{"_id": "1257_Samalas_eruption", "title": "1257 Samalas eruption", "headings": "", "text": "The 1257 Samalas eruption was a major volcanic eruption of the Samalas volcano , next to Mount Rinjani on the island of Lombok , Indonesia . It left a large caldera next to Rinjani volcano , the lake Segara Anak . This volcanic eruption reached a volcanic explosivity index of 7 , making it one of the largest eruptions of the Holocene . The occurrence of this eruption was originally deduced from ice core information revealing a spike in sulfate deposition around the year 1257 ; in 2013 the source of this eruption at Samalas was definitively proven as a result of historical records from that time .   This eruption proceeded during four distinct phases , alternately creating eruption columns reaching up for tens of kilometres and pyroclastic flows that buried large parts of Lombok , destroying human habitations including the city of Pamatan . Ash from the eruption fell as far as Java . The volume of the deposits left exceeds 10 km3 . Later activity from the volcano created additional volcanic centres in the caldera , including the present day active Barujari cone .   The eruption was witnessed by humans on Lombok , who recorded its effects on text written on palm leaves . The aerosols injected by the volcano into the atmosphere reduced the solar radiation reaching the surface of the Earth , triggering a volcanic winter and cooling lasting for several years . It is possible that the 1257 Samalas eruption helped trigger the Little Ice Age ."}
{"_id": "1906_San_Francisco_earthquake", "title": "1906 San Francisco earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5:12 a.m. on April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ) . Severe shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley , an agricultural region to the south of the San Francisco Bay Area . Devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days . As a result , about 3,000 people died and over 80 % of the city of San Francisco was destroyed . The events are remembered as one of the worst and deadliest natural disasters in the history of the United States . The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a natural disaster in California 's history and high in the lists of American urban disasters ."}
{"_id": "1938_New_England_hurricane", "title": "1938 New England hurricane", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 New England Hurricane ( also referred to as the Great New England Hurricane and Long Island Express ) was one of the deadliest and most destructive tropical cyclones to strike New England . The storm formed near the coast of Africa on September 9 , becoming a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale before making landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on Long Island on September 21 . It is estimated that the hurricane killed 682 people , damaged or destroyed more than 57,000 homes , and caused property losses estimated at US$ 306 million ( $ 4.7 billion in ) . Damaged trees and buildings were still seen in the affected areas as late as 1951 . It remains the most powerful and deadliest hurricane in recorded New England history , eclipsed in landfall intensity perhaps only by the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635 . It was only the third hurricane to strike New England since 1635 ."}
{"_id": "1990s", "title": "1990s", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990s ( pronounced `` nineteen-nineties '' and abbreviated as the `` Nineties '' ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1990 , and ended on December 31 , 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1993_Storm_of_the_Century", "title": "1993 Storm of the Century", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Storm of the Century ( also known as the 93 Super Storm or the Great Blizzard of 1993 ) was a large cyclonic storm that formed over the Gulf of Mexico on March 12 , 1993 . The storm eventually dissipated in the North Atlantic Ocean on March 15 , 1993 . It was unique for its intensity , massive size , and wide-reaching effects . At its height , the storm stretched from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico . The cyclone moved through the Gulf of Mexico and then through the eastern United States before moving onto Canada .   Heavy snow was first reported in highland areas as far south as Alabama and northern Georgia , with Union County , Georgia reporting up to 35 inches of snow in the north Georgia mountains . Birmingham , Alabama , reported a rare 13 in of snow .  The Florida Panhandle reported up to 4 in , with hurricane-force wind gusts and record low barometric pressures . Between Louisiana and Cuba , the hurricane-force winds produced high storm surges across Northwestern Florida which , in combination with scattered tornadoes , killed dozens of people .   Record cold temperatures were seen across portions of the south and east of the US in the wake of this storm . In the United States , the storm was responsible for the loss of electric power to more than 10 million households . An estimated 40 percent of the country 's population experienced the effects of the storm with a total of 208 fatalities ."}
{"_id": "2000s_(decade)", "title": "2000s (decade)", "headings": "", "text": "The 2000s ( pronounced `` two-thousands '' or `` twenty-hundreds '' ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 2000 , and ended on December 31 , 2009 .   The growth of the Internet contributed to globalization during the decade , which allowed faster communication among people around the world .   The economic growth of the 2000s had considerable social , environmental and mass extinction consequences , raised demand for diminishing energy resources , and was still vulnerable , as demonstrated by the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 ."}
{"_id": "2003_invasion_of_Iraq", "title": "2003 invasion of Iraq", "headings": "", "text": "The 2003 invasion of Iraq lasted from 20 March to 1 May 2003 and signalled the start of the Iraq War , which was dubbed Operation Iraqi Freedom by the United States ( prior to 19 March , the mission in Iraq was called Operation Enduring Freedom , a carryover from the War in Afghanistan ) . The invasion consisted of 21 days of major combat operations , in which a combined force of troops from the United States , the United Kingdom , Australia and Poland invaded Iraq and deposed the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein . The invasion phase consisted primarily of a conventionally fought war which included the capture of the Iraqi capital of Baghdad by American forces with the implicit assistance of the United Kingdom alongside Australia and Poland .   160,000 troops were sent by the Coalition into Iraq , during the initial invasion phase , which lasted from 19 March to 9 April 2003 . About 130,000 were sent from the USA alone , with about 28,000 British soldiers , Australia ( 2,000 ) , and Poland ( 194 ) . 36 other countries were involved in its aftermath . In preparation for the invasion , 100,000 U.S. troops were assembled in Kuwait by 18 February . The coalition forces also received support from Kurdish irregulars in Iraqi Kurdistan .   According to U.S. President George W. Bush and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair , the coalition mission was `` to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction , to end Saddam Hussein 's support for terrorism , and to free the Iraqi people . '' Others place a much greater emphasis on the impact of the September 11 attacks , and the role this played in changing U.S. strategic calculations , and the rise of the freedom agenda . According to Blair , the trigger was Iraq 's failure to take a `` final opportunity '' to disarm itself of alleged nuclear , chemical , and biological weapons that U.S. and British officials called an immediate and intolerable threat to world peace .   In a January 2003 CBS poll , 64 % of Americans had approved of military action against Iraq ; however , 63 % wanted Bush to find a diplomatic solution rather than go to war , and 62 % believed the threat of terrorism directed against the U.S. would increase due to war . The invasion of Iraq was strongly opposed by some long-standing U.S. allies , including the governments of France , Germany , and New Zealand . Their leaders argued that there was no evidence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and that invading the country was not justified in the context of UNMOVIC 's 12 February 2003 report . On 15 February 2003 , a month before the invasion , there were worldwide protests against the Iraq War , including a rally of three million people in Rome , which is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest ever anti-war rally . According to the French academic Dominique Reynié , between 3 January and 12 April 2003 , 36 million people across the globe took part in almost 3,000 protests against the Iraq war .   The invasion was preceded by an airstrike on the Presidential Palace in Baghdad on 20 March 2003 . The following day , coalition forces launched an incursion into Basra Province from their massing point close to the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border . While the special forces launched an amphibious assault from the Persian Gulf to secure Basra and the surrounding petroleum fields , the main invasion army moved into southern Iraq , occupying the region and engaging in the Battle of Nasiriyah on 23 March . Massive air strikes across the country and against Iraqi command and control threw the defending army into chaos and prevented an effective resistance . On 26 March , the 173rd Airborne Brigade was airdropped near the northern city of Kirkuk , where they joined forces with Kurdish rebels and fought several actions against the Iraqi Army to secure the northern part of the country .   The main body of coalition forces continued their drive into the heart of Iraq and met with little resistance . Most of the Iraqi military was quickly defeated and Baghdad was occupied on 9 April . Other operations occurred against pockets of the Iraqi army , including the capture and occupation of Kirkuk on 10 April , and the attack and capture of Tikrit on 15 April . Iraqi president Saddam Hussein and the central leadership went into hiding as the coalition forces completed the occupation of the country . On 1 May , an end of major combat operations was declared , ending the invasion period and beginning the military occupation period ."}
{"_id": "2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami", "title": "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami", "headings": "", "text": "The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra , Indonesia . The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.1 -- 9.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX ( Violent ) . The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate was subducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean , killing 230,000 -- 280,000 people in 14 countries , and inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 m high . It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history . Indonesia was the hardest-hit country , followed by Sri Lanka , India , and Thailand .   It is the third-largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph and had the longest duration of faulting ever observed , between 8.3 and 10 minutes . It caused the entire planet to vibrate as much as 1 cm and triggered other earthquakes as far away as Alaska . Its epicentre was between Simeulue and mainland Indonesia . The plight of the affected people and countries prompted a worldwide humanitarian response . In all , the worldwide community donated more than US$ 14 billion ( 2004 ) in humanitarian aid . The event is known by the scientific community as the Sumatra -- Andaman earthquake . The resulting tsunami was given various names , including the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami , South Asian tsunami , Indonesian tsunami , the Christmas tsunami , and the Boxing Day tsunami ."}
{"_id": "2006_European_heat_wave", "title": "2006 European heat wave", "headings": "", "text": "The 2006 European heat wave was a period of exceptionally hot weather that arrived at the end of June 2006 in certain European countries . The United Kingdom , France , Belgium , the Netherlands , Luxembourg , Italy , Poland , the Czech Republic , Hungary , Germany and western parts of Russia were most affected . Several records were broken . In the Netherlands , Belgium , Germany , Ireland and the United Kingdom , July 2006 was the warmest month since official measurements began ."}
{"_id": "2006_North_American_heat_wave", "title": "2006 North American heat wave", "headings": "", "text": "The 2006 North American heat wave spread throughout most of the United States and Canada beginning on July 15 , 2006 , killing at least 225 people . That day the temperature reached 117 ° F ( 47 ° C ) in Pierre , South Dakota , with many places in South Dakota that hit well into the 120s . In early reports from this heat wave , at least three died in Philadelphia , Arkansas , and Indiana . In Maryland , the state health officials reported that three people died of heat-related causes . Another heat related death was suspected in Chicago .   Although many heat related deaths go unreported , by July 19 , the Associated Press reported that the soaring heat was blamed for 12 deaths from Oklahoma City to the Philadelphia area . Reports by early morning July 20 raised the death toll to at least 16 in seven states .   This period of heat also saw a wind storm ( derecho ) in St. Louis that caused widespread power outages , including for cooling centers designed to provide relief for those suffering from the heat . In addition , places on the West Coast , like California 's Central Valley and Southern California experienced humid heat , which is unusual for the area ."}
{"_id": "2006_Texas_gubernatorial_election", "title": "2006 Texas gubernatorial election", "headings": "", "text": "The 2006 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 2006, to elect the Governor of Texas. The election was a rare five-way race, with incumbent Republican Governor Rick Perry running for re-election against Democrat Chris Bell and Independents Carole Keeton Strayhorn and Kinky Friedman, as well as Libertarian nominee James Werner. Perry was re-elected to a second full term in office, winning 39% of the vote to Bell's 30%, Strayhorn's 18% and Friedman's 12%. Perry carried 209 out of the state's 254 counties, while Bell carried 39 and Strayhorn carried 6. Exit polls revealed that Perry won the Anglo vote with 46%, while Bell got 22%, Strayhorn got 16% and Friedman got 15%. Bell won 63% of African Americans, while Perry got 16%, Strayhorn got 15% and Friedman got 4%. Bell also won the Latino vote with 41%, while Perry got 31%, Strayhorn got 18% and Friedman got 4%. Perry was inaugurated for a second full four-year term on January 16, 2007. The ceremony was held inside the House of Representatives chamber at the Texas Capitol after thunderstorms cancelled the planned outdoor ceremony."}
{"_id": "2007_Kangaroo_Island_bushfires", "title": "2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires", "headings": "", "text": "The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area. The fires occurred mainly across the western side of the island near Flinders Chase National Park, Vivonne Bay, D'Estrees Bay, Western River and Riverleas."}
{"_id": "2007_United_Kingdom_floods", "title": "2007 United Kingdom floods", "headings": "", "text": "A series of destructive floods occurred in parts of the United Kingdom during the summer of 2007 . The worst of the flooding occurred across Scotland on 14 June ; East Yorkshire and The Midlands on 15 June ; Yorkshire , The Midlands , Gloucestershire , Herefordshire and Worcestershire on 25 June ; and Gloucestershire , Herefordshire , Worcestershire , Oxfordshire , Berkshire and South Wales on 28 July 2007 .   June was one of the wettest months on record in Britain ( see List of weather records ) . Average rainfall across the country was 140 mm ; more than double the June average . Some areas received a month 's worth of precipitation in 24 hours . It was Britain 's wettest May -- July since records began in 1776 . July had unusually unsettled weather and above-average rainfall through the month , peaking on 20 July as an active frontal system dumped more than 120 mm of rain in southern England .   Civil and military authorities described the June and July rescue efforts as the biggest in peacetime Britain . The Environment Agency described the July floods as critical and expected them to exceed the 1947 benchmark ."}
{"_id": "2008_Atlantic_hurricane_season", "title": "2008 Atlantic hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season was a very active hurricane season with sixteen named storms formed , including eight that became hurricanes and five that became major hurricanes . The season officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . However , the formation of Tropical Storm Arthur caused the season to start two days early . This season is the fourth most costly on record , behind only the 2004 , 2005 and 2012 seasons , with over $ 47.5 billion in damage ( 2008 USD ) . It was the fourth busiest year since 1944 and the only year on record in which a major hurricane existed in every month from July through November in the North Atlantic . Bertha became the longest lived July tropical cyclone on record for the basin , the first of several long-lived systems during 2008 . The season was devastating for Haiti , where over 800 people were killed by four consecutive tropical cyclones ( Fay , Gustav , Hanna , and Ike ) , especially Hanna , in August and September . Hurricane Paloma 's outer rain bands also made landfall over Haiti . Ike was also the most destructive storm of the season , as well as the strongest , devastating Cuba as a major hurricane and later making landfall near Galveston , Texas at Category 2 ( nearly Category 3 ) intensity .   One very unusual feat was a streak of tropical cyclones affecting land . All but one system impacted land in 2008 . The unprecedented number of storms with impact led to one of the deadliest and destructive seasons in the history of the Atlantic basin , especially with Hurricane Ike , as its overall damages made it the third costliest hurricane in the Atlantic ."}
{"_id": "2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference", "title": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference", "headings": "", "text": "The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference , commonly known as the Copenhagen Summit , was held at the Bella Center in Copenhagen , Denmark , between 7 and 18 December . The conference included the 15th Conference of the Parties ( COP 15 ) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) and the 5th Meeting of the Parties ( MOP 5 ) to the Kyoto Protocol . According to the Bali Road Map , a framework for climate change mitigation beyond 2012 was to be agreed there .   On Friday 18 December , the final day of the conference , international media reported that the climate talks were `` in disarray '' . Media also reported that in lieu of a summit collapse , only a `` weak political statement '' was anticipated at the conclusion of the conference . The Copenhagen Accord was drafted by the United States , China , India , Brazil and South Africa on 18 December , and judged a `` meaningful agreement '' by the United States government . It was `` taken note of '' , but not `` adopted '' , in a debate of all the participating countries the next day , and it was not passed unanimously . The document recognised that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of the present day and that actions should be taken to keep any temperature increases to below 2 ° C . The document is not legally binding and does not contain any legally binding commitments for reducing emissions .   In January 2014 , documents leaked by Edward Snowden and published by Dagbladet Information revealed that the US government negotiators were in receipt of information during the conference that was being obtained by spying against other conference delegations . The US National Security Agency provided US delegates with advance details other delegations ' positions , including the Danish plan to `` rescue '' the talks should they flounder . Members of the Danish negotiating team said that both the US and Chinese delegations were `` peculiarly well-informed '' about closed-door discussions : `` They simply sat back , just as we had feared they would if they knew about our document . ''"}
{"_id": "2010_Northern_Hemisphere_heat_waves", "title": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves", "headings": "", "text": "The 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves included severe heat waves that impacted most of the United States, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Hong Kong, North Africa and the European continent as a whole, along with parts of Canada, Russia, Indochina, South Korea and Japan during May, June, July, and August 2010. The first phase of the global heatwaves was caused by a moderate El Niño event, which lasted from June 2009 to May 2010. The first phase lasted only from April 2010 to June 2010, and caused only moderate above average temperatures in the areas affected. But it also set new record high temperatures for most of the area affected, in the Northern Hemisphere. The second phase (the main, and most devastating phase) was caused by a very strong La Niña event, which lasted from June 2010 to June 2011. According to meteorologists, the 2010–11 La Niña event was one of the strongest La Niña events ever observed. That same La Niña event also had devastating effects in the Eastern states of Australia. The second phase lasted from June 2010 to October 2010, caused severe heat waves, and multiple record-breaking temperatures. The heatwaves began on April 2010, when strong anticyclones began to develop, over most of the affected regions, in the Northern Hemisphere. The heatwaves ended in October 2010, when the powerful anticyclones over most of the affected areas dissipated. The heat wave during the summer of 2010 was at its worst in June, over the Eastern United States, Middle East, Eastern Europe and European Russia, and over Northeastern China and southeastern Russia. June 2010 marked the fourth consecutive warmest month on record globally, at 0.66 °C (1.22 °F) above average, while the period April–June was the warmest ever recorded for land areas in the Northern Hemisphere, at 1.25 °C (2.25 °F) above average. The previous record for the global average temperature in June was set in 2005 at 0.66 °C (1.19 °F), and the previous warm record for April–June over Northern Hemisphere land areas was 1.16 °C (2.09 °F), set in 2007. The strongest of the anticyclones, the one situated over Siberia, registered a maximum high pressure of 1040 millibars. The weather caused forest fires in China, where three in a team of 300 died fighting a fire that broke out in the Binchuan County of Dali, as Yunnan suffered the worst drought in 60 years by February 17. A major drought was reported across the Sahel as early as January. In August, a section of the Petermann Glacier tongue connecting northern Greenland, the Nares Strait and the Arctic Ocean broke off, the biggest ice shelf in the Arctic to detach in 48 years. By the time the heatwaves had ended in late October 2010, about $500 billion (2011 USD) of damage was done, in the Northern Hemisphere alone. The World Meteorological Organization stated that the heat waves, droughts and flooding events fit with predictions based on global warming for the 21st century, include those based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's 2007 4th Assessment Report. Some climatologists argue that these weather events would not have happened if the atmospheric carbon dioxide was at pre-industrial levels."}
{"_id": "2010_Russian_wildfires", "title": "2010 Russian wildfires", "headings": "", "text": "The 2010 Russian wildfires were several hundred wildfires that broke out across Russia , primarily in the west in summer 2010 . They started burning in late July and lasted until early September 2010 . The fires were associated with record-high temperatures , which were attributed to climate change -- the summer had been the hottest recorded in Russian history -- and drought .   Russian President Dmitry Medvedev declared a state of emergency in seven regions , and 28 other regions were under a state of emergency due to crop failures caused by the drought . The fires cost roughly $ 15 billion in damages .   A combination of the smoke from the fires , producing heavy smog blanketing large urban regions and the record-breaking heat wave put stress on the Russian healthcare system . Munich Re estimated that in all , 56,000 people died from the effects of the smog and the heat wave . The 2010 wildfires were the worst on record to that time ; in 2012 , however , new wildfires broke out , and they proved even more extensive and damaging ."}
{"_id": "2010_United_Kingdom_general_election", "title": "2010 United Kingdom general election", "headings": "", "text": "The 2010 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 6 May 2010, with 45,597,461 registered voters entitled to vote to elect members to the House of Commons. The election took place in 650 constituencies across the United Kingdom under the first-past-the-post system. The election resulted in a large swing to the Conservative Party similar to that seen in 1979; the Labour Party lost the 66-seat majority it had previously enjoyed, but no party achieved the 326 seats needed for a majority. The Conservatives, led by David Cameron, won the most votes and seats, but still fell 20 seats short. This resulted in a hung parliament where no party was able to command a majority in the House of Commons. This was only the second general election since the Second World War to return a hung parliament, the first being the February 1974 election. However, a hung parliament was anticipated this time, so politicians and voters were better prepared for the constitutional process that would follow such a result. The coalition government that was subsequently formed was the first to eventuate directly from a UK election. The hung parliament came about in spite of the Conservatives managing both a higher vote total and a higher share of the vote than the previous Labour government had done in 2005, when it secured a comfortable majority. A total of 149 sitting MPs stood down at the election, the highest since 1945, including many former New Labour Cabinet ministers such as former Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott, Alan Milburn, Geoff Hoon, Ruth Kelly, James Purnell and John Reid. One reason for the very high number of MPs standing down was the parliamentary expenses scandal a year earlier. Coalition talks began immediately between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats, and lasted for five days. There was an aborted attempt to put together a Labour/Liberal Democrat coalition (although 11 seats from other smaller parties would have been required). To facilitate this, Gordon Brown announced on the evening of Monday 10 May that he would resign as Leader of the Labour Party. Realising that a deal between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats was imminent, Brown resigned the next day, on Tuesday 11 May, as Prime Minister, marking the end of 13 years of Labour government. This was accepted by Queen Elizabeth II, who then invited David Cameron to form a government in her name and become Prime Minister. Just after midnight on 12 May, the Liberal Democrats approved the agreement \"overwhelmingly\", sealing a coalition government of Conservatives and Liberal Democrats. None of the three main party leaders had previously led a general election campaign, a situation which had not occurred since the 1979 election. During the campaign, the three main party leaders engaged in the first televised debates. The Liberal Democrats achieved a breakthrough in opinion polls after the first debate, in which their leader Nick Clegg was widely seen as the strongest performer. Nonetheless, on polling day their share of the vote increased by only 1%, with a net loss of five seats. This was still the Liberal Democrats' largest popular vote since the party's creation in 1988, and they found themselves in a pivotal role in the formation of the new government. The share of votes for parties other than Labour or the Conservatives was 35%, the largest since the 1918 general election. In terms of votes it was the most \"three-cornered\" election since 1923, and in terms of seats since 1929. The Green Party of England and Wales won its first ever seat in the House of Commons, and the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland also gained its first elected member. The general election saw a 5.1% national swing from Labour to the Conservatives, the third-largest since 1945. The result in one constituency, Oldham East and Saddleworth, was subsequently declared void on petition because of illegal practices during the campaign, the first such instance since 1910."}
{"_id": "2010s", "title": "2010s", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "2011_Wisconsin_protests", "title": "2011 Wisconsin protests", "headings": "", "text": "The 2011 Wisconsin protests were a series of demonstrations in the state of Wisconsin in the United States beginning in February involving at its zenith as many as 100,000 protesters opposing the 2011 Wisconsin Act 10 , also called the `` Wisconsin Budget Repair bill . '' Subsequently , anti-tax activists and other conservatives , including Tea Party advocates , launched small pockets of counter protests . The protests centered on the Wisconsin State Capitol in Madison , with satellite protests also occurring at other municipalities throughout the state . Demonstrations took place at various college campuses , including the University of Wisconsin -- Madison and the University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee . After the collective bargaining bill was upheld by the Wisconsin Supreme Court on June 14 , the number of protesters declined to about 1,000 within a couple days .   The protests were a major driving force for recall elections of state senators in 2011 and 2012 , the failed recall of Governor Scott Walker in 2012 and a contentious Wisconsin Supreme Court election in 2011 ."}
{"_id": "2012_in_science", "title": "2012 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 2012 involved many significant scientific events and discoveries , including the first orbital rendezvous by a commercial spacecraft , the discovery of a particle highly similar to the long-sought Higgs boson , and the near-eradication of guinea worm disease . A total of 72 successful orbital spaceflights occurred in 2012 , and the year also saw numerous developments in fields such as robotics , 3D printing , stem cell research and genetics . Over 540,000 technological patent applications were made in the United States alone in 2012 .   2012 was declared the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All by the United Nations . 2012 also marked Alan Turing Year , a celebration of the life and work of the English mathematician , logician , cryptanalyst and computer scientist Alan Turing ."}
{"_id": "2013_New_South_Wales_bushfires", "title": "2013 New South Wales bushfires", "headings": "", "text": "The 2013 New South Wales bushfires were a series of bushfires in Australia across the state of New South Wales primarily starting , or becoming notable , on 13 October 2013 ; followed by the worst of the fires beginning in the Greater Blue Mountains Area on 16 and 17 October 2013 .   High fuel loads , coupled with warm , dry and windy weather , provided dangerous conditions which fuelled the fires . At the peak of the fires , on the morning of 18 October , over 100 fires were burning across the state . The Premier of New South Wales Barry O'Farrell declared a state of emergency on 20 October , empowering firefighters to evict residents and demolish fire-affected buildings .   The fires are the worst in New South Wales since the 1960s . , 248 houses and other structures were destroyed across the state . Two fatalities were attributed to the fires . It was estimated that claims will exceed 94 million ."}
{"_id": "2013_in_science", "title": "2013 in science", "headings": "", "text": "A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2013 , including the discovery of numerous Earthlike exoplanets , the development of viable lab-grown ears , teeth , livers and blood vessels , and the atmospheric entry of the most destructive meteor since 1908 . The year also saw successful new treatments for diseases such as HIV , Usher syndrome and leukodystrophy , and a major expansion in the use and capabilities of technologies such as 3D printing and autonomous cars .   The United Nations designated 2013 the International Year of Water Cooperation ."}
{"_id": "2013–14_North_American_winter", "title": "2013–14 North American winter", "headings": "", "text": "The 2013 -- 14 North American winter refers to winter as it occurred across the continent from late 2013 through early 2014 . While there is no well-agreed-upon date used to indicate the start of winter in the Northern Hemisphere , there are two definitions of winter which may be used . Based on the astronomical definition , winter begins at the winter solstice , which in 2013 occurred on December 21 , and ends at the March equinox , which in 2014 occurred on March 20 . Based on the meteorological definition , the first day of winter is December 1 and the last day February 28 . Both definitions involve a period of approximately three months , with some variability .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "2014_California_wildfires", "title": "2014 California wildfires", "headings": "", "text": "The 2014 California wildfire season saw several notable wildfires ignited in the state of California , especially during the month of May , when multiple fires were ablaze concurrently in Southern California , and during September , when several massive wildfires were burning in Northern California . In the context of the 2012 -- 15 North American drought ( especially the 2011 -- 15 California drought ) , as well as powerful Santa Ana winds , weather conditions were ideal for wildfires . The season began unusually early when a wildfire ignited on January 1 , followed by 6 more fires igniting later within the same month . During a heat wave and dry Santa Ana conditions in May 2014 , multiple wildfires broke out simultaneously in San Diego County , along with several other wildfires elsewhere in California . By mid-May , fire officials said they had already dealt with 1,400 wildfires in California in 2014 - twice the normal amount for that time of year - and a spokesman for CAL FIRE described the conditions as `` unprecedented . '' The May 2014 San Diego County wildfires were estimated to have caused at least $ 60 million ( 2014 USD ) in damage . In late June to early August , another group of wildfires ignited across the state , some of which reached over twenty thousand acres in size . In mid-September , the largest group of wildfires erupted , with some wildfires becoming larger than 50,000 acres in size . In early September 2014 , the Happy Complex Fire became the largest wildfire of the season , eventually topping out at 135369 acres in size on September 27 . On October 8 , an aerial tanker crashed during a firefighting effort at the Dog Rock Fire , which killed the pilot and sparked a small wildfire . From late September to late October , the latest flare-up of major wildfires were extinguished by cooler weather and precipitation . From December 10 -- 13 , a powerful winter storm extinguished the remaining wildfires that were present . In mid-December through late December , several more small wildfires sparked , but they were all extinguished by December 31 . A total of 5,620 wildfires ignited throughout the year , which burned at least 631434 acres of land . The wildfires caused a total of 146 injuries and 2 fatalities , in addition to causing at least $ 184.02 million ( 2014 USD ) in damage ."}
{"_id": "2014_in_science", "title": "2014 in science", "headings": "", "text": "A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2014 , including the first robotic landing on a comet and the first complete stem-cell-assisted recovery from paraplegia . The year also saw a significant expansion in the worldwide use and sophistication of technologies such as unmanned aerial vehicles and wearable electronics .   The United Nations declared 2014 the International Year of Family Farming and Crystallography ."}
{"_id": "2014–15_North_American_winter", "title": "2014–15 North American winter", "headings": "", "text": "The 2014 -- 15 North American winter refers to winter as it occurred across the continent from late 2014 through early 2015 . While there is no well-agreed-upon date used to indicate the start of winter in the Northern Hemisphere , there are two definitions of winter which may be used . Based on the astronomical definition , winter begins at the winter solstice , which in 2014 occurred on December 21 , and ends at the March equinox , which in 2015 occurred on March 20 . Based on the meteorological definition , the first day of winter is December 1 and the last day February 28 . Both definitions involve a period of approximately three months , with some variability .   While both the meteorological and astronomical definitions of winter involve the onset of winter occurring in December , many places in North America experienced their first wintry weather during mid November . A period of below-average temperatures affected much of the contiguous United States , and several records were broken . An early trace of snowfall was recorded in Arkansas . There were greater accumulations of snow across parts of Oklahoma as well . A quasi-permanent phenomenon referred to as the polar vortex may have been partly responsible for the cold weather . Temperatures in much of the United States dropped 15 to below average by November 19 following a southward `` dip '' of the polar vortex into the eastern two-thirds of the country . The effects of this dip were widespread , bringing about temperatures as low as 28 F in Pensacola , Florida . Following a significant snowstorm there , Buffalo , New York received several feet of snow from November 17 -- 21 . During the 2014 -- 15 winter season , Boston broke its all-time official seasonal 107.6 in snowfall record from the winter of 1995 -- 96 , with a total snowfall record of 108.6 in as of March 15 , 2015 .   Many records for snowfall and temperature were broken , many for the month of February , with every state east of the Mississippi River being colder than average , some for the entire winter . However , this meteorological winter was the 19th-warmest of the past 120 winters over the lower 48 states , largely due to persistent warm weather in the West ."}
{"_id": "2014–16_El_Niño_event", "title": "2014–16 El Niño event", "headings": "", "text": "The 2014 -- 16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line . These unusually warm waters influenced the world 's weather in a number of ways , which in turn significantly affected various parts of the world . These included drought conditions in Venezuela , Australia and a number of Pacific islands while significant flooding was also recorded . During the event more tropical cyclones than normal occurred within the Pacific Ocean , while fewer than normal occurred in the Atlantic Ocean ."}
{"_id": "2015_Indian_heat_wave", "title": "2015 Indian heat wave", "headings": "", "text": "In May 2015 , India was struck by a severe heat wave . , it has caused the deaths of at least 2,500 people in multiple regions . The heat wave occurred during the Indian dry season , which typically lasts from March to July with peak temperatures in April and May . Although it typically remains hot until late October , Indian monsoons often provide some respite from the heat .   The South Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and the neighbouring Telangana , where more than 1,735 and 585 people died respectively , were the areas most affected by the heat wave . Other casualties were from the eastern states of West Bengal and Odisha . The high demand for electricity to power air conditioning led to power outages in some cities . The 2015 heat wave has had the highest recorded temperatures since 1995 . In May 2016 , a new record was set in Phalodi ."}
{"_id": "2015_South_Indian_floods", "title": "2015 South Indian floods", "headings": "", "text": "The 2015 South Indian floods resulted from heavy rainfall generated by the annual northeast monsoon in November -- December 2015 . They affected the Coromandel Coast region of the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh , and the union territory of Puducherry , with Tamil Nadu and the city of Chennai particularly hard-hit . More than 500 people were killed and over 18 lakh ( 1.8 million ) people were displaced . With estimates of damages and losses ranging from nearly to over , the floods were the costliest to have occurred in 2015 , and were among the costliest natural disasters of the year . The flooding has been attributed to the 2014 -- 16 El Niño event ."}
{"_id": "2015_United_Kingdom_general_election", "title": "2015 United Kingdom general election", "headings": "", "text": "The 2015 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday, 7 May 2015 to elect 650 members to the House of Commons. It was the first general election at the end of a fixed-term Parliament. Local elections took place in most areas on the same day. Polls and commentators had predicted the outcome would be too close to call and would result in a second consecutive hung parliament that would be either similar or more complicated than the 2010 election. Opinion polls were eventually proven to have underestimated the Conservative vote as the party unexpectedly won an outright majority, which bore resemblance to its victory at the 1992 general election. Having governed in coalition with the Liberal Democrats since 2010, the Conservatives won 330 seats and 36.9% of the vote share, giving them a small overall majority of 12 seats and their first outright win for 23 years. The Labour Party, led by Ed Miliband, saw a small increase in its share of the vote to 30.4%, but incurred a net loss of seats to return 232 MPs. This was its lowest seat tally since the 1987 general election. Senior Labour Shadow Cabinet members, notably Ed Balls, Douglas Alexander, and Scottish Labour leader Jim Murphy, were defeated. The Scottish National Party, enjoying a surge in support after the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, recorded a number of swings of over 30% from Labour, as it won 56 of the 59 Scottish seats to become the third-largest party in the Commons. The Liberal Democrats, led by outgoing Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, had their worst result since their formation in 1988, holding just eight out of their previous 57 seats, with Cabinet ministers Vince Cable, Ed Davey and Danny Alexander losing their seats. UKIP came third in terms of votes with 12.6%, but won only one seat, with party leader Nigel Farage failing to win the seat of South Thanet. The Green Party won its highest-ever share of the vote with 3.8%, and retained its only seat. Labour's Miliband (as national leader) and Murphy (as Scottish leader) both resigned, as did Clegg. In Northern Ireland, the Ulster Unionist Party returned to the Commons with two MPs after a five-year absence, while the Alliance Party lost its only seat despite an increase in total vote share."}
{"_id": "2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference", "title": "2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference", "headings": "", "text": "The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference , COP 21 or CMP 11 was held in Paris , France , from 30 November to 12 December 2015 . It was the 21st yearly session of the Conference of the Parties ( COP ) to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) and the 11th session of the Conference of the Parties ( CMP ) to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol .   The conference negotiated the Paris Agreement , a global agreement on the reduction of climate change , the text of which represented a consensus of the representatives of the 196 parties attending it . The agreement will enter into force when joined by at least 55 countries which together represent at least 55 percent of global greenhouse emissions . On 22 April 2016 ( Earth Day ) , 174 countries signed the agreement in New York ,  and began adopting it within their own legal systems ( through ratification , acceptance , approval , or accession ) .   According to the organizing committee at the outset of the talks , the expected key result was an agreement to set a goal of limiting global warming to less than 2 degrees Celsius ( ° C ) compared to pre-industrial levels . The agreement calls for zero net anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to be reached during the second half of the 21st century . In the adopted version of the Paris Agreement , the parties will also `` pursue efforts to '' limit the temperature increase to 1.5 ° C . The 1.5 ° C goal will require zero emissions sometime between 2030 and 2050 , according to some scientists .   Prior to the conference , 146 national climate panels publicly presented draft national climate contributions ( called `` Intended Nationally Determined Contributions '' , INDCs ) . These suggested commitments were estimated to limit global warming to 2.7 degrees Celsius by 2100 . For example , the EU suggested INDC is a commitment to a 40 percent reduction in emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 . The agreement establishes a `` global stocktake '' which revisits the national goals to `` update and enhance '' them every five years beginning 2023 . However , no detailed timetable or country-specific goals for emissions were incorporated into the Paris Agreement -- as opposed to the previous Kyoto Protocol .   A number of meetings took place in preparation for COP21 , including the Bonn Climate Change Conference , 19 to 23 October 2015 , which produced a draft agreement ."}
{"_id": "2015_in_science", "title": "2015 in science", "headings": "", "text": "A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2015 . Gene editing based on CRISPR got improved significantly . A new human-like species , Homo naledi , was first described . Gravitational waves were observed for the first time ( announced publicly in 2016 ) , and dwarf planets Pluto and Ceres were visited by spacecrafts for the first time . The United Nations declared 2015 the International Year of Soils and Light-based Technologies ."}
{"_id": "2017_United_Kingdom_general_election", "title": "2017 United Kingdom general election", "headings": "", "text": "The 2017 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday, 8 June 2017, two years after the previous general election in 2015. The governing Conservative Party remained the largest single party in the House of Commons but lost its small overall majority, resulting in the formation of a Conservative-led minority government with a confidence-and-supply agreement with the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) of Northern Ireland.The Conservative Party, which had governed as a senior coalition partner from 2010 and as a single-party majority government from 2015, was defending a working majority of 17 seats against the Labour Party, the official opposition led by Jeremy Corbyn. Under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 an election had not been due until May 2020, but a call by Prime Minister Theresa May for a snap election was ratified by the necessary two-thirds vote in the House of Commons on 19 April 2017. May said that she hoped to secure a larger majority to \"strengthen [her] hand\" in the forthcoming Brexit negotiations.Opinion polls had consistently shown strong leads for the Conservatives over Labour. From a 21-point lead, the Conservatives' lead began to diminish in the final weeks of the campaign. In a surprising result, the Conservative Party made a net loss of 13 seats despite winning 42.4% of the vote (its highest share of the vote since 1983), whereas Labour made a net gain of 30 seats with 40.0% (its highest vote share since 2001 and the first time the party had gained seats since 1997). This was the closest result between the two major parties since February 1974 and their highest combined vote share since 1970. The Scottish National Party (SNP) and the Liberal Democrats, the third- and fourth-largest parties, both lost vote share; media coverage characterised the result as a return to two-party politics. The SNP, which had won 56 of the 59 Scottish seats at the previous general election in 2015, lost 21. The Liberal Democrats made a net gain of four seats. UKIP, the third-largest party in 2015 by number of votes, saw its share of the vote reduced from 12.6% to 1.8% and lost its only seat. In Wales, Plaid Cymru gained one seat, giving it a total of four seats. The Green Party retained its sole seat, but saw its share of the vote reduced. In Northern Ireland, the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) won 10 seats, Sinn Féin won seven, and Independent Unionist Sylvia Hermon retained her seat. The Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) and Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) lost all their seats. Negotiation positions following the UK's invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union in March 2017 to leave the EU were expected to feature significantly in the campaign, but did not. The campaign was interrupted by two major terrorist attacks: Manchester and London Bridge; thus national security became a prominent issue in its final weeks."}
{"_id": "2018_British_Isles_heat_wave", "title": "2018 British Isles heat wave", "headings": "", "text": "The 2018 Britain and Ireland heat wave was a period of unusually hot weather that took place in June, July and August. It caused widespread drought, hosepipe bans, crop failures, and a number of wildfires. These wildfires worst affected northern moorland areas around the Greater Manchester region, the largest was at Saddleworth Moor and another was at Winter Hill, together these burned over 14 square miles (36 km2) of land over a period of nearly a month.A heat wave was officially declared on 22 June, with Scotland and Northern Ireland recording temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) for the first time since the July 2013 heat wave. The British Isles were in the middle of a strong warm anticyclone inside a strong northward meander of the jet stream, this was part of the wider 2018 European heat wave. The Met Office declared summer 2018 the joint hottest on record together with 1976, 2003 and 2006."}
{"_id": "2019_United_Kingdom_general_election", "title": "2019 United Kingdom general election", "headings": "", "text": "The 2019 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday, 12 December 2019. The Conservative Party, having failed to obtain a majority in the 2017 general election, had faced prolonged parliamentary deadlock over Brexit while it governed in minority with the support of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), a situation which had forced the resignation of the previous Prime Minister, Theresa May. In July 2019, after May's resignation, Boris Johnson was elected as Conservative leader and appointed as Prime Minister. Johnson could not induce Parliament to approve a revised withdrawal agreement by the end of October, and chose to call for a snap election. The House of Commons supported the Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019 by 438–20, setting the election date for 12 December. Opinion polls up to polling day showed a firm lead for the Conservatives against Labour throughout the campaign.The election resulted in the Conservative Party receiving a landslide majority of 80 seats. The Conservatives made a net gain of 48 seats and won 43.6% of the popular vote – the highest percentage by any party since 1979. Many Conservative gains were made in long-held Labour Leave-voting seats dubbed the 'red wall'.  The Labour Party won 202 seats, its lowest number and proportion of seats since 1935. The Scottish National Party (SNP) made a net gain of 13 seats and won 3.9% of the UK vote (translating to 45% of the popular vote in Scotland), resulting in 48 out of 59 seats won in Scotland. The Liberal Democrats improved their vote share to 11.6% but won only 11 seats, a net loss of one since the last election. The DUP won a plurality of seats in Northern Ireland. There, the SDLP and Alliance regained parliamentary representation as the DUP lost seats. The election result allowed Johnson a mandate to ensure the UK's departure from the European Union on 31 January 2020. Labour's defeat led to Jeremy Corbyn announcing his intention to resign, triggering a leadership election. For Liberal Democrat leader Jo Swinson, the loss of her constituency's seat compelled her to resign as well, also triggering a leadership election. For the SNP leader, Nicola Sturgeon, her party's relative success led to renewed calls for a second independence referendum. In Northern Ireland, nationalist MPs outnumbered unionist ones for the first time in history, although the Unionist popular vote remained higher (43.1 per cent)."}
{"_id": "2019_heat_wave_in_India_and_Pakistan", "title": "2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan", "headings": "", "text": "From mid-May to mid-June 2019, India and Pakistan had a severe heat wave. It was one of the hottest and longest heat waves since the two countries began recording weather reports. The highest temperatures occurred in Churu, Rajasthan, reaching up to 50.8 °C (123.4 °F), a near record high in India, missing the record of 51.0 °C (123.8 °F) set in 2016 by a fraction of a degree. As of 12 June 2019, 32 days are classified as parts of the heatwave, making it the second longest ever recorded.As a result of hot temperatures and inadequate preparation, more than 184 people died in the state of Bihar, with many more deaths reported in other parts of the country. In Pakistan, five infants died after extreme heat exposure.The heat wave coincided with extreme droughts and water shortages across India and Pakistan. In mid-June, reservoirs that previously supplied Chennai ran dry, depriving millions. The water crisis was exacerbated by high temperatures and lack of preparation, causing protests and fights that sometimes led to killing and stabbing."}
{"_id": "2019_in_science", "title": "2019 in science", "headings": "", "text": "A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2019."}
{"_id": "2019–20_Australian_bushfire_season", "title": "2019–20 Australian bushfire season", "headings": "", "text": "The 2019–20 Australian bushfire season, colloquially known as Black Summer, was a period of unusually intense bushfires in many parts of Australia. In June 2019, the Queensland Fire and Emergency Service acting director warned of the potential for an early start to the bushfire season which normally starts in August. The warning was based on the Northern Australia bushfire seasonal outlook noting exceptional dry conditions and a lack of soil moisture, combined with early fires in central Queensland. Throughout the summer, hundreds of fires burnt, mainly in the southeast of the country. The major fires peaked during December–January. As of 9 March 2020, the fires burnt an estimated 18.6 million hectares (46 million acres; 186,000 square kilometres; 72,000 square miles), destroyed over 5,900 buildings (including 2,779 homes) and killed at least 34 people. Nearly three billion terrestrial vertebrates alone – the vast majority being reptiles – were affected and some endangered species were believed to be driven to extinction. At its peak, air quality dropped to hazardous levels in all southern and eastern states. The cost of dealing with the bushfires is expected to exceed the A$4.4 billion of the 2009 Black Saturday fires, and tourism sector revenues fell by more than A$1 billion. However, economists estimated that the Australian bushfires may cost over A$103 billion in property damage and economic losses, making the bushfires Australia's costliest natural disaster to date. Nearly 80 percent of Australians were affected either directly or indirectly by the bushfires.  By 7 January 2020, the smoke had moved approximately 11,000 kilometres (6,800 mi) across the South Pacific Ocean to Chile and Argentina. As of 2 January 2020, NASA estimated that 306 million tonnes (337 million short tons) of CO2 had been emitted.From September 2019 to March 2020, fires heavily impacted various regions of the state of New South Wales. In eastern and north-eastern Victoria large areas of forest burnt out of control for four weeks before the fires emerged from the forests in late December. Multiple states of emergency were declared across New South Wales, Victoria, and the Australian Capital Territory. Reinforcements from all over Australia were called in to assist fighting the fires and relieve exhausted local crews in New South Wales. The Australian Defence Force was mobilised to provide air support to the firefighting effort and to provide manpower and logistical support. Firefighters, supplies and equipment from Canada, New Zealand, Singapore and the United States, among others, helped fight the fires, especially in New South Wales.During the ensuing crisis, an air tanker and two helicopters crashed during firefighting operations, the air tanker crash resulting in the deaths of the three crew. Two fire trucks were caught in fatal incidents caused directly by fire conditions, killing three fire fighters.By 4 March 2020, all fires in New South Wales had been extinguished completely (to the point where there were no fires in the state for the first time since July 2019), and the Victoria fires had all been contained. The last fire of the season occurred in Lake Clifton, Western Australia, in early May.There has been considerable debate regarding the underlying cause of the intensity and scale of the fires, including the role of fire management practices and climate change, which during the peak of the crisis attracted significant international attention. Politicians visiting fire impacted areas received mixed responses, in particular Prime Minister Scott Morrison. An estimated A$500 million was donated by the public at large, international organisations, public figures and celebrities for victim relief and wildlife recovery. Convoys of donated food, clothing and livestock feed were sent to affected areas."}
{"_id": "20th_century", "title": "20th century", "headings": "", "text": "The 20th century was a century that began on   January 1 , 1901 and ended on December 31 , 2000 . It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium . It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1 , 1900 , and ended on December 31 , 1999 .   The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era : World War I and World War II , nuclear power and space exploration , nationalism and decolonization , the Cold War and post-Cold War conflicts ; intergovernmental organizations and cultural homogenization through developments in emerging transportation and communications technology ; poverty reduction and world population growth , awareness of environmental degradation , ecological extinction ; and the birth of the Digital Revolution . It saw great advances in communication and medical technology that by the late 1980s allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide computer communication and genetic modification of life . The term `` short twentieth century '' was coined to represent the events from 1914 to 1991 .   Global total fertility rates , sea level rise and ecological collapses increased ; the resulting competition for land and dwindling resources accelerated deforestation , water depletion . and the mass extinction of half the world 's estimated nine million unique species and wildlife population ; consequences which are now being dealt with . It took all of human history up to 1804 for the world 's population to reach 1 billion ; world population reached an estimated 2 billion in 1927 ; by late 1999 , the global population reached 6 billion . Global literacy averaged 80 % ; global lifespan-averages exceeded 40 + years for the first time in history , with over half achieving 70 + years ( three decades longer than it was a century ago ) ."}
{"_id": "21st_century", "title": "21st century", "headings": "", "text": "The 21st century is the current century of the Anno Domini era , in accordance with the Gregorian calendar . It began on January 1 , 2001 and will end on December 31 , 2100 . It is the first century of the 3rd millennium . It is distinct from the time span known as the 2000s , which began on January 1 , 2000 and will end on December 31 , 2099 ."}
{"_id": "A_Scientific_Dissent_from_Darwinism", "title": "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism", "headings": "", "text": "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism (or \"Dissent from Darwinism\") was a statement issued in 2001 by the Discovery Institute, a conservative think tank based in Seattle, Washington, U.S., best known for its promotion of the pseudoscientific principle of intelligent design. As part of the Discovery Institute\"s Teach the Controversy campaign, the statement expresses skepticism about the ability of random mutations and natural selection to account for the complexity of life, and encourages careful examination of the evidence for \"Darwinism\", a term intelligent design proponents use to refer to evolution.The statement was published in advertisements under an introduction which stated that its signatories dispute the assertion that Darwin's theory of evolution fully explains the complexity of living things, and dispute that \"all known scientific evidence supports [Darwinian] evolution\". The Discovery Institute states that the list was first started to refute claims made by promoters of the PBS television series \"Evolution\" that \"virtually every scientist in the world believes the theory to be true\". Further names of signatories have been added at intervals. The list continues to be used in Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns in an attempt to discredit evolution and bolster claims that intelligent design is scientifically valid by claiming that evolution lacks broad scientific support.The statement is misleading and ambiguous, using terms with multiple meanings such as \"Darwinism\", which can refer specifically to natural selection or informally to evolution in general, and presenting a straw man fallacy with its claim that random mutations and natural selection are insufficient to account for the complexity of life, when standard evolution theory involves other factors such as gene flow, genetic recombination, genetic drift and endosymbiosis. Scientists and educators have noted that its signatories, who include historians and philosophers of science as well as scientists, were a minuscule fraction of the numbers of scientists and engineers qualified to sign it. Intelligent design has failed to produce scientific research, and been rejected by the scientific community, including many leading scientific organizations. The statement in the document has also been criticized as being phrased to represent a diverse range of opinions, set in a context which gives it a misleading spin to confuse the public. The listed affiliations and areas of expertise of the signatories have also been criticized."}
{"_id": "Abadan,_Iran", "title": "Abadan, Iran", "headings": "", "text": "Abadan ( آبادان Ābādān ) is a city in and the capital of Abadan County , Khuzestan Province which is located in central west of Iran . It lies on Abadan Island ( 68 km long , 3 -- 19 km or 2 -- 12 miles wide ) , the island is bounded in the west by the Arvand waterway and to the east by the Bahmanshir outlet of the Karun River ( the Shatt al-Arab ) , 53 km from the Persian Gulf , near the Iraqi-Iran border . '' '"}
{"_id": "Abbott_Government", "title": "Abbott Government", "headings": "", "text": "The Abbott Government was the federal executive government of Australia led by Prime Minister Tony Abbott . The Government was made up of members of the Liberal -- National Coalition . The Leader of the Nationals , Warren Truss , served as Deputy Prime Minister . Following the 2013 Australian federal election on 7 September , the Coalition defeated the second Rudd Government , ending six years of Labor Government . The Abbott Government was sworn into office on 18 September 2013 . Less than two years later on 14 September 2015 , Malcolm Turnbull defeated Abbott in a leadership ballot , 54 votes to 44 .   In economic policy , the Abbott Government aimed to rein in a budget deficit that reached A$ 48.5 billion by June 2014 . It concluded free trade agreements with China , Japan and South Korea . It removed the Rudd-Gillard era Resource Super Profits Tax and carbon pricing . It established the National Commission of Audit to advise on restoring the Budget to surplus ; instituted the Royal Commission into trade union governance and corruption ; founded the Medical Research Future Fund ; and produced White Papers on Developing Northern Australia and the Agricultural Competitiveness . Treasurer Joe Hockey delivered two Budgets , the first focused on expenditure reduction measures , but faced a hostile reception in the Senate and media . Partial deregulation of universities , and a $ 7 contribution to doctor visits were proposed , but blocked by the Senate . The second Budget emphasised stimulus for the small business sector .   Abbott campaigned in Opposition and in Office to halt the people smuggling trade , and unauthorised maritime arrivals ceased during his term of office under Operation Sovereign Borders . In foreign policy , Australia continued its military engagement in the Mid-East , amid the worsening Syrian conflict . In 2015 , The Abbott Government agreed to resettle an additional 12,000 refugees from the region . Abbott and Foreign Minister Julie Bishop challenged Russia at the United Nations over the shooting down of Malaysian Flight MH17 in Ukraine . The Government launched the New Colombo Plan to encourage educational exchange with the Indo-Pacific region .   Domestically , Abbott campaigned for recognition of Indigenous Australians in the Australian Constitution , flagging a referendum for 2017 , and promised a plebiscite on the issue of same-sex marriage . Air and road infrastructure was prioritised . Abbott had to negotiate a hostile Senate . The Palmer United Party had emerged at the 2013 Election , but fractured soon after . The Liberal Party faced Cabinet leaks and early leadership instability , after a poorly received first Budget and amid media criticism . Abbott became the shortest-serving Australian Prime Minister since William McMahon , when his government was succeeded by the Turnbull Government ."}
{"_id": "Abrupt_climate_change", "title": "Abrupt climate change", "headings": "", "text": "An abrupt climate change occurs when the climate system is forced to transition to a new climate state at a rate that is determined by the climate system energy-balance , and which is more rapid than the rate of change of the external forcing . Past events include the end of the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse , Younger Dryas , Dansgaard-Oeschger events , Heinrich events and possibly also the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum . The term is also used within the context of global warming to describe sudden climate change that is detectable over the time-scale of a human lifetime . One proposed reason for the observed abrupt climate change is that feedback loops within the climate system both enhance small perturbations and cause a variety of stable states .   Timescales of events described as ` abrupt ' may vary dramatically . Changes recorded in the climate of Greenland at the end of the Younger Dryas , as measured by ice-cores , imply a sudden warming of + 10 C-change within a timescale of a few years . Other abrupt changes are the + 4 C-change on Greenland 11,270 years ago or the abrupt + 6 C-change warming 22,000 years ago on Antarctica . By contrast , the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum may have initiated anywhere between a few decades and several thousand years . Finally , Earth Systems models project that under ongoing greenhouse gas emissions as early as 2047 , the Earth 's near surface temperature could depart from the range of variability in the last 150 years , affecting over 3 billion people and most places of great species diversity on Earth ."}
{"_id": "Academic_journal", "title": "Academic journal", "headings": "", "text": "An academic or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published . Academic journals serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation , scrutiny and discussion of research . They are usually peer-reviewed or refereed . Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research , review articles , and book reviews . The purpose of an academic journal , according to the first editor of the world 's oldest academic journal Henry Oldenburg , is to give researchers a venue to `` impart their knowledge to one another , and contribute what they can to the Grand design of improving natural knowledge , and perfecting all Philosophical Arts , and Sciences . ''   The term academic journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields ; this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals . Scientific journals and journals of the quantitative social sciences vary in form and function from journals of the humanities and qualitative social sciences ; their specific aspects are separately discussed ."}
{"_id": "Acid", "title": "Acid", "headings": "", "text": "An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron ( proton or hydrogen ion H + ) , or , alternatively , capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair ( a Lewis acid ) .   The first category of acids is the proton donors or Brønsted acids . In the special case of aqueous solutions , proton donors form the hydronium ion H3O + and are known as Arrhenius acids . Brønsted and Lowry generalized the Arrhenius theory to include non-aqueous solvents . A Brønsted or Arrhenius acid usually contains a hydrogen atom bonded to a chemical structure that is still energetically favorable after loss of H + .   Aqueous Arrhenius acids have characteristic properties which provide a practical description of an acid . Acids form aqueous solutions with a sour taste , can turn blue litmus red , and react with bases and certain metals ( like calcium ) to form salts . The word acid is derived from the Latin acidus/ac ēre meaning sour . An aqueous solution of an acid has a pH less than 7 and is colloquially also referred to as ` acid ' ( as in ` dissolved in acid ' ) , while the strict definition refers only to the solute . A lower pH means a higher acidity , and thus a higher concentration of positive hydrogen ions in the solution . Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic .   Common aqueous acids include hydrochloric acid ( a solution of hydrogen chloride which is found in gastric acid in the stomach and activates digestive enzymes ) , acetic acid ( vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of this liquid ) , sulfuric acid ( used in car batteries ) , and citric acid ( found in citrus fruits ) . As these examples show , acids ( in the colloquial sense ) can be solutions or pure substances , and can be derived from acids ( in the strict sense ) that are solids , liquids , or gases . Strong acids and some concentrated weak acids are corrosive , but there are exceptions such as carboranes and boric acid .   The second category of acids are Lewis acids , which form a covalent bond with an electron pair . An example is boron trifluoride ( BF3 ) , whose boron atom has a vacant orbital which can form a covalent bond by sharing a lone pair of electrons on an atom in a base , for example the nitrogen atom in ammonia ( NH3 ) . Lewis considered this as a generalization of the Brønsted definition , so that an acid is a chemical species that accepts electron pairs either directly or by releasing protons ( H + ) into the solution , which then accept electron pairs . However , hydrogen chloride , acetic acid , and most other Brønsted-Lowry acids can not form a covalent bond with an electron pair and are therefore not Lewis acids . Conversely , many Lewis acids are not Arrhenius or Brønsted-Lowry acids . In modern terminology , an acid is implicitly a Brønsted acid and not a Lewis acid , since chemists almost always refer to a Lewis acid explicitly as a Lewis acid ."}
{"_id": "Adam_Scaife", "title": "Adam Scaife", "headings": "", "text": "Adam Arthur Scaife B.A. M.A. MSc PhD FRMetS ( born 18 March 1970 ) is a British physicist , and head of long range prediction at the Met Office . He is an honorary visiting Professor at Exeter University . Scaife carries out research into long range weather forecasting and computer modelling of the climate . Scaife has published over 100 peer reviewed studies on atmospheric dynamics , computer modelling and climate predictability and change and recently published popular science and academic books on meteorology ."}
{"_id": "Adelaide", "title": "Adelaide", "headings": "", "text": "Adelaide ( -LSB- ˈædəleɪdaudio = En-au-Adelaide . oga -RSB- ) is the capital city of the state of South Australia , and the fifth-most populous city of Australia . In June 2016 , Adelaide had an estimated resident population of 1,326,354 . South Australia , with a total of 1.7 million inhabitants , has the most centralised population of any state in Australia , with more than 75 percent of its people living in greater Adelaide , while the other population centres in the state are relatively small .   Adelaide is north of the Fleurieu Peninsula , on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges which surround the city . Adelaide stretches 20 km from the coast to the foothills , and 94 to 104 km from Gawler at its northern extent to Sellicks Beach in the south .   Named in honour of Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen , queen consort to King William IV , the city was founded in 1836 as the planned capital for a freely-settled British province in Australia . Colonel William Light , one of Adelaide 's founding fathers , designed the city and chose its location close to the River Torrens , in the area originally inhabited by the Kaurna people . Light 's design set out Adelaide in a grid layout , interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares , and entirely surrounded by parklands . Early Adelaide was shaped by prosperity and wealth -- until the Second World War , it was Australia 's third-largest city and one of the few Australian cities to not have convict history . It has been noted for early examples of religious freedom , a commitment to political progressivism and civil liberties . It has been known as the `` City of Churches '' since the mid-19th century . The demonym `` Adelaidean '' is used in reference to the city and its residents .   As South Australia 's seat of government and commercial centre , Adelaide is the site of many governmental and financial institutions . Most of these are concentrated in the city centre along the cultural boulevard of North Terrace , King William Street and in various districts of the metropolitan area . Today , Adelaide is noted for its many festivals and sporting events , its food and wine , its long beachfronts , and its large defence and manufacturing sectors . It ranks highly in terms of liveability , being listed in the Top 10 of The Economist Intelligence Units World 's Most Liveable Cities index in 2010 , 2011 , 2012 and 2015 . It was also ranked the most liveable city in Australia by the Property Council of Australia in 2011 , 2012 and 2013 ."}
{"_id": "Adventure_Time", "title": "Adventure Time", "headings": "", "text": "Adventure Time is an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward for Cartoon Network . It follows the adventures of a boy named Finn ( voiced by Jeremy Shada ) and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake ( John DiMaggio ) a dog with the magical power to change shape and size at will . Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo , where they interact with Princess Bubblegum ( Hynden Walch ) , the Ice King ( Tom Kenny ) , Marceline the Vampire Queen ( Olivia Olson ) , BMO ( Niki Yang ) , and others . The series is based on a 2007 short produced for Nicktoons and Frederator Studios ' animation incubator series Random ! Cartoons . After the short became a viral hit on the Internet , Cartoon Network commissioned a full-length series , which previewed on March 11 , 2010 , and officially premiered on April 5 , 2010 .   The series draws inspiration from a variety of sources , including the fantasy role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons and video games . It is produced using hand-drawn animation ; action and dialogue for episodes are decided by storyboarding artists . Because each episode takes roughly eight to nine months to complete , multiple episodes are worked on concurrently . The cast members record their lines in group recordings , and the series regularly employs guest actors for minor and recurring characters . Each episode runs for about eleven minutes ; pairs of episodes are often telecast to fill half-hour program slots . Eight seasons of the program have aired , and a ninth and final season premiered on April 21 , 2017 . , a feature-length film is in development .   Since its debut , Adventure Time has been a ratings success for Cartoon Network , with the highest-rated episodes having attracted over 3 million viewers . The show has received positive reviews from critics anddespite being aimed primarily at childrenhas developed a following among teenagers and adults . Adventure Time has won awards including : six Primetime Emmy Awards , a Peabody Award , three Annie Awards , two British Academy Children 's Awards , a Motion Picture Sound Editors Award , a Pixel Award , and a Kerrang ! Award . The series has also been nominated for three Critics ' Choice Television Awards , two Annecy Festival Awards , a TCA Award , and a Sundance Film Festival Award , among others . Of the many comic book spin-offs based on the series , one received an Eisner Award and two Harvey Awards . The series has also inspired various clothing items and related merchandise , video games , and DVD compilations ."}
{"_id": "Aeolis_quadrangle", "title": "Aeolis quadrangle", "headings": "", "text": "The Aeolis quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) Astrogeology Research Program . The Aeolis quadrangle is also referred to as MC-23 ( Mars Chart-23 ) .  The Aeolis quadrangle covers 180 ° to 225 ° W and 0 ° to 30 ° south on Mars , and contains parts of the regions Elysium Planitia and Terra Cimmeria . A small part of the Medusae Fossae Formation lies in this quadrangle .   The name refers to the name of a floating western island of Aiolos , the ruler of the winds . In Homer 's account , Odysseus received the west wind Zephyr here and kept it in bags , but the wind got out .   It is famous as the site of two spacecraft landings : the Spirit rover landing site in Gusev crater ( January 4 , 2004 ) , and the Curiosity rover in Gale Crater ( August 6 , 2012 ) .   A large , ancient river valley , called Ma'adim Vallis , enters at the south rim of Gusev Crater , so Gusev Crater was believed to be an ancient lake bed . However , it seems that a volcanic flow covered up the lakebed sediments . Apollinaris Patera , a large volcano , lies directly north of Gusev Crater .   Gale Crater , in the northwestern part of the Aeolis quadrangle , is of special interest to geologists because it contains a 2 -- 4 km ( 1.2 -- 2.5 mile ) high mound of layered sedimentary rocks , named `` Mount Sharp '' by NASA in honor of Robert P. Sharp ( 1911 -- 2004 ) , a planetary scientist of early Mars missions . More recently , on 16 May 2012 , `` Mount Sharp '' was officially named Aeolis Mons by the USGS and IAU .   Some regions in the Aeolis quadrangle show inverted relief . In these locations , a stream bed may be a raised feature , instead of a valley . The inverted former stream channels may be caused by the deposition of large rocks or due to cementation . In either case erosion would erode the surrounding land but leave the old channel as a raised ridge because the ridge will be more resistant to erosion   Yardangs are another feature found in this quadrangle They are generally visible as a series of parallel linear ridges , caused by the direction of the prevailing wind ."}
