems PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN et.al,1984 PUNCT PUNCT SPACE CROP PUNCT LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION SPACE Crop production AUX DET occupation ADP agriculturalists VERB ADP villages ADV ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones PUNCT ADV DET nomads AUX VERB DET grazing ADP crop stubbles ADP PRON ADJ movement PUNCT SCONJ ADJ pastoralists AUX ADV VERB use ADP stubbles CCONJ crop residues ADP DET ADJ period PUNCT DET VERB sedentarisation CCONJ semi - sedentarisation ADP nomads CCONJ transhumants PUNCT ADV ADP movement ADP agriculturalists ADP PRON ADJ livestock ADP DET ADJ direction ADP ADJ areas PUNCT AUX VERB DET areas ADJ ADP grazing CCONJ ADV VERB DET risks ADP crop failure PUNCT DET integration ADP VERB ADP sheep CCONJ goats AUX ADV ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ zone CCONJ VERB ADP DET ADJ zone PUNCT SCONJ DET cropping regime VERB ADJ PROPN SYM ha ADP DET form ADP stubbles PUNCT straws CCONJ byproducts ADJ ADP stock DET increases ADP stock numbers ADV ADP VERB DET PUNCT ADV cropping systems CCONJ DET ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ existence ADP villages CCONJ ADJ abodes PUNCT VERB DET environment ADV ADV ADJ ADP ADJ change CCONJ improvement ADP AUX DET rangeland PUNCT DET VERB research developments ADP ADJ years AUX DET ADP DET ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET breeding ADP ADJ cultivars ADP ADJ feed crops PUNCT wheat PUNCT maize PUNCT sorghum PUNCT groundnuts X X CCONJ research ADP fertiliser responses PUNCT ADV ADP DET appreciation SCONJ ADP subsistence agriculture PUNCT fertilizer VERB ADP crops VERB yield ADV PART VERB land ADP VERB ADP animal forage crops PUNCT SPACE Research CCONJ demonstration AUX VERB SCONJ forage production AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ sowing ADP legumes ADP DET cereal PUNCT VERB ADJ cultivars ADP forage species PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET ADJ fallow ADP VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ forage crops PUNCT Legumes ADJ ADP PROPN CCONJ vetches PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ legumes ADP ADJ rainfall areas PUNCT AUX ADV VERB SCONJ PRON nitrogen level CCONJ ADJ value AUX ADJ CCONJ PRON VERB soil nitrogen ADP DET ADJ cereal crop PUNCT ADJ yields AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP barley CCONJ barley SYM vetch forage VERB ADP hay PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ DET move ADP ADJ use ADP forage crops CCONJ ADV ADJ use ADP grazing stubbles AUX PART AUX VERB ADV control ADP DET sheep CCONJ goats VERB ADJ PUNCT Attempts AUX ADV AUX VERB PART VERB acceptance ADP DET ADJ fence ADP herders CCONJ cultivators PUNCT SPACE ADJ fattening ADP lambs CCONJ kids PUNCT ADP ADV VERB roughage CCONJ concentrates CCONJ byproducts PUNCT AUX DET ADJ advantage ADP ADJ marketing ADP DET ADJ product CCONJ ADV ADV ADP VERB ADJ animals PART AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ rangeland PUNCT ADV VERB DET grazing pressure PUNCT Lamb VERB trials AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ countries VERB ADV SCONJ VERB lambs VERB gains ADP NUM SYM NUM g SYM day ADP feed conversion ratios ADP NUM PART NUM VERB ADP DET energy content ADP DET diet PUNCT PRON AUX DET need PART VERB PRON effect DET AUX ADP DET ADJ system PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ areas AUX water ADJ ADP irrigation PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADV ADP cereal CCONJ cash crops PUNCT cotton PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX ADJ ADP forage PUNCT Water ADP DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADJ water ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADJ yields ADP lucerne PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADJ clover PUNCT PROPN alexandrinum PUNCT AUX VERB CCONJ VERB DET ADJ protein source ADP cattle PUNCT sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT SPACE VERB DET utilisation ADP ADJ quality roughages AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADJ protein levels ADJ ADP ADJ forages ADP DET ADJ ADJ period AUX DET VERB factor ADP animal intake CCONJ performance PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ amount ADP research work AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM SYM NUM years ADP DET use ADP urea PART VERB DET ADJ intake ADP straws CCONJ ADJ ADJ quality roughages ADP cattle PUNCT sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT Trials VERB ADP pens AUX ADV ADV VERB ADJ results CCONJ ADJ grazing ADP animals ADP DET field AUX VERB DET doubts ADP PRON application ADP DET grazing context PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV ADJ discovery AUX SCONJ alkali CCONJ ammonia treatment ADP straw AUX VERB digestibility ADP NUM PUNCT ADV ADP NUM% ADP NUM% PUNCT ADJ results AUX AUX VERB ADP DET technique ADP DET DET village level PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET factory level PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADV ADJ understanding ADP protein requirements ADP sheep CCONJ goats AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ decade PUNCT ADP recognition ADP DET significance ADP rumen ADJ protein PUNCT DET AUX ADP ADJ importance ADP DET tropics PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET outlook ADV ADP improvements ADP pasture CCONJ crop production PUNCT CCONJ ADP utilisation ADP sheep CCONJ goats ADP DET VERB areas AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX VERB pace ADP DET increases ADP ADJ population AUX DET matter PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP DET research VERB ADP ADJ countries AUX ADV ADJ ADP environment ADP DET cropping activity ADP ADP DET grazing activity PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADV ADV ADJ PART VERB application ADP DET cropping scene PUNCT DET ADV ADJ fields ADP research ADP DET cropping areas ADV ADV ADP sheep CCONJ goats AUX VERB AUX ADJ PART AUX ADV integration ADP ADJ ism ADP cropping PUNCT conservation CCONJ forage production ADP DET ADJ period PUNCT CCONJ improvements ADP DET utilisation ADP straws PUNCT SPACE ADV ADJ problems VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ SYM ADJ regions ADP DET world ADJ ADP ADP DET arc ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV DET winter VERB DET ADJ period ADP DET tropics PUNCT ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP example PUNCT ADJ pastoralists AUX AUX ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ winter bases VERB ADP villages CCONJ AUX AUX ADV VERB PUNCT DET growing ADP forage PUNCT ADV ADP grazing CCONJ ADV ADP conservation ADP hay CCONJ silage PUNCT AUX DET ADJ feature ADP DET system PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ CCONJ ADJ ZONES SPACE SCONJ DET line ADP demarkation ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ trend ADP tree crop agriculture ADV ADV ADP cropping PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT grass pasture species CCONJ DET ADJ density ADP villages PUNCT ADV SCONJ VERB ADP rice culture PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET shift ADP DET ADJ importance ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ ruminants PUNCT SCONJ ADP VERB countries sheep CCONJ goats VERB cattle ADP ADV NUM SYM NUM ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ zones PUNCT cattle VERB sheep CCONJ goats ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones PUNCT ADV ADV ADP sheep CCONJ goats AUX VERB PRON AUX DET ADV DET pastoralists CCONJ ADV DET DET animals AUX VERB ADP village CCONJ cropping agriculture PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE ADJ ADJ pastures VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ ADJ ADJ species VERB ADP DET savanna landscape VERB ADP forest CCONJ woodland PUNCT Soils AUX ADV VERB PUNCT grazing AUX ADV ADP cattle CCONJ fire VERB DET ADJ part ADP DET grass PUNCT scrub PUNCT tree balance PUNCT DET ADV ADJ development ADP DET area ADP DET ADJ ADJ decades AUX ADV AUX DET selection PUNCT breeding CCONJ cultivation ADP ADJ cultivars ADP ADJ grasses CCONJ legumes PUNCT DET legume AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ ADP DET ADJ nitrogen status ADP ADJ soils PUNCT SCONJ DET work AUX AUX VERB ADP ADP ADJ ADJ environments DET VERB force AUX AUX DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PRON AUX VERB cattle ranches CCONJ cattle projects ADP ADJ ADJ countries ADP rainfall ADP excess ADP NUM mm PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP relation ADP sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT DET ADJ grazing experiments CCONJ ADJ projects AUX ADV ADV VERB ADP cattle PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ reasons ADP DET cattle dominance PUNCT CCONJ PART ADP DET exclusion ADP ADJ ruminants PUNCT ADV ADJ yields ADP pasture DM AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP PART NUM SYM NUM SYM ha SYM annum CCONJ control ADP pasture growth PUNCT maintenance ADP DET grass PUNCT legume balance PUNCT CCONJ ingress ADP weeds AUX VERB ADJ problems ADP ADP ADJ pastures PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV DET potential ADP DET ADJ pasture species ADP ADJ ruminants ADP CCONJ ADP cattle AUX AUX VERB PUNCT DET trials VERB sheep CCONJ goats AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN et.al PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PART ADV ADP DET farm scale PUNCT DET ADP DET VERB species PUNCT ADV legumes ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN spp AUX ADV VERB use ADP forages ADP establishment ADP fallows DET AUX VERB ADP sheep CCONJ goats ADP CCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones PUNCT SPACE PROPN CCONJ Goats ADP DET Village SPACE DET place ADP sheep CCONJ goats ADP DET village AUX ADV DET ADJ ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ zones PUNCT DET scope ADP increases ADP numbers CCONJ production ADV ADP goats AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADJ utilisation ADP DET ADJ byproducts ADJ ADP cereal CCONJ tree crop production PUNCT DET introduction ADP ADJ grass CCONJ legume species ADP ADJ land CCONJ recognition ADP DET part DET DET VERB goat ADV ADP DET cow AUX VERB PUNCT DET opportunity PART VERB DET production ADP ADJ grasses CCONJ legumes AUX VERB ADP DET fact SCONJ ADJ sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ zone PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET VERB CCONJ VERB system PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADP ADP DET day time ADP DET ADJ grazing system PUNCT PRON AUX DET doubt SCONJ ADJ ADJ production ADP DET zone AUX AUX VERB CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ reasons SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT ADJ ADP DET arguments ADP DET ADJ merits ADP cattle PUNCT sheep CCONJ goats AUX VERB ADP ADJ factors PUNCT CCONJ ADP calculations ADP PRON AUX PART AUX PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET need ADP comparisons PART AUX VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ basis PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ recognition ADP animal production potential ADP DET ADJ tropics AUX VERB ADP DET creation ADP DET ADJ ADJ SYM ADJ PROPN ADP animal research CCONJ development ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE Utilisation ADP Pasture ADP Plantations SPACE ADP DET ADJ tropics PRON AUX ADJ areas ADP tree crops ADJ ADP coconut PUNCT rubber CCONJ oil palm PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP association ADP DET ADJ legume cover crop DET ADP time VERB ADP grasses CCONJ weeds PUNCT SCONJ ADP coconut plantations ADV VERB ADP cattle DET herbage ADJ AUX ADV PART VERB ADV ADV PUNCT Attention AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP VERB sheep PART VERB DET herbage CCONJ PART VERB DET ADJ cost ADP weed control PUNCT ADJ results AUX AUX VERB PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET ADJ potential VERB ADP DET utilisation ADP DET ADJ feed resource PUNCT SPACE Forage Trees CCONJ Tree Byproducts SPACE DET utilisation ADP ADJ trees CCONJ shrubs PUNCT CCONJ ADP tree byproducts ADJ ADP leaves PUNCT pods CCONJ seeds AUX VERB ADJ attention ADP ADJ years PUNCT DET characteristics CCONJ feed values ADP tree crops AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ attention AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ trees PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN spp X SCONJ DET leaves ADP ADJ trees PUNCT CCONJ ADV PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX protein levels ADP excess ADP NUM% PUNCT ADJ evidence PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET protein AUX DET ADJ by PUNCT pass protein PUNCT ADJ ADP VERB intake ADP ADJ quality roughages SCONJ DET VERB DET ADJ diet PUNCT Acacia spp ADJ ADP ADJ parts ADP DET tropics AUX ADV AUX ADJ ADP droughts PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ trees CCONJ ADJ shrubs AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ zone PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADJ PART AUX VERB ADV ADV ADP ADP DET past PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADJ ADJ evidence SCONJ DET pasture CCONJ animal production AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET SCONJ DET ADJ zone PUNCT DET ADJ problems AUX lack ADP capital PART VERB improvement CCONJ uncertainty ADP PRON viability PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ responses ADP pasture CCONJ forage production AUX ADJ PART AUX ADP DET ADJ zone PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP VERB systems PUNCT SPACE PART VERB impetus ADP research PRON AUX VERB SCONJ priority AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE breeding CCONJ selection ADP pasture species ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ zone VERB ADP VERB DET length ADP DET growing period PUNCT Selection ADP ADJ phosphate VERB legumes ADP DET zone PUNCT SPACE studies ADP DET utilisation ADP ADJ pastures ADP sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT SPACE pasture conservation ADP DET ADJ period PUNCT forage production ADP VERB land PUNCT SPACE studies PART VERB DET complementarity PUNCT CCONJ integration PUNCT ADP rangeland CCONJ VERB land PUNCT SPACE continuation ADP studies VERB ADP VERB DET utilisation ADP ADJ quality roughages ADP sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP ADJ Limits ADP PROPN Production ADP Pastures PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT Proc PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP Press PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . 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ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP Press PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT Fodder CCONJ Livestock Production PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM NUM SPACE PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT Rev. NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT Proc . ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN SYM PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP ADJ Animal Production ADP VERB Countries PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT Livestock PROPN PROPN CCONJ Livestock Development ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN b. PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM pp PROPN SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT Proc PROPN NUM PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT p. NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN Limits ADP Animal Production ADP Pastures PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP Press PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN . NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT Proc PROPN ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT p. NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT p. NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN SYM PROPN SYM PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM pp PROPN SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN . ADP PROPN Prod PUNCT CCONJ Disease PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN SYM PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT Proc . NUM PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT
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PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE ADP ADJ DET ADJ field ADP pastures CCONJ crops PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET time CCONJ space ADJ PUNCT PART AUX ADJ ADP VERB DET ADJ lines ADP research CCONJ development ADP ADJ years VERB ADJ reference ADP ADJ countries PUNCT ADP DET ADJ PUNCT term DET ADJ advances AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ knowledge PUNCT ADJ ADP PUNCT DET ADJ physiology CCONJ biochemistry ADP plant growth PUNCT DET significance ADP DET PROPN pathway ADP ADJ plants PUNCT ADJ engineering PUNCT embryo transfer ADP animals PUNCT ADJ sensing photography PUNCT DET ecology ADP DET world PART grasslands PUNCT DET VERB problems ADP rangeland degeneration PUNCT CCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ change ADP ADJ societies PUNCT AUX ADV ADV VERB PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ problem CCONJ DET task ADP DET paper AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ level ADP PRON AUX AUX VERB ADP DET possibilities ADP VERB pasture CCONJ forage production PUNCT CCONJ ADP VERB feed VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ manner PUNCT SPACE ADV NUM half ADP DET sheep CCONJ NUM quarters ADP DET goats ADP VERB countries AUX ADP DET tropics PUNCT DET remainder AUX ADP DET band ADP PROPN PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ PART AUX DET classification ADP ADJ zones VERB plant growth PUNCT CCONJ ADP DET tropics PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE |Zone||Rainfall1 PUNCT mm)||Rainfall2 PUNCT PUNCT Period PUNCT days)||Dry Season PUNCT months)| SPACE PUNCT PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE X PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM SYM NUM SYM NUM SYM NUM SPACE PUNCT ADJ PUNCT NUM SYM NUM SYM NUM SPACE PUNCT PUNCT NUM SYM NUM SYM NUM PUNCT NUM SPACE NUM ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE NUM ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN SPACE ADJ feature ADP research CCONJ development work ADP DET tropics PUNCT ADP DET exception ADP DET ADJ zone PUNCT AUX SCONJ cattle ADV ADP sheep CCONJ goats AUX AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ SCONJ ADP DET absence ADP ADJ data ADP ADJ ruminants PRON AUX ADV PART VERB ADP cattle data PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PART VERB ADV DET ADJ pasture utilisation studies ADP sheep ADP DET ADJ zone CCONJ ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ zones PUNCT VERB ADP DET cropping SYM livestock situation ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ UTILISATION ADP DET ADJ ZONE SPACE Research activities PUNCT CCONJ DET methods VERB ADV PUNCT ADP VERB ADJ production ADP VERB countries VERB ADV ADJ lines PUNCT breeding CCONJ selection ADP ADJ cultivars PUNCT determination ADP plant nutrient PUNCT fertiliser PUNCT requirements PUNCT determination ADP animal feed requirements PUNCT grazing management studies VERB ADP VERB pasture growth CCONJ animal requirements ADP ADJ efficiency ADP DET year ADJ basis PUNCT ADP DET ADJ zone ADP ADJ conditions grass PUNCT legume pastures AUX ADJ ADP VERB NUM t PROPN SYM ha/ annum ADP ADJ land CCONJ NUM t DM SYM ha SYM annum ADP hill land VERB ADP clovers ADV PUNCT Trifolium repens PUNCT PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET studies AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ front PUNCT ADP ADJ years ADJ attention AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ area PUNCT DET ADJ use ADP pasture under PUNCT grazing PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Techniques AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB herbage mass PUNCT ratio ADP green ADP ADJ leaf PUNCT ADJ PROPN growth ADP ADJ material ADP ADJ grazing pressures PUNCT DET intake ADP DET VERB sheep PUNCT CCONJ goat PUNCT ADP ADJ levels ADP pasture availability PUNCT DET pasture availability VERB PART VERB VERB levels ADP production PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ pasture PUNCT PROPN SYM ha PUNCT ADP DET production VERB ADP ADJ levels PUNCT ADV research AUX VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ periods ADP DET ADJ cycle ADP DET ewe PUNCT CCONJ DET extent PART DET DET resilience ADP DET ewe PART VERB CCONJ VERB body fat AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ peaks CCONJ troughs ADP pasture growth PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV PART VERB DET ADP practice VERB control ADP pasture growth CCONJ control CCONJ rationing ADP intake ADP DET VERB sheep PUNCT DET AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP ADJ subdivision ADP fencing PUNCT DET AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP DET development ADP ADJ fencing CCONJ ADP ADV ADJ systems ADP DET ADJ use ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ fencing PUNCT ADJ fencing AUX ADV VERB ADP strip grazing ADP forage crops PUNCT ADP order PART VERB ADJ utilization ADP DET forage PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ conversion ADP pasture ADP animal production AUX DET ADV ADJ matter SCONJ ADP DET interactions ADP DET VERB animal CCONJ DET pasture PUNCT interactions DET VERB ADP season PUNCT ADP ADJ stocking rates percentage utilisation AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ grazing AUX ADV ADJ ADP PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADP PUNCT ADJ grazing PUNCT ADV PART VERB ADJ animal production ADP hectare ADJ grazing ADP ADJ stocking rates AUX VERB ADP order PART VERB DET ADJ percentage utilisation PUNCT ADP DET case ADJ grazing AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP practice compromises VERB ADJ SCONJ pasture growth AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX periods SCONJ utilisation AUX VERB ADP DET interests ADP VERB ADJ ADJ animal growth rates CCONJ others PUNCT ADJ ADP ADP winter PUNCT SCONJ utilisation AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP liveweight gain PUNCT SPACE DET efficiency ADP utilisation ADP ADJ pasture ADP ADJ grazing systems VERB ADJ ADP NUM sheep SYM ha AUX VERB ADP ADJ research PART AUX ADP NUM% PUNCT SCONJ ADJ pasture AUX VERB ADP oversowing PUNCT fertilisation CCONJ fencing PUNCT utilisation AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM% PUNCT ADP ADV ADV VERB VERB pastures efficiencies ADP NUM% AUX ADJ ADP DET year PUNCT ADV basis PUNCT DET appreciation ADP ADJ grazing CCONJ utilisation AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ practice ADP VERB ADJ ewes ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET ewes AUX VERB PUNCT ADP DET density ADP NUM ewes ADP hectare PUNCT ADP DET ADJ shift ADP ADJ fences PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN PROPN SCONJ winters AUX ADJ PUNCT ADJ reliance ADP hay CCONJ silage AUX VERB ADP winter feed PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET percentage utilisation ADP ADJ energy PUNCT ME PUNCT ADP DET ADJ pasture PUNCT SCONJ VERB ADP hay PUNCT AUX ADP NUM% PUNCT ADP DET PUNCT CCONJ ADP reasons ADP cost PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN grazing countries VERB emphasis ADP utilisation ADP pasture ADP DET VERB animal ADP ADJ use ADP VERB fodder PUNCT SPACE Advances ADP grazing management CCONJ utilisation AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP ADJ countries PUNCT NUM example ADP DET AUX DET PUNCT NUM pasture PUNCT system VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ hill country ADP PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ area ADP ADJ pasture AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ area ADP ADJ hill land CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ points ADP DET ADJ cycle ADP DET ewes PUNCT DET AUX DET PUNCT NUM pasture PUNCT system VERB ADP VERB worm parasite problems PUNCT ADV ADP DET DET ADJ grazing countries PRON AUX VERB evidence SCONJ cattle PUNCT sheep CCONJ goats AUX DET AUX ADJ ADP NUM DET PUNCT DET ADJ grazing characteristics ADP DET AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADP coats DET AUX VERB ADV ADP PRON preferences ADP weeds CCONJ pasture species PART VERB ADP sheep PUNCT SPACE SCONJ proof AUX VERB SCONJ ADJ pasture SYM sheep technology AUX VERB ADP VERB animal production DET case ADP PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ ADP ADV DET ADJ area ADP grazing land PUNCT sheep numbers AUX VERB ADP NUM millions ADP NUM ADP NUM millions ADP NUM PUNCT ADP NUM millions ADP NUM ADP ADJ increases ADP meat CCONJ wool output PUNCT SCONJ ADV DET ADP DET ADJ zone technology AUX ADV ADJ ADP VERB countries PUNCT DET objectives CCONJ DET principles ADV AUX PUNCT SPACE ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ ZONE RANGELANDS SPACE DET ADJ rangelands ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ zones ADP VERB countries CCONJ DET peoples PRON VERB AUX ADP VERB degrees ADP crisis ADP DET result ADP rangeland degradation PUNCT VERB ADP ADP overstocking PUNCT DET area AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP pastoralists ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ systems PUNCT CCONJ DET pressure ADP ADJ population AUX VERB ADP DET incursion ADP agriculturalists ADP PRON livestock ADP ADJ areas PUNCT ADV VERB DET ADJ pressure ADP DET rangeland vegetation PUNCT SPACE ADJ AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ state ADP rangeland vegetation PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ impediments ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ difficulties ADP VERB DET deterioration PUNCT X PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX cases CCONJ instances ADP ADJ improvements CCONJ improvements ADV VERB PUNCT DET concensus ADP opinion ADP authors AUX SCONJ DET ADJ solution ADJ CCONJ ADJ AUX PART VERB grazing pressure PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET AUX VERB ADP destocking PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ grazing CCONJ DET ADJ form ADP grazing management DET AUX VERB DET ADV ADJ grazing CCONJ VERB ADJ overgrazing ADP ADJ areas PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN review PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB SCONJ PRON AUX need ADP rehabilitation ADP DET introduction ADP ADJ management PUNCT SCONJ forage cultivation AUX PART ADV ADV VERB CCONJ conservation ADP hay CCONJ silage ADV VERB PUNCT PRON AUX DET need PART VERB forage trees CCONJ VERB shrubs PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ likelihood ADP VERB forage availability ADP DET ADJ future ADP ADP pressure ADP livestock VERB ADP DET persistence ADP drought PUNCT SPACE DET productivity ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ zone rangelands AUX ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADJ authorities PUNCT VERB DET figure ADP NUM kg PROPN SYM ha SYM annum ADP mm rainfall PUNCT CCONJ PRON DM SYM ha SYM X ADP NUM mm DET AUX ADJ PART AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADJ yields AUX PART VERB PART VERB ADJ income PART VERB incentive PART VERB ADJ species ADV SCONJ DET AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE SCONJ acceptance ADP DET inhabitants CCONJ ADP Governments SCONJ reduction ADP grazing pressure AUX DET ADJ ADJ term solution PUNCT PRON AUX PART AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT Observation CCONJ development project results VERB SCONJ PRON AUX avenues ADP improvement CCONJ DET ADJ examples ADP DET AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE Grain yields CCONJ sheep production AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN ADP VERB fallow ADP ADJ clover CCONJ medic pasture PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN VERB DET ADJ ADJ climate CCONJ PART VERB crop CCONJ sheep grazing PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN DET introduction ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB DM yield ADP NUM t ADP NUM SYM ha SYM X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE VERB rangeland ADP PROPN AUX AUX VERB PART AUX ADJ ADP VERB NUM ADJ DM SYM ha SYM annum ADP VERB ADP milk vetch CCONJ fertiliser PUNCT PROPN project PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET site VERB NUM mm rainfall PUNCT DET ADP summer PUNCT DET yields ADP ADJ grassland AUX AUX VERB ADP fertiliser ADV PUNCT SCONJ ADP VERB areas DET use ADP ADJ cultivars ADP sorghums PUNCT maize PUNCT CCONJ ADJ grasses ADP silage PUNCT CCONJ ADJ grass ADP hay AUX ADV VERB DET number ADP stock VERB ADV ADV ADP VERB PRON ADV PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX NUM ADP DET ADV VERB PUNCT VERB DET ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT system ADP grazing control PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB fodder trees CCONJ VERB lamb fattening cooperatives PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADV VERB development project ADP PROPN SCONJ PROPN elongatum AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN ecosystem ADP DET NUM mm rainfall area PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET introduction ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET legumes PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADP DET ADJ degree PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB PART AUX ADJ ADP AUX VERB CCONJ ADV VERB ADP sites ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ zone PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ rangelands ADP DET ADJ zone PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB ADP overstocking ADP DET ADJ NUM years CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADP DET ADP DET stock numbers AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADV ADV VERB AUX DET ADP DET PROPN CCONJ ADP DET ADJ review ADP rangeland management CCONJ reseeding results PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PUNCT DET ADJ portion ADP ADJ rangelands ADV VERB vegetation assemblages ADV ADP PRON potential PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP DET review VERB SCONJ PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ improvements ADP DET pipeline PRON AUX VERB ADP ADJ productivity gains PUNCT DET ADJ restrictions ADP ADJ vegetation PUNCT ADJ rainfall CCONJ DET ADJ climate AUX PART ADJ ADP ADJ innovation PUNCT PUNCT ADV PRON AUX instances SCONJ ADP DET ADP DET countries improvements AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PART VERB ADV NUM example PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP ADJ altitudes ADP PROPN AUX ADJ PART VERB ryegrass PUNCT clover pastures CCONJ PART VERB PUNCT seed lucerne ADP rangeland ADP ADJ increases ADP sheep numbers VERB PUNCT SPACE DET problem AUX SCONJ research CCONJ development projects ADP CCONJ VERB CCONJ VERB countries ADP DET DET possibilities SCONJ improvement AUX AUX VERB PUNCT AUX ADJ inputs ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ aid PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ sense CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB PART VERB production AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP DET ADV ADJ sites PRON AUX AUX ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT DET problem AUX PART VERB ADJ deterioration PUNCT DET ADJ income PUNCT VERB power ADP DET ADJ rangelands VERB SCONJ DET improvements AUX AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ cost PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ role PART VERB ADJ utilisation ADP DET ADV ADJ area ADP ADJ land PUNCT SPACE Research priorities VERB AUX VERB grazing management studies PART VERB ADV ADJ grazing pressure PUNCT forage conservation PUNCT selection ADP species CCONJ cultivars VERB growth ADP DET ADJ period PUNCT integration ADP cropping systems PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN et.al,1984 PUNCT PUNCT SPACE CROP PUNCT LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION SPACE Crop production AUX DET occupation ADP agriculturalists VERB ADP villages ADV ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones PUNCT ADV DET nomads AUX VERB DET grazing ADP crop stubbles ADP PRON ADJ movement PUNCT SCONJ ADJ pastoralists AUX ADV VERB use ADP stubbles CCONJ crop residues ADP DET ADJ period PUNCT DET VERB sedentarisation CCONJ semi - sedentarisation ADP nomads CCONJ transhumants PUNCT ADV ADP movement ADP agriculturalists ADP PRON ADJ livestock ADP DET ADJ direction ADP ADJ areas PUNCT AUX VERB DET areas ADJ ADP grazing CCONJ ADV VERB DET risks ADP crop failure PUNCT DET integration ADP VERB ADP sheep CCONJ goats AUX ADV ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ zone CCONJ VERB ADP DET ADJ zone PUNCT SCONJ DET cropping regime VERB ADJ PROPN SYM ha ADP DET form ADP stubbles PUNCT straws CCONJ byproducts ADJ ADP stock DET increases ADP stock numbers ADV ADP VERB DET PUNCT ADV cropping systems CCONJ DET ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ existence ADP villages CCONJ ADJ abodes PUNCT VERB DET environment ADV ADV ADJ ADP ADJ change CCONJ improvement ADP AUX DET rangeland PUNCT DET VERB research developments ADP ADJ years AUX DET ADP DET ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET breeding ADP ADJ cultivars ADP ADJ feed crops PUNCT wheat PUNCT maize PUNCT sorghum PUNCT groundnuts X X CCONJ research ADP fertiliser responses PUNCT ADV ADP DET appreciation SCONJ ADP subsistence agriculture PUNCT fertilizer VERB ADP crops VERB yield ADV PART VERB land ADP VERB ADP animal forage crops PUNCT SPACE Research CCONJ demonstration AUX VERB SCONJ forage production AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ sowing ADP legumes ADP DET cereal PUNCT VERB ADJ cultivars ADP forage species PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET ADJ fallow ADP VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ forage crops PUNCT Legumes ADJ ADP PROPN CCONJ vetches PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ legumes ADP ADJ rainfall areas PUNCT AUX ADV VERB SCONJ PRON nitrogen level CCONJ ADJ value AUX ADJ CCONJ PRON VERB soil nitrogen ADP DET ADJ cereal crop PUNCT ADJ yields AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP barley CCONJ barley SYM vetch forage VERB ADP hay PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ DET move ADP ADJ use ADP forage crops CCONJ ADV ADJ use ADP grazing stubbles AUX PART AUX VERB ADV control ADP DET sheep CCONJ goats VERB ADJ PUNCT Attempts AUX ADV AUX VERB PART VERB acceptance ADP DET ADJ fence ADP herders CCONJ cultivators PUNCT SPACE ADJ fattening ADP lambs CCONJ kids PUNCT ADP ADV VERB roughage CCONJ concentrates CCONJ byproducts PUNCT AUX DET ADJ advantage ADP ADJ marketing ADP DET ADJ product CCONJ ADV ADV ADP VERB ADJ animals PART AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ rangeland PUNCT ADV VERB DET grazing pressure PUNCT Lamb VERB trials AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ countries VERB ADV SCONJ VERB lambs VERB gains ADP NUM SYM NUM g SYM day ADP feed conversion ratios ADP NUM PART NUM VERB ADP DET energy content ADP DET diet PUNCT PRON AUX DET need PART VERB PRON effect DET AUX ADP DET ADJ system PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ areas AUX water ADJ ADP irrigation PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADV ADP cereal CCONJ cash crops PUNCT cotton PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX ADJ ADP forage PUNCT Water ADP DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADJ water ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADJ yields ADP lucerne PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADJ clover PUNCT PROPN alexandrinum PUNCT AUX VERB CCONJ VERB DET ADJ protein source ADP cattle PUNCT sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT SPACE VERB DET utilisation ADP ADJ quality roughages AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADJ protein levels ADJ ADP ADJ forages ADP DET ADJ ADJ period AUX DET VERB factor ADP animal intake CCONJ performance PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ amount ADP research work AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM SYM NUM years ADP DET use ADP urea PART VERB DET ADJ intake ADP straws CCONJ ADJ ADJ quality roughages ADP cattle PUNCT sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT Trials VERB ADP pens AUX ADV ADV VERB ADJ results CCONJ ADJ grazing ADP animals ADP DET field AUX VERB DET doubts ADP PRON application ADP DET grazing context PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV ADJ discovery AUX SCONJ alkali CCONJ ammonia treatment ADP straw AUX VERB digestibility ADP NUM PUNCT ADV ADP NUM% ADP NUM% PUNCT ADJ results AUX AUX VERB ADP DET technique ADP DET DET village level PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET factory level PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADV ADJ understanding ADP protein requirements ADP sheep CCONJ goats AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ decade PUNCT ADP recognition ADP DET significance ADP rumen ADJ protein PUNCT DET AUX ADP ADJ importance ADP DET tropics PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET outlook ADV ADP improvements ADP pasture CCONJ crop production PUNCT CCONJ ADP utilisation ADP sheep CCONJ goats ADP DET VERB areas AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX VERB pace ADP DET increases ADP ADJ population AUX DET matter PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP DET research VERB ADP ADJ countries AUX ADV ADJ ADP environment ADP DET cropping activity ADP ADP DET grazing activity PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADV ADV ADJ PART VERB application ADP DET cropping scene PUNCT DET ADV ADJ fields ADP research ADP DET cropping areas ADV ADV ADP sheep CCONJ goats AUX VERB AUX ADJ PART AUX ADV integration ADP ADJ ism ADP cropping PUNCT conservation CCONJ forage production ADP DET ADJ period PUNCT CCONJ improvements ADP DET utilisation ADP straws PUNCT SPACE ADV ADJ problems VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ SYM ADJ regions ADP DET world ADJ ADP ADP DET arc ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV DET winter VERB DET ADJ period ADP DET tropics PUNCT ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP example PUNCT ADJ pastoralists AUX AUX ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ winter bases VERB ADP villages CCONJ AUX AUX ADV VERB PUNCT DET growing ADP forage PUNCT ADV ADP grazing CCONJ ADV ADP conservation ADP hay CCONJ silage PUNCT AUX DET ADJ feature ADP DET system PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ CCONJ ADJ ZONES SPACE SCONJ DET line ADP demarkation ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ trend ADP tree crop agriculture ADV ADV ADP cropping PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT grass pasture species CCONJ DET ADJ density ADP villages PUNCT ADV SCONJ VERB ADP rice culture PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET shift ADP DET ADJ importance ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ ruminants PUNCT SCONJ ADP VERB countries sheep CCONJ goats VERB cattle ADP ADV NUM SYM NUM ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ zones PUNCT cattle VERB sheep CCONJ goats ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones PUNCT ADV ADV ADP sheep CCONJ goats AUX VERB PRON AUX DET ADV DET pastoralists CCONJ ADV DET DET animals AUX VERB ADP village CCONJ cropping agriculture PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE ADJ ADJ pastures VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ ADJ ADJ species VERB ADP DET savanna landscape VERB ADP forest CCONJ woodland PUNCT Soils AUX ADV VERB PUNCT grazing AUX ADV ADP cattle CCONJ fire VERB DET ADJ part ADP DET grass PUNCT scrub PUNCT tree balance PUNCT DET ADV ADJ development ADP DET area ADP DET ADJ ADJ decades AUX ADV AUX DET selection PUNCT breeding CCONJ cultivation ADP ADJ cultivars ADP ADJ grasses CCONJ legumes PUNCT DET legume AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ ADP DET ADJ nitrogen status ADP ADJ soils PUNCT SCONJ DET work AUX AUX VERB ADP ADP ADJ ADJ environments DET VERB force AUX AUX DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PRON AUX VERB cattle ranches CCONJ cattle projects ADP ADJ ADJ countries ADP rainfall ADP excess ADP NUM mm PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP relation ADP sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT DET ADJ grazing experiments CCONJ ADJ projects AUX ADV ADV VERB ADP cattle PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ reasons ADP DET cattle dominance PUNCT CCONJ PART ADP DET exclusion ADP ADJ ruminants PUNCT ADV ADJ yields ADP pasture DM AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP PART NUM SYM NUM SYM ha SYM annum CCONJ control ADP pasture growth PUNCT maintenance ADP DET grass PUNCT legume balance PUNCT CCONJ ingress ADP weeds AUX VERB ADJ problems ADP ADP ADJ pastures PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV DET potential ADP DET ADJ pasture species ADP ADJ ruminants ADP CCONJ ADP cattle AUX AUX VERB PUNCT DET trials VERB sheep CCONJ goats AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN et.al PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PART ADV ADP DET farm scale PUNCT DET ADP DET VERB species PUNCT ADV legumes ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN spp AUX ADV VERB use ADP forages ADP establishment ADP fallows DET AUX VERB ADP sheep CCONJ goats ADP CCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones PUNCT SPACE PROPN CCONJ Goats ADP DET Village SPACE DET place ADP sheep CCONJ goats ADP DET village AUX ADV DET ADJ ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ zones PUNCT DET scope ADP increases ADP numbers CCONJ production ADV ADP goats AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADJ utilisation ADP DET ADJ byproducts ADJ ADP cereal CCONJ tree crop production PUNCT DET introduction ADP ADJ grass CCONJ legume species ADP ADJ land CCONJ recognition ADP DET part DET DET VERB goat ADV ADP DET cow AUX VERB PUNCT DET opportunity PART VERB DET production ADP ADJ grasses CCONJ legumes AUX VERB ADP DET fact SCONJ ADJ sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ zone PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET VERB CCONJ VERB system PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADP ADP DET day time ADP DET ADJ grazing system PUNCT PRON AUX DET doubt SCONJ ADJ ADJ production ADP DET zone AUX AUX VERB CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ reasons SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT ADJ ADP DET arguments ADP DET ADJ merits ADP cattle PUNCT sheep CCONJ goats AUX VERB ADP ADJ factors PUNCT CCONJ ADP calculations ADP PRON AUX PART AUX PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET need ADP comparisons PART AUX VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ basis PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ recognition ADP animal production potential ADP DET ADJ tropics AUX VERB ADP DET creation ADP DET ADJ ADJ SYM ADJ PROPN ADP animal research CCONJ development ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE Utilisation ADP Pasture ADP Plantations SPACE ADP DET ADJ tropics PRON AUX ADJ areas ADP tree crops ADJ ADP coconut PUNCT rubber CCONJ oil palm PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP association ADP DET ADJ legume cover crop DET ADP time VERB ADP grasses CCONJ weeds PUNCT SCONJ ADP coconut plantations ADV VERB ADP cattle DET herbage ADJ AUX ADV PART VERB ADV ADV PUNCT Attention AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP VERB sheep PART VERB DET herbage CCONJ PART VERB DET ADJ cost ADP weed control PUNCT ADJ results AUX AUX VERB PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET ADJ potential VERB ADP DET utilisation ADP DET ADJ feed resource PUNCT SPACE Forage Trees CCONJ Tree Byproducts SPACE DET utilisation ADP ADJ trees CCONJ shrubs PUNCT CCONJ ADP tree byproducts ADJ ADP leaves PUNCT pods CCONJ seeds AUX VERB ADJ attention ADP ADJ years PUNCT DET characteristics CCONJ feed values ADP tree crops AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ attention AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ trees PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN spp X SCONJ DET leaves ADP ADJ trees PUNCT CCONJ ADV PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX protein levels ADP excess ADP NUM% PUNCT ADJ evidence PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET protein AUX DET ADJ by PUNCT pass protein PUNCT ADJ ADP VERB intake ADP ADJ quality roughages SCONJ DET VERB DET ADJ diet PUNCT Acacia spp ADJ ADP ADJ parts ADP DET tropics AUX ADV AUX ADJ ADP droughts PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ trees CCONJ ADJ shrubs AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ zone PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADJ PART AUX VERB ADV ADV ADP ADP DET past PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADJ ADJ evidence SCONJ DET pasture CCONJ animal production AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET SCONJ DET ADJ zone PUNCT DET ADJ problems AUX lack ADP capital PART VERB improvement CCONJ uncertainty ADP PRON viability PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ responses ADP pasture CCONJ forage production AUX ADJ PART AUX ADP DET ADJ zone PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP VERB systems PUNCT SPACE PART VERB impetus ADP research PRON AUX VERB SCONJ priority AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE breeding CCONJ selection ADP pasture species ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ zone VERB ADP VERB DET length ADP DET growing period PUNCT Selection ADP ADJ phosphate VERB legumes ADP DET zone PUNCT SPACE studies ADP DET utilisation ADP ADJ pastures ADP sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT SPACE pasture conservation ADP DET ADJ period PUNCT forage production ADP VERB land PUNCT SPACE studies PART VERB DET complementarity PUNCT CCONJ integration PUNCT ADP rangeland CCONJ VERB land PUNCT SPACE continuation ADP studies VERB ADP VERB DET utilisation ADP ADJ quality roughages ADP sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP ADJ Limits ADP PROPN Production ADP Pastures PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT Proc PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP Press PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . 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ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP Press PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT Fodder CCONJ Livestock Production PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM NUM SPACE PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT Rev. NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT Proc . ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN SYM PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP ADJ Animal Production ADP VERB Countries PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT Livestock PROPN PROPN CCONJ Livestock Development ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN b. PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM pp PROPN SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT Proc PROPN NUM PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT p. NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN Limits ADP Animal Production ADP Pastures PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP Press PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN . NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT Proc PROPN ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT p. NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT p. NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN SYM PROPN SYM PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM pp PROPN SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN . ADP PROPN Prod PUNCT CCONJ Disease PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN SYM PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT Proc . NUM PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT
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sheep ADP DET ADJ zone CCONJ ADV VERB ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ zones PUNCT VERB ADP DET cropping SYM livestock situation ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones CCONJ ADV ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones PUNCT SPACE NUM PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADJ UTILISATION ADP DET ADJ ZONE SPACE Research activities PUNCT CCONJ DET methods VERB ADV PUNCT ADP VERB ADJ production ADP VERB countries VERB ADV ADJ lines PUNCT breeding CCONJ selection ADP ADJ cultivars PUNCT determination ADP plant nutrient PUNCT fertiliser PUNCT requirements PUNCT determination ADP animal feed requirements PUNCT grazing management studies VERB ADP VERB pasture growth CCONJ animal requirements ADP ADJ efficiency ADP DET year ADJ basis PUNCT ADP DET ADJ zone ADP ADJ conditions grass PUNCT legume pastures AUX ADJ ADP VERB NUM t PROPN SYM ha/ annum ADP ADJ land CCONJ NUM t DM SYM ha SYM annum ADP hill land VERB ADP clovers ADV PUNCT Trifolium repens PUNCT PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET studies AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ front PUNCT ADP ADJ years ADJ attention AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ area PUNCT DET ADJ use ADP pasture under PUNCT grazing PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT Techniques AUX AUX VERB ADP VERB herbage mass PUNCT ratio ADP green ADP ADJ leaf PUNCT ADJ PROPN growth ADP ADJ material ADP ADJ grazing pressures PUNCT DET intake ADP DET VERB sheep PUNCT CCONJ goat PUNCT ADP ADJ levels ADP pasture availability PUNCT DET pasture availability VERB PART VERB VERB levels ADP production PUNCT CCONJ DET ADJ pasture PUNCT PROPN SYM ha PUNCT ADP DET production VERB ADP ADJ levels PUNCT ADV research AUX VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ ADJ periods ADP DET ADJ cycle ADP DET ewe PUNCT CCONJ DET extent PART DET DET resilience ADP DET ewe PART VERB CCONJ VERB body fat AUX AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ peaks CCONJ troughs ADP pasture growth PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV PART VERB DET ADP practice VERB control ADP pasture growth CCONJ control CCONJ rationing ADP intake ADP DET VERB sheep PUNCT DET AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP ADJ subdivision ADP fencing PUNCT DET AUX AUX ADV VERB ADP DET development ADP ADJ fencing CCONJ ADP ADV ADJ systems ADP DET ADJ use ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ fencing PUNCT ADJ fencing AUX ADV VERB ADP strip grazing ADP forage crops PUNCT ADP order PART VERB ADJ utilization ADP DET forage PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ conversion ADP pasture ADP animal production AUX DET ADV ADJ matter SCONJ ADP DET interactions ADP DET VERB animal CCONJ DET pasture PUNCT interactions DET VERB ADP season PUNCT ADP ADJ stocking rates percentage utilisation AUX ADJ CCONJ ADJ grazing AUX ADV ADJ ADP PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADP PUNCT ADJ grazing PUNCT ADV PART VERB ADJ animal production ADP hectare ADJ grazing ADP ADJ stocking rates AUX VERB ADP order PART VERB DET ADJ percentage utilisation PUNCT ADP DET case ADJ grazing AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP practice compromises VERB ADJ SCONJ pasture growth AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX periods SCONJ utilisation AUX VERB ADP DET interests ADP VERB ADJ ADJ animal growth rates CCONJ others PUNCT ADJ ADP ADP winter PUNCT SCONJ utilisation AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP liveweight gain PUNCT SPACE DET efficiency ADP utilisation ADP ADJ pasture ADP ADJ grazing systems VERB ADJ ADP NUM sheep SYM ha AUX VERB ADP ADJ research PART AUX ADP NUM% PUNCT SCONJ ADJ pasture AUX VERB ADP oversowing PUNCT fertilisation CCONJ fencing PUNCT utilisation AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM% PUNCT ADP ADV ADV VERB VERB pastures efficiencies ADP NUM% AUX ADJ ADP DET year PUNCT ADV basis PUNCT DET appreciation ADP ADJ grazing CCONJ utilisation AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ practice ADP VERB ADJ ewes ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET ewes AUX VERB PUNCT ADP DET density ADP NUM ewes ADP hectare PUNCT ADP DET ADJ shift ADP ADJ fences PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN PROPN SCONJ winters AUX ADJ PUNCT ADJ reliance ADP hay CCONJ silage AUX VERB ADP winter feed PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET percentage utilisation ADP ADJ energy PUNCT ME PUNCT ADP DET ADJ pasture PUNCT SCONJ VERB ADP hay PUNCT AUX ADP NUM% PUNCT ADP DET PUNCT CCONJ ADP reasons ADP cost PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN grazing countries VERB emphasis ADP utilisation ADP pasture ADP DET VERB animal ADP ADJ use ADP VERB fodder PUNCT SPACE Advances ADP grazing management CCONJ utilisation AUX ADV AUX VERB ADP ADJ countries PUNCT NUM example ADP DET AUX DET PUNCT NUM pasture PUNCT system VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ hill country ADP PROPN PUNCT SCONJ DET ADJ area ADP ADJ pasture AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ area ADP ADJ hill land CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ points ADP DET ADJ cycle ADP DET ewes PUNCT DET AUX DET PUNCT NUM pasture PUNCT system VERB ADP VERB worm parasite problems PUNCT ADV ADP DET DET ADJ grazing countries PRON AUX VERB evidence SCONJ cattle PUNCT sheep CCONJ goats AUX DET AUX ADJ ADP NUM DET PUNCT DET ADJ grazing characteristics ADP DET AUX ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT ADP coats DET AUX VERB ADV ADP PRON preferences ADP weeds CCONJ pasture species PART VERB ADP sheep PUNCT SPACE SCONJ proof AUX VERB SCONJ ADJ pasture SYM sheep technology AUX VERB ADP VERB animal production DET case ADP PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ ADP ADV DET ADJ area ADP grazing land PUNCT sheep numbers AUX VERB ADP NUM millions ADP NUM ADP NUM millions ADP NUM PUNCT ADP NUM millions ADP NUM ADP ADJ increases ADP meat CCONJ wool output PUNCT SCONJ ADV DET ADP DET ADJ zone technology AUX ADV ADJ ADP VERB countries PUNCT DET objectives CCONJ DET principles ADV AUX PUNCT SPACE ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ ZONE RANGELANDS SPACE DET ADJ rangelands ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ zones ADP VERB countries CCONJ DET peoples PRON VERB AUX ADP VERB degrees ADP crisis ADP DET result ADP rangeland degradation PUNCT VERB ADP ADP overstocking PUNCT DET area AUX ADV VERB ADV ADP pastoralists ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ systems PUNCT CCONJ DET pressure ADP ADJ population AUX VERB ADP DET incursion ADP agriculturalists ADP PRON livestock ADP ADJ areas PUNCT ADV VERB DET ADJ pressure ADP DET rangeland vegetation PUNCT SPACE ADJ AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ state ADP rangeland vegetation PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ impediments ADV ADV ADP DET ADJ difficulties ADP VERB DET deterioration PUNCT X PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX cases CCONJ instances ADP ADJ improvements CCONJ improvements ADV VERB PUNCT DET concensus ADP opinion ADP authors AUX SCONJ DET ADJ solution ADJ CCONJ ADJ AUX PART VERB grazing pressure PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ DET AUX VERB ADP destocking PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ grazing CCONJ DET ADJ form ADP grazing management DET AUX VERB DET ADV ADJ grazing CCONJ VERB ADJ overgrazing ADP ADJ areas PUNCT DET ADJ PROPN review PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT VERB SCONJ PRON AUX need ADP rehabilitation ADP DET introduction ADP ADJ management PUNCT SCONJ forage cultivation AUX PART ADV ADV VERB CCONJ conservation ADP hay CCONJ silage ADV VERB PUNCT PRON AUX DET need PART VERB forage trees CCONJ VERB shrubs PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ likelihood ADP VERB forage availability ADP DET ADJ future ADP ADP pressure ADP livestock VERB ADP DET persistence ADP drought PUNCT SPACE DET productivity ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ zone rangelands AUX ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADJ authorities PUNCT VERB DET figure ADP NUM kg PROPN SYM ha SYM annum ADP mm rainfall PUNCT CCONJ PRON DM SYM ha SYM X ADP NUM mm DET AUX ADJ PART AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ADJ yields AUX PART VERB PART VERB ADJ income PART VERB incentive PART VERB ADJ species ADV SCONJ DET AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE SCONJ acceptance ADP DET inhabitants CCONJ ADP Governments SCONJ reduction ADP grazing pressure AUX DET ADJ ADJ term solution PUNCT PRON AUX PART AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT Observation CCONJ development project results VERB SCONJ PRON AUX avenues ADP improvement CCONJ DET ADJ examples ADP DET AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE Grain yields CCONJ sheep production AUX ADV ADV ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN ADP VERB fallow ADP ADJ clover CCONJ medic pasture PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN VERB DET ADJ ADJ climate CCONJ PART VERB crop CCONJ sheep grazing PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN DET introduction ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN VERB DM yield ADP NUM t ADP NUM SYM ha SYM X PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE VERB rangeland ADP PROPN AUX AUX VERB PART AUX ADJ ADP VERB NUM ADJ DM SYM ha SYM annum ADP VERB ADP milk vetch CCONJ fertiliser PUNCT PROPN project PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP DET site VERB NUM mm rainfall PUNCT DET ADP summer PUNCT DET yields ADP ADJ grassland AUX AUX VERB ADP fertiliser ADV PUNCT SCONJ ADP VERB areas DET use ADP ADJ cultivars ADP sorghums PUNCT maize PUNCT CCONJ ADJ grasses ADP silage PUNCT CCONJ ADJ grass ADP hay AUX ADV VERB DET number ADP stock VERB ADV ADV ADP VERB PRON ADV PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN AUX NUM ADP DET ADV VERB PUNCT VERB DET ADJ PUNCT PROPN PUNCT system ADP grazing control PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB fodder trees CCONJ VERB lamb fattening cooperatives PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADV VERB development project ADP PROPN SCONJ PROPN elongatum AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN ecosystem ADP DET NUM mm rainfall area PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET introduction ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET legumes PROPN PROPN CCONJ ADP DET ADJ degree PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB PART AUX ADJ ADP AUX VERB CCONJ ADV VERB ADP sites ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ zone PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ rangelands ADP DET ADJ zone PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB ADP overstocking ADP DET ADJ NUM years CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ ADP DET ADP DET stock numbers AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADV ADV VERB AUX DET ADP DET PROPN CCONJ ADP DET ADJ review ADP rangeland management CCONJ reseeding results PUNCT PRON AUX VERB SCONJ PUNCT DET ADJ portion ADP ADJ rangelands ADV VERB vegetation assemblages ADV ADP PRON potential PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP DET review VERB SCONJ PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ improvements ADP DET pipeline PRON AUX VERB ADP ADJ productivity gains PUNCT DET ADJ restrictions ADP ADJ vegetation PUNCT ADJ rainfall CCONJ DET ADJ climate AUX PART ADJ ADP ADJ innovation PUNCT PUNCT ADV PRON AUX instances SCONJ ADP DET ADP DET countries improvements AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PART VERB ADV NUM example PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP ADJ altitudes ADP PROPN AUX ADJ PART VERB ryegrass PUNCT clover pastures CCONJ PART VERB PUNCT seed lucerne ADP rangeland ADP ADJ increases ADP sheep numbers VERB PUNCT SPACE DET problem AUX SCONJ research CCONJ development projects ADP CCONJ VERB CCONJ VERB countries ADP DET DET possibilities SCONJ improvement AUX AUX VERB PUNCT AUX ADJ inputs ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ aid PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ sense CCONJ SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PART VERB PART VERB production AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADP DET ADV ADJ sites PRON AUX AUX ADV PUNCT CCONJ ADP ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT DET problem AUX PART VERB ADJ deterioration PUNCT DET ADJ income PUNCT VERB power ADP DET ADJ rangelands VERB SCONJ DET improvements AUX AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ cost PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ role PART VERB ADJ utilisation ADP DET ADV ADJ area ADP ADJ land PUNCT SPACE Research priorities VERB AUX VERB grazing management studies PART VERB ADV ADJ grazing pressure PUNCT forage conservation PUNCT selection ADP species CCONJ cultivars VERB growth ADP DET ADJ period PUNCT integration ADP cropping systems PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN et.al,1984 PUNCT PUNCT SPACE CROP PUNCT LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION SPACE Crop production AUX DET occupation ADP agriculturalists VERB ADP villages ADV ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones PUNCT ADV DET nomads AUX VERB DET grazing ADP crop stubbles ADP PRON ADJ movement PUNCT SCONJ ADJ pastoralists AUX ADV VERB use ADP stubbles CCONJ crop residues ADP DET ADJ period PUNCT DET VERB sedentarisation CCONJ semi - sedentarisation ADP nomads CCONJ transhumants PUNCT ADV ADP movement ADP agriculturalists ADP PRON ADJ livestock ADP DET ADJ direction ADP ADJ areas PUNCT AUX VERB DET areas ADJ ADP grazing CCONJ ADV VERB DET risks ADP crop failure PUNCT DET integration ADP VERB ADP sheep CCONJ goats AUX ADV ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ zone CCONJ VERB ADP DET ADJ zone PUNCT SCONJ DET cropping regime VERB ADJ PROPN SYM ha ADP DET form ADP stubbles PUNCT straws CCONJ byproducts ADJ ADP stock DET increases ADP stock numbers ADV ADP VERB DET PUNCT ADV cropping systems CCONJ DET ADV ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ existence ADP villages CCONJ ADJ abodes PUNCT VERB DET environment ADV ADV ADJ ADP ADJ change CCONJ improvement ADP AUX DET rangeland PUNCT DET VERB research developments ADP ADJ years AUX DET ADP DET ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE DET breeding ADP ADJ cultivars ADP ADJ feed crops PUNCT wheat PUNCT maize PUNCT sorghum PUNCT groundnuts X X CCONJ research ADP fertiliser responses PUNCT ADV ADP DET appreciation SCONJ ADP subsistence agriculture PUNCT fertilizer VERB ADP crops VERB yield ADV PART VERB land ADP VERB ADP animal forage crops PUNCT SPACE Research CCONJ demonstration AUX VERB SCONJ forage production AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP ADJ ADJ ADJ sowing ADP legumes ADP DET cereal PUNCT VERB ADJ cultivars ADP forage species PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB DET ADJ fallow ADP VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ forage crops PUNCT Legumes ADJ ADP PROPN CCONJ vetches PUNCT CCONJ ADJ ADJ legumes ADP ADJ rainfall areas PUNCT AUX ADV VERB SCONJ PRON nitrogen level CCONJ ADJ value AUX ADJ CCONJ PRON VERB soil nitrogen ADP DET ADJ cereal crop PUNCT ADJ yields AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADP barley CCONJ barley SYM vetch forage VERB ADP hay PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SCONJ DET move ADP ADJ use ADP forage crops CCONJ ADV ADJ use ADP grazing stubbles AUX PART AUX VERB ADV control ADP DET sheep CCONJ goats VERB ADJ PUNCT Attempts AUX ADV AUX VERB PART VERB acceptance ADP DET ADJ fence ADP herders CCONJ cultivators PUNCT SPACE ADJ fattening ADP lambs CCONJ kids PUNCT ADP ADV VERB roughage CCONJ concentrates CCONJ byproducts PUNCT AUX DET ADJ advantage ADP ADJ marketing ADP DET ADJ product CCONJ ADV ADV ADP VERB ADJ animals PART AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ rangeland PUNCT ADV VERB DET grazing pressure PUNCT Lamb VERB trials AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ countries VERB ADV SCONJ VERB lambs VERB gains ADP NUM SYM NUM g SYM day ADP feed conversion ratios ADP NUM PART NUM VERB ADP DET energy content ADP DET diet PUNCT PRON AUX DET need PART VERB PRON effect DET AUX ADP DET ADJ system PUNCT SPACE DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ areas AUX water ADJ ADP irrigation PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADV ADP cereal CCONJ cash crops PUNCT cotton PUNCT CCONJ DET AUX ADJ ADP forage PUNCT Water ADP DET PROPN AUX VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT ADJ water ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADV ADJ yields ADP lucerne PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADJ clover PUNCT PROPN alexandrinum PUNCT AUX VERB CCONJ VERB DET ADJ protein source ADP cattle PUNCT sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT SPACE VERB DET utilisation ADP ADJ quality roughages AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT ADJ protein levels ADJ ADP ADJ forages ADP DET ADJ ADJ period AUX DET VERB factor ADP animal intake CCONJ performance PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ amount ADP research work AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ NUM SYM NUM years ADP DET use ADP urea PART VERB DET ADJ intake ADP straws CCONJ ADJ ADJ quality roughages ADP cattle PUNCT sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT Trials VERB ADP pens AUX ADV ADV VERB ADJ results CCONJ ADJ grazing ADP animals ADP DET field AUX VERB DET doubts ADP PRON application ADP DET grazing context PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET ADV ADJ discovery AUX SCONJ alkali CCONJ ammonia treatment ADP straw AUX VERB digestibility ADP NUM PUNCT ADV ADP NUM% ADP NUM% PUNCT ADJ results AUX AUX VERB ADP DET technique ADP DET DET village level PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT CCONJ DET factory level PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET ADV ADJ understanding ADP protein requirements ADP sheep CCONJ goats AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ decade PUNCT ADP recognition ADP DET significance ADP rumen ADJ protein PUNCT DET AUX ADP ADJ importance ADP DET tropics PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE DET outlook ADV ADP improvements ADP pasture CCONJ crop production PUNCT CCONJ ADP utilisation ADP sheep CCONJ goats ADP DET VERB areas AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX VERB pace ADP DET increases ADP ADJ population AUX DET matter PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP DET research VERB ADP ADJ countries AUX ADV ADJ ADP environment ADP DET cropping activity ADP ADP DET grazing activity PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADV ADV ADJ PART VERB application ADP DET cropping scene PUNCT DET ADV ADJ fields ADP research ADP DET cropping areas ADV ADV ADP sheep CCONJ goats AUX VERB AUX ADJ PART AUX ADV integration ADP ADJ ism ADP cropping PUNCT conservation CCONJ forage production ADP DET ADJ period PUNCT CCONJ improvements ADP DET utilisation ADP straws PUNCT SPACE ADV ADJ problems VERB ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ SYM ADJ regions ADP DET world ADJ ADP ADP DET arc ADP PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT ADV DET winter VERB DET ADJ period ADP DET tropics PUNCT ADP DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN ADP example PUNCT ADJ pastoralists AUX AUX ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ winter bases VERB ADP villages CCONJ AUX AUX ADV VERB PUNCT DET growing ADP forage PUNCT ADV ADP grazing CCONJ ADV ADP conservation ADP hay CCONJ silage PUNCT AUX DET ADJ feature ADP DET system PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ CCONJ ADJ ZONES SPACE SCONJ DET line ADP demarkation ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ trend ADP tree crop agriculture ADV ADV ADP cropping PUNCT ADP ADJ PUNCT grass pasture species CCONJ DET ADJ density ADP villages PUNCT ADV SCONJ VERB ADP rice culture PUNCT DET AUX VERB ADP DET shift ADP DET ADJ importance ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ ruminants PUNCT SCONJ ADP VERB countries sheep CCONJ goats VERB cattle ADP ADV NUM SYM NUM ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ zones PUNCT cattle VERB sheep CCONJ goats ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones PUNCT ADV ADV ADP sheep CCONJ goats AUX VERB PRON AUX DET ADV DET pastoralists CCONJ ADV DET DET animals AUX VERB ADP village CCONJ cropping agriculture PUNCT SPACE PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE ADJ ADJ pastures VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ ADJ ADJ species VERB ADP DET savanna landscape VERB ADP forest CCONJ woodland PUNCT Soils AUX ADV VERB PUNCT grazing AUX ADV ADP cattle CCONJ fire VERB DET ADJ part ADP DET grass PUNCT scrub PUNCT tree balance PUNCT DET ADV ADJ development ADP DET area ADP DET ADJ ADJ decades AUX ADV AUX DET selection PUNCT breeding CCONJ cultivation ADP ADJ cultivars ADP ADJ grasses CCONJ legumes PUNCT DET legume AUX ADV ADJ SCONJ ADP DET ADJ nitrogen status ADP ADJ soils PUNCT SCONJ DET work AUX AUX VERB ADP ADP ADJ ADJ environments DET VERB force AUX AUX DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV PRON AUX VERB cattle ranches CCONJ cattle projects ADP ADJ ADJ countries ADP rainfall ADP excess ADP NUM mm PUNCT SPACE ADV PUNCT ADP relation ADP sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT DET ADJ grazing experiments CCONJ ADJ projects AUX ADV ADV VERB ADP cattle PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ reasons ADP DET cattle dominance PUNCT CCONJ PART ADP DET exclusion ADP ADJ ruminants PUNCT ADV ADJ yields ADP pasture DM AUX ADJ PUNCT ADP PART NUM SYM NUM SYM ha SYM annum CCONJ control ADP pasture growth PUNCT maintenance ADP DET grass PUNCT legume balance PUNCT CCONJ ingress ADP weeds AUX VERB ADJ problems ADP ADP ADJ pastures PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADV DET potential ADP DET ADJ pasture species ADP ADJ ruminants ADP CCONJ ADP cattle AUX AUX VERB PUNCT DET trials VERB sheep CCONJ goats AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN et.al PUNCT NUM PUNCT CCONJ PART ADV ADP DET farm scale PUNCT DET ADP DET VERB species PUNCT ADV legumes ADJ ADP PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN spp AUX ADV VERB use ADP forages ADP establishment ADP fallows DET AUX VERB ADP sheep CCONJ goats ADP CCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones PUNCT SPACE PROPN CCONJ Goats ADP DET Village SPACE DET place ADP sheep CCONJ goats ADP DET village AUX ADV DET ADJ ADP VERB ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ zones PUNCT DET scope ADP increases ADP numbers CCONJ production ADV ADP goats AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADJ utilisation ADP DET ADJ byproducts ADJ ADP cereal CCONJ tree crop production PUNCT DET introduction ADP ADJ grass CCONJ legume species