{"_id": "African_humid_period", "title": "African humid period", "headings": "", "text": "The African humid period (AHP) is a climate period in Africa during the late Pleistocene and Holocene geologic epochs, when northern Africa was wetter than today. The covering of much of the Sahara desert by grasses, trees and lakes was caused by changes in Earth's orbit around the Sun; changes in vegetation and dust in the Sahara which strengthened the African monsoon; and increased greenhouse gases, which may imply that anthropogenic global warming could result in a shrinkage of the Sahara desert. During the preceding last glacial maximum, the Sahara contained extensive dune fields and was mostly uninhabited. It was much larger than today, but its lakes and rivers such as Lake Victoria and the White Nile were either dry or at low levels. The humid period began about 14,600–14,500 years ago at the end of Heinrich event 1, simultaneously to the Bølling-Allerød warming. Rivers and lakes such as Lake Chad formed or expanded, glaciers grew on Mount Kilimanjaro and the Sahara retreated. Two major dry fluctuations occurred; during the Younger Dryas and the short 8.2 kiloyear event. The African humid period ended 6,000–5,000 years ago during the Piora Oscillation cold period. While some evidence points to an end 5,500 years ago, in the Sahel, Arabia and East Africa the period appears to have taken place in several steps such as the 4.2 kiloyear event. The AHP led to a widespread settlement of the Sahara and the Arabian Deserts, and had a profound effect on African cultures, such as the birth of the Pharaonic civilization. They lived as hunter-gatherers until the agricultural revolution and domesticated cattle, goats and sheep. They left archeological sites and artifacts such as one of the oldest ships in the world, and rock paintings such as those in the Cave of Swimmers and in the Acacus Mountains. Earlier humid periods in Africa were postulated after the discovery of these rock paintings in now-inhospitable parts of the Sahara. When the period ended, humans gradually abandoned the desert in favour of regions with more secure water supplies, such as the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia, where they gave rise to early complex societies."}
{"_id": "Agriculture", "title": "Agriculture", "headings": "", "text": "Agriculture or farming is the cultivation and breeding of animals , plants and fungi for food , fiber , biofuel , medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life . Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization , whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization . The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science . The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years , and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates , cultures , and technologies . Industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture farming has become the dominant agricultural methodology .   Modern agronomy , plant breeding , agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers , and technological developments have in many cases sharply increased yields from cultivation , but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects . Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat , but have raised concerns about animal welfare and the health effects of the antibiotics , growth hormones , and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production . Genetically modified organisms are an increasing component of agriculture , although they are banned in several countries . Agricultural food production and water management are increasingly becoming global issues that are fostering debate on a number of fronts . Significant degradation of land and water resources , including the depletion of aquifers , has been observed in recent decades , and the effects of global warming on agriculture and of agriculture on global warming are still not fully understood .   The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods , fibers , fuels , and raw materials . Specific foods include cereals ( grains ) , vegetables , fruits , oils , meats and spices . Fibers include cotton , wool , hemp , silk and flax . Raw materials include lumber and bamboo . Other useful materials are also produced by plants , such as resins , dyes , drugs , perfumes , biofuels and ornamental products such as cut flowers and nursery plants . Over one third of the world 's workers are employed in agriculture , second only to the service sector , although the percentages of agricultural workers in developed countries has decreased significantly over the past several centuries ."}
{"_id": "Air_National_Guard", "title": "Air National Guard", "headings": "", "text": "The Air National Guard ( ANG ) , also known as the Air Guard , is a federal military reserve force as well as the militia air force of each U.S. state , the District of Columbia , the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , and the territories of Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands . It , along with each state 's , district 's , commonwealth 's or territory 's Army National Guard component , makes up the National Guard of each state and the districts , commonwealths and territories as applicable .   When Air National Guard units are used under the jurisdiction of the state governor they are fulfilling their militia role . However , if federalized by order of the President of the United States , ANG units become an active part of the United States Air Force . They are jointly administered by the states and the National Guard Bureau , a joint bureau of the Army and Air Force that oversees the National Guard of the United States .   Air National Guard units are organized and federally recognized federal military reserve forces in each of the fifty U.S. states , the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , the territories of Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the District of Columbia of the United States . Each state , the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has a minimum of one ANG flying unit with either assigned aircraft or aircraft shared with a unit of the active duty Air Force or the Air Force Reserve under an `` Associate '' arrangement . The ANG of the territories of Guam and the Virgin Islands have no aircraft assigned and perform ground support functions . Air National Guard activities may be located on active duty air force bases , air reserve bases , naval air stations/joint reserve bases , or air national guard bases and stations which are either independent military facilities or collocated as tenants on civilian-controlled joint civil-military airports .   ANG units typically operate under Title 32 USC . However , when operating under Title 10 USC all ANG units are operationally gained by an active duty USAF major command ( MAJCOM ) . ANG units of the Combat Air Forces ( CAF ) based in the Continental United States ( CONUS ) , plus a single air control squadron of the Puerto Rico ANG , are gained by the Air Combat Command ( ACC ) . CONUS-based ANG units in the Mobility Air Forces ( MAF ) , plus the Puerto Rico ANG 's airlift wing and the Virgin Islands ANG 's civil engineering squadron are gained by the Air Mobility Command ( AMC ) .   The vast majority of ANG units fall under either ACC or AMC . However , there remain a few exceptions , such as the Alaska ANG , Hawaii ANG and Guam ANG , whose CAF and MAF units are operationally gained by Pacific Air Forces ( PACAF ) , while a smaller number of ANG units in CONUS are operationally gained by Air Education and Training Command ( AETC ) , Air Force Global Strike Command ( AFGSC ) , Air Force Special Operations Command ( AFSOC ) , Air Force Space Command ( AFSPC ) , and United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) ."}
{"_id": "Air_pollution", "title": "Air pollution", "headings": "", "text": "Air pollution occurs when harmful substances including particulates and biological molecules are introduced into Earth 's atmosphere . It may cause diseases , allergies or death in humans ; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops , and may damage the natural or built environment . Human activity and natural processes can both generate air pollution .   Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the world 's worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World 's Worst Polluted Places report . According to the 2014 WHO report , air pollution in 2012 caused the deaths of around 7 million people worldwide , an estimate roughly matched by the International Energy Agency ."}
{"_id": "Aircraft_lease", "title": "Aircraft lease", "headings": "", "text": "Aircraft leases are leases used by airlines and other aircraft operators . Airlines lease aircraft from other airlines or leasing companies for two main reasons : to operate aircraft without the financial burden of buying them , and to provide temporary increase in capacity . The industry has two main leasing types : wet-leasing , which is normally used for short-term leasing , and dry-leasing which is more normal for longer-term leases . The industry also uses combinations of wet and dry . For example , when the aircraft is wet-leased to establish new services , then as the airline 's flight or cabin crews become trained , they can be switched to a dry lease .   50 % of global lessor set are based in Ireland and in 2015 over $ 120b of new commercial aircraft was delivered worldwide . Operating leases of jet airliner accounted for less than 2 % of the fleet in 1976 , then 15 % in the early 1990s , 25 % in 2000 and 40 % in 2017 , with lessors involved in 62 % of second hand mid-life aircraft transactions since 2000 : 42 % in Europe and 29 % in North America ."}
{"_id": "Airline", "title": "Airline", "headings": "", "text": "An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight . Airlines utilize aircraft to supply these services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements . Generally , airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body .   Airlines vary in size , from small domestic airlines to full-service international airlines . Airline services can be categorized as being intercontinental , domestic , regional , or international , and may be operated as scheduled services or charters . The largest airline currently is American Airlines Group ."}
{"_id": "Airliner", "title": "Airliner", "headings": "", "text": "An airliner is a type of aircraft for transporting passengers and air cargo . Such aircraft are most often operated by airlines . Although the definition of an airliner can vary from country to country , an airliner is typically defined as an aircraft intended for carrying multiple passengers or cargo in commercial service .   The largest airliners are wide-body jets . These aircraft are frequently called twin-aisle aircraft because they generally have two separate aisles running from the front to the back of the passenger cabin . These aircraft are usually used for long-haul flights between airline hubs and major cities with many passengers .   A smaller , more common class of airliners is the narrow-body or single aisle aircraft . These smaller airliners are generally used for short to medium-distance flights with fewer passengers than their wide-body counterparts .   Regional airliners typically seat fewer than 100 passengers and may be powered by turbofans or turboprops . These airliners are the non-mainline counterparts to the larger aircraft operated by the major carriers , legacy carriers , and flag carriers and are used to feed traffic into the large airline hubs . These regional routes then form the spokes of a hub-and-spoke air transport model .   The lightest ( light aircraft , list of light transport aircraft ) of short haul regional feeder airliner type aircraft that carry 19 or fewer passenger seats are called commuter aircraft , commuterliners , feederliners , and air taxis , depending on their size , engines , how they are marketed , region of the world , and seating configurations . The Beechcraft 1900 , for example , has only 19 seats ."}
{"_id": "Airplane", "title": "Airplane", "headings": "", "text": "An airplane or aeroplane ( informally plane ) is a powered , fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or propeller . Airplanes come in a variety of sizes , shapes , and wing configurations . The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation , transportation of goods and people , military , and research . Commercial aviation is a massive industry involving the flying of tens of thousands of passengers daily on airliners . Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft , but some are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled .   The Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in 1903 , recognized as `` the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight '' . They built on the works of George Cayley dating from 1799 , when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane ( and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying gliders ) . Between 1867 and 1896 , the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal also studied heavier-than-air flight . Following its limited use in World War I , aircraft technology continued to develop . Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of World War II . The first jet aircraft was the German Heinkel He 178 in 1939 . The first jet airliner , the de Havilland Comet , was introduced in 1952 . The Boeing 707 , the first widely successful commercial jet , was in commercial service for more than 50 years , from 1958 to at least 2013 ."}
{"_id": "Al_Gore", "title": "Al Gore", "headings": "", "text": "Albert Arnold Gore Jr. ( born March 31 , 1948 ) is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton . He was Clinton 's running mate in their successful campaign in 1992 , and was re-elected in 1996 . At the end of Clinton 's second term , Gore was picked as the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election . After leaving office , Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist , whose work in climate change activism earned him ( jointly with the IPCC ) the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 .   Gore was an elected official for 24 years . He was a Congressman from Tennessee ( 1977 -- 85 ) and from 1985 to 1993 served as one of the state 's Senators . He served as Vice President during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001 . In the 2000 presidential election , in what was one of the closest presidential races in history , Gore won the popular vote but lost in the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush . A controversial election dispute over a vote recount in Florida was settled by the U.S. Supreme Court , which ruled 5 -- 4 in favor of Bush .   Gore is the founder and current chair of the Alliance for Climate Protection , the co-founder and chair of Generation Investment Management and the now-defunct Current TV network , a member of the Board of Directors of Apple Inc. , and a senior adviser to Google . Gore is also a partner in the venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers , heading its climate change solutions group . He has served as a visiting professor at Middle Tennessee State University , Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism , Fisk University , and the University of California , Los Angeles . He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute .   Gore has received a number of awards including the Nobel Peace Prize ( joint award with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 2007 ) , a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album ( 2009 ) for his book An Inconvenient Truth , a Primetime Emmy Award for Current TV ( 2007 ) , and a Webby Award ( 2005 ) . Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning ( 2007 ) documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006 . In 2007 , he was named a runner-up for Time 2007 Person of the Year ."}
{"_id": "Alaska", "title": "Alaska", "headings": "", "text": "Alaska ( -LSB- əˈlæskə -RSB- ) is a U.S. state located in the northwest extremity of North America . The Canadian administrative divisions of British Columbia and Yukon border the state to the east ; its most extreme western part is Attu Island ; it has a maritime border with Russia to the west across the Bering Strait . To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort seas -- the southern parts of the Arctic Ocean . The Pacific Ocean lies to the south and southwest . It is the largest state in the United States by area . In addition , it is the 3rd least populous and the most sparsely populated of the 50 United States ; nevertheless , it is by far the most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel in North America , its population ( the total estimated at 738,432 by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2015 ) more than quadrupling the combined populations of Northern Canada and Greenland . Approximately half of Alaska 's residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area . Alaska 's economy is dominated by the fishing , natural gas , and oil industries , resources which it has in abundance . Military bases and tourism are also a significant part of the economy .   The United States purchased Alaska from the Russian Empire on March 30 , 1867 , for 7.2 million U.S. dollars at approximately two cents per acre ( $ 4.74 / km2 ) . The area went through several administrative changes before becoming organized as a territory on May 11 , 1912 . It was admitted as the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3 , 1959 ."}
{"_id": "Alaska_North_Slope", "title": "Alaska North Slope", "headings": "", "text": "The Alaska North Slope is the region of the U.S. state of Alaska located on the northern slope of the Brooks Range along the coast of two marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean , the Chukchi Sea being on the western side of Point Barrow , and the Beaufort Sea on the eastern ."}
{"_id": "Albany,_New_York", "title": "Albany, New York", "headings": "", "text": "Albany ( -LSB- ˈɔːlbəni -RSB- ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New York and the seat of Albany County . Roughly 150 mi north of New York City , Albany developed on the west bank of the Hudson River , about 10 mi south of its confluence with the Mohawk River . The population of the City of Albany was 97,856 according to the 2010 census . Albany constitutes the economic and cultural core of the Capital District of New York State , which comprises the Albany-Schenectady-Troy , NY Metropolitan Statistical Area , including the nearby cities and suburbs of Troy , Schenectady , and Saratoga Springs . With a 2013 Census-estimated population of 1.1 million the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state and 38th in the United States .   Fortune 500 companies with offices in Albany include American Express , J.P. Morgan and Chase , Merrill Lynch , General Electric , Verizon , Goldman Sachs , International Paper , and Key Bank . In the 21st century , the Capital District has emerged as a major anchor of Tech Valley , the moniker describing the technologically-focused region of eastern New York State .   This was the first European settlement in the state . It was settled by Dutch colonists who in 1614 , built Fort Nassau for fur trading and Fort Orange in 1624 . They formed successful relations with both the Mahican and the Mohawk peoples , two major Native American nations in the region . The fur trade attracted settlers who founded a village called Beverwijck near Fort Orange . In 1664 the English took over the Dutch settlements , renaming the city as Albany , in honor of the then Duke of Albany , the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland . The city was officially chartered in 1686 under English rule . It became the capital of New York State in 1797 , following the United States gaining independence in the American Revolutionary War . Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies , and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States . Its charter is possibly the longest-running instrument of municipal government in the Western Hemisphere .   During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th , Albany was a center of trade and transportation . It is on the north end of the navigable Hudson River , was the original eastern terminus of the Erie Canal connecting to the Great Lakes , and was home to some of the earliest railroad systems in the world . Albany 's main exports at the time were beer , lumber , published works , and ironworks . Beginning in 1810 , Albany was one of the ten most populous cities in the United States , a distinction it held until the 1860 census .   Albany is one of the first cities in the world to have installed public water mains , sewer lines , natural gas lines and electricity , infrastructure and utilities that attracted and supported substantial new industry to the city and surrounding area during the 19th century .   In the 20th century , the city opened one of the first commercial airports in the world , the precursor of today 's Albany International Airport . During the 1920s a powerful political machine controlled by the Democratic Party arose in the state capital , connected to politics in New York City as well . It marshalled the power of immigrants and their descendants in both cities .   The city 's skyline changed in the 1960s and 1970s with the construction of office towers around the Empire State Plaza and at the uptown campus of SUNY Albany , mainly under the direction of Governor Nelson Rockefeller . While Albany experienced a decline in its population due to urban sprawl and suburbanization , many of its historic neighborhoods were saved from destruction through the policies of Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd , the longest-serving mayor of any city in the United States . In the early 21st century , Albany has experienced growth in the high-technology industry , with great strides in the nanotechnology sector .   Albany has been a center of higher education for over a century , with much of the remainder of its economy dependent on state government and health care services . The city has rebounded from the urban decline of the 1970s and 1980s , with noticeable development taking place in the city 's downtown and midtown neighborhoods . Albany is known for its rich history , commerce , culture , architecture , and institutions of higher education . Albany won the All-America City Award in both 1991 and 2009 ."}
{"_id": "Albedo", "title": "Albedo", "headings": "", "text": "Albedo ( -LSB- ælˈbiːdoʊ -RSB- ) is a measure for reflectance or optical brightness ( Latin albedo , Arabic albayad , `` whiteness '' ) . It is dimensionless and measured on a scale from zero ( corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation ) to one ( corresponding to a white body that reflects all incident radiation ) .   Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of radiation reflected to the radiation incident on a surface . The proportion reflected is not only determined by properties of the surface itself , but also by the spectral and angular distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth 's surface . These factors vary with atmospheric composition , geographic location and time ( see Position of the Sun ) . While bi-hemispherical reflectance is calculated for a single angle of incidence ( i.e. , for a given position of the sun ) , albedo is the directional integration of reflectance over all solar angles in a given period . The temporal resolution may range from seconds ( as obtained from flux measurements ) to daily , seasonal or annual averages .   Unless given for a specific wavelength ( spectral albedo ) , albedo refers to the entire spectrum of solar radiation . Due to measurement constraints , it is often given for the spectrum in which most solar energy reaches the surface ( approximately between 0.3 and 3 μm ) . This spectrum includes visible light ( 0.39-0 .7 μm ) , which explains why surfaces with a low albedo appear dark ( e.g. , trees absorb most radiation ) , whereas surfaces with a high albedo appear bright ( e.g. , snow reflects most radiation ) .   Albedo is an important concept in climatology , astronomy , and environmental management ( e.g. , as part of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) program for sustainable rating of buildings ) . The average albedo of the Earth at the top of the atmosphere , its planetary albedo , is 30 to 35 % because of cloud cover , but widely varies locally across the surface because of different geological and environmental features .   The term albedo was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work Photometria ."}
{"_id": "Alcoa", "title": "Alcoa", "headings": "", "text": "Alcoa Corporation ( from Aluminum Company of America ) is an American industrial corporation . It is the world 's fifth largest producer of aluminum , with corporate headquarters in New York City . From its operational base in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania in the United States , Alcoa conducts operations in 10 countries . Alcoa is a major producer of primary aluminum , fabricated aluminum , and alumina combined , through its active and growing participation in all major aspects of the industry : technology , mining , refining , smelting , fabricating , and recycling .   In May 2007 Alcoa Inc. made a US$ 27 billion hostile takeover bid for Alcan in an attempt to form the world 's largest aluminum producer . The bid was withdrawn when Alcan announced a friendly takeover by Rio Tinto in July 2007 .   On November 1 , 2016 , Alcoa Inc. split into two new entities : Alcoa Corporation , which is engaged in the mining and manufacture of raw aluminum , and Arconic , which processes aluminum and other metals .   In April 2017 , Alcoa announced it will move its headquarters back to Pittsburgh effective September 1 ."}
{"_id": "Alcohol_(drug)", "title": "Alcohol (drug)", "headings": "", "text": "Alcohol, sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol, is a psychoactive drug that is the active ingredient in drinks such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits (hard liquor). It is one of the oldest and most common recreational substances, causing the characteristic effects of alcohol intoxication (\"drunkenness\"). Among other effects, alcohol produces a mood lift and euphoria, decreased anxiety, increased sociability, sedation, impairment of cognitive, memory, motor, and sensory function, and generalized depression of central nervous system function. Ethanol is only one of several types of alcohol, but it is the only type of alcohol that is found in alcoholic beverages or commonly used for recreational purposes; other alcohols such as methanol and isopropyl alcohol are significantly more toxic.  A mild, brief exposure to isopropanol, being only moderately more toxic than ethanol, is unlikely to cause any serious harm.  Methanol, being profoundly more toxic than ethanol, is lethal in quantities as small as 10–15 milliliters (2–3 tsp). Alcohol has a variety of short-term and long-term adverse effects. Short-term adverse effects include generalized impairment of neurocognitive function, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and hangover-like symptoms. Alcohol can be addictive to humans, as in alcoholism, and can result in dependence and withdrawal. It can have a variety of long-term adverse effects on health, for instance liver damage, brain damage, and its consumption is the fifth leading cause of cancer. The adverse effects of alcohol on health are most important when it is used in excessive quantities or with heavy frequency. However, some of them, such as increased risk of certain cancers, may occur even with light or moderate alcohol consumption. In high amounts, alcohol may cause loss of consciousness or, in severe cases, death. Alcohol works in the brain primarily by increasing the effects of a neurotransmitter called γ-aminobutyric acid, or GABA. This is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and by facilitating its actions, alcohol suppresses the activity of the central nervous system. The substance also directly affects a number of other neurotransmitter systems including those of glutamate, glycine, acetylcholine, and serotonin. The pleasurable effects of alcohol ingestion are the result of increased levels of dopamine and endogenous opioids in the reward pathways of the brain. Alcohol also has toxic and unpleasant actions in the body, many of which are mediated by its byproduct acetaldehyde.Alcohol has been produced and consumed by humans for its psychoactive effects for almost 10,000 years. Drinking alcohol is generally socially acceptable and is legal in most countries, unlike with many other recreational substances. However, there are often restrictions on alcohol sale and use, for instance a minimum age for drinking and laws against public drinking and drinking and driving. Alcohol has considerable societal and cultural significance and has important social roles in much of the world. Drinking establishments, such as bars and nightclubs, revolve primarily around the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages, and parties, festivals, and social gatherings commonly involve alcohol consumption. Its use is also related to various societal problems, including driving accidents and fatalities, accidental injuries, sexual assaults, domestic abuse, and violent crime. Alcohol remains illegal for sale and consumption in a number of countries, mainly in the Middle East."}
{"_id": "Alentejo", "title": "Alentejo", "headings": "", "text": "Alentejo is a geographical , historical and cultural region of south-central and southern Portugal . Literally , in Portuguese it means `` beyond '' ( além ) Tagus river ( Tejo ) .   Alentejo includes the regions of Alto Alentejo and Baixo Alentejo . It corresponds to the districts of Beja , Évora , Portalegre and the Alentejo Litoral . The main cities are : Évora , Beja , Serpa , Estremoz , Elvas and Portalegre .   It has borders with Beira Baixa in the North , with Spain ( Andalucia and Extremadura in the east , with Algarve in the South and with the Atlantic Ocean , Ribatejo and Estremadura in the West .   The Alentejo is a region known for its traditional polyphonic singing groups , similar to those found in Tuscany , Corsica , and elsewhere ."}
{"_id": "Alf_Ramsey", "title": "Alf Ramsey", "headings": "", "text": "Sir Alfred Ernest `` Alf '' Ramsey ( 22 January 1920 -- 28 April 1999 ) was an English football player and manager who , as manager of the England national football team from 1963 to 1974 , guided England to victory in the 1966 FIFA World Cup . Knighted in 1967 in recognition of England 's World Cup win , Ramsey also managed England to third place in the 1968 European Championship and the quarter-finals of the 1970 World Cup and the 1972 European Championship respectively . As a player , Ramsey was a defender and a member of England 's 1950 World Cup squad . He is , , the only person to have been inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame twice , both as manager and player .   Ramsey was born and raised in Dagenham , which was then a quiet Essex village . He showed sporting promise from an early age and , after serving in the British Army during the Second World War , embarked on a football career , primarily as a right-back for Southampton and Tottenham Hotspur . He was generally considered a rather slow , but accomplished player with a tremendous grasp of the tactical side of the game . Nicknamed `` The General '' , he was part of the Tottenham side that won the English League championship in the 1950 -- 51 season ; he also played for England 32 times between 1948 and 1953 , captaining the side three times and scoring three goals from penalty kicks . England games in which Ramsey played include the shock 1 -- 0 defeat to the United States at the 1950 World Cup and the `` Match of the Century '' against Hungary three years later .   Ramsey retired from playing in 1955 to become the manager of Ipswich Town , then in the third tier of English football . Ipswich rose through the divisions over the next six years , winning the Third Division South in 1956 -- 57 and the Second Division in 1960 -- 61 . In the 1961 -- 62 season , Ipswich 's first campaign in the top division , Ramsey 's team defied expectations to become champions of England at the first attempt . Ramsey took charge of the England team a year later . In a distinct break with common practice of the day , he used a narrow formation that led to his England side being dubbed `` The Wingless Wonders '' . England 's World Cup victory at Wembley in 1966 made Ramsey a national hero , though he had his critics , both at the time and since . He lost the England job acrimoniously , following the team 's failure to qualify for the 1974 World Cup .   After briefly managing Birmingham City during the 1977 -- 78 season , then acting in an advisory role at the Greek club Panathinaikos in 1979 -- 80 , Ramsey retired to Ipswich , where he led a somewhat reclusive life over the next two decades . He died in Ipswich in 1999 , aged 79 . Soon after his death , a statue of Ramsey was built outside Ipswich 's home ground at Portman Road , and a neighbouring street was named after him . A stand at Portman Road was named after Ramsey in 2012 . A second statue of Ramsey was dedicated at the reconstructed Wembley Stadium in 2009 , in the players ' tunnel . Ramsey was an inaugural inductee into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002 , in recognition of his achievements as a manager ; he was admitted again , as a player , in 2010 . He remains widely regarded as one of British football 's all-time great managers ."}
{"_id": "Algae", "title": "Algae", "headings": "", "text": "Algae ( -LSB- ˈældʒi , _ ˈælɡi -RSB- singular alga -LSB- ˈælɡə -RSB- ) is an informal term for a large , diverse group of photosynthetic organisms which are not necessarily closely related , and is thus polyphyletic . Included organisms range from unicellular genera , such as Chlorella and the diatoms , to multicellular forms , such as the giant kelp , a large brown alga which may grow up to 50 m in length . Most are aquatic and autotrophic and lack many of the distinct cell and tissue types , such as stomata , xylem , and phloem , which are found in land plants . The largest and most complex marine algae are called seaweeds , while the most complex freshwater forms are the Charophyta , a division of green algae which includes , for example , Spirogyra and the stoneworts .   No definition of algae is generally accepted . One definition is that algae `` have chlorophyll as their primary photosynthetic pigment and lack a sterile covering of cells around their reproductive cells '' . Some authors exclude all prokaryotes thus do not consider cyanobacteria ( blue-green algae ) as algae .   Algae constitute a polyphyletic group since they do not include a common ancestor , and although their plastids seem to have a single origin , from cyanobacteria , they were acquired in different ways . Green algae are examples of algae that have primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria . Diatoms and brown algae are examples of algae with secondary chloroplasts derived from an endosymbiotic red alga .   Algae exhibit a wide range of reproductive strategies , from simple asexual cell division to complex forms of sexual reproduction .   Algae lack the various structures that characterize land plants , such as the phyllids ( leaf-like structures ) of bryophytes , rhizoids in nonvascular plants , and the roots , leaves , and other organs found in tracheophytes ( vascular plants ) . Most are phototrophic , although some are mixotrophic , deriving energy both from photosynthesis and uptake of organic carbon either by osmotrophy , myzotrophy , or phagotrophy . Some unicellular species of green algae , many golden algae , euglenids , dinoflagellates , and other algae have become heterotrophs ( also called colorless or apochlorotic algae ) , sometimes parasitic , relying entirely on external energy sources and have limited or no photosynthetic apparatus . Some other heterotrophic organisms , such as the apicomplexans , are also derived from cells whose ancestors possessed plastids , but are not traditionally considered as algae . Algae have photosynthetic machinery ultimately derived from cyanobacteria that produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis , unlike other photosynthetic bacteria such as purple and green sulfur bacteria . Fossilized filamentous algae from the Vindhya basin have been dated back to 1.6 to 1.7 billion years ago ."}
{"_id": "Alpine_climate", "title": "Alpine climate", "headings": "", "text": "Alpine climate is the average weather ( climate ) for the regions above the tree line . This climate is also referred to as a mountain climate or highland climate ."}
{"_id": "Alternative_fuel", "title": "Alternative fuel", "headings": "", "text": "Alternative fuels , known as non-conventional and advanced fuels , are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels , other than conventional fuels like ; fossil fuels ( petroleum ( oil ) , coal , and natural gas ) , as well as nuclear materials such as uranium and thorium , as well as artificial radioisotope fuels that are made in nuclear reactors .   Some well-known alternative fuels include biodiesel , bioalcohol ( methanol , ethanol , butanol ) , refuse-derived fuel , chemically stored electricity ( batteries and fuel cells ) , hydrogen , non-fossil methane , non-fossil natural gas , vegetable oil , propane and other biomass sources ."}
{"_id": "Alternative_medicine", "title": "Alternative medicine", "headings": "", "text": "Alternative medicine -- or fringe medicine -- includes practices claimed to have the healing effects of medicine but which are disproven , unproven , impossible to prove , or are excessively harmful in relation to their effect ; and where the scientific consensus is that the therapy does not , or can not , work because the known laws of nature are violated by its basic claims ; or where it is considered so much worse than conventional treatment that it would be unethical to offer as treatment . Alternative therapies or diagnoses are not part of medicine or science-based healthcare systems . Alternative medicine consists of a wide variety of practices , products , and therapies -- ranging from those that are biologically plausible but not well tested , to those with known harmful and toxic effects . Contrary to popular belief , significant expense is paid to test alternative medicine , including over $ 2.5 billion spent by the United States government . Almost none show any effect beyond that of false treatment . Perceived effects of alternative medicine may be caused by placebo ; decreased effect of functional treatment ( and therefore potentially decreased side effects ) ; and regression toward the mean where improvement that would have occurred anyway is credited to alternative therapies ; or any combination of the above . Alternative treatments are neither the same as experimental medicine , nor traditional medicine -- although the latter , when used today may be considered alternative .   Alternative medicine has grown in popularity and is used by a significant percentage of the population in many countries . While it has extensively rebranded itself : from quackery to complementary or integrative medicine -- it promotes essentially the same practices . Newer proponents often suggest alternative medicine be used together with functional medical treatment , in a belief that it `` complements '' ( improves the effect of , or mitigates the side effects of ) the treatment . There is no evidence showing they do so , and significant drug interactions caused by alternative therapies may instead negatively influence treatments , making them less effective , notably cancer therapy . Despite being illegal to market alternative therapies for cancer treatment in most of the developed world , many cancer patients use them .   Alternative medical diagnoses and treatments are not taught as part of science-based curricula in medical schools , and are not used in any practice where treatment is based on scientific knowledge or proven experience . Alternative therapies are often based on religion , tradition , superstition , belief in supernatural energies , pseudoscience , errors in reasoning , propaganda , fraud , or lies . Regulation and licensing of alternative medicine and health care providers varies between and within countries .   Alternative medicine is criticized for being based on misleading statements , quackery , pseudoscience , antiscience , fraud , or poor scientific methodology . Promoting alternative medicine has been called dangerous and unethical . Testing alternative medicine that has no scientific basis has been called a waste of scarce research resources . Critics state `` there is really no such thing as alternative medicine , just medicine that works and medicine that does n't '' , and the problem with the idea of `` alternative '' treatments in this sense is that the `` underlying logic is magical , childish or downright absurd '' . It has been strongly suggested that the very idea of any alternative treatment that works is paradoxical , as any treatment proven to work is by definition `` medicine '' ."}
{"_id": "Amazon_basin", "title": "Amazon basin", "headings": "", "text": "The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries . The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about 7,500,000 km2 , or roughly 40 percent of the South American continent . It is located in the countries of Bolivia , Brazil , Colombia , Ecuador , Guyana , Peru , Suriname and Venezuela .   Most of the basin is covered by the Amazon Rainforest , also known as Amazonia . With a 5500000 km2 area of dense tropical forest , this is the largest rainforest in the world ."}
{"_id": "Amazon_rainforest", "title": "Amazon rainforest", "headings": "", "text": "The Amazon rainforest ( Portuguese : Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia ; Selva Amazónica , Amazonía or usually Amazonia ; Forêt amazonienne Amazoneregenwoud ) , also known in English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle , is a moist broadleaf forest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America . This basin encompasses 7,000,000 km2 , of which 5,500,000 km2 are covered by the rainforest . This region includes territory belonging to nine nations . The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil , with 60 % of the rainforest , followed by Peru with 13 % , Colombia with 10 % , and with minor amounts in Venezuela , Ecuador , Bolivia , Guyana , Suriname and French Guiana . States or departments in four nations contain `` Amazonas '' in their names . The Amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests , and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world , with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species ."}
{"_id": "American_Civil_War", "title": "American Civil War", "headings": "", "text": "The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865 . After a long standing controversy over slavery and state 's rights , war broke out in April 1861 , when Confederates attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina , shortly after Abraham Lincoln was elected . The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States of America advocating states ' rights to perpetual slavery and its expansion in the Americas .   Among the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the U.S. to form the Confederate States of America . The Confederacy grew to include eleven states ; it claimed two more border states ( Kentucky and Missouri ) , the Indian Territory , and the southern portions of the Union 's western territories of Arizona and New Mexico , which was organized and incorporated into the Confederacy as Confederate Arizona . The Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by the United States government , nor was it recognized by any foreign country ( although Britain and France granted it belligerent status ) . The states that remained loyal , including the border states where slavery was legal , were known as the Union or the North .   The North and South quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over four years . During this time many innovations in warfare occurred , including the development and use of iron-clad ships , ultimately changing naval strategy around the world . The Union finally won the war when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at the battle of Appomattox , which triggered a series of surrenders by Confederate generals throughout the southern states . Four years of intense combat left 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers dead , a higher number than the number of American military deaths in World War I and World War II combined , and much of the South 's infrastructure was destroyed . The Confederacy collapsed , slavery was abolished and 4 million slaves were freed . The Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) overlapped and followed the war , with the process of restoring national unity , strengthening the national government , and granting civil rights to freed slaves throughout the country . The Civil War is arguably the most studied and written about episode in American history ."}
{"_id": "American_Legislative_Exchange_Council", "title": "American Legislative Exchange Council", "headings": "", "text": "The American Legislative Exchange Council ( ALEC ) is a nonprofit organization of conservative state legislators and private sector representatives that drafts and shares model state-level legislation for distribution among state governments in the United States .   ALEC provides a forum for state legislators and private sector members to collaborate on model bills -- draft legislation that members may customize and introduce for debate in their own state legislatures . ALEC has produced model bills on a broad range of issues , such as reducing regulation and individual and corporate taxation , combating illegal immigration , loosening environmental regulations , tightening voter identification rules , weakening labor unions and opposing gun control . Some of these bills dominate legislative agendas in states such as Arizona , Wisconsin , Colorado , Michigan , New Hampshire , and Maine . Approximately 200 model bills become law each year . ALEC also serves as a networking tool among state legislators , allowing them to research conservative policies implemented in other states . Many ALEC legislators say the organization converts campaign rhetoric and nascent policy ideas into legislative language .   ALEC 's activities , while legal , received public scrutiny after being reported by liberal groups in 2011 and after news reports from outlets such as The New York Times and Bloomberg Businessweek described ALEC as an organization that gave corporate interests outsized influence . Resulting public pressure led to a number of legislators and corporations withdrawing from the organization ."}
{"_id": "Americans", "title": "Americans", "headings": "", "text": "Americans are citizens of the United States of America . The country is home to people of many different national origins . As a result , Americans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity , but with citizenship and allegiance . Although citizens make up the majority of Americans , non-citizen residents , dual citizens , and expatriates may also claim an American identity .   The use in English of the term `` American '' to exclusively mean people of the United States developed from its original use to differentiate English people of the American colonies from English people of England despite its linguistic ambiguity in other senses of the word `` American '' , which can also refer to people from the Americas in general . See Names for United States citizens ."}
{"_id": "Amundsen–Scott_South_Pole_Station", "title": "Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station", "headings": "", "text": "The Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station is a United States scientific research station at the South Pole , the southernmost place on the Earth . The station is located on the high plateau of Antarctica at an elevation of 2,835 metres ( 9,301 feet ) above sea level and is administered by the Division of Polar Programs within the National Science Foundation under the United States Antarctic Program ( USAP ) .   The original Amundsen -- Scott Station was built by Navy Seabees for the Federal government of the United States during November 1956 , as a part of its commitment to the scientific goals of the International Geophysical Year ( IGY ) , an international effort lasting from January 1957 through June 1958 , to study , among other things , the geophysics of the polar regions of Earth .   Before November 1956 , there was no permanent human structure at the South Pole , and very little human presence in the interior of Antarctica at all . The few scientific stations in Antarctica were located on and near its seacoast . The station has been continuously occupied since it was built . The Amundsen -- Scott Station has been rebuilt , demolished , expanded , and upgraded several times since 1956 .   Since the Amundsen -- Scott Station is located at the South Pole , it is at the only place on the land surface of the Earth where the Sun is continuously up for six months and then continuously down for six months . ( The only other such place is at the North Pole , on the sea ice in the middle of the Arctic Ocean . ) Thus , during each year , this station experiences one extremely long `` day '' and one extremely long `` night '' . During the six-month `` day '' , the angle of elevation of the Sun above the horizon varies continuously . The Sun rises on the September equinox , reaches its maximum angle above the horizon on the summer solstice in the Southern Hemisphere , around December 20 , and sets on the March equinox .   During the six-month `` night '' , it gets extremely cold at the South Pole , with air temperatures sometimes dropping below -73 ° C . This is also the time of the year when blizzards , sometimes with gale-force winds , strike the Amundsen -- Scott Station . The continuous period of darkness and dry atmosphere make the station an excellent place from which to make astronomical observations , although the Moon is up for two weeks of every 27.3 days .   The number of scientific researchers and members of the support staff housed at the Amundsen -- Scott Station has always varied seasonally , with a peak population of about 200 in the summer operational season from October to February . In recent years the winter-time population has been around 50 people ."}
{"_id": "An_Inconvenient_Truth", "title": "An Inconvenient Truth", "headings": "", "text": "An Inconvenient Truth is a 2006 American documentary film directed by Davis Guggenheim about former United States Vice President Al Gore 's campaign to educate citizens about global warming via a comprehensive slide show that , by his own estimate made in the film , he has given more than a thousand times . The idea to document his efforts came from producer Laurie David , who saw his presentation at a town-hall meeting on global warming , which coincided with the opening of The Day After Tomorrow . Laurie David was so inspired by Gore 's slide show that she , with producer Lawrence Bender , met with Guggenheim to adapt the presentation into a film .   Premiering at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival and opening in New York City and Los Angeles on May 24 , 2006 , the documentary was a critical and box office success , winning two Academy Awards for Best Documentary Feature and Best Original Song . The film grossed $ 24 million in the U.S. and $ 26 million at the international box office , becoming the tenth highest grossing documentary film to date in the United States . Since the film 's release , An Inconvenient Truth has been credited for raising international public awareness of global warming and reenergizing the environmental movement . The documentary has also been included in science curricula in schools around the world , which has spurred some controversy . A sequel to the film , titled An Inconvenient Sequel : Truth to Power , will be released on July 28 , 2017 ."}
{"_id": "Anaerobic_digestion", "title": "Anaerobic digestion", "headings": "", "text": "Anaerobic digestion is a collection of processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen . The process is used for industrial or domestic purposes to manage waste or to produce fuels . Much of the fermentation used industrially to produce food and drink products , as well as home fermentation , uses anaerobic digestion .   Anaerobic digestion occurs naturally in some soils and in lake and oceanic basin sediments , where it is usually referred to as `` anaerobic activity '' . This is the source of marsh gas methane as discovered by Volta in 1776 .   The digestion process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the input materials . Insoluble organic polymers , such as carbohydrates , are broken down to soluble derivatives that become available for other bacteria . Acidogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and amino acids into carbon dioxide , hydrogen , ammonia , and organic acids . These bacteria convert these resulting organic acids into acetic acid , along with additional ammonia , hydrogen , and carbon dioxide . Finally , methanogens convert these products to methane and carbon dioxide . The methanogenic archaea populations play an indispensable role in anaerobic wastewater treatments .   Anaerobic digestion is used as part of the process to treat biodegradable waste and sewage sludge . As part of an integrated waste management system , anaerobic digestion reduces the emission of landfill gas into the atmosphere . Anaerobic digesters can also be fed with purpose-grown energy crops , such as maize .   Anaerobic digestion is widely used as a source of renewable energy . The process produces a biogas , consisting of methane , carbon dioxide and traces of other ` contaminant ' gases . This biogas can be used directly as fuel , in combined heat and power gas engines or upgraded to natural gas-quality biomethane . The nutrient-rich digestate also produced can be used as fertilizer .   With the re-use of waste as a resource and new technological approaches that have lowered capital costs , anaerobic digestion has in recent years received increased attention among governments in a number of countries , among these the United Kingdom ( 2011 ) , Germany and Denmark ( 2011 ) ."}
{"_id": "Anders_Jonas_Ångström", "title": "Anders Jonas Ångström", "headings": "", "text": "Anders Jonas Ångström ( -LSB- ˈan.ˈdəʂ ˈjuː.ˈnas ˈɔŋ.ˈstrøm -RSB- ; 13 August 181421 June 1874 ) was a Swedish physicist and one of the founders of the science of spectroscopy ."}
{"_id": "Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain", "title": "Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain", "headings": "", "text": "The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain describes the process which changed the language and culture of most of what became England from Romano-British to Germanic . The Germanic-speakers in Britain , themselves of diverse origins , eventually developed a common cultural identity as Anglo-Saxons . This process occurred from the mid 5th to early 7th centuries , following the end of Roman power in Britain around the year 410 . The settlement was followed by the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the south and east of Britain , later followed by the rest of modern England .   The available evidence includes the scanty contemporary and near-contemporary written record , and archaeological and genetic information . The few literary sources tell of hostility between incomers and natives . They describe violence , destruction , massacre and the flight of the Romano-British population . Also , it has long been supposed that the influence of Celtic languages on Old English was slight . These points have suggested a very large-scale invasion by various Germanic peoples . In this view , held by the majority of historians until the mid to late twentieth century , much of England was cleared of its prior inhabitants . If this ` traditional ' viewpoint were to be correct , the genes of the later English people would have been overwhelmingly inherited from Germanic migrants .   Another view , probably the most widely held today , is that the migrants were relatively few , centred on a warrior elite . They then dominated a process of acculturation to Germanic language and material culture . Consistent with this theory , archaeologists find that settlement patterns and land-use show no clear break with the Romano-British past , though there are marked changes in material culture . This view predicts that the ancestry of the people of Anglo-Saxon and modern England would be largely derived from the native Romano-British . The uncertain results of genetic studies tend to support this prediction .   There are also two less well-supported theories , held by a minority of scholars , both originating from population genetics studies . First , Stephen Oppenheimer has argued that Germanic peoples , language and culture existed in eastern regions of Britain , even in pre-Roman times . This idea has been very actively challenged by a number of linguists . Second , that the early settlers may have arrived in considerable numbers but represented a minority relative to the natives . If these incomers established themselves as a social elite , this could have allowed them enhanced reproductive success ( the so-called ` Apartheid Theory ' ) . In this case , the genes of later Anglo-Saxon England could have been largely derived from moderate numbers of Germanic migrants ."}
{"_id": "Angstrom", "title": "Angstrom", "headings": "", "text": "The angstrom (, ; ANG-strəm, ANG-strum) or ångström is a metric unit of length equal to 10−10 m; that is, one ten-billionth of a metre, 0.1 nanometre, or 100 picometres. Its symbol is Å, a letter of the Swedish alphabet. The ångström is not a part of the SI system of units, but it can be considered part of the metric system in general. Although deprecated by both the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the unit is still often used in the natural sciences and technology to express sizes of atoms, molecules, microscopic biological structures, and lengths of chemical bonds, arrangement of atoms in crystals, wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, and dimensions of integrated circuit parts. The atomic (covalent) radii of phosphorus, sulfur, and chlorine are about 1 ångström, while that of hydrogen is about 0.5 ångströms. Visible light has wavelengths in the range of 4000–7000 Å.The unit is named after 19th-century Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström (Swedish: [ˈɔ̂ŋːstrœm]). The BIPM and NIST use the spelling ångström, including Swedish letters; but this form is rare in English texts. Some popular US dictionaries list only the spelling angstrom. The symbol should always be \"Å\", no matter how the unit is spelled. Nonetheless, \"A\" is often used in less formal contexts or typographically limited media."}
{"_id": "Anoxic_event", "title": "Anoxic event", "headings": "", "text": "Oceanic anoxic events or anoxic events ( anoxia conditions ) refer to intervals in the Earth 's past where portions of oceans become depleted in oxygen ( O2 ) at depths over a large geographic area . During some of these events , euxinia , waters that contained hydrogen sulfide , developed . Although anoxic events have not happened for millions of years , the geological record shows that they happened many times in the past . Anoxic events coincided with several mass extinctions and may have contributed to them . These mass extinctions include some that geobiologists use as time markers in biostratigraphic dating . Many geologists believe oceanic anoxic events are strongly linked to slowing of ocean circulation , climatic warming , and elevated levels of greenhouse gases . Researchers have proposed enhanced volcanism ( the release of CO2 ) as the `` central external trigger for euxinia '' ."}
{"_id": "Antarctic_ice_sheet", "title": "Antarctic ice sheet", "headings": "", "text": "The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth . It covers about 98 % of the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth . It covers an area of almost 14 e6km2 and contains 26.5 e6km3 of ice . Approximately 61 percent of all fresh water on the Earth is held in the Antarctic ice sheet , an amount equivalent to about 58 m of sea-level rise . In East Antarctica , the ice sheet rests on a major land mass , but in West Antarctica the bed can extend to more than 2,500 m below sea level . Much of the land in this area would be seabed if the ice sheet were not there .   In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice , sea ice around Antarctica was expanding . The reasons for this are not fully understood , but suggestions include the climatic effects on ocean and atmospheric circulation of the ozone hole , and/or cooler ocean surface temperatures as the warming deep waters melt the ice shelves ."}
{"_id": "Antarctic_sea_ice", "title": "Antarctic sea ice", "headings": "", "text": "Antarctic sea ice is the sea ice of the Southern Ocean . It extends far north in winter and retreats almost to the coastline each summer . Sea ice is frozen seawater that is usually less than a few meters thick . This is in contrast to ice shelves , which are formed by glaciers , float in the sea , and are up to a kilometer thick . There are two subdivisions of sea ice : fast ice , which is attached to land ; and ice floes , which are not .   Sea ice in the Southern Ocean melts from the bottom instead of from the surface like Arctic ice because it is covered in snow . As a result , melt ponds are rarely observed . On average , Antarctic sea ice is younger , thinner , warmer , saltier , and more mobile than Arctic sea ice . Due to its inaccessibility , it is not as well-studied as Arctic ice ."}
{"_id": "Antarctica", "title": "Antarctica", "headings": "", "text": "Antarctica ( UK English -LSB- ænˈtɑːktɪkə -RSB- or -LSB- ænˈtɑːtɪkə -RSB- , US English -LSB- æntˈɑːrktɪkə -RSB- ) is Earth 's southernmost continent . It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere , almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle , and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean . At 14000000 km2 , it is the fifth-largest continent . For comparison , Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia . About 98 % of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km in thickness , which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula .   Antarctica , on average , is the coldest , driest , and windiest continent , and has the highest average elevation of all the continents . Antarctica is a desert , with annual precipitation of only 200 mm ( 8 in ) along the coast and far less inland . The temperature in Antarctica has reached − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) , though the average for the third quarter ( the coldest part of the year ) is − 63 ° C ( − 81 ° F ) . Anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent . Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae , bacteria , fungi , plants , protista , and certain animals , such as mites , nematodes , penguins , seals and tardigrades . Vegetation , where it occurs , is tundra .   Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ( `` Southern Land '' ) date back to antiquity , Antarctica is noted as the last region on Earth in recorded history to be discovered and colonised by humans , being only first sighted in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny , who sighted the Fimbul ice shelf . The continent , however , remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment , lack of easily accessible resources , and isolation . In 1895 , the first confirmed landing was conducted by a team of Norwegians .   Antarctica is a de facto condominium , governed by parties to the Antarctic Treaty System that have consulting status . Twelve countries signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 , and thirty-eight have signed it since then . The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining , prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal , supports scientific research , and protects the continent 's ecozone . Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations ."}
{"_id": "Antarctica_cooling_controversy", "title": "Antarctica cooling controversy", "headings": "", "text": "An apparent contradiction in the observed cooling behavior of Antarctica between 1966 and 2000 became part of the public debate in the global warming controversy , particularly between advocacy groups of both sides in the public arena including politicians , as well as the popular media . In his novel State of Fear , Michael Crichton asserted that the Antarctic data contradict global warming . The few scientists who have commented on the supposed controversy state that there is no contradiction , while the author of the paper whose work inspired Crichton 's remarks has said that Crichton `` misused '' his results . There is no similar controversy within the scientific community , as the small observed changes in Antarctica are consistent with the small changes predicted by climate models , and because the overall trend since comprehensive observations began is now known to be one of warming . At the South Pole , where some of the strongest cooling trends were observed between the 1950s and 1990s , the mean trend is flat from 1957 through 2013 ."}
{"_id": "Anthony_Watts_(blogger)", "title": "Anthony Watts (blogger)", "headings": "", "text": "Willard Anthony Watts ( born 1958 ) is an American blogger who runs Watts Up With That ? , a popular climate change denial blog that opposes the scientific consensus on climate change . A former television meteorologist and current radio meteorologist , he is also founder of the Surface Stations project , a volunteer initiative to document the condition of U.S. weather stations . The Heartland Institute helped fund some of Watts ' projects , including publishing a report on the Surface Stations project , and has invited him to be a paid speaker at the International Conference on Climate Change from 2008 to 2014 ."}
{"_id": "Anthozoa", "title": "Anthozoa", "headings": "", "text": "Anthozoa is a class within the phylum Cnidaria . Unlike other cnidarians , anthozoans do not have a medusa stage in their development . Instead , they release sperm and eggs that form a planula , which attaches to some substrate on which the cnidarian grows . Some anthozoans can also reproduce asexually through budding . More than 6,100 species have been described .   The name comes from the Greek words -LSB- : wikt : άνθος , άνθος -RSB- ( ánthos ; `` flower '' ) and -LSB- : wikt : ζῷον , ζώα -RSB- ( zóa ; `` animals '' ) , hence ανθόζωα ( anthozoa ) = `` flower animals '' , a reference to the floral appearance of their perennial polyp stage ."}
{"_id": "Anti-submarine_warfare", "title": "Anti-submarine warfare", "headings": "", "text": "Anti-submarine warfare ( ASW , or in older form A/S ) is a branch of underwater warfare that uses surface warships , aircraft , or other submarines to find , track and deter , damage or destroy enemy submarines .   Successful anti-submarine warfare depends on a mix of sensor and weapon technology , training , and experience . Sophisticated sonar equipment for first detecting , then classifying , locating and tracking the target submarine is a key element of ASW . To destroy submarines both the torpedo and mine are used , launched from air , surface and underwater platforms . Other means of destruction have been used in the past but are now obsolete . ASW also involves protecting friendly ships ."}
{"_id": "Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction", "title": "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction", "headings": "", "text": "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction is a subgenre of science fiction , science fantasy or horror fiction literature in which the Earth 's technological civilization is collapsing or has collapsed . The apocalypse event may be climatic , such as runaway climate change ; natural , such as an impact event ; man-made , such as nuclear warfare ; medical , such as a plague or virus , whether natural or man-made ; or imaginative , such as zombie apocalypse or alien invasion . The story may involve attempts to prevent an apocalypse event , deal with the impact and consequences of the event itself , or it may be post-apocalyptic , set after the event . The time frame may be immediately after the catastrophe , focusing on the travails or psychology of survivors , the way to maintain the human race alive and together as one , or considerably later , often including the theme that the existence of pre-catastrophe civilization has been forgotten ( or mythologized ) . Post-apocalyptic stories often take place in a non-technological future world , or a world where only scattered elements of society and technology remain .   Various ancient societies , including the Babylonian and Judaic , produced apocalyptic literature and mythology which dealt with the end of the world and of human society , such as the Epic of Gilgamesh , written ca. 2000 -- 1500 BC . And recognizable modern apocalyptic novels had existed since at least the first quarter of the 19th century , when Mary Shelley 's The Last Man ( 1826 ) was published . However , this form of literature gained widespread popularity after World War II , when the possibility of global annihilation by nuclear weapons entered the public consciousness .   As shown above , the apocalypse is also depicted in visual art , for example in Albert Goodwin 's painting Apocalypse ( 1903 ) ."}
{"_id": "Apple_Corps", "title": "Apple Corps", "headings": "", "text": "Apple Corps Ltd ( informally known as Apple ) is a multi-armed multimedia corporation founded in London in January 1968 by the members of the Beatles to replace their earlier company ( Beatles Ltd ) and to form a conglomerate . Its name ( pronounced `` apple core '' ) is a pun . Its chief division is Apple Records , which was launched in the same year . Other divisions included Apple Electronics , Apple Films , Apple Publishing and Apple Retail , whose most notable venture was the ill-fated Apple Boutique , on the corner of Baker Street and Paddington Street in central London . Apple 's headquarters in the late 1960s was at the upper floors of 94 Baker Street , after that at 95 Wigmore Street , and subsequently at 3 Savile Row . The latter address was also known as the Apple Building , which was home to the Apple Studio .   From 1970 to 2007 , Apple 's chief executive was former Beatles road manager Neil Aspinall , although he did not officially bear that title until Allen Klein had left the company . The current CEO is Jeff Jones . In 2010 , Apple Corps ranked number 2 on the Fast Company magazine 's list of the world 's most innovative companies in the music industry , thanks to the release of The Beatles : Rock Band video game and the remastering of the Beatles ' catalogue ."}
{"_id": "Aqua_(satellite)", "title": "Aqua (satellite)", "headings": "", "text": "Aqua ( EOS PM-1 ) is a multi-national NASA scientific research satellite in orbit around the Earth , studying the precipitation , evaporation , and cycling of water . It is the second major component of the Earth Observing System ( EOS ) preceded by Terra ( launched 1999 ) and followed by Aura ( launched 2004 ) .   The name `` Aqua '' comes from the Latin word for water . The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on May 4 , 2002 , aboard a Delta II rocket . Aqua is on a Sun-synchronous orbit . It flies as the second in the satellite formation called the `` A Train '' with several other satellites ( Aura , CALIPSO , CloudSat , OCO-2 , the French PARASOL , and the Japanese GCOM W1 ) ."}
{"_id": "Arab_Spring", "title": "Arab Spring", "headings": "", "text": "The Arab Spring ( الربيع العربي ar-Rabīʻ al-ʻArabī ) also referred to as Arab revolutions ( الثورات العربية aṯ - ` awrāt al-ʻarabiyyah ) or Democracy Spring ( الربيع الديمقراطي ar-Rabīʻ ad-Dīmuqrāṭī ) was a revolutionary wave of both violent and non-violent demonstrations , protests , riots , coups and civil wars in North Africa and the Middle East that began on 17 December 2010 in Tunisia with the Tunisian Revolution .   The Tunisian Revolution effect spread strongly to five other countries : Libya , Egypt , Yemen , Syria and Iraq , where either the regime was toppled or major uprisings and social violence occurred , including civil wars or insurgencies .   Sustained street demonstrations took place in Morocco , Bahrain , Algeria , Iran , Lebanon , Jordan , Kuwait , Oman and Sudan . Minor protests occurred in Djibouti , Mauritania , the Palestinian territories , Saudi Arabia , Somalia and the Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara . A major slogan of the demonstrators in the Arab world is ash-shaʻb yurīd isqāṭ an-niẓām ( `` the people want to bring down the regime '' ) .   The wave of initial revolutions and protests faded by mid-2012 , as many Arab Spring demonstrations were met with violent responses from authorities , as well as from pro-government militias and counter-demonstrators . These attacks were answered with violence from protestors in some cases .  Large-scale conflicts resulted -- the Syrian Civil War , Iraqi insurgency and the following civil war , the Egyptian Crisis and coup , the Libyan Crisis , and the Crisis in Yemen .   A power struggle continued after the immediate response to the Arab Spring . While leadership changed and regimes were held accountable , power went up for grabs across the Arab world . Ultimately it came down to a contentious battle between a consolidation of power by religious elites and the growing support for democracy in many Muslim-majority states . The early hopes that these popular movements would end corruption , increase political participation , and bring about greater economic equity , quickly collapsed in the wake of the counterrevolutionary moves of the deep state in Egypt , the regional and international interventions in Bahrain and Yemen , and the destructive civil wars in Syria and Libya .   Some have referred to the succeeding and still ongoing conflicts as the Arab Winter . As of July 2016 , only the uprising in Tunisia resulted in a transition to constitutional democratic governance ."}
{"_id": "Aralam_Wildlife_Sanctuary", "title": "Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary", "headings": "", "text": "Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary is the northernmost wildlife sanctuary of Kerala , southwest India . It is 55 km2 in area and located on the western slope of the Western Ghats . It was established in 1984 . The headquarters of the sanctuary is near Iritty . Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the southeast part of Kannur District . It lies between 11 ° 54 ′ and 11 ° 59 ′ north latitude and 75 ° 47 ′ and 75 ° 57 ′ east longitude .   The sanctuary area falls in Aralam , Kelakam and Kottiyoor revenue villages and is located in the northwest slopes of Western Ghats contiguous with the forests of Coorg ( Kodagu ) district of Karnataka state .   The PA ( protected area ) consists of Aralam Range , the only range of Aralam wildlife division , which is part of Northern Wildlife Circle ( Northern Region ) Palakkad . The extent of the sanctuary is 55 km2 . The sanctuary was constituted in 1984 as per GO ( P ) 300/84/AD dated 15 October 1984 .   It was formed by carving out areas from the Odanthode Malavaram of Thalassery special division which was an erstwhile private forest , subsequently taken over by Govt . as per the provisions of the Kerala Private Forests ( vesting and assignment ) Act 1971 and from the Kottiyoor RF of Wayanad Forest Division .   The vested forest portion of the sanctuary is 32.64 km2 and the 22.36 km2 is part of Kottiyoor RF ( Reserved Forest ) .   Till 30.6.98 this sanctuary was a range in Wayanad Wildlife Division . It started functioning as an independent wildlife division since 1.7.98 as per GO ( MS ) 36/98 dated 27.5.98 .   In the First Management Plan the entire area was divided into two zones viz : the Core Zone and the Buffer Zone.Climatic factors include rainfall , temperature , humidity , frost and so on .   Average rainfall : 4000 mm  Temperature : 11.0 ° C to 40.0 ° C  Humidity : 60 to 100 %  Wind : Regular wind during Southwest monsoon  Water source : Cheenkannipuzha"}
{"_id": "Arctic", "title": "Arctic", "headings": "", "text": "The Arctic ( -LSB- ˈɑrktɪk -RSB- or -LSB- ˈɑrtɪk -RSB- ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth . The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean , adjacent seas , and parts of Alaska ( United States ) , Canada , Finland , Greenland ( Denmark ) , Iceland , Norway , Russia and Sweden . Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover , with predominantly treeless permafrost-containing tundra . Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places .   The Arctic region is a unique area among Earth 's ecosystems . For example , the cultures in the region and the Arctic indigenous peoples have adapted to its cold and extreme conditions . In recent years , Arctic sea ice decline has been caused by global warming . Life in the Arctic includes organisms living in the ice , zooplankton and phytoplankton , fish and marine mammals , birds , land animals , plants and human societies . Arctic land is bordered by the subarctic ."}
{"_id": "Arctic_Circle", "title": "Arctic Circle", "headings": "", "text": "The Arctic Circle is the most northerly of the abstract five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of the Earth . It marks the northernmost point at which the noon sun is just visible on the northern winter solstice and the southernmost point at which the midnight sun is just visible on the northern summer solstice . The region north of this circle is known as the Arctic , and the zone just to the south is called the Northern Temperate Zone . North of the Arctic Circle , the sun is above the horizon for twenty-four continuous hours at least once per year ( and therefore visible at midnight ) and below the horizon for twenty-four continuous hours at least once per year ( and therefore not visible at noon ) ; this is also true within the equivalent polar circle in the Southern Hemisphere , the Antarctic Circle .   The position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed ; as of , it runs north of the Equator . Its latitude depends on the Earth 's axial tilt , which fluctuates within a margin of 2 ° over a 40,000-year period , due to tidal forces resulting from the orbit of the Moon . Consequently , the Arctic Circle is currently drifting northwards at a speed of about 15 m per year ."}
{"_id": "Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge", "title": "Arctic National Wildlife Refuge", "headings": "", "text": "The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge ( ANWR or Arctic Refuge ) is a national wildlife refuge in northeastern Alaska , United States . It consists of 19286722 acre in the Alaska North Slope region . It is the largest National Wildlife Refuge in the country , slightly larger than the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge . The refuge is administered from offices in Fairbanks .   Just across the border in Yukon , Canada , are two Canadian National Parks , Ivvavik and Vuntut ."}
{"_id": "Arctic_Ocean", "title": "Arctic Ocean", "headings": "", "text": "The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world 's five major oceans . The International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) recognizes it as an ocean , although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea , classifying it a mediterranean sea or an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean . Alternatively , the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing World Ocean .   Located mostly in the Arctic north polar region in the middle of the Northern Hemisphere , the Arctic Ocean is almost completely surrounded by Eurasia and North America . It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter . The Arctic Ocean 's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes ; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans , due to low evaporation , heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams , and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities . The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50 % . The US National Snow and Ice Data Center ( NSIDC ) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years ."}
{"_id": "Arctic_fox", "title": "Arctic fox", "headings": "", "text": "The Arctic fox ( Vulpes lagopus ) , also known as the white fox , polar fox , or snow fox , is a small fox native to the Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and common throughout the Arctic tundra biome . It is well adapted to living in cold environments . It has a deep thick fur which is brown in summer and white in winter . Its body length ranges from 46 to , with a generally rounded body shape to minimize the escape of body heat .   The Arctic fox preys on any small creatures such as : lemmings , voles , ringed seal pups , fish , waterfowl , and seabirds . It also eats carrion , berries , seaweed , insects , and other small invertebrates . Arctic foxes form monogamous pairs during the breeding season and they stay together to raise their young in complex underground dens . Occasionally , other family members may assist in raising their young ."}
{"_id": "Arctic_ice_pack", "title": "Arctic ice pack", "headings": "", "text": "The Arctic ice pack is the ice cover of the Arctic Ocean and its vicinity . The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer , reaches a minimum around mid-September , then increases during fall and winter . Summer ice cover in the Arctic is about 50 % of winter cover . Some of the ice survives from one year to the next . Currently 28 % of Arctic basin sea ice is multi-year ice , thicker than seasonal ice : up to 3 - thick over large areas , with ridges up to 20 m thick . As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades ."}
{"_id": "Arctic_methane_emissions", "title": "Arctic methane emissions", "headings": "", "text": "Arctic methane release is the release of methane from seas and soils in permafrost regions of the Arctic . While a long-term natural process , it is exacerbated by global warming . This results in a positive feedback effect , as methane is itself a powerful greenhouse gas .   The Arctic region is one of the many natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane . Global warming accelerates its release , due to both release of methane from existing stores , and from methanogenesis in rotting biomass . Large quantities of methane are stored in the Arctic in natural gas deposits , permafrost , and as undersea clathrates . Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming , thus large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming . Other sources of methane include submarine taliks , river transport , ice complex retreat , submarine permafrost and decaying gas hydrate deposits .   Concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere are higher by 8 -- 10 % than that in the Antarctic atmosphere . During cold glacier epochs , this gradient decreases to practically insignificant levels . Land ecosystems are considered the main sources of this asymmetry , although it has been suggested that `` the role of the Arctic Ocean is significantly underestimated . '' Soil temperature and moisture levels have been found to be significant variables in soil methane fluxes in tundra environments ."}
{"_id": "Arctic_oscillation", "title": "Arctic oscillation", "headings": "", "text": "The Arctic oscillation ( AO ) or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode ( NAM ) is an index ( which varies over time with no particular periodicity ) of the dominant pattern of non-seasonal sea-level pressure variations north of 20N latitude , and it is characterized by pressure anomalies of one sign in the Arctic with the opposite anomalies centered about 37 -- 45N . The AO is believed by climatologists to be causally related to , and thus partially predictive of , weather patterns in locations many thousands of miles away , including many of the major population centers of Europe and North America . NASA climatologist Dr. James E. Hansen explained the mechanism by which the AO affects weather at points so distant from the Arctic , as follows :  `` The degree to which Arctic air penetrates into middle latitudes is related to the AO index , which is defined by surface atmospheric pressure patterns . When the AO index is positive , surface pressure is low in the polar region . This helps the middle latitude jet stream to blow strongly and consistently from west to east , thus keeping cold Arctic air locked in the polar region . When the AO index is negative , there tends to be high pressure in the polar region , weaker zonal winds , and greater movement of frigid polar air into middle latitudes . ''  This zonally symmetric seesaw between sea level pressures in polar and temperate latitudes was first identified by Edward Lorenz and named in 1998 by David W.J. Thompson and John Michael Wallace .   The North Atlantic oscillation ( NAO ) is a close relative of the AO and there exist arguments about whether one or the other is more fundamentally representative of the atmosphere 's dynamics ; Ambaum et al. argue that the NAO can be identified in a more physically meaningful way .   Over most of the past century , the Arctic Oscillation alternated between its positive and negative phases . Starting in the 1970s the oscillation has trended to more of a positive phase when averaged using a 60-day running mean , though it has trended to a more neutral state in the last decade . The oscillation still fluctuates stochastically between negative and positive values on daily , monthly , seasonal and annual time scales , although , despite its stochastic nature , meteorologists have attained high levels of predictive accuracy in recent times , at least for the shorter term forecasts . ( The correlation between actual observations and the 7-day mean GFS ensemble AO forecasts is approximately 0.9 , a figure at the high end for that statistic . )   The National Snow and Ice Data Center describes the effects of the AO in some detail :   `` In the positive phase , higher pressure at midlatitudes drives ocean storms farther north , and changes in the circulation pattern bring wetter weather to Alaska , Scotland and Scandinavia , as well as drier conditions to the western United States and the Mediterranean . In the positive phase , frigid winter air does not extend as far into the middle of North America as it would during the negative phase of the oscillation . This keeps much of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains warmer than normal , but leaves Greenland and Newfoundland colder than usual . Weather patterns in the negative phase are in general `` opposite '' to those of the positive phase . ''   Climatologists are now routinely invoking the Arctic Oscillation in their official public explanations for extremes of weather . The following statement from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Climatic Data Center : State of the Climate December 2010 which uses the phrase `` negative Arctic Oscillation '' four times , is very representative of this increasing tendency :  `` Cold arctic air gripped western Europe in the first three weeks of December . Two major snowstorms , icy conditions , and frigid temperatures wreaked havoc across much of the region ... The harsh winter weather was attributed to a negative Arctic Oscillation , which is a climate pattern that influences weather in the Northern Hemisphere . A very persistent , strong ridge of high pressure , or ` blocking system ' , near Greenland allowed cold Arctic air to slide south into Europe . Europe was not the only region in the Northern Hemisphere affected by the Arctic Oscillation . A large snow storm and frigid temperatures affected much of the Midwest United States on December 10 -- 13 ... ''   A further , quite graphic illustration of the effects of the negative phase of the oscillation occurred in February 2010 . In that month , the Arctic Oscillation reached its most negative monthly mean value , − 4.266 , in the entire post-1950 era ( the period of accurate record-keeping ) . That month was characterized by three separate historic snowstorms that occurred in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States . The first storm dumped 25 in on Baltimore , Maryland , on February 5 -- 6 , and then a second storm dumped 19.5 in on February 9 -- 10 . In New York City , a separate storm deposited 20.9 in on February 25 -- 26 . This kind of snowstorm activity is as anomalous and extreme as the negative AO value itself . Similarly , the greatest negative value for the AO since 1950 in January was − 3.767 in 1977 , which coincided with the coldest mean January temperature in New York City , Washington , D.C. , Baltimore , and many other mid-Atlantic locations in that span of time . And though the January AO has been negative only 60.6 % of the time between 1950 and 2010 , 9 of the 10 coldest Januarys in New York City since 1950 have coincided with negative AOs .   However , the correlation between sharply negative Arctic Oscillations and excessive winter cold and snow in regions vulnerable in that way to these negative AOs should not be overstated . It is by no means a simple , one-to-one equivalence . An extreme Arctic Oscillation does not necessarily mean extreme weather will occur . For example , since 1950 , eight out of the 10 coldest Januarys in New York did not coincide with the 10 lowest January AO values . And the fourth warmest January there since 1950 coincided with one of those 10 most negative AOs . So , although many climatologists believe that the Arctic Oscillation affects the probability of certain weather events occurring in certain places , the heightened chance of a phenomenon by no means assures it , nor does the lessened likelihood exclude it . Further , the precise value of the AO index only imperfectly reflects the severity of the weather associated with it ."}
{"_id": "Arctic_sea_ice_decline", "title": "Arctic sea ice decline", "headings": "", "text": "Arctic sea ice decline is the sea ice loss observed in recent decades in the Arctic Ocean . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fourth Assessment Report states that greenhouse gas forcing is largely , but not wholly , responsible for the decline in Arctic sea ice extent . A study from 2011 suggested that internal variability enhanced the greenhouse gas forced sea ice decline over the last decades . A study from 2007 found the decline to be `` faster than forecasted '' by model simulations . The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report concluded with high confidence that sea ice continues to decrease in extent , and that there is robust evidence for the downward trend in Arctic summer sea ice extent since 1979 . It has been established that the region is at its warmest for at least 40,000 years and the Arctic-wide melt season has lengthened at a rate of 5 days per decade ( from 1979 to 2013 ) , dominated by a later autumn freezeup . Sea ice changes have been identified as a mechanism for polar amplification ."}
{"_id": "Argo_(oceanography)", "title": "Argo (oceanography)", "headings": "", "text": "Argo is an international program that uses profiling floats to observe temperature , salinity , currents , and , recently , bio-optical properties in the Earth 's oceans ; it has been operational since the early 2000s . The real-time data it provides is used in climate and oceanographic research . A special research interest is to quantify the ocean heat content ( OHC ) .   The Argo fleet consists of almost 4000 drifting `` Argo floats '' ( as profiling floats used by the Argo program are often called ) deployed worldwide . Each float weighs 20 -- 30 kg . In most cases probes drift at a depth of 1000 metres ( the so-called parking depth ) and , every 10 days , by changing their buoyancy , dive to a depth of 2000 metres and then move to the sea-surface , measuring conductivity and temperature profiles as well as pressure . From these , salinity and density can be calculated . Seawater density is important in determining large-scale motions in the ocean . Average current velocities at 1000 metres are directly measured by the distance and direction a float drifts while parked at that depth , which is determined by GPS or Argos system positions at the surface . The data are transmitted to shore via satellite , and are freely available to everyone , without restrictions .   The Argo program is named after the Greek mythical ship Argo to emphasize the complementary relationship of Argo with the Jason satellite altimeters ."}
{"_id": "Argument", "title": "Argument", "headings": "", "text": "In philosophy and logic , an argument is a series of statements typically used to persuade someone of something or to present reasons for accepting a conclusion . The general form of an argument in a natural language is that of premises ( typically in the form of propositions , statements or sentences ) in support of a claim : the conclusion . The structure of some arguments can also be set out in a formal language , and formally defined `` arguments '' can be made independently of natural language arguments , as in math , logic , and computer science .   In a typical deductive argument , the premises guarantee the truth of the conclusion , while in an inductive argument , they are thought to provide reasons supporting the conclusion 's probable truth . The standards for evaluating non-deductive arguments may rest on different or additional criteria than truth , for example , the persuasiveness of so-called `` indispensability claims '' in transcendental arguments , the quality of hypotheses in retroduction , or even the disclosure of new possibilities for thinking and acting .   The standards and criteria used in evaluating arguments and their forms of reasoning are studied in logic . Ways of formulating arguments effectively are studied in rhetoric ( see also : argumentation theory ) . An argument in a formal language shows the logical form of the symbolically represented or natural language arguments obtained by its interpretations ."}
{"_id": "Art_Robinson", "title": "Art Robinson", "headings": "", "text": "Arthur Brouhard Robinson (born March 24, 1942) is an American biochemist, conservative activist, and politician. He was the five-time Republican nominee for the United States House of Representatives for Oregon's 4th congressional district. In 2020 he became Senator-elect of Oregons 2nd Senate District. A former faculty member of the University of California, San Diego, Robinson now runs a privately funded laboratory known as the Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine in Cave Junction, Oregon, a newsletter called Access to Energy, and publishes the Robinson Self-Teaching Home School Curriculum.As the Republican nominee for the Fourth District in Oregon, Robinson ran and lost to Democratic incumbent Peter DeFazio in five consecutive elections: 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018. He served as Chairman of the Oregon Republican Party from August 2013 to February 2015."}
{"_id": "Arthur_D._Levinson", "title": "Arthur D. Levinson", "headings": "", "text": "Arthur D. Levinson ( born March 31 , 1950 ) is an American businessman and is the current CEO of Calico ( an Alphabet Inc. venture ) and chairman of Apple Inc. ( 2011 to present ) . He is the former chief executive officer ( 1995 to 2009 ) and chairman ( 1999 to 2014 ) of Genentech .   In addition to serving on the board of Apple Inc. ( 2000 -- present ) , Levinson serves on the board of directors of the Broad Institute ( affiliated with MIT and Harvard ) . Previously , Levinson had served on the board of directors at F. Hoffmann-La Roche ( 2010-2014 ) , NGM Biopharmaceuticals ( 2009-2014 ) , and Amyris Biotechnologies ( 2009-2014 ) . He currently serves on the Board of Scientific Consultants of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , the Industrial Advisory Board of the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences ( QB3 ) , the Advisory Council for the Princeton University Department of Molecular Biology and the Advisory Council for the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics ."}
{"_id": "Artificial_intelligence", "title": "Artificial intelligence", "headings": "", "text": "Artificial intelligence ( AI ) is intelligence exhibited by machines . In computer science , the field of AI research defines itself as the study of `` intelligent agents '' : any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal . Colloquially , the term `` artificial intelligence '' is applied when a machine mimics `` cognitive '' functions that humans associate with other human minds , such as `` learning '' and `` problem solving '' .   As machines become increasingly capable , mental facilities once thought to require intelligence are removed from the definition . For instance , optical character recognition is no longer perceived as an example of `` artificial intelligence '' , having become a routine technology . Capabilities currently classified as AI include successfully understanding human speech , competing at a high level in strategic game systems ( such as chess and Go ) , self-driving cars , intelligent routing in content delivery networks , military simulations , and interpreting complex data .   AI research is divided into subfields that focus on specific problems , approaches , the use of a particular tool , or towards satisfying particular applications .   The central problems ( or goals ) of AI research include reasoning , knowledge , planning , learning , natural language processing ( communication ) , perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects . General intelligence is among the field 's long-term goals . Approaches include statistical methods , computational intelligence , and traditional symbolic AI . Many tools are used in AI , including versions of search and mathematical optimization , logic , methods based on probability and economics . The AI field draws upon computer science , mathematics , psychology , linguistics , philosophy , neuroscience , artificial psychology plus many others .   The field was founded on the claim that human intelligence `` can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it '' . This raises philosophical arguments about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings endowed with human-like intelligence , issues which have been explored by myth , fiction and philosophy since antiquity . Some people also consider AI a danger to humanity if it progresses unabatedly . Attempts to create artificial intelligence have experienced many setbacks , including the ALPAC report of 1966 , the abandonment of perceptrons in 1970 , the Lighthill Report of 1973 , the second AI winter 1987 -- 1993 and the collapse of the Lisp machine market in 1987 .   In the twenty-first century , AI techniques , both hard ( using a symbolic approach ) and soft ( sub-symbolic ) , have experienced a resurgence following concurrent advances in computer power , sizes of training sets , and theoretical understanding , and AI techniques have become an essential part of the technology industry , helping to solve many challenging problems in computer science . Recent advancements in AI , and specifically in machine learning , have contributed to the growth of Autonomous Things such as drones and self-driving cars , becoming the main driver of innovation in the automotive industry ."}
{"_id": "Assam", "title": "Assam", "headings": "", "text": "Assam ( -LSB- langpronəˈsæm -RSB- is a state in northeastern India . Located south of the eastern Himalayas , Assam comprises the Brahmaputra Valley and the Barak Valley along with the Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao districts with an area of 30,285 mi2 . Assam , along with Arunachal Pradesh , Nagaland , Manipur , Mizoram , Tripura , and Meghalaya , is one of the Seven Sister States . Geographically , Assam and these states are connected to the rest of India via a 22 km strip of land in West Bengal called the Siliguri Corridor or `` Chicken 's Neck '' . Assam shares an international border with Bhutan and Bangladesh ; and its culture , people and climate are similar to those of Southeast Asia -- comprising the elements in India 's Look East policy .   Assam is known for Assam tea and Assam silk . The first oil well in Asia was drilled here . The state has conserved the one-horned Indian rhinoceros from near extinction , along with the wild water buffalo , pygmy hog , tiger and various species of Asiatic birds . It provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant . The Assamese economy is aided by wildlife tourism , centred around Kaziranga National Park and Manas National Park which are World Heritage Sites . Sal tree forests are found in the state which , as a result of abundant rainfall , looks green all year round . Assam receives more rainfall compared to most parts of India . This rain feeds the Brahmaputra River , whose tributaries and oxbow lakes provide the region with a hydro-geomorphic environment ."}
{"_id": "Association_of_Chief_Police_Officers", "title": "Association of Chief Police Officers", "headings": "", "text": "The Association of Chief Police Officers ( ACPO ) , officially The Association of Chief Police Officers of England , Wales and Northern Ireland , was a not-for-profit private limited company that for many years led the development of policing practices in England , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Established in 1948 , ACPO provided a forum for chief police officers to share ideas and coordinate their strategic operational responses , and advised government in matters such as terrorist attacks and civil emergencies . ACPO coordinated national police operations , major investigations , cross-border policing , and joint law enforcement . ACPO designated Senior Investigative Officers for major investigations and appointed officers to head ACPO units specialising in various areas of policing and crime reduction .   ACPO was led by Chief Constable Sir Hugh Orde , QPM , who was , until 2009 , the Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland . He was elected as president by fellow members of ACPO in April 2009 .   ACPO was funded by Home Office grants , profits from commercial activities and contributions from the 44 police authorities in England , Wales , and Northern Ireland .   Following the Parker Review into ACPO , it was replaced in 2015 by a new body , the National Police Chiefs ' Council , set up under a police collaboration agreement under Section 22A of the Police Act 1996 ."}
{"_id": "Astronomy", "title": "Astronomy", "headings": "", "text": "Astronomy ( from Greek : αστρονομία ) is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena . It applies mathematics , physics , and chemistry , in an effort to explain the origin of those objects and phenomena and their evolution . Objects of interest include planets , moons , stars , galaxies , and comets ; while the phenomena include supernova explosions , gamma ray bursts , and cosmic microwave background radiation . More generally , all astronomical phenomena that originate outside Earth 's atmosphere are within the purview of astronomy . A related but distinct subject , physical cosmology , is concerned with the study of the Universe as a whole .   Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences . The early civilizations in recorded history , such as the Babylonians , Greeks , Indians , Egyptians , Nubians , Iranians , Chinese , and Maya performed methodical observations of the night sky . Historically , astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as astrometry , celestial navigation , observational astronomy and the making of calendars , but professional astronomy is now often considered to be synonymous with astrophysics .   During the 20th century , the field of professional astronomy split into observational and theoretical branches . Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring data from observations of astronomical objects , which is then analyzed using basic principles of physics . Theoretical astronomy is oriented toward the development of computer or analytical models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena . The two fields complement each other , with theoretical astronomy seeking to explain the observational results and observations being used to confirm theoretical results .   Astronomy is one of the few sciences where amateurs can still play an active role , especially in the discovery and observation of transient phenomena . Amateur astronomers have made and contributed to many important astronomical discoveries , such as finding new comets ."}
{"_id": "Atlanta", "title": "Atlanta", "headings": "", "text": "Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia , with an estimated 2016 population of 472,522 . Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5,710,795 people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the United States . Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County , and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County .   In 1837 , Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two railroad lines , and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce . In the decades following the Civil Rights Movement , the city earned a reputation as `` too busy to hate '' for the relatively progressive views of its citizens and leaders compared to other cities in the Deep South . Atlanta attained international prominence , and it became the primary transportation hub of the Southeastern United States , via highway , railroad , and air , with Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport since 1998 .   Atlanta rated an `` alpha - '' world city that exerts a significant impact upon commerce , finance , research , technology , education , media , art , and entertainment . It ranks 40th among world cities and 8th in the nation with a gross domestic product of $ 270 billion . Atlanta 's economy is considered diverse , with dominant sectors that include logistics , professional and business services , media operations , and information technology . Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage . Revitalization of Atlanta 's neighborhoods , initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta , has intensified in the 21st century , altering the city 's demographics , politics , and culture ."}
{"_id": "Atlantic_Ocean", "title": "Atlantic Ocean", "headings": "", "text": "The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world 's oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 km2 . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth 's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area . It separates the `` Old World '' from the `` New World '' .   The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated , S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east , and the Americas to the west . As one component of the interconnected global ocean , it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean , to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest , the Indian Ocean in the southeast , and the Southern Ocean in the south ( other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica ) . The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean at about 8 ° N.   Scientific explorations of the Atlantic include the Challenger expedition , the German Meteor expedition , Columbia University 's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office ."}
{"_id": "Atlantic_hurricane", "title": "Atlantic hurricane", "headings": "", "text": "An Atlantic hurricane or tropical storm is a tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean , usually in the summer or fall . A hurricane differs from a cyclone or typhoon only on the basis of location . A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean , a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean , and a cyclone occurs in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean .   Tropical cyclones can be categorized by intensity . Tropical storms have one-minute maximum sustained winds of at least 39 mph ( 34 knots , 17 m/s , 63 km/h ) , while hurricanes have one-minute maximum sustained winds exceeding 74 mph ( 64 knots , 33 m/s , 119 km/h ) . Most North Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes form between June 1 and November 30 . The United States National Hurricane Center monitors the basin and issues reports , watches , and warnings about tropical weather systems for the North Atlantic Basin as one of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers for tropical cyclones , as defined by the World Meteorological Organization .   In recent times , tropical disturbances that reach tropical storm intensity are named from a predetermined list . Hurricanes that result in significant damage or casualties may have their names retired from the list at the request of the affected nations in order to prevent confusion should a subsequent storm be given the same name . On average , in the North Atlantic basin ( from 1966 to 2009 ) 11.3 named storms occur each season , with an average of 6.2 becoming hurricanes and 2.3 becoming major hurricanes ( Category 3 or greater ) . The climatological peak of activity is around September 11 each season .   In March 2004 , Catarina was the first hurricane-intensity tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Southern Atlantic Ocean . Since 2011 , the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center has started to use the same scale of the North Atlantic Ocean for tropical cyclones in the South Atlantic Ocean and assign names to those which reach 35 kn ."}
{"_id": "Atmosphere_of_Earth", "title": "Atmosphere of Earth", "headings": "", "text": "The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases , commonly known as air , that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth 's gravity . The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation , warming the surface through heat retention ( greenhouse effect ) , and reducing temperature extremes between day and night ( the diurnal temperature variation ) .   By volume , dry air contains 78.09 % nitrogen , 20.95 % oxygen , 0.93 % argon , 0.04 % carbon dioxide , and small amounts of other gases . Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor , on average around 1 % at sea level , and 0.4 % over the entire atmosphere . Air content and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers , and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth 's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres .   The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15 kg , three quarters of which is within about 11 km of the surface . The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude , with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space . The Kármán line , at 100 km , or 1.57 % of Earth 's radius , is often used as the border between the atmosphere and outer space . Atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric reentry of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km . Several layers can be distinguished in the atmosphere , based on characteristics such as temperature and composition .   The study of Earth 's atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science ( aerology ) . Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann ."}
{"_id": "Atmosphere_of_Jupiter", "title": "Atmosphere of Jupiter", "headings": "", "text": "The atmosphere of Jupiter is the largest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System . It is mostly made of molecular hydrogen and helium in roughly solar proportions ; other chemical compounds are present only in small amounts and include methane , ammonia , hydrogen sulfide and water . Although water is thought to reside deep in the atmosphere , its directly measured concentration is very low . The nitrogen , sulfur , and noble gas abundances in Jupiter 's atmosphere exceed solar values by a factor of about three .   The atmosphere of Jupiter lacks a clear lower boundary and gradually transitions into the liquid interior of the planet . From lowest to highest , the atmospheric layers are the troposphere , stratosphere , thermosphere and exosphere . Each layer has characteristic temperature gradients . The lowest layer , the troposphere , has a complicated system of clouds and hazes , comprising layers of ammonia , ammonium hydrosulfide and water . The upper ammonia clouds visible at Jupiter 's surface are organized in a dozen zonal bands parallel to the equator and are bounded by powerful zonal atmospheric flows ( winds ) known as jets . The bands alternate in color : the dark bands are called belts , while light ones are called zones . Zones , which are colder than belts , correspond to upwellings , while belts mark descending air . The zones ' lighter color is believed to result from ammonia ice ; what gives the belts their darker colors is uncertain . The origins of the banded structure and jets are not well understood , though a `` shallow model '' and a `` deep model '' exist .   The Jovian atmosphere shows a wide range of active phenomena , including band instabilities , vortices ( cyclones and anticyclones ) , storms and lightning . The vortices reveal themselves as large red , white or brown spots ( ovals ) . The largest two spots are the Great Red Spot ( GRS ) and Oval BA , which is also red . These two and most of the other large spots are anticyclonic . Smaller anticyclones tend to be white . Vortices are thought to be relatively shallow structures with depths not exceeding several hundred kilometers . Located in the southern hemisphere , the GRS is the largest known vortex in the Solar System . It could engulf two or three Earths and has existed for at least three hundred years . Oval BA , south of GRS , is a red spot a third the size of GRS that formed in 2000 from the merging of three white ovals .   Jupiter has powerful storms , often accompanied by lightning strikes . The storms are a result of moist convection in the atmosphere connected to the evaporation and condensation of water . They are sites of strong upward motion of the air , which leads to the formation of bright and dense clouds . The storms form mainly in belt regions . The lightning strikes on Jupiter are hundreds of times more powerful than those seen on Earth . However , there are so few , that the amount of lightning activity is comparable to Earth ."}
{"_id": "Atmosphere_of_Mars", "title": "Atmosphere of Mars", "headings": "", "text": "The atmosphere of Mars is the layer of gases surrounding Mars . It is composed mostly of carbon dioxide . The atmospheric pressure on the Martian surface averages 600 Pa , about 0.6 % of Earth 's mean sea level pressure of 101.3 kPa . It ranges from a low of 30 Pa on Olympus Mons 's peak to over 1155 Pa in the depths of Hellas Planitia . This pressure is well below the Armstrong limit for the unprotected human body . Mars 's atmospheric mass of 25 teratonnes compares to Earth 's 5148 teratonnes with a scale height of about 11 km versus Earth 's 7 km .   The Martian atmosphere consists of approximately 96 % carbon dioxide , 1.9 % argon , 1.9 % nitrogen , and traces of free oxygen , carbon monoxide , water and methane , among other gases , for a mean molar mass of 43.34 g/mol . There has been renewed interest in its composition since the detection of traces of methane in 2003 that may indicate life but may also be produced by a geochemical process , volcanic or hydrothermal activity .   The atmosphere is quite dusty , giving the Martian sky a light brown or orange-red color when seen from the surface ; data from the Mars Exploration Rovers indicate suspended particles of roughly 1.5 micrometres in diameter .   On 16 December 2014 , NASA reported detecting an unusual increase , then decrease , in the amounts of methane in the atmosphere of the planet Mars . Organic chemicals have been detected in powder drilled from a rock by the Curiosity rover . Based on deuterium to hydrogen ratio studies , much of the water at Gale Crater on Mars was found to have been lost during ancient times , before the lakebed in the crater was formed ; afterwards , large amounts of water continued to be lost .   On 18 March 2015 , NASA reported the detection of an aurora that is not fully understood and an unexplained dust cloud in the atmosphere of Mars .   On 4 April 2015 , NASA reported studies , based on measurements by the Sample Analysis at Mars ( SAM ) instrument on the Curiosity rover , of the Martian atmosphere using xenon and argon isotopes . Results provided support for a `` vigorous '' loss of atmosphere early in the history of Mars and were consistent with an atmospheric signature found in bits of atmosphere captured in some Martian meteorites found on Earth . This was further supported by results from the MAVEN orbiter circling Mars , that the solar wind is responsible for stripping away the atmosphere of Mars over the years ."}
{"_id": "Atmosphere_of_Venus", "title": "Atmosphere of Venus", "headings": "", "text": "The atmosphere of Venus is the layer of gases surrounding Venus . It is composed primarily of carbon dioxide and is much denser and hotter than that of Earth . The temperature at the surface is 740 K ( 467 ° C , 872 ° F ) , and the pressure is 93 bar ( 9.3 MPa ) , roughly the pressure found 900 m underwater on Earth . The Venusian atmosphere supports opaque clouds made of sulfuric acid , making optical Earth-based and orbital observation of the surface impossible . Information about the topography has been obtained exclusively by radar imaging . Aside from carbon dioxide , the other main component is nitrogen . Other chemical compounds are present only in trace amounts .   Mikhail Lomonosov was the first person to hypothesize the existence of an atmosphere on Venus based on his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in Saint Petersburg , Russia .   Aside from the very surface layers , the atmosphere is in a state of vigorous circulation . The upper layer of troposphere exhibits a phenomenon of super-rotation , in which the atmosphere circles the planet in just four Earth days , much faster than the planet 's sidereal day of 243 days . The winds supporting super-rotation blow at a speed of 100 m/s ( ~ 360 km/h or 220 mph ) or more . Winds move at up to 60 times the speed of the planet 's rotation , while Earth 's fastest winds are only 10 % to 20 % rotation speed . On the other hand , the wind speed becomes increasingly slower as the elevation from the surface decreases , with the breeze barely reaching the speed of 10 km/h ( 2.8 m/s ) on the surface . Near the poles are anticyclonic structures called polar vortices . Each vortex is double-eyed and shows a characteristic S-shaped pattern of clouds . Above there is an intermediate layer of mesosphere which separates the troposphere from the thermosphere . The thermosphere is also characterized by strong circulation , but very different in its nature - the gases heated and partially ionized by sunlight in the sunlit hemisphere migrate to the dark hemisphere where they recombine and downwell .   Unlike Earth , Venus lacks a magnetic field . Its ionosphere separates the atmosphere from outer space and the solar wind . This ionised layer excludes the solar magnetic field , giving Venus a distinct magnetic environment . This is considered Venus 's induced magnetosphere . Lighter gases , including water vapour , are continuously blown away by the solar wind through the induced magnetotail . It is speculated that the atmosphere of Venus up to around 4 billion years ago was more like that of the Earth with liquid water on the surface . A runaway greenhouse effect may have been caused by the evaporation of the surface water and subsequent rise of the levels of other greenhouse gases .   Despite the harsh conditions on the surface , the atmospheric pressure and temperature at about 50 km to 65 km above the surface of the planet is nearly the same as that of the Earth , making its upper atmosphere the most Earth-like area in the Solar System , even more so than the surface of Mars . Due to the similarity in pressure and temperature and the fact that breathable air ( 21 % oxygen , 78 % nitrogen ) is a lifting gas on Venus in the same way that helium is a lifting gas on Earth , the upper atmosphere has been proposed as a location for both exploration and colonization .   On January 29 , 2013 , ESA scientists reported that the ionosphere of the planet Venus streams outwards in a manner similar to `` the ion tail seen streaming from a comet under similar conditions . ''"}
{"_id": "Atmospheric_methane", "title": "Atmospheric methane", "headings": "", "text": "Atmospheric methane is the methane present in Earth 's atmosphere . Atmospheric methane concentrations are of interest because it is one of the most potent greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere . The 100-year global warming potential of methane is 28 . That is , over a 100-year period , it traps 28 times more heat per mass unit than carbon dioxide and 32 times the effect when accounted for aerosol interactions . Global methane levels , had risen to 1800 parts per billion ( ppb ) by 2011 , an increase by a factor of 2.5 since pre-industrial times , from 722 ppb , the highest value in at least 800,000 years . Its concentration is higher in the Northern Hemisphere since most sources ( both natural and human ) are located on land and the Northern Hemisphere has more land mass . The concentrations vary seasonally , with , for example , a minimum in the northern tropics during April − May mainly due to removal by the hydroxyl radical .   Early in the Earth 's history carbon dioxide and methane likely produced a greenhouse effect . The carbon dioxide would have been produced by volcanoes and the methane by early microbes . During this time , Earth 's earliest life appeared . These first , ancient bacteria added to the methane concentration by converting hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane and water . Oxygen did not become a major part of the atmosphere until photosynthetic organisms evolved later in Earth 's history . With no oxygen , methane stayed in the atmosphere longer and at higher concentrations than it does today .   Methane is created near the surface , and it is carried into the stratosphere by rising air in the tropics . Uncontrolled build-up of methane in Earth 's atmosphere is naturally checked -- although human influence can upset this natural regulation -- by methane 's reaction with hydroxyl radicals formed from singlet oxygen atoms and with water vapor ."}
{"_id": "Attribution_of_recent_climate_change", "title": "Attribution of recent climate change", "headings": "", "text": "Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent climate changes on Earth , commonly known as ` global warming ' . The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record , when records are most reliable ; particularly in the last 50 years , when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available . The dominant mechanisms are anthropogenic , i.e. , the result of human activity . They are :  increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases  global changes to land surface , such as deforestation  increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols .   There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations , changes in solar activity , and volcanic activity .   According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , it is `` extremely likely '' that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010 . The IPCC defines `` extremely likely '' as indicating a probability of 95 to 100 % , based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence .   Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities :  A basic physical understanding of the climate system : greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established .  Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual .  Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included .  Natural forces alone ( such as solar and volcanic activity ) can not explain the observed warming .   The IPCC 's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community , and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide ( see also : scientific opinion on climate change ) ."}
{"_id": "Austin,_Texas", "title": "Austin, Texas", "headings": "", "text": "Austin ( -LSB- audio = En-us-Austin . ogaˈɒstᵻn , _ ˈɔː - -RSB- ) is the capital of the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County , although portions extend into Hays and Williamson counties . It is the city in the U.S. and the in Texas . It is the fastest growing large city in the United States and the second most populous capital city after Phoenix , Arizona . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 1 , 2015 estimate , Austin has a population of 931,830 . Located in in the foothills of Texas Hill Country , the city is home to numerous lakes , rivers , and waterways including Lady Bird Lake , Barton Springs , McKinney Falls , the Colorado River , Lake Travis , and Lake Walter E. Long . It is the cultural and economic center of the metropolitan area , which had an estimated population of 2,056,405 as of July 1 , 2016 .   In the 1830s , pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River . In 1839 , the site was officially chosen to replace Houston as the new capital of the Republic of Texas and was incorporated under the name `` Waterloo . '' Shortly thereafter , the name was changed to `` Austin '' in honor of Stephen F. Austin , the `` Father of Texas '' and the republic 's first secretary of state . The city subsequently grew throughout the 19th century and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas at Austin . After a lull in growth from the Great Depression , Austin resumed its development into a major city and , by the 1980s , it emerged as a center for technology and business . A number of Fortune 500 companies have headquarters or regional offices in Austin , including Amazon.com , Apple Inc. , Cisco , eBay , Google , IBM , Intel , Oracle Corporation , Texas Instruments , 3M , and Whole Foods Market . Dell 's worldwide headquarters is located in nearby Round Rock , a suburb of Austin .   Residents of Austin are known as Austinites . They include a diverse mix of government employees , college students , musicians , high-tech workers , blue-collar workers , and a vibrant LGBT community . The city 's official slogan promotes Austin as `` The Live Music Capital of the World , '' a reference to the many musicians and live music venues within the city , as well as the long-running PBS TV concert series Austin City Limits . The city also adopted `` Silicon Hills '' as a nickname in the 1990s due to a rapid influx of technology and development companies . In recent years , some Austinites have also adopted the unofficial slogan `` Keep Austin Weird , '' which refers to the desire to protect small , unique , and local businesses from being overrun by large corporations . In the late 19th century , Austin was known as the `` City of the Violet Crown '' because of the colorful glow of light across the hills just after sunset . Even today , many Austin businesses use the term `` Violet Crown '' in their name . Austin is known as a `` clean-air city '' for its stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings , including restaurants and bars . The FBI ranked Austin as the second-safest major city in the U.S. for the year 2012 . U.S. News & World Report named Austin the best place to live in the U.S. in 2017 ."}
{"_id": "Australia", "title": "Australia", "headings": "", "text": "Australia ( -LSB- əˈstreɪliə -RSB- , -LSB- ɒ - -RSB- , -LSB- - ljə -RSB- ) , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands . It is the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea , Indonesia and East Timor to the north ; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east ; and New Zealand to the south-east . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest urban area is Sydney .   For about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century , Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians ,  who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups . After the European discovery of the continent by Dutch explorers in 1606 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states and several territories . The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard .   Australia has the world 's 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income ( IMF ) . With the second-highest human development index globally , the country ranks highly in quality of life , health , education , economic freedom , and civil liberties and political rights . Australia is a member of the United Nations , G20 , Commonwealth of Nations , ANZUS , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , World Trade Organization , Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation , and the Pacific Islands Forum ."}
{"_id": "Australian_residential_architectural_styles", "title": "Australian residential architectural styles", "headings": "", "text": "Australian residential architectural styles have evolved significantly over time , from the early days of structures made from relatively cheap and imported corrugated iron ( which can still be seen in the roofing of historic homes ) to more sophisticated styles borrowed from other countries , such as the Victorian style from the United Kingdom , the Georgian style from North America and Europe and the Californian bungalow from the United States . A common feature of the Australian home is the use of fencing in front gardens , also common in both the UK and the USA . Climate has also influenced housing styles , with balconies and veranda spaces being more prevalent in subtropical Queensland due to the mild , generally warm winters experienced in the state . For many years , Australian homes were built with little understanding of the Australian climate and were widely dependant on European styles that were unsympathetic to Australian landscapes . In recent times , modern Australian residential architecture has reflected the climatic conditions of the country , with adaptations such as double and triple glazing on windows , coordination considerations , use of east and west shade , sufficient insulation , strongly considered to provide comfort to the dweller .   Another aspect of Australian suburbia is that the suburbs tend to have a combination of both upper class and middle class housing in the same neighbourhood . In Melbourne , for instance , one early observer noted that `` a poor house stands side by side with a good house . '' This is somewhat less common today , with home renovations , gentrification and the teardown ( `` knock down , rebuild '' ) method becoming more and more common in affluent suburbs , giving a broader distinction between wealthy and lower class areas . However , the teardown technique has led to home buyers purchasing land or older homes in poorer metropolitan areas and building extravagant McMansion style homes on the land , which look out of place and excessive , failing to match with the remaining houses in the street .   Because architectural styles have varied in the country over the years ( from villas to bungalows and brick renders ) , there is a slight inconsistency in the architectural flow of the suburban streets , with one writer noting that Australian housing styles sometimes `` co-mingle '' and `` co-exist '' awkwardly . This is less common in the United States of America and England , where most homes along a road were built around the same time , typically in similar styles ."}
{"_id": "Austria", "title": "Austria", "headings": "", "text": "Austria ( listen ) , is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe . It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north , Hungary and Slovakia to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . The territory of Austria covers 83879 km2 . The terrain is highly mountainous , lying within the Alps ; only 32 % of the country is below 500 m , and its highest point is 3798 m . The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language , and Austrian German in its standard form is the country 's official language . Other local official languages are Hungarian , Burgenland Croatian , and Slovene .   The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty , when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire . From the time of the Reformation , many northern German princes , resenting the authority of the Emperor , used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion . The Thirty Years War , the influence of the Kingdom of Sweden and Kingdom of France , the rise of the Kingdom of Prussia , and the Napoleonic invasions all weakened the power of the Emperor in the north of Germany , but in the south , and in non-German areas of the Empire , the Emperor and Catholicism maintained control . During the 17th and 18th centuries , Austria retained its position as one of the great powers of Europe and , in response to the coronation of Napoleon as the Emperor of the French , the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804 . Following Napoleon 's defeat , Prussia emerged as Austria 's chief competitor for rule of a greater Germany . Austria 's defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz , during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 , cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany . In 1867 , the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary . After the defeat of France in the 1870-1 Franco-Prussian War , Austria was excluded from the new German Empire , although in the following decades , its politics , and its foreign policy , increasingly converged with those of the Prussian-led Empire . During the 1914 July Crisis that followed the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on June 28 , Austria-Hungary , emboldened by a pledge of German support , on July 28 declared war on Serbia because that country had not fully complied with an Austrian ultimatum . Austria was thus the first to go to war in the July Crisis , which would ultimately escalate into World War I.   After the collapse of the Habsburg ( Austro-Hungarian ) Empire in 1918 at the end of World War I , Austria adopted and used the name the Republic of German-Austria ( Deutschösterreich ) , later changed to Österreich , in an attempt at union with Germany , but this was forbidden under the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye ( 1919 ) . The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919 . In 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss . This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945 , after which Germany was occupied by the Allies and Austria 's former democratic constitution was restored . In 1955 , the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state , ending the occupation . In the same year , the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral .   Today , Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states . The capital and largest city , with a population exceeding 1.7 million , is Vienna . Other major urban areas of Austria include Graz , Linz , Salzburg and Innsbruck . Austria is one of the richest countries in the world , with a nominal per capita GDP of $ 43,724 . The country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index . Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955 , joined the European Union in 1995 , and is a founder of the OECD . Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995 , and adopted the euro currency in 1999 ."}
{"_id": "Avian_influenza", "title": "Avian influenza", "headings": "", "text": "Avian influenza -- known informally as avian flu or bird flu -- refers to `` influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds . '' The type with the greatest risk is highly pathogenic avian influenza ( HPAI ) .   `` Bird flu '' is a phrase similar to `` swine flu , '' `` dog flu , '' `` horse flu , '' or `` human flu '' in that it refers to an illness caused by any of many different strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to a specific host . Out of the three types of influenza viruses ( A , B , and C ) , influenza A virus is a zoonotic infection with a natural reservoir almost entirely in birds . Avian influenza , for most purposes , refers to the influenza A virus .   Though influenza A is adapted to birds , it can also stably adapt and sustain person-to person transmission . Recent influenza research into the genes of the Spanish flu virus shows it to have genes adapted from both human and avian strains . Pigs can also be infected with human , avian , and swine influenza viruses , allow for mixtures of genes ( reassortment ) to create a new virus , which can cause an antigenic shift to a new influenza A virus subtype which most people have little to no immune protection .   Avian influenza strains are divided into two types based on their pathogenicity : high pathogenicity ( HP ) or low pathogenicity ( LP ) . The most well-known HPAI strain , H5N1 , appeared in China in 1996 , and also has low pathogenic strains found in North America . Companion birds in captivity are unlikely to contract the virus and there has been no report of a companion bird with avian influenza since 2003 . Pigeons do not contract or spread the virus .   In the approximate four years from early 2013 to early 2017 , 916 lab-confirmed human cases of H7N9 were reported to the World Health Organization ( WHO ) .   On 9 January 2017 , the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China reported to WHO 106 cases of H7N9 which occurred from late November through late December , including 35 deaths , 2 potential cases of human-to-human transmission , and 80 of these 106 persons stating that they have visited live poultry markets . The cases are reported from Jiangsu ( 52 ) , Zhejiang ( 21 ) , Anhui ( 14 ) , Guangdong ( 14 ) , Shanghai ( 2 ) , Fujian ( 2 ) and Hunan ( 1 ) . Similar sudden increases in the number of human cases of H7N9 have occurred in previous years during December and January ."}
{"_id": "Avoided_Deforestation_Partners", "title": "Avoided Deforestation Partners", "headings": "", "text": "Avoided Deforestation Partners , or AD Partners , is a non-profit organization under the auspices of the Center for International Policy in Washington , D.C. AD Partners is involved in the global effort to solve climate change by working to end deforestation in tropical rainforest countries . By avoiding the practice of deforestation , i.e. , clearing forests to provide inexpensive farmland ( also known as `` slash and burn agriculture '' ) , the world gains the significant climate benefits of not releasing carbon into the atmosphere . In addition , avoiding deforestation also allows forests to sequester carbon and scrub the air of pollutants . Beyond protecting our air quality , tropical forests create the conditions for rain , recharge our water sources , provide habitats for myriad plant and animal species , and support a way of life for 1.6 billion forest dependent people . Leading scientists and economists say that ending deforestation is the most cost effective and scalable method of reducing greenhouse gases . In fact , they believe that ending deforestation will cut the timeframe for solving the climate crisis in half .   AD Partners ' focus has been and continues to be on advocating for U.S. and international forest protection policies . A large part of their efforts go towards convening global leaders from government , civil society and the business world at the international United National Climate summits , also known as the UNFCCC COP meetings .   Most recently , AD Partners has joined television and movie climate change projects to help raise awareness about the critical link between climate change and the massive deforestation that continues to occur in rainforest countries such as Brazil and Indonesia . For most of the world , the concept that ending deforestation has a direct and profound link to solving the climate crisis is still very much unknown ."}
{"_id": "Avoiding_Dangerous_Climate_Change_(2005_conference)", "title": "Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change (2005 conference)", "headings": "", "text": "In 2005, an international conference titled Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change: A Scientific Symposium on Stabilisation of Greenhouse Gases examined the link between atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration and global warming and its effects. The conference name was derived from Article 2 of the charter for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change The conference explored the possible impacts at different levels of greenhouse gas emissions and how the climate might be stabilized at a desired level. The conference took place under the United Kingdom's presidency of the G8, with the participation of around 200 \"internationally renowned\" scientists from 30 countries. It was chaired by Dennis Tirpak and hosted by the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research in Exeter, from 1 February to 3 February. The conference was one of many meetings leading up to the 2015 Paris Agreement, at which the international community agreed to limit global warming to no more than 2C in order to have a 50-50 chance of avoiding dangerous climate change. However, a 2018 published study points at a threshold at which temperatures could rise to 4 or 5 degrees through self-reinforcing feedbacks in the climate system, suggesting it is below the 2 degree temperature target."}
{"_id": "Axial_precession", "title": "Axial precession", "headings": "", "text": "In astronomy , axial precession is a gravity-induced , slow , and continuous change in the orientation of an astronomical body 's rotational axis . In particular , it can refer to the gradual shift in the orientation of Earth 's axis of rotation , which , similar to a wobbling top , traces out a pair of cones joined at their apices in a cycle of approximately 26,000 years . The term `` precession '' typically refers only to this largest part of the motion ; other changes in the alignment of Earth 's axis -- nutation and polar motion -- are much smaller in magnitude .   Earth 's precession was historically called the precession of the equinoxes , because the equinoxes moved westward along the ecliptic relative to the fixed stars , opposite to the yearly motion of the Sun along the ecliptic . This term is still used in non-technical discussions , that is , when detailed mathematics are absent . Historically ,  the discovery of the precession of the equinoxes is usually attributed in the west to the Hellenistic-era ( 2nd century BC ) astronomer , Hipparchus , although there are claims of its earlier discovery , such as in the Indian text , Vedanga Jyotisha , dating from 700 BC .  With improvements in the ability to calculate the gravitational force between and among planets during the first half of the nineteenth century , it was recognized that the ecliptic itself moved slightly , which was named planetary precession , as early as 1863 , while the dominant component was named lunisolar precession . Their combination was named general precession , instead of precession of the equinoxes .   Lunisolar precession is caused by the gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun on Earth 's equatorial bulge , causing Earth 's axis to move with respect to inertial space . Planetary precession ( an advance ) is due to the small angle between the gravitational force of the other planets on Earth and its orbital plane ( the ecliptic ) , causing the plane of the ecliptic to shift slightly relative to inertial space . Lunisolar precession is about 500 times greater than planetary precession . In addition to the Moon and Sun , the other planets also cause a small movement of Earth 's axis in inertial space , making the contrast in the terms lunisolar versus planetary misleading , so in 2006 the International Astronomical Union recommended that the dominant component be renamed , the precession of the equator , and the minor component be renamed , precession of the ecliptic , but their combination is still named general precession . Many references to the old terms exist in publications predating the change ."}
{"_id": "BP", "title": "BP", "headings": "", "text": "BP P.L.C. , formerly British Petroleum , is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London , England . It is one of the world 's seven oil and gas `` supermajors '' , whose performance in 2012 made it the world 's sixth-largest oil and gas company , the sixth-largest energy company by market capitalization and the company with the world 's fifth-largest revenue ( turnover ) . It is a vertically integrated company operating in all areas of the oil and gas industry , including exploration and production , refining , distribution and marketing , petrochemicals , power generation and trading . It also has renewable energy interests in biofuels and wind power .   As of 31 December 2016 , BP had operations in 72 countries worldwide , produced around 3.3 e6oilbbl/d of oil equivalent , and had total proved reserves of 17.81 e9oilbbl of oil equivalent . The company has around 18,000 service stations worldwide . Its largest division is BP America in the United States . In Russia BP owns a 19.75 % stake in Rosneft , the world 's largest publicly traded oil and gas company by hydrocarbon reserves and production . BP has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . It has secondary listings on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange .   BP 's origins date back to the founding of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in 1908 , established as a subsidiary of Burmah Oil Company to exploit oil discoveries in Iran . In 1935 , it became the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and in 1954 British Petroleum . In 1959 , the company expanded beyond the Middle East to Alaska and it was one of the first companies to strike oil in the North Sea . British Petroleum acquired majority control of Standard Oil of Ohio in 1978 . Formerly majority state-owned , the British government privatised the company in stages between 1979 and 1987 . British Petroleum merged with Amoco in 1998 , becoming BP Amoco plc , and acquired ARCO and Burmah Castrol in 2000 , becoming BP plc in 2001 . From 2003 to 2013 , BP was a partner in the TNK-BP joint venture in Russia .   BP has been directly involved in several major environmental and safety incidents . Among them were the 2005 Texas City Refinery explosion , which caused the death of 15 workers and resulted in a record-setting OSHA fine ; Britain 's largest oil spill , the wreck of Torrey Canyon ; and the 2006 Prudhoe Bay oil spill , the largest oil spill on Alaska 's North Slope , which resulted in a US$ 25 million civil penalty , the largest per-barrel penalty at that time for an oil spill .   The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill , the largest accidental release of oil into marine waters in history , resulted in severe environmental , health and economic consequences , and serious legal and public relations repercussions for BP . 1.8 million gallons of Corexit oil dispersant were used in the cleanup response , becoming the largest application of such chemicals in US history . The company pleaded guilty to 11 counts of felony manslaughter , two misdemeanors , one felony count of lying to Congress , and agreed to pay more than $ 4.5 billion in fines and penalties , the largest criminal resolution in US history . On July 2 , 2015 , BP and five states announced an $ 18.5 billion settlement to be used for Clean Water Act penalties and various claims ."}
{"_id": "Bachelor's_degree", "title": "Bachelor's degree", "headings": "", "text": "A bachelor 's degree ( from Middle Latin baccalaureus ) or baccalaureate ( from Modern Latin baccalaureatus ) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years ( depending on institution and academic discipline ) . In some institutions and educational systems , some bachelor 's degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate degrees after a first degree has been completed . In countries with qualifications frameworks , bachelor 's degrees are normally one of the major levels in the framework ( sometimes two levels where non-honours and honours bachelor 's degrees are considered separately ) , although some qualifications titled bachelor 's degrees may be at other levels ( e.g. MBBS ) and some qualifications with non-bachelor 's titles may be classified as bachelor 's degrees ( e.g. the Scottish MA and Canadian MD ) .   The term bachelor in the 12th century referred to a knight bachelor , who was too young or poor to gather vassals under his own banner . By the end of the 13th century , it was also used by junior members of guilds or universities . By folk etymology or wordplay , the word baccalaureus came to be associated with bacca lauri ( `` laurel berry '' ) in reference to laurels being awarded for academic success or honours .   Under the British system , and those influenced by it , undergraduate academic degrees are differentiated as either non-honours degrees ( known variously as pass degrees , ordinary degrees or general degrees ) or honours degrees , the latter sometimes denoted by the addition of '' ( Hons ) '' after the degree abbreviation . An honours degree generally requires a higher academic standard than a pass degree , and in some systems an additional year of study beyond the non-honours bachelor 's . In some countries , e.g. Australia , there is a `` postgraduate '' bachelor 's honours degree , which may be taken as a consecutive academic degree , continuing on from the completion of a bachelor 's degree program in the same field , or ( in a similar manner to the UK system ) as part of an integrated honours program ."}
{"_id": "Baffin_Island", "title": "Baffin Island", "headings": "", "text": "Baffin Island ( ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒃ , Qikiqtaaluk -LSB- qikiqtaːluk -RSB- , Île de Baffin or Terre de Baffin ) , in the Canadian territory of Nunavut , is the largest island in Canada and the fifth largest island in the world . Its area is 507451 km2 and its population is about 11,000 ( 2007 estimate ) . It is located 65.4215 N and 70.9654 W. Named after English explorer William Baffin , it is likely that the island was known to Pre-Columbian Norse explorers from Greenland and Iceland and that it was the location of Helluland , spoken of in the Icelandic sagas ( the Grœnlendinga saga and the Saga of Erik the Red , Eiríks saga rauða ) ."}
{"_id": "Bahrain", "title": "Bahrain", "headings": "", "text": "Bahrain ( -LSB- bɑːˈreɪn -RSB- البحرين ) , officially the Kingdom of Bahrain , is a small Arab monarchy in the Arabian Gulf . It is an island country consisting of a small archipelago centered around Bahrain Island , situated between the Qatar peninsula and the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia , to which it is connected by the 25 km King Fahd Causeway . Bahrain 's population is 1,234,571 ( c. 2010 ) , including 666,172 non-nationals . It is 780 km2 in size , making it the third smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore .   Bahrain is the site of the ancient Dilmun civilisation . It has been famed since antiquity for its pearl fisheries , which were considered the best in the world into the 19th century . Bahrain was one of the earliest areas to convert to Islam ( 628 ) . Following a period of Arab rule , Bahrain was occupied by the Portuguese in 1521 , who in turn were expelled in 1602 by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty under the Persian Empire . In 1783 , the Bani Utbah clan captured Bahrain from Nasr Al-Madhkur and it has since been ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family , with Ahmed al Fateh as Bahrain 's first hakim . In the late 1800s , following successive treaties with the British , Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom . In 1971 , Bahrain declared independence . Formerly an emirate , Bahrain was declared a Kingdom in 2002 . In 2011 , the country experienced protests inspired by the regional Arab Spring .   Bahrain had the first post-oil economy in the Arabian Gulf . Since the late 20th century , Bahrain has invested in the banking and tourism sectors . Many large financial institutions have a presence in Manama , the country 's capital . Bahrain has a high Human Development Index and was recognised by the World Bank as a high income economy ."}
{"_id": "Baltimore", "title": "Baltimore", "headings": "", "text": "Baltimore ( -LSB- ˈbɔːltᵻˌmɔːr -RSB- , locally : -LSB- - allˈbɔɫ.mɔɻ -RSB- ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland , and the 29th-most populous city in the country . It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county ; thus , it is the largest independent city in the United States , with a population of 621,849 as of 2015 . As of 2016 , the population of the Baltimore metropolitan area was estimated to be just under 2.8 million making it the 21st largest metropolitan area in the country .   Founded in 1729 , Baltimore is the second-largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic . Baltimore 's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States and a major manufacturing center . After a decline in major manufacturing , industrialization and rail transportation , Baltimore shifted to a service-oriented economy , with the Johns Hopkins Hospital ( founded 1889 ) , and Johns Hopkins University ( founded 1876 ) , now the city 's top two employers .   With hundreds of identified districts , Baltimore has been dubbed `` a city of neighborhoods '' . Famous residents have included the writers Edgar Allan Poe , Edith Hamilton , Frederick Douglass , and H.L. Mencken ; jazz musician James `` Eubie '' Blake ; singer Billie Holiday ; actor and filmmaker John Waters ; and baseball player Babe Ruth . In the War of 1812 , Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner , later the American national anthem , in Baltimore . Baltimore has more public monuments per capita than any other city in the country and is home to some of the earliest National Register historic districts in the nation , including Fell 's Point ( 1969 ) , Federal Hill ( 1970 ) and Mount Vernon Place ( 1971 ) . More than 65,000 properties , or roughly one in three buildings in the city , are listed on the National Register , more than any other city in the nation ."}
{"_id": "Bangladesh", "title": "Bangladesh", "headings": "", "text": "Bangladesh ( -LSB- bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ -RSB- -LSB- ˌbɑːŋɡləˈdɛʃ -RSB- -LSB- : bn : বাংলাদেশ , বাংলাদেশ -RSB- , -LSB- ˈbaŋlad̪eʃ -RSB- , lit . `` The country of Bengal '' ) , officially the People 's Republic of Bangladesh , is a country in South Asia . It shares land borders with India and Myanmar ( Burma ) . Nepal , Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it . The country 's maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area . Bangladesh is the world 's eighth most populous country . Dhaka is its capital and largest city , followed by Chittagong , which has the country 's largest port .   Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region . Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions . Bengalis , who speak the official Bengali language , make up 98 % of the population . The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the world 's third largest Muslim-majority country . Most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta , the largest delta on Earth . The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km ( 5,000 miles ) of inland waterways . Highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country . Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef . It is home to the Sundarbans , the largest mangrove forest in the world . The country 's biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife , including critically endangered Bengal tigers , the national animal .   The Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai , a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent , in the 3rd century BCE . Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh , which had international trade links for millennia . The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries . The region was home to many principalities that had inland naval prowess . It was also a notable center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade . As part of British India , the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance and played an important role in anti-colonial movements . The Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan ; and was renamed as East Pakistan . The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 . After independence , a parliamentary republic was established . A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990 , followed by a return to parliamentary democracy . The country has also been affected by poverty , natural disasters , hunger , dominant party systems and military coups .   Bangladesh is a middle power and a major developing nation . Within South Asia , the country ranks first in gender equality , second in foreign exchange earnings and third in life expectancy and peacefulness . Listed as one of the Next Eleven , its economy ranks 46th in terms of nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) and 29th in terms of purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . It is one of the largest textile exporters in the world . Its major trading partners are the European Union , the United States , China , India , Japan , Malaysia and Singapore . With its strategically vital location between Southern , Eastern and Southeast Asia , Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation . It is a founding member of SAARC , BIMSTEC , the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation and the Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Initiative . It is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the Developing 8 Countries , the OIC , the Non Aligned Movement , the Group of 77 and the World Trade Organization . Bangladesh is one of the largest contributors to United Nations peacekeeping forces ."}
{"_id": "Barack_Obama", "title": "Barack Obama", "headings": "", "text": "Barack Hussein Obama II ( -LSB- bəˈrɑːk_huːˈseɪn_oʊˈbɑːmə -RSB- ; born August 4 , 1961 ) is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017 . He is the first African American to have served as president . He previously served in the U.S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008 , and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004 .   Obama was born in Honolulu , Hawaii , two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state . Raised largely in Hawaii , Obama also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia . After graduating from Columbia University in 1983 , he worked as a community organizer in Chicago . In 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School , where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review . After graduation , he became a civil rights attorney and professor , teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004 . Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004 , when he ran for the U.S. Senate . Obama received national attention in 2004 , with his unexpected March primary win , his well-received July Democratic National Convention keynote address , and his landslide November election to the Senate . In 2008 , Obama was nominated for president , a year after his campaign began , and after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton . He was elected over Republican John McCain , and was inaugurated on January 20 , 2009 . Nine months later , Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate .   During his first two years in office , Obama signed many landmark bills . Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( often referred to as `` Obamacare '' ) , the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , and the Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 . The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and Tax Relief , Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization , and Job Creation Act of 2010 served as economic stimulus amidst the Great Recession , but the GOP regained control of the House of Representatives in 2011 . After a lengthy debate over the national debt limit , Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts . In foreign policy , Obama increased U.S. troop levels in Afghanistan , reduced nuclear weapons with the U.S.-Russian New START treaty , and ended military involvement in the Iraq War . He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi , and the military operation that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden .   After winning re-election by defeating Republican nominee Mitt Romney , Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013 . During his second term , Obama promoted greater inclusiveness for LGBT Americans , with his administration filing briefs that urged the Supreme Court to strike down same-sex marriage bans as unconstitutional ( United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges ) . Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting , and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration . In foreign policy , Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq , continued the process of ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan , promoted discussions that led to the 2015 Paris Agreement on global climate change , initiated the sanctions against Russia following the invasion in Ukraine , brokered a nuclear deal with Iran , and normalized U.S. relations with Cuba .   Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 % approval rating . He currently resides in Washington , D.C. His presidential library will be built in Chicago ."}