ADP ADJ land CCONJ recognition ADP DET part DET DET VERB goat ADV ADP DET cow AUX VERB PUNCT DET opportunity PART VERB DET production ADP ADJ grasses CCONJ legumes AUX VERB ADP DET fact SCONJ ADJ sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT ADV ADP DET ADJ zone PUNCT AUX VERB ADP DET VERB CCONJ VERB system PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADP ADP DET day time ADP DET ADJ grazing system PUNCT PRON AUX DET doubt SCONJ ADJ ADJ production ADP DET zone AUX AUX VERB CCONJ PRON AUX ADJ reasons SCONJ PRON AUX PUNCT ADJ ADP DET arguments ADP DET ADJ merits ADP cattle PUNCT sheep CCONJ goats AUX VERB ADP ADJ factors PUNCT CCONJ ADP calculations ADP PRON AUX PART AUX PUNCT CCONJ PRON AUX DET need ADP comparisons PART AUX VERB ADP DET ADV ADJ basis PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ SCONJ recognition ADP animal production potential ADP DET ADJ tropics AUX VERB ADP DET creation ADP DET ADJ ADJ SYM ADJ PROPN ADP animal research CCONJ development ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT SPACE Utilisation ADP Pasture ADP Plantations SPACE ADP DET ADJ tropics PRON AUX ADJ areas ADP tree crops ADJ ADP coconut PUNCT rubber CCONJ oil palm PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP association ADP DET ADJ legume cover crop DET ADP time VERB ADP grasses CCONJ weeds PUNCT SCONJ ADP coconut plantations ADV VERB ADP cattle DET herbage ADJ AUX ADV PART VERB ADV ADV PUNCT Attention AUX AUX VERB ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP VERB sheep PART VERB DET herbage CCONJ PART VERB DET ADJ cost ADP weed control PUNCT ADJ results AUX AUX VERB PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET ADJ potential VERB ADP DET utilisation ADP DET ADJ feed resource PUNCT SPACE Forage Trees CCONJ Tree Byproducts SPACE DET utilisation ADP ADJ trees CCONJ shrubs PUNCT CCONJ ADP tree byproducts ADJ ADP leaves PUNCT pods CCONJ seeds AUX VERB ADJ attention ADP ADJ years PUNCT DET characteristics CCONJ feed values ADP tree crops AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT ADJ attention AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ trees PUNCT ADJ ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN spp X SCONJ DET leaves ADP ADJ trees PUNCT CCONJ ADV PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX protein levels ADP excess ADP NUM% PUNCT ADJ evidence PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT VERB SCONJ DET protein AUX DET ADJ by PUNCT pass protein PUNCT ADJ ADP VERB intake ADP ADJ quality roughages SCONJ DET VERB DET ADJ diet PUNCT Acacia spp ADJ ADP ADJ parts ADP DET tropics AUX ADV AUX ADJ ADP droughts PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADJ trees CCONJ ADJ shrubs AUX PART VERB ADP DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ zones PUNCT CCONJ AUX VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ zone PUNCT CCONJ AUX ADJ PART AUX VERB ADV ADV ADP ADP DET past PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADJ ADJ evidence SCONJ DET pasture CCONJ animal production AUX AUX VERB ADV ADP DET SCONJ DET ADJ zone PUNCT DET ADJ problems AUX lack ADP capital PART VERB improvement CCONJ uncertainty ADP PRON viability PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ responses ADP pasture CCONJ forage production AUX ADJ PART AUX ADP DET ADJ zone PUNCT CCONJ ADV ADP VERB systems PUNCT SPACE PART VERB impetus ADP research PRON AUX VERB SCONJ priority AUX VERB ADP PUNCT SPACE breeding CCONJ selection ADP pasture species ADP DET ADJ ADJ ADJ zone VERB ADP VERB DET length ADP DET growing period PUNCT Selection ADP ADJ phosphate VERB legumes ADP DET zone PUNCT SPACE studies ADP DET utilisation ADP ADJ pastures ADP sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT SPACE pasture conservation ADP DET ADJ period PUNCT forage production ADP VERB land PUNCT SPACE studies PART VERB DET complementarity PUNCT CCONJ integration PUNCT ADP rangeland CCONJ VERB land PUNCT SPACE continuation ADP studies VERB ADP VERB DET utilisation ADP ADJ quality roughages ADP sheep CCONJ goats PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP ADJ Limits ADP PROPN Production ADP Pastures PUNCT PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT Proc PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP Press PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . 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ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PUNCT ADP Press PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT Fodder CCONJ Livestock Production PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM NUM SPACE PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT Rev. NUM PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT Proc . ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN SYM PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP ADJ Animal Production ADP VERB Countries PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT pp . 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NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT Proc PROPN ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT p. NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN NUM PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT p. NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE PROPN SYM PROPN SYM PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT NUM pp PROPN SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PROPN PUNCT ADJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN . ADP PROPN Prod PUNCT CCONJ Disease PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT ADP VERB PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT PROPN SYM PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT Proc . NUM PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT pp . NUM PUNCT
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James Ford Rhodes (18481927). History of the Civil War, 18611865 1917.
responsibility that was not clearly his, probably prevented him from urging his President to negotiate a peace; but, if the memories of private conversation may be believed, he had lost all hope of success. It was Jefferson Davis who in this matter imposed his will on all his subordinates and it was he more than anybody else who stood in the way of an attempt to secure favorable terms for the South in a reconstruction of the Union.
If Davis, Lee and the Confederate Congress could have made up their minds to sue for peace, the contemporaneous occurrences in Washington reveal the magnanimous spirit in which they would have been met by Abraham Lincoln.
Two days after the Hampton Roads Conference, on Sunday evening, February 5, the President called his Cabinet together to consult them in regard to a message he proposed to send recommending that Congress empower him to pay to the eleven slave States of the Southern Confederacy then in arms against the Union and to the five Union slave States four hundred million dollars as compensation for their slaves provided that all resistance to the national authority should cease on April first next. The Cabinet unanimously disapproved this project and Lincoln with a deep sigh said, You are all opposed to me and I will not send the message. Such a proposal to the Southern Confederacy, tottering to her fall, only sixty-three days before Lees surrender to Grant would have shown magnanimous foresight. Had the Confederate States accepted it, there would have been an immediate fraternal union after the Civil War. Had they rejected it, the President and Congress would have made a noble record. The offer, however, was too wise and too generous to be widely approved of men; Lincoln of all those in authority had reached a moral height where he must dwell alone and impotent. But when reflecting on the
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History responsibility peace memories conversation hope success matter will subordinates way attempt terms reconstruction minds peace occurrences spirit days evening regard message slave arms slave dollars compensation slaves resistance authority project sigh message proposal fall days foresight union record offer men authority height
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James Ford Rhodes (18481927). history of the Civil War, 18611865 1917.
responsibility that be not clearly his, probably prevent he from urge his President to negotiate a peace; but, if the memory of private conversation may be believe, he have lose all hope of success. it be Jefferson Davis who in this matter impose his will on all his subordinate and it be he more than anybody else who stand in the way of an attempt to secure favorable term for the South in a reconstruction of the Union.
if Davis, Lee and the Confederate Congress could have make up their mind to sue for peace, the contemporaneous occurrence in Washington reveal the magnanimous spirit in which they would have be meet by Abraham Lincoln.
two day after the Hampton Roads Conference, on Sunday evening, February 5, the President call his Cabinet together to consult they in regard to a message he propose to send recommend that Congress empower he to pay to the eleven slave States of the Southern Confederacy then in arm against the Union and to the five Union slave States four hundred million dollar as compensation for their slave provide that all resistance to the national authority should cease on April first next. the Cabinet unanimously disapprove this project and Lincoln with a deep sigh say, you be all oppose to I and I will not send the message. such a proposal to the Southern Confederacy, totter to her fall, only sixty-three day before Lees surrender to Grant would have show magnanimous foresight. have the Confederate States accept it, there would have be an immediate fraternal union after the Civil War. have they reject it, the President and Congress would have make a noble record. the offer, however, be too wise and too generous to be widely approve of man; Lincoln of all those in authority have reach a moral height where he must dwell alone and impotent. but when reflect on the
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PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT History ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM NUM PUNCT SPACE responsibility PRON AUX PART ADV PRON PUNCT ADV VERB PRON ADP VERB PRON PROPN PART VERB DET peace PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT SCONJ DET memories ADP ADJ conversation AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET hope ADP success PUNCT PRON AUX PROPN PROPN PRON ADP DET matter VERB PRON will ADP DET PRON subordinates CCONJ PRON AUX PRON ADV ADP PRON ADV PRON VERB ADP DET way ADP DET attempt PART VERB ADJ terms ADP DET PROPN ADP DET reconstruction ADP DET PROPN PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP PRON minds PART VERB ADP peace PUNCT DET ADJ occurrences ADP PROPN VERB DET ADJ spirit ADP DET PRON AUX AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE NUM days ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN evening PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN VERB PRON PROPN ADV PART VERB PRON ADP regard ADP DET message PRON VERB PART VERB VERB SCONJ PROPN VERB PRON PART VERB ADP DET NUM slave PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADV ADP arms ADP DET PROPN CCONJ ADP DET NUM PROPN slave PROPN NUM NUM NUM dollars ADP compensation ADP PRON slaves VERB SCONJ DET resistance ADP DET ADJ authority AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADJ ADJ PUNCT DET PROPN ADV VERB DET project CCONJ PROPN ADP DET ADJ sigh VERB PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ ADP PRON CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET message PUNCT DET DET proposal ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PRON fall PUNCT ADV NUM PUNCT NUM days ADP PROPN surrender ADP PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADJ foresight PUNCT AUX DET PROPN PROPN VERB PRON PUNCT PRON AUX AUX AUX DET ADJ ADJ union ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX PRON VERB PRON PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN AUX AUX VERB DET ADJ record PUNCT DET offer PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PART AUX ADV VERB ADP men PUNCT PROPN ADP DET DET ADP authority AUX VERB DET ADJ height SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ VERB ADP DET
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PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT History ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM NUM PUNCT SPACE responsibility PRON AUX PART ADV PRON PUNCT ADV VERB PRON ADP VERB PRON PROPN PART VERB DET peace PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT SCONJ DET memories ADP ADJ conversation AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET hope ADP success PUNCT PRON AUX PROPN PROPN PRON ADP DET matter VERB PRON will ADP DET PRON subordinates CCONJ PRON AUX PRON ADV ADP PRON ADV PRON VERB ADP DET way ADP DET attempt PART VERB ADJ terms ADP DET PROPN ADP DET reconstruction ADP DET PROPN PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP PRON minds PART VERB ADP peace PUNCT DET ADJ occurrences ADP PROPN VERB DET ADJ spirit ADP DET PRON AUX AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE NUM days ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN evening PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN VERB PRON PROPN ADV PART VERB PRON ADP regard ADP DET message PRON VERB PART VERB VERB SCONJ PROPN VERB PRON PART VERB ADP DET NUM slave PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADV ADP arms ADP DET PROPN CCONJ ADP DET NUM PROPN slave PROPN NUM NUM NUM dollars ADP compensation ADP PRON slaves VERB SCONJ DET resistance ADP DET ADJ authority AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADJ ADJ PUNCT DET PROPN ADV VERB DET project CCONJ PROPN ADP DET ADJ sigh VERB PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ ADP PRON CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET message PUNCT DET DET proposal ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PRON fall PUNCT ADV NUM PUNCT NUM days ADP PROPN surrender ADP PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADJ foresight PUNCT AUX DET PROPN PROPN VERB PRON PUNCT PRON AUX AUX AUX DET ADJ ADJ union ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX PRON VERB PRON PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN AUX AUX VERB DET ADJ record PUNCT DET offer PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PART AUX ADV VERB ADP men PUNCT PROPN ADP DET DET ADP authority AUX VERB DET ADJ height SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ VERB ADP DET
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PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT History ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM NUM PUNCT SPACE responsibility PRON AUX PART ADV PRON PUNCT ADV VERB PRON ADP VERB PRON PROPN PART VERB DET peace PUNCT CCONJ PUNCT SCONJ DET memories ADP ADJ conversation AUX AUX VERB PUNCT PRON AUX VERB DET hope ADP success PUNCT PRON AUX PROPN PROPN PRON ADP DET matter VERB PRON will ADP DET PRON subordinates CCONJ PRON AUX PRON ADV ADP PRON ADV PRON VERB ADP DET way ADP DET attempt PART VERB ADJ terms ADP DET PROPN ADP DET reconstruction ADP DET PROPN PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADP PRON minds PART VERB ADP peace PUNCT DET ADJ occurrences ADP PROPN VERB DET ADJ spirit ADP DET PRON AUX AUX AUX VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE NUM days ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT ADP PROPN evening PUNCT PROPN NUM PUNCT DET PROPN VERB PRON PROPN ADV PART VERB PRON ADP regard ADP DET message PRON VERB PART VERB VERB SCONJ PROPN VERB PRON PART VERB ADP DET NUM slave PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADV ADP arms ADP DET PROPN CCONJ ADP DET NUM PROPN slave PROPN NUM NUM NUM dollars ADP compensation ADP PRON slaves VERB SCONJ DET resistance ADP DET ADJ authority AUX VERB ADP PROPN ADJ ADJ PUNCT DET PROPN ADV VERB DET project CCONJ PROPN ADP DET ADJ sigh VERB PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ ADP PRON CCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET message PUNCT DET DET proposal ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PRON fall PUNCT ADV NUM PUNCT NUM days ADP PROPN surrender ADP PROPN AUX AUX VERB ADJ foresight PUNCT AUX DET PROPN PROPN VERB PRON PUNCT PRON AUX AUX AUX DET ADJ ADJ union ADP DET PROPN PROPN PUNCT AUX PRON VERB PRON PUNCT DET PROPN CCONJ PROPN AUX AUX VERB DET ADJ record PUNCT DET offer PUNCT ADV PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ PART AUX ADV VERB ADP men PUNCT PROPN ADP DET DET ADP authority AUX VERB DET ADJ height SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ VERB ADP DET
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samedi 7 avril 2012 13:24tell me.
- Modifié TEJ2911 samedi 7 avril 2012 13:26
Toutes les réponses
samedi 7 avril 2012 16:23
You need at least the one class for a program to run. Creating a new project will automatically create the class for you . If you have older code, create a new project and drop the old code into the new project. A console application wil automatically generate a main function. Take you old main function code an paste it into the new main function. If you have any additioanl functions just place the code after the main function keeping the code inside the same class as main.
samedi 7 avril 2012 17:42
No you cannot execute it. C# at least need one system defined or user defined class. That is what an objects oriented programming language should be.
I am bit curious to know what you want to achieve.
dimanche 8 avril 2012 07:04
do you mean you don't required .net framework to run your program ?
then you have to you use c++ to create your Project.
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13:24tell les réponses class program project class code project code project console application function function code paste function functions code function code class C # system user class objects programming language avril .net framework program c++
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samedi 7 avril 2012 13:24tell I.
- Modifié tej2911 samedi 7 avril 2012 13:26
Toutes le réponse
samedi 7 avril 2012 16:23
you need at least the one class for a program to run. create a new project will automatically create the class for you . if you have old code, create a new project and drop the old code into the new project. a console application wil automatically generate a main function. take you old main function code an paste it into the new main function. if you have any additioanl function just place the code after the main function keep the code inside the same class as main.
samedi 7 avril 2012 17:42
no you cannot execute it. c# at least need one system define or user define class. that be what an object orient programming language should be.
I be bit curious to know what you want to achieve.
dimanche 8 avril 2012 07:04
do you mean you donot require .net framework to run your program ?
then you have to you use c++ to create your Project.
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PROPN NUM PROPN NUM NUM PRON PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PROPN NUM NUM SPACE PROPN X X SPACE PROPN NUM avril NUM NUM SPACE PRON VERB ADP ADJ DET NUM class ADP DET program PART VERB PUNCT VERB DET ADJ project AUX ADV VERB DET class ADP PRON PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ code PUNCT VERB DET ADJ project CCONJ VERB DET ADJ code ADP DET ADJ project PUNCT DET console application AUX ADV VERB DET ADJ function PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ ADJ function code CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ ADJ function PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX DET additioanl functions ADV VERB DET code ADP DET ADJ function VERB DET code ADP DET ADJ class ADP main PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PROPN NUM NUM SPACE INTJ PRON AUX PART VERB PRON PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ VERB NUM system VERB CCONJ user VERB class PUNCT DET AUX PRON DET objects VERB programming language AUX AUX PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX bit ADJ PART VERB PRON PRON VERB PART VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PROPN NUM NUM SPACE AUX PRON VERB PRON AUX PART VERB .net framework PART VERB PRON program PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON AUX PART PRON VERB PROPN PART VERB PRON Project PUNCT
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PROPN NUM PROPN NUM NUM PRON PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PROPN NUM NUM SPACE PROPN X X SPACE PROPN NUM avril NUM NUM SPACE PRON VERB ADP ADJ DET NUM class ADP DET program PART VERB PUNCT VERB DET ADJ project AUX ADV VERB DET class ADP PRON PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ code PUNCT VERB DET ADJ project CCONJ VERB DET ADJ code ADP DET ADJ project PUNCT DET console application AUX ADV VERB DET ADJ function PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ ADJ function code CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ ADJ function PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX DET additioanl functions ADV VERB DET code ADP DET ADJ function VERB DET code ADP DET ADJ class ADP main PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PROPN NUM NUM SPACE INTJ PRON AUX PART VERB PRON PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ VERB NUM system VERB CCONJ user VERB class PUNCT DET AUX PRON DET objects VERB programming language AUX AUX PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX bit ADJ PART VERB PRON PRON VERB PART VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PROPN NUM NUM SPACE AUX PRON VERB PRON AUX PART VERB .net framework PART VERB PRON program PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON AUX PART PRON VERB PROPN PART VERB PRON Project PUNCT
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PROPN NUM PROPN NUM NUM PRON PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM PROPN NUM NUM SPACE PROPN X X SPACE PROPN NUM avril NUM NUM SPACE PRON VERB ADP ADJ DET NUM class ADP DET program PART VERB PUNCT VERB DET ADJ project AUX ADV VERB DET class ADP PRON PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ code PUNCT VERB DET ADJ project CCONJ VERB DET ADJ code ADP DET ADJ project PUNCT DET console application AUX ADV VERB DET ADJ function PUNCT VERB PRON ADJ ADJ function code CCONJ VERB PRON ADP DET ADJ ADJ function PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX DET additioanl functions ADV VERB DET code ADP DET ADJ function VERB DET code ADP DET ADJ class ADP main PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PROPN NUM NUM SPACE INTJ PRON AUX PART VERB PRON PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADP ADJ VERB NUM system VERB CCONJ user VERB class PUNCT DET AUX PRON DET objects VERB programming language AUX AUX PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX bit ADJ PART VERB PRON PRON VERB PART VERB PUNCT SPACE PROPN NUM PROPN NUM NUM SPACE AUX PRON VERB PRON AUX PART VERB .net framework PART VERB PRON program PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON AUX PART PRON VERB PROPN PART VERB PRON Project PUNCT
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Vegetative system is simple, effective
Richard Baumert doesn’t have thousands of pigs or calves on feed, but his feedlots drained the wrong way. Handling manure from his hog feeding platforms and cattle yards in a cost-effective way wouldn’t normally be considered an easy task. But thanks to a system developed by Christopher Henry, University of Nebraska Extension engineer, and engineer technician Jason Gross, Baumert’s situation was remedied without breaking the bank.