{"_id": "Barrier_island", "title": "Barrier island", "headings": "", "text": "Barrier islands are coastal landforms and a type of dune system that are exceptionally flat or lumpy areas of sand that form by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast . They usually occur in chains , consisting of anything from a few islands to more than a dozen . They are subject to change during storms and other action , but absorb energy and protect the coastlines and create areas of protected waters where wetlands may flourish . A barrier chain may extend uninterrupted for over a hundred kilometers , excepting the tidal inlets that separate the islands , the longest and widest being Padre Island of Texas . The length and width of barriers and overall morphology of barrier coasts are related to parameters including tidal range , wave energy , sediment supply , sea-level trends , and basement controls . The amount of vegetation on the barrier has a large impact on the height and evolution of the island .   Chains of barrier islands can be found along approximately thirteen percent of the world 's coastlines . They display different settings , suggesting that they can form and be maintained in a variety of environmental settings . Numerous theories have been given to explain their formation ."}
{"_id": "Base_load", "title": "Base load", "headings": "", "text": "The base load on a grid is the minimum level of demand on an electrical grid over a span of time , for example , one week . Base load power sources are power stations which can economically generate the electrical power needed to satisfy this minimum demand . Because they have a relatively high annual contribution to the energy supply , they are designed with features to minimize fuel cost . Daily peaks in grid load are met with generating plants that may have higher fuel costs , but which operate for only a part of a day ."}
{"_id": "Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea", "title": "Battle of the Coral Sea", "headings": "", "text": "The Battle of the Coral Sea , fought from 4 to 8 May 1942 , was a major naval battle between the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) and naval and air forces from the United States and Australia , taking place in the Pacific Theater of World War II . The battle is historically significant as the first action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other , as well as the first in which neither side 's ships sighted or fired directly upon the other .   In an attempt to strengthen its defensive position in the South Pacific , Japan decided to invade and occupy Port Moresby ( in New Guinea ) and Tulagi ( in the southeastern Solomon Islands ) . The plan to accomplish this was called Operation MO , and involved several major units of Japan 's Combined Fleet . These included two fleet carriers and a light carrier to provide air cover for the invasion forces . It was under the overall command of Japanese Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue .   The U.S. learned of the Japanese plan through signals intelligence , and sent two United States Navy carrier task forces and a joint Australian-American cruiser force to oppose the offensive . These were under the overall command of American Admiral Frank J. Fletcher .   On 3 -- 4 May , Japanese forces successfully invaded and occupied Tulagi , although several of their supporting warships were sunk or damaged in surprise attacks by aircraft from the U.S. fleet carrier . Now aware of the presence of U.S. carriers in the area , the Japanese fleet carriers advanced towards the Coral Sea with the intention of locating and destroying the Allied naval forces . Beginning on 7 May , the carrier forces from the two sides engaged in airstrikes over two consecutive days . On the first day , the U.S. sank the Japanese light carrier ; meanwhile , the Japanese sank a U.S. destroyer and heavily damaged a fleet oiler ( which was later scuttled ) . The next day , the Japanese fleet carrier was heavily damaged , the U.S. fleet carrier critically damaged ( and later scuttled ) , and Yorktown damaged . With both sides having suffered heavy losses in aircraft and carriers damaged or sunk , the two forces disengaged and retired from the battle area . Because of the loss of carrier air cover , Inoue recalled the Port Moresby invasion fleet , intending to try again later .   Although a tactical victory for the Japanese in terms of ships sunk , the battle would prove to be a strategic victory for the Allies for several reasons . The battle marked the first time since the start of the war that a major Japanese advance had been checked by the Allies . More importantly , the Japanese fleet carriers Shōkaku and -- the former damaged and the latter with a depleted aircraft complement -- were unable to participate in the Battle of Midway the following month , while Yorktown did participate , ensuring a rough parity in aircraft between the two adversaries and contributing significantly to the U.S. victory in that battle . The severe losses in carriers at Midway prevented the Japanese from reattempting to invade Port Moresby from the ocean and helped prompt their ill-fated land offensive over the Kokoda trail . Two months later , the Allies took advantage of Japan 's resulting strategic vulnerability in the South Pacific and launched the Guadalcanal Campaign ; this , along with the New Guinea Campaign , eventually broke Japanese defenses in the South Pacific and was a significant contributing factor to Japan 's ultimate defeat in World War II ."}
{"_id": "Beach_nourishment", "title": "Beach nourishment", "headings": "", "text": "Beach nourishment ( also referred to as beach renourishment , beach replenishment , or sand replenishment ) describes a process by which sediment , usually sand , lost through longshore drift or erosion is replaced from other sources . A wider beach can reduce storm damage to coastal structures by dissipating energy across the surf zone , protecting upland structures and infrastructure from storm surges , tsunamis and unusually high tides . Beach nourishment is typically part of a larger coastal defense scheme . Nourishment is typically a repetitive process since it does not remove the physical forces that cause erosion but simply mitigates their effects .   The first nourishment project in the United States was at Coney Island , New York in 1922 and 1923 . It is now a common shore protection measure used by public and private entities ."}
{"_id": "Bearded_seal", "title": "Bearded seal", "headings": "", "text": "The bearded seal ( Erignathus barbatus ) , also called the square flipper seal , is a medium-sized pinniped that is found in and near to the Arctic Ocean . It gets its generic name from two Greek words ( eri and gnathos ) that refer to its heavy jaw . The other part of its Linnaean name means bearded and refers to its most characteristic feature , the conspicuous and very abundant whiskers . When dry , these whiskers curl very elegantly , giving the bearded seal a `` raffish '' look .   Fossils first described in 2002 indicated that , during the Pleistocene epoch , bearded seals ranged as far south as South Carolina ."}
{"_id": "Beaufort_Sea", "title": "Beaufort Sea", "headings": "", "text": "The Beaufort Sea ( mer de Beaufort ) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean , located north of the Northwest Territories , the Yukon , and Alaska , west of Canada 's Arctic islands . The sea is named after hydrographer Sir Francis Beaufort . The major Mackenzie River empties into the Canadian part of the sea , west of Tuktoyaktuk , which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores .   The sea , characterized by severe climate , is frozen over most of the year . Historically , only a narrow pass up to 100 km opened in August -- September near its shores , but recently due to climate change in the Arctic the ice-free area in late summer has greatly enlarged . Claims that the seacoast was populated about 30,000 years ago have been largely discredited ( see below ) ; present population density is very low . The sea contains significant resources of petroleum and natural gas under its shelf , such as the Amauligak field . They were discovered in the period between the 1950s and 1980s , and their exploration became the major human activity in the area since the 1980s . The traditional occupations of fishery and whale and seal hunting are practiced only locally , and have no commercial significance . As a result , the sea hosts one of the largest colonies of beluga whales , and there is no sign of overfishing . To prevent overfishing in its waters , the US adopted precautionary commercial fisheries management plan in August 2009 . In April 2011 the Canadian government signed a memorandum of understanding with the Inuvialuit as a first step in developing a larger ocean management plan . The Canadian government announced in October 2014 that no new commercial fisheries in the Beaufort Sea will be considered until research has shown sustainable stocks that would be made available to Inuvialuit first .   The Canadian government has set a new block of the Beaufort Sea off the Parry Peninsula in the Amundsen as a Marine Protected Area ( MPA ) . The protected area is set to protect species and habits for the Inuvialuit community ."}
{"_id": "Beef", "title": "Beef", "headings": "", "text": "Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle , particularly skeletal muscle . Humans have been eating beef since prehistoric times . Beef is an excellent source of high-quality protein and essential nutrients .   Beef skeletal muscle meat can be cut into roasts , short ribs or steak ( filet mignon , sirloin steak , rump steak , rib steak , rib eye steak , hanger steak , etc. ) . Some cuts are processed ( corned beef or beef jerky ) , and trimmings , usually mixed with meat from older , leaner cattle , are ground , minced or used in sausages . The blood is used in some varieties of blood sausage . Other parts that are eaten include other muscles and offal , such as the oxtail , liver , tongue , tripe from the reticulum or rumen , glands ( particularly the pancreas and thymus , referred to as sweetbread ) , the heart , the brain ( although forbidden where there is a danger of bovine spongiform encephalopathy , BSE ) , the kidneys , and the tender testicles of the bull ( known in the United States as calf fries , prairie oysters , or Rocky Mountain oysters ) . Some intestines are cooked and eaten as-is , but are more often cleaned and used as natural sausage casings . The bones are used for making beef stock .   Beef from steers and heifers is very similar . According to the most recent National Beef Quality Audit , heifer carcasses had slightly more marbling than steer carcasses , but USDA quality grade was not significantly different . Depending on economics , the number of heifers kept for breeding varies . The meat from older bulls is usually tougher , so it is frequently used for mince ( known as ground beef in the United States ) . Cattle raised for beef may be allowed to roam free on grasslands , or may be confined at some stage in pens as part of a large feeding operation called a feedlot ( or concentrated animal feeding operation ) , where they are usually fed a ration of grain , protein , roughage and a vitamin/mineral preblend .   Beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world , accounting for about 25 % of meat production worldwide , after pork and poultry at 38 % and 30 % respectively . In absolute numbers , the United States , Brazil , and the People 's Republic of China are the world 's three largest consumers of beef ; Uruguay , however , has the highest beef and veal consumption per capita , followed by Argentina and Brazil . According to the data from OECD , the average Uruguayan ate over 42 kg of beef or veal in 2014 , representing the highest beef/veal consumption per capita in the world . In comparison , the average American consumed only about 24 kg beef or veal in the same year , while African countries , such as Mozambique , Ghana , and Nigeria , consumed the least beef or veal per capita .   Cows are considered holy in the culture of India and there are restrictions on selling and consumption of beef in much of India . Though India is the largest producer and exporter of buffalo meat in the world .   In 2015 , the world 's largest exporters of beef , ( including buffalo meat ) , were India , Brazil and Australia . Beef production is also important to the economies of Uruguay , Canada , Paraguay , Mexico , Argentina , Belarus and Nicaragua ."}
{"_id": "Begging_the_question", "title": "Begging the question", "headings": "", "text": "To beg a question means to assume the conclusion of an argument -- a type of circular reasoning . This is an informal fallacy , in which an arguer includes the conclusion to be proven within a premise of the argument , often in an indirect way such that its presence within the premise is hidden or at least not easily apparent .   The term `` begging the question '' , as this is usually phrased , originated in the 16th century as a mistranslation of the Latin petitio principii , which actually translates as `` assuming the initial point '' . In modern vernacular usage , `` to beg the question '' is frequently used to mean `` to invite the question '' ( as in `` This begs the question of whether ... '' ) or `` to dodge a question '' . Many consider these usages incorrect in contexts that demand strict adherence to the technical definition ."}
{"_id": "Benny_Peiser", "title": "Benny Peiser", "headings": "", "text": "Benny Josef Peiser ( born 1957 ) is a social anthropologist specialising in the environmental and socio-economic impact of physical activity on health . He was a senior lecturer in the School of Sport and Exercise Sciences at Liverpool John Moores University ( LJMU ) and is a visiting fellow at the University of Buckingham .   Peiser established the Cambridge Conference Network in 1997 . Peiser acknowledges that he is `` not a climate scientist '' and has `` never claimed to be one . '' His interest as a social anthropologist , is in `` how climate change is portrayed as a potential disaster and how we respond to that . ''   As an outspoken climate change sceptic , Peiser became director of the newly established UK lobbying group Global Warming Policy Foundation in 2009 . He serves as co-editor of the journal , Energy & Environment and is a regular contributor to Canada 's National Post.The National Post , former media magnate Conrad Black 's national flagship title was established to provide a voice for Canadian conservatives and to compete with Canada 's The Globe and Mail , the establishment newspaper with a liberal bias in Canadian newspapers . Outside Toronto , the National Post was built on the printing and distribution infrastructure of Black 's national newspaper chain , formerly called Southam Newspapers , that included papers such as the Ottawa Citizen , Montreal Gazette , Edmonton Journal , Calgary Herald , and Vancouver Sun and Benny Peiser continues to participate in stories with these newspapers as well ."}
{"_id": "Beringia", "title": "Beringia", "headings": "", "text": "Beringia is defined today as the land and maritime area bounded on the west by the Lena River in Russia ; on the east by the Mackenzie River in Canada ; on the north by 72 degrees north latitude in the Chukchi Sea ; and on the south by the tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula . It includes the Chukchi Sea , the Bering Sea , the Bering Strait , the Chukchi and Kamchatka Peninsulas in Russia as well as Alaska in the United States .   The area includes land lying on the North American Plate and Siberian land east of the Chersky Range . Historically , it formed a land bridge that was up to 1000 km wide at its greatest extent and which covered an area as large as British Columbia and Alberta together , totaling at approximately 1600000 km2 . Today , the only land that is visible from the central part of the Bering land bridge are the Diomede Islands , the Pribilof Islands of St. Paul and St. George , St. Lawrence Island , and King Island .   The term Beringia was coined by the Swedish botanist Eric Hultén in 1937 . During the ice ages , Beringia , like most of Siberia and all of North and Northeast China , was not glaciated because snowfall was very light . It was a grassland steppe , including the land bridge , that stretched for hundreds of kilometres into the continents on either side .   It is believed that a small human population of at most a few thousand arrived in Beringia from eastern Siberia during the Last Glacial Maximum before expanding into the settlement of the Americas sometime after 16,500 years ago during the Late Glacial Maximum as the American glaciers blocking the way southward melted , but before the bridge was covered by the sea about 11,000 years BP .   Before European colonization , Beringia was inhabited by the Yupik peoples on both sides of the straits . This culture remains in the region today along with others . In 2012 , the governments of Russia and the United States announced a plan to formally establish `` a transboundary area of shared Beringian heritage '' . Among other things this agreement would establish close ties between the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve and the Cape Krusenstern National Monument in the United States and the planned Beringia National Park in Russia ."}
{"_id": "Berlin", "title": "Berlin", "headings": "", "text": "Berlin ( -LSB- bəɹˈlɪn -RSB- , -LSB- bɛɐ̯ˈliːn -RSB- ) is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its 16 constituent states . With a population of approximately 3.7 million , Berlin is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union . Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of the rivers Spree and Havel , it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region , which has roughly 6 million residents from more than 180 nations . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . Around one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes .   First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 14171701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701 -- 1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871 -- 1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919 -- 1933 ) and the Third Reich ( 1933 -- 1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world . After World War II and its subsequent occupation by the victorious countries , the city was divided ; East Berlin was declared capital of East Germany , while West Berlin became a de facto West German exclave , surrounded by the Berlin Wall ( 1961 -- 1989 ) and East German territory . Following German reunification in 1990 , Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany .   Berlin is a world city of culture , politics , media and science . Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the service sector , encompassing a diverse range of creative industries , research facilities , media corporations and convention venues . Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network . The metropolis is a popular tourist destination . Significant industries also include IT , pharmaceuticals , biomedical engineering , clean tech , biotechnology , construction and electronics .   Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities , orchestras , museums , entertainment venues and is host to many sporting events . Its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions . The city is well known for its festivals , diverse architecture , nightlife , contemporary arts and a high quality of living . Since the 2000s Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene ."}
{"_id": "Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign", "title": "Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign", "headings": "", "text": "In the 2016 presidential campaign, Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders sought the Democratic Party's nomination in a field of six major candidates and was the runner up with 46% of the pledged delegates behind former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who won the contest with 54%. Sanders, the junior United States Senator and former Representative from Vermont, began with an informal announcement on April 30, 2015, and a formal announcement that he planned to seek the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States on May 26, 2015, in Burlington, Vermont. Sanders had been considered a potential candidate for president since at least September 2014. Though he had previously run as an independent, he routinely caucused with the Democratic Party, as many of his views align with Democrats. Running as a Democrat made it easier to participate in debates and get his name on state ballots.Sanders's chief competitor for the nomination was Hillary Clinton, a former secretary of state. Sanders drew large crowds to his speaking events and his populist and social democratic politics won him particular support among Americans under 40. He performed strongly with white voters, but consistently trailed Clinton by 30 or more percentage points among black voters; polls showed a close race among Hispanic voters.Sanders focused on income and wealth inequality, which he argued is eroding the American middle class, and on campaign finance reform. Unlike most other major presidential candidates, Sanders eschewed an unlimited super PAC, instead choosing to receive most of his funding from direct individual campaign donations. In September 2015, The New York Times reported that the campaign had received one million individual donations, becoming the first in 2015 to reach that threshold.  Sanders raised $20,000,000 in the month of January 2016, $5,000,000 more than Clinton during the same time period, with an average donation of $27. Sanders frequently mentioned this $27 figure on the campaign trail as proof of his grassroots support.Following the final primary election (the District of Columbia's, on June 14), Clinton became the presumptive Democratic nominee. Sanders did then endorse Clinton, and said he would work with her to defeat the presumptive Republican nominee, Donald Trump. On June 16, Sanders gave a live online speech to his supporters, saying, \"The political revolution continues\". On July 12, Sanders officially endorsed Clinton at a unity rally with her in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. On July 22, 2016, various emails from the Democratic National Committee (DNC), the governing body of the Democratic Party, were leaked and published, revealing bias against the Sanders campaign on the part of the Committee and its chair, Debbie Wasserman Schultz. Schultz subsequently resigned as DNC chair and was replaced by Donna Brazile, who was also implicated in the leaks and apologized to Sanders and his supporters. In the Democratic National Convention roll-call vote on July 26, 2016, Sanders received 1,865 votes (39% of the vote), which consisted of 1,848 pledged delegates won in primary and caucus contests (46% of the total) and 17 superdelegates (4%). After the roll call, Sanders put forward a motion to formally nominate Clinton, which passed by voice vote."}
{"_id": "Big_data", "title": "Big data", "headings": "", "text": "Big data is a term for data sets that are so large or complex that traditional data processing application software is inadequate to deal with them . Challenges include capture , storage , analysis , data curation , search , sharing , transfer , visualization , querying , updating and information privacy . The term `` big data '' often refers simply to the use of predictive analytics , user behavior analytics , or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value from data , and seldom to a particular size of data set . `` There is little doubt that the quantities of data now available are indeed large , but that 's not the most relevant characteristic of this new data ecosystem . ''  Analysis of data sets can find new correlations to `` spot business trends , prevent diseases , combat crime and so on . '' Scientists , business executives , practitioners of medicine , advertising and governments alike regularly meet difficulties with large data-sets in areas including Internet search , fintech , urban informatics , and business informatics . Scientists encounter limitations in e-Science work , including meteorology , genomics , connectomics , complex physics simulations , biology and environmental research .   Data sets grow rapidly - in part because they are increasingly gathered by cheap and numerous information-sensing Internet of things devices such as mobile devices , aerial ( remote sensing ) , software logs , cameras , microphones , radio-frequency identification ( RFID ) readers and wireless sensor networks . The world 's technological per-capita capacity to store information has roughly doubled every 40 months since the 1980s ; , every day 2.5 exabytes ( 2.5 × 1018 ) of data are generated . One question for large enterprises is determining who should own big-data initiatives that affect the entire organization .   Relational database management systems and desktop statistics - and visualization-packages often have difficulty handling big data . The work may require `` massively parallel software running on tens , hundreds , or even thousands of servers '' . What counts as `` big data '' varies depending on the capabilities of the users and their tools , and expanding capabilities make big data a moving target . `` For some organizations , facing hundreds of gigabytes of data for the first time may trigger a need to reconsider data management options . For others , it may take tens or hundreds of terabytes before data size becomes a significant consideration . ''"}
{"_id": "Bikini_Atoll", "title": "Bikini Atoll", "headings": "", "text": "Bikini Atoll ( pronounced -LSB- ˈbɪkᵻˌniː -RSB- or -LSB- bᵻˈkiːni -RSB- Marshallese : Pikinni , -LSB- pyuhKhuy ( n ) n ^ : yuyuy -RSB- , meaning coconut place ) is an atoll in the Marshall Islands which consists of 23 islands totaling 3.4 sqmi surrounding a deep 229.4 sqmi central lagoon . It is at the northern end of the Ralik Chain , approximately 87 km northwest of Ailinginae Atoll and 850 km northwest of Majuro . Within Bikini Atoll , Bikini , Eneu , Nam , and Enidrik islands comprise just over 70 % of the land area . Bikini and Eneu are the only islands of the atoll that hosted a permanent population . Bikini Island is the northeastern most and largest islet . Before World War II , the atoll was known by its German name , Eschscholtz Atoll ."}
{"_id": "Biodiesel", "title": "Biodiesel", "headings": "", "text": "Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil - or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl ( methyl , ethyl , or propyl ) esters . Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids ( e.g. , vegetable oil , soybean oil , animal fat ( tallow ) ) with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters .   Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines and is thus distinct from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel engines . Biodiesel can be used alone , or blended with petrodiesel in any proportions . Biodiesel blends can also be used as heating oil .   The National Biodiesel Board ( USA ) also has a technical definition of `` biodiesel '' as a mono-alkyl ester ."}
{"_id": "Biodiversity", "title": "Biodiversity", "headings": "", "text": "Biodiversity a portmanteau of `` biological diversity , '' generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth . According to the United Nations Environment Programme , biodiversity typically measures variation at the genetic , the species , and the ecosystem level . Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be greater near the equator , which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity . Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth , and is richest in the tropics . These tropical forest ecosystems cover less than 10 per cent of earth 's surface , and contain about 90 percent of the world 's species . Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific , where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans . There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity . Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots , and has been increasing through time , but will be likely to slow in the future .   Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions . More than 99.9 percent of all species , amounting to over five billion species , that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct . Estimates on the number of Earth 's current species range from 10 million to 14 million , of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described . More recently , in May 2016 , scientists reported that 1 trillion species are estimated to be on Earth currently with only one-thousandth of one percent described . The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037 and weighs 50 billion tonnes . In comparison , the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC ( trillion tons of carbon ) . In July 2016 , scientists reported identifying a set of 355 genes from the Last Universal Common Ancestor ( LUCA ) of all organisms living on Earth .   The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old . The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago , during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon . There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia . Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old meta-sedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland . More recently , in 2015 , `` remains of biotic life '' were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia . According to one of the researchers , `` If life arose relatively quickly on Earth . . then it could be common in the universe . ''   Since life began on Earth , five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity . The Phanerozoic eon ( the last 540 million years ) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion -- a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared . The next 400 million years included repeated , massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events . In the Carboniferous , rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life . The Permian -- Triassic extinction event , 251 million years ago , was the worst ; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years . The most recent , the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs .   The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity . Named the Holocene extinction , the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts , particularly habitat destruction . Conversely , biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways , both positively and negatively .   The United Nations designated 2011 -- 2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity ."}
{"_id": "Biogas", "title": "Biogas", "headings": "", "text": "Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen . Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste , manure , municipal waste , plant material , sewage , green waste or food waste . Biogas is a renewable energy source .   Biogas can be produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic organisms , which digest material inside a closed system , or fermentation of biodegradable materials .   Biogas is primarily methane and carbon dioxide and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide , moisture and siloxanes . The gases methane , hydrogen , and carbon monoxide can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen . This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel ; it can be used for any heating purpose , such as cooking . It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat .   Biogas can be compressed , the same way natural gas is compressed to CNG , and used to power motor vehicles . In the UK , for example , biogas is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17 % of vehicle fuel . It qualifies for renewable energy subsidies in some parts of the world . Biogas can be cleaned and upgraded to natural gas standards , when it becomes bio-methane . Biogas is considered to be a renewable resource because its production-and-use cycle is continuous , and it generates no net carbon dioxide . Organic material grows , is converted and used and then regrows in a continually repeating cycle . From a carbon perspective , as much carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere in the growth of the primary bio-resource as is released when the material is ultimately converted to energy ."}
{"_id": "Bioterrorism", "title": "Bioterrorism", "headings": "", "text": "Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents . These agents are bacteria , viruses , or toxins , and may be in a naturally occurring or a human-modified form . For the use of this method in warfare , see biological warfare ."}
{"_id": "Bjerknes_Centre_for_Climate_Research", "title": "Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research", "headings": "", "text": "The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research is a climate research centre in Bergen , Norway . The centre has a special focus on Northern Europe and the Polar regions .   The centre was started in 2000 and is a co-operation between University of Bergen , Institute of Marine Research , the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center and Uni Research . The centre was part of Research Council of Norway 's Centre of Excellence program from 2003 to 2013 . Eystein Jansen headed the centre from 2000 to 2013 , while Tore Furevik has been director since 2014 .   Researchers from the Bjerknes Centre have taken part in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment reports ; Eystein Jansen as one of the lead authors in the fourth report and upcoming fifth report .   It is named after Vilhelm Bjerknes and his son Jacob Bjerknes ."}
{"_id": "Bjørn_Lomborg", "title": "Bjørn Lomborg", "headings": "", "text": "Bjørn Lomborg ( -LSB- bjɶɐ̯n ˈlʌmbɒˀw -RSB- ; born 6 January 1965 ) is a Danish author and adjunct professor at the Copenhagen Business School as well as President of the Copenhagen Consensus Center . He is former director of the Danish government 's Environmental Assessment Institute ( EAI ) in Copenhagen . He became internationally known for his best-selling and controversial book , The Skeptical Environmentalist ( 2001 ) , in which he argues that many of the costly measures and actions adopted by scientists and policy makers to meet the challenges of global warming will ultimately have minimal impact on the world 's rising temperature .   In 2002 , Lomborg and the Environmental Assessment Institute founded the Copenhagen Consensus , a project-based conference where prominent economists sought to establish priorities for advancing global welfare using methods based on the theory of welfare economics .   In 2009 , Business Insider cited Lomborg as one of `` The 10 Most-Respected Global Warming Skeptics '' . While Lomborg campaigned against the Kyoto Protocol and other measures to cut carbon emissions in the short-term , he argued for adaptation to short-term temperature rises , and for spending money on research and development for longer-term environmental solutions . His issue is not with the reality of climate change , but rather with the economic and political approaches being taken ( or not taken ) to meet the challenges of that climate change . He is a strong advocate for focusing attention and resources on what he perceives as far more pressing world problems , such as AIDS , malaria and malnutrition . In his critique of the 2012 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development , Lomborg stated : `` Global warming is by no means our main environmental threat . '' In 2011 and 2012 , Lomborg was named a Top 100 Global Thinker by Foreign Policy `` for looking more right than ever on the politics of climate change '' ."}
{"_id": "Black_carbon", "title": "Black carbon", "headings": "", "text": "Chemically , black carbon ( BC ) is a component of fine particulate matter ( PM ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter ) . Black carbon consists of pure carbon in several linked forms . It is formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels , biofuel , and biomass , and is emitted in both anthropogenic and naturally occurring soot .   Black carbon causes human morbidity and premature mortality .   In climatology , black carbon is a climate forcing agent . Black carbon warms the Earth by absorbing sunlight and heating the atmosphere and by reducing albedo when deposited on snow and ice ( direct effects ) and indirectly by interaction with clouds , with the total forcing of 1.1 W/m2 . Black carbon stays in the atmosphere for only several days to weeks , whereas carbon dioxide has an atmospheric lifetime of more than 100 years .   The term black carbon is also used in soil sciences and geology , referring either to deposited atmospheric black carbon or to directly incorporated black carbon from vegetation fires . Especially in the tropics , black carbon in soils significantly contributes to fertility as it is able to absorb important plant nutrients ."}
{"_id": "Black_hole", "title": "Black hole", "headings": "", "text": "A black hole is a region of spacetime exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing -- not even particles and electromagnetic radiation such as light -- can escape from inside it . The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole . The boundary of the region from which no escape is possible is called the event horizon . Although the event horizon has an enormous effect on the fate and circumstances of an object crossing it , no locally detectable features appear to be observed . In many ways a black hole acts like an ideal black body , as it reflects no light . Moreover , quantum field theory in curved spacetime predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation , with the same spectrum as a black body of a temperature inversely proportional to its mass . This temperature is on the order of billionths of a kelvin for black holes of stellar mass , making it essentially impossible to observe .   Objects whose gravitational fields are too strong for light to escape were first considered in the 18th century by John Michell and Pierre-Simon Laplace . The first modern solution of general relativity that would characterize a black hole was found by Karl Schwarzschild in 1916 , although its interpretation as a region of space from which nothing can escape was first published by David Finkelstein in 1958 . Black holes were long considered a mathematical curiosity ; it was during the 1960s that theoretical work showed they were a generic prediction of general relativity . The discovery of neutron stars sparked interest in gravitationally collapsed compact objects as a possible astrophysical reality .   Black holes of stellar mass are expected to form when very massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle . After a black hole has formed , it can continue to grow by absorbing mass from its surroundings . By absorbing other stars and merging with other black holes , supermassive black holes of millions of solar masses may form . There is general consensus that supermassive black holes exist in the centers of most galaxies .   Despite its invisible interior , the presence of a black hole can be inferred through its interaction with other matter and with electromagnetic radiation such as visible light . Matter that falls onto a black hole can form an external accretion disk heated by friction , forming some of the brightest objects in the universe . If there are other stars orbiting a black hole , their orbits can be used to determine the black hole 's mass and location . Such observations can be used to exclude possible alternatives such as neutron stars . In this way , astronomers have identified numerous stellar black hole candidates in binary systems , and established that the radio source known as Sagittarius A * , at the core of our own Milky Way galaxy , contains a supermassive black hole of about 4.3 million solar masses .   On 11 February 2016 , the LIGO collaboration announced the first observation of gravitational waves ; because these waves were generated from a black hole merger it was the first ever direct detection of a binary black hole merger . On 15 June 2016 , a second detection of a gravitational wave event from colliding black holes was announced ."}
{"_id": "Boeing", "title": "Boeing", "headings": "", "text": "The Boeing Company ( -LSB- ˈboʊ.ɪŋ -RSB- ) is an American multinational corporation that designs , manufactures , and sells airplanes , rotorcraft , rockets , and satellites worldwide . The company also provides leasing and product support services . Boeing is among the largest global aircraft manufacturers ; it is the second-largest defense contractor in the world based on 2015 revenue , and is the largest exporter in the United States by dollar value . Boeing stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average .   The Boeing Company 's corporate headquarters are located in Chicago and the company is led by President and CEO Dennis Muilenburg . Boeing is organized into five primary divisions : Boeing Commercial Airplanes ( BCA ) ; Boeing Defense , Space & Security ( BDS ) ; Engineering , Operations & Technology ; Boeing Capital ; and Boeing Shared Services Group . In 2015 , Boeing recorded $ 96.11 billion in sales , ranked 27th on the Fortune magazine `` Fortune 500 '' list ( 2015 ) , ranked 90th on the `` Fortune Global 500 '' list ( 2015 ) , and ranked 27th on the `` World 's Most Admired Companies '' list ( 2015 ) ."}
{"_id": "Botany", "title": "Botany", "headings": "", "text": "Botany , also called plant science ( s ) , plant biology or phytology , is the science of plant life and a branch of biology . A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who specialises in this field . The term `` botany '' comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη ( botanē ) meaning `` pasture '' , `` grass '' , or `` fodder '' ; βοτάνη is in turn derived from βόσκειν ( boskein ) , `` to feed '' or `` to graze '' . Traditionally , botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively , with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress . Nowadays , botanists ( in the strict sense ) study approximately 410,000 species of land plants of which some 391,000 species are vascular plants ( including ca 369,000 species of flowering plants ) , and ca 20,000 are bryophytes .   Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify -- and later cultivate -- edible , medicinal and poisonous plants , making it one of the oldest branches of science . Medieval physic gardens , often attached to monasteries , contained plants of medical importance . They were forerunners of the first botanical gardens attached to universities , founded from the 1540s onwards . One of the earliest was the Padua botanical garden . These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants . Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy , and led in 1753 to the binomial system of Carl Linnaeus that remains in use to this day .   In the 19th and 20th centuries , new techniques were developed for the study of plants , including methods of optical microscopy and live cell imaging , electron microscopy , analysis of chromosome number , plant chemistry and the structure and function of enzymes and other proteins . In the last two decades of the 20th century , botanists exploited the techniques of molecular genetic analysis , including genomics and proteomics and DNA sequences to classify plants more accurately .   Modern botany is a broad , multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science and technology . Research topics include the study of plant structure , growth and differentiation , reproduction , biochemistry and primary metabolism , chemical products , development , diseases , evolutionary relationships , systematics , and plant taxonomy . Dominant themes in 21st century plant science are molecular genetics and epigenetics , which are the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of plant cells and tissues . Botanical research has diverse applications in providing staple foods , materials such as timber , oil , rubber , fibre and drugs , in modern horticulture , agriculture and forestry , plant propagation , breeding and genetic modification , in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production , in environmental management , and the maintenance of biodiversity ."}
{"_id": "Bread", "title": "Bread", "headings": "", "text": "Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour and water , usually by baking . Throughout recorded history it has been popular around the world and is one of the oldest artificial foods , having been of importance since the dawn of agriculture .   Proportions of types of flour and other ingredients vary widely , as do modes of preparation . As a result , types , shapes , sizes , and textures of breads differ around the world . Bread may be leavened by processes such as reliance on naturally occurring sourdough microbes , chemicals , industrially produced yeast , or high-pressure aeration . Some bread is cooked before it can leaven , including for traditional or religious reasons . Non-cereal ingredients such as fruits , nuts and fats may be included . Commercial bread commonly contains additives to improve flavor , texture , color , shelf life , and ease of manufacturing .   Bread is served in various forms with any meal of the day . It is eaten as a snack , and used as an ingredient in other culinary preparations , such as sandwiches , and fried items coated in bread crumbs to prevent sticking . It forms the bland main component of bread pudding , as well as of stuffings designed to fill cavities or retain juices that otherwise might drip out .   Bread has a social and emotional significance beyond its importance as nourishment . It plays essential roles in religious rituals and secular culture . Its prominence in daily life is reflected in language , where it appears in proverbs , colloquial expressions ( `` He stole the bread from my mouth '' ) , in prayer ( `` Give us this day our daily bread '' ) and in the etymology of words , such as `` companion '' ( from Latin com `` with '' + panis `` bread '' ) ."}
{"_id": "Breathing", "title": "Breathing", "headings": "", "text": "Breathing is the process that moves air in and out of the lungs , to allow the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the external environment into and out of the blood . `` Breathing '' sometimes also refers to the equivalent process using other respiratory organs such as gills in fish and spiracles in certain arthropods . For organisms with lungs , breathing is also called ventilation , which consists of inhalation ( breathing in ) and exhalation ( breathing out ) . Breathing is one part of physiological respiration required to sustain life . Aerobic organisms ( all animals , most plants and many micro-organisms ) require oxygen at cellular level to release energy by metabolizing energy-rich molecules such as fatty acids and glucose . This is often referred to as cellular respiration . Breathing is only one of the processes that delivers oxygen to where it is needed in the body and removes excess carbon dioxide . After breathing , the next process in this chain of events is the transport of these gases throughout the body by the circulatory system , and then their uptake or release from the respiring cells . Breathing fulfills another vital function : that of regulating the pH of the extracellular fluids of the body . It is , in fact , this homeostatic function which determines the rate and depth of breathing . The medical term for normal relaxed breathing is eupnea .   At the end of each exhalation the adult human lungs still contain 2.5 -- 3.0 liters of air , termed the functional residual capacity ( FRC ) . Breathing replaces only about 15 % of this volume of gas with moistened ambient air with each breath . This ensures that the composition of the FRC changes very little during the breathing cycle , and remains significantly different from the composition of the ambient air . The partial pressures of the gases in the blood flowing through the alveolar capillaries equilibrate with the partial pressures of the gases in the FRC , ensuring that the partial pressures of carbon dioxide , and oxygen of the arterial blood , and therefore its pH , remain constant . The equilibration of the gases in the alveolar blood with those in the alveolar air ( i.e. the gas exchange between the two ) occurs by passive diffusion .   Breathing is used for a number of subsidiary functions , such as speech , expression of the emotions ( e.g. laughing . yawning etc. ) , self-maintenance activities ( coughing and sneezing etc. ) and , in animals that can not sweat through the skin , panting ."}
{"_id": "British_Columbia", "title": "British Columbia", "headings": "", "text": "British Columbia ( BC ) is the westernmost province of Canada , with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains .  British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion , along with the U.S. states of Idaho , Oregon , Washington , Alaska , and western Montana .   The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria , established in 1843 , which gave rise to the city of Victoria , at first the capital of the separate Colony of Vancouver Island . Subsequently , on the mainland , the Colony of British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment , in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . Moody was Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for the Colony and the first Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia : he was hand-picked by the Colonial Office in London to transform British Columbia into the British Empire 's `` bulwark in the farthest west '' , and `` to found a second England on the shores of the Pacific '' . Moody selected the site for and founded the original capital of British Columbia , New Westminster , established the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park , and designed the first version of the Coat of arms of British Columbia . Port Moody is named after him .   In 1866 , Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia , and Victoria became the united colony 's capital . In 1871 , British Columbia became the sixth province of Canada . Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu ( `` Splendour without Diminishment '' ) .   The capital of British Columbia remains Victoria , the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada , named for the Queen who created the original European colonies . The largest city is Vancouver , the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada , the largest in Western Canada , and the third-largest in the Pacific Northwest . In October 2013 , British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371 ( about 2.5 million of whom were in Greater Vancouver ) . The province is currently governed by the BC Liberal Party , led by Premier Christy Clark , who became leader as a result of a leadership convention vote on February 26 , 2011 , and who led her party to an election victory on May 14 , 2013 .   British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871 . First Nations , the original inhabitants of the land , have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area . Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title , long ignored , has become a legal and political question of frequent debate as a result of recent court actions . Notably , the Tsilhqot ` in Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory , as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision ( William -LSB- Tsilhqot ` in Nation -RSB- v. British Columbia ) .   BC 's economy is diverse , with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the province 's GDP . It is the endpoint of transcontinental railways , and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade . Though less than 5 % of its vast 944735 km2 land is arable , the province is agriculturally rich ( particularly in the Fraser and Okanagan valleys ) , because of milder weather near the coast and in certain sheltered southern valleys . Its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism , though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction , principally logging , farming , and mining . Vancouver , the province 's largest city and metropolitan area , also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies . It also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average . While the coast of British Columbia and certain valleys in the south-central part of the province have mild weather , the majority of its land mass experiences a cold-winter-temperate climate similar to that of the rest of Canada . The Northern Interior region has a subarctic climate with very cold winters . The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities , with nighttime January temperatures averaging above the freezing point ."}
{"_id": "Brown_bear", "title": "Brown bear", "headings": "", "text": "The brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) is a large bear with the widest distribution of any living ursid . The species is distributed across much of northern Eurasia and North America . It is one of the two largest terrestrial carnivorans alive today , rivaled in body size only by its close cousin , the polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ) , which is much less variable in size and averages larger due to this . There are several recognized subspecies , many of which are quite well-known within their native ranges , found in the brown bear species .   The brown bear 's principal range includes parts of Russia , Central Asia , China , Canada , the United States ( mostly Alaska ) , Scandinavia and the Carpathian region ( especially Romania ) , Anatolia , and Caucasus . The brown bear is recognized as a national and state animal in several European countries .   While the brown bear 's range has shrunk and it has faced local extinctions , it remains listed as a least concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) with a total population of approximately 200,000 . As of 2012 , this and the American black bear are the only bear species not classified as threatened by the IUCN . However , the Californian , North African ( Atlas bear ) , and Mexican subspecies were hunted to extinction in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , and many of the southern Asian subspecies are highly endangered . One of the smaller-bodied subspecies , the Himalayan brown bear , is critically endangered , occupying only 2 % of its former range and threatened by uncontrolled poaching for its parts . The Marsican brown bear , one of several currently isolated populations of the main Eurasian brown bear race , in central Italy is believed to have a population of just 30 to 40 bears ."}
{"_id": "Buffalo_meat", "title": "Buffalo meat", "headings": "", "text": "Buffalo meat is the meat of the water buffalo , a large bovid , raised for its milk and meat in many countries including India , Nepal , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Bulgaria , Italy , Russia , Czech Republic , Slovakia and Egypt .   Buffalo meat is known by various names in different countries . In some places it is known as buffen , or buff in Nepal ; in some countries it is known as carabeef , from the Spanish term and breed name carabao . Meat taken from a buffalo younger than 20 months is known as padwa in India and Pakistan or pado in Nepal . Buffalo calves are often referred to as buffalo broilers and brought up exclusively on milk for the purpose of being slaughtered young for meat ."}
{"_id": "Burkina_Faso", "title": "Burkina Faso", "headings": "", "text": "Burkina Faso ( -LSB- usbər ` kiːnə _ , fɑːsoʊ -RSB- ; -LSB- buʁkina faso -RSB- ) is a landlocked country located in West Africa . It covers an area of around 274200 km2 and is surrounded by six countries : Mali to the north ; Niger to the east ; Benin to the southeast ; Togo and Ghana to the south ; and Ivory Coast to the southwest . Its capital is Ouagadougou . In 2014 its population was estimated at just over 17.3 million . Burkina Faso is a francophone country and French is an official language of government and business . Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta , the country was renamed `` Burkina Faso '' on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara . The citizens of Burkina Faso are known as Burkinabé ( -LSB- bərˈkiːnəbeɪ -RSB- ) .   The northwestern part of present-day Burkina Faso was populated by hunter-gatherers from 14,000 BC to 5,000 BC . From the 3rd to the 13th centuries AD , the Iron-Age Bura culture was situated in the territory of present-day southeastern Burkina Faso and southwestern Niger . Various ethnic groups of present-day Burkina Faso , such as the Mossi , Fula and Dyula , arrived in successive waves between the 8th and 15th centuries . From the 11th century the Mossi people established several separate kingdoms . In the 1890s during the European Scramble for Africa , the territory of Burkina Faso was invaded by France , and colonial control was established following a war of conquest between 1896 to 1904 . The territory was made part of French West Africa in 1904 , and the colony of French Upper Volta was established on 1 March 1919 . The colony was named for its location on the upper courses of the Volta River ( the Black , Red and White Volta ) .   The Republic of Upper Volta was established on 11 December 1958 as a self-governing colony within the French Community , and on 5 August 1960 it gained full independence , with Maurice Yaméogo as President . After protests by students and labour unions , Yaméogo was deposed in the 1966 coup d'état led by Sangoulé Lamizana , who became President . His rule coincided with the Sahel drought and famine , and facing problems from the country 's traditionally powerful trade unions , he was deposed in the 1980 coup d'état led by Saye Zerbo . Encountering resistance from trade unions once again , Zerbo 's government was overthrown in the 1982 coup d'état led by Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo . The leader of the leftist faction of Ouédraogo 's government , Thomas Sankara , became Prime Minister but was imprisoned . Efforts to free him led to the popularly-supported 1983 coup d'état , in which he became President . Sankara renamed the country to Burkina Faso and launched an ambitious socioeconomic programme which included a nationwide literacy campaign , land redistribution to peasants , railway and road construction and the outlawing of female genital mutilation , forced marriages and polygamy . Sankara was overthrown and killed in the 1987 coup d'état led by Blaise Compaoré -- deteriorating relations with the former coloniser France and its ally the Ivory Coast was the reason given for the coup .   In 1987 Blaise Compaoré became President and , after an alleged 1989 coup attempt , was later elected in 1991 and 1998 , elections which were boycotted by the opposition and received a considerably low turnout , and in 2005 . He remained head of state until he was ousted from power by the popular youth upheaval of 31 October 2014 . He then fled to the Ivory Coast . Michel Kafando subsequently became the transitional President of the country . On 16 September 2015 a military coup d'état against the Kafando government was carried out by the Regiment of Presidential Security . On 24 September 2015 , after pressure from the African Union , ECOWAS and the armed forces , the military junta agreed to step down , and Michel Kafando was reinstated as Acting President . In the general election held on 29 November 2015 , Roch Marc Christian Kaboré won in the first round with 53.5 % of the vote and was sworn in as President on 29 December 2015 ."}
{"_id": "Bushfires_in_Australia", "title": "Bushfires in Australia", "headings": "", "text": "Bushfires in Australia are frequent events during the warmer months of the year , due to Australia 's mostly hot , dry climate . Each year , such fires impact extensive areas . On one hand , they can cause property damage and loss of human life . On the other hand , certain native flora in Australia have evolved to rely on bushfires as a means of reproduction , and fire events are an interwoven and an essential part of the ecology of the continent . For thousands of years , Indigenous Australians have used fire to foster grasslands for hunting and to clear tracks through dense vegetation .   Major firestorms that result in severe loss of life are often named based on the day on which they occur , such as Ash Wednesday and Black Saturday . Some of the most intense , extensive and deadly bushfires commonly occur during droughts and heat waves , such as the 2009 Southern Australia heat wave , which precipitated the conditions during the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires in which 173 people lost their lives . Other major conflagrations include the 1983 Ash Wednesday bushfires , the 2003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires and the 2006 December Bushfires .   Global warming is increasing the frequency and severity of bushfires ."}
{"_id": "CLOUD_experiment", "title": "CLOUD experiment", "headings": "", "text": "Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets or CLOUD is an experiment being run at CERN by a group of researchers led by Jasper Kirkby to investigate the microphysics between galactic cosmic rays ( GCRs ) and aerosols under controlled conditions . The experiment began operation in November 2009 .   The primary goal is to understand the influence of galactic cosmic rays ( GCRs ) on aerosols and clouds , and their implications for climate . Although its design is optimised to address the cosmic ray question , ( as posed by Henrik Svensmark and colleagues in 1997 ) CLOUD allows as well to measure aerosol nucleation and growth under controlled laboratory conditions . Atmospheric aerosols and their effect on clouds are recognised by the IPCC as main source of uncertainty in present radiative forcing and climate models ."}
{"_id": "Caffeine", "title": "Caffeine", "headings": "", "text": "Caffeine is a central nervous system ( CNS ) stimulant of the methylxanthine class . It is the world 's most widely consumed psychoactive drug . Unlike many other psychoactive substances , it is legal and unregulated in nearly all parts of the world . There are several known mechanisms of action to explain the effects of caffeine . The most prominent is that it reversibly blocks the action of adenosine on its receptor and consequently prevents the onset of drowsiness induced by adenosine . Caffeine also stimulates certain portions of the autonomic nervous system .   Caffeine is a bitter , white crystalline purine , a methylxanthine alkaloid , and is chemically related to the adenine and guanine bases of deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) . It is found in the seeds , nuts , or leaves of a number of plants native to South America and East Asia and helps to protect them against predator insects and to prevent germination of nearby seeds . The most well known source of caffeine is the coffee bean , a misnomer for the seed of Coffea plants . Beverages containing caffeine are ingested to relieve or prevent drowsiness and to improve performance . To make these drinks , caffeine is extracted by steeping the plant product in water , a process called infusion . Caffeine-containing drinks , such as coffee , tea , and cola , are very popular ; in 2005 , 90 % of North American adults consumed caffeine daily .   Caffeine can have both positive and negative health effects . It can treat and prevent the premature infant breathing disorders bronchopulmonary dysplasia of prematurity and apnea of prematurity . Caffeine citrate is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines . It may confer a modest protective effect against some diseases , including Parkinson 's disease and certain types of cancer . One meta-analysis concluded that cardiovascular disease such as coronary artery disease and stroke is less likely with 3 -- 5 cups of non-decaffeinated coffee per day but more likely with over 5 cups per day . Some people experience insomnia or sleep disruption if they consume caffeine , especially during the evening hours , but others show little disturbance . Evidence of a risk during pregnancy is equivocal ; some authorities recommend that pregnant women limit consumption to the equivalent of two cups of coffee per day or less . Caffeine can produce a mild form of drug dependence -- associated with withdrawal symptoms such as sleepiness , headache , and irritability -- when an individual stops using caffeine after repeated daily intake . Tolerance to the autonomic effects of increased blood pressure and heart rate , and increased urine output , develops with chronic use ( i.e. , these symptoms become less pronounced or do not occur following consistent use ) .   Caffeine is classified by the Food and Drug Administration as `` generally recognized as safe '' ( GRAS ) . Toxic doses , over 10 grams per day for an adult , are much higher than typical doses of under 500 milligrams per day . A cup of coffee contains 80 -- 175 mg of caffeine , depending on what `` bean '' ( seed ) is used and how it is prepared ( e.g. drip , percolation , or espresso ) . Thus it requires roughly 50 -- 100 ordinary cups of coffee to reach a lethal dose . However pure powdered caffeine , which is available as a dietary supplement , can be lethal in tablespoon-sized amounts ."}
{"_id": "Calcium_carbonate", "title": "Calcium carbonate", "headings": "", "text": "Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3 . It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite ( most notably as limestone , which contains both of those minerals ) and is the main component of pearls and the shells of marine organisms , snails , and eggs . Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime and is created when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions to create limescale . It is medicinally used as a calcium supplement or as an antacid , but excessive consumption can be hazardous ."}
{"_id": "California", "title": "California", "headings": "", "text": "California ( -LSB- kælᵻˈfɔːrnjə , _ - ni.ə -RSB- , ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area . Located on the western ( Pacific Ocean ) coast of the U.S. , California is bordered by the other U.S. states of Oregon , Nevada , and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California . The state capital is Sacramento . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second largest after New York City . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second - and fifth-most populous urban regions , respectively . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County .   California 's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the east ; and from the redwood -- Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast . The Central Valley , a major agricultural area , dominates the state 's center . Though California is well-known for its warm Mediterranean climate , the large size of the state means it can vary from moist temperate rainforest in the north , to arid desert in the interior , as well as snowy alpine in the mountains .   What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries . The Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony . The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its successful war for independence , but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican -- American War . The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California , and admitted as the 31st state on September 9 , 1850 . The California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes , with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom .   If it were a country , California would be the 6th largest economy in the world and the 35th most populous . It is also regarded as a global trendsetter in both popular culture and politics , and is the origin of the film industry , the hippie counterculture , the Internet , and the personal computer , among others . Fifty-eight percent of the state 's economy is centered on finance , government , real estate services , technology , and professional , scientific and technical business services . The San Francisco Bay Area has the nation 's highest median household income by metropolitan area , and is the headquarters of three of the world 's largest 40 firms by revenue , Chevron , Apple , and McKesson . Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the state 's economy , California 's agriculture industry has the highest output of any U.S. state ."}
{"_id": "Cambrian", "title": "Cambrian", "headings": "", "text": "The Cambrian Period ( -LSB- pronˈkæmbriən -RSB- or -LSB- ˈkeɪmbriən -RSB- ) was the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era , of the Phanerozoic Eon . The Cambrian lasted 55.6 million years from the end of the preceding Ediacaran Period 541 million years ago ( mya ) to the beginning of the Ordovician Period mya . Its subdivisions , and its base , are somewhat in flux . The period was established ( as `` Cambrian series '' ) by Adam Sedgwick , who named it after Cambria , the Latinised form of Cymru , the Welsh name for Wales , where Britain 's Cambrian rocks are best exposed . The Cambrian is unique in its unusually high proportion of lagerstätte sedimentary deposits , sites of exceptional preservation where `` soft '' parts of organisms are preserved as well as their more resistant shells . As a result , our understanding of the Cambrian biology surpasses that of some later periods .   The Cambrian marked a profound change in life on Earth ; prior to the Cambrian , the majority of living organisms on the whole were small , unicellular and simple ; the Precambrian Charnia being exceptional . Complex , multicellular organisms gradually became more common in the millions of years immediately preceding the Cambrian , but it was not until this period that mineralized -- hence readily fossilized -- organisms became common . The rapid diversification of lifeforms in the Cambrian , known as the Cambrian explosion , produced the first representatives of all modern animal phyla . Phylogenetic analysis has supported the view that during the Cambrian radiation , metazoa ( animals ) evolved monophyletically from a single common ancestor : flagellated colonial protists similar to modern choanoflagellates .   Although diverse life forms prospered in the oceans , the land was comparatively barren -- with nothing more complex than a microbial soil crust and a few molluscs that emerged to browse on the microbial biofilm . Most of the continents were probably dry and rocky due to a lack of vegetation . Shallow seas flanked the margins of several continents created during the breakup of the supercontinent Pannotia . The seas were relatively warm , and polar ice was absent for much of the period .   The United States Federal Geographic Data Committee uses a `` barred capital C '' character similar to the capital letter Ukrainian Ye to represent the Cambrian Period .  The proper Unicode character is ."}
{"_id": "Cambridge,_Massachusetts", "title": "Cambridge, Massachusetts", "headings": "", "text": "Cambridge ( -LSB- ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ -RSB- ) is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and is a part of the Boston metropolitan area .   Situated directly north of the city of Boston , across the Charles River , it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom , an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town 's founders . Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , two of the world 's most prestigious universities , are located in Cambridge , as was Radcliffe College , one of the leading colleges for women in the United States until it merged with Harvard .   According to the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 105,162 . , it was the fifth most populous city in the state , behind Boston , Worcester , Springfield and Lowell . Cambridge was one of the two seats of Middlesex County prior to the abolition of county government in 1997 ; Lowell was the other .   Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called `` the most innovative square mile on the planet '' , in reference to the high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010 ."}
{"_id": "Canada", "title": "Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Canada ( -LSB- ˈkænədə -RSB- -LSB- kanadɑ -RSB- ) is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 e6km2 , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area . Canada 's border with the United States is the world 's longest binational land border . The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate , but southerly areas are warm in summer . Canada is sparsely populated , the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains . It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , many near the southern border . One third of the population lives in the three largest cities : Toronto , Montreal and Vancouver . Its capital is Ottawa , and other major urban areas include Calgary , Edmonton , Quebec City , Winnipeg and Hamilton .   Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French claims were made on the area , with the colony of Canada first being established by the French in 1535 during Jacques Cartier 's second voyage to New France . As a consequence of various conflicts , Great Britain gained and lost territories within British North America until it was left , in the late 18th century , with what mostly geographically comprises Canada today . Pursuant to the British North America Act , on July 1 , 1867 , the colonies of Canada , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia joined to form the semi-autonomous federal Dominion of Canada . This began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada .   In 1931 , Canada achieved near total independence from the United Kingdom with the Statute of Westminster 1931 , but at the time , Canada decided to allow the British Parliament to temporarily retain the power to amend Canada 's constitution , on request from the Parliament of Canada . With the Constitution Act 1982 , Canada took over that authority ( as the conclusion of Patriation ) , removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom , giving the country full sovereignty .   Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy , with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state . The country is officially bilingual at the federal level . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries . Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world , relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks . Canada 's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture .   Canada is a developed country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index . It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency , civil liberties , quality of life , economic freedom , and education . Canada is a Commonwealth realm member of the Commonwealth of Nations , a member of the Francophonie , and part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the United Nations , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , the G8 , the Group of Ten , the G20 , the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum ."}
{"_id": "Cancer", "title": "Cancer", "headings": "", "text": "Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body . Not all tumors are cancerous ; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body . Possible signs and symptoms include a lump , abnormal bleeding , prolonged cough , unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements . While these symptoms may indicate cancer , they may have other causes . Over 100 types of cancers affect humans .   Tobacco use is the cause of about 22 % of cancer deaths . Another 10 % is due to obesity , poor diet , lack of physical activity , and excessive drinking of alcohol . Other factors include certain infections , exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants . In the developing world nearly 20 % of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B , hepatitis C and human papillomavirus ( HPV ) . These factors act , at least partly , by changing the genes of a cell . Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops . Approximately 5 -- 10 % of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person 's parents . Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests . It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy .   Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking , maintaining a healthy weight , not drinking too much alcohol , eating plenty of vegetables , fruits and whole grains , vaccination against certain infectious diseases , not eating too much processed and red meat , and avoiding too much sunlight exposure . Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer . The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial . Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy , surgery , chemotherapy , and targeted therapy . Pain and symptom management are an important part of care . Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease . The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment . In children under 15 at diagnosis the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80 % . For cancer in the United States the average five-year survival rate is 66 % .   In 2015 about 90.5 million people had cancer . About 14.1 million new cases occur a year ( not including skin cancer other than melanoma ) . It caused about 8.8 million deaths ( 15.7 % ) of human deaths . The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer , prostate cancer , colorectal cancer and stomach cancer . In females , the most common types are breast cancer , colorectal cancer , lung cancer and cervical cancer . If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancers each year it would account for around 40 % of cases . In children , acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and brain tumors are most common except in Africa where non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often . In 2012 , about 165,000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer . The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries . Rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world . The financial costs of cancer were estimated at $ 1.16 trillion US dollars per year as of 2010 ."}
{"_id": "Cannabis_cultivation", "title": "Cannabis cultivation", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents common techniques and facts regarding the cultivation of the flowering plant Cannabis , primarily for the production and consumption of cannabis flowers ( `` buds '' ) . Cultivation techniques for other purposes ( such as hemp production ) differ ."}