“It solved the problem of water running through our feedyards,” says Baumert.
Instead of building an extensive and expensive holding lagoon, Baumert, Henry and Gross developed a small sediment basin below the yards that collects rainwater, snowmelt and effluent from his pens. There is also a diversion that keeps clean water drained from the farmstead from mixing with pen runoff.
Liquids from the basin are pumped a short distance to a hillside and dispersed over a 3-acre vegetative treatment area by K-Line irrigation tubing and 16 irrigation pods. “This was a way to divert the water and collect it before it reached a nearby creek,” says Baumert.
At a glance
• Baumert’s VTS sprinkler system is one of only five like it in the country.
• He pumps fluids from his sediment basin to a vegetative treatment area.
• He uses 16 K-Line irrigation pods to distribute the fluids.
In Baumert’s system, funded in part through a grant from Nebraska Environmental Trust and the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality Section 319 program, liquid effluent is never stored in the basin for long. It’s pumped using a 10-hp Kohler diesel engine within 36 hours over the mixed grass area. A floating filter and hose, much like the ones used by local fire departments to disperse standing water, draws water into the pump, which moves it to the K-Line irrigation setup on a hillside nearby. There are several ways to disperse of the effluent in such a vegetative treatment system, or VTS, according to Henry, but for Baumert’s operation, this seemed to be the best solution.
“Richard did the project voluntarily, that is with the blessing of the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality, but not as a requirement to continue feeding cattle,” Henry says. “Richard is a forward-thinking producer. He saw that the runoff from his lots was a problem and did something about it without waiting until a NDEQ inspector required him to put controls in place.”
VTS consists of three distinctive components, including a sediment basin, vegetative treatment area composed of perennial vegetation used for treatment of runoff, and a water distribution system. Solids from the sediment basin are removed annually and spread on crop fields.
“A VTS is a permanent installation dedicated to managing the runoff from the open lot system,” Henry says. “Traditionally, gravity transfer has been used to distribute runoff to VTAs, such as gated pipe or surface flow.
“The advantage of the sprinkler concept is that we can locate VTAs on sites where we cannot locate a gravity or even a pump VTS because of soil type and topography,” he says. Baumert’s sprinkler system is one of only five like it in the country. “We are building three more this summer,” says Henry.
Sprinkler VTS systems are relatively inexpensive compared to other options of handling manure runoff from open lots. Through the work of Henry and Gross, the cost has been reduced by 65% over the past seven years, to just under $70 per irrigation head.
Since installation last fall, Baumert says he has pumped out his basin at least four times. “I was surprised at how simple it is,” he says.In Baumert’s case, simple systems like his VTS are the most effective.
For more information about installation of a VTS as a demonstration project or as a cost-eligible practice under the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s EQIP, contact UNL Extension engineer Christopher Henry at 402-472-6529 or learn more at afo.unl.edu.
AHEAD OF THE GAME: Richard Baumert voluntarily installed a vegetative treatment area at his hog and cattle yards to prevent runoff from reaching a nearby stream.
POD IS PIVOTAL: Liquid effluent is dispersed from a sediment basin through 16 K-Line irrigation pods spread across a 3-acre vegetative treatment area.
This article published in the July, 2010 edition of NEBRASKA FARMER.
All rights reserved. Copyright Farm Progress Cos. 2010.
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system thousands pigs calves feed feedlots way manure hog feeding platforms cattle yards cost way task thanks system engineer situation bank problem water feedyards lagoon basin yards rainwater pens diversion water farmstead pen runoff Liquids basin distance hillside acre treatment area Line irrigation tubing irrigation pods way water creek glance sprinkler system country fluids basin treatment area Line irrigation pods fluids system part grant program effluent basin diesel engine hours grass area filter hose ones fire departments standing water water pump Line irrigation setup hillside ways effluent treatment system operation solution project blessing requirement feeding cattle thinking producer runoff lots problem inspector controls place components basin treatment area vegetation treatment runoff water distribution system Solids basin crop fields VTS installation runoff lot system gravity transfer runoff VTAs pipe surface flow advantage sprinkler concept VTAs sites gravity pump VTS soil type topography sprinkler system country summer systems options manure runoff lots work cost % years irrigation head installation fall basin times case systems VTS information installation VTS demonstration project cost practice contact engineer GAME treatment area hog cattle yards runoff stream effluent basin Line irrigation pods acre treatment area article edition rights
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vegetative system be simple, effective
Richard Baumert donot have thousand of pig or calf on feed, but his feedlot drain the wrong way. handle manure from his hog feeding platform and cattle yard in a cost-effective way wouldnot normally be consider an easy task. but thank to a system develop by Christopher Henry, University of Nebraska Extension engineer, and engineer technician Jason Gross, Baumert’s situation be remedied without break the bank.
"it solve the problem of water run through our feedyard," say Baumert.
instead of build an extensive and expensive hold lagoon, Baumert, Henry and Gross develop a small sediment basin below the yard that collect rainwater, snowmelt and effluent from his pen. there be also a diversion that keep clean water drain from the farmstead from mix with pen runoff.
liquid from the basin be pump a short distance to a hillside and disperse over a 3-acre vegetative treatment area by K-line irrigation tubing and 16 irrigation pod. "this be a way to divert the water and collect it before it reach a nearby creek," say Baumert.
at a glance
• Baumert’s VTS sprinkler system be one of only five like it in the country.
• he pump fluid from his sediment basin to a vegetative treatment area.
• he use 16 K-line irrigation pod to distribute the fluid.
in Baumert’s system, fund in part through a grant from Nebraska Environmental Trust and the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality Section 319 program, liquid effluent be never store in the basin for long. it’ pump use a 10-hp Kohler diesel engine within 36 hour over the mixed grass area. a float filter and hose, much like the one use by local fire department to disperse standing water, draw water into the pump, which move it to the K-line irrigation setup on a hillside nearby. there be several way to disperse of the effluent in such a vegetative treatment system, or VTS, accord to Henry, but for Baumert’s operation, this seem to be the good solution.
"Richard do the project voluntarily, that be with the blessing of the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality, but not as a requirement to continue feeding cattle," Henry say. "Richard be a forward-thinking producer. he see that the runoff from his lot be a problem and do something about it without wait until a NDEQ inspector require he to put control in place."
VTS consist of three distinctive component, include a sediment basin, vegetative treatment area compose of perennial vegetation use for treatment of runoff, and a water distribution system. solid from the sediment basin be remove annually and spread on crop field.
"a vts be a permanent installation dedicate to manage the runoff from the open lot system," Henry say. "traditionally, gravity transfer have be use to distribute runoff to vta, such as gate pipe or surface flow.
"the advantage of the sprinkler concept be that we can locate vta on site where we cannot locate a gravity or even a pump vts because of soil type and topography," he say. Baumert’s sprinkler system be one of only five like it in the country. "we be build three more this summer," say Henry.
Sprinkler VTS system be relatively inexpensive compare to other option of handle manure runoff from open lot. through the work of Henry and Gross, the cost have be reduce by 65% over the past seven year, to just under $70 per irrigation head.
since installation last fall, Baumert say he have pump out his basin at least four time. "I be surprised at how simple it be," he say.in Baumert’s case, simple system like his vts be the most effective.
for more information about installation of a vts as a demonstration project or as a cost-eligible practice under the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s EQIP, contact UNL Extension engineer Christopher Henry at 402-472-6529 or learn more at afo.unl.edu.
ahead of the game: Richard Baumert voluntarily instal a vegetative treatment area at his hog and cattle yard to prevent runoff from reach a nearby stream.
POD be pivotal: liquid effluent be disperse from a sediment basin through 16 K-line irrigation pod spread across a 3-acre vegetative treatment area.
this article publish in the July, 2010 edition of NEBRASKA FARMER.
all right reserve. Copyright Farm Progress cos. 2010.
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ADJ system AUX ADJ PUNCT ADJ SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX PART AUX thousands ADP pigs CCONJ calves ADP feed PUNCT CCONJ PRON feedlots VERB DET ADJ way PUNCT VERB manure ADP PRON hog feeding platforms CCONJ cattle yards ADP DET cost PUNCT ADJ way AUX PART ADV AUX VERB DET ADJ task PUNCT CCONJ thanks ADP DET system VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN engineer PUNCT CCONJ engineer technician PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART situation AUX VERB ADP VERB DET bank PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB DET problem ADP water VERB ADP PRON feedyards PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ holding lagoon PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB DET ADJ sediment basin ADP DET yards PRON VERB rainwater PUNCT snowmelt CCONJ effluent ADP PRON pens PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET diversion PRON VERB ADJ water VERB ADP DET farmstead ADP VERB ADP pen runoff PUNCT SPACE Liquids ADP DET basin AUX VERB DET ADJ distance ADP DET hillside CCONJ VERB ADP DET NUM PUNCT acre ADJ treatment area ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN irrigation tubing CCONJ NUM irrigation pods PUNCT PUNCT DET AUX DET way PART VERB DET water CCONJ VERB PRON ADP PRON VERB DET ADJ creek PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET glance SPACE PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN sprinkler system AUX NUM ADP ADV NUM ADP PRON ADP DET country PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB fluids ADP PRON sediment basin ADP DET ADJ treatment area PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB NUM PROPN PUNCT PROPN irrigation pods PART VERB DET fluids PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PART system PUNCT VERB ADP part ADP DET grant ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM program PUNCT ADJ effluent AUX ADV VERB ADP DET basin ADP ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB VERB VERB DET NUM PUNCT hp PROPN diesel engine ADP NUM hours ADP DET ADJ grass area PUNCT DET VERB filter CCONJ hose PUNCT ADV ADP DET ones VERB ADP ADJ fire departments PART VERB VERB water PUNCT VERB water ADP DET pump PUNCT DET VERB PRON ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN irrigation setup ADP DET hillside ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ways PART VERB ADP DET effluent ADP DET DET ADJ treatment system PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP PROPN PART operation PUNCT DET VERB PART AUX DET ADJ solution PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN AUX DET project ADV PUNCT DET AUX ADP DET blessing ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PART ADP DET requirement PART VERB VERB cattle PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT PROPN AUX DET ADV PUNCT VERB producer PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET runoff ADP PRON lots AUX DET problem CCONJ AUX PRON ADP PRON ADP VERB ADP DET PROPN inspector VERB PRON PART VERB controls ADP place PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB ADP NUM ADJ components PUNCT VERB DET sediment basin PUNCT ADJ treatment area VERB ADP ADJ vegetation VERB ADP treatment ADP runoff PUNCT CCONJ DET water distribution system PUNCT Solids ADP DET sediment basin AUX VERB ADV CCONJ VERB ADP crop fields PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET PROPN AUX DET ADJ installation VERB ADP VERB DET runoff ADP DET ADJ lot system PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT gravity transfer AUX AUX VERB PART VERB runoff ADP VTAs PUNCT ADJ ADP VERB pipe CCONJ surface flow PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET advantage ADP DET sprinkler concept AUX SCONJ PRON AUX VERB VTAs ADP sites SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET gravity CCONJ ADV DET pump PROPN SCONJ ADP soil type CCONJ topography PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT PROPN PART sprinkler system AUX NUM ADP ADV NUM ADP PRON ADP DET country PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB NUM ADJ DET summer PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE Sprinkler PROPN systems AUX ADV ADJ VERB ADP ADJ options ADP VERB manure runoff ADP ADJ lots PUNCT ADP DET work ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET cost AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM% ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT ADP ADV ADP SYM NUM ADP irrigation head PUNCT SPACE SCONJ installation ADJ fall PUNCT PROPN VERB PRON AUX VERB ADP PRON basin ADP ADV NUM times PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP SCONJ ADJ PRON AUX PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT ADP PROPN PART case PUNCT ADJ systems ADP PRON PROPN AUX DET ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ information ADP installation ADP DET PROPN ADP DET demonstration project CCONJ ADP DET cost PUNCT ADJ practice ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN engineer PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT NUM NUM NUM CCONJ VERB ADJ ADP X PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP DET GAME PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADV VERB DET ADJ treatment area ADP PRON hog CCONJ cattle yards PART VERB runoff ADP VERB DET ADJ stream PUNCT SPACE POD AUX ADJ PUNCT ADJ effluent AUX VERB ADP DET sediment basin ADP NUM PROPN PUNCT PROPN irrigation pods VERB ADP DET NUM PUNCT acre ADJ treatment area PUNCT SPACE DET article VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT NUM edition ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET rights VERB PUNCT Copyright PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT
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ADJ system AUX ADJ PUNCT ADJ SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX PART AUX thousands ADP pigs CCONJ calves ADP feed PUNCT CCONJ PRON feedlots VERB DET ADJ way PUNCT VERB manure ADP PRON hog feeding platforms CCONJ cattle yards ADP DET cost PUNCT ADJ way AUX PART ADV AUX VERB DET ADJ task PUNCT CCONJ thanks ADP DET system VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN engineer PUNCT CCONJ engineer technician PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART situation AUX VERB ADP VERB DET bank PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB DET problem ADP water VERB ADP PRON feedyards PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ holding lagoon PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB DET ADJ sediment basin ADP DET yards PRON VERB rainwater PUNCT snowmelt CCONJ effluent ADP PRON pens PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET diversion PRON VERB ADJ water VERB ADP DET farmstead ADP VERB ADP pen runoff PUNCT SPACE Liquids ADP DET basin AUX VERB DET ADJ distance ADP DET hillside CCONJ VERB ADP DET NUM PUNCT acre ADJ treatment area ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN irrigation tubing CCONJ NUM irrigation pods PUNCT PUNCT DET AUX DET way PART VERB DET water CCONJ VERB PRON ADP PRON VERB DET ADJ creek PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET glance SPACE PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN sprinkler system AUX NUM ADP ADV NUM ADP PRON ADP DET country PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB fluids ADP PRON sediment basin ADP DET ADJ treatment area PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB NUM PROPN PUNCT PROPN irrigation pods PART VERB DET fluids PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PART system PUNCT VERB ADP part ADP DET grant ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM program PUNCT ADJ effluent AUX ADV VERB ADP DET basin ADP ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB VERB VERB DET NUM PUNCT hp PROPN diesel engine ADP NUM hours ADP DET ADJ grass area PUNCT DET VERB filter CCONJ hose PUNCT ADV ADP DET ones VERB ADP ADJ fire departments PART VERB VERB water PUNCT VERB water ADP DET pump PUNCT DET VERB PRON ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN irrigation setup ADP DET hillside ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ways PART VERB ADP DET effluent ADP DET DET ADJ treatment system PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP PROPN PART operation PUNCT DET VERB PART AUX DET ADJ solution PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN AUX DET project ADV PUNCT DET AUX ADP DET blessing ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PART ADP DET requirement PART VERB VERB cattle PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT PROPN AUX DET ADV PUNCT VERB producer PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET runoff ADP PRON lots AUX DET problem CCONJ AUX PRON ADP PRON ADP VERB ADP DET PROPN inspector VERB PRON PART VERB controls ADP place PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB ADP NUM ADJ components PUNCT VERB DET sediment basin PUNCT ADJ treatment area VERB ADP ADJ vegetation VERB ADP treatment ADP runoff PUNCT CCONJ DET water distribution system PUNCT Solids ADP DET sediment basin AUX VERB ADV CCONJ VERB ADP crop fields PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET PROPN AUX DET ADJ installation VERB ADP VERB DET runoff ADP DET ADJ lot system PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT gravity transfer AUX AUX VERB PART VERB runoff ADP VTAs PUNCT ADJ ADP VERB pipe CCONJ surface flow PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET advantage ADP DET sprinkler concept AUX SCONJ PRON AUX VERB VTAs ADP sites SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET gravity CCONJ ADV DET pump PROPN SCONJ ADP soil type CCONJ topography PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT PROPN PART sprinkler system AUX NUM ADP ADV NUM ADP PRON ADP DET country PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB NUM ADJ DET summer PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE Sprinkler PROPN systems AUX ADV ADJ VERB ADP ADJ options ADP VERB manure runoff ADP ADJ lots PUNCT ADP DET work ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET cost AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM% ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT ADP ADV ADP SYM NUM ADP irrigation head PUNCT SPACE SCONJ installation ADJ fall PUNCT PROPN VERB PRON AUX VERB ADP PRON basin ADP ADV NUM times PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP SCONJ ADJ PRON AUX PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT ADP PROPN PART case PUNCT ADJ systems ADP PRON PROPN AUX DET ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ information ADP installation ADP DET PROPN ADP DET demonstration project CCONJ ADP DET cost PUNCT ADJ practice ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN engineer PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT NUM NUM NUM CCONJ VERB ADJ ADP X PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP DET GAME PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADV VERB DET ADJ treatment area ADP PRON hog CCONJ cattle yards PART VERB runoff ADP VERB DET ADJ stream PUNCT SPACE POD AUX ADJ PUNCT ADJ effluent AUX VERB ADP DET sediment basin ADP NUM PROPN PUNCT PROPN irrigation pods VERB ADP DET NUM PUNCT acre ADJ treatment area PUNCT SPACE DET article VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT NUM edition ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET rights VERB PUNCT Copyright PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT
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ADJ system AUX ADJ PUNCT ADJ SPACE PROPN PROPN AUX PART AUX thousands ADP pigs CCONJ calves ADP feed PUNCT CCONJ PRON feedlots VERB DET ADJ way PUNCT VERB manure ADP PRON hog feeding platforms CCONJ cattle yards ADP DET cost PUNCT ADJ way AUX PART ADV AUX VERB DET ADJ task PUNCT CCONJ thanks ADP DET system VERB ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN engineer PUNCT CCONJ engineer technician PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PART situation AUX VERB ADP VERB DET bank PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB DET problem ADP water VERB ADP PRON feedyards PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADJ holding lagoon PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN VERB DET ADJ sediment basin ADP DET yards PRON VERB rainwater PUNCT snowmelt CCONJ effluent ADP PRON pens PUNCT PRON AUX ADV DET diversion PRON VERB ADJ water VERB ADP DET farmstead ADP VERB ADP pen runoff PUNCT SPACE Liquids ADP DET basin AUX VERB DET ADJ distance ADP DET hillside CCONJ VERB ADP DET NUM PUNCT acre ADJ treatment area ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN irrigation tubing CCONJ NUM irrigation pods PUNCT PUNCT DET AUX DET way PART VERB DET water CCONJ VERB PRON ADP PRON VERB DET ADJ creek PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE ADP DET glance SPACE PUNCT PROPN PART PROPN sprinkler system AUX NUM ADP ADV NUM ADP PRON ADP DET country PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB fluids ADP PRON sediment basin ADP DET ADJ treatment area PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PRON VERB NUM PROPN PUNCT PROPN irrigation pods PART VERB DET fluids PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PART system PUNCT VERB ADP part ADP DET grant ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PROPN NUM program PUNCT ADJ effluent AUX ADV VERB ADP DET basin ADP ADJ PUNCT PRON VERB VERB VERB DET NUM PUNCT hp PROPN diesel engine ADP NUM hours ADP DET ADJ grass area PUNCT DET VERB filter CCONJ hose PUNCT ADV ADP DET ones VERB ADP ADJ fire departments PART VERB VERB water PUNCT VERB water ADP DET pump PUNCT DET VERB PRON ADP DET PROPN PUNCT PROPN irrigation setup ADP DET hillside ADV PUNCT PRON AUX ADJ ways PART VERB ADP DET effluent ADP DET DET ADJ treatment system PUNCT CCONJ PROPN PUNCT VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT CCONJ ADP PROPN PART operation PUNCT DET VERB PART AUX DET ADJ solution PUNCT SPACE PUNCT PROPN AUX DET project ADV PUNCT DET AUX ADP DET blessing ADP DET PROPN PROPN ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT CCONJ PART ADP DET requirement PART VERB VERB cattle PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT PROPN AUX DET ADV PUNCT VERB producer PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET runoff ADP PRON lots AUX DET problem CCONJ AUX PRON ADP PRON ADP VERB ADP DET PROPN inspector VERB PRON PART VERB controls ADP place PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PROPN VERB ADP NUM ADJ components PUNCT VERB DET sediment basin PUNCT ADJ treatment area VERB ADP ADJ vegetation VERB ADP treatment ADP runoff PUNCT CCONJ DET water distribution system PUNCT Solids ADP DET sediment basin AUX VERB ADV CCONJ VERB ADP crop fields PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET PROPN AUX DET ADJ installation VERB ADP VERB DET runoff ADP DET ADJ lot system PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB PUNCT PUNCT ADV PUNCT gravity transfer AUX AUX VERB PART VERB runoff ADP VTAs PUNCT ADJ ADP VERB pipe CCONJ surface flow PUNCT SPACE PUNCT DET advantage ADP DET sprinkler concept AUX SCONJ PRON AUX VERB VTAs ADP sites SCONJ PRON AUX PART VERB DET gravity CCONJ ADV DET pump PROPN SCONJ ADP soil type CCONJ topography PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT PROPN PART sprinkler system AUX NUM ADP ADV NUM ADP PRON ADP DET country PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB NUM ADJ DET summer PUNCT PUNCT VERB PROPN PUNCT SPACE Sprinkler PROPN systems AUX ADV ADJ VERB ADP ADJ options ADP VERB manure runoff ADP ADJ lots PUNCT ADP DET work ADP PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET cost AUX AUX VERB ADP NUM% ADP DET ADJ NUM years PUNCT ADP ADV ADP SYM NUM ADP irrigation head PUNCT SPACE SCONJ installation ADJ fall PUNCT PROPN VERB PRON AUX VERB ADP PRON basin ADP ADV NUM times PUNCT PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP SCONJ ADJ PRON AUX PUNCT PUNCT PRON VERB PUNCT ADP PROPN PART case PUNCT ADJ systems ADP PRON PROPN AUX DET ADV ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADP ADJ information ADP installation ADP DET PROPN ADP DET demonstration project CCONJ ADP DET cost PUNCT ADJ practice ADP DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN engineer PROPN PROPN ADP NUM PUNCT NUM NUM NUM CCONJ VERB ADJ ADP X PUNCT SPACE ADV ADP DET GAME PUNCT PROPN PROPN ADV VERB DET ADJ treatment area ADP PRON hog CCONJ cattle yards PART VERB runoff ADP VERB DET ADJ stream PUNCT SPACE POD AUX ADJ PUNCT ADJ effluent AUX VERB ADP DET sediment basin ADP NUM PROPN PUNCT PROPN irrigation pods VERB ADP DET NUM PUNCT acre ADJ treatment area PUNCT SPACE DET article VERB ADP DET PROPN PUNCT NUM edition ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT SPACE DET rights VERB PUNCT Copyright PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PUNCT
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Lawn and Garden Chemicals
The Problem with Pesticides, Herbicides and Fertilizers
By Eric Vinje, Planet Natural
At one time garden chemicals were championed as the panacea for agricultural shortages and deficits. Pesticides, it was said, were the technological answer to dealing with insects, weeds and other intruders that nature sent the farmer’s way. Herbicides increased yields by decreasing weeds. And chemicals kept soils fertile, making for more vigorous, more productive crops. Over time, we’ve learned that these claims are exaggerated if not completely false
But these synthetic products have a down-side, one that threatens the environment and the very future of food production. Chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides poison our waters, our soils, other living creatures and our own bodies. Their effectiveness, touted by big budget, corporate-driven marketing plans, isn’t all it’s cracked up to be. In light of these trade-offs, and the fact that healthy and potentially more effective organic alternatives exist, why should we risk our soils, our water and the health of our children?