{"_id": "Captain_America:_The_First_Avenger", "title": "Captain America: The First Avenger", "headings": "", "text": "Captain America : The First Avenger is a 2011 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures . It is the fifth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by Joe Johnston , written by Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely , and stars Chris Evans , Tommy Lee Jones , Hugo Weaving , Hayley Atwell , Sebastian Stan , Dominic Cooper , Neal McDonough , Derek Luke , and Stanley Tucci . Set predominantly during World War II , Captain America : The First Avenger tells the story of Steve Rogers , a sickly man from Brooklyn who is transformed into super-soldier Captain America and must stop the Red Skull , who intends to use an artifact called the `` Tesseract '' as an energy-source for world domination .   Captain America : The First Avenger began as a concept in 1997 and was scheduled for distribution by Artisan Entertainment . However , a lawsuit , not settled until September 2003 , disrupted the project . In 2005 , Marvel Studios received a loan from Merrill Lynch , and planned to finance and release it through Paramount Pictures . Directors Jon Favreau and Louis Leterrier were interested in directing the project before Johnston was approached in 2008 . The principal characters were cast between March and June 2010 . Production of Captain America : The First Avenger began in June 2010 , and filming took place in London , Manchester , Caerwent , and Liverpool in the United Kingdom , and Los Angeles in the United States . The film was converted to 3D in post-production .   Captain America : The First Avenger premiered in Hollywood on July 19 , 2011 , and was released in the United States on July 22 , 2011 . The film received positive reviews and was commercially successful , grossing over $ 370 million worldwide . The Blu-ray and DVD were released on October 25 , 2011 . A sequel titled Captain America : The Winter Soldier was released on April 4 , 2014 , and a third film titled Captain America : Civil War was released on May 6 , 2016 ."}
{"_id": "Captain_Cold", "title": "Captain Cold", "headings": "", "text": "Captain Cold ( Leonard Snart ) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Captain Cold is the leader of the Rogues , a loose criminal association , , as well as the older brother of Golden Glider . He also has served as a bitter enemy to the Silver Age Flash Barry Allen , both enemy and grudging friend to the third Flash Wally West , and one of the killers of the fourth Flash Bart Allen .   IGN 's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains Of All Time List ranked Captain Cold as # 27 . Actor Wentworth Miller has portrayed the character in The CW 's live action Arrowverse ."}
{"_id": "Captain_Planet_and_the_Planeteers", "title": "Captain Planet and the Planeteers", "headings": "", "text": "Captain Planet and the Planeteers is an American animated environmentalist television program created by Ted Turner and Barbara Pyle . The series was produced by Turner Program Services and DIC Entertainment and it was broadcast on TBS from September 15 , 1990 , to December 5 , 1992 . A sequel series , The New Adventures of Captain Planet , was produced by Hanna-Barbera and Turner Program Services and was broadcast from September 11 , 1993 , to May 11 , 1996 . Both series continue today in syndication . The program is a form of edutainment and advocates environmentalism and is famous for having a number of famous actors providing voices for the villains .   In February 2009 , Mother Nature Network began airing episodes and unreleased footage of Captain Planet and the Planeteers on its website ."}
{"_id": "Car", "title": "Car", "headings": "", "text": "A car ( or automobile ) is a wheeled , self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry . Most definitions of the term specify that cars are designed to run primarily on roads , to have seating for one to eight people , to typically have four wheels with tyres , and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods . The year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the modern car . In that year , German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen . Cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century . One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T , an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company . Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America , where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts , but took much longer to be accepted in Western Europe and other parts of the world .   Cars are equipped with controls used for driving , parking , passenger comfort and safety , and controlling a variety of lights . Over the decades , additional features and controls have been added to vehicles , making them progressively more complex . Examples include rear reversing cameras , air conditioning , navigation systems , and in car entertainment . Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by an internal combustion engine , fueled by deflagration of gasoline ( also known as petrol ) or diesel . Both fuels cause air pollution and are also blamed for contributing to climate change and global warming . Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries . Electric cars , which were invented early in the history of the car , began to become commercially available in 2008 .   There are costs and benefits to car use . The costs of car usage include the cost of : acquiring the vehicle , interest payments ( if the car is financed ) , repairs and auto maintenance , fuel , depreciation , driving time , parking fees , taxes , and insurance . The costs to society of car use include : maintaining roads , land use , road congestion , air pollution , public health , health care , and disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life . Road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide .   The benefits may include on-demand transportation , mobility , independence , and convenience . The societal benefits may include : economic benefits , such as job and wealth creation from car production , sales and maintenance , transportation provision , society well-being derived from leisure and travel opportunities , and revenue generation from the tax opportunities . The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies . It was estimated in 2014 that the number of cars had risen to over 1.25 billion vehicles , up from the 500 million of 1986 . The numbers are increasing rapidly , especially in China , India and other newly industrialized countries ."}
{"_id": "Carbon_Pollution_Reduction_Scheme", "title": "Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme", "headings": "", "text": "The Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme ( or CPRS ) was a cap-and-trade emissions trading scheme for anthropogenic greenhouse gases proposed by the Rudd government , as part of its climate change policy , which had been due to commence in Australia in 2010 . It marked a major change in the energy policy of Australia . The policy began to be formulated in April 2007 , when the federal Labor Party was in Opposition and the six Labor-controlled states commissioned an independent review on energy policy , the Garnaut Climate Change Review , which published a number of reports . After Labor won the 2007 federal election and formed government , it published a Green Paper on climate change for discussion and comment . The Federal Treasury then modelled some of the financial and economic impacts of the proposed CPRS scheme .   The Rudd government published a final White Paper on 15 December 2008 , and announced that legislation was intended to take effect in July 2010 ; but the legislation for the CPRS ( aka ETS ) failed to gain the numbers in the Senate and was twice rejected creating a double dissolution election trigger . A bitter political debate within the Coalition Opposition saw Opposition leader Malcolm Turnbull lose the leadership to the anti-CPRS Tony Abbott . The Rudd government did not call an election and in April 2010 , Rudd deferred plans for the CPRS .   After the 2010 federal election , the Gillard Government was able to get the Carbon Pricing Mechanism ( CPM ) passed into law as part of the Clean Energy Futures Package ( CEF ) in 2011 , and became effective on 1 July 2012 . However , after the 2013 federal election there was a change in government , and the Abbott Government repealed the CEF package on 17 July 2014 . Due to the great deal of policy uncertainty surrounding the scheme , organizations in Australia responded in a rather informal and tepid manner and largely withheld from making any large-scale investments in emissions reductions technology during the scheme 's operation ."}
{"_id": "Carbon_capture_and_storage", "title": "Carbon capture and storage", "headings": "", "text": "Carbon capture and storage ( CCS ) ( or carbon capture and sequestration ) is the process of capturing waste carbon dioxide from large point sources , such as fossil fuel power plants , transporting it to a storage site , and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere , normally an underground geological formation . The aim is to prevent the release of large quantities of into the atmosphere ( from fossil fuel use in power generation and other industries ) . It is a potential means of mitigating the contribution of fossil fuel emissions to global warming and ocean acidification . Although has been injected into geological formations for several decades for various purposes , including enhanced oil recovery , the long term storage of is a relatively new concept . The first commercial example was the Weyburn-Midale Carbon Dioxide Project in 2000 . Other examples include SaskPower 's Boundary Dam and Mississippi Power 's Kemper Project . ` CCS ' can also be used to describe the scrubbing of from ambient air as a climate engineering technique .   An integrated pilot-scale CCS power plant was to begin operating in September 2008 in the eastern German power plant Schwarze Pumpe run by utility Vattenfall , to test the technological feasibility and economic efficiency . CCS applied to a modern conventional power plant could reduce emissions to the atmosphere by approximately 80 -- 90 % compared to a plant without CCS . The IPCC estimates that the economic potential of CCS could be between 10 % and 55 % of the total carbon mitigation effort until year 2100 .   Carbon dioxide can be captured out of air or fossil fuel power plant flue gas using adsorption ( or carbon scrubbing ) , membrane gas separation , or adsorption technologies . Amines are the leading carbon scrubbing technology .  Capturing and compressing may increase the energy needs of a coal-fired CCS plant by 25 -- 40 % . These and other system costs are estimated to increase the cost per watt energy produced by 21 -- 91 % for fossil fuel power plants . Applying the technology to existing plants would be more expensive , especially if they are far from a sequestration site . A 2005 industry report suggests that with successful research , development and deployment ( RD&D ) , sequestered coal-based electricity generation in 2025 may cost less than unsequestered coal-based electricity generation today .   Storage of the is envisaged either in deep geological formations , or in the form of mineral carbonates . Deep ocean storage is not currently considered feasible due to the associated effect of ocean acidification . Geological formations are currently considered the most promising sequestration sites . The National Energy Technology Laboratory ( NETL ) reported that North America has enough storage capacity for more than 900 years worth of carbon dioxide at current production rates . A general problem is that long term predictions about submarine or underground storage security are very difficult and uncertain , and there is still the risk that might leak into the atmosphere ."}
{"_id": "Carbon_credit", "title": "Carbon credit", "headings": "", "text": "A carbon credit is a generic term for any tradable certificate or permit representing the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide or the mass of another greenhouse gas with a carbon dioxide equivalent ( tCO2e ) equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide .   Carbon credits and carbon markets are a component of national and international attempts to mitigate the growth in concentrations of greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) . One carbon credit is equal to one tonne of carbon dioxide , or in some markets , carbon dioxide equivalent gases . Carbon trading is an application of an emissions trading approach . Greenhouse gas emissions are capped and then markets are used to allocate the emissions among the group of regulated sources .   The goal is to allow market mechanisms to drive industrial and commercial processes in the direction of low emissions or less carbon intensive approaches than those used when there is no cost to emitting carbon dioxide and other GHGs into the atmosphere . Since GHG mitigation projects generate credits , this approach can be used to finance carbon reduction schemes between trading partners and around the world .   There are also many companies that sell carbon credits to commercial and individual customers who are interested in lowering their carbon footprint on a voluntary basis . These carbon offsetters purchase the credits from an investment fund or a carbon development company that has aggregated the credits from individual projects . Buyers and sellers can also use an exchange platform to trade , which is like a stock exchange for carbon credits . The quality of the credits is based in part on the validation process and sophistication of the fund or development company that acted as the sponsor to the carbon project . This is reflected in their price ; voluntary units typically have less value than the units sold through the rigorously validated Clean Development Mechanism ."}
{"_id": "Carbon_cycle", "title": "Carbon cycle", "headings": "", "text": "The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere , pedosphere , geosphere , hydrosphere , and atmosphere of the Earth . Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major component of many minerals such as limestone . Along with the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle , the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to make Earth capable of sustaining life . It describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere , as well as long-term processes of carbon sequestration to and release from carbon sinks .   The global carbon budget is the balance of the exchanges ( incomes and losses ) of carbon between the carbon reservoirs or between one specific loop ( e.g. , atmosphere and biosphere ) of the carbon cycle . An examination of the carbon budget of a pool or reservoir can provide information about whether the pool or reservoir is functioning as a source or sink for carbon dioxide . The carbon cycle was initially discovered by Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier , and popularized by Humphry Davy ."}
{"_id": "Carbon_dioxide", "title": "Carbon dioxide", "headings": "", "text": "Carbon dioxide ( chemical formula ) is a colorless gas with a density about 60 % higher than that of air ( 1.225 g/L ) that is odorless at normally encountered concentrations . Carbon dioxide consists of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms . It occurs naturally in Earth 's atmosphere as a trace gas at a concentration of about 0.04 percent ( 400 ppm ) by volume . Natural sources include volcanoes , hot springs and geysers , and it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids . Because carbon dioxide is soluble in water , it occurs naturally in groundwater , rivers and lakes , ice caps , glaciers and seawater . It is present in deposits of petroleum and natural gas .   As the source of available carbon in the carbon cycle , atmospheric carbon dioxide is the primary carbon source for life on Earth and its concentration in Earth 's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the Precambrian has been regulated by photosynthetic organisms and geological phenomena . Plants , algae and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water , with oxygen produced as a waste product .   Carbon dioxide is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration . It is returned to water via the gills of fish and to the air via the lungs of air-breathing land animals , including humans . Carbon dioxide is produced during the processes of decay of organic materials and the fermentation of sugars in bread , beer and winemaking . It is produced by combustion of wood and other organic materials and fossil fuels such as coal , peat , petroleum and natural gas .   It is a versatile industrial material , used , for example , as an inert gas in welding and fire extinguishers , as a pressurizing gas in air guns and oil recovery , as a chemical feedstock and in liquid form as a solvent in decaffeination of coffee and supercritical drying . It is added to drinking water and carbonated beverages including beer and sparkling wine to add effervescence . The frozen solid form of , known as `` dry ice '' is used as a refrigerant and as an abrasive in dry-ice blasting .   Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth 's atmosphere . Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions - primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation - have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere , leading to global warming . Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid ."}
{"_id": "Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere", "title": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "headings": "", "text": "Carbon dioxide is an important trace gas in Earth 's atmosphere . Currently it constitutes about 0.041 % ( equal to 410 parts per million ; ppm ) by volume of the atmosphere . Despite its relatively small concentration is a potent greenhouse gas and plays a vital role in regulating Earth 's surface temperature through radiative forcing and the greenhouse effect . Reconstructions show that concentrations of in the atmosphere have varied , ranging from as high as 7,000 ppm during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years .   Carbon dioxide is an integral part of the carbon cycle , a biogeochemical cycle in which carbon is exchanged between the Earth 's oceans , soil , rocks and the biosphere . Plants and other photoautotrophs use solar energy to produce carbohydrate from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis . Almost all other organisms depend on carbohydrate derived from photosynthesis as their primary source of energy and carbon compounds .   The current episode of global warming is attributed to increasing emissions of and other greenhouse gases into Earth 's atmosphere . The global annual mean concentration of in the atmosphere has increased by more than 40 % since the start of the Industrial Revolution , from 280 ppm , the level it had for the last 10,000 years leading up to the mid-18th century , to 399 ppm as of 2015 . The present concentration is the highest in at least the past 800,000 years and likely the highest in the past 20 million years . The increase has been caused by anthropogenic sources , particularly the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation . The daily average concentration of atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa Observatory first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 . It is currently rising at a rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and accelerating . An estimated 30 -- 40 % of the released by humans into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans , rivers and lakes , which contributes to ocean acidification ."}
{"_id": "Carbon_dioxide_removal", "title": "Carbon dioxide removal", "headings": "", "text": "Carbon dioxide removal ( CDR ) methods refers to a number of technologies which reduce the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere . Among such technologies are bio-energy with carbon capture and storage , biochar , direct air capture , ocean fertilization and enhanced weathering . CDR is a different approach than removing CO2 from the stack emissions of large fossil fuel point sources , such as power stations . The latter reduces emission to the atmosphere but can not reduce the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere . As CDR removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , it creates negative emissions , offsetting emissions from small and dispersed point sources such as domestic heating systems , airplanes and vehicle exhausts . It is regarded by some as a form of climate engineering , while other commentators describe it as a form of carbon capture and storage or extreme mitigation . Whether CDR would satisfy common definitions of `` climate engineering '' or `` geoengineering '' usually depends upon the scale on which it would be undertaken .   The likely need for CDR has been publicly expressed by a range of individuals and organizations involved with climate change issues , including IPCC chief Rajendra Pachauri , the UNFCCC executive secretary Christiana Figueres , and the World Watch Institute . Institutions with major programs focusing on CDR include the Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy at the Earth Institute , Columbia University , and the Climate Decision Making Center , an international collaboration operated out of Carnegie-Mellon University 's Department of Engineering and Public Policy .   The mitigation effectiveness of air capture is limited by societal investment , land use , availability of geologic reservoirs , and leakage . The reservoirs are estimated to be sufficient to for storing at least 545 GtC . Storing 771 GtC would cause an 186 ppm atmospheric reduction . In order to return the atmospheric CO2 content to 350 ppm we need atmospheric reduction of 50 ppm plus an additional 2 ppm per year of current emissions ."}
{"_id": "Carbon_footprint", "title": "Carbon footprint", "headings": "", "text": "A carbon footprint is historically defined as the total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual , event , organisation , or product , expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent .   In most cases , the total carbon footprint can not be exactly calculated because of inadequate knowledge of and data about the complex interactions between contributing processes , especially which including the influence on natural processes storing or releasing carbon dioxide . For this reason , Wright , Kemp , and Williams , have suggested to define the carbon footprint as :   A measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) and methane ( CH4 ) emissions of a defined population , system or activity , considering all relevant sources , sinks and storage within the spatial and temporal boundary of the population , system or activity of interest . Calculated as carbon dioxide equivalent using the relevant 100-year global warming potential ( GWP100 ) .   Greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) can be emitted through land clearance and the production and consumption of food , fuels , manufactured goods , materials , wood , roads , buildings , transportation and other services . For simplicity of reporting , it is often expressed in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide , or its equivalent of other GHGs , emitted .   Most of the carbon footprint emissions for the average U.S. household come from `` indirect '' sources , i.e. fuel burned to produce goods far away from the final consumer . These are distinguished from emissions which come from burning fuel directly in one 's car or stove , commonly referred to as `` direct '' sources of the consumer 's carbon footprint .   The concept name of the carbon footprint originates from ecological footprint , discussion , which was developed by Rees and Wackernagel in the 1990s which estimates the number of `` earths '' that would theoretically be required if everyone on the planet consumed resources at the same level as the person calculating their ecological footprint . However , given that ecological footprints are a measure of failure , Anindita Mitra ( CREA , Seattle ) chose the more easily calculated `` carbon footprint '' to easily measure use of carbon , as an indicator of unsustainable energy use . In 2007 , carbon footprint was used as a measure of carbon emissions to develop the energy plan for City of Lynnwood , Washington . Carbon footprints are much more specific than ecological footprints since they measure direct emissions of gases that cause climate change into the atmosphere .   Carbon footprint is one of a family of footprint indicators , which also includes water footprint and land footprint ."}
{"_id": "Carbon_monoxide", "title": "Carbon monoxide", "headings": "", "text": "Carbon monoxide ( CO ) is a colorless , odorless , and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air . It is toxic to hemoglobic animals ( both invertebrate and vertebrate , including humans ) when encountered in concentrations above about 35 ppm , although it is also produced in normal animal metabolism in low quantities , and is thought to have some normal biological functions . In the atmosphere , it is spatially variable and short lived , having a role in the formation of ground-level ozone .   Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom , connected by a triple bond that consists of two covalent bonds as well as one dative covalent bond . It is the simplest oxocarbon and is isoelectronic with the cyanide anion , the nitrosonium cation and molecular nitrogen . In coordination complexes the carbon monoxide ligand is called carbonyl ."}
{"_id": "Carbon_neutrality", "title": "Carbon neutrality", "headings": "", "text": "Carbon neutrality , or having a net zero carbon footprint , refers to achieving net zero carbon emissions by balancing a measured amount of carbon released with an equivalent amount sequestered or offset , or buying enough carbon credits to make up the difference . It is used in the context of carbon dioxide releasing processes associated with transportation , energy production , and industrial processes such as production of carbon neutral fuel .   The carbon neutrality concept may be extended to include other greenhouse gases ( GHG ) measured in terms of their carbon dioxide equivalence ( e ) -- the impact a GHG has on the atmosphere expressed in the equivalent amount of CO2 . The term `` climate neutral '' reflects the broader inclusiveness of other greenhouse gases in climate change , even if CO2 is the most abundant , encompassing other greenhouse gases regulated by the Kyoto Protocol , namely : methane ( CH4 ) , nitrous oxide ( N2O ) , hydrofluorocarbons ( HFC ) , perfluorocarbons ( PFC ) , and sulphur hexafluoride ( SF6 ) . Both terms are used interchangeably throughout this article .   The best practice for organizations and individuals seeking carbon neutral status entails reducing and/or avoiding carbon emissions first so that only unavoidable emissions are offset . Carbon neutral status is commonly achieved in two ways :  Balancing carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels , with renewable energy that creates a similar amount of useful energy , so that the carbon emissions are compensated , or alternatively using only renewable energies that do n't produce any carbon dioxide ( also called a post-carbon economy ) .  Carbon offsetting by paying others to remove or sequester 100 % of the carbon dioxide emitted from the atmosphere -- for example by planting trees -- or by funding ` carbon projects ' that should lead to the prevention of future greenhouse gas emissions , or by buying carbon credits to remove ( or ` retire ' ) them through carbon trading . While carbon offsetting is often used alongside energy conservation measures to minimize energy use , the practice is criticized by some .   The concept may be extended to include other greenhouse gases measured in terms of their carbon dioxide equivalence . The phrase was the New Oxford American Dictionary 's Word Of The Year for 2006 ."}
{"_id": "Carbon_offset", "title": "Carbon offset", "headings": "", "text": "A carbon offset is a reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide or greenhouse gases made in order to compensate for or to offset an emission made elsewhere .   Carbon offsets are measured in metric tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent ( CO2e ) and may represent six primary categories of greenhouse gases : carbon dioxide , methane ( CH4 ) , nitrous oxide ( N2O ) , perfluorocarbons ( PFCs ) , hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) , and sulfur hexafluoride ( SF6 ) . One carbon offset represents the reduction of one metric ton of carbon dioxide or its equivalent in other greenhouse gases .   There are two markets for carbon offsets . In the larger , compliance market , companies , governments , or other entities buy carbon offsets in order to comply with caps on the total amount of carbon dioxide they are allowed to emit . This market exists in order to achieve compliance with obligations of Annex 1 Parties under the Kyoto Protocol , and of liable entities under the EU Emission Trading Scheme . In 2006 , about $ 5.5 billion of carbon offsets were purchased in the compliance market , representing about 1.6 billion metric tons of CO2e reductions .   In the much smaller , voluntary market , individuals , companies , or governments purchase carbon offsets to mitigate their own greenhouse gas emissions from transportation , electricity use , and other sources . For example , an individual might purchase carbon offsets to compensate for the greenhouse gas emissions caused by personal air travel . Many companies ( see list ) offer carbon offsets as an up-sell during the sales process so that customers can mitigate the emissions related with their product or service purchase ( such as offsetting emissions related to a vacation flight , car rental , hotel stay , consumer good , etc. ) . In 2008 , about $ 705 million of carbon offsets were purchased in the voluntary market , representing about 123.4 million metric tons of CO2e reductions . Some fuel suppliers in the UK offer fuel which has been carbon offset such as Fuel dyes .   Offsets are typically achieved through financial support of projects that reduce the emission of greenhouse gases in the short - or long-term . The most common project type is renewable energy , such as wind farms , biomass energy , or hydroelectric dams . Others include energy efficiency projects , the destruction of industrial pollutants or agricultural byproducts , destruction of landfill methane , and forestry projects . Some of the most popular carbon offset projects from a corporate perspective are energy efficiency and wind turbine projects .   Carbon offsetting has gained some appeal and momentum mainly among consumers in western countries who have become aware and concerned about the potentially negative environmental effects of energy-intensive lifestyles and economies . The Kyoto Protocol has sanctioned offsets as a way for governments and private companies to earn carbon credits that can be traded on a marketplace . The protocol established the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) , which validates and measures projects to ensure they produce authentic benefits and are genuinely `` additional '' activities that would not otherwise have been undertaken . Organizations that are unable to meet their emissions quota can offset their emissions by buying CDM-approved Certified Emissions Reductions . Emissions from burning fuel , such as red diesel , has pushed one UK fuel supplier to create a carbon offset fuel named Carbon Offset Red Diesel .   Offsets may be cheaper or more convenient alternatives to reducing one 's own fossil-fuel consumption . However , some critics object to carbon offsets , and question the benefits of certain types of offsets .  Due diligence is recommended to help businesses in the assessment and identification of `` good quality '' offsets to ensure offsetting provides the desired additional environmental benefits , and to avoid reputational risk associated with poor quality offsets .   Offsets are viewed as an important policy tool to maintain stable economies and to improve sustainability . One of the hidden dangers of climate change policy is unequal prices of carbon in the economy , which can cause economic collateral damage if production flows to regions or industries that have a lower price of carbon -- unless carbon can be purchased from that area , which offsets effectively permit , equalizing the price ."}
{"_id": "Carbon_price", "title": "Carbon price", "headings": "", "text": "Carbon pricing -- the method favored by many economists for reducing global-warming emissions -- charges those who emit carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) for their emissions . That charge , called a carbon price , is the amount that must be paid for the right to emit one tonne of CO2 into the atmosphere . Carbon pricing usually takes the form either of a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase permits to emit , generally known as cap-and-trade , but also called `` allowances '' .   Carbon pricing solves the economic problem that , a known greenhouse gas , is what economics calls a negative externality -- a detrimental product that is not priced ( charged for ) by any market . As a consequence of not being priced , there is no market mechanism responsive to the costs of CO2 emitted . The standard economic solution to problems of this type , first proposed by Arthur Pigou in 1920 , is for the product - in this case , CO2 emissions - to be charged at a price equal to the monetary value of the damage caused by the emissions . This should result in the economically optimal ( efficient ) amount of CO2 emissions . Many practical concerns mar the theoretical simplicity of this picture : for example , the exact monetary damage caused by a tonne of CO2 is uncertain .   The economics of carbon pricing is much the same for taxes and cap-and-trade . Both prices are efficient ; they have the same social cost and the same effect on profits if permits are auctioned . However , some economists argue that caps prevent non-price policies , such as renewable energy subsidies , from reducing carbon emissions , while carbon taxes do not . Others argue that an enforced cap is the only way to guarantee that carbon emissions will actually be reduced ; a carbon tax will not prevent those who can afford to do so from continuing to generate emissions .   The choice of pricing approach , a tax or cap-and-trade , has been controversial . A carbon tax is generally favored on economic grounds for its simplicity and stability , while cap-and-trade is often favored on political grounds . Recently ( 2013 − 14 ) economic opinion has been shifting more heavily toward taxes as national policy measures , and toward a neutral carbon-price-commitment position for the purpose of international climate negotiations ."}
{"_id": "Carbon_sequestration", "title": "Carbon sequestration", "headings": "", "text": "Carbon sequestration is the process involved in carbon capture and the long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide . Carbon sequestration involves long-term storage of carbon dioxide or other forms of carbon to mitigate or defer global warming . It has been proposed as a way to slow the atmospheric and marine accumulation of greenhouse gases , which are released by burning fossil fuels .   Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological , chemical , and physical processes . Artificial processes have been devised to produce similar effects , including large-scale , artificial capture and sequestration of industrially produced using subsurface saline aquifers , reservoirs , ocean water , aging oil fields , or other carbon sinks ."}
{"_id": "Carbon_sink", "title": "Carbon sink", "headings": "", "text": "A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period . The process by which carbon sinks remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is known as carbon sequestration . Public awareness of the significance of CO2 sinks has grown since passage of the Kyoto Protocol , which promotes their use as a form of carbon offset . There are also different strategies used to enhance this process ."}
{"_id": "Carbon_tax", "title": "Carbon tax", "headings": "", "text": "A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon content of fuels . It is a form of carbon pricing . Carbon is present in every hydrocarbon fuel ( coal , petroleum , and natural gas ) and converted to carbon dioxide and other products when combusted . In contrast , non-combustion energy sources -- wind , sunlight , geothermal , hydropower , and nuclear -- do not convert hydrocarbons to . is a heat-trapping `` greenhouse '' gas which represents a negative externality on the climate system ( see scientific opinion on global warming ) . Since GHG emissions caused by the combustion of fossil fuels are closely related to the carbon content of the respective fuels , a tax on these emissions can be levied by taxing the carbon content of fossil fuels at any point in the product cycle of the fuel .   Carbon tax offers social and economic benefits . It is a tax that increases revenue without significantly altering the economy while simultaneously promoting objectives of climate change policy . The objective of a carbon tax is to reduce the harmful and unfavorable levels of carbon dioxide emissions , thereby decelerating climate change and its negative effects on the environment and human health .   Carbon taxes offer a potentially cost-effective means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions . From an economic perspective , carbon taxes are a type of Pigovian tax . They help to address the problem of emitters of greenhouse gases not facing the full social cost of their actions . Carbon taxes can be a regressive tax , in that they may directly or indirectly affect low-income groups disproportionately . The regressive impact of carbon taxes could be addressed by using tax revenues to favour low-income groups .   A number of countries have implemented carbon taxes or energy taxes that are related to carbon content . Most environmentally related taxes with implications for greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries are levied on energy products and motor vehicles , rather than on emissions directly .   Opposition to increased environmental regulation such as carbon taxes often centers on concerns that firms might relocate and/or people might lose their jobs . It has been argued , however , that carbon taxes are more efficient than direct regulation and may even lead to higher employment ( see footnotes ) . Many large users of carbon resources in electricity generation , such as the United States , Russia , and China , are resisting carbon taxation ."}
{"_id": "Carbonic_acid", "title": "Carbonic acid", "headings": "", "text": "Not to be confused with Carbolic acid , an antiquated name for phenol .   Carbonic acid is a chemical compound with the chemical formula H2CO3 ( equivalently OC ( OH ) 2 ) . It is also a name sometimes given to solutions of carbon dioxide in water ( carbonated water ) , because such solutions contain small amounts of H2CO3 . In physiology , carbonic acid is described as volatile acid or respiratory acid , because it is the only acid excreted as a gas by the lungs . It plays an important role in the bicarbonate buffer system to maintain acid -- base homeostasis .   Carbonic acid , which is a weak acid , forms two kinds of salts , the carbonates and the bicarbonates . In geology , carbonic acid causes limestone to dissolve producing calcium bicarbonate which leads to many limestone features such as stalactites and stalagmites .   It was long believed that carbonic acid could not exist as a pure compound . However , in 1991 it was reported that NASA scientists had succeeded in making solid H2CO3 samples ."}
{"_id": "Cardiovascular_disease", "title": "Cardiovascular disease", "headings": "", "text": "Cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels . Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases ( CAD ) such as angina and myocardial infarction ( commonly known as a heart attack ) . Other CVDs include stroke , heart failure , hypertensive heart disease , rheumatic heart disease , cardiomyopathy , heart arrhythmia , congenital heart disease , valvular heart disease , carditis , aortic aneurysms , peripheral artery disease , thromboembolic disease , and venous thrombosis .   The underlying mechanisms vary depending on the disease in question . Coronary artery disease , stroke , and peripheral artery disease involve atherosclerosis . This may be caused by high blood pressure , smoking , diabetes , lack of exercise , obesity , high blood cholesterol , poor diet , and excessive alcohol consumption , among others . High blood pressure results in 13 % of CVD deaths , while tobacco results in 9 % , diabetes 6 % , lack of exercise 6 % and obesity 5 % . Rheumatic heart disease may follow untreated strep throat .   It is estimated that 90 % of CVD is preventable . Prevention of atherosclerosis involves improving risk factors through : healthy eating , exercise , avoidance of tobacco smoke and limiting alcohol intake . Treating risk factors , such as high blood pressure , blood lipids and diabetes is also beneficial . Treating people who have strep throat with antibiotics can decrease the risk of rheumatic heart disease . The effect of the use of aspirin in people who are otherwise healthy is of unclear benefit .   Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally . This is true in all areas of the world except Africa . Together they resulted in 17.9 million deaths ( 32.1 % ) in 2015 up from 12.3 million ( 25.8 % ) in 1990 . Deaths , at a given age , from CVD are more common and have been increasing in much of the developing world , while rates have declined in most of the developed world since the 1970s . Coronary artery disease and stroke account for 80 % of CVD deaths in males and 75 % of CVD deaths in females . Most cardiovascular disease affects older adults . In the United States 11 % of people between 20 and 40 have CVD , while 37 % between 40 and 60 , 71 % of people between 60 and 80 , and 85 % of people over 80 have CVD . The average age of death from coronary artery disease in the developed world is around 80 while it is around 68 in the developing world . Disease onset is typically seven to ten years earlier in men as compared to women ."}
{"_id": "Carl_Sagan", "title": "Carl Sagan", "headings": "", "text": "Carl Edward Sagan ( -LSB- ˈseɪɡən -RSB- November 9 , 1934 -- December 20 , 1996 ) was an American astronomer , cosmologist , astrophysicist , astrobiologist , author , science popularizer , and science communicator in astronomy and other natural sciences . He is best known for his work as a science popularizer and communicator . His best known scientific contribution is research on extraterrestrial life , including experimental demonstration of the production of amino acids from basic chemicals by radiation . Sagan assembled the first physical messages sent into space : the Pioneer plaque and the Voyager Golden Record , universal messages that could potentially be understood by any extraterrestrial intelligence that might find them . Sagan argued the now accepted hypothesis that the high surface temperatures of Venus can be attributed to and calculated using the greenhouse effect .   Sagan published more than 600 scientific papers and articles and was author , co-author or editor of more than 20 books . He wrote many popular science books , such as The Dragons of Eden , Broca 's Brain and Pale Blue Dot , and narrated and co-wrote the award-winning 1980 television series Cosmos : A Personal Voyage . The most widely watched series in the history of American public television , Cosmos has been seen by at least 500 million people across 60 different countries . The book Cosmos was published to accompany the series . He also wrote the science fiction novel Contact , the basis for a 1997 film of the same name . His papers , containing 595,000 items , are archived at The Library of Congress .   Sagan advocated scientific skeptical inquiry and the scientific method , pioneered exobiology and promoted the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence ( SETI ) . He spent most of his career as a professor of astronomy at Cornell University , where he directed the Laboratory for Planetary Studies . Sagan and his works received numerous awards and honors , including the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal , the National Academy of Sciences Public Welfare Medal , the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction for his book The Dragons of Eden , and , regarding Cosmos : A Personal Voyage , two Emmy Awards , the Peabody Award and the Hugo Award . He married three times and had five children . After suffering from myelodysplasia , Sagan died of pneumonia at the age of 62 , on December 20 , 1996 ."}
{"_id": "Carlos_Curbelo", "title": "Carlos Curbelo", "headings": "", "text": "Carlos Curbelo may refer to :   Carlos Curbelo ( politician ) ( born 1980 ) , American politician  Carlos Curbelo ( footballer ) ( born 1954 ) , former naturalized French footballer"}
{"_id": "Carnivorous_plant", "title": "Carnivorous plant", "headings": "", "text": "Carnivorous plants are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients ( but not energy ) from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans , typically insects and other arthropods . Carnivorous plants have adapted to grow in places where the soil is thin or poor in nutrients , especially nitrogen , such as acidic bogs and rock outcroppings . Charles Darwin wrote Insectivorous Plants , the first well-known treatise on carnivorous plants , in 1875 .   True carnivory is thought to have evolved independently nine times in five different orders of flowering plants , and is represented by more than a dozen genera . This classification includes at least 583 species that attract , trap and kill prey , absorbing the resulting available nutrients . Additionally , over 300 protocarnivorous plant species in several genera show some but not all of these characteristics ."}
{"_id": "Cassini–Huygens", "title": "Cassini–Huygens", "headings": "", "text": "Cassini -- Huygens is an unmanned spacecraft sent to the planet Saturn . It is a Flagship-class NASA -- ESA -- ASI robotic spacecraft . Cassini is the fourth space probe to visit Saturn and the first to enter orbit . It has studied the planet and its many natural satellites since arriving there in 2004 .   Development of Cassini began in the 1980s . Its design includes a Saturn orbiter ( Cassini ) and a lander ( Huygens ) for the moon Titan . The two spacecraft are named after astronomers Giovanni Cassini and Christiaan Huygens . The spacecraft was launched on October 15 , 1997 , aboard a Titan IVB/Centaur and entered orbit around Saturn on July 1 , 2004 , after an interplanetary voyage that included flybys of Earth , Venus , and Jupiter . On December 25 , 2004 , Huygens separated from the orbiter , and it landed on Saturn 's moon Titan on January 14 , 2005 . It successfully returned data to Earth , using the orbiter as a relay . This was the first landing ever accomplished in the outer Solar System .   Cassini continued to study the Saturn system in the following years , and continues to operate . Due to a dwindling fuel supply , however , the spacecraft has entered the Grand Finale phase of its mission . A number of risky passes through the gap between Saturn and its inner ring are planned in order to maximize Cassini science returns before the orbiter is intentionally destroyed by diving into Saturn 's atmosphere on September 15 , 2017 . This planned deorbit is necessary to mitigate the risk of the spacecraft eventually colliding with and contaminating one of Saturn 's moons ."}
{"_id": "Catalan_pseudoprime", "title": "Catalan pseudoprime", "headings": "", "text": "In mathematics , a Catalan pseudoprime is an odd composite number n satisfying the congruence   where Cm denotes the m-th Catalan number . The congruence also holds for every odd prime number n that justifies the name pseudoprimes for composite numbers n satisfying it ."}
{"_id": "Cellulosic_ethanol", "title": "Cellulosic ethanol", "headings": "", "text": "Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol ( ethyl alcohol ) produced from cellulose ( the stringy fiber of a plant ) rather than from the plant 's seeds or fruit . It is a biofuel produced from grasses , wood , algae , or other plants . The fibrous parts of the plants are mostly inedible to animals , including humans , except for ruminants ( grazing , cud-chewing animals such as cows or sheep ) .   Considerable interest in cellulosic ethanol exists because it has the potential for strong economic importance . Growth of cellulose by plants is a mechanism that captures and stores solar energy chemically in nontoxic ways with resultant supplies that are easy to transport and store . Additionally , transport may be unneeded anyway , because grasses or trees can grow almost anywhere temperate . This is why commercially practical cellulosic ethanol is widely viewed as a next level of development for the biofuel industry that could reduce demand for oil and gas drilling and even nuclear power in ways that grain-based ethanol fuel alone can not . Potential exists for the many benefits of carbonaceous liquid fuels and petrochemicals ( which today 's standard of living depends on ) but in a carbon cycle -- balanced and renewable way ( recycling surface and atmosphere carbon instead of pumping underground carbon up into it and thus adding to it ) . Commercially practical cellulosic alcohol could also avoid one of the problems with today 's conventional ( grain-based ) biofuels , which is that they set up competition for grain with food purposes , potentially driving up the price of food . To date , what stands in the way of these goals is that production of cellulosic alcohol is not yet sufficiently practical on a commercial scale ."}
{"_id": "Celsius", "title": "Celsius", "headings": "", "text": "Celsius , also known as centigrade , is a metric scale and unit of measurement for temperature . As an SI derived unit , it is used by most countries in the world . It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius ( 1701 -- 1744 ) , who developed a similar temperature scale . The degree Celsius ( ° C ) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval , a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty . Before being renamed to honour Anders Celsius in 1948 , the unit was called centigrade , from the Latin centum , which means 100 , and gradus , which means steps .   The current scale is based on 0 ° for the freezing point of water and 100 ° for the boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure following a change introduced by Jean-Pierre Christin to reverse the Celsius thermometer scale ( from water boiling at 0 degrees and ice melting at 100 degrees ) . This scale is widely taught in schools today . By international agreement the unit `` degree Celsius '' and the Celsius scale are currently defined by two different temperatures : absolute zero , and the triple point of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water ( VSMOW ) , a specially purified water . This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale , which defines the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature with symbol K. Absolute zero , the lowest temperature possible , is defined as being precisely 0 K and − 273.15 ° C . The temperature of the triple point of water is defined as exactly 273.16 K at 611.657 Pa pressure .   Thus , the magnitude of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin are exactly the same and the difference between the two scales ' null points is precisely 273.15 degrees ( and ) ."}
{"_id": "Chaos_theory", "title": "Chaos theory", "headings": "", "text": "Chaos theory is a branch of mathematics focused on the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions . ` Chaos ' is an interdisciplinary theory stating that within the apparent randomness of chaotic complex systems , there are underlying patterns , constant feedback loops , repetition , self-similarity , fractals , self-organization , and reliance on programming at the initial point known as sensitive dependence on initial conditions . The butterfly effect describes how a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state , e.g. a butterfly flapping its wings in Brazil can cause a tornado in Texas .   Small differences in initial conditions ( such as those due to rounding errors in numerical computation ) yield widely diverging outcomes for such dynamical systems -- a response popularly referred to as the butterfly effect - rendering long-term prediction of their behavior impossible in general . This happens even though these systems are deterministic , meaning that their future behavior is fully determined by their initial conditions , with no random elements involved . In other words , the deterministic nature of these systems does not make them predictable . This behavior is known as deterministic chaos , or simply chaos . The theory was summarized by Edward Lorenz as :   Chaotic behavior exists in many natural systems , such as weather and climate . It also occurs spontaneously in some systems with artificial components , such as road traffic . This behavior can be studied through analysis of a chaotic mathematical model , or through analytical techniques such as recurrence plots and Poincaré maps . Chaos theory has applications in several disciplines , including meteorology , sociology , physics , environmental science , computer science , engineering , economics , biology , ecology , and philosophy .  The theory formed the basis for such fields of study as complex dynamical systems , edge of chaos theory , self-assembly process ."}
{"_id": "Chemistry", "title": "Chemistry", "headings": "", "text": "Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition , structure , properties and change of matter . Chemistry includes topics such as the properties of individual atoms , how atoms form chemical bonds to create chemical compounds , the interactions of substances through intermolecular forces that give matter its general properties , and the interactions between substances through chemical reactions to form different substances .   Chemistry is sometimes called the central science because it bridges other natural sciences , including physics , geology and biology . For the differences between chemistry and physics see comparison of chemistry and physics .   The history of chemistry can be traced to alchemy , which had been practiced for several millennia in various parts of the world ."}
{"_id": "Chernobyl_disaster", "title": "Chernobyl disaster", "headings": "", "text": "The Chernobyl disaster , also referred to as the Chernobyl accident , was a catastrophic nuclear accident . It occurred on 26 April 1986 in the No. 4 light water graphite moderated reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near Pripyat , in what was then part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) .   During a late night safety test which simulated a station blackout power-failure and in which safety systems were deliberately turned off , a combination of inherent reactor design flaws , together with the reactor operators arranging the core in a manner contrary to the checklist for the test , eventually resulted in uncontrolled reaction conditions that flashed water into steam generating a destructive steam explosion and a subsequent open-air graphite fire.Although most reports on the Chernobyl accident refer to a number of graphite fires , it is highly unlikely that the graphite itself burned . According to the General Atomics website < http://gt-mhr.ga.com/safety.php > : `` It is often incorrectly assumed that the combustion behavior of graphite is similar to that of charcoal and coal . Numerous tests and calculations have shown that it is virtually impossible to burn high-purity , nuclear-grade graphites . '' On Chernobyl , the same source states : `` Graphite played little or no role in the progression or consequences of the accident . The red glow observed during the Chernobyl accident was the expected color of luminescence for graphite at 700 ° C and not a large-scale graphite fire , as some have incorrectly assumed . '' Similarly , nuclear physicist Yevgeny Velikhov , < http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4918742.stm > noted some 2 weeks after the accident that `` Until now the possibility of a catastrophe really did exist : A great quantity of fuel and graphite of the reactor was in an incandescent state '' That is , all the nuclear-decay heat that was generated inside the uranium fuel ( heat which would normally be extracted by back-up coolant pumps , in an undamaged reactor ) was instead responsible for making the fuel itself and any graphite in contact with it , to glow red-hot . This is contrary to the oft cited interpretation , which is that the graphite was red-hot chiefly because it was chemically oxidizing with the air . This fire produced considerable updrafts for about 9 days , that lofted plumes of fission products into the atmosphere , with the estimated radioactive inventory that was released during this very hot fire phase , approximately equal in magnitude to the airborne fission products released in the initial destructive explosion . Practically all of this radioactive material would then go on to fall-out/precipitate onto much of the surface of the western USSR and Europe .   The Chernobyl accident dominates the Energy accidents sub-category , of most disastrous nuclear power plant accident in history , both in terms of cost and casualties . It is one of only two nuclear energy accidents classified as a level 7 event ( the maximum classification ) on the International Nuclear Event Scale , the other being the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in 2011 . The struggle to safeguard against scenarios which were , at many times falsely , perceived as having the potential for greater catastrophe and the later decontamination efforts of the surroundings , ultimately involved over 500,000 workers and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles . During the accident , blast effects caused 2 deaths within the facility and later 29 firemen and employees died in the days-to-months afterward from acute radiation syndrome , with the potential for long-term cancers still being investigated .   The remains of the No. 4 reactor building were enclosed in a large sarcophagus ( radiation shield ) by December 1986 , at a time when what was left of the reactor was entering the cold shut-down phase ; the enclosure was built quickly as occupational safety for the crews of the other undamaged reactors at the power station , with No. 3 continuing to produce electricity into 2000 .   The accident motivated safety upgrades on all remaining Soviet-designed reactors in the RBMK ( Chernobyl No. 4 ) family , of which eleven continued to power electric grids as of 2013 ."}
{"_id": "Cherry_blossom", "title": "Cherry blossom", "headings": "", "text": "A cherry blossom ( or commonly known in Japan as sakura ) is the flower of any of several trees of genus Prunus , particularly the Japanese cherry , Prunus serrulata ( 桜 or 櫻 さくら ) .   Currently it is widely distributed , especially in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere including Japan , China , Korea , West Siberia , Iran , Pakistan , India , Canada , and the United States . Along with the chrysanthemum , the cherry blossom is considered the national flower of Japan .   Many of the varieties that have been cultivated for ornamental use do not produce fruit . Edible cherries generally come from cultivars of the related species Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus . Cherry blossom are also closely related to other Prunus trees such as the almond , peach , plum and apricot , and more distantly to apples , pears and roses ."}
{"_id": "Chevron_Corporation", "title": "Chevron Corporation", "headings": "", "text": "Chevron Corporation is an American multinational energy corporation . One of the successor companies of Standard Oil , it is headquartered in San Ramon , California , and active in more than 180 countries . Chevron is engaged in every aspect of the oil , natural gas , and geothermal energy industries , including hydrocarbon exploration and production ; refining , marketing and transport ; chemicals manufacturing and sales ; and power generation . Chevron is one of the world 's largest oil companies ; , it ranked third in the Fortune 500 list of the top US closely held and public corporations and sixteenth on the Fortune Global 500 list of the top 500 corporations worldwide . It was also one of the Seven Sisters that dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s .   Chevron 's downstream operations manufacture and sell products such as fuels , lubricants , additives and petrochemicals . The company 's most significant areas of operations are the west coast of North America , the U.S. Gulf Coast , Southeast Asia , South Korea , Australia and South Africa . In 2010 , Chevron sold an average 3.1 million barrels per day ( 490 × 103 m3/d ) of refined products like gasoline , diesel and jet fuel .   Chevron 's alternative energy operations include geothermal , solar , wind power , biofuel , fuel cells , and hydrogen . In 2011 -- 2013 , the company planned to spend at least $ 2 billion on research and acquisition of renewable power ventures . Chevron has claimed to be the world 's largest producer of geothermal energy . In October 2011 , Chevron launched a 29-MW thermal solar-to-steam facility in the Coalinga Field to produce the steam for enhanced oil recovery . The project is the largest of its kind in the world .   Chevron is also one of the first two fuel brands to be Top Tier certified . The other is Tulsa , Oklahoma based QuikTrip ."}
{"_id": "Chicago", "title": "Chicago", "headings": "", "text": "Chicago ( -LSB- ʃᵻˈkɑːɡoʊ -RSB- or -LSB- ʃᵻˈkɔːɡoʊ -RSB- ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the third-most populous city in the United States . With over 2.7 million residents , it is also the most populous city in both the state of Illinois and the Midwestern United States . It is the county seat of Cook County . The Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland , has nearly 10 million people and is the third-largest in the U.S. Chicago has been called a global architecture capital . In terms of wealth and economy , Chicago is considered one of the most important business centers in the world .   Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 , near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed , and grew rapidly in the mid-nineteenth century . Positioned along Lake Michigan , the city is an international hub for finance , commerce , industry , technology , telecommunications , and transportation : O'Hare International Airport is the second-busiest airport in the world when measured by aircraft traffic ; the region also has the largest number of U.S. highways and rail road freight . In 2012 , Chicago was listed as an alpha global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network , and ranked seventh in the world in the 2016 Global Cities Index . Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States -- about $ 640 billion according to 2015 estimates . The city has one of the world 's largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14 % of the workforce .   In 2016 , Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors , a new record making it one of the top visited cities in the nation . Landmarks in the city include Millennium Park , Navy Pier , the Magnificent Mile , Art Institute of Chicago , Museum Campus , the Willis ( Sears ) Tower , Museum of Science and Industry , and Lincoln Park Zoo . Chicago 's culture includes the visual arts , novels , film , theater , especially improvisational comedy , and music , particularly jazz , blues , soul , hip hop , gospel and house music . There are many colleges and universities in the Chicago area ; among these , Northwestern University , University of Chicago , and the University of Illinois at Chicago are classified as `` highest research '' doctoral universities . Additionally , Chicago has professional sports teams in each of the major professional leagues . The city has many nicknames , the best-known being the Windy City ."}
{"_id": "China", "title": "China", "headings": "", "text": "China , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the world 's most populous country , with a population of over 1.381 billion . Covering approximately 9.6 e6km2 , China is the world 's second-largest state by land area and third - or fourth-largest by total area . Governed by the Communist Party of China , it exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai and Chongqing ) and the Special Administrative Regions Hong Kong and Macau , also claiming sovereignty over Taiwan . China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia , and has been characterized as a potential superpower .   China emerged as one of the world 's earliest civilizations in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the legendary Xia dynasty . Since 221 , when the Qin dynasty conquered the other largest six states to form the first unified Chinese empire , China has then expanded , fractured and re-unified numerous times in the following millennia . In 1912 , the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949 , when it was defeated by the communist People 's Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War . The Communist Party established the People 's Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949 , while the ROC government relocated to Taiwan with its present de facto temporary capital in Taipei . Both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China , though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory .   China has had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two thousand years , during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline . Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978 , China has become one of the world 's fastest-growing major economies . , it is the world 's second-largest economy by nominal GDP and largest by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . China is also the world 's largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods . China is a recognized nuclear weapons state and has the world 's largest standing army and second-largest defense budget . The PRC is a member of the United Nations , as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council in 1971 . China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations , including the WTO , APEC , BRICS , the Shanghai Cooperation Organization ( SCO ) , the BCIM and the G-20 ."}
{"_id": "Chinese_remainder_theorem", "title": "Chinese remainder theorem", "headings": "", "text": "The Chinese remainder theorem is a theorem of number theory , which states that , if one knows the remainders of the division of an integer by several integers , then one can determine uniquely the remainder of the division of by the product of these integers , under the condition that the divisors are pairwise coprime .   This theorem has this name because it is a theorem about remainders and was first discovered in the 3rd century AD by the Chinese mathematician Sunzi in Sunzi Suanjing .   The Chinese remainder theorem is widely used for computing with large integers , as it allows replacing a computation for which one knows a bound on the size of the result by several similar computations on small integers .   The Chinese remainder theorem ( expressed in terms of congruences ) is true over every principal ideal domain . It has been generalized to any commutative ring , with a formulation involving ideals ."}
{"_id": "Chlorofluorocarbon", "title": "Chlorofluorocarbon", "headings": "", "text": "A chlorofluorocarbon ( CFC ) is an organic compound that contains only carbon , chlorine , and fluorine , produced as volatile derivative of methane , ethane , and propane . They are also commonly known by the DuPont brand name Freon . The most common representative is dichlorodifluoromethane ( R-12 or Freon-12 ) . Many CFCs have been widely used as refrigerants , propellants ( in aerosol applications ) , and solvents . Because CFCs contribute to ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere , the manufacture of such compounds has been phased out under the Montreal Protocol , and they are being replaced with other products such as hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) ( e.g. , R-410A ) and R-134a ."}
{"_id": "Christopher_Monckton,_3rd_Viscount_Monckton_of_Brenchley", "title": "Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley", "headings": "", "text": "Christopher Walter Monckton , 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley ( born 14 February 1952 ) is a British public speaker and hereditary peer . He is known for his work as a journalist , Conservative political advisor , UKIP political candidate , and for his invention of the mathematical puzzle Eternity .   Early on in his public speaking career topics centred on his mathematical puzzle and conservative politics . In recent years his public speaking has garnered attention due to his advocacy of climate change denial and his views on the European Union and social policy ."}
{"_id": "City", "title": "City", "headings": "", "text": "A city is a large and permanent human settlement . Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town in general English language meanings , many cities have special administrative , legal , or historical status based on local law .   Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation , utilities , land usage , housing , and transportation . The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between people and businesses , sometimes benefiting both parties in the process , but it also presents challenges to managing urban growth .   A big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs . Such cities are usually associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas , creating numerous business commuters traveling to urban centers for employment . Once a city expands far enough to reach another city , this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis . Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world . In terms of population , the largest city proper is Shanghai , while the fastest-growing is Dubai ."}
{"_id": "Clathrate_gun_hypothesis", "title": "Clathrate gun hypothesis", "headings": "", "text": "The clathrate gun hypothesis is the popular name given to the hypothesis that increases in sea temperatures ( and/or drops in sea levels ) can trigger the sudden release of methane from methane clathrate compounds buried in seabeds and that are contained within seabed permafrost which , because methane itself is a powerful greenhouse gas , leads to further temperature rise and further methane clathrate destabilization -- in effect initiating a runaway process as irreversible , once started , as the firing of a gun .   In its original form , the hypothesis proposed that the `` clathrate gun '' could cause abrupt runaway warming on a timescale less than a human lifetime . It was thought to be responsible for warming events in and at the end of the last glacial maximum , however this is now thought to be unlikely .   However , there is stronger evidence that runaway methane clathrate breakdown may have caused drastic alteration of the ocean environment ( such as ocean acidification and ocean stratification ) and of the atmosphere of earth on a number of occasions in the past , over timescales of tens of thousands of years . These events include the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum 56 million years ago , and most notably the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , when up to 96 % of all marine species became extinct , 252 million years ago ."}
{"_id": "Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)", "title": "Clean Air Act (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The Clean Air Act is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level . It is one of the United States ' first and most influential modern environmental laws , and one of the most comprehensive air quality laws in the world . As with many other major U.S. federal environmental statutes , it is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , in coordination with state , local , and tribal governments . Its implementing regulations are codified at 40 C.F.R. Subchapter C , Parts 50-97 .   The 1955 Air Pollution Control Act was the first U.S federal legislation that pertained to air pollution ; it also provided funds for federal government research of air pollution . The first federal legislation to actually pertain to `` controlling '' air pollution was the Clean Air Act of 1963 . The 1963 act accomplished this by establishing a federal program within the U.S. Public Health Service and authorizing research into techniques for monitoring and controlling air pollution . In 1967 , the Air Quality Act enabled the federal government to increase its activities to investigate enforcing interstate air pollution transport , and , for the first time , to perform far-reaching ambient monitoring studies and stationary source inspections . The 1967 act also authorized expanded studies of air pollutant emission inventories , ambient monitoring techniques , and control techniques .   Major amendments to the law , requiring regulatory controls for air pollution , passed in 1970 , 1977 and 1990 .   The 1970 amendments greatly expanded the federal mandate , requiring comprehensive federal and state regulations for both stationary ( industrial ) pollution sources and mobile sources . It also significantly expanded federal enforcement . Also , the Environmental Protection Agency was established on December 2 , 1970 for the purpose of consolidating pertinent federal research , monitoring , standard-setting and enforcement activities into one agency that ensures environmental protection .   The 1990 amendments addressed acid rain , ozone depletion , and toxic air pollution , established a national permits program for stationary sources , and increased enforcement authority . The amendments also established new auto gasoline reformulation requirements , set Reid vapor pressure ( RVP ) standards to control evaporative emissions from gasoline , and mandated new gasoline formulations sold from May to September in many states .   Reviewing his tenure as EPA Administrator under President George H. Bush , William K. Reilly characterized passage of the 1990 Clean Air Act as his most notable accomplishment .   The Clean Air Act was the first major environmental law in the United States to include a provision for citizen suits . Numerous state and local governments have enacted similar legislation , either implementing federal programs or filling in locally important gaps in federal programs ."}
{"_id": "Clean_Power_Plan", "title": "Clean Power Plan", "headings": "", "text": "The Clean Power Plan is an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change ( global warming ) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency in June 2014 . It is widely expected to be eliminated under President Donald Trump , who signed an executive order on March 28 , 2017 mandating the EPA to review the plan .   The final version of the plan was unveiled by President Obama on August 3 , 2015 . The 460-page rule ( RIN 2060 -- AR33 ) titled `` Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources :  Electric Utility Generating Units '' was published in the Federal Register on October 23 , 2015 . The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators ."}
{"_id": "Climate", "title": "Climate", "headings": "", "text": "Climate is the statistics of weather , usually over a 30-year interval . It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in temperature , humidity , atmospheric pressure , wind , precipitation , atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time . Climate differs from weather , in that weather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables in a given region .   A region 's climate is generated by the climate system , which has five components : atmosphere , hydrosphere , cryosphere , lithosphere , and biosphere .   The climate of a location is affected by its latitude , terrain , and altitude , as well as nearby water bodies and their currents . Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables , most commonly temperature and precipitation . The most commonly used classification scheme was the Köppen climate classification . The Thornthwaite system , in use since 1948 , incorporates evapotranspiration along with temperature and precipitation information and is used in studying biological diversity and how climate change affects it . The Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region .   Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates . Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century , paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores , and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral . Climate models are mathematical models of past , present and future climates . Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors ; recent warming is discussed in global warming . Global warming results in redistributions . For example , `` a 3 ° C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300 -- 400 km in latitude ( in the temperate zone ) or 500 m in elevation . Therefore , species are expected to move upwards in elevation or towards the poles in latitude in response to shifting climate zones '' ."}
{"_id": "Climate_Change_Act_2008", "title": "Climate Change Act 2008", "headings": "", "text": "The Climate Change Act 2008 ( c 27 ) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . The Act makes it the duty of the Secretary of State to ensure that the net UK carbon account for all six Kyoto greenhouse gases for the year 2050 is at least 80 % lower than the 1990 baseline , toward avoiding dangerous climate change . The Act aims to enable the United Kingdom to become a low-carbon economy and gives ministers powers to introduce the measures necessary to achieve a range of greenhouse gas reduction targets . An independent Committee on Climate Change has been created under the Act to provide advice to UK Government on these targets and related policies . In the act Secretary of State refers to the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change ."}
{"_id": "Climate_change,_industry_and_society", "title": "Climate change, industry and society", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about climate change , industry and society ."}
{"_id": "Climate_change_(general_concept)", "title": "Climate change (general concept)", "headings": "", "text": "Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more. In the time since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities that are causing global warming and climate change.The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from the sun. The climate system also radiates energy to outer space. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy, and the passage of the energy through the climate system, determines Earth\\'s energy budget. When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth\\'s energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming. If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling.\\nThe energy moving through Earth\\'s climate system finds expression in weather, varying on geographic scales and time. Long-term averages and variability of weather in a region constitute the region\\'s climate. Such changes can be the result of \"internal variability\", when natural processes inherent to the various parts of the climate system alter the distribution of energy. Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Climate variability can also result from external forcing, when events outside of the climate system\\'s components nonetheless produce changes within the system. Examples include changes in solar output and volcanism.\\nClimate variability has consequences for sea level changes, plant life, and mass extinctions; it also affects human societies."}
{"_id": "Climate_change_adaptation", "title": "Climate change adaptation", "headings": "", "text": "Climate change adaptation is a response to global warming and climate change , that seeks to reduce the vulnerability of social and biological systems to relatively sudden change and thus offset the effects of global warming . Even if emissions are stabilized relatively soon , global warming and its effects will last many years , and adaptation will be necessary to the resulting changes in climate . Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming . That is , the capacity and potential for humans to adapt ( called adaptive capacity ) is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations , and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt ( Schneider et al. , 2007 ) . Furthermore , the degree of adaptation correlates to the situational focus on environmental issues . Therefore , adaptation requires the situational assessment of sensitivity and vulnerability to environmental impacts . Adaptive capacity is closely linked to social and economic development ( IPCC , 2007 ) . The economic costs of adaptation to climate change are likely to cost billions of dollars annually for the next several decades , though the amount of money needed is unknown . Donor countries promised an annual $ 100 billion by 2020 through the Green Climate Fund for developing countries to adapt to climate change . However , while the fund was set up during COP16 in Cancún , concrete pledges by developed countries have not been forthcoming . The adaptation challenge grows with the magnitude and the rate of climate change .   Another response to climate change , known as climate change mitigation ( Verbruggen , 2007 ) is to reduce greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions and/or enhance the removal of these gases from the atmosphere ( through carbon sinks ) . Even the most effective reductions in emissions , however , would not prevent further climate change impacts , making the need for adaptation unavoidable ( Klein et al. , 2007 ) . In a literature assessment , Klein et al. ( 2007 ) assessed options for adaptation . They concluded , with very high confidence , that in the absence of mitigation efforts , the effects of climate change would reach such a magnitude as to make adaptation impossible for some natural ecosystems . Others are concerned that climate adaptation programs might interfere with the existing development programs and thus lead to unintended consequences for vulnerable groups . For human systems , the economic and social costs of unmitigated climate change would be very high ."}
{"_id": "Climate_change_and_agriculture", "title": "Climate change and agriculture", "headings": "", "text": "-RSB-   Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes , both of which take place on a global scale . Climate change affects agriculture in a number of ways , including through changes in average temperatures , rainfall , and climate extremes ( e.g. , heat waves ) ; changes in pests and diseases ; changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and ground-level ozone concentrations ; changes in the nutritional quality of some foods ; and changes in sea level .   Climate change is already affecting agriculture , with effects unevenly distributed across the world . Future climate change will likely negatively affect crop production in low latitude countries , while effects in northern latitudes may be positive or negative . Climate change will probably increase the risk of food insecurity for some vulnerable groups , such as the poor .   Agriculture contributes to climate change by ( 1 ) anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) , and ( 2 ) by the conversion of non-agricultural land ( e.g. , forests ) into agricultural land . Agriculture , forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25 % to global annual emissions in 2010 .   There are a range of policies that can reduce the risk of negative climate change impacts on agriculture , and to reduce GHG emissions from the agriculture sector ."}
{"_id": "Climate_change_and_ecosystems", "title": "Climate change and ecosystems", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about climate change and ecosystems ."}
{"_id": "Climate_change_and_gender", "title": "Climate change and gender", "headings": "", "text": "Climate change and gender is concerned with gender differences in the context of climate change and the complex and intersecting power relations arising from it . By altering the ecosystems of the planet , climate change , and more specifically global warming , directly impacts the human race . These effects vary for different segments of the population , specifically for people of different genders . In many cases , women are more vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change because of their lower social status in most countries . Many impoverished women , especially those in the developing world , are farmers and depend on the natural environment for subsistence and income . By further limiting their already constrained access to physical , social , political , and fiscal resources , climate change often burdens women more than men .   Locally and globally , both governments and non-governmental organizations respond to climate change . Some of these efforts focus on mitigating the effects of climate change while others aid societies in adapting their lifestyles to changes in their environment . Most policy responses in the late 20th and early 21st century either did not focus on the social effects of climate change or did not consider gender in these efforts .   Analysis of gender in climate change , however , not only means applying a binary male/female system of analysis on sets of quantitative data but also scrutinizing discursive constructions that shapes power relations connected to climate change ."}
{"_id": "Climate_change_denial", "title": "Climate change denial", "headings": "", "text": "Climate change denial , or global warming denial , is part of the global warming controversy . It involves denial , dismissal , unwarranted doubt or contrarian views which strongly depart from the scientific opinion on climate change , including the extent to which it is caused by humans , its impacts on nature and human society , or the potential of adaptation to global warming by human actions . Some deniers do endorse the term , but others often prefer the term climate change skepticism , although this is a misnomer for those who deny anthropogenic global warming . In effect , the two terms form a continuous , overlapping range of views , and generally have the same characteristics : both reject , to a greater or lesser extent , mainstream scientific opinion on climate change . Climate change denial can also be implicit , when individuals or social groups accept the science but fail to come to terms with it or to translate their acceptance into action . Several social science studies have analyzed these positions as forms of denialism .   Campaigning to undermine public trust in climate science has been described as a `` denial machine '' of industrial , political and ideological interests , supported by conservative media and skeptical bloggers in manufacturing uncertainty about global warming . In the public debate , phrases such as climate skepticism have frequently been used with the same meaning as climate denialism . The labels are contested : those actively challenging climate science commonly describe themselves as `` skeptics '' , but many do not comply with common standards of scientific skepticism and , regardless of evidence , persistently deny the validity of human caused global warming .   Although scientific opinion on climate change is that human activity is extremely likely to be the primary driver of climate change , the politics of global warming have been affected by climate change denial , hindering efforts to prevent climate change and adapt to the warming climate . Those promoting denial commonly use rhetorical tactics to give the appearance of a scientific controversy where there is none .   Of the world 's countries , the climate change denial industry is most powerful in the United States . Since January 2015 , the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works has been chaired by oil lobbyist and climate change denier Jim Inhofe . Inhofe is notorious for having called climate change `` the greatest hoax ever perpetrated against the American people '' and for having claimed to have debunked the alleged hoax in February 2015 when he brought a snowball with him in the Senate chamber and tossed it across the floor . Organised campaigning to undermine public trust in climate science is associated with conservative economic policies and backed by industrial interests opposed to the regulation of emissions . Climate change denial has been associated with the fossil fuels lobby , the Koch brothers , industry advocates and libertarian think tanks , often in the United States . More than 90 % of papers sceptical on climate change originate from right-wing think tanks .  The total annual income of these climate change counter-movement-organizations is roughly $ 900 million . Between 2002 and 2010 , nearly $ 120 million ( # 77 million ) was anonymously donated via the Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund to more than 100 organisations seeking to undermine the public perception of the science on climate change . In 2013 the Center for Media and Democracy reported that the State Policy Network ( SPN ) , an umbrella group of 64 U.S. think tanks , had been lobbying on behalf of major corporations and conservative donors to oppose climate change regulation .   Since the late 1970s , oil companies have published research broadly in line with the standard views on global warming . Despite this , oil companies organized a climate change denial campaign to disseminate public disinformation for several decades , a strategy that has been compared to the organized denial of the hazards of tobacco smoking by tobacco companies ."}
{"_id": "Climate_change_feedback", "title": "Climate change feedback", "headings": "", "text": "Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing , and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state . Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity , and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first . Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it .   The term `` forcing '' means a change which may `` push '' the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling . An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases . By definition , forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal ; in essence , feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system . Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system ; others may be tightly coupled ; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes . Forcings , feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes . The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere , which in turn leads to further warming . The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan -- Boltzmann law , the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth 's surface and atmosphere .   Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks , which contribute directly to further global warming . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's ( IPCC ) Fourth Assessment Report states that `` Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible , depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change . ''"}
{"_id": "Climate_change_in_Australia", "title": "Climate change in Australia", "headings": "", "text": "Climate change has been a major issue in Australia since the beginning of the 21st century . In 2013 , the CSIRO released a report stating that Australia is becoming hotter , and that it will experience more extreme heat and longer fire seasons because of climate change . In 2014 , the Bureau of Meteorology released a report on the state of Australia 's climate that highlighted several key points , including the significant increase in Australia 's temperatures ( particularly night-time temperatures ) and the increasing frequency of bush fires , droughts and floods , which have all been linked to climate change .   Since the beginning of the 20th century Australia has experienced an increase of nearly 1 ° C in average annual temperatures , with warming occurring at twice the rate over the past 50 years than in the previous 50 years . Recent climate events such as extremely high temperatures and widespread drought have focused government and public attention on the impacts of climate change in Australia . Rainfall in southwestern Australia has decreased by 10 -- 20 % since the 1970s , while southeastern Australia has also experienced a moderate decline since the 1990s . Rainfall patterns are expected to be problematic , as rain has become heavier and infrequent , as well as more common in summer rather than in winter , with little or no uptrend in rainfall in the Western Plateau and the Central Lowlands of Australia . Water sources in the southeastern areas of Australia have depleted due to increasing population in urban areas ( rising demand ) coupled with climate change factors such as persistent prolonged drought ( diminishing supply ) . At the same time , Australia continues to have the highest per capita greenhouse gas emissions . Temperatures in Australia have also risen dramatically since 1910 and nights have become warmer .   A carbon tax was introduced in 2011 by the Gillard government in an effort to reduce the impact of climate change and despite some criticism , it successfully reduced Australia 's carbon dioxide emissions , with coal generation down 11 % since 2008 -- 09 . The subsequent Australian Government , elected in 2013 under then Prime Minister Tony Abbott was criticised for being `` in complete denial about climate change '' . Furthermore , the Abbott government repealed the carbon tax on 17 July 2014 in a heavily criticised move . The renewable energy target ( RET ) , launched in 2001 , was heavily modified under Abbott 's government . However , under the government of Malcolm Turnbull , Australia attended the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference and adopted the Paris Agreement . This agreement includes a review of emission reduction targets every 5 years from 2020 .   The federal government and all state governments ( New South Wales , Victoria , Queensland , South Australia , Western Australia , Tasmania , Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory ) have explicitly recognised that climate change is being caused by greenhouse gas emissions , in conformity with the scientific opinion on climate change . Sectors of the population have campaigned against new coal mines and coal-fired power stations , reflecting concerns about the effects of global warming on Australia .  The Garnaut Climate Change Review predicted that a net benefit to Australia may be derived by stabilising greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at 450ppm CO2 eq .   The per-capita carbon footprint in Australia was rated 12th in the world by PNAS in 2011 , considerably large given the small population of the country ."}
{"_id": "Climate_change_in_Canada", "title": "Climate change in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "In Canada mitigation of anthropogenic climate change is being addressed more seriously by the provinces than by the federal government . The 2015 election signals greater federal leadership as noted in Canada 's National Statement at COP21 , making climate change a top priority , and pledging actions based on the best scientific evidence and advice ."}
{"_id": "Climate_change_in_Tuvalu", "title": "Climate change in Tuvalu", "headings": "", "text": "Global warming (recent climate change) is particularly threatening in Tuvalu. This is because the average height of the islands is less than 2 metres (6.6 ft) above sea level, with the highest point of Niulakita being about 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level. Between 1971 and 2014, during a period of global warming, Tuvalu islands have increased in size, according to aerial photography and satellite imagery. Over four decades, there was a net increase in land area in Tuvalu of 73.5 ha (2.9%), although the changes were not uniform, with 74% of land increasing in size and 27% of land decreasing in size. The sea level at the Funafuti tide gauge has risen at 3.9 mm per year, which is approximately twice the global average.Tuvalu could be one of the first nations to be significantly impacted by rising sea levels. Not only could parts of the island be flooded but the rising saltwater table could also destroy deep rooted food crops such as coconut, pulaka, and taro. Research from the University of Auckland suggests that Tuvalu may remain habitable over the next century. However, as of March 2018, Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga stated that Tuvalu is not expanding and has gained no additional habitable land. Sopoaga has also said that evacuating the islands is the last resort."}
{"_id": "Climate_change_in_Washington", "title": "Climate change in Washington", "headings": "", "text": "Climate change in the US state of Washington is a subject of study and projection today ."}
{"_id": "Climate_change_in_the_Arctic", "title": "Climate change in the Arctic", "headings": "", "text": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic , or climate change in the Arctic include rising temperatures , loss of sea ice , and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly , observed in recent years . Potential methane release from the region , especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates , is also a concern . The Arctic warms twice as fast compared to the rest of the world . The pronounced warming signal , the amplified response of the Arctic to global warming , it is often seen as a leading indicator of global warming . The melting of Greenland 's ice sheet is linked to polar amplification . According to a study published in 2016 , about 0.5 ◦ C of the warming in the Arctic has been attributed to reductions in sulfate aerosols in Europe since 1980 ."}
{"_id": "Climate_change_in_the_United_States", "title": "Climate change in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Because of global warming , there has been concern in the United States and internationally , that the country should reduce total greenhouse gas which is relatively high per capita .   In 2012 , the United States experienced its warmest year on record . , the thirteen warmest years for the entire planet have all occurred since 1998 , transcending those from 1880 .   From 1950 to 2009 , the American government 's surface temperature record shows an increase by 1 F-change , approximately . Global warming has caused many changes in the U.S. . According to a 2009 statement by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , trends include lake and river ice melting earlier in the spring , plants blooming earlier , multiple animal species shifting their habitat ranges northward , and reductions in the size of glaciers .   Predicting future climate changes are fraught with difficulty . Some research has warned against possible problems due to American climate changes such as the spread of invasive species and possibilities of floods as well as droughts . Changes in climate in the regions of the United States appear significant . Drought conditions appear to be worsening in the southwest while improving in the northeast for example .   President Barack Obama committed in the December 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change Summit to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the range of 17 % below 2005 levels by 2020 , 42 % below 2005 levels by 2030 , and 83 % below 2005 levels by 2050 . In an address towards the U.S. Congress in June 2013 , Obama detailed a specific action plan to achieve the 17 % carbon emissions cut from 2005 by 2020 . He included such measures as shifting from coal-based power generation to solar and natural gas production .   Climate change is seen as a national security threat to the United States .   In 2015 , according to The New York Times and others , oil companies knew that burning oil and gas could cause global warming since the 1970s but , nonetheless , funded deniers for years .   2016 was an historic year for billion-dollar weather and climate disasters in U.S."}
{"_id": "Climate_change_mitigation", "title": "Climate change mitigation", "headings": "", "text": "Climate change mitigation consists of actions to limit the magnitude or rate of long-term climate change . Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human ( anthropogenic ) emissions of greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) . Mitigation may also be achieved by increasing the capacity of carbon sinks , e.g. , through reforestation . Mitigation policies can substantially reduce the risks associated with human-induced global warming .   According to the IPCC 's 2014 assessment report , `` Mitigation is a public good ; climate change is a case of the ` tragedy of the commons . Effective climate change mitigation will not be achieved if each agent ( individual , institution or country ) acts independently in its own selfish interest ( see international cooperation and emissions trading ) , suggesting the need for collective action . Some adaptation actions , on the other hand , have characteristics of a private good as benefits of actions may accrue more directly to the individuals , regions , or countries that undertake them , at least in the short term . Nevertheless , financing such adaptive activities remains an issue , particularly for poor individuals and countries . ''   Examples of mitigation include phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources , such as renewable and nuclear energy , and expanding forests and other `` sinks '' to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . Energy efficiency may also play a role , for example , through improving the insulation of buildings . Another approach to climate change mitigation is climate engineering .   Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of GHGs at a level that would prevent dangerous human interference of the climate system . Scientific analysis can provide information on the impacts of climate change , but deciding which impacts are dangerous requires value judgments .   In 2010 , Parties to the UNFCCC agreed that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 ° C ( 3.6 ° F ) relative to the pre-industrial level . With the Paris Agreement of 2015 this was confirmed , but was revised with a new target laying down `` parties will do the best '' to achieve warming below 1.5 ° C . The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions does not appear to be consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 ° C . Other mitigation policies have been proposed , some of which are more stringent or modest than the 2 ° C limit ."}
{"_id": "Climate_change_policy_of_the_United_States", "title": "Climate change policy of the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Global climate change was first addressed in United States policy beginning in the early 1960s . The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) defines climate change as `` any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time . '' Essentially , climate change includes major changes in temperature , precipitation , or wind patterns , as well as other effects , that occur over several decades or longer . Climate change policy in the US has transformed rapidly over the past twenty years and is being developed at both the state and federal level . The politics of global warming and climate change have polarized certain political parties and other organizations . This article focuses on climate change policy within the United States , as well as exploring the positions of various parties and the influences on policy making and environmental justice repercussions ."}
{"_id": "Climate_engineering", "title": "Climate engineering", "headings": "", "text": "Climate engineering , commonly referred to as geoengineering , also known as climate intervention , is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth 's climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse global warming . Climate engineering is an umbrella term for measures that mainly fall into two types : carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management . Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of global warming by removing one of the greenhouse gases ( carbon dioxide ) from the atmosphere . Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation .   Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting global warming , alongside mitigation and adaptation . There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering can not substitute for climate change mitigation . Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions . Given that all types of measures for addressing climate change have economic , political , or physical limitations , some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures . Research on costs , benefits , and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility .   Almost all research into solar radiation management has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests , and an attempt to move to outdoor experimentation was controversial . Some carbon dioxide removal practices , such as planting of trees and bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects , are underway . Their scalability to effectively affect global climate is , however , debated . Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials , sparking substantial controversy .   Most experts and major reports advise against relying on climate engineering techniques as a simple solution to global warming , in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects . However , most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous global warming . Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk of disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly ( cost - ) effective in addressing extreme climate risk , might themselves cause substantial risk . Some have suggested that the concept of engineering the climate presents a so-called `` moral hazard '' because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction , which could exacerbate overall climate risks ; others assert that the threat of climate engineering could spur emissions cuts .  Some are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of solar radiation management ( SRM ) ."}
{"_id": "Climate_model", "title": "Climate model", "headings": "", "text": "Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the important drivers of climate , including atmosphere , oceans , land surface and ice . They are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the climate system to projections of future climate .   All climate models take account of incoming energy from the sun as short wave electromagnetic radiation , chiefly visible and short-wave ( near ) infrared , as well as outgoing long wave ( far ) infrared electromagnetic . Any imbalance results in a change in temperature .   Models vary in complexity :  A simple radiant heat transfer model treats the earth as a single point and averages outgoing energy  This can be expanded vertically ( radiative-convective models ) and/or horizontally  Finally , ( coupled ) atmosphere -- ocean -- sea ice global climate models solve the full equations for mass and energy transfer and radiant exchange .  Box models can treat flows across and within ocean basins .  Other types of modelling can be interlinked , such as land use , allowing researchers to predict the interaction between climate and ecosystems ."}
{"_id": "Climate_of_Antarctica", "title": "Climate of Antarctica", "headings": "", "text": "The climate of Antarctica is the coldest on Earth . Antarctica 's lowest air temperature record was set on 21 July 1983 , with − 89.2 C at Vostok Station . Satellite measurements have identified even lower ground temperatures , down to − 93.2 C at the cloud free East Antarctic Plateau on 10 August 2010 . It is also extremely dry ( technically a desert ) , averaging 166 mm of precipitation per year . On most parts of the continent the snow rarely melts and is eventually compressed to become the glacier ice that makes up the ice sheet . Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent , because of the katabatic winds . Most of Antarctica has an ice cap climate ( Köppen EF ) with very cold , generally extremely dry weather ."}
{"_id": "Climate_of_Argentina", "title": "Climate of Argentina", "headings": "", "text": "The climate of Argentina is a complex subject : the vast size of the country and considerable variation in altitude make for a wide range of climate types . Argentina has four seasons : winter ( June -- August ) , spring ( September -- November ) , summer ( December -- February ) and autumn ( March -- May ) , all featuring different weather conditions . Summers are the warmest and wettest season in most of the country except in most of Patagonia where it is the driest season . Winters are normally mild in the north , cool in the center and cold in the southern parts with the latter experiencing frequent frost and snow . Because southern parts of the country are moderated by the surrounding oceans , the cold is less intense and prolonged than areas at comparable latitudes in the northern hemisphere . Spring and autumn are transition seasons that generally feature mild weather .   Many regions have different , often contrasting , microclimates . In general , northern parts of the country are characterized by hot , humid , rainy summers and mild winters with periodic droughts . Mesopotamia , in the northeast is characterized by high temperatures and abundant precipitation throughout the year with droughts being uncommon . West of this lies the Chaco region , which is the warmest region in Argentina . Precipitation in the Chaco region decreases westwards , resulting in the vegetation changing from forests in the east to shrubs in the west . Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry and hot although the rugged topography makes it climatically diverse , ranging from the cold , dry Puna to thick jungles . The center of the country , which includes the Pampas to the east and the drier Cuyo region to the west has hot summers with occasional tornadoes and thunderstorms , and cool , dry winters . Patagonia , in the southern parts of the country has a dry climate with warm summers and cold winters characterized by strong winds throughout the year and one of the strongest precipitation gradients in the world . High elevations at all latitudes experience cooler conditions , and the mountainous zones can see heavy snowfall .   The geographic and geomorphic characteristics of Argentina tend to create extreme weather conditions , often leading to natural disasters that negatively impact the country both economically and socially . The Pampas , where many of the large cities are located , has a flat topography and poor water drainage , making it vulnerable to flooding . Severe storms can lead to tornados , damaging hail , storm surges , and high winds , causing extensive damage to houses and infrastructure , displacing thousands of people and causing significant loss of life . Extreme temperature events such as heat waves and cold waves impact rural and urban areas by negatively impacting agriculture , one of the main economic activities of the country , and by increasing energy demand , which can lead to energy shortages .   Argentina is vulnerable and will likely be significantly impacted by climate change . Temperatures have increased in the last century while the observed changes in precipitation are variable , with some areas receiving more and other areas less . These changes have impacted river flow , increased the frequency of extreme weather events , and led to the retreat of glaciers . Based on the projections for both precipitation and temperatures , these climatic events are likely to increase in severity and create new problems associated with climate change in the country ."}
{"_id": "Climate_of_Asia", "title": "Climate of Asia", "headings": "", "text": "The Climate of Asia is wet across southeast sections , and dry across much of the interior . Some of the largest daily temperature ranges on Earth occur in western sections of Asia . The monsoon circulation dominates across southern and eastern sections , due to the presence of the Himalayas forcing the formation of a thermal low which draws in moisture during the summer . Southwestern sections of the continent experience low relief as a result of the subtropical high pressure belt ; they are hot in the summer , warm to cool in winter , and may snow at higher altitudes . Siberia is one of the coldest places in the Northern Hemisphere , and can act as a source of arctic air masses for North America . The most active place on Earth for tropical cyclone activity lies northeast of the Philippines and south of Japan , and the phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation modulates where in Asia landfall is more likely to occur ,"}
{"_id": "Climate_of_Australia", "title": "Climate of Australia", "headings": "", "text": "Australia 's climate is governed largely by its size and by the hot , sinking air of the subtropical high pressure belt . This moves north and south with the seasons , so that the rainfall pattern over Australia is highly seasonal . Australia 's rainfall is the lowest of all continents except Antarctica . But it is variable , with frequent droughts lasting several seasons -- thought to be caused in part by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation . The climate varies widely due to its large geographical size , but by far the largest part of Australia is desert or semi-arid . Only the south-east and south-west corners have a temperate climate and moderately fertile soil . The northern part of the country has a tropical climate , varied between tropical rainforests , grasslands and part dessert .   Because Australia is a small continent , separated from polar regions by the Southern Ocean , it is not subject to the movements of frigid polar air that sweep over Northern Hemisphere continents during winter . Consequently , its winter is relatively mild , so that there is n't the great contrast between summer and winter temperatures there is in the northern continents . Yet in many parts of the country , seasonal highs and lows can be considerable : temperatures have ranged from above 50 C to well below zero . Nonetheless , minimum temperatures are moderated .   The El Niño-Southern Oscillation is associated with seasonal abnormality in many areas in the world . Australia is one of the continents most affected and experiences extensive droughts alongside considerable wet periods . Occasionally a dust storm will blanket a region and there are reports of the occasional tornado . Tropical cyclones , heat waves , bushfires and frosts in the country are also associated with the Southern Oscillation . Rising levels of salinity and desertification in some areas is ravaging the landscape .   Climate change in Australia is a highly contentious issue . Temperatures in the country have risen following an increasing trend of global warming between the years of 1910 to 2004 by approximately 0.7 ° C. Overnight minimum temperatures have warmed more rapidly than daytime maximum temperatures in recent years . The late-20th century warming has been largely attributed to the increased greenhouse effect . According to the Bureau of Meteorology , 80 % of the land has less than 600 mm of rainfall per year and 50 % has even less than 300 mm . As a whole , Australia has a very low annual average rainfall of 419 mm ."}
{"_id": "Climate_of_Chicago", "title": "Climate of Chicago", "headings": "", "text": "The climate of Chicago is classified as humid continental ( Köppen Dfa ) , with all four seasons distinctly represented : wet , cool springs ; somewhat hot , and often humid , summers ; pleasantly mild autumns ; and cold winters . Annual precipitation in Chicago is average , and reaches its lowest points in the months of January and February , and peaks in the months of May and June . Chicago 's weather is influenced by the nearby presence of Lake Michigan during all four seasons ."}
{"_id": "Climate_of_Florida", "title": "Climate of Florida", "headings": "", "text": "The climate of the north and central parts of the US state of Florida is humid subtropical . South Florida has a tropical climate . There is a defined rainy season from May through October , when air mass thundershowers that build in the heat of the day drop heavy but brief summer rainfall . Late summer and early fall bring decaying tropical lows ( and occasionally landfalling tropical cyclones ) that contribute to late summer and early fall rains   In October the dry season sets in across much of Florida ( starting early in the month in northern Florida and near the end of the month in deep southern Florida ) and lasts until late April in most years . Fronts from mid-latitude storms north of Florida occasionally pass through northern and central parts of the state which bring light and brief winter rainfall . Mid and late winter can become severely dry in Florida . In some years the dry season becomes quite severe and water restrictions are imposed to conserve water . While most areas of Florida do not experience any type of frozen precipitation , north Florida can see fleeting snow or sleet a few times each decade .   The Gulf Stream running through the Florida Straits and then north off the Florida East Coast keeps temperatures moderate a few miles inland from around Stuart on the east coast to Ft. Myers on the west side of the state year round , with few extremes in temperature . The tropical ocean current also provides warm sea surface temperatures , giving Florida beaches the warmest ocean surf waters on the United States mainland ."}
{"_id": "Climate_of_India", "title": "Climate of India", "headings": "", "text": "The climate of India comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a vast geographic scale and varied topography , making generalisations difficult . Based on the Köppen system , India hosts six major climatic subtypes , ranging from arid desert in the west , alpine tundra and glaciers in the north , and humid tropical regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the island territories . Many regions have starkly different microclimates . The nation has four seasons : winter ( December , January and February ) , summer ( March , April and May ) , a monsoon rainy season ( June to September ) , and a post-monsoon period ( October to November ) .   India 's geography and geology are climatically pivotal : the Thar Desert in the northwest and the Himalayas in the north work in tandem to effect a culturally and economically important monsoonal regime . As Earth 's highest and most massive mountain range , the Himalayas bar the influx of frigid katabatic winds from the icy Tibetan Plateau and northerly Central Asia . Most of North India is thus kept warm or is only mildly chilly or cold during winter ; the same thermal dam keeps most regions in India hot in summer .   Though the Tropic of Cancer -- the boundary between the tropics and subtropics -- passes through the middle of India , the bulk of the country can be regarded as climatically tropical . As in much of the tropics , monsoonal and other weather patterns in India can be wildly unstable : epochal droughts , floods , cyclones , and other natural disasters are sporadic , but have displaced or ended millions of human lives . There is one scientific opinion which states that in South Asia such climatic events are likely to change in unpredictability , frequency , and severity . Ongoing and future vegetative changes and current sea level rises and the attendant inundation of India 's low-lying coastal areas are other impacts , current or predicted , that are attributable to global warming ."}
{"_id": "Climate_of_Mars", "title": "Climate of Mars", "headings": "", "text": "The climate of Mars has been an issue of scientific curiosity for centuries , in part because Mars is the only terrestrial planet whose surface can be directly observed in detail from the Earth with help from a telescope .   Although Mars is smaller than the Earth , at 11 % of Earth 's mass , and 50 % farther from the Sun than the Earth , its climate has important similarities , such as the polar ice caps , seasonal changes and the observable presence of weather patterns . It has attracted sustained study from planetologists and climatologists . While Mars 's climate has similarities to Earth 's , including periodic ice ages , there are also important differences , such as much lower thermal inertia . Mars ' atmosphere has a scale height of approximately 11 km , 60 % greater than that on Earth . The climate is of considerable relevance to the question of whether life is or was present on the planet . The climate briefly received more interest in the news due to NASA measurements indicating increased sublimation of the south polar icecap leading to some popular press speculation that Mars was undergoing a parallel bout of global warming , although Mars ' average temperature has actually cooled in recent decades .   Mars has been studied by Earth-based instruments since the 17th century but it is only since the exploration of Mars began in the mid-1960s that close-range observation has been possible . Flyby and orbital spacecraft have provided data from above , while direct measurements of atmospheric conditions have been provided by a number of landers and rovers . Advanced Earth orbital instruments today continue to provide some useful `` big picture '' observations of relatively large weather phenomena .   The first Martian flyby mission was Mariner 4 which arrived in 1965 . That quick two-day pass ( July 14 -- 15 , 1965 ) was limited and crude in terms of its contribution to the state of knowledge of Martian climate . Later Mariner missions ( Mariner 6 , and Mariner 7 ) filled in some of the gaps in basic climate information . Data-based climate studies started in earnest with the Viking program in 1975 and continues with such probes as the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter .   This observational work has been complemented by a type of scientific computer simulation called the Mars general circulation model . Several different iterations of MGCM have led to an increased understanding of Mars as well as the limits of such models ."}
{"_id": "Climate_of_the_Arctic", "title": "Climate of the Arctic", "headings": "", "text": "The climate of the Arctic is characterized by long , cold winters and short , cool summers . There is a large amount of variability in climate across the Arctic , but all regions experience extremes of solar radiation in both summer and winter . Some parts of the Arctic are covered by ice ( sea ice , glacial ice , or snow ) year-round , and nearly all parts of the Arctic experience long periods with some form of ice on the surface . Average January temperatures range from about − 34 ° C to 0 ° C ( − 40 to +32 ° F ) , and winter temperatures can drop below − 50 ° C ( − 58 ° F ) over large parts of the Arctic . Average July temperatures range from about − 10 to +10 ° C ( 14 to 50 ° F ) , with some land areas occasionally exceeding 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) in summer .   The Arctic consists of ocean that is largely surrounded by land . As such , the climate of much of the Arctic is moderated by the ocean water , which can never have a temperature below − 2 ° C ( 28 ° F ) . In winter , this relatively warm water , even though covered by the polar ice pack , keeps the North Pole from being the coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere , and it is also part of the reason that Antarctica is so much colder than the Arctic . In summer , the presence of the nearby water keeps coastal areas from warming as much as they might otherwise ."}
{"_id": "Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "Climate of the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "The United Kingdom straddles the higher mid-latitudes between 49 ° and 61 ° N . It is on the western seaboard of Afro-Eurasia , the world 's largest land mass . These conditions allow convergence between moist maritime air and dry continental air . In this area , the large temperature variation creates atmospheric instability , and this is a major factor that influences the often unsettled weather the country experiences : where many types of weather can be experienced in a single day . In general the climate of the UK is cool and often cloudy , and hot temperatures are infrequent .   The climate in the United Kingdom is defined as a temperate oceanic climate , or Cfb on the Köppen climate classification system , a classification it shares with most of north-west Europe . Regional climates are influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and latitude . Northern Ireland , Wales and western parts of England and Scotland , being closest to the Atlantic Ocean , are generally the mildest , wettest and windiest regions of the UK , and temperature ranges here are seldom extreme . Eastern areas are drier , cooler , less windy and also experience the greatest daily and seasonal temperature variations . Northern areas are generally cooler , wetter and have slightly larger temperature ranges than southern areas .   Though the UK is mostly under the influence of the maritime tropical air mass from the south-west , different regions are more susceptible than others when different air masses affect the country : Northern Ireland and the west of Scotland are the most exposed to the maritime polar air mass which brings cool moist air ; the east of Scotland and north-east England are more exposed to the continental polar air mass which brings cold dry air ; the south and south-east of England are more exposed to the continental tropical air mass which brings warm dry air ( and consequently most of the time the warmest summer temperatures ) ; and Wales and south-west England are the most exposed to the maritime tropical air mass which brings warm moist air .   If the air masses are strong enough in their respective areas during the summer , there can sometimes be a large difference in temperature between the far north of Scotland ( including the Islands ) and south-east of England -- often a difference of 10 -- 15 ° C ( 18-27 ° F ) but sometimes of as much as 20 ° C ( 36 ° F ) or more . In the height of summer the Northern Isles could have temperatures around 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) and areas around London could reach 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) ."}
{"_id": "Climate_sensitivity", "title": "Climate sensitivity", "headings": "", "text": "Climate sensitivity is the equilibrium temperature change in response to changes of the radiative forcing . Therefore , climate sensitivity depends on the initial climate state , but potentially can be accurately inferred from precise palaeoclimate data . Slow climate feedbacks , especially changes of ice sheet size and atmospheric CO2 , amplify the total Earth system sensitivity by an amount that depends on the time scale considered .   Although climate sensitivity is usually used in the context of radiative forcing by carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , it is thought of as a general property of the climate system : the change in surface air temperature ( ΔTs ) following a unit change in radiative forcing ( RF ) , and thus is expressed in units of ° C / ( W/m2 ) . For this to be useful , the measure must be independent of the nature of the forcing ( e.g. from greenhouse gases or solar variation ) ; to first order this is indeed found to be so .   The climate sensitivity specifically due to is often expressed as the temperature change in ° C associated with a doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere .   For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models ( e.g. CMIP5 ) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter , but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters . By contrast , simpler energy-balance models may have climate sensitivity as an explicit parameter .   The terms represented in the equation relate radiative forcing ( RF ) to linear changes in global surface temperature change ( ΔTs ) via the climate sensitivity λ .   It is also possible to estimate climate sensitivity from observations ; however , this is difficult due to uncertainties in the forcing and temperature histories ."}
{"_id": "Climate_system", "title": "Climate system", "headings": "", "text": "Earth's climate arises from the interaction of five major climate system components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things). Climate is the average weather, typically over a period of 30 years, and is determined by a combination of processes in the climate system, such as ocean currents and wind patterns. Circulation in the atmosphere and oceans is primarily driven by solar radiation and transports heat from the tropical regions to regions that receive less energy from the Sun. The water cycle also moves energy throughout the climate system. In addition, different chemical elements, necessary for life, are constantly recycled between the different components. The climate system can change due to internal variability and external forcings. These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans. Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming. Human activity also releases cooling aerosols, but their net effect is far less than that of greenhouse gases. Changes can be amplified by feedback processes in the different climate system components."}
{"_id": "Climate_variability", "title": "Climate variability", "headings": "", "text": "Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more. In the time since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities that are causing global warming and climate change.The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from the sun. The climate system also radiates energy to outer space. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy, and the passage of the energy through the climate system, determines Earth's energy budget. When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth's energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming. If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling. The energy moving through Earth's climate system finds expression in weather, varying on geographic scales and time. Long-term averages and variability of weather in a region constitute the region's climate. Such changes can be the result of \"internal variability\", when natural processes inherent to the various parts of the climate system alter the distribution of energy. Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Climate variability can also result from external forcing, when events outside of the climate system's components nonetheless produce changes within the system. Examples include changes in solar output and volcanism. Climate variability has consequences for sea level changes, plant life, and mass extinctions; it also affects human societies."}
{"_id": "Climatic_Research_Unit", "title": "Climatic Research Unit", "headings": "", "text": "The Climatic Research Unit ( CRU ) is a component of the University of East Anglia and is one of the leading institutions concerned with the study of natural and anthropogenic climate change .   With a staff of some thirty research scientists and students , the CRU has contributed to the development of a number of the data sets widely used in climate research , including one of the global temperature records used to monitor the state of the climate system , as well as statistical software packages and climate models ."}
{"_id": "Climatic_Research_Unit_documents", "title": "Climatic Research Unit documents", "headings": "", "text": "Climatic Research Unit documents including thousands of e-mails and other computer files were stolen from a server at the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia in a hacking incident in November 2009 . The documents were redistributed first through several blogs of global warming skeptics , and allegations were made that they indicated misconduct by leading climate scientists . A series of investigations rejected these allegations , while concluding that CRU scientists should have been more open with distributing data and methods on request . Precisely six committees investigated the allegations and published reports , finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct . The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of human activity remained unchanged by the end of the investigations .   The incident occurred shortly before the opening December 2009 Copenhagen global climate summit . It has prompted general discussion about increasing the openness of scientific data ( though the majority of climate data have always been freely available ) . Scientists , scientific organisations , and government officials have stated that the incident does not affect the overall scientific case for climate change . Andrew Revkin reported in the New York Times that `` The evidence pointing to a growing human contribution to global warming is so widely accepted that the hacked material is unlikely to erode the overall argument . ''"}
{"_id": "Climatic_Research_Unit_email_controversy", "title": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "headings": "", "text": "The Climatic Research Unit email controversy ( also known as `` Climategate '' ) began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit ( CRU ) at the University of East Anglia ( UEA ) by an external attacker , copying thousands of emails and computer files , the Climatic Research Unit documents , to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change .   The story was first broken by climate change denialists with columnist James Delingpole popularising the term `` Climategate '' to describe the controversy . Several people considered climate change `` skeptics '' argued that the emails showed global warming was a scientific conspiracy , that scientists manipulated climate data and attempted to suppress critics . The CRU rejected this , saying the emails had been taken out of context and merely reflected an honest exchange of ideas .   The mainstream media picked up the story as negotiations over climate change mitigation began in Copenhagen on 7 December 2009 . Because of the timing , scientists , policy makers and public relations experts said that the release of emails was a smear campaign intended to undermine the climate conference . In response to the controversy , the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) , the American Meteorological Society ( AMS ) and the Union of Concerned Scientists ( UCS ) released statements supporting the scientific consensus that the Earth 's mean surface temperature had been rising for decades , with the AAAS concluding , `` based on multiple lines of scientific evidence that global climate change caused by human activities is now underway ... it is a growing threat to society . ''   Eight committees investigated the allegations and published reports , finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct . However , the reports called on the scientists to avoid any such allegations in the future by taking steps to regain public confidence in their work , for example by opening up access to their supporting data , processing methods and software , and by promptly honouring freedom of information requests . The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of human activity remained unchanged throughout the investigations ."}
{"_id": "Climatology", "title": "Climatology", "headings": "", "text": "Climatology ( from Greek κλίμα , klima , `` place , zone '' ; and - λογία , - logia ) or climate science is the study of climate , scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time . This modern field of study is regarded as a branch of the atmospheric sciences and a subfield of physical geography , which is one of the Earth sciences . Climatology now includes aspects of oceanography and biogeochemistry . Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting using analog techniques such as the El Niño -- Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) , the Madden -- Julian oscillation ( MJO ) , the North Atlantic oscillation ( NAO ) , the Northern Annular Mode ( NAM ) which is also known as the Arctic oscillation ( AO ) , the Northern Pacific ( NP ) Index , the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation ( IPO ) . Climate models are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate . Weather is known as the condition of the atmosphere over a period of time . While Climate has to do with the atmospheric condition over an extended to indefinite period of time ."}
{"_id": "Cloud", "title": "Cloud", "headings": "", "text": "In meteorology , a cloud is an aerosol comprising a visible mass of minute liquid droplets , frozen crystals , or particles suspended in the atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body . The droplets and crystals may be made of water or various chemicals . On Earth , clouds are formed as a result of saturation of the air when it is cooled to its dew point , or when it gains sufficient moisture ( usually in the form of water vapor ) from an adjacent source to raise the dew point to the ambient temperature . They are seen in the Earth 's homosphere ( which includes the troposphere , stratosphere , and mesosphere ) . Nephology is the science of clouds which is undertaken in the cloud physics branch of meteorology .   There are two systems of naming clouds in their respective layers of the atmosphere ; Latin in the troposphere and mostly alpha-numeric above the troposphere . Cloud types in the troposphere , the atmospheric layer closest to Earth 's surface , have Latin names due to the universal adaptation of Luke Howard 's nomenclature . Formally proposed in 1802 , it became the basis of a modern international system that classifies clouds into five physical forms and three altitude levels ( formerly known as étages ) . These physical types , in approximate ascending order of convective activity , include stratiform sheets , cirriform wisps and patches , stratocumuliform layers ( mainly structured as rolls , ripples , and patches ) , cumuliform heaps , and very large cumulonimbiform heaps that often show complex structure . The physical forms are cross-classified by the altitude levels to produce ten basic genus-types , most of which can be divided into species , and subdivided into varieties .   Two cirriform clouds that form higher up in the stratosphere and mesosphere have common names for their main types , but are sub-classified alpha-numerically . They are relatively uncommon and are mostly seen in the polar regions of Earth . Clouds have been observed in the atmospheres of other planets and moons in the Solar System and beyond . However , due to their different temperature characteristics , they are often composed of other substances such as methane , ammonia , and sulfuric acid as well as water .   Homospheric types determined by cross-classification of forms and levels .   '' Homospheric types include the ten tropospheric genera and two additional major types above the troposphere . The cumulus genus includes three variants as defined by vertical size ."}
{"_id": "Cloud_feedback", "title": "Cloud feedback", "headings": "", "text": "Cloud feedback is the coupling between cloudiness and surface air temperature where a surface air temperature change leads to a change in clouds , which could then amplify or diminish the initial temperature perturbation . Cloud feedbacks can affect the magnitude of internally generated climate variability or they can affect the magnitude of climate change resulting from external radiative forcings .   Global warming is expected to change the distribution and type of clouds . Seen from below , clouds emit infrared radiation back to the surface , and so exert a warming effect ; seen from above , clouds reflect sunlight and emit infrared radiation to space , and so exert a cooling effect . Cloud representations vary among global climate models , and small changes in cloud cover have a large impact on the climate . Differences in planetary boundary layer cloud modeling schemes can lead to large differences in derived values of climate sensitivity . A model that decreases boundary layer clouds in response to global warming has a climate sensitivity twice that of a model that does not include this feedback . However , satellite data show that cloud optical thickness actually increases with increasing temperature . Whether the net effect is warming or cooling depends on details such as the type and altitude of the cloud ; details that are difficult to represent in climate models ."}
{"_id": "Cloud_forest", "title": "Cloud forest", "headings": "", "text": "A cloud forest , also called a fog forest , is a generally tropical or subtropical , evergreen , montane , moist forest characterized by a persistent , frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover , usually at the canopy level , formally described in the International Cloud Atlas ( 2017 ) as silvagenitus . Cloud forests often exhibit an abundance of mosses covering the ground and vegetation , in which case they are also referred to as mossy forests . Mossy forests usually develop on the saddles of mountains , where moisture introduced by settling clouds is more effectively retained ."}
{"_id": "Clouds_and_the_Earth's_Radiant_Energy_System", "title": "Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System", "headings": "", "text": "Clouds and the Earth 's Radiant Energy System ( CERES ) is NASA climatological experiment from Earth orbit .  The CERES are scientific satellite instruments , part of the NASA 's Earth Observing System  ( EOS ) , designed to measure both solar-reflected and Earth-emitted radiation from the top of the atmosphere ( TOA ) to the  Earth 's surface . Cloud properties are determined using simultaneous measurements by other EOS instruments such as the  Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS ) . Results from the CERES and other NASA missions , such as the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment ( ERBE ) ,  could lead to a better understanding of the role of clouds and the energy cycle in global climate change ."}
{"_id": "Coal", "title": "Coal", "headings": "", "text": "Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams . The harder forms , such as anthracite coal , can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure . Coal is composed primarily of carbon , along with variable quantities of other elements , chiefly hydrogen , sulfur , oxygen , and nitrogen . A fossil fuel , coal forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat , which in turn is converted into lignite , then sub-bituminous coal , after that bituminous coal , and lastly anthracite . This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time .   Throughout human history , coal has been used as an energy resource , primarily burned for the production of electricity and heat , and is also used for industrial purposes , such as refining metals . Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide , as well as one of the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide releases . The extraction of coal , its use in energy production and its byproducts are all associated with environmental and health effects including climate change .   Coal is extracted from the ground by coal mining . Since 1983 , the world 's top coal producer has been China . In 2015 China produced 3,747 million tonnes of coal -- 47.7 % of 7,861 million tonnes world coal production . In 2015 other large producers were United States ( 813 million tonnes ) , India ( 678 ) , European Union ( 539 ) and Australia ( 503 ) . In 2010 the largest exporters were Australia with 328 million tonnes ( 27.1 % of world coal export ) and Indonesia with 316 million tonnes ( 26.1 % ) , while the largest importers were Japan with 207 million tonnes ( 17.5 % of world coal import ) , China with 195 million tonnes ( 16.6 % ) and South Korea with 126 million tonnes ( 10.7 % ) ."}
{"_id": "Coal_mining", "title": "Coal mining", "headings": "", "text": "Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground . Coal is valued for its energy content , and , since the 1880s , has been widely used to generate electricity . Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from iron ore and for cement production . In the United Kingdom and South Africa a coal mine and its structures are a colliery ; a coal mine a pit ; the above-ground structures the pit head . In Australia , `` colliery '' generally refers to an underground coal mine . In the United States `` colliery '' has been used to describe a coal mine operation but nowadays the word is not commonly used .   Coal mining has had many developments over the recent years , from the early days of men tunnelling , digging and manually extracting the coal on carts , to large open cut and long wall mines . Mining at this scale requires the use of draglines , trucks , conveyors , hydraulic jacks and shearers ."}
{"_id": "Coal_pollution_mitigation", "title": "Coal pollution mitigation", "headings": "", "text": "Coal pollution mitigation , often referred to by the public relations term clean coal , is a series of systems and technologies that seek to mitigate the pollution and other environmental effects normally associated with the burning ( though not the mining or processing ) of coal , which is widely regarded as the dirtiest of the common fuels for industrial processes and power generation . The preferred industry term `` clean coal '' has been described as `` Orwellian '' , an oxymoron , and a myth .   Approaches attempt to mitigate emissions of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) and other greenhouse gases , and radioactive materials , that arise from the use of coal , mainly for electrical power generation , using various technologies . Historical efforts to reduce coal pollution focused on flue-gas desulfurization starting in the 1850s and clean burn technologies . More recent developments include carbon capture and storage , which pumps and stores CO2 emissions underground , and integrated gasification combined cycle ( IGCC ) involve coal gasification , which provides a basis for increased efficiency and lower cost in capturing CO2 emissions .   There are seven technologies deployed or proposed for deployment in the United States :  carbon capture and storage ( CCS ) ,  flue-gas desulfurization ,  fluidized-bed combustion ,  integrated gasification combined cycle ( IGCC ) ,  low nitrogen oxide burners ,  selective catalytic reduction ( SCR ) , and  electrostatic precipitators .  Of the 22 demonstration projects funded by the U.S. Department of Energy since 2003 , none are in operation as of February 2017 , having been abandoned or delayed due to capital budget overruns or discontinued because of excessive operating expenses ."}
{"_id": "Coastal_fish", "title": "Coastal fish", "headings": "", "text": "Coastal fish , also called inshore fish or neritic fish , inhabit the sea between the shoreline and the edge of the continental shelf . Since the continental shelf is usually less than 200 metres deep , it follows that pelagic coastal fish are generally epipelagic fish , inhabiting the sunlit epipelagic zone . Coastal fish can be contrasted with oceanic fish or offshore fish , which inhabit the deep seas beyond the continental shelves .   Coastal fish are the most abundant in the world . They can be found in tidal pools , fjords and estuaries , near sandy shores and rocky coastlines , around coral reefs and on or above the continental shelf . Coastal fish include forage fish and the predator fish that feed on them . Forage fish thrive in inshore waters where high productivity results from upwelling and shoreline run off of nutrients . Some are partial residents that spawn in streams , estuaries and bays , but most complete their life cycles in the zone ."}
{"_id": "Cold_War", "title": "Cold War", "headings": "", "text": "The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc ( the Soviet Union and its satellite states ) and powers in the Western Bloc ( the United States , its NATO allies and others ) . Historians do not fully agree on the dates , but a common timeframe is the period between 1947 , the year the Truman Doctrine ( a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism ) was announced , and 1991 , the year the Soviet Union collapsed .   The term `` cold '' is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides involved in the conflict , although there were major regional wars , known as proxy wars , supported by the two sides . The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany , leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences . The USSR was a Marxist -- Leninist state led by its Communist Party of the Soviet Union , who in turn were led by a leader , with different titles over time , and a small committee called the Politburo . The Party controlled the press , the military , the economy and many organization . It also controlled the other states in the Eastern Bloc , and funded Communist parties around the world , sometimes in competition with Communist China , particularly following the Sino-Soviet split of the 1960s . In opposition stood the West , staunchly democratic and capitalist with a free press and independent organizations . A small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement ; it sought good relations with both sides . The two superpowers never engaged directly in full-scale armed combat , but they were heavily armed in preparation for a possible all-out nuclear world war . Each side had a nuclear strategy that discouraged an attack by the other side , on the basis that such an attack would lead to the total destruction of the attacker : the doctrine of mutually assured destruction ( MAD ) . Aside from the development of the two sides ' nuclear arsenals , and their deployment of conventional military forces , the struggle for dominance was expressed via proxy wars around the globe , psychological warfare , massive propaganda campaigns and espionage , rivalry at sports events , and technological competitions such as the Space Race .   The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945 . The USSR consolidated its control over the states of the Eastern Bloc , while the United States began a strategy of global containment to challenge Soviet power , extending military and financial aid to the countries of Western Europe ( for example , supporting the anti-communist side in the Greek Civil War ) and creating the NATO alliance . The Berlin Blockade ( 1948 -- 49 ) was the first major crisis of the Cold War . With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) , the conflict expanded . The USSR and USA competed for influence in Latin America , and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia . Meanwhile , the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets . The expansion and escalation sparked more crises , such as the Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) , the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . Following the Cuban Missile Crisis , a new phase began that saw the Sino-Soviet split complicate relations within the communist sphere , while US allies , particularly France , demonstrated greater independence of action . The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia , and the Vietnam War ( 1955 -- 75 ) ended with the defeat of the US-backed Republic of Vietnam , prompting further adjustments .   By the 1970s , both sides had become interested in making accommodations in order to create a more stable and predictable international system , inaugurating a period of détente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People 's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union . Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet -- Afghan War in 1979 . The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension , with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 ( 1983 ) , and the `` Able Archer '' NATO military exercises ( 1983 ) . The United States increased diplomatic , military , and economic pressures on the Soviet Union , at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation . In the mid-1980s , the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ( `` reorganization '' , 1987 ) and glasnost ( `` openness '' , c. 1985 ) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan . Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe , especially Poland . Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past . The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully ( with the exception of the Romanian Revolution ) overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe . The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991 . This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia , Cambodia and South Yemen . The United States remained as the world 's only superpower .   The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy . It is often referred to in popular culture , especially in media featuring themes of espionage ( e.g. the internationally successful James Bond movie franchise ) and the threat of nuclear warfare ."}
{"_id": "Cold_wave", "title": "Cold wave", "headings": "", "text": "A cold wave ( known in some regions as a cold snap ) is a weather phenomenon that is distinguished by a cooling of the air . Specifically , as used by the U.S. National Weather Service , a cold wave is a rapid fall in temperature within a 24-hour period requiring substantially increased protection to agriculture , industry , commerce , and social activities . The precise criterion for a cold wave is determined by the rate at which the temperature falls , and the minimum to which it falls . This minimum temperature is dependent on the geographical region and time of year .   In the United States , a cold spell is defined as the national average high temperature dropping below 20 F."}
{"_id": "Colonization_of_Mars", "title": "Colonization of Mars", "headings": "", "text": "Mars is the focus of much scientific study about possible human colonization . Its surface conditions and the presence of water on Mars make it arguably the most hospitable of the planets in the Solar System , other than Earth . Mars requires less energy per unit mass ( delta-v ) to reach from Earth than any planet except Venus .   Permanent human habitation on a planetary body other than the Earth is one of science fiction 's most prevalent themes . As technology has advanced , and concerns about the future of humanity on Earth have increased , the argument that space colonization is an achievable and worthwhile goal has gained momentum . Other reasons for colonizing space include economic interests , long-term scientific research best carried out by humans as opposed to robotic probes , and sheer curiosity .   One of Elon Musk 's stated goals through his company SpaceX is to make such colonization possible by providing transport , and to `` help humanity establish a permanent , self-sustaining colony on -LSB- Mars -RSB- within the next 50 to 100 years '' ."}
{"_id": "Colonization_of_the_Moon", "title": "Colonization of the Moon", "headings": "", "text": "The colonization of the Moon is a proposed establishment of permanent human communities or robotic industries on the Moon .   Discovery of lunar water at the lunar poles by Chandrayaan-1 has renewed interest in the Moon . Polar colonies could also avoid the problem of long lunar nights -- about 354 hours , a little more than two weeks -- and take advantage of the Sun continuously , at least during the local summer ( there is no data for the winter yet ) .   Permanent human habitation on a planetary body other than the Earth is one of science fiction 's most prevalent themes . As technology has advanced , and concerns about the future of humanity on Earth have increased , the argument that space colonization is an achievable and worthwhile goal has gained momentum . Because of its proximity to Earth , the Moon has been seen as the most obvious natural expansion after Earth . There are also various projects in near future by space tourism startup companies for tourism on the Moon ."}
{"_id": "Colorado_River", "title": "Colorado River", "headings": "", "text": "The Colorado River is one of the principal rivers of the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico ( the other being the Rio Grande ) . The 1450 mi river drains an expansive , arid watershed that encompasses parts of seven U.S. and two Mexican states . Starting in the central Rocky Mountains in the U.S. , the river flows generally southwest across the Colorado Plateau and through the Grand Canyon before reaching Lake Mead on the Arizona -- Nevada border , where it turns south toward the international border . After entering Mexico , the Colorado approaches the mostly dry Colorado River Delta at the tip of the Gulf of California between Baja California and Sonora .   Known for its dramatic canyons , whitewater rapids , and eleven U.S. National Parks , the Colorado River system is a vital source of water for 40 million people in southwestern North America . The river and its tributaries are controlled by an extensive system of dams , reservoirs , and aqueducts , which in most years divert its entire flow for agricultural irrigation and domestic water supply . Its large flow and steep gradient are used for generating hydroelectric power , and its major dams regulate peaking power demands in much of the Intermountain West . Intensive water consumption has dried up the lower 100 mi of the river , which has rarely reached the sea since the 1960s .   Beginning with small bands of nomadic hunter-gatherers , Native Americans have inhabited the Colorado River basin for at least 8,000 years . Between 2,000 and 1,000 years ago , the river and its tributaries fostered large agricultural civilizations -- some of the most sophisticated indigenous cultures in North America -- which eventually faded due to a combination of severe drought and poor land use practices . Most native peoples that inhabit the basin today are descended from other groups that settled in the region beginning about 1,000 years ago . Europeans first entered the Colorado Basin in the 16th century , when explorers from Spain began mapping and claiming the area , which later became part of Mexico upon its independence in 1821 . Early contact between Europeans and Native Americans was generally limited to the fur trade in the headwaters and sporadic trade interactions along the lower river .   After most of the Colorado River basin became part of the U.S. in 1846 , the bulk of the river 's course was still the subject of myths and speculation . Several expeditions charted the Colorado in the mid-19th century -- one of which , led by John Wesley Powell , was the first to run the rapids of the Grand Canyon . American explorers collected valuable information that was later used to develop the river for navigation and water supply . Large-scale settlement of the lower basin began in the mid - to late-19th century , with steamboats providing transportation from the Gulf of California to landings along the river that linked to wagon roads to the interior . Lesser numbers settled in the upper basin , which was the scene of major gold strikes in the 1860s and 1870s .   Large engineering works began around the start of the 20th century , with major guidelines established in a series of international and U.S. interstate treaties known as the `` Law of the River '' . The U.S. federal government was the main driving force behind the construction of dams and aqueducts , although many state and local water agencies were also involved . Most of the major dams were built between 1910 and 1970 ; the system keystone , Hoover Dam , was completed in 1935 . The Colorado is now considered among the most controlled and litigated rivers in the world , with every drop of its water fully allocated .   The environmental movement in the American Southwest has opposed the damming and diversion of the Colorado River system because of detrimental effects on the ecology and natural beauty of the river and its tributaries . During the construction of Glen Canyon Dam , environmental organizations vowed to block any further development of the river , and a number of later dam and aqueduct proposals were defeated by citizen opposition . As demands for Colorado River water continue to rise , the level of human development and control of the river continues to generate controversy ."}