It’s argued that agricultural chemicals are needed if we’re to supply the world’s exploding population with food. But it’s a false argument, one that ignores the fact that the world already grows more than enough food to feed its billions (see Frances Moore Lappe’s World Hunger: 12 Myths and Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity for a discussion of global food-distribution problems and solutions). Eliminating synthetic fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides to the greatest degree possible and replacing them with practical and effective organic methods will not only benefit the current generation but generations to come. While the billions of tons of chemicals applied to the earth largely serve commercial agriculture, eliminating chemicals from our own lawns and gardens can also make a difference, directly benefiting our families and communities.
While most modern herbicides are designed to kill only plants and have little or no toxicity to humans, many still have extreme consequences in the environment, changing habitats in ways that affect insects and wildlife. These consequences extend to water courses where they may kill beneficial aquatic plants and fish.
Some herbicides continue to be toxic to animals and plants. One study showed dogs who play in herbicide-treated yards have three-times the risk of cancer. A Swedish study linked herbicides with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cancer in humans.
Paraquat, one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, is so toxic it’s frequently used in third-world countries as a means of suicide. Large, unintentional exposure to paraquat almost always leads to death. Smaller exposures, usually through inhalation, have been linked to lung damage, heart and kidney failure, Parkinson’s disease and eye damage. Controversy exists around the use of herbicides more commonly used by home gardeners, such as, 2,4-D and Roundup. A manufacturer supported review of studies found Roundup safe for use around humans while anti-herbicide groups cite studies that find it affecting human embryonic, placental, and umbilical cells in vitro as well as testosterone development in mice. There was an outcry in 2003 when the Environmental Protection Agency decided not to limit the sale of the weed-killer atrazine amid charges that the chemical industry had undue influence in the decision. The EPA’s own research had shown that atrazine was toxic to some water-borne species in extremely low parts-per-billion. (A few years ago France ordered the withdrawal of atrazine and related weedkillers, saying the chemicals were building up in water supplies and threatening human health.)
At Planet Natural, we offer a variety of quality organic weed control products, including barriers, earth-friendly herbicides and weeding tools. All are safe for you, your family and your pets.
The overuse of chemical or inorganic fertilizers has serious consequences including the leaching of nitrates into the ground water supply and the introduction of certain contaminants, including cadmium, into the soils. Fertilizer run-off into ponds, lakes and streams over stimulates algae growth, suffocating other aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish. Toxic fertilizers made from industrial waste can bring mercury, lead and arsenic to our soil and water supplies. The last few years have seen efforts to control both nitrogen applications and the use of toxic fertilizers in the U.S. and other western nations.
Tip: Slow release, organic lawn fertilizer benefits your soil while providing nutrients for your grass. Not only does it improve soil structure, it encourages beneficial soil microbes that attack pests and diseases.
By far, the most damage to the environment and the biggest threat to our health comes from pesticides. It is becoming harder and harder to justify their wide-spread use. We now know that pesticides aren’t as effective as claimed and that they cause more harm than good. And the pests they’re reputed to eliminate? Maybe they aren’t so bad after all, especially if they are managed intelligently.
Farmers often accept that using synthetic fertilizers creates a trade-off — high yields of plants with a lot more insect problems. The same companies that manufacture fertilizers have an answer: buy their pesticides and their seeds that are genetically engineered to withstand the pesticides.
Pesticides tend to create a vicious circle. The more they are used, the more they are needed. While the costs of pesticides increases, their effectiveness is decreasing — meaning that more and more chemicals are needed to get the job done. As pesticides get more toxic, they are also getting less effective at reducing the pest problem. Could the problem be with the pesticides, not the pests?
Recently Ontario, Canada banned lawn and garden pesticides for home use. There is a similar ban in Quebec. As more comes to light about the dangers of pesticides, the more people are realizing that they just don’t have a place in our world.
Tip: Using toxic pesticides upsets your garden’s natural balance, harming beneficial insects as well as pests. At Planet Natural, all of our natural pest control products are safe for you, your family and the environment. And they’re effective.
Secondary Pest Problems
Pesticides do not discriminate; they kill all insects in their path. This means the beneficial insects, such as the ones that prey on harmful insects, are killed right along with the ones you aim to get rid of. Pollinators also fall victim to pesticides.
When every original insect is gone, the habitat is wide open for infiltration by other insects. This new, blank-slate habitat has no predators so the secondary insect population explodes and you wind up with a bigger insect issue than in the first place. Now you need more and stronger pesticides.
Note: Less than 1% of the insects in the world are considered pests. The other 99% play an integral role in the ecosystem.
Pesticides are great for one thing: they aid pests in developing resistance and create stronger bugs. Every time a field or garden is sprayed a few insects who are stronger and more genetically advanced are likely to survive. These survivors mate and create offspring which are more resistant to the pesticide. Because the lifecycle of an insect is so short, and each generation is more resistant than the last, it doesn’t take long for a super bug to develop. The only recourse is to create a stronger and more toxic pesticide.
There are many insects around today that are resistant to any insecticide. We’ve created monsters we can’t kill.
When it comes down to it, pesticide use is very expensive. There are the original costs of buying the poison and sprayer, plus all the protective gear you need to wear when using it (Farmers spend $2.4 billion each year on insecticides and fungicides; see “Are Pests the Problem — or Pesticides?“).
There are other costs, as well. A new load of pesticides has to be trucked in for the secondary pest outbreaks and there is a loss in revenue when the pesticides stop working. We all pay for the government to regulate pesticides and for the legal battles over safety and the environment. The manufacture of these chemicals requires vast quantities of fossil fuels at a time when those costs are at a premium.
Pesticides don’t stay where they are put. They soak into the soil, contaminate groundwater and surface streams and drift through the air. The pesticides you use in your garden can end up in lakes and ponds, in your neighbor’s yard and in your house. Many agricultural pesticides are proven neurotoxins as well as likely endocrine disruptors and carcinogens.
No one can forget the result of DDT, which is still used in India, North Korea and a few other countries for malaria control. The widespread agricultural use of DDT threatened many birds, including the bald eagle, with extinction. It is highly toxic to fish and shell fish. Mammals were also adversely affected. Cats were especially affected by DDT and its use often resulted in explosions of rodent populations where it was applied because of decimated predator numbers. In humans, DDT is suspected of causing many cancers, especially breast cancer, and adversely affects reproduction. Though not acutely toxic (its slow-building affects accumulate over the years; it is classified as having “chronic toxicity”), DDT persists and accumulates in the environment, collecting in human tissue until it reaches damaging levels. Even its effectiveness against mosquitoes has diminished as the insects have gradually developed resistance to the chemical. Yet its toxicity to humans lives on. A 2002 study in the U.S. found at least half its subjects still had detectable levels of DDT. The U.S. ban on DDT in 1972 is largely credited in saving the bald eagle.
DDT isn’t the only pesticide that causes great damage to the ecosystem. Continued pesticide use results in groundwater contamination, death and poisoning of domestic pets and livestock, loss of honeybees and other pollinators, deformed frogs, bird death and fishery losses are all at least partially the result of pesticide use.
In California, the pesticides carbofuran (used on alfalfa, grapes and rice) and diazinon are responsible for the majority of bird kills, affecting many species of songbirds, waterfowl and raptors. Controlled studies have shown that when carbofuran is applied to crops, as many as 17 birds die for every five acres treated.
Pesticides, along with fertilizers, also produce dead zones in estuaries and bays, areas starved of oxygen and depleted of marine life.
Human Health Costs
It’s not just the non-human realm that is feeling the brunt of pesticide use. Consider the legacy of DDT. It wasn’t until 2001 that the link between DDT and premature births and low birth weights in humans born in the 1950s and ’60s was discovered. The low amounts of DDT used for malaria control have been shown to cause miscarriage and premature birth, reduced sperm counts, inability to breast feed and increases in infant deaths.
Post-DDT pesticides continue to be suspect in everything from cancer to mental retardation. Recently, an Australian toxicologist reported in the journal Science of the Total Environment that pesticides may be responsible for some of the intellectual development problems in children that were previously associated with lead.
Studies have found a link between pesticides and Parkinson’s Disease, autism and child cancers, neuroblastoma, leukemia, chronic infections, bronchitis, asthma, sinusitis, infertility, neurological disorders, aggression and depression (see “The Chlordane Pesticide Problem“).
Clearly there are a lot of problems with the use of pesticides, herbicides and inorganic fertilizers, but is there a solution? Yes, go organic! The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) found that U.S. farmers’ reliance on synthetic fertilizers and insecticides may be based on an outdated understanding of plant chemistry, and that organic gardening methods can be validated by hard science.
Scientists found that corn borer moths laid 18 times as many eggs in corn grown in conventional (fertilized and pesticide-rich) soil as corn grown in organic soil. It appears that the corn grown with large doses of nitrogen, phosphorous and other elements found in synthetic fertilizers produced more sugar and amino acids — which the insects preferred.
Growing organically, doesn’t just mean not using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, it means creating a healthy environment where plants can grow strong and harmful insects and weeds are balanced with beneficial insects and desirable plants.
To create a healthy ecosystem within the garden or farm, start with healthy soil. Improving garden soil by adding organic matter (such as compost), balancing the soil pH and using organic fertilizers when needed. Then rotate your crops annually. Make sure your plants get the right amount of water and sunlight and grow what’s best adapted to your region.
Consider the Better Pest Management and Integrated Pest Management systems, techniques that look past short term gains (which are often followed by quick losses) to take in the long-term picture for environmental and human health.
It might seem counterintuitive at first, but attracting or releasing certain insects into the garden can actually help control other insects. Beneficial insects prey on some harmful garden pests, reducing their population numbers. Predators, parasites and pollinators can all increase the health of your garden.
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Lawn and Garden Chemicals
the Problem with Pesticides, Herbicides and fertilizer
by Eric Vinje, Planet Natural
at one time garden chemical be champion as the panacea for agricultural shortage and deficit. pesticide, it be say, be the technological answer to deal with insect, weed and other intruder that nature send the farmer’s way. herbicide increase yield by decrease weed. and chemical keep soil fertile, make for more vigorous, more productive crop. over time, we’ve learn that these claim be exaggerated if not completely false
but these synthetic product have a down-side, one that threaten the environment and the very future of food production. chemical fertilizer, herbicide and pesticide poison our water, our soil, other live creature and our own body. their effectiveness, tout by big budget, corporate-drive marketing plan, benot all it’ crack up to be. in light of these trade-off, and the fact that healthy and potentially more effective organic alternative exist, why should we risk our soil, our water and the health of our child?
it’ argue that agricultural chemical be need if we’re to supply the world’s explode population with food. but it’ a false argument, one that ignore the fact that the world already grow more than enough food to feed its billion (see Frances Moore Lappe’s World Hunger: 12 myth and Food First: beyond the Myth of Scarcity for a discussion of global food-distribution problem and solution). eliminate synthetic fertilizer, herbicide and pesticide to the great degree possible and replace they with practical and effective organic method will not only benefit the current generation but generation to come. while the billion of ton of chemical apply to the earth largely serve commercial agriculture, eliminate chemical from our own lawn and garden can also make a difference, directly benefit our family and community.
while most modern herbicide be design to kill only plant and have little or no toxicity to human, many still have extreme consequence in the environment, change habitat in way that affect insect and wildlife. these consequence extend to water course where they may kill beneficial aquatic plant and fish.
some herbicide continue to be toxic to animal and plant. one study show dog who play in herbicide-treat yard have three-time the risk of cancer. a swedish study link herbicide with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cancer in human.
Paraquat, one of the most widely use herbicide in the world, be so toxic it’ frequently use in third-world country as a means of suicide. large, unintentional exposure to paraquat almost always lead to death. small exposure, usually through inhalation, have be link to lung damage, heart and kidney failure, Parkinson’s disease and eye damage. controversy exist around the use of herbicide more commonly use by home gardener, such as, 2,4-d and Roundup. a manufacturer support review of study find Roundup safe for use around human while anti-herbicide group cite study that find it affect human embryonic, placental, and umbilical cell in vitro as well as testosterone development in mouse. there be an outcry in 2003 when the Environmental Protection Agency decide not to limit the sale of the weed-killer atrazine amid charge that the chemical industry have undue influence in the decision. the EPA’s own research have show that atrazine be toxic to some water-bear specie in extremely low part-per-billion. (a few year ago France order the withdrawal of atrazine and related weedkiller, say the chemical be build up in water supply and threaten human health.)
at Planet Natural, we offer a variety of quality organic weed control product, include barrier, earth-friendly herbicide and weed tool. all be safe for you, your family and your pet.
the overuse of chemical or inorganic fertilizer have serious consequence include the leaching of nitrate into the ground water supply and the introduction of certain contaminant, include cadmium, into the soil. Fertilizer run-off into pond, lake and stream over stimulate algae growth, suffocate other aquatic plant, invertebrate and fish. toxic fertilizer make from industrial waste can bring mercury, lead and arsenic to our soil and water supply. the last few year have see effort to control both nitrogen application and the use of toxic fertilizer in the U.S. and other western nation.
Tip: slow release, organic lawn fertilizer benefit your soil while provide nutrient for your grass. not only do it improve soil structure, it encourage beneficial soil microbe that attack pest and disease.
by far, the most damage to the environment and the big threat to our health come from pesticide. it be become hard and hard to justify their wide-spread use. we now know that pesticide ben’t as effective as claim and that they cause more harm than good. and the pest they’re repute to eliminate? maybe they ben’t so bad after all, especially if they be manage intelligently.
farmer often accept that use synthetic fertilizer create a trade-off — high yield of plant with a lot more insect problem. the same company that manufacture fertilizer have an answer: buy their pesticide and their seed that be genetically engineer to withstand the pesticide.
pesticide tend to create a vicious circle. the more they be use, the more they be need. while the cost of pesticide increase, their effectiveness be decrease — mean that more and more chemical be need to get the job do. as pesticide get more toxic, they be also get less effective at reduce the p problem. could the problem be with the pesticide, not the pest?
recently Ontario, Canada ban lawn and garden pesticide for home use. there be a similar ban in Quebec. as more come to light about the danger of pesticide, the more people be realize that they just donot have a place in our world.
Tip: use toxic pesticide upset your garden’s natural balance, harm beneficial insect as well as pest. at Planet Natural, all of our natural p control product be safe for you, your family and the environment. and they’re effective.
Secondary Pest Problems
pesticide do not discriminate; they kill all insect in their path. this mean the beneficial insect, such as the one that prey on harmful insect, be kill right along with the one you aim to get rid of. pollinator also fall victim to pesticide.
when every original insect be go, the habitat be wide open for infiltration by other insect. this new, blank-slate habitat have no predator so the secondary insect population explode and you wind up with a big insect issue than in the first place. now you need more and strong pesticide.
note: Less than 1% of the insect in the world be consider pest. the other 99% play an integral role in the ecosystem.
pesticide be great for one thing: they aid pest in develop resistance and create strong bug. every time a field or garden be spray a few insect who be strong and more genetically advanced be likely to survive. these survivor mate and create offspring which be more resistant to the pesticide. because the lifecycle of an insect be so short, and each generation be more resistant than the last, it donot take long for a super bug to develop. the only recourse be to create a strong and more toxic pesticide.
there be many insect around today that be resistant to any insecticide. we’ve create monster we cannot kill.
when it come down to it, pesticide use be very expensive. there be the original cost of buy the poison and sprayer, plus all the protective gear you need to wear when use it (farmer spend $2.4 billion each year on insecticide and fungicide; see "be pest the Problem — or Pesticides?").
there be other cost, as well. a new load of pesticide have to be truck in for the secondary p outbreak and there be a loss in revenue when the pesticide stop work. we all pay for the government to regulate pesticide and for the legal battle over safety and the environment. the manufacture of these chemical require vast quantity of fossil fuel at a time when those cost be at a premium.
pesticide donot stay where they be put. they soak into the soil, contaminate groundwater and surface stream and drift through the air. the pesticide you use in your garden can end up in lake and pond, in your neighbor’s yard and in your house. many agricultural pesticide be prove neurotoxin as well as likely endocrine disruptor and carcinogen.
no one can forget the result of DDT, which be still use in India, North Korea and a few other country for malaria control. the widespread agricultural use of DDT threaten many bird, include the bald eagle, with extinction. it be highly toxic to fish and shell fish. mammal be also adversely affect. cat be especially affect by DDT and its use often result in explosion of rodent population where it be apply because of decimated predator number. in human, DDT be suspect of cause many cancer, especially breast cancer, and adversely affect reproduction. though not acutely toxic (its slow-building affect accumulate over the year; it be classify as have "chronic toxicity"), DDT persist and accumulate in the environment, collect in human tissue until it reach damaging level. even its effectiveness against mosquito have diminish as the insect have gradually develop resistance to the chemical. yet its toxicity to human live on. a 2002 study in the U.S. find at least half its subject still have detectable level of DDT. the U.S. ban on DDT in 1972 be largely credit in save the bald eagle.