{"_id": "Comet", "title": "Comet", "headings": "", "text": "A comet is an icy small Solar System body that , when passing close to the Sun , warms and begins to release gasses , a process called outgassing . This produces a visible atmosphere or coma , and sometimes also a tail . These phenomena are due to the effects of solar radiation and the solar wind acting upon the nucleus of the comet . Comet nuclei range from a few hundred metres to tens of kilometres across and are composed of loose collections of ice , dust , and small rocky particles . The coma may be up to 15 times the Earth 's diameter , while the tail may stretch one astronomical unit . If sufficiently bright , a comet may be seen from the Earth without the aid of a telescope and may subtend an arc of 30 ° ( 60 Moons ) across the sky . Comets have been observed and recorded since ancient times by many cultures .   Comets usually have highly eccentric elliptical orbits , and they have a wide range of orbital periods , ranging from several years to potentially several millions of years . Short-period comets originate in the Kuiper belt or its associated scattered disc , which lie beyond the orbit of Neptune . Long-period comets are thought to originate in the Oort cloud , a spherical cloud of icy bodies extending from outside the Kuiper belt to halfway to the nearest star . Long-period comets are set in motion towards the Sun from the Oort cloud by gravitational perturbations caused by passing stars and the galactic tide . Hyperbolic comets may pass once through the inner Solar System before being flung to interstellar space . The appearance of a comet is called an apparition .   Comets are distinguished from asteroids by the presence of an extended , gravitationally unbound atmosphere surrounding their central nucleus . This atmosphere has parts termed the coma ( the central part immediately surrounding the nucleus ) and the tail ( a typically linear section consisting of dust or gas blown out from the coma by the Sun 's light pressure or outstreaming solar wind plasma ) . However , extinct comets that have passed close to the Sun many times have lost nearly all of their volatile ices and dust and may come to resemble small asteroids . Asteroids are thought to have a different origin from comets , having formed inside the orbit of Jupiter rather than in the outer Solar System . The discovery of main-belt comets and active centaur minor planets has blurred the distinction between asteroids and comets .   there are 5,253 known comets , a number that is steadily increasing as they are discovered . However , this represents only a tiny fraction of the total potential comet population , as the reservoir of comet-like bodies in the outer Solar System ( in the Oort cloud ) is estimated to be one trillion . Roughly one comet per year is visible to the naked eye , though many of those are faint and unspectacular . Particularly bright examples are called `` Great Comets '' . Comets have been visited by unmanned probes such as the European Space Agency 's Rosetta , which became the first ever to land a robotic spacecraft on a comet , and NASA 's Deep Impact , which blasted a crater on Comet Tempel 1 to study its interior ."}
{"_id": "Common_octopus", "title": "Common octopus", "headings": "", "text": "The common octopus ( Octopus vulgaris ) is a mollusc belonging to the class Cephalopoda . Octopus vulgaris is the most studied of all octopus species ."}
{"_id": "Communications_satellite", "title": "Communications satellite", "headings": "", "text": "A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder ; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth . Communications satellites are used for television , telephone , radio , internet , and military applications . There are over 2,000 communications satellites in Earth 's orbit , used by both private and government organizations .   Wireless communication uses electromagnetic waves to carry signals . These waves require line-of-sight , and are thus obstructed by the curvature of the Earth . The purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated points .  Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies . To avoid signal interference , international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or `` bands '' certain organizations are allowed to use . This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference ."}
{"_id": "Complex_system", "title": "Complex system", "headings": "", "text": "A complex system is a system composed of many components which may interact with each other . In many cases it is useful to represent such a system as a network where the nodes represent the components and the links their interactions . Examples of complex systems are Earth 's global climate , organisms , the human brain , social and economic organizations ( like cities ) , an ecosystem , a living cell , and ultimately the entire universe ."}
{"_id": "Computer", "title": "Computer", "headings": "", "text": "A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out an arbitrary set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically . The ability of computers to follow generalized sequences of operations , called programs , enable them to perform a wide range of tasks .   Such computers are used as control systems for a very wide variety of industrial and consumer devices . This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls , factory devices such as industrial robots and computer assisted design , but also in general purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices such as smartphones . The Internet is run on computers and it connects millions of other computers .   Since ancient times , simple manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing calculations . Early in the Industrial Revolution , some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks , such as guiding patterns for looms . More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century . The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II . The speed , power , and versatility of computers has increased continuously and dramatically since then .   Conventionally , a modern computer consists of at least one processing element , typically a central processing unit ( CPU ) , and some form of memory . The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations , and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information . Peripheral devices include input devices ( keyboards , mice , joystick , etc. ) , output devices ( monitor screens , printers , etc. ) , and input/output devices that perform both functions ( e.g. , the 2000s-era touchscreen ) . Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source and they enable the result of operations to be saved and retrieved ."}
{"_id": "Computer_science", "title": "Computer science", "headings": "", "text": "Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation , together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations .   Computer science is the study of the theory , experimentation , and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers . It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications and the systematic study of the feasibility , structure , expression , and mechanization of the methodical procedures ( or algorithms ) that underlie the acquisition , representation , processing , storage , communication of , and access to information . An alternate , more succinct definition of computer science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale . A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems .   Its fields can be divided into a variety of theoretical and practical disciplines . Some fields , such as computational complexity theory ( which explores the fundamental properties of computational and intractable problems ) , are highly abstract , while fields such as computer graphics emphasize real-world visual applications . Other fields still focus on challenges in implementing computation . For example , programming language theory considers various approaches to the description of computation , while the study of computer programming itself investigates various aspects of the use of programming language and complex systems . Human -- computer interaction considers the challenges in making computers and computations useful , usable , and universally accessible to humans ."}
{"_id": "Concentrated_solar_power", "title": "Concentrated solar power", "headings": "", "text": "Concentrated solar power ( also called concentrating solar power , concentrated solar thermal , and CSP ) systems generate solar power by using mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight , or solar thermal energy , onto a small area . Electricity is generated when the concentrated light is converted to heat , which drives a heat engine ( usually a steam turbine ) connected to an electrical power generator or powers a thermochemical reaction ( experimental ) . Heat storage in molten salts allows some solar thermal plants to continue to generate after sunset and adds value to such systems when compared to photovoltaic panels .   CSP is being commercialized and the CSP market saw about 740 megawatt ( MW ) of generating capacity added between 2007 and the end of 2010 . More than half of this ( about 478 MW ) was installed during 2010 , bringing the global total to 1095 MW . Spain added 400 MW in 2010 , taking the global lead with a total of 632 MW , while the US ended the year with 509 MW after adding 78 MW , including two fossil -- CSP hybrid plants . The Middle East is also ramping up their plans to install CSP based projects . Shams-I has been installed in Abu Dhabi , by Masdar . The largest CSP projects in the world is Ivanpah Solar Power Facility in the United States ( which uses solar power tower technology ) and Mojave Solar Project ( which uses parabolic troughs ) .   As of January 2014 , Spain had a total capacity of 2,300 MW making this country the world leader in CSP . United States follows with 1,740 MW . Interest is also notable in North Africa and the Middle East , as well as India and China . In Italy , a handful of companies are trying to get authorization for 14 plants , totalling 392 MW , despite a strong local and political opposition . The global market has been dominated by parabolic-trough plants , which account for 90 % of CSP plants .   In most cases , CSP technologies currently can not compete on price with photovoltaics ( solar panels ) , which have experienced huge growth in recent years due to falling prices of the panels and much smaller operating costs . However , the Chile Copiapó reached cents 6.3 / kWh . In 2015 , CSP represented less than 2 % of worldwide installed capacity of solar electricity plants .   CSP is not to be confused with concentrator photovoltaics ( CPV ) . In CPV , the concentrated sunlight is converted directly to electricity via the photovoltaic effect ."}
{"_id": "Confirmation_bias", "title": "Confirmation bias", "headings": "", "text": "Confirmation bias , also called confirmatory bias or myside bias , David Perkins , a geneticist , coined the term `` myside bias '' referring to a preference for `` my '' side of an issue . is the tendency to search for , interpret , favor , and recall information in a way that confirms one 's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses . It is a type of cognitive bias and a systematic error of inductive reasoning . People display this bias when they gather or remember information selectively , or when they interpret it in a biased way . The effect is stronger for emotionally charged issues and for deeply entrenched beliefs . People also tend to interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing position . Biased search , interpretation and memory have been invoked to explain attitude polarization ( when a disagreement becomes more extreme even though the different parties are exposed to the same evidence ) , belief perseverance ( when beliefs persist after the evidence for them is shown to be false ) , the irrational primacy effect ( a greater reliance on information encountered early in a series ) and illusory correlation ( when people falsely perceive an association between two events or situations ) .   A series of experiments in the 1960s suggested that people are biased toward confirming their existing beliefs . Later work re-interpreted these results as a tendency to test ideas in a one-sided way , focusing on one possibility and ignoring alternatives . In certain situations , this tendency can bias people 's conclusions . Explanations for the observed biases include wishful thinking and the limited human capacity to process information . Another explanation is that people show confirmation bias because they are weighing up the costs of being wrong , rather than investigating in a neutral , scientific way .   Confirmation biases contribute to overconfidence in personal beliefs and can maintain or strengthen beliefs in the face of contrary evidence . Poor decisions due to these biases have been found in political and organizational contexts.Tuchman ( 1984 ) described a form of confirmation bias at work in the process of justifying policies to which a government has committed itself : `` Once a policy has been adopted and implemented , all subsequent activity becomes an effort to justify it '' ( p. 245 ) .   In the context of a discussion of the policy that drew the United States into war in Vietnam and kept the U.S. military engaged for 16 years despite countless evidences that it was a lost cause from the beginning , Tuchman argued :   Wooden-headedness , the source of self-deception is a factor that plays a remarkably large role in government . It consists in assessing a situation in terms of preconceived fixed notions while ignoring or rejecting any contrary signs . It is acting according to wish while not allowing oneself to be deflected by the facts . It is epitomized in a historian 's statement about Philip II of Spain , the surpassing wooden head of all sovereigns : `` no experience of the failure of his policy could shake his belief in essential excellence . '' ( p. 7 )  Folly , she argued , is a form of self-deception characterized by `` insistence on a rooted notion regardless of contrary evidence '' ( p. 209 )"}
{"_id": "Consciousness", "title": "Consciousness", "headings": "", "text": "Consciousness is the state or quality of awareness , or , of being aware of an external object or something within oneself . It has been defined variously in terms of sentience , awareness , subjectivity , the ability to experience or to feel , wakefulness , having a sense of selfhood or soul , the fact that there is something `` that it is like '' to `` have '' or `` be '' it , and the executive control system of the mind , or the state or quality of awareness , or , of being aware of an external object or something within oneself . In contemporary philosophy its definition is often hinted at via the logical possibility of its absence , the philosophical zombie , which is defined as a being whose behavior and function are identical to one 's own yet there is `` no-one in there '' experiencing it .   Despite the difficulty in definition , many philosophers believe that there is a broadly shared underlying intuition about what consciousness is . As Max Velmans and Susan Schneider wrote in The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness : `` Anything that we are aware of at a given moment forms part of our consciousness , making conscious experience at once the most familiar and most mysterious aspect of our lives . ''   Western philosophers , since the time of Descartes and Locke , have struggled to comprehend the nature of consciousness and identify its essential properties . Issues of concern in the philosophy of consciousness include whether the concept is fundamentally coherent ; whether consciousness can ever be explained mechanistically ; whether non-human consciousness exists and if so how can it be recognized ; how consciousness relates to language ; whether consciousness can be understood in a way that does not require a dualistic distinction between mental and physical states or properties ; and whether it may ever be possible for computing machines like computers or robots to be conscious , a topic studied in the field of artificial intelligence .   Thanks to developments in technology over the past few decades , consciousness has become a significant topic of interdisciplinary research in cognitive science , with significant contributions from fields such as psychology , neuropsychology and neuroscience . The primary focus is on understanding what it means biologically and psychologically for information to be present in consciousness -- that is , on determining the neural and psychological correlates of consciousness . The majority of experimental studies assess consciousness in humans by asking subjects for a verbal report of their experiences ( e.g. , `` tell me if you notice anything when I do this '' ) . Issues of interest include phenomena such as subliminal perception , blindsight , denial of impairment , and altered states of consciousness produced by alcohol and other drugs , or spiritual or meditative techniques .   In medicine , consciousness is assessed by observing a patient 's arousal and responsiveness , and can be seen as a continuum of states ranging from full alertness and comprehension , through disorientation , delirium , loss of meaningful communication , and finally loss of movement in response to painful stimuli . Issues of practical concern include how the presence of consciousness can be assessed in severely ill , comatose , or anesthetized people , and how to treat conditions in which consciousness is impaired or disrupted ."}
{"_id": "Conservation_biology", "title": "Conservation biology", "headings": "", "text": "Conservation biology is the management of nature and of Earth 's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species , their habitats , and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions . It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on natural and social sciences , and the practice of natural resource management .   The conservation ethic is based on the findings of conservation biology ."}
{"_id": "Conservatism_in_the_United_States", "title": "Conservatism in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "American Conservatism is a broad system of political beliefs in the United States that is characterized by respect for American traditions , support for Judeo-Christian values , economic liberalism , anti-communism , advocacy of American exceptionalism , and a defense of Western culture from threats posed by `` creeping socialism '' , moral relativism , multiculturalism and liberal internationalism . Liberty is a core value , with a particular emphasis on strengthening the free market , limiting the size and scope of government , and opposition to high taxes and government or labor union encroachment on the entrepreneur . American conservatives consider individual liberty , within the bounds of conformity to American values , as the fundamental trait of democracy , which contrasts with modern American liberals , who generally place a greater value on equality and social justice .   American conservatism originated from classical liberalism of 18th and 19th centuries , which advocates civil liberties and political freedom with representative democracy under the rule of law and emphasizes economic freedom .   Historians argue that the conservative tradition has played a major role in American politics and culture since the 1790s . However they have stressed that an organized conservative movement has played a key role in politics only since the 1950s . The recent movement is based in the Republican Party , though some Democrats were also important figures early in the movement 's history .   The history of American conservatism has been marked by tensions and competing ideologies . Fiscal conservatives and libertarians favor small government involvement in the economy , a flat tax , limited regulation , and free enterprise . Social conservatives see traditional social values as threatened by secularism ; they tend to support voluntary school prayer and oppose abortion and same sex marriage . Some also want the teaching of intelligent design or creationism allowed , as the topics are currently judicially prohibited in public schools . The 21st century has seen an increasingly fervent conservative support for Second Amendment rights of private citizens to own firearms . Neoconservatives want to expand American ideals throughout the world . Paleoconservatives advocate restrictions on immigration , non-interventionist foreign policy , and stand in opposition to multiculturalism . Nationwide most factions , except some libertarians , support a unilateral foreign policy , and a strong military . The conservative movement of the 1950s attempted to bring together these divergent strands , stressing the need for unity to prevent the spread of `` godless communism . ''   William F. Buckley Jr. , in the first issue of his magazine National Review in 1955 , explained the standards of his magazine and helped make explicit the beliefs of American conservatives :"}
{"_id": "Conservative_Judaism", "title": "Conservative Judaism", "headings": "", "text": "Conservative Judaism ( known as Masorti Judaism outside North America ) is a major Jewish denomination , which views Jewish Law , or Halakha , as both binding and subject to historical development . The Conservative rabbinate therefore employs modern historical-critical research , rather than only traditional methods and sources , and lends great weight to its constituency when determining its stance on matters of Law . The movement considers its approach as the authentic and most appropriate continuation of halakhic discourse , maintaining both fealty to received forms and flexibility in their interpretation . It also eschews strict theological definitions , lacking a consensus in matters of faith and allowing great pluralism .   While regarding itself as the heir of Rabbi Zecharias Frankel 's 19th-century Positive-Historical School in Europe , Conservative Judaism fully institutionalized as a denomination only in the United States during the mid-20th century . Its largest center today is in North America , where its main congregational arm is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism and the New York-based Jewish Theological Seminary of America operates as rabbinic seminary . Worldwide , affiliated communities are united within the umbrella organization Masorti Olami . Conservative Judaism is estimated to represent close to 1,100,000 people , both more than 600,000 registered congregants and many non-member identifiers .   The term `` conservative '' was meant to signify that Jews should attempt to conserve Jewish tradition , rather than reform or abandon it , and does not imply the movement 's adherents are politically conservative ."}
{"_id": "Conservative_Party_(UK)", "title": "Conservative Party (UK)", "headings": "", "text": "The Conservative Party , officially the Conservative and Unionist Party , is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom . It is currently the governing party , having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election . The party 's leader , Theresa May , is currently serving as Prime Minister . It is the largest party in local government with 9,237 councillors . The Conservative Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United Kingdom , the other being its modern rival , the Labour Party . The Conservative Party 's platform involves support for free market capitalism , free enterprise , fiscal conservatism , a strong national defence , deregulation , and restrictions on trade unions .   The Conservative Party was founded in 1834 from the Tory Party -- giving rise to the Conservatives ' colloquial name of Tories -- and was one of two dominant political parties in the nineteenth century , along with the Liberal Party . During the 1890s , it formed a coalition government with the Liberal Unionist Party , a break-away faction of the Liberal Party . In 1912 , the two parties merged to form the current Conservative and Unionist Party . In the 1920s , the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives ' main rivals . Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century , including Winston Churchill ( 1940 -- 45 , 1951 -- 55 ) and Margaret Thatcher ( 1979 -- 90 ) . Thatcher 's tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation . The Conservative Party 's domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world .   The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament , with twenty MEPs , and sit with the European Conservatives and Reformists ( ECR ) parliamentary group . The party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe ( ACRE ) Europarty and the International Democrat Union ( IDU ) .   The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly . The Conservatives were formerly allied to the Ulster Unionist Party ( UUP ) in Northern Ireland but there is now a separate Northern Ireland Conservative party similar to the Welsh and Scottish Conservative parties . The party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar ."}
{"_id": "Conspiracy_theory", "title": "Conspiracy theory", "headings": "", "text": "A conspiracy theory is an explanation of an event or situation that invokes a conspiracy without warrant , generally one involving an illegal or harmful act carried out by government or other powerful actors . Conspiracy theories often produce hypotheses that contradict the prevailing understanding of history or simple facts . The term is a derogatory one .   According to the political scientist Michael Barkun , conspiracy theories rely on the view that the universe is governed by design , and embody three principles : nothing happens by accident , nothing is as it seems , and everything is connected . Another common feature is that conspiracy theories evolve to incorporate whatever evidence exists against them , so that they become , as Barkun writes , a closed system that is unfalsifiable , and therefore `` a matter of faith rather than proof '' ."}
{"_id": "Constanța", "title": "Constanța", "headings": "", "text": "Constanța ( -LSB- konˈstant͡sa -RSB- ) , historically known as Tomis ( Κωνστάντζα or Κωνστάντια , Konstantia , Кюстенджа or Констанца , Köstence ) , is the oldest continuously inhabited city in Romania . It was founded around 600 BC . The city is located in the Dobruja region of Romania , on the Black Sea coast . It is the capital of Constanța County and the largest city in the region .   As of the 2011 census , Constanța has a population of 283,872 , making it the fifth most populous city in Romania . The Constanța metropolitan area includes 14 localities within 30 km of the city , and , with 425,916 inhabitants , it is the second largest metropolitan area in Romania .   The Port of Constanța has an area of 39.26 km2 and a length of about 30 km . It is the largest port on the Black Sea , and one of the largest ports in Europe ."}
{"_id": "Convection", "title": "Convection", "headings": "", "text": "Convection is the movement of groups of molecules within fluids such as gases and liquids , including molten rock ( rheid ) . Convection takes place through advection , diffusion or both .   Convection can not take place in most solids because neither bulk current flows nor significant diffusion of matter can take place . Diffusion of heat can take place in rigid solids , but that is called heat conduction . However , can take place in soft solids or mixtures where solid particles can move past each other .   Thermal convection can be demonstrated by placing a heat source ( e.g. a Bunsen burner ) at the side of a glass full of a liquid , and observing the changes in temperature in the glass caused by the warmer ghost fluid circulating into cooler areas .   Convective heat transfer is one of the major types of heat transfer , and convection is also a major mode of mass transfer in fluids . Convective heat and mass transfer take place both by diffusion -- the random Brownian motion of individual particles in the fluid -- and by advection , in which matter or heat is transported by the larger-scale motion of currents in the fluid . In the context of heat and mass transfer , the term `` convection '' is used to refer to the sum of advective and diffusive transfer . In common use the term `` convection '' may refer loosely to heat transfer by convection , as opposed to mass transfer by convection , or the convection process in general . Sometimes `` convection '' is even used to refer specifically to `` free heat convection '' ( natural heat convection ) as opposed to forced heat convection . However , in mechanics the correct use of the word is the general sense , and different types of convection should be qualified for clarity .   Convection can be qualified in terms of being natural , forced , gravitational , granular , or thermomagnetic . It may also be said to be due to combustion , capillary action , or Marangoni and Weissenberg effects . Heat transfer by natural convection plays a role in the structure of Earth 's atmosphere , its oceans , and its mantle . Discrete convective cells in the atmosphere can be seen as clouds , with stronger convection resulting in thunderstorms . Natural convection also plays a role in stellar physics ."}
{"_id": "Cooling_tower", "title": "Cooling tower", "headings": "", "text": "A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature . Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or , in the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers , rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature .   Common applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries , petrochemical and other chemical plants , thermal power stations and HVAC systems for cooling buildings . The classification is based on the type of air induction into the tower : the main types of cooling towers are natural draft and induced draft cooling towers .   Cooling towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures ( as in the adjacent image ) that can be up to 200 m tall and 100 m in diameter , or rectangular structures that can be over 40 m tall and 80 m long . The hyperboloid cooling towers are often associated with nuclear power plants , although they are also used in some coal-fired plants and to some extent in some large chemical and other industrial plants . Although these large towers are very prominent , the vast majority of cooling towers are much smaller , including many units installed on or near buildings to discharge heat from air conditioning ."}
{"_id": "Copenhagen_Airport", "title": "Copenhagen Airport", "headings": "", "text": "Copenhagen Airport , Kastrup ( Københavns Lufthavn , Kastrup ) is the main international airport serving Copenhagen , Denmark , the entire Zealand , the Øresund Region , and a large part of southern Sweden ( not only Scania ) . It is the largest airport in the Nordic countries with 29 million passengers in 2016 and one of the oldest international airports in Europe . It is the third-busiest airport in Northern Europe , and by far the busiest for international travel in Scandinavia .   The airport is located on the island of Amager , just 8 km south of Copenhagen city centre , and 24 km west of Malmö city centre via the Øresund Bridge . The airport covers an area of 11.8 square kilometres . Most of the airport is situated in the municipality of Tårnby , with a small portion in the city of Dragør .   The airport is the main hub out of three used by Scandinavian Airlines and is also an operating base for Thomas Cook Airlines Scandinavia and Norwegian Air Shuttle . Copenhagen Airport handles around 60 scheduled airlines , and has a maximum operation capability of 83 operations/hour , and a total of 108 jet bridge and remote parking stands . Unlike other Scandinavian airports , most of the airport 's passengers are international . In 2015 , 6.1 % of passengers travelled to and from other Danish airports , 83.5 % to/from other European airports , and 10.4 % were intercontinental passengers . The airport is owned by Københavns Lufthavne , which also operates Roskilde Airport . The airport employs 1700 staff ( excluding shops , restaurants etc. ) .   Copenhagen Airport was originally called Kastrup Airport , since it is located in the small town of Kastrup , now a part of the Tårnby municipality . The formal name of the airport is still Copenhagen Airport , Kastrup , to distinguish it from Roskilde Airport , whose formal name is Copenhagen Airport , Roskilde ."}
{"_id": "Coral", "title": "Coral", "headings": "", "text": "Corals are marine invertebrates in the class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria . They typically live in compact colonies of many identical individual polyps . The group includes the important reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton .   A coral `` group '' is a colony of myriad genetically identical polyps . Each polyp is a sac-like animal typically only a few millimeters in diameter and a few centimeters in length . A set of tentacles surround a central mouth opening . An exoskeleton is excreted near the base . Over many generations , the colony thus creates a large skeleton that is characteristic of the species . Individual heads grow by asexual reproduction of polyps . Corals also breed sexually by spawning : polyps of the same species release gametes simultaneously over a period of one to several nights around a full moon .   Although some corals can catch small fish and plankton using stinging cells on their tentacles , most corals obtain the majority of their energy and nutrients from photosynthetic unicellular dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium that live within their tissues . These are commonly known as zooxanthellae and the corals that contain them are zooxanthellate corals . Such corals require sunlight and grow in clear , shallow water , typically at depths shallower than 60 m. Corals are major contributors to the physical structure of the coral reefs that develop in tropical and subtropical waters , such as the enormous Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Queensland , Australia .   Other corals do not rely on zooxanthellae and can live in much deeper water , with the cold-water genus Lophelia surviving as deep as 3000 m . Some have been found on the Darwin Mounds , north-west of Cape Wrath , Scotland . Corals have also been found as far north as off the coast of Washington State and the Aleutian Islands ."}
{"_id": "Coral_bleaching", "title": "Coral bleaching", "headings": "", "text": "Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel algae that lives inside their tissues . Normally , coral polyps live in an endosymbiotic relationship with the algae and that relationship is crucial for the coral and hence for the health of the whole reef . Bleached corals continue to live . But as the algae provide the coral with 90 % of its energy , after expelling the algae the coral begins to starve . Above-average sea water temperatures caused by global warming have been identified as a leading cause for coral bleaching worldwide . Between 2014 and 2016 , the longest global bleaching events ever were recorded . According to the United Nations Environment Programme , these bleaching events killed coral on an unprecedented scale . In 2016 , bleaching hit 90 percent of coral on the Great Barrier Reef and killed 29 percent of the reef 's coral . In 2017 , the bleaching further expanded to areas of the park that were previously spared , such as the central one .   __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "Coral_in_non-tropical_regions", "title": "Coral in non-tropical regions", "headings": "", "text": "The poleward migration of coral species refers to the phenomenon brought on by rising sea temperatures, wherein corals are colonising cooler climates in an attempt to circumvent coral bleaching, rising sea levels and ocean acidification. In the age of Anthropocene, the changing global climate has disrupted fundamental natural processes and brought about observable changes in the submarine sphere. Whilst coral reefs are bleaching in tropical areas like the Great Barrier Reef, even more striking, and perhaps more alarming; is the growth of tropical coral species in temperate regions, which has taken place over the past decade. Coral reefs are frequently compared to the \"canaries in the coal mine,\" who were used by miners as an indicator of air quality. In much the same way, \"coral reefs are sensitive to environmental changes that could damage other habitats in the future,\" meaning they will be the first to visually exhibit the true implications of global warming on the natural world."}
{"_id": "Coral_reef", "title": "Coral reef", "headings": "", "text": "Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals . Coral reefs are built by colonies of tiny animals found in marine waters that contain few nutrients . Most coral reefs are built from stony corals , which in turn consist of polyps that cluster in groups . The polyps belong to a group of animals known as Cnidaria , which also includes sea anemones and jellyfish . Unlike sea anemones , corals secrete hard carbonate exoskeletons which support and protect the coral polyps . Most reefs grow best in warm , shallow , clear , sunny and agitated waters .   Often called `` rainforests of the sea '' , shallow coral reefs form some of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth . They occupy less than 0.1 % of the world 's ocean surface , about half the area of France , yet they provide a home for at least 25 % of all marine species , including fish , mollusks , worms , crustaceans , echinoderms , sponges , tunicates and other cnidarians . Paradoxically , coral reefs flourish even though they are surrounded by ocean waters that provide few nutrients . They are most commonly found at shallow depths in tropical waters , but deep water and cold water corals also exist on smaller scales in other areas .   Coral reefs deliver ecosystem services to tourism , fisheries and shoreline protection . The annual global economic value of coral reefs is estimated between US$ 29.8-375 billion . However , coral reefs are fragile ecosystems , partly because they are very sensitive to water temperature . They are under threat from climate change , oceanic acidification , blast fishing , cyanide fishing for aquarium fish , sunscreen use , overuse of reef resources , and harmful land-use practices , including urban and agricultural runoff and water pollution , which can harm reefs by encouraging excess algal growth ."}
{"_id": "Coriolis_force", "title": "Coriolis force", "headings": "", "text": "In physics , the Coriolis force is an inertial force that acts on objects that are in motion relative to a rotating reference frame . In a reference frame with clockwise rotation , the force acts to the left of the motion of the object . In one with anticlockwise rotation , the force acts to the right . Deflection of an object due to the Coriolis force is called the Coriolis effect . Though recognized previously by others , the mathematical expression for the Coriolis force appeared in an 1835 paper by French scientist Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis , in connection with the theory of water wheels . Early in the 20th century , the term Coriolis force began to be used in connection with meteorology .   Newton 's laws of motion describe the motion of an object in an inertial ( non-accelerating ) frame of reference . When Newton 's laws are transformed to a rotating frame of reference , the Coriolis force and centrifugal force appear . Both forces are proportional to the mass of the object . The Coriolis force is proportional to the rotation rate and the centrifugal force is proportional to its square . The Coriolis force acts in a direction perpendicular to the rotation axis and to the velocity of the body in the rotating frame and is proportional to the object 's speed in the rotating frame ( more precisely , to the component of its velocity that is perpendicular to the axis of rotation ) . The centrifugal force acts outwards in the radial direction and is proportional to the distance of the body from the axis of the rotating frame . These additional forces are termed inertial forces , fictitious forces or pseudo forces . They allow the application of Newton 's laws to a rotating system . They are correction factors that do not exist in a non-accelerating or inertial reference frame .   In popular ( non-technical ) usage of the term `` Coriolis effect '' , the rotating reference frame implied is almost always the Earth . Because the Earth spins , Earth-bound observers need to account for the Coriolis force to correctly analyze the motion of objects . The Earth completes only one rotation per day , so for motions of everyday objects the Coriolis force is usually quite small compared to other forces ; its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time , such as large-scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean . Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth , so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important . This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right ( with respect to the direction of travel ) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere . The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles , since the effective rotation rate about a local vertical axis is largest there , and decreases to zero at the equator . Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure , as they would in a non-rotating system , winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it . This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones ( see Coriolis effects in meteorology ) .   For an intuitive explanation of the origin of the Coriolis force , consider an object moving northward in the northern hemisphere . Viewed from outer space , the object does not appear to go due north , but has an eastward motion ( it rotates around toward the right along with the surface of the Earth ) . The further north you go , the smaller the `` horizontal diameter '' of the Earth , and so the slower the eastward motion of its surface . As the object moves north , to higher latitudes , it has a tendency to maintain the eastward speed it started with ( rather than slowing down to match the reduced eastward speed of local objects on the Earth 's surface ) , so it veers east ( i.e. to the right of its initial motion ) . Though not obvious from this example , which considers northward motion , the horizontal deflection occurs equally for objects moving east or west ( or any other direction ) ."}
{"_id": "Coronal_cloud", "title": "Coronal cloud", "headings": "", "text": "A coronal cloud is the cloud of hot plasma gas surrounding a coronal mass ejection . It is usually made up of protons and electrons . When a coronal mass ejection occurs , it is the coronal cloud that usually reaches Earth and causes damage to electrical equipment and space satellites , not the ejection or flare itself . The damage is mostly the result of the high amount of electricity moving through the atmosphere .   A coronal cloud is released when a solar flare becomes a coronal mass ejection ; the coronal cloud often contains more radioactive particles than the mass ejection itself . A coronal mass ejection occurs when a solar flare becomes so hot that it snaps and breaks in two , becoming a `` rope '' of heat and magnetism that stretches between two sunspots . The resulting coronal mass ejection can be compared to a horseshoe magnet , the sunspots being the poles and the oscillating magnetic connector the handle . Coronal mass ejections typically do not last very long , because they cool down as the coronal cloud of gas is released and begins to hurtle away from the sun ."}
{"_id": "Correlation_does_not_imply_causation", "title": "Correlation does not imply causation", "headings": "", "text": "In statistics , many statistical tests calculate correlations between variables and when two variables are found to be correlated , it is tempting to assume that this shows that one variable causes the other . That `` correlation proves causation , '' is considered a questionable cause logical fallacy when two events occurring together are taken to have established a cause-and-effect relationship . This fallacy is also known as cum hoc ergo propter hoc , Latin for `` with this , therefore because of this , '' and `` false cause . '' A similar fallacy , that an event that followed another was necessarily a consequence of the first event , is the post hoc ergo propter hoc ( Latin for `` after this , therefore because of this . '' ) fallacy .   For example , in a widely studied case , numerous epidemiological studies showed that women taking combined hormone replacement therapy ( HRT ) also had a lower-than-average incidence of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) , leading doctors to propose that HRT was protective against CHD . But randomized controlled trials showed that HRT caused a small but statistically significant increase in risk of CHD . Re-analysis of the data from the epidemiological studies showed that women undertaking HRT were more likely to be from higher socio-economic groups ( ABC1 ) , with better-than-average diet and exercise regimens . The use of HRT and decreased incidence of coronary heart disease were coincident effects of a common cause ( i.e. the benefits associated with a higher socioeconomic status ) , rather than a direct cause and effect , as had been supposed .   As with any logical fallacy , identifying that the reasoning behind an argument is flawed does not imply that the resulting conclusion is false . In the instance above , if the trials had found that hormone replacement therapy does in fact have a negative incidence on the likelihood of coronary heart disease the assumption of causality would have been correct , although the logic behind the assumption would still have been flawed . Indeed , a few go further , using correlation as a basis for testing a hypothesis to try to establish a true causal relationship ; examples are the Granger causality test and convergent cross mapping ."}
{"_id": "Cosmic_ray", "title": "Cosmic ray", "headings": "", "text": "Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation , mainly originating outside the Solar System . Upon impact with the Earth 's atmosphere , cosmic rays can produce showers of secondary particles that sometimes reach the surface . Composed primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei , they are of mysterious origin . Data from the Fermi Space Telescope ( 2013 ) have been interpreted as evidence that a significant fraction of primary cosmic rays originate from the supernovae explosions of stars . Active galactic nuclei probably also produce cosmic rays ."}
{"_id": "Creationism", "title": "Creationism", "headings": "", "text": "Creationism is the religious belief that the universe and life originated `` from specific acts of divine creation , '' as opposed to the scientific conclusion that they came about through natural processes . The first use of the term `` creationist '' to describe a proponent of creationism is found in an 1856 letter of Charles Darwin describing those who objected on religious grounds to the emerging science of evolution .   Creationists base their beliefs on a fundamentalist reading of religious texts , including the creation myths found in Genesis and the Quran . For young Earth creationists , these beliefs are based on a literalist interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative and rejection of the scientific theory of evolution . Literalist creationists believe that evolution can not adequately account for the history , diversity , and complexity of life on Earth . Pseudoscientific branches of creationism include creation science , flood geology , and intelligent design , as well as subsets of pseudoarchaeology , pseudohistory , and pseudolinguistics ."}
{"_id": "Creation–evolution_controversy", "title": "Creation–evolution controversy", "headings": "", "text": "The creation -- evolution controversy ( also termed the creation vs. evolution debate or the origins debate ) involves an ongoing , recurring cultural , political , and theological dispute about the origins of the Earth , of humanity , and of other life . Within the Christian world creationism was once widely believed to be true , but since the mid-19th century evolution by natural selection has been established as an empirical scientific fact . Efforts to sustain the traditional view are widely regarded in the scientific community as pseudoscience . While the controversy has a long history , today it has retreated to be mainly over what constitutes good science education , with the politics of creationism primarily focusing on the teaching of creation and evolution in public education . Among majority-Christian countries , the debate is most prominent in the United States , and to a lesser extent in Europe and elsewhere , and is often portrayed as part of a culture war . Parallel controversies also exist in some other religious communities , such as the more fundamentalist branches of Judaism and Islam .   Christian fundamentalists dispute the evidence of common descent of humans and other animals as demonstrated in modern paleontology , genetics , histology and cladistics and those other sub-disciplines which are based upon the conclusions of modern evolutionary biology , geology , cosmology , and other related fields . They argue for the Abrahamic accounts of creation , framing them as reputable science ( `` creation science '' ) .   The Catholic Church now recognizes the existence of evolution ( see Catholic Church and evolution ) . Pope Francis has stated : `` God is not a divine being or a magician , but the Creator who brought everything to life ... Evolution in nature is not inconsistent with the notion of creation , because evolution requires the creation of beings that evolve . '' The rules of genetic evolutionary inheritance were first discovered by a Catholic priest , the Augustinian monk Gregor Mendel , who is known today as the founder of modern genetics .   According to a 2014 Gallup survey , `` More than four in 10 Americans continue to believe that God created humans in their present form 10,000 years ago , a view that has changed little over the past three decades . Half of Americans believe humans evolved , with the majority of these saying God guided the evolutionary process . However , the percentage who say God was not involved is rising . ''   The debate is sometimes portrayed as being between science and religion , and the United States National Academy of Sciences states :"}
{"_id": "Creep_(deformation)", "title": "Creep (deformation)", "headings": "", "text": "In materials science , creep ( sometimes called cold flow ) is the tendency of a solid material to move slowly or deform permanently under the influence of mechanical stresses . It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield strength of the material . Creep is more severe in materials that are subjected to heat for long periods , and generally increases as they near their melting point .   The rate of deformation is a function of the material properties , exposure time , exposure temperature and the applied structural load . Depending on the magnitude of the applied stress and its duration , the deformation may become so large that a component can no longer perform its function -- for example creep of a turbine blade will cause the blade to contact the casing , resulting in the failure of the blade . Creep is usually of concern to engineers and metallurgists when evaluating components that operate under high stresses or high temperatures . Creep is a deformation mechanism that may or may not constitute a failure mode . For example , moderate creep in concrete is sometimes welcomed because it relieves tensile stresses that might otherwise lead to cracking .   Unlike brittle fracture , creep deformation does not occur suddenly upon the application of stress . Instead , strain accumulates as a result of long-term stress . Therefore , creep is a `` time-dependent '' deformation ."}
{"_id": "Cretaceous", "title": "Cretaceous", "headings": "", "text": "The Cretaceous ( -LSB- pronkrᵻˈteɪʃəs -RSB- , ) is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period million years ago ( Mya ) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period Mya . It is the last period of the Mesozoic Era . The Cretaceous Period is usually abbreviated K , for its German translation Kreide ( chalk ) .   The Cretaceous was a period with a relatively warm climate , resulting in high eustatic sea levels that created numerous shallow inland seas . These oceans and seas were populated with now-extinct marine reptiles , ammonites and rudists , while dinosaurs continued to dominate on land . During this time , new groups of mammals and birds , as well as flowering plants , appeared . The Cretaceous ended with a large mass extinction , the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , in which many groups , including non-avian dinosaurs , pterosaurs and large marine reptiles died out . The end of the Cretaceous is defined by the abrupt Cretaceous -- Paleogene boundary ( K -- Pg boundary ) , a geologic signature associated with the mass extinction which lies between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras ."}
{"_id": "Cretaceous–Paleogene_extinction_event", "title": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event", "headings": "", "text": "The Cretaceous -- Paleogene ( K -- Pg ) extinction event , also known as the Cretaceous -- Tertiary ( K -- T ) extinction , was a mass extinction of some three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth that occurred over a geologically short period of time approximately 65 million years ago . With the exception of some ectothermic species like the leatherback sea turtle and crocodiles , no tetrapods weighing more than 25 kg survived . It marked the end of the Cretaceous period and with it , the entire Mesozoic Era , opening the Cenozoic Era that continues today .   In the geologic record , the K -- Pg event is marked by a thin layer of sediment called the K -- Pg boundary , which can be found throughout the world in marine and terrestrial rocks . The boundary clay shows high levels of the metal iridium , which is rare in the Earth 's crust but abundant in asteroids .   As originally proposed in 1980 by a team of scientists led by Luis Alvarez , it is now generally thought that the K -- Pg extinction was caused by a massive comet or asteroid impact , estimated to be 10 km wide , 66 million years ago and its catastrophic effects on the global environment , including a lingering impact winter that made it impossible for plants and plankton to carry out photosynthesis . The impact hypothesis , also known as the Alvarez hypothesis , was bolstered by the discovery of the 180 km Chicxulub crater in the Gulf of Mexico in the early 1990s , which provided conclusive evidence that the K -- Pg boundary clay represented debris from an asteroid impact . The fact that the extinctions occurred at the same time as the impact provides strong situational evidence that the K -- Pg extinction was caused by the asteroid . It was possibly accelerated by the creation of the Deccan Traps . However , some scientists maintain the extinction was caused or exacerbated by other factors , such as volcanic eruptions , climate change , or sea level change , separately or together .   A wide range of species perished in the K -- Pg extinction . The best-known victims are the non-avian dinosaurs . However , the extinction also destroyed a plethora of other terrestrial organisms , including certain mammals , pterosaurs , birds , lizards , insects , and plants . In the oceans , the K -- Pg extinction killed off plesiosaurs and the giant marine lizards ( Mosasauridae ) and devastated fish , sharks , mollusks ( especially ammonites , which became extinct ) and many species of plankton . It is estimated that 75 % or more of all species on Earth vanished . Yet the devastation caused by the extinction also provided evolutionary opportunities . In the wake of the extinction , many groups underwent remarkable adaptive radiations -- a sudden and prolific divergence into new forms and species within the disrupted and emptied ecological niches resulting from the event . Mammals in particular diversified in the Paleogene , producing new forms such as horses , whales , bats , and primates . Birds , fish and perhaps lizards also radiated ."}
{"_id": "Criticism_of_NASCAR", "title": "Criticism of NASCAR", "headings": "", "text": "The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR ) is the sanctioning body for the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series , the Xfinity Series and the Camping World Truck Series . NASCAR also oversees a number of regional racing series , including the Whelen Modified Tour , and the Whelen All-American Series . In its role , NASCAR sanctions over 1,500 races at over 100 tracks in 39 states , Canada , Mexico , and Europe .   Similar to other professional leagues and sanctioning bodies , NASCAR has been the target of criticism on various topics , from various sources . Some critics note the significant differences between today 's NASCAR vehicles and true `` stock cars '' . As NASCAR has made moves to improve its national appeal , it has begun racing at new tracks , and ceased racing at some traditional ones , a sore spot for the traditional fan base .   Others frequently cite the dominance of the France family in NASCAR 's business structure , policies , and decision making . Recently , the increased number of Cup drivers competing consistently in the Xfinity Series races has been hotly debated . Most recently , NASCAR has been challenged on the types and frequency of caution flags , with some critics suggesting the outcome of races is being manipulated , and that the intention is not safety , as NASCAR claims , but closer racing .   Another general area of criticism , not only of NASCAR but other motorsports as well , includes questions about fuel consumption , emissions and pollution , and the use of lead additives in the gasoline ."}
{"_id": "Criticism_of_the_IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report", "title": "Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report", "headings": "", "text": "The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report ( AR4 ) is a report on climate change created with the help of a large number of contributors , both scientists and governmental representatives . There has been considerable political controversy over a small number of errors found in the report , and there have been calls for review of the process used to formulate the report . The overwhelming majority view of scientists with expertise in climate change is that errors , when found , are corrected , and the issues as identified do not undermine the conclusions of the report that the climate system is warming in response to increased levels of greenhouse gases , largely due to human activities ."}
{"_id": "Cross-correlation", "title": "Cross-correlation", "headings": "", "text": "In signal processing , cross-correlation is a measure of similarity of two series as a function of the displacement of one relative to the other . This is also known as a sliding dot product or sliding inner-product . It is commonly used for searching a long signal for a shorter , known feature . It has applications in pattern recognition , single particle analysis , electron tomography , averaging , cryptanalysis , and neurophysiology .   For continuous functions f and g , the cross-correlation is defined as :     where denotes the complex conjugate of , and is the displacement , also known as lag , although a positive value of actually means that leads .   Similarly , for discrete functions , the cross-correlation is defined as :   The cross-correlation is similar in nature to the convolution of two functions .   In an autocorrelation , which is the cross-correlation of a signal with itself , there will always be a peak at a lag of zero , and its size will be the signal energy .   In probability and statistics , the term cross-correlations is used for referring to the correlations between the entries of two random vectors X and Y , while the correlations of a random vector X are considered to be the correlations between the entries of X itself , those forming the correlation matrix ( matrix of correlations ) of X . If each of X and Y is a scalar random variable which is realized repeatedly in temporal sequence ( a time series ) , then the correlations of the various temporal instances of X are known as autocorrelations of X , and the cross-correlations of X with Y across time are temporal cross-correlations .   Furthermore , in probability and statistics the definition of correlation always includes a standardising factor in such a way that correlations have values between − 1 and +1 .   If and are two independent random variables with probability density functions f and g , respectively , then the probability density of the difference is formally given by the cross-correlation ( in the signal-processing sense ) ; however this terminology is not used in probability and statistics . In contrast , the convolution ( equivalent to the cross-correlation of f ( t ) and g ( − t ) ) gives the probability density function of the sum ."}
{"_id": "Cross-validation_(statistics)", "title": "Cross-validation (statistics)", "headings": "", "text": "Cross-validation , sometimes called rotation estimation , is a model validation technique for assessing how the results of a statistical analysis will generalize to an independent data set . It is mainly used in settings where the goal is prediction , and one wants to estimate how accurately a predictive model will perform in practice . In a prediction problem , a model is usually given a dataset of known data on which training is run ( training dataset ) , and a dataset of unknown data ( or first seen data ) against which the model is tested ( testing dataset ) . The goal of cross validation is to define a dataset to `` test '' the model in the training phase ( i.e. , the validation dataset ) , in order to limit problems like overfitting , give an insight on how the model will generalize to an independent dataset ( i.e. , an unknown dataset , for instance from a real problem ) , etc. .   One round of cross-validation involves partitioning a sample of data into complementary subsets , performing the analysis on one subset ( called the training set ) , and validating the analysis on the other subset ( called the validation set or testing set ) . To reduce variability , multiple rounds of cross-validation are performed using different partitions , and the validation results are averaged over the rounds .   One of the main reasons for using cross-validation instead of using the conventional validation ( e.g. partitioning the data set into two sets of 70 % for training and 30 % for test ) is that there is not enough data available to partition it into separate training and test sets without losing significant modelling or testing capability . In these cases , a fair way to properly estimate model prediction performance is to use cross-validation as a powerful general technique .   In summary , cross-validation combines ( averages ) measures of fit ( prediction error ) to derive a more accurate estimate of model prediction performance ."}
{"_id": "Crown-of-thorns_starfish", "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "headings": "", "text": "The crown-of-thorns starfish , Acanthaster planci , is a large , multiple-armed starfish that usually preys upon hard , or stony , coral polyps ( Scleractinia ) . The crown-of-thorns starfish receives its name from venomous thorn-like spines that cover its upper surface , resembling the biblical crown of thorns . It is one of the largest starfish in the world .   A. planci has a very wide Indo-Pacific distribution . It is perhaps most common in Australia , but can occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes from the Red Sea and the east African coast across the Indian Ocean , and across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of Central America . It occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region ."}
{"_id": "Cryosphere", "title": "Cryosphere", "headings": "", "text": "The cryosphere ( from the Greek κρύος kryos , `` cold '' , `` frost '' or `` ice '' and σφαῖρα sphaira , `` globe , ball '' ) is those portions of Earth 's surface where water is in solid form , including sea ice , lake ice , river ice , snow cover , glaciers , ice caps , ice sheets , and frozen ground ( which includes permafrost ) . Thus , there is a wide overlap with the hydrosphere . The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system with important linkages and feedbacks generated through its influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes , clouds , precipitation , hydrology , atmospheric and oceanic circulation . Through these feedback processes , the cryosphere plays a significant role in the global climate and in climate model response to global changes . The term deglaciation describes the retreat of cryospheric features . Cryology is the study of cryospheres ."}
{"_id": "Cyanobacteria", "title": "Cyanobacteria", "headings": "", "text": "Cyanobacteria -LSB- saɪˌænoʊbækˈtɪəriə -RSB- , also known as Cyanophyta , is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis , and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen . The name `` cyanobacteria '' comes from the color of the bacteria ( κυανός ( kyanós ) = blue ) . Cyanobacteria used to be incorrectly called blue-green algae , but being prokaryotes , the term `` algae '' in modern usage refers to eukaryotes .   Like other prokaryotes , cyanobacteria have no membrane-sheathed organelles . Photosynthesis is performed in distinctive folds in the outer membrane of the cell ( unlike green plants which use chloroplasts for this purpose ) . Biologists commonly agree that chloroplasts found in eukaryotes have their ancestry in cyanobacteria , via a process called endosymbiosis .   By producing oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis , cyanobacteria are thought to have converted the early oxygen-poor , reducing atmosphere , into an oxidizing one , causing the `` rusting of the Earth '' and the Great Oxygenation Event , that dramatically changed the composition of life forms and led to the near-extinction of anaerobic organisms .   Cyanobacteria are thought to eventually have evolved into plastids found in eukaryotic plants , which later differentiated into specialized organelles like the etioplast , leucoplast and the chloroplast ."}
{"_id": "Cyclone", "title": "Cyclone", "headings": "", "text": "In meteorology , a cyclone is a large scale air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure . Cyclones are characterized by inward spiraling winds that rotate about a zone of low pressure . The largest low-pressure systems are polar vortices and extratropical cyclones of the largest scale ( the synoptic scale ) . Warm-core cyclones such as tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones also lie within the synoptic scale .  Mesocyclones , tornadoes and dust devils lie within the smaller mesoscale . Upper level cyclones can exist without the presence of a surface low , and can pinch off from the base of the Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere . Cyclones have also been seen on extraterrestrial planets , such as Mars and Neptune .  Cyclogenesis describes the process of cyclone formation and intensification . Extratropical cyclones begin as waves in large regions of enhanced mid-latitude temperature contrasts called baroclinic zones . These zones contract and form weather fronts as the cyclonic circulation closes and intensifies . Later in their life cycle , extratropical cyclones occlude as cold air masses undercut the warmer air and become cold core systems . A cyclone 's track is guided over the course of its 2 to 6 day life cycle by the steering flow of the subtropical jet stream .   Weather fronts mark the boundary between two masses of air of different temperature , humidity , and densities , and are associated with the most prominent meteorological phenomena . Strong cold fronts typically feature narrow bands of thunderstorms and severe weather , and may on occasion be preceded by squall lines or dry lines . Such fronts form west of the circulation center and generally move from west to east ; warm fronts form east of the cyclone center and are usually preceded by stratiform precipitation and fog . Warm fronts move poleward ahead of the cyclone path . Occluded fronts form late in the cyclone life cycle near the center of the cyclone and often wrap around the storm center .   Tropical cyclogenesis describes the process of development of tropical cyclones . Tropical cyclones form due to latent heat driven by significant thunderstorm activity , and are warm core . Cyclones can transition between extratropical , subtropical , and tropical phases . Mesocyclones form as warm core cyclones over land , and can lead to tornado formation . Waterspouts can also form from mesocyclones , but more often develop from environments of high instability and low vertical wind shear . In the Atlantic and the northeastern Pacific oceans , a tropical cyclone is generally referred to as a hurricane ( from the name of the ancient Central American deity of wind , Huracan ) , in the Indian and south Pacific oceans it is called a cyclone , and in the northwestern Pacific it is called a typhoon ."}
{"_id": "Córdoba,_Argentina", "title": "Córdoba, Argentina", "headings": "", "text": "Córdoba ( -LSB- ˈkorðoβa -RSB- ) is a city in the geographical center of Argentina , in the foothills of the Sierras Chicas on the Suquía River , about 700 km northwest of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires . It is the capital of Córdoba Province and the second most populous city in Argentina after Buenos Aires , with about 1,330,023 inhabitants according to the 2010 census . It was founded on 6 July 1573 by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera , who named it after Córdoba , Spain . It was one of the first Spanish colonial capitals of the region that is now Argentina ( the oldest city is Santiago del Estero , founded in 1553 ) . The National University of Córdoba is the oldest university of the country and the second to be inaugurated in Latin America . It was founded in 1613 by the Jesuit Order . Because of this , Córdoba earned the nickname La Docta ( roughly translated , `` the learned one '' ) .   Córdoba has many historical monuments preserved from Spanish colonial rule , especially buildings of the Roman Catholic Church . The most recognizable is perhaps the Jesuit Block ( Spanish : Manzana Jesuítica ) , declared in 2000 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO which consists of a group of buildings dating from the 17th century , including the Colegio Nacional de Monserrat and the colonial university campus . The campus belongs today to the historical museum of the National University of Córdoba , which has been the second-largest university in the country since the early 20th century ( after the University of Buenos Aires ) , in terms of the number of students , faculty , and academic programs . Córdoba is also known for its historical movements , such as Cordobazo and La Reforma del '18 ( known as University Revolution in English ) ."}
{"_id": "D._B._Cooper", "title": "D. B. Cooper", "headings": "", "text": "D. B. Cooper is a media epithet popularly used to refer to an unidentified man who hijacked a Boeing 727 aircraft in the airspace between Portland , Oregon , and Seattle , Washington , on November 24 , 1971 . He extorted $ 200,000 in ransom and parachuted to an uncertain fate . Despite an extensive manhunt and protracted FBI investigation , the perpetrator has never been located or identified . The case remains the only unsolved air piracy in commercial aviation history .   While available evidence and a preponderance of expert opinion suggested from the beginning that Cooper probably did not survive his high-risk jump , the FBI nevertheless maintained an active investigation for 45 years following the hijacking . Despite a case file that grew to over 60 volumes over that time period , no definitive conclusions have been reached regarding Cooper 's true identity or whereabouts . The suspect purchased his airline ticket using the alias Dan Cooper , but because of a news media miscommunication he became known in popular lore as `` D. B. Cooper '' .   Numerous theories of widely varying plausibility have been proposed over the years by investigators , reporters , and amateur enthusiasts . The discovery of a small cache of ransom bills along the banks of the Columbia River in February 1980 triggered renewed interest , but ultimately only deepened the mystery , and the great majority of the ransom remains unrecovered .   The FBI officially suspended active investigation of the case in July 2016 , but continues to request that any physical evidence that might emerge related to the parachutes or the ransom money be submitted for analysis ."}
{"_id": "Daniel_Bryan", "title": "Daniel Bryan", "headings": "", "text": "Bryan Lloyd Danielson ( born May 22 , 1981 ) is an American retired professional wrestler currently signed to WWE under the ring name Daniel Bryan , where he is the on-screen general manager of SmackDown .   In WWE , Bryan held the WWE ChampionshipDanielson 's first two reigns were as WWE Champion . His final reign was as WWE World Heavyweight Champion . three times and WWE 's World Heavyweight Championship once , in addition to being a one-time United States Champion , a one-time Intercontinental Champion , and a one time WWE Tag Team Champion as part of Team Hell No ( with Kane ) . He was also the 2011 SmackDown Money in the Bank winner and the 2013 Superstar of the Year Slammy Award winner . He is the 26th Triple Crown Champion and the 6th Grand Slam Champion in WWE history and headlined several major pay-per-view events , including SummerSlam in 2013 and WrestleMania XXX .   Danielson was previously signed to the WWE , then known as the WWF , for an 18-month period from 2000 -- 2001 . Prior to joining WWE for his second stint in 2009 , Danielson wrestled for various companies internationally using both his real name and the ring name ( and later nickname ) `` American Dragon '' . He wrestled for Ring of Honor ( ROH ) from 2002 to 2009 , being recognized as a `` Founding Father '' of the promotion , where he was a one-time ROH World Champion , as well the final Pure Wrestling Champion ( unifying the Pure title with the World title ) . He was the first winner of ROH 's annual Survival of the Fittest tournament in 2004 . Danielson also wrestled extensively in Japan , winning the GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship in Pro Wrestling Noah and the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship ( with Curry Man ) in New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) . Between WWE , ROH , and Japanese promotions , he held eleven total championships . Danielson also won numerous titles on the independent circuit , including two PWG World Championships , the FIP Heavyweight Championship , and the wXw World Heavyweight Championship .   In 2016 , at age 34 , Danielson retired from professional wrestling due to medical issues ( including seizures ) arising from multiple concussions and a brain lesion . Later that year in July , he was named the General Manager of SmackDown following the return of the WWE brand extension ."}
{"_id": "Data_mining", "title": "Data mining", "headings": "", "text": "Data mining is the computing process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence , machine learning , statistics , and database systems . It is an interdisciplinary subfield of computer science . The overall goal of the data mining process is to extract information from a data set and transform it into an understandable structure for further use . Aside from the raw analysis step , it involves database and data management aspects , data pre-processing , model and inference considerations , interestingness metrics , complexity considerations , post-processing of discovered structures , visualization , and online updating . Data mining is the analysis step of the `` knowledge discovery in databases '' process , or KDD .   The term is a misnomer , because the goal is the extraction of patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data , not the extraction ( mining ) of data itself .  It also is a buzzword and is frequently applied to any form of large-scale data or information processing ( collection , extraction , warehousing , analysis , and statistics ) as well as any application of computer decision support system , including artificial intelligence , machine learning , and business intelligence . The book Data mining : Practical machine learning tools and techniques with Java ( which covers mostly machine learning material ) was originally to be named just Practical machine learning , and the term data mining was only added for marketing reasons . Often the more general terms ( large scale ) data analysis and analytics -- or , when referring to actual methods , artificial intelligence and machine learning -- are more appropriate .   The actual data mining task is the automatic or semi-automatic analysis of large quantities of data to extract previously unknown , interesting patterns such as groups of data records ( cluster analysis ) , unusual records ( anomaly detection ) , and dependencies ( association rule mining , sequential pattern mining ) . This usually involves using database techniques such as spatial indices . These patterns can then be seen as a kind of summary of the input data , and may be used in further analysis or , for example , in machine learning and predictive analytics . For example , the data mining step might identify multiple groups in the data , which can then be used to obtain more accurate prediction results by a decision support system . Neither the data collection , data preparation , nor result interpretation and reporting is part of the data mining step , but do belong to the overall KDD process as additional steps .   The related terms data dredging , data fishing , and data snooping refer to the use of data mining methods to sample parts of a larger population data set that are ( or may be ) too small for reliable statistical inferences to be made about the validity of any patterns discovered . These methods can , however , be used in creating new hypotheses to test against the larger data populations ."}
{"_id": "Data_visualization", "title": "Data visualization", "headings": "", "text": "Data visualization or data visualisation is viewed by many disciplines as a modern equivalent of visual communication . It involves the creation and study of the visual representation of data , meaning `` information that has been abstracted in some schematic form , including attributes or variables for the units of information '' .   A primary goal of data visualization is to communicate information clearly and efficiently via statistical graphics , plots and information graphics . Numerical data may be encoded using dots , lines , or bars , to visually communicate a quantitative message . Effective visualization helps users analyze and reason about data and evidence . It makes complex data more accessible , understandable and usable . Users may have particular analytical tasks , such as making comparisons or understanding causality , and the design principle of the graphic ( i.e. , showing comparisons or showing causality ) follows the task . Tables are generally used where users will look up a specific measurement , while charts of various types are used to show patterns or relationships in the data for one or more variables .   Data visualization is both an art and a science . It is viewed as a branch of descriptive statistics by some , but also as a grounded theory development tool by others . Increased amounts of data created by Internet activity and an expanding number of sensors in the environment are referred to as `` big data '' or Internet of things . Processing , analyzing and communicating this data present ethical and analytical challenges for data visualization . The field of data science and practitioners called data scientists help address this challenge ."}