DDT ben’t the only pesticide that cause great damage to the ecosystem. continue pesticide use result in groundwater contamination, death and poisoning of domestic pet and livestock, loss of honeybee and other pollinator, deform frog, bird death and fishery loss be all at least partially the result of pesticide use.
in California, the pesticide carbofuran (use on alfalfa, grape and rice) and diazinon be responsible for the majority of bird kill, affect many specie of songbird, waterfowl and raptor. control study have show that when carbofuran be apply to crop, as many as 17 bird die for every five acre treat.
pesticide, along with fertilizer, also produce dead zone in estuary and bay, area starve of oxygen and deplete of marine life.
Human Health Costs
it’ not just the non-human realm that be feel the brunt of pesticide use. consider the legacy of DDT. it ben’t until 2001 that the link between DDT and premature birth and low birth weight in human bear in the 1950 and '60 be discover. the low amount of DDT use for malaria control have be show to cause miscarriage and premature birth, reduce sperm count, inability to breast feed and increase in infant death.
post-ddt pesticide continue to be suspect in everything from cancer to mental retardation. recently, an australian toxicologist report in the journal Science of the Total Environment that pesticide may be responsible for some of the intellectual development problem in child that be previously associate with lead.
study have find a link between pesticide and Parkinson’s Disease, autism and child cancer, neuroblastoma, leukemia, chronic infection, bronchitis, asthma, sinusitis, infertility, neurological disorder, aggression and depression (see "the Chlordane Pesticide Problem").
clearly there be a lot of problem with the use of pesticide, herbicide and inorganic fertilizer, but be there a solution? yes, go organic! the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) find that U.S. farmer’ reliance on synthetic fertilizer and insecticide may be base on an outdated understanding of plant chemistry, and that organic gardening method can be validate by hard science.
scientist find that corn borer moth lay 18 time as many egg in corn grow in conventional (fertilized and pesticide-rich) soil as corn grow in organic soil. it appear that the corn grow with large dos of nitrogen, phosphorous and other element find in synthetic fertilizer produce more sugar and amino acid — which the insect prefer.
grow organically, donot just mean not use synthetic fertilizer and pesticide, it mean create a healthy environment where plant can grow strong and harmful insect and weed be balance with beneficial insect and desirable plant.
to create a healthy ecosystem within the garden or farm, start with healthy soil. improve garden soil by add organic matter (such as compost), balance the soil pH and use organic fertilizer when need. then rotate your crop annually. make sure your plant get the right amount of water and sunlight and grow what’ well adapt to your region.
consider the well Pest Management and Integrated Pest Management system, technique that look past short term gain (which be often follow by quick loss) to take in the long-term picture for environmental and human health.
it might seem counterintuitive at first, but attract or release certain insect into the garden can actually help control other insect. beneficial insect prey on some harmful garden pest, reduce their population number. predator, parasite and pollinator can all increase the health of your garden.
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ADP ADJ doses ADP nitrogen PUNCT phosphorous CCONJ ADJ elements VERB ADP ADJ fertilizers VERB ADJ sugar CCONJ ADJ acids PUNCT DET DET insects VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB ADV PUNCT AUX PART ADV VERB PART VERB ADJ fertilizers CCONJ pesticides PUNCT PRON VERB VERB DET ADJ environment SCONJ plants AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ insects CCONJ weeds AUX VERB ADP ADJ insects CCONJ ADJ plants PUNCT SPACE PART VERB DET ADJ ecosystem ADP DET garden CCONJ farm PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ soil PUNCT VERB garden soil ADP VERB ADJ matter PUNCT ADJ ADP compost PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET soil pH CCONJ VERB ADJ fertilizers SCONJ VERB PUNCT ADV VERB PRON crops ADV PUNCT VERB ADJ PRON plants VERB DET ADJ amount ADP water CCONJ sunlight CCONJ VERB PRON VERB ADV VERB ADP PRON region PUNCT SPACE VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN systems PUNCT techniques PRON VERB ADP ADJ term gains PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ losses PUNCT PART VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT term picture ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ health PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB ADJ ADP ADV PUNCT CCONJ VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ insects ADP DET garden AUX ADV VERB VERB ADJ insects PUNCT ADJ insects VERB ADP DET ADJ garden pests PUNCT VERB PRON population numbers PUNCT Predators PUNCT parasites CCONJ pollinators AUX DET VERB DET health ADP PRON garden PUNCT
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Lawn CCONJ Garden Chemicals SPACE DET Problem ADP Pesticides PUNCT Herbicides CCONJ Fertilizers SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE ADP NUM time garden chemicals AUX VERB ADP DET panacea ADP ADJ shortages CCONJ deficits PUNCT Pesticides PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PUNCT AUX DET ADJ answer ADP VERB ADP insects PUNCT weeds CCONJ ADJ intruders PRON nature VERB DET farmer PART way PUNCT Herbicides VERB yields ADP VERB weeds PUNCT CCONJ chemicals VERB soils ADJ PUNCT VERB ADP ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV ADJ crops PUNCT ADP time PUNCT PRON VERB VERB SCONJ DET claims AUX ADJ SCONJ PART ADV ADJ SPACE CCONJ DET ADJ products AUX DET ADJ PUNCT side PUNCT NUM PRON VERB DET environment CCONJ DET ADJ future ADP food production PUNCT Chemical fertilizers PUNCT herbicides CCONJ pesticides VERB PRON waters PUNCT PRON soils PUNCT ADJ VERB creatures CCONJ PRON ADJ bodies PUNCT PRON effectiveness PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ budget PUNCT corporate PUNCT VERB marketing plans PUNCT AUX PART DET PRON VERB VERB ADP PART AUX PUNCT ADP light ADP DET trade PUNCT offs PUNCT CCONJ DET fact SCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADV ADV ADJ ADJ alternatives VERB PUNCT SCONJ AUX PRON VERB PRON soils PUNCT PRON water CCONJ DET health ADP PRON children PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB VERB SCONJ ADJ chemicals AUX VERB SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB DET world PART VERB population ADP food PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB DET ADJ argument PUNCT NUM PRON VERB DET fact SCONJ DET world ADV VERB ADJ ADP ADJ food PART VERB PRON billions PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADV PUNCT ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN ADP DET discussion ADP ADJ food PUNCT distribution problems CCONJ solutions PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADJ fertilizers PUNCT herbicides CCONJ pesticides ADP DET ADJ degree ADJ CCONJ VERB PRON ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ methods AUX PART ADV VERB DET ADJ generation CCONJ generations PART VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET billions ADP tons ADP chemicals VERB ADP DET earth ADV VERB ADJ agriculture PUNCT VERB chemicals ADP PRON ADJ lawns CCONJ gardens AUX ADV VERB DET difference PUNCT ADV VERB PRON families CCONJ communities PUNCT SPACE SCONJ ADJ ADJ herbicides AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ plants CCONJ AUX ADJ CCONJ DET toxicity ADP humans PUNCT ADJ ADV AUX ADJ consequences ADP DET environment PUNCT VERB habitats ADP ways PRON VERB insects CCONJ wildlife PUNCT DET consequences VERB ADP water courses SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADJ ADJ plants CCONJ fish PUNCT SPACE DET herbicides VERB PART AUX ADJ ADP animals CCONJ plants PUNCT NUM study VERB dogs PRON VERB ADP herbicide PUNCT VERB yards AUX NUM PUNCT times DET risk ADP cancer PUNCT DET ADJ study VERB herbicides ADP PROPN ADJ ADJ PART lymphoma cancer ADP humans PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT NUM ADP DET ADV ADV VERB herbicides ADP DET world PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ PRON VERB ADV VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT world countries ADP DET means ADP suicide PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ exposure ADP paraquat ADV ADV VERB ADP death PUNCT ADJ exposures PUNCT ADV ADP inhalation PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP lung damage PUNCT heart CCONJ kidney failure PUNCT PROPN PART disease CCONJ eye damage PUNCT Controversy VERB ADP DET use ADP herbicides ADV ADV VERB ADP home gardeners PUNCT ADJ ADP PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET manufacturer VERB review ADP studies VERB PROPN ADJ ADP use ADP humans SCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ groups VERB studies PRON VERB PRON VERB ADJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ cells ADP ADJ ADV ADV ADP testosterone development ADP mice PUNCT PRON AUX DET outcry ADP NUM SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PART PART VERB DET sale ADP DET weed PUNCT killer PROPN ADP charges SCONJ DET chemical industry AUX ADJ influence ADP DET decision PUNCT DET PROPN PART ADJ research AUX VERB SCONJ atrazine AUX ADJ ADP DET water PUNCT VERB species ADP ADV ADJ parts PUNCT ADP PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ years ADV PROPN VERB DET withdrawal ADP PROPN CCONJ ADJ weedkillers PUNCT VERB DET chemicals AUX VERB ADP ADP water supplies CCONJ VERB ADJ health PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB DET variety ADP quality ADJ weed control products PUNCT VERB barriers PUNCT earth PUNCT ADJ herbicides CCONJ weeding tools PUNCT DET AUX ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT PRON family CCONJ PRON pets PUNCT SPACE DET overuse ADP chemical CCONJ ADJ fertilizers AUX ADJ consequences VERB DET leaching ADP nitrates ADP DET ground water supply CCONJ DET introduction ADP ADJ contaminants PUNCT VERB cadmium PUNCT ADP DET soils PUNCT Fertilizer run PUNCT off ADP ponds PUNCT lakes CCONJ streams ADV VERB algae growth PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ plants PUNCT invertebrates CCONJ fish PUNCT ADJ fertilizers VERB ADP ADJ waste AUX VERB mercury PUNCT lead CCONJ arsenic ADP PRON soil CCONJ water supplies PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ years AUX VERB efforts PART VERB DET nitrogen applications CCONJ DET use ADP ADJ fertilizers ADP DET PROPN CCONJ ADJ ADJ nations PUNCT SPACE Tip PUNCT ADJ release PUNCT ADJ lawn fertilizer VERB PRON soil SCONJ VERB nutrients ADP PRON grass PUNCT PART ADV AUX PRON VERB soil structure PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ soil microbes PRON VERB pests CCONJ diseases PUNCT SPACE ADP ADV PUNCT DET ADJ damage ADP DET environment CCONJ DET ADJ threat ADP PRON health VERB ADP pesticides PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ PART VERB PRON ADV PUNCT ADJ use PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ pesticides AUX PART ADV ADJ ADP VERB CCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB ADJ harm ADP ADJ PUNCT CCONJ DET pests PRON VERB VERB PART VERB PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART ADV ADJ ADV ADV PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE Farmers ADV VERB SCONJ VERB ADJ fertilizers VERB DET trade PUNCT off PUNCT ADJ yields ADP plants ADP DET lot ADJ insect problems PUNCT DET ADJ companies PRON VERB fertilizers AUX DET answer PUNCT VERB PRON pesticides CCONJ PRON seeds PRON AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET pesticides PUNCT SPACE Pesticides VERB PART VERB DET ADJ circle PUNCT DET ADV PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADV PRON AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET costs ADP pesticides VERB PUNCT PRON effectiveness AUX VERB PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ chemicals AUX VERB PART VERB DET job VERB PUNCT ADP pesticides VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADJ ADP VERB DET pest problem PUNCT AUX DET problem AUX ADP DET pesticides PUNCT PART DET pests PUNCT SPACE ADV PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB lawn CCONJ garden pesticides ADP home use PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ ban ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ VERB ADP light ADP DET dangers ADP pesticides PUNCT DET ADJ people AUX VERB SCONJ PRON ADV AUX PART AUX DET place ADP PRON world PUNCT SPACE Tip PUNCT VERB ADJ pesticides VERB PRON garden PART ADJ balance PUNCT VERB ADJ insects ADV ADV ADP pests PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADP PRON ADJ pest control products AUX ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT PRON family CCONJ DET environment PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADJ Pest Problems SPACE Pesticides AUX PART VERB PUNCT PRON VERB DET insects ADP PRON path PUNCT DET VERB DET ADJ insects PUNCT ADJ ADP DET ones PRON VERB ADP ADJ insects PUNCT AUX VERB ADV ADV ADP DET ones PRON VERB PART VERB VERB ADP PUNCT Pollinators ADV VERB victim ADP pesticides PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET ADJ insect AUX VERB PUNCT DET habitat AUX ADV ADJ ADP infiltration ADP ADJ insects PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT slate habitat AUX DET predators CCONJ DET ADJ insect population VERB CCONJ PRON VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ insect issue ADP ADP DET ADJ place PUNCT ADV PRON VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ pesticides PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT ADJ ADP NUM% ADP DET insects ADP DET world AUX VERB pests PUNCT DET ADJ NUM% VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ecosystem PUNCT SPACE Pesticides AUX ADJ ADP NUM thing PUNCT PRON VERB pests ADP VERB resistance CCONJ VERB ADJ bugs PUNCT DET time DET field CCONJ garden AUX VERB DET ADJ insects PRON AUX ADJ CCONJ ADV ADV ADJ AUX ADJ PART VERB PUNCT DET survivors VERB CCONJ VERB offspring DET AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET pesticide PUNCT SCONJ DET lifecycle ADP DET insect AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ DET generation AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ bug PART VERB PUNCT DET ADJ recourse AUX PART VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ pesticide PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADJ insects ADP today PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET insecticide PUNCT PRON VERB VERB monsters PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON VERB ADV ADP PRON PUNCT pesticide use AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ costs ADP VERB DET poison CCONJ sprayer PUNCT CCONJ DET DET ADJ gear PRON VERB PART VERB SCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT Farmers VERB SYM NUM NUM DET year ADP insecticides CCONJ fungicides PUNCT VERB PUNCT AUX Pests DET Problem PUNCT CCONJ Pesticides PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADJ costs PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT DET ADJ load ADP pesticides AUX PART AUX VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ pest outbreaks CCONJ PRON AUX DET loss ADP revenue SCONJ DET pesticides VERB VERB PUNCT PRON DET VERB ADP DET government PART VERB pesticides CCONJ ADP DET ADJ battles ADP safety CCONJ DET environment PUNCT DET manufacture ADP DET chemicals VERB ADJ quantities ADP ADJ fuels ADP DET time SCONJ DET costs AUX ADP DET premium PUNCT SPACE Pesticides AUX PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET soil PUNCT VERB groundwater CCONJ surface streams CCONJ VERB ADP DET air PUNCT DET pesticides PRON VERB ADP PRON garden AUX VERB ADP ADP lakes CCONJ ponds PUNCT ADP PRON neighbor PART yard CCONJ ADP PRON house PUNCT ADJ ADJ pesticides AUX VERB neurotoxins ADV ADV ADP ADJ ADJ disruptors CCONJ carcinogens PUNCT SPACE DET PRON AUX VERB DET result ADP PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ countries ADP malaria control PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ use ADP PROPN VERB ADJ birds PUNCT VERB DET ADJ eagle PUNCT ADP extinction PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP fish CCONJ shell fish PUNCT Mammals AUX ADV ADV VERB PUNCT Cats AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PRON use ADV VERB ADP explosions ADP rodent populations SCONJ PRON AUX VERB SCONJ ADP VERB predator numbers PUNCT ADP humans PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ cancers PUNCT ADV breast cancer PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB reproduction PUNCT SCONJ PART ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON ADV PUNCT VERB affects VERB ADP DET years PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP VERB PUNCT ADJ toxicity PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET environment PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ tissue ADP PRON VERB ADJ levels PUNCT ADV PRON effectiveness ADP mosquitoes AUX VERB ADP DET insects AUX ADV VERB resistance ADP DET chemical PUNCT CCONJ PRON toxicity ADP humans VERB ADP PUNCT DET NUM study ADP DET PROPN VERB ADV ADV DET PRON subjects ADV AUX ADJ levels ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ban ADP PROPN ADP NUM AUX ADV VERB ADP VERB DET ADJ eagle PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX PART DET ADJ pesticide PRON VERB ADJ damage ADP DET ecosystem PUNCT ADJ pesticide use results ADP groundwater contamination PUNCT death CCONJ poisoning ADP ADJ pets CCONJ livestock PUNCT loss ADP honeybees CCONJ ADJ pollinators PUNCT VERB frogs PUNCT bird death CCONJ fishery losses AUX DET ADP ADJ ADV DET result ADP pesticide use PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PUNCT DET pesticides carbofuran PUNCT VERB ADP alfalfa PUNCT grapes CCONJ rice PUNCT CCONJ diazinon AUX ADJ ADP DET majority ADP bird kills PUNCT VERB ADJ species ADP songbirds PUNCT waterfowl CCONJ raptors PUNCT ADJ studies AUX VERB SCONJ SCONJ carbofuran AUX VERB ADP crops PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP NUM birds VERB ADP DET NUM acres VERB PUNCT SPACE Pesticides PUNCT ADP ADP fertilizers PUNCT ADV VERB ADJ zones ADP estuaries CCONJ bays PUNCT areas VERB ADP oxygen CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ life PUNCT SPACE ADJ Health Costs SPACE PRON VERB PART ADV DET ADJ ADJ ADJ realm PRON AUX VERB DET brunt ADP pesticide use PUNCT VERB DET legacy ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX PART ADP NUM PRON DET link ADP PROPN CCONJ ADJ births CCONJ ADJ birth weights ADP humans VERB ADP DET NUM CCONJ NUM NUM AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADJ amounts ADP PROPN VERB ADP malaria control AUX AUX VERB PART VERB miscarriage CCONJ ADJ birth PUNCT VERB sperm counts PUNCT inability PART breast VERB CCONJ increases ADP infant deaths PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ ADJ pesticides VERB PART AUX ADJ ADP PRON ADP cancer ADP ADJ retardation PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ toxicologist VERB ADP DET journal PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN SCONJ pesticides AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET ADP DET ADJ development problems ADP children PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP lead PUNCT SPACE Studies AUX VERB DET link ADP pesticides CCONJ PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT autism CCONJ child cancers PUNCT neuroblastoma PUNCT leukemia PUNCT ADJ infections PUNCT bronchitis PUNCT asthma PUNCT sinusitis PUNCT infertility PUNCT ADJ disorders PUNCT aggression CCONJ depression PUNCT VERB PUNCT DET PROPN Pesticide Problem PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON AUX DET lot ADP problems ADP DET use ADP pesticides PUNCT herbicides CCONJ ADJ fertilizers PUNCT CCONJ AUX PRON DET solution PUNCT INTJ PUNCT VERB ADJ PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ PROPN farmers PART reliance ADP ADJ fertilizers CCONJ insecticides AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ understanding ADP plant chemistry PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADJ gardening methods AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ science PUNCT SPACE Scientists VERB SCONJ corn borer moths VERB NUM times ADP ADJ eggs ADP corn VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ pesticide PUNCT ADJ PUNCT soil ADP corn VERB ADP ADJ soil PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET corn VERB ADP ADJ doses ADP nitrogen PUNCT phosphorous CCONJ ADJ elements VERB ADP ADJ fertilizers VERB ADJ sugar CCONJ ADJ acids PUNCT DET DET insects VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB ADV PUNCT AUX PART ADV VERB PART VERB ADJ fertilizers CCONJ pesticides PUNCT PRON VERB VERB DET ADJ environment SCONJ plants AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ insects CCONJ weeds AUX VERB ADP ADJ insects CCONJ ADJ plants PUNCT SPACE PART VERB DET ADJ ecosystem ADP DET garden CCONJ farm PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ soil PUNCT VERB garden soil ADP VERB ADJ matter PUNCT ADJ ADP compost PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET soil pH CCONJ VERB ADJ fertilizers SCONJ VERB PUNCT ADV VERB PRON crops ADV PUNCT VERB ADJ PRON plants VERB DET ADJ amount ADP water CCONJ sunlight CCONJ VERB PRON VERB ADV VERB ADP PRON region PUNCT SPACE VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN systems PUNCT techniques PRON VERB ADP ADJ term gains PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ losses PUNCT PART VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT term picture ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ health PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB ADJ ADP ADV PUNCT CCONJ VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ insects ADP DET garden AUX ADV VERB VERB ADJ insects PUNCT ADJ insects VERB ADP DET ADJ garden pests PUNCT VERB PRON population numbers PUNCT Predators PUNCT parasites CCONJ pollinators AUX DET VERB DET health ADP PRON garden PUNCT
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Lawn CCONJ Garden Chemicals SPACE DET Problem ADP Pesticides PUNCT Herbicides CCONJ Fertilizers SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN SPACE ADP NUM time garden chemicals AUX VERB ADP DET panacea ADP ADJ shortages CCONJ deficits PUNCT Pesticides PUNCT PRON AUX VERB PUNCT AUX DET ADJ answer ADP VERB ADP insects PUNCT weeds CCONJ ADJ intruders PRON nature VERB DET farmer PART way PUNCT Herbicides VERB yields ADP VERB weeds PUNCT CCONJ chemicals VERB soils ADJ PUNCT VERB ADP ADV ADJ PUNCT ADV ADJ crops PUNCT ADP time PUNCT PRON VERB VERB SCONJ DET claims AUX ADJ SCONJ PART ADV ADJ SPACE CCONJ DET ADJ products AUX DET ADJ PUNCT side PUNCT NUM PRON VERB DET environment CCONJ DET ADJ future ADP food production PUNCT Chemical fertilizers PUNCT herbicides CCONJ pesticides VERB PRON waters PUNCT PRON soils PUNCT ADJ VERB creatures CCONJ PRON ADJ bodies PUNCT PRON effectiveness PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ budget PUNCT corporate PUNCT VERB marketing plans PUNCT AUX PART DET PRON VERB VERB ADP PART AUX PUNCT ADP light ADP DET trade PUNCT offs PUNCT CCONJ DET fact SCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADV ADV ADJ ADJ alternatives VERB PUNCT SCONJ AUX PRON VERB PRON soils PUNCT PRON water CCONJ DET health ADP PRON children PUNCT SPACE PRON VERB VERB SCONJ ADJ chemicals AUX VERB SCONJ PRON VERB PART VERB DET world PART VERB population ADP food PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB DET ADJ argument PUNCT NUM PRON VERB DET fact SCONJ DET world ADV VERB ADJ ADP ADJ food PART VERB PRON billions PUNCT VERB PROPN PROPN PROPN PART PROPN PROPN PUNCT NUM PROPN CCONJ PROPN ADV PUNCT ADP DET PROPN ADP PROPN ADP DET discussion ADP ADJ food PUNCT distribution problems CCONJ solutions PUNCT PUNCT VERB ADJ fertilizers PUNCT herbicides CCONJ pesticides ADP DET ADJ degree ADJ CCONJ VERB PRON ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ ADJ methods AUX PART ADV VERB DET ADJ generation CCONJ generations PART VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET billions ADP tons ADP chemicals VERB ADP DET earth ADV VERB ADJ agriculture PUNCT VERB chemicals ADP PRON ADJ lawns CCONJ gardens AUX ADV VERB DET difference PUNCT ADV VERB PRON families CCONJ communities PUNCT SPACE SCONJ ADJ ADJ herbicides AUX VERB PART VERB ADJ plants CCONJ AUX ADJ CCONJ DET toxicity ADP humans PUNCT ADJ ADV AUX ADJ consequences ADP DET environment PUNCT VERB habitats ADP ways PRON VERB insects CCONJ wildlife PUNCT DET consequences VERB ADP water courses SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADJ ADJ plants CCONJ fish PUNCT SPACE DET herbicides VERB PART AUX ADJ ADP animals CCONJ plants PUNCT NUM study VERB dogs PRON VERB ADP herbicide PUNCT VERB yards AUX NUM PUNCT times DET risk ADP cancer PUNCT DET ADJ study VERB herbicides ADP PROPN ADJ ADJ PART lymphoma cancer ADP humans PUNCT SPACE PROPN PUNCT NUM ADP DET ADV ADV VERB herbicides ADP DET world PUNCT AUX ADV ADJ PRON VERB ADV VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT world countries ADP DET means ADP suicide PUNCT ADJ PUNCT ADJ exposure ADP paraquat ADV ADV VERB ADP death PUNCT ADJ exposures PUNCT ADV ADP inhalation PUNCT AUX AUX VERB ADP lung damage PUNCT heart CCONJ kidney failure PUNCT PROPN PART disease CCONJ eye damage PUNCT Controversy VERB ADP DET use ADP herbicides ADV ADV VERB ADP home gardeners PUNCT ADJ ADP PUNCT PROPN PUNCT PROPN CCONJ PROPN PUNCT DET manufacturer VERB review ADP studies VERB PROPN ADJ ADP use ADP humans SCONJ ADJ ADJ ADJ groups VERB studies PRON VERB PRON VERB ADJ ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT CCONJ ADJ cells ADP ADJ ADV ADV ADP testosterone development ADP mice PUNCT PRON AUX DET outcry ADP NUM SCONJ DET PROPN PROPN PROPN VERB PART PART VERB DET sale ADP DET weed PUNCT killer PROPN ADP charges SCONJ DET chemical industry AUX ADJ influence ADP DET decision PUNCT DET PROPN PART ADJ research AUX VERB SCONJ atrazine AUX ADJ ADP DET water PUNCT VERB species ADP ADV ADJ parts PUNCT ADP PUNCT NUM PUNCT PUNCT DET ADJ years ADV PROPN VERB DET withdrawal ADP PROPN CCONJ ADJ weedkillers PUNCT VERB DET chemicals AUX VERB ADP ADP water supplies CCONJ VERB ADJ health PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT PRON VERB DET variety ADP quality ADJ weed control products PUNCT VERB barriers PUNCT earth PUNCT ADJ herbicides CCONJ weeding tools PUNCT DET AUX ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT PRON family CCONJ PRON pets PUNCT SPACE DET overuse ADP chemical CCONJ ADJ fertilizers AUX ADJ consequences VERB DET leaching ADP nitrates ADP DET ground water supply CCONJ DET introduction ADP ADJ contaminants PUNCT VERB cadmium PUNCT ADP DET soils PUNCT Fertilizer run PUNCT off ADP ponds PUNCT lakes CCONJ streams ADV VERB algae growth PUNCT VERB ADJ ADJ plants PUNCT invertebrates CCONJ fish PUNCT ADJ fertilizers VERB ADP ADJ waste AUX VERB mercury PUNCT lead CCONJ arsenic ADP PRON soil CCONJ water supplies PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ years AUX VERB efforts PART VERB DET nitrogen applications CCONJ DET use ADP ADJ fertilizers ADP DET PROPN CCONJ ADJ ADJ nations PUNCT SPACE Tip PUNCT ADJ release PUNCT ADJ lawn fertilizer VERB PRON soil SCONJ VERB nutrients ADP PRON grass PUNCT PART ADV AUX PRON VERB soil structure PUNCT PRON VERB ADJ soil microbes PRON VERB pests CCONJ diseases PUNCT SPACE ADP ADV PUNCT DET ADJ damage ADP DET environment CCONJ DET ADJ threat ADP PRON health VERB ADP pesticides PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ PART VERB PRON ADV PUNCT ADJ use PUNCT PRON ADV VERB SCONJ pesticides AUX PART ADV ADJ ADP VERB CCONJ SCONJ PRON VERB ADJ harm ADP ADJ PUNCT CCONJ DET pests PRON VERB VERB PART VERB PUNCT ADV PRON AUX PART ADV ADJ ADV ADV PUNCT ADV SCONJ PRON AUX VERB ADV PUNCT SPACE Farmers ADV VERB SCONJ VERB ADJ fertilizers VERB DET trade PUNCT off PUNCT ADJ yields ADP plants ADP DET lot ADJ insect problems PUNCT DET ADJ companies PRON VERB fertilizers AUX DET answer PUNCT VERB PRON pesticides CCONJ PRON seeds PRON AUX ADV VERB PART VERB DET pesticides PUNCT SPACE Pesticides VERB PART VERB DET ADJ circle PUNCT DET ADV PRON AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADV PRON AUX VERB PUNCT SCONJ DET costs ADP pesticides VERB PUNCT PRON effectiveness AUX VERB PUNCT VERB SCONJ ADJ CCONJ ADJ chemicals AUX VERB PART VERB DET job VERB PUNCT ADP pesticides VERB ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB ADV ADJ ADP VERB DET pest problem PUNCT AUX DET problem AUX ADP DET pesticides PUNCT PART DET pests PUNCT SPACE ADV PROPN PUNCT PROPN VERB lawn CCONJ garden pesticides ADP home use PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ ban ADP PROPN PUNCT ADP ADJ VERB ADP light ADP DET dangers ADP pesticides PUNCT DET ADJ people AUX VERB SCONJ PRON ADV AUX PART AUX DET place ADP PRON world PUNCT SPACE Tip PUNCT VERB ADJ pesticides VERB PRON garden PART ADJ balance PUNCT VERB ADJ insects ADV ADV ADP pests PUNCT ADP PROPN PROPN PUNCT DET ADP PRON ADJ pest control products AUX ADJ ADP PRON PUNCT PRON family CCONJ DET environment PUNCT CCONJ PRON VERB ADJ PUNCT SPACE ADJ Pest Problems SPACE Pesticides AUX PART VERB PUNCT PRON VERB DET insects ADP PRON path PUNCT DET VERB DET ADJ insects PUNCT ADJ ADP DET ones PRON VERB ADP ADJ insects PUNCT AUX VERB ADV ADV ADP DET ones PRON VERB PART VERB VERB ADP PUNCT Pollinators ADV VERB victim ADP pesticides PUNCT SPACE SCONJ DET ADJ insect AUX VERB PUNCT DET habitat AUX ADV ADJ ADP infiltration ADP ADJ insects PUNCT DET ADJ PUNCT ADJ PUNCT slate habitat AUX DET predators CCONJ DET ADJ insect population VERB CCONJ PRON VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ insect issue ADP ADP DET ADJ place PUNCT ADV PRON VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ pesticides PUNCT SPACE VERB PUNCT ADJ ADP NUM% ADP DET insects ADP DET world AUX VERB pests PUNCT DET ADJ NUM% VERB DET ADJ role ADP DET ecosystem PUNCT SPACE Pesticides AUX ADJ ADP NUM thing PUNCT PRON VERB pests ADP VERB resistance CCONJ VERB ADJ bugs PUNCT DET time DET field CCONJ garden AUX VERB DET ADJ insects PRON AUX ADJ CCONJ ADV ADV ADJ AUX ADJ PART VERB PUNCT DET survivors VERB CCONJ VERB offspring DET AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET pesticide PUNCT SCONJ DET lifecycle ADP DET insect AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT CCONJ DET generation AUX ADV ADJ ADP DET ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX PART VERB ADV ADP DET ADJ bug PART VERB PUNCT DET ADJ recourse AUX PART VERB DET ADJ CCONJ ADV ADJ pesticide PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADJ insects ADP today PRON AUX ADJ ADP DET insecticide PUNCT PRON VERB VERB monsters PRON AUX PART VERB PUNCT SPACE SCONJ PRON VERB ADV ADP PRON PUNCT pesticide use AUX ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX DET ADJ costs ADP VERB DET poison CCONJ sprayer PUNCT CCONJ DET DET ADJ gear PRON VERB PART VERB SCONJ VERB PRON PUNCT Farmers VERB SYM NUM NUM DET year ADP insecticides CCONJ fungicides PUNCT VERB PUNCT AUX Pests DET Problem PUNCT CCONJ Pesticides PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX ADJ costs PUNCT ADV ADV PUNCT DET ADJ load ADP pesticides AUX PART AUX VERB ADP ADP DET ADJ pest outbreaks CCONJ PRON AUX DET loss ADP revenue SCONJ DET pesticides VERB VERB PUNCT PRON DET VERB ADP DET government PART VERB pesticides CCONJ ADP DET ADJ battles ADP safety CCONJ DET environment PUNCT DET manufacture ADP DET chemicals VERB ADJ quantities ADP ADJ fuels ADP DET time SCONJ DET costs AUX ADP DET premium PUNCT SPACE Pesticides AUX PART VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB PUNCT PRON VERB ADP DET soil PUNCT VERB groundwater CCONJ surface streams CCONJ VERB ADP DET air PUNCT DET pesticides PRON VERB ADP PRON garden AUX VERB ADP ADP lakes CCONJ ponds PUNCT ADP PRON neighbor PART yard CCONJ ADP PRON house PUNCT ADJ ADJ pesticides AUX VERB neurotoxins ADV ADV ADP ADJ ADJ disruptors CCONJ carcinogens PUNCT SPACE DET PRON AUX VERB DET result ADP PROPN PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN PUNCT PROPN PROPN CCONJ DET ADJ ADJ countries ADP malaria control PUNCT DET ADJ ADJ use ADP PROPN VERB ADJ birds PUNCT VERB DET ADJ eagle PUNCT ADP extinction PUNCT PRON AUX ADV ADJ ADP fish CCONJ shell fish PUNCT Mammals AUX ADV ADV VERB PUNCT Cats AUX ADV VERB ADP PROPN CCONJ PRON use ADV VERB ADP explosions ADP rodent populations SCONJ PRON AUX VERB SCONJ ADP VERB predator numbers PUNCT ADP humans PUNCT PROPN AUX VERB ADP VERB ADJ cancers PUNCT ADV breast cancer PUNCT CCONJ ADV VERB reproduction PUNCT SCONJ PART ADV ADJ PUNCT PRON ADV PUNCT VERB affects VERB ADP DET years PUNCT PRON AUX VERB ADP VERB PUNCT ADJ toxicity PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT PROPN VERB CCONJ VERB ADP DET environment PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ tissue ADP PRON VERB ADJ levels PUNCT ADV PRON effectiveness ADP mosquitoes AUX VERB ADP DET insects AUX ADV VERB resistance ADP DET chemical PUNCT CCONJ PRON toxicity ADP humans VERB ADP PUNCT DET NUM study ADP DET PROPN VERB ADV ADV DET PRON subjects ADV AUX ADJ levels ADP PROPN PUNCT DET PROPN ban ADP PROPN ADP NUM AUX ADV VERB ADP VERB DET ADJ eagle PUNCT SPACE PROPN AUX PART DET ADJ pesticide PRON VERB ADJ damage ADP DET ecosystem PUNCT ADJ pesticide use results ADP groundwater contamination PUNCT death CCONJ poisoning ADP ADJ pets CCONJ livestock PUNCT loss ADP honeybees CCONJ ADJ pollinators PUNCT VERB frogs PUNCT bird death CCONJ fishery losses AUX DET ADP ADJ ADV DET result ADP pesticide use PUNCT SPACE ADP PROPN PUNCT DET pesticides carbofuran PUNCT VERB ADP alfalfa PUNCT grapes CCONJ rice PUNCT CCONJ diazinon AUX ADJ ADP DET majority ADP bird kills PUNCT VERB ADJ species ADP songbirds PUNCT waterfowl CCONJ raptors PUNCT ADJ studies AUX VERB SCONJ SCONJ carbofuran AUX VERB ADP crops PUNCT ADV ADJ ADP NUM birds VERB ADP DET NUM acres VERB PUNCT SPACE Pesticides PUNCT ADP ADP fertilizers PUNCT ADV VERB ADJ zones ADP estuaries CCONJ bays PUNCT areas VERB ADP oxygen CCONJ VERB ADP ADJ life PUNCT SPACE ADJ Health Costs SPACE PRON VERB PART ADV DET ADJ ADJ ADJ realm PRON AUX VERB DET brunt ADP pesticide use PUNCT VERB DET legacy ADP PROPN PUNCT PRON AUX PART ADP NUM PRON DET link ADP PROPN CCONJ ADJ births CCONJ ADJ birth weights ADP humans VERB ADP DET NUM CCONJ NUM NUM AUX VERB PUNCT DET ADJ amounts ADP PROPN VERB ADP malaria control AUX AUX VERB PART VERB miscarriage CCONJ ADJ birth PUNCT VERB sperm counts PUNCT inability PART breast VERB CCONJ increases ADP infant deaths PUNCT SPACE ADJ ADJ ADJ pesticides VERB PART AUX ADJ ADP PRON ADP cancer ADP ADJ retardation PUNCT ADV PUNCT DET ADJ toxicologist VERB ADP DET journal PROPN ADP DET PROPN PROPN SCONJ pesticides AUX AUX ADJ ADP DET ADP DET ADJ development problems ADP children PRON AUX ADV VERB ADP lead PUNCT SPACE Studies AUX VERB DET link ADP pesticides CCONJ PROPN PART PROPN PUNCT autism CCONJ child cancers PUNCT neuroblastoma PUNCT leukemia PUNCT ADJ infections PUNCT bronchitis PUNCT asthma PUNCT sinusitis PUNCT infertility PUNCT ADJ disorders PUNCT aggression CCONJ depression PUNCT VERB PUNCT DET PROPN Pesticide Problem PUNCT PUNCT PUNCT SPACE ADV PRON AUX DET lot ADP problems ADP DET use ADP pesticides PUNCT herbicides CCONJ ADJ fertilizers PUNCT CCONJ AUX PRON DET solution PUNCT INTJ PUNCT VERB ADJ PUNCT DET PROPN PROPN PROPN PROPN PUNCT PROPN PUNCT VERB SCONJ PROPN farmers PART reliance ADP ADJ fertilizers CCONJ insecticides AUX AUX VERB ADP DET ADJ understanding ADP plant chemistry PUNCT CCONJ SCONJ ADJ gardening methods AUX AUX VERB ADP ADJ science PUNCT SPACE Scientists VERB SCONJ corn borer moths VERB NUM times ADP ADJ eggs ADP corn VERB ADP ADJ PUNCT ADJ CCONJ pesticide PUNCT ADJ PUNCT soil ADP corn VERB ADP ADJ soil PUNCT PRON VERB SCONJ DET corn VERB ADP ADJ doses ADP nitrogen PUNCT phosphorous CCONJ ADJ elements VERB ADP ADJ fertilizers VERB ADJ sugar CCONJ ADJ acids PUNCT DET DET insects VERB PUNCT SPACE VERB ADV PUNCT AUX PART ADV VERB PART VERB ADJ fertilizers CCONJ pesticides PUNCT PRON VERB VERB DET ADJ environment SCONJ plants AUX VERB ADJ CCONJ ADJ insects CCONJ weeds AUX VERB ADP ADJ insects CCONJ ADJ plants PUNCT SPACE PART VERB DET ADJ ecosystem ADP DET garden CCONJ farm PUNCT VERB ADP ADJ soil PUNCT VERB garden soil ADP VERB ADJ matter PUNCT ADJ ADP compost PUNCT PUNCT VERB DET soil pH CCONJ VERB ADJ fertilizers SCONJ VERB PUNCT ADV VERB PRON crops ADV PUNCT VERB ADJ PRON plants VERB DET ADJ amount ADP water CCONJ sunlight CCONJ VERB PRON VERB ADV VERB ADP PRON region PUNCT SPACE VERB DET PROPN PROPN PROPN CCONJ PROPN PROPN PROPN systems PUNCT techniques PRON VERB ADP ADJ term gains PUNCT DET AUX ADV VERB ADP ADJ losses PUNCT PART VERB ADP DET ADJ PUNCT term picture ADP ADJ CCONJ ADJ health PUNCT SPACE PRON AUX VERB ADJ ADP ADV PUNCT CCONJ VERB CCONJ VERB ADJ insects ADP DET garden AUX ADV VERB VERB ADJ insects PUNCT ADJ insects VERB ADP DET ADJ garden pests PUNCT VERB PRON population numbers PUNCT Predators PUNCT parasites CCONJ pollinators AUX DET VERB DET health ADP PRON garden PUNCT
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