{"_id": "Daylight_saving_time", "title": "Daylight saving time", "headings": "", "text": "Daylight saving time ( abbreviated DST ) , also sometimes erroneously referred to as daylight savings time , is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months so that evening daylight lasts longer , while sacrificing normal sunrise times . Typically , regions that use daylight saving time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust them backward in the autumn to standard time .   American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784 . He wrote an essay `` An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost of Light '' to the editor of The Journal of Paris , suggesting , somewhat jokingly , that Parisians could economize candle usage by getting people out of bed earlier in the morning , making use of the natural morning light instead . New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of daylight saving in 1895 . The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation , starting on April 30 , 1916 . Many countries have used it at various times since then , particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s .   The practice has both advocates and critics . Some early proponents of DST aimed to reduce evening use of incandescent lighting -- once a primary use of electricity -- today 's heating and cooling usage patterns differ greatly , and research about how DST affects energy use is limited and contradictory .   DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel , billing , record keeping , medical devices , heavy equipment , and sleep patterns . Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically , but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates and timings may be confusing ."}
{"_id": "Daylight_saving_time_in_the_United_States", "title": "Daylight saving time in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Daylight saving time in the United States is the practice of setting the clock forward by one hour during the warmer part of the year , so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less . Most areas of the United States observe daylight saving time ( DST ) , the exceptions being Arizona ( except for the Navajo , who do observe daylight saving time on tribal lands ) , Hawaii , and the overseas territories of American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the United States Virgin Islands . In general , daylight time is not observed in lower-latitude regions , as summer days are not much longer than winter ones as in higher latitudes , so the advantage of the change is smaller .   Daylight saving time starts on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November , with the time changes taking place at 2:00 a.m. local time . With a mnemonic word play referring to seasons , clocks `` spring forward and fall back '' -- that is , in springtime the clocks are moved forward from 2:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. , and in fall they are moved back from 2:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. Daylight saving time lasts for a total of 34 weeks ( 238 days ) every year , about 65 % of the entire year ( including leap years ) .   The following table lists recent past and near future starting and ending dates of daylight saving time in the United States :"}
{"_id": "Dead_zone_(ecology)", "title": "Dead zone (ecology)", "headings": "", "text": "Dead zones are hypoxic ( low-oxygen ) areas in the world 's oceans and large lakes , caused by `` excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water . ( NOAA ) . '' In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones . These occur near inhabited coastlines , where aquatic life is most concentrated . ( The vast middle portions of the oceans , which naturally have little life , are not considered `` dead zones '' . )   In March 2004 , when the recently established UN Environment Programme published its first Global Environment Outlook Year Book ( GEO Year Book 2003 ) , it reported 146 dead zones in the world 's oceans where marine life could not be supported due to depleted oxygen levels . Some of these were as small as a square kilometre ( 0.4 mi ² ) , but the largest dead zone covered 70,000 square kilometres ( 27,000 mi ² ) . A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide ."}
{"_id": "Debbie_Stabenow", "title": "Debbie Stabenow", "headings": "", "text": "Deborah Ann Greer Stabenow -LSB- ˈstæbəˌnaʊ -RSB- ( born April 29 , 1950 ) is the senior United States Senator from Michigan and a member of the Democratic Party . Before her election to the U.S. Senate , she was a member of the United States House of Representatives , representing Michigan 's 8th congressional district from 1997 to 2001 . She previously served as a member of the Ingham County Board of Commissioners , Michigan House of Representatives , and Michigan Senate .   Stabenow served as Chairwoman of the Senate Agriculture Committee from 2011 to 2015 . She was re-elected to the Senate for a third term in November 2012 . She became the state 's senior senator upon the retirement of Carl Levin on January 3 , 2015 . She served as Vice Chair of the Senate Democratic Policy Committee from 2011 to 2017 and became its Chair in 2017 ."}
{"_id": "Deccan_Traps", "title": "Deccan Traps", "headings": "", "text": "The Deccan Traps are a large igneous province located on the Deccan Plateau of west-central India ( 17 ° -- 24 ° N , 73 ° -- 74 ° E ) and one of the largest volcanic features on Earth . They consist of multiple layers of solidified flood basalt that together are more than 2000 m thick , cover an area of 500000 km2 , and have a volume of 1000000 km3 . Originally , the Deccan Traps may have covered 1500000 km2 , with a correspondingly larger original volume ."}
{"_id": "December", "title": "December", "headings": "", "text": "December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars . It is the seventh and last month to have the length of 31 days .   December got its name from the Latin word decem ( meaning ten ) because it was originally the tenth month of the year in the Roman calendar , which began in March . The winter days following December were not included as part of any month . Later , the months of January and February were created out of the monthless period and added to the beginning of the calendar , but December retained its name .   In Ancient Rome , one of the four Agonalia , this day in honor of Sol Indiges was held on December 11 , as was Septimontium . Dies Natalis was held on of the temple of Tellus on December 13 , Consualia was held on December 15 , Saturnalia was held December 17 -- 23 , Opiconsivia held on December 19 , Divalia on December 21 , Larentalia on December 23 , and the Dies Natalis of Sol Invictus was held on December 25 . These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar .   The Anglo-Saxons referred to December/January as Ġēolamonaþ ( modern English : `` Yule month '' ) . The French Republican Calendar contained December within the months of Frimaire and Nivôse ."}
{"_id": "Deep_hypothermic_circulatory_arrest", "title": "Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest", "headings": "", "text": "Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest ( DHCA ) is a surgical technique that involves cooling the body to temperatures below 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) , and stopping blood circulation and brain function for up to one hour . It is used when blood circulation to the brain must be stopped because of delicate surgery within the brain , or because of surgery on large blood vessels that lead to or from the brain . DHCA is a form of carefully managed clinical death in which heartbeat and all brain activity cease .   At normal body temperature of 37 ° C only several minutes of stopped blood circulation causes changes within the brain leading to permanent damage after circulation is restored . Reducing body temperature extends the time interval that such stoppage can be survived . At a brain temperature of 14 ° C , blood circulation can be safely stopped for 30 to 40 minutes . There is an increased incidence of brain injury at times longer than 40 minutes , but sometimes circulatory arrest for up to 60 minutes is used if life-saving surgery requires it . Infants tolerate longer periods of DHCA than adults .   Applications of DHCA include repairs of the aortic arch , repairs to head and neck great vessels , repair of large cerebral aneurysms , repair of cerebral arteriovenous malformations , pulmonary thromboendarterectomy , and resection of tumors that have invaded the vena cava ."}
{"_id": "Deep_sea_fish", "title": "Deep sea fish", "headings": "", "text": "Deep-sea fish are fish that live in the darkness below the sunlit surface waters , that is below the epipelagic or photic zone of the sea . The lanternfish is , by far , the most common deep-sea fish . Other deep sea fishes include the flashlight fish , cookiecutter shark , bristlemouths , anglerfish , viperfish , and some species of eelpout .   Only about 2 % of known marine species inhabit the pelagic environment . This means that they live in the water column as opposed to the benthic organisms that live in or on the sea floor . Deep-sea organisms generally inhabit bathypelagic ( 1000 -- 4000m deep ) and abyssopelagic ( 4000 -- 6000m deep ) zones . However , characteristics of deep-sea organisms , such as bioluminescence can be seen in the mesopelagic ( 200 -- 1000m deep ) zone as well . The mesopelagic zone is the disphotic zone , meaning light there is minimal but still measurable . The oxygen minimum layer exists somewhere between a depth of 700m and 1000m deep depending on the place in the ocean . This area is also where nutrients are most abundant . The bathypelagic and abyssopelagic zones are aphotic , meaning that no light penetrates this area of the ocean . These zones make up about 75 % of the inhabitable ocean space .   The epipelagic zone ( 0 -- 200m ) is the area where light penetrates the water and photosynthesis occurs . This is also known as the photic zone . Because this typically extends only a few hundred meters below the water , the deep sea , about 90 % of the ocean volume , is in darkness . The deep sea is also an extremely hostile environment , with temperatures that rarely exceed 3 ° C ( 37.4 ° F ) and fall as low as − 1.8 ° C ( 28.76 ° F ) ( with the exception of hydrothermal vent ecosystems that can exceed 350 ° C , or 662 ° F ) , low oxygen levels , and pressures between 20 and 1,000 atmospheres ( between 2 and 100 megapascals ) ."}
{"_id": "Deforestation", "title": "Deforestation", "headings": "", "text": "Deforestation , clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use . Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms , ranches , or urban use . The most concentrated deforestation occurs in tropical rainforests . About 30 % of Earth 's land surface is covered by forests .   Deforestation occurs for multiple reasons : trees are cut down to be used for building or sold as fuel , ( sometimes in the form of charcoal or timber ) , while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock and plantation . The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat , biodiversity loss and aridity . It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide . Deforestation has also been used in war to deprive the enemy of vital resources and cover for its forces . Modern examples of this were the use of Agent Orange by the British military in Malaya during the Malayan Emergency and the United States military in Vietnam during the Vietnam War . As of 2005 , net deforestation rates have ceased to increase in countries with a per capita GDP of at least US$ 4,600 . Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland .   Disregard of ascribed value , lax forest management and deficient environmental laws are some of the factors that allow deforestation to occur on a large scale . In many countries , deforestation , both naturally occurring and human-induced , is an ongoing issue . Deforestation causes extinction , changes to climatic conditions , desertification , and displacement of populations as observed by current conditions and in the past through the fossil record . More than half of all plant and land animal species in the world live in tropical forests .   Between 2000 and 2012 , 2.3 e6sqkm of forests around the world were cut down . As a result of deforestation , only 6.2 e6km2 remain of the original 16 e6km2 of forest that formerly covered the Earth ."}
{"_id": "Deforestation_and_climate_change", "title": "Deforestation and climate change", "headings": "", "text": "Deforestation is one of the main contributors to climate change . It is the second largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere , after fossil fuel combustion . Deforestation and forest degradation contribute to atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions through combustion of forest biomass and decomposition of remaining plant material and soil carbon . It used to account for more than 20 % of carbon dioxide emissions , but it 's currently somewhere around the 10 % mark . By 2008 , deforestation was 12 % of total , or 15 % if peatlands are included . These proportions are likely to have fallen since given the continued rise of fossil fuel use .   Averaged over all land and ocean surfaces , temperatures warmed roughly 1.53 ° F ( 0.85 ° C ) between 1880 and 2012 , according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . In the Northern Hemisphere , 1983 to 2012 were the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years ."}
{"_id": "Deforestation_in_Indonesia", "title": "Deforestation in Indonesia", "headings": "", "text": "Deforestation in Indonesia involves the long-term loss of forests and foliage across much of the country ; it has had massive environmental and social impacts . Indonesia is home to some of the most biologically diverse forests in the world and ranks third in number of species behind Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo .   As late as 1900 , Indonesia was still a densely forested country : forests represented 84 percent of the total land area . Deforestation intensified in the 1970s and has accelerated further since then . The estimated forest cover of 170 million hectares around 1900 decreased to less than 100 million hectares by the end of the 20th century . In 2008 , it was estimated that tropical rainforests in Indonesia would be logged out in a decade . Of the total logging in Indonesia , up to 80 % is reported to be performed illegally .   Large areas of forest in Indonesia have been cleared by large multinational pulp companies , such as Asia Pulp and Paper , and replaced by plantations . Forests are often burned by farmers and plantation owners . Another major source of deforestation is the logging industry , driven by demand from China and Japan . Agricultural development and transmigration programs moved large populations into rainforest areas , further increasing deforestation rates .   Logging and the burning of forests to clear land for cultivation has made Indonesia the world 's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases , behind China and the United States . Forest fires often destroy high capacity carbon sinks , including old-growth rainforest and peatlands . In May 2011 , Indonesia declared a moratorium on new logging contracts to help combat this . This appeared to be ineffective in the short-term , as the rate of deforestation continued to increase . By 2012 Indonesia had surpassed the rate of deforestation in Brazil , and become the fastest forest clearing nation in the world ."}
{"_id": "Deglaciation", "title": "Deglaciation", "headings": "", "text": "Deglaciation describes the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages , to warm interglacials , characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume ( IPCC AR5 ) . Thus , it refers to the retreat of a glacier , an ice sheet or frozen surface layer , and the resulting exposure of the Earth 's surface . The decline of the cryosphere due to ablation can occur on any scale from global to localized to a particular glacier . After the Last Glacial Maximum ( ca. 21k years ago ) , the last deglaciation begun , which lasted until the early Holocene .   The previous deglaciation took place between approximately 22ka until 11.5 ka . This occurred when there was an annual mean atmospheric temperature on the earth that increased by roughly 5 ° C , which was also accompanied by regional high-latitude warming that exceeded 10 ° C . This was also followed by noteworthy deep-sea and tropical-se warming , between about 1-2 ° C ( deep-sea ) and 2-4 ° C ( tropical sea ) . Not only did this warming occur , but the global hydrological budget also experienced noticeable changes and regional precipitation patters changed . As a result of all of this , the worlds main ice sheets , including the ones located in Eurasia , North America and parts of the Antarctic Ice Sheets melted . As a consequence , sea levels rose roughly 120 metres ) . These processes did not occur steadily , and they also did not occur at the same time ."}
{"_id": "Degrees_of_freedom_(physics_and_chemistry)", "title": "Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)", "headings": "", "text": "In physics , a degree of freedom is an independent physical parameter in the formal description of the state of a physical system . The set of all dimensions of a system is known as a phase space , and degrees of freedom are sometimes referred to as its dimensions ."}
{"_id": "Democratic_Party_(United_States)", "title": "Democratic Party (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active party .   The Democrats ' dominant worldview was once social conservativism and economic liberalism , while , especially in the rural South , populism was its leading characteristic . In 1912 , Theodore Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate in the Progressive ( `` Bull Moose '' ) Party , leading to a switch of political platforms between the Democratic and Republican Party and Woodrow Wilson being elected as the first fiscally progressive Democrat . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform , supporting social justice .   Today , the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists , with a smaller minority of conservative Democrats . The party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy . These interventions , such as the introduction of social programs , support for labor unions , affordable college tuitions , moves toward universal health care and equal opportunity , consumer protection , and environmental protection form the core of the party 's economic policy . The party has united with smaller liberal regional parties throughout the country , such as the Farmer -- Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota .   Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and southern conservative-populist anti-business wings . The New Deal Coalition of 1932 -- 1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction -- many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal of the 1930s , the pro-business wing withered outside the South . After the racial turmoil of the 1960s , most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s . Racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. such as ( but not limited to ) Jewish Americans , Hispanic Americans , Arabic Americans , and African Americans , tend to support the Democratic Party in proportions higher than their overall representation in American society . Overall , the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party ( GOP ) .   15 Democrats have served as president under 16 administrations : the first was seventh president Andrew Jackson , who served from 1829 to 1837 ; Grover Cleveland served two nonconsecutive terms from 1885 to 1889 and 1893 to 1897 , and is thus counted twice ( as the 22nd and 24th president ) . The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama , who held the office from 2009 to 2017 .   In the 115th Congress , following the 2016 elections , Democrats are the opposition party , holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate . The party also holds a minority of governorships ( 16/50 ) , and state legislatures ( full control of 12/50 , split control of six others ) , though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City , Los Angeles , Chicago , Houston , and Washington , D.C."}
{"_id": "Dengue_fever", "title": "Dengue fever", "headings": "", "text": "Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus . Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection . This may include a high fever , headache , vomiting , muscle and joint pains , and a characteristic skin rash . Recovery generally takes two to seven days . In a small proportion of cases , the disease develops into the life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever , resulting in bleeding , low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage , or into dengue shock syndrome , where dangerously low blood pressure occurs .   Dengue is spread by several species of mosquito of the Aedes type , principally A. aegypti . The virus has five different types ; infection with one type usually gives lifelong immunity to that type , but only short-term immunity to the others . Subsequent infection with a different type increases the risk of severe complications . A number of tests are available to confirm the diagnosis including detecting antibodies to the virus or its RNA .   A novel vaccine for dengue fever has been approved and is commercially available in a number of countries . Other methods of prevention are by reducing mosquito habitat and limiting exposure to bites . This may be done by getting rid of or covering standing water and wearing clothing that covers much of the body . Treatment of acute dengue is supportive and includes giving fluid either by mouth or intravenously for mild or moderate disease . For more severe cases blood transfusion may be required . About half a million people require admission to hospital a year . Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) such as ibuprofen should not be used .   Dengue has become a global problem since the Second World War and is common in more than 110 countries . Each year between 50 and 528 million people are infected and approximately 10,000 to 20,000 die . The earliest descriptions of an outbreak date from 1779 . Its viral cause and spread were understood by the early 20th century . Apart from eliminating the mosquitoes , work is ongoing for medication targeted directly at the virus . It is classified as a neglected tropical disease ."}
{"_id": "Density", "title": "Density", "headings": "", "text": "The density , or more precisely , the volumetric mass density , of a substance is its mass per unit volume . The symbol most often used for density is ρ ( the lower case Greek letter rho ) , although the Latin letter D can also be used . Mathematically , density is defined as mass divided by volume :   where ρ is the density , m is the mass , and V is the volume . In some cases ( for instance , in the United States oil and gas industry ) , density is loosely defined as its weight per unit volume , although this is scientifically inaccurate -- this quantity is more specifically called specific weight .   For a pure substance the density has the same numerical value as its mass concentration .  Different materials usually have different densities , and density may be relevant to buoyancy , purity and packaging . Osmium and iridium are the densest known elements at standard conditions for temperature and pressure but certain chemical compounds may be denser .   To simplify comparisons of density across different systems of units , it is sometimes replaced by the dimensionless quantity `` relative density '' or `` specific gravity '' , i.e. the ratio of the density of the material to that of a standard material , usually water . Thus a relative density less than one means that the substance floats in water .   The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure . This variation is typically small for solids and liquids but much greater for gases . Increasing the pressure on an object decreases the volume of the object and thus increases its density . Increasing the temperature of a substance ( with a few exceptions ) decreases its density by increasing its volume . In most materials , heating the bottom of a fluid results in convection of the heat from the bottom to the top , due to the decrease in the density of the heated fluid . This causes it to rise relative to more dense unheated material .   The reciprocal of the density of a substance is occasionally called its specific volume , a term sometimes used in thermodynamics . Density is an intensive property in that increasing the amount of a substance does not increase its density ; rather it increases its mass ."}
{"_id": "Desert", "title": "Desert", "headings": "", "text": "A desert is a barren area of land where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life . The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation . About one third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid . This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called polar deserts or `` cold deserts '' . Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls , by the temperature that prevails , by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location .   Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in pieces . Although rain seldom occurs in deserts , there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods . Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor is further eroded by the wind . This picks up particles of sand and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or dust storms . Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface . Rocks are smoothed down , and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits . The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing sand dunes . Other deserts are flat , stony plains where all the fine material has been blown away and the surface consists of a mosaic of smooth stones . These areas are known as desert pavements and little further erosion takes place . Other desert features include rock outcrops , exposed bedrock and clays once deposited by flowing water . Temporary lakes may form and salt pans may be left when waters evaporate . There may be underground sources of water in the form of springs and seepages from aquifers . Where these are found , oases can occur .   Plants and animals living in the desert need special adaptations to survive in the harsh environment . Plants tend to be tough and wiry with small or no leaves , water-resistant cuticles and often spines to deter herbivory . Some annual plants germinate , bloom and die in the course of a few weeks after rainfall while other long-lived plants survive for years and have deep root systems able to tap underground moisture . Animals need to keep cool and find enough food and water to survive . Many are nocturnal and stay in the shade or underground during the heat of the day . They tend to be efficient at conserving water , extracting most of their needs from their food and concentrating their urine . Some animals remain in a state of dormancy for long periods , ready to become active again when the rare rains fall . They then reproduce rapidly while conditions are favorable before returning to dormancy .   People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia . Nomads have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available and oases have provided opportunities for a more settled way of life . The cultivation of semi-arid regions encourages erosion of soil and is one of the causes of increased desertification . Desert farming is possible with the aid of irrigation and the Imperial Valley in California provides an example of how previously barren land can be made productive by the import of water from an outside source . Many trade routes have been forged across deserts , especially across the Sahara Desert , and traditionally were used by caravans of camels carrying salt , gold , ivory and other goods . Large numbers of slaves were also taken northwards across the Sahara . Some mineral extraction also takes place in deserts and the uninterrupted sunlight gives potential for the capture of large quantities of solar energy ."}
{"_id": "Developing_country", "title": "Developing country", "headings": "", "text": "A developing country , also called a less developed country or an underdeveloped country , is a nation or a sovereign state with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index ( HDI ) relative to other countries . There are no universally agreed-upon criteria for what makes a country developing versus developed and which countries fit these two categories , although there are general reference points such as a nation 's GDP per capita compared with other nations . Also , the general term less-developed country should not be confused with the specific least developed country . The term `` developing '' describes a currently observed situation and not a dynamic or expected direction of progress . Since the late 1990s developing countries tended to demonstrate higher growth rates than the developed ones .   There is criticism for using the term developing country . The term implies inferiority of a developing country or undeveloped country compared with a developed country , which many countries dislike . It assumes a desire to develop along the traditional Western model of economic development which a few countries , such as Cuba and Bhutan , choose not to follow . An alternative measurement that has been suggested is that of gross national happiness . Countries on the boundary between developed and developing are often categorized under the term newly industrialized countries .   According to authors such as Walt Whitman Rostow , developing countries are in transition from traditional lifestyles towards the modern lifestyle which began in the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries .   In the 2016 edition of its World Development Indicators , the World Bank made a decision to no longer distinguish between `` developed '' and `` developing '' countries in the presentation of its data . Nobody has ever agreed on a definition for these terms in the first place ."}
{"_id": "Development_communication", "title": "Development communication", "headings": "", "text": "See also Communication for social change   Development communication refers to the use of communication to facilitate social development . Development communication engages stakeholders and policy makers , establishes conducive environments , assesses risks and opportunities and promotes information exchanges to bring about positive social change via sustainable development . Development communication techniques include information dissemination and education , behavior change , social marketing , social mobilization , media advocacy , communication for social change and community participation .   Development communication has been labeled the `` Fifth Theory of the Press , '' with `` social transformation and development , '' and `` the fulfillment of basic needs '' as its primary purposes . Jamias articulated the philosophy of development communication which is anchored on three main ideas , namely : purposive , value-laden and pragmatic . Nora C. Quebral expanded the definition , calling it `` the art and science of human communication applied to the speedy transformation of a country and the mass of its people from poverty to a dynamic state of economic growth that makes possible greater social equality and the larger fulfilment of the human potential . '' Melcote and Steeves saw it as `` emancipation communication '' , aimed at combating injustice and oppression . The term `` development communication '' is sometimes used to refer to a type of marketing and public opinion research , but that is not the topic of this article ."}
{"_id": "Devonian", "title": "Devonian", "headings": "", "text": "The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic , spanning 60 million years from the end of the Silurian , million years ago ( Mya ) , to the beginning of the Carboniferous , Mya . It is named after Devon , England , where rocks from this period were first studied .  The first significant adaptive radiation of life on dry land occurred during the Devonian . Free-sporing vascular plants began to spread across dry land , forming extensive forests which covered the continents . By the middle of the Devonian , several groups of plants had evolved leaves and true roots , and by the end of the period the first seed-bearing plants appeared . Various terrestrial arthropods also became well-established . Fish reached substantial diversity during this time , leading the Devonian to often be dubbed the `` Age of Fish '' . The first ray-finned and lobe-finned bony fish appeared , while the placodermi began dominating almost every known aquatic environment .   The ancestors of all four-limbed vertebrates ( tetrapods ) began adapting to walking on land , as their strong pectoral and pelvic fins gradually evolved into legs . In the oceans , primitive sharks became more numerous than in the Silurian and Late Ordovician . The first ammonites , species of molluscs , appeared . Trilobites , the mollusk-like brachiopods and the great coral reefs , were still common . The Late Devonian extinction which started about 375 million years ago severely affected marine life , killing off all placodermi , and all trilobites , save for a few species of the order Proetida .   The palaeogeography was dominated by the supercontinent of Gondwana to the south , the continent of Siberia to the north , and the early formation of the small continent of Euramerica in between ."}
{"_id": "Dew_point", "title": "Dew point", "headings": "", "text": "Dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor . When further cooled , the airborne water vapor will condense to form liquid dew . When air with a high dew point contacts surfaces at colder temperatures , then liquid dew will form on the surfaces as condensation . Dew point is sometimes called frost point when the temperature is below freezing . The measurement of dew point is related to humidity . A higher dew point means there will be more moisture in the air ."}
{"_id": "Dielectric_heating", "title": "Dielectric heating", "headings": "", "text": "Dielectric heating , also known as electronic heating , RF ( radio frequency ) heating , and high-frequency heating , is the process in which a high-frequency alternating electric field , or radio wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material . At higher frequencies , this heating is caused by molecular dipole rotation within the dielectric .   RF dielectric heating at intermediate frequencies , due to its greater penetration over microwave heating , shows greater promise than microwave systems as a method of very rapidly heating and uniformly preparing certain food items , and also killing parasites and pests in certain harvested crops ."}
{"_id": "Diesel_exhaust", "title": "Diesel exhaust", "headings": "", "text": "Diesel exhaust is the gaseous exhaust produced by a diesel type of internal combustion engine , plus any contained particulates . Its composition may vary with the fuel type or rate of consumption , or speed of engine operation ( e.g. , idling or at speed or under load ) , and whether the engine is in an on-road vehicle , farm vehicle , locomotive , marine vessel , or stationary generator or other application .   Diesel exhaust is a Group 1 carcinogen , which causes lung cancer and has a positive association with bladder cancer . It contains several substances that are also listed individually as human carcinogens by the IARC .   Methods exist to reduce nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) and particulate matter ( PM ) in the exhaust ."}
{"_id": "Diesel_particulate_filter", "title": "Diesel particulate filter", "headings": "", "text": "A diesel particulate filter ( or DPF ) is a device designed to remove diesel particulate matter or soot from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine ."}
{"_id": "Digital_radio", "title": "Digital radio", "headings": "", "text": "Digital radio is the use of digital technology to transmit and/or receive across the radio spectrum . They may refer to digital transmission by radio waves , including digital broadcasting , and especially to Digital audio radio services .   The term is also applied to radio equipment using digital electronics to process analog radio signals ."}
{"_id": "Dimensional_analysis", "title": "Dimensional analysis", "headings": "", "text": "In engineering and science , dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their fundamental dimensions ( such as length , mass , time , and electric charge ) and units of measure ( such as miles vs. kilometers , or pounds vs. kilograms vs. grams ) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed . Converting from one dimensional unit to another is often somewhat complex . Dimensional analysis , or more specifically the factor-label method , also known as the unit-factor method , is a widely used technique for such conversions using the rules of algebra .   The concept of physical dimension was introduced by Joseph Fourier in 1822 . Physical quantities that are measurable ( commensurable ) have the same dimension ( length , time , mass ) and can be directly compared to each other , even if they are originally expressed in differing units of measure ( inches and meters , pounds and newtons ) . If physical quantities have different dimensions ( length verses mass ) , they can not be compared by similar units ( are incommensurable ) and can not be compared in quantity . Hence , it is meaningless to ask whether a kilogram is greater than , equal to , or less than an hour .   Any physically meaningful equation ( and likewise any inequality and inequation ) will have the same dimensions on their left and right sides , a property known as `` dimensional homogeneity '' . Checking for dimensional homogeneity is a common application of dimensional analysis . Dimensional analysis is also routinely used as a check of the plausibility of derived equations and computations . It is generally used to categorize types of physical quantities and units based on their relationship to or dependence on other units ."}
{"_id": "Disaster_risk_reduction", "title": "Disaster risk reduction", "headings": "", "text": "Disaster risk reduction ( DRR ) is a systematic approach to identifying , assessing and reducing the risks of disaster . It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as dealing with the environmental and other hazards that trigger them . Here it has been strongly influenced by the mass of research on vulnerability that has appeared in print since the mid-1970s . It is the responsibility of development and relief agencies alike . It should be an integral part of the way such organizations do their work , not an add-on or one-off action . DRR is very wide-ranging : Its scope is much broader and deeper than conventional emergency management . There is potential for DRR initiatives in just about every sector of development and humanitarian work .   The most commonly cited definition of DRR is one used by UN agencies such as UNISDR , also known as the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction , and UNDP : `` The conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society , to avoid ( prevention ) or to limit ( mitigation and preparedness ) the adverse impacts of hazards , within the broad context of sustainable development . ''"}
{"_id": "Divergence_problem", "title": "Divergence problem", "headings": "", "text": "The divergence problem is an anomaly from the field of dendroclimatology , the study of past climate through observations of old trees , primarily the properties of their annual growth rings . It is the disagreement between the temperatures measured by the thermometers ( instrumental temperatures ) and the temperatures reconstructed from the latewood densities or , in some cases , widths of tree rings in the far northern forests .   While the thermometer records indicate a substantial late 20th century warming trend , many tree rings from such sites do not display a corresponding change in their maximum latewood density . In some studies this issue has also been found with tree ring width . A temperature trend extracted from tree rings alone would not show any substantial warming since the 1950s . The temperature graphs calculated in these two ways thus `` diverge '' from one another , which is the origin of the term ."}
{"_id": "Diversity_of_fish", "title": "Diversity of fish", "headings": "", "text": "Fish are very diverse animals and can be categorised in many ways . This article is an overview of some of ways in which fish are categorised . Although most fish species have probably been discovered and described , about 250 new ones are still discovered every year . According to FishBase , 33,100 species of fish had been described by April 2015 . That is more than the combined total of all other vertebrate species : mammals , amphibians , reptiles and birds .   Fish species diversity is roughly divided equally between marine ( oceanic ) and freshwater ecosystems . Coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific constitute the centre of diversity for marine fishes , whereas continental freshwater fishes are most diverse in large river basins of tropical rainforests , especially the Amazon , Congo , and Mekong basins . More than 5,600 fish species inhabit Neotropical freshwaters alone , such that Neotropical fishes represent about 10 % of all vertebrate species on the Earth . Exceptionally rich sites in the Amazon basin , such as Cantão State Park , can contain more freshwater fish species than occur in all of Europe ."}
{"_id": "Doctor_of_Philosophy", "title": "Doctor of Philosophy", "headings": "", "text": "A Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD , Ph.D. , or DPhil ; Latin Philosophiae Doctor ) is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries . Ph.D. s are awarded for a wide range of programs in the sciences ( e.g. , biology , chemistry , physics , mathematics , etc. ) , engineering , and humanities ( e.g. , history , geography , literature , musicology , etc. ) , among others . The Ph.D. is a terminal degree in many fields . The completion of a Ph.D. is often a requirement for employment as a university professor , researcher , or scientist in many fields . A clear distinction is made between an `` earned doctorate '' , which is awarded for completion of a course of study and a thesis or dissertation , and an `` honorary doctorate '' , a title granted by a university to a successful or notable person who has not completed doctoral academic work or completed a dissertation at the university . Individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of `` Doctor '' with their name and use the post-nominal letters `` Ph.D. '' , `` PhD '' or `` DPhil '' .   The requirements to earn a Ph.D. degree vary considerably according to the country , institution , and time period , from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates . A person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor . During the studies that lead to the degree , the student is called doctoral student or Ph.D. student , but also doctoral candidate or Ph.D. candidate once the student has completed all of the coursework and comprehensive examinations and is working on their thesis/dissertation ( all but dissertation ) . A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions .   A Ph.D. candidate must submit a project , thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of original academic research , which is in principle worthy of publication in a peer-reviewed journal . In many countries , a candidate must defend this work before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university . Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph.D. , such as the Doctor of Musical Arts ( D.M.A. ) , a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education ( Ed.D. ) , a degree for professional educators . In 2016 , ELIA ( European League of the Institutes of the Arts ) launched The ` Florence Principles ' on the Doctorate in the Arts . The Florence Principles relating to the Salzburg Principles and the Salzburg Recommendations of EUA ( European University Association ) name seven points of attention to specify the Doctorate / Ph.D. in the Arts compared to a scientific doctorate / Ph.D. . The Florence Principles have been endorsed are supported also by AEC , CILECT , CUMULUS and SAR .   In the context of academic degrees , the term `` philosophy '' does not refer solely to the field or academic discipline of philosophy , but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning , which is `` love of wisdom '' . In most of Europe , all fields ( history , philosophy , social sciences , mathematics , and natural philosophy/natural sciences ) other than theology , law , and medicine ( the so-called professional , vocational , or technical curriculum ) were traditionally known as philosophy , and in Germany and elsewhere in Europe the basic faculty of liberal arts was known as the `` faculty of philosophy '' ."}
{"_id": "Don't_ask,_don't_tell", "title": "Don't ask, don't tell", "headings": "", "text": "`` Do n't ask , do n't tell '' ( DADT ) was the official United States policy on military service by gays , bisexuals , and lesbians , instituted by the Clinton Administration on February 28 , 1994 , when Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 issued on December 21 , 1993 , took effect , lasting until September 20 , 2011 . The policy prohibited military personnel from discriminating against or harassing closeted homosexual or bisexual service members or applicants , while barring openly gay , lesbian , or bisexual persons from military service . This relaxation of legal restrictions on service by gays and lesbians in the armed forces was mandated by United States federal law , which was signed November 30 , 1993 . The policy prohibited people who `` demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts '' from serving in the armed forces of the United States , because their presence `` would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale , good order and discipline , and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability '' .   The act prohibited any homosexual or bisexual person from disclosing his or her sexual orientation or from speaking about any homosexual relationships , including marriages or other familial attributes , while serving in the United States armed forces . The act specified that service members who disclose that they are homosexual or engage in homosexual conduct should be separated ( discharged ) except when a service member 's conduct was `` for the purpose of avoiding or terminating military service '' or when it `` would not be in the best interest of the armed forces '' . Since DADT ended in 2011 , persons who are openly homosexual and bisexual have been able to serve .   The `` do n't ask '' part of the DADT policy specified that superiors should not initiate investigation of a service member 's orientation without witnessing disallowed behaviors , though credible evidence of homosexual behavior could be used to initiate an investigation . Unauthorized investigations and harassment of suspected servicemen and women led to an expansion of the policy to `` do n't ask , do n't tell , do n't pursue , do n't harass '' .   Legislation to repeal DADT was enacted in December 2010 , specifying that the policy would remain in place until the President , the Secretary of Defense , and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff certified that repeal would not harm military readiness , followed by a 60-day waiting period . A July 6 , 2011 , ruling from a federal appeals court barred further enforcement of the U.S. military 's ban on openly gay service members . President Barack Obama , Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta , and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen sent that certification to Congress on July 22 , 2011 , which set the end of DADT to September 20 , 2011 ."}
{"_id": "Donald_Trump", "title": "Donald Trump", "headings": "", "text": "Donald John Trump ( born June 14 , 1946 ) is the 45th and current President of the United States . Before entering politics , he was a businessman and television personality .   Trump was born and raised in Queens , New York City , and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School . He then took charge of The Trump Organization , the real estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother , which he ran for 45 years until 2016 . During his real estate career , Trump built , renovated , and managed numerous office towers , hotels , casinos , and golf courses . Besides real estate , he started several side ventures and has licensed the use of his name for the branding of various products and properties , including Trump Entertainment Resorts , Trump Steaks , and Trump Vodka . He was the founder of Trump University . He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015 , and he produced and hosted The Apprentice , a reality television series on NBC , from 2004 to 2015 . His net worth was estimated to be $ 3.5 billion , making him the 544th richest person in the world .   Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for political office in 1987 . He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000 , but withdrew his candidacy early on . In June 2015 , he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among seventeen candidates in the Republican primaries . His remaining opponents all suspended their campaigns by the end of May 2016 , and in July he was formally nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate . Many of his campaign statements were controversial or false , generating much free media coverage .   Trump won the general election on November 8 , 2016 , in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton and commenced his presidency on January 20 , 2017 . He became the oldest and wealthiest person ever to assume the presidency , the first without prior military or government service , and the fifth to have won the election while losing the popular vote . His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist , protectionist , and nationalist ."}
{"_id": "Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign", "title": "Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign", "headings": "", "text": "The 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump was formally launched on June 16, 2015, at Trump Tower in New York City. Trump was the Republican nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election, having won the most state primaries, caucuses, and delegates at the 2016 Republican National Convention. He chose Mike Pence, the sitting Governor of Indiana, as his vice presidential running mate. On November 8, 2016, Trump and Pence were elected president and vice president of the United States. Trump's populist positions in opposition to illegal immigration and various trade agreements, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership, earned him support especially among voters who were male, white, blue-collar, working class, and those without college degrees.Many of Trump's remarks were controversial and helped his campaign garner extensive coverage by the mainstream media, trending topics, and social media. Trump's campaign rallies attracted large crowds as well as public controversy. Some of the events were marked by incidents of violence between Trump supporters and protesters, mistreatment of some journalists, and disruption by a large group of protesters who effectively shut down a major rally in Chicago. Trump himself was accused of inciting violence at his rallies.Trump's disdain for political correctness was a staple theme of his campaign and proved popular among his supporters. Many, including some mainstream commentators and some prominent Republicans, viewed him as appealing to racism, a charge that Trump has repeatedly denied. Trump's most polarizing and widely reported proposals were about issues of immigration and border security, especially his proposed deportation of all illegal immigrants, the proposed construction of a substantial wall on the Mexico–United States border at Mexican expense, his characterizations of many illegal Mexican immigrants as \"criminals, drug dealers, rapists, etc\", and a temporary ban on foreign Muslims entering the U.S. (which he later modified to apply to people originating from countries which he described as having a history of terrorism against the United States or its allies).Opposition to Trump grew during his campaign among both Republicans (who viewed Trump as irrevocably damaging to the party and its chances of winning elections during and after 2016, leading to the coalescence of the Stop Trump movement) and Democrats (who decried Trump's anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim policies, his behavior toward critics, his treatment of the media, and his support from the ethno-nationalist alt-right). Although some prominent Republican leaders declined to endorse Trump after he won the Republican nomination, many Republican congress-members showed support for Trump and his policy positions despite major personal or political conflicts with him. Some such supporters of Trump's campaign were accused, by both conservatives and liberals, of prioritizing party loyalty and avoiding alienation of Trump supporters to ensure re-election, thereby refraining from condemning Trump's actions.On January 6, 2017, the United States government's intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections against the campaign of Hillary Clinton and in support of Trump. As president, Trump has repeatedly rejected the conclusions of the U.S. intelligence agencies."}
{"_id": "Drought", "title": "Drought", "headings": "", "text": "A drought is a period of below-average precipitation in a given region , resulting in prolonged shortages in its water supply , whether atmospheric , surface water or ground water . A drought can last for months or years , or may be declared after as few as 15 days . It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region and harm to the local economy . Annual dry seasons in the tropics significantly increase the chances of a drought developing and subsequent bush fires . Periods of heat can significantly worsen drought conditions by hastening evaporation of water vapour .   Many plant species , such as those in the family Cactaceae ( or cacti ) , have drought tolerance adaptations like reduced leaf area and waxy cuticles to enhance their ability to tolerate drought . Some others survive dry periods as buried seeds . Semi-permanent drought produces arid biomes such as deserts and grasslands . Prolonged droughts have caused mass migrations and humanitarian crises . Most arid ecosystems have inherently low productivity . The most prolonged drought ever in the world in recorded history occurred in the Atacama Desert in Chile ( 400 Years ) ."}
{"_id": "Drought_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "Drought in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Droughts are a relatively common feature of the weather in the United Kingdom , with one around every 5 -- 10 years on average . These droughts are usually during the summer , when a blocking high causes hot , dry weather for an extended period . However droughts can vary in their characteristics . All types of drought cause issues across all sectors , with impacts extending to the ecosystem , agriculture and the economy of the whole country in severe cases of drought . The south east of the country usually suffers most , as it has the highest population ( and therefore demand ) and the lowest average precipitation per year , which is even lower in a drought . Even in these areas in severe droughts , the definition , impacts , effects and management are all minimal in comparison to drought prone areas such as Australia and parts of the United States . In recent years however , the summers of 2007 , 2008 , 2009 and August 2010 were wetter than normal , 2007 being wettest on record ."}
{"_id": "Droughts_in_the_United_States", "title": "Droughts in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Drought in the United States is similar to that of other portions of the globe . Below normal precipitation leads to drought , which is caused by an above average persistence of high pressure over the drought area . Changes in the track of extratropical cyclones , which can occur during climate cycles such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation , or ENSO , as well as the North Atlantic Oscillation , Pacific Decadal Oscillation , and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation , modulates which areas would be more prone to drought and when drought develops . Increased drought frequency is expected to be one of the effects of global warming . In dry areas , removing grass cover and going with a more natural vegetation for the area can reduce the impact of drought , since a significant amount of fresh water is used to keep lawns green . Droughts are periodic , alternating with floods over a series of years .   The worst droughts in the history of the United States occurred during the 1930s and 1950s , periods of time known as ` Dust Bowl ' years in which droughts lead to significant economic damages and social changes . In particular , relief and health agencies became overburdened and many local community banks had to close ."}
{"_id": "Drowning", "title": "Drowning", "headings": "", "text": "Drowning is defined as respiratory impairment from being in or under a liquid . It is further classified by outcome into : death , ongoing health problems , and no ongoing health problems . Drowning itself is quick and silent , although it may be preceded by distress which is more visible .   Generally , in the early stages of drowning , very little water enters the lungs : a small amount of water entering the trachea causes a muscular spasm that seals the airway and prevents the passage of both air and water until unconsciousness occurs . This means a person drowning is unable to shout or call for help , or seek attention , as they can not obtain enough air . The instinctive drowning response is the final set of autonomic reactions in the 20 -- 60 seconds before sinking underwater , and to the untrained eye can look similar to calm safe behavior . Lifeguards and other persons trained in rescue learn to recognize drowning people by watching for these movements . If the process is not interrupted , loss of consciousness due to hypoxia is followed rapidly by cardiac arrest . At this stage , the process is still usually reversible by prompt and effective rescue and first aid . Survival rates depend strongly on the duration of immersion .   In 2013 , there were about 1.7 million cases of drowning . Unintentional drowning is the third leading cause of unintentional injury resulting in death worldwide . In 2013 , it was estimated to have resulted in 368,000 deaths , down from 545,000 deaths in 1990 . Of these deaths , 82,000 occurred in children less than five years old . It accounts for 7 % of all injury related deaths ( excluding those due to natural disasters ) , with 91 % of these deaths occurring in low-income and middle-income countries . Drowning occurs more frequently in males and the young . The rate of drowning in populations around the world varies widely according to their access to water , the climate and the national swimming culture .  Most drownings are preventable ."}
{"_id": "Durban", "title": "Durban", "headings": "", "text": "Durban ( eThekwini , from itheku meaning `` bay/lagoon '' ) is the largest city in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal . Durban 's metropolitan municipality ranks third among the most populous urban areas in South Africa after Johannesburg and Cape Town . It is also the second most important manufacturing hub in South Africa after Johannesburg . It forms part of the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality . Durban is famous for being the busiest port in South Africa . It is also seen as one of the major centres of tourism because of the city 's warm subtropical climate and extensive beaches . The municipality , which includes neighbouring towns , has a population of almost 3.5 million , making the combined municipality one of the biggest cities on the Indian Ocean coast of the African continent . It is the largest city in KwaZulu-Natal which is the 2nd most populous province in South Africa . It has the highest number of dollar millionaires added per year of any South African city with the number rising 200 per cent between 2000 and 2014 . In May 2015 , Durban was officially recognised as one of the New7Wonders Cities together with Vigan , Doha , La Paz , Havana , Beirut , and Kuala Lumpur ."}
{"_id": "Dwarf_forest", "title": "Dwarf forest", "headings": "", "text": "Dwarf forest , elfin forest , or pygmy forest is a rare ecosystem featuring miniature trees , inhabited by small species of fauna such as rodents and lizards . They are usually located at high elevations , under conditions of sufficient air humidity but poor soil . There are two main dwarf forest ecosystem types , involving different species and environmental characteristics : coastal temperate and montane tropical regions . Temperate coastal dwarf forest is common for parts of Southern California . Montane tropical forests are found across tropical highlands of Central America , northern South America and Southeast Asia . There are also other isolated examples of dwarf forests scattered across the world ."}
{"_id": "Dysentery", "title": "Dysentery", "headings": "", "text": "Dysentery is a type of gastroenteritis that results in diarrhea with blood . Other symptoms may include fever , abdominal pain , and a feeling of incomplete defecation .   It is caused by several types of infections such as bacteria , viruses , parasitic worms , or protozoa . The mechanism is an inflammatory disorder of the intestine , especially of the colon ."}
{"_id": "Early_2014_North_American_cold_wave", "title": "Early 2014 North American cold wave", "headings": "", "text": "The 2014 North American cold wave was an extreme weather event that extended through the late winter months of the 2013 -- 2014 winter season , and was also part of an unusually cold winter affecting parts of Canada and parts of the north-central and upper eastern United States . The event occurred in early 2014 and was caused by a southward shift of the North Polar Vortex . Record-low temperatures also extended well into March .   On January 2 , an Arctic cold front initially associated with a nor'easter tracked across Canada and the United States , resulting in heavy snowfall . Temperatures fell to unprecedented levels , and low temperature records were broken across the United States . Business , school , and road closures were common , as well as mass flight cancellations . Altogether , more than 200 million people were affected , in an area ranging from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean and extending south to include roughly 187 million residents of the Continental United States ."}
{"_id": "Earth", "title": "Earth", "headings": "", "text": "Earth ( from Eorðe -LSB- Γαῖα , Gaia -RSB- Terra ) , otherwise known as the World or the Globe , is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life . It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets .   According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence , Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago . Earth 's gravity interacts with other objects in space , especially the Sun and the Moon , Earth 's only natural satellite . During one orbit around the Sun , Earth rotates about its axis over 365 times ; thus , an Earth year is about 365.26 days long . Earth 's axis of rotation is tilted , producing seasonal variations on the planet 's surface . The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides , stabilizes the Earth 's orientation on its axis , and gradually slows its rotation .   Earth 's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years . About 71 % of Earth 's surface is covered with water , mostly by its oceans . The remaining 29 % is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes , rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere . The majority of Earth 's polar regions are covered in ice , including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack . Earth 's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core , a liquid outer core that generates the Earth 's magnetic field , and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics .   Within the first billion years of Earth 's history , life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earth 's atmosphere and surface , leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms . Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago . Since then , the combination of Earth 's distance from the Sun , physical properties , and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive . In the history of the Earth , biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion , occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events . Over 99 % of all species that ever lived on Earth are extinct . Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely ; most species have not been described . Over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and minerals for their survival . Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures ; politically , the world has about 200 sovereign states ."}
{"_id": "Earth's_energy_budget", "title": "Earth's energy budget", "headings": "", "text": "Earth 's energy budget accounts for the energy Earth receives from the Sun . Much of this energy is lost when the earth re-radiates it back into outer space , and the rest of the energy is distributed throughout the five components of Earth 's climate system . This system is made up of earth 's water , ice , atmosphere , rocky crust , and all living things .   Quantifying changes in these amounts is required to accurately model the Earth 's climate .   Received radiation is unevenly distributed over the planet , because the Sun heats equatorial regions more than polar regions . Energy is absorbed by the atmosphere , hydrosphere , and lithosphere , and , in a process informally described as Earth 's heat engine , the solar heating is redistributed through evaporation of surface water , convection , rainfall , winds , and ocean circulation . When the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space , the Earth is said to be in radiative equilibrium and under that condition , global temperatures will be stable .   Disturbances of Earth 's radiative equilibrium , such as an increase of greenhouse gases , will change global temperatures in response . However , Earth 's energy balance and heat fluxes depend on many factors , such as atmospheric composition ( mainly aerosols and greenhouse gases ) , the albedo ( reflectivity ) of surface properties , cloud cover and vegetation and land use patterns . Changes in surface temperature due to Earth 's energy budget do not occur instantaneously , due to the inertia of the oceans and the cryosphere . The net heat flux is buffered primarily by becoming part of the ocean 's heat content , until a new equilibrium state is established between radiative forcings and the climate response ."}
{"_id": "Earth_Summit_2002", "title": "Earth Summit 2002", "headings": "", "text": "The World Summit on Sustainable Development , WSSD or ONG Earth Summit 2002 took place in Johannesburg , South Africa , from 26 August to 4 September 2002 . It was convened to discuss sustainable development by the United Nations . WSSD gathered a number of leaders from business and non-governmental organizations , 10 years after the first Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro . ( It was therefore also informally nicknamed `` Rio +10 '' . )"}
{"_id": "Earth_in_science_fiction", "title": "Earth in science fiction", "headings": "", "text": "An overwhelming majority of fiction is set on or features the Earth . However , authors of speculative fiction novels and writers and directors of science fiction film deal with Earth quite differently from authors of conventional fiction . Unbound from the same ties that bind authors of traditional fiction to the Earth , they can either completely ignore the Earth or use it as but one of many settings in a more complicated universe , exploring a number of common themes through examining outsiders perceptions of and interactions with Earth ."}
{"_id": "Earth_in_the_Balance", "title": "Earth in the Balance", "headings": "", "text": "Earth in the Balance : Ecology and the Human Spirit ( ISBN 0-452-26935-0 , paperback ISBN 1-85383-743-1 ) is a 1992 book written by Al Gore , published in June 1992 , shortly before he was elected Vice President in the 1992 presidential election . Known by the short title Earth in the Balance , the book explains the world 's ecological predicament and describes a range of policies to deal with the most pressing problems . It includes a proposed `` Global Marshall Plan '' to address current ecological issues .   Written while his son was recovering from a serious accident , Earth in the Balance became the first book written by a sitting U.S. Senator to make the New York Times bestseller list since John F. Kennedy 's Profiles in Courage .   In 1993 , Earth in the Balance was released in paperback and audiobook format on audio cassette tape .   It received the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights 1993 Book award given annually to a book that `` most faithfully and forcefully reflects Robert Kennedy 's purposes - his concern for the poor and the powerless , his struggle for honest and even-handed justice , his conviction that a decent society must assure all young people a fair chance , and his faith that a free democracy can act to remedy disparities of power and opportunity . ''   The book was followed by An Inconvenient Truth , a book that was the companion for a movie  narrated by Al Gore , shown at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival and released on 24 May 2006 .   In the Futurama episode `` Crimes of the Hot , '' Al Gore himself references the book and its `` far more popular '' fictional future sequel , Harry Potter and the Balance of Earth ."}
{"_id": "Earth_shelter", "title": "Earth shelter", "headings": "", "text": "An earth shelter is a structure (usually a house) with earth (soil) against the walls, on the roof, or that is entirely buried underground. Earth acts as thermal mass, making it easier to maintain a steady indoor air temperature and therefore reduces energy costs for heating or cooling. Earth sheltering became relatively popular after the mid 1970s, especially among environmentalists. However, the practice has been around for nearly as long as humans have been constructing their own shelters."}
{"_id": "East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet", "title": "East Antarctic Ice Sheet", "headings": "", "text": "The East Antarctic Ice Sheet ( EAIS ) is one of two large ice sheets in Antarctica , and the largest on the entire planet . The EAIS lies between 45 ° west and 168 ° east longitudinally .   The EAIS is considerably larger in area and mass than the West Antarctic Ice Sheet ( WAIS ) . It is separated from the WAIS by the Transantarctic Mountains . The EAIS rests upon a large land mass , contrary to that of the WAIS , which rests mainly on bedrock below sea level . The EAIS is also home to the thickest ice on the frozen white continent , at 15,700 ft ( 4,800 m ) . More well known , however , is that the EAIS is home to the geographic South Pole as well as of the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station ."}
{"_id": "East_Antarctica", "title": "East Antarctica", "headings": "", "text": "East Antarctica , also called Greater Antarctica , constitutes the majority ( two-thirds ) of the Antarctic continent , lying on the Indian Ocean side of the continent , separated from West Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains . It lies almost entirely within the Eastern Hemisphere and its name has been accepted for more than a century . It is generally higher than West Antarctica and includes the Gamburtsev Mountain Range in the centre .   Apart from small areas of the coast , East Antarctica is permanently covered by ice . The only terrestrial plant life is lichens , mosses and algae clinging to rocks , and there are a limited range of invertebrates including nematodes , springtails , mites and midges . The coasts are the breeding ground for various seabirds and penguins , and the leopard seal , Weddell seal , elephant seal , crabeater seal and Ross seal breed on the surrounding pack ice in summer ."}
{"_id": "East_Coast_of_the_United_States", "title": "East Coast of the United States", "headings": "", "text": "The East Coast of the United States is the coastline along which the Eastern United States meets the North Atlantic Ocean . This area is also known as the Eastern Seaboard , the Atlantic Coast , and the Atlantic Seaboard . The coastal states that have shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean are , from north to south , Maine , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , Pennsylvania , New York , New Jersey , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , and Florida ."}
{"_id": "Eastern_Time_Zone", "title": "Eastern Time Zone", "headings": "", "text": "The Eastern Time Zone ( ET ) is a time zone encompassing 17 U.S. states in the eastern part of the contiguous United States , parts of eastern Canada , the state of Quintana Roo in Mexico , Panama in Central America , and the Caribbean Islands .   Places that use Eastern Standard Time ( EST ) when observing standard time ( autumn/winter ) are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC − 05:00 ) .   Eastern Daylight Time ( EDT ) , when observing daylight saving time DST ( spring/summer ) is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC − 04:00 ) .   In the northern parts of the time zone , on the second Sunday in March , at 2:00 a.m. EST , clocks are advanced to 3:00 a.m. EDT leaving a one-hour `` gap '' . On the first Sunday in November , at 2:00 a.m. EDT , clocks are moved back to 1:00 a.m. EST , thus `` duplicating '' one hour . Southern parts of the zone ( Panama and the Caribbean ) do not observe daylight saving time ."}
{"_id": "Ecology", "title": "Ecology", "headings": "", "text": "Ecology ( from οἶκος , `` house '' , or `` environment '' ; - λογία , `` study of '' ) is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment . It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology , geography , and Earth science . Ecology includes the study of interactions that organisms have with each other , other organisms , and with abiotic components of their environment . Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity , distribution , amount ( biomass ) , and number ( population ) of particular organisms , as well as cooperation and competition between organisms , both within and among ecosystems . Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms , the communities they make up , and the non-living components of their environment . Ecosystem processes , such as primary production , pedogenesis , nutrient cycling , and various niche construction activities , regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment . These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits , and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity . Biodiversity , which refers to the varieties of species , genes , and ecosystems , enhances certain ecosystem services .   Ecology is not synonymous with environment , environmentalism , natural history , or environmental science . It is closely related to evolutionary biology , genetics , and ethology . An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function . Ecologists seek to explain :   Life processes , interactions , and adaptations  The movement of materials and energy through living communities  The successional development of ecosystems  The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment .   There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology , wetland management , natural resource management ( agroecology , agriculture , forestry , agroforestry , fisheries ) , city planning ( urban ecology ) , community health , economics , basic and applied science , and human social interaction ( human ecology ) . For example , the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment ` out there ' . It is not treated as separate from humans . Organisms ( including humans ) and resources compose ecosystems which , in turn , maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living ( biotic ) and non-living ( abiotic ) components of the planet . Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production ( food , fuel , fiber , and medicine ) , the regulation of climate , global biogeochemical cycles , water filtration , soil formation , erosion control , flood protection , and many other natural features of scientific , historical , economic , or intrinsic value .   The word `` ecology '' ( '' Ökologie '' ) was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel ( 1834 -- 1919 ) . Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy , particularly from ethics and politics . Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history . Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century . Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory ."}
{"_id": "Econometrics", "title": "Econometrics", "headings": "", "text": "Econometrics is the application of statistical methods to economic data and is described as the branch of economics that aims to give empirical content to economic relations . More precisely , it is `` the quantitative analysis of actual economic phenomena based on the concurrent development of theory and observation , related by appropriate methods of inference . '' An introductory economics textbook describes econometrics as allowing economists `` to sift through mountains of data to extract simple relationships . '' The first known use of the term `` econometrics '' ( in cognate form ) was by Polish economist Paweł Ciompa in 1910 . Ragnar Frisch is credited with coining the term in the sense in which it is used today .   The basic tool for econometrics is the multiple linear regression model . Econometric theory uses statistical theory and mathematical statistics to evaluate and develop econometric methods . Econometricians try to find estimators that have desirable statistical properties including unbiasedness , efficiency , and consistency . Applied econometrics uses theoretical econometrics and real-world data for assessing economic theories , developing econometric models , analyzing economic history , and forecasting ."}
{"_id": "Economic_growth", "title": "Economic growth", "headings": "", "text": "Economic growth is the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time . It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product , or real GDP , usually in per capita terms .   Growth is usually calculated in real terms -- i.e. , inflation-adjusted terms -- to eliminate the distorting effect of inflation on the price of goods produced . Measurement of economic growth uses national income accounting . Since economic growth is measured as the annual percent change of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , it has all the advantages and drawbacks of that measure .   The `` rate of economic growth '' refers to the geometric annual rate of growth in GDP between the first and the last year over a period of time . Implicitly , this growth rate is the trend in the average level of GDP over the period , which implicitly ignores the fluctuations in the GDP around this trend .   An increase in economic growth caused by more efficient use of inputs ( such as labor productivity , physical capital , energy or materials ) is referred to as intensive growth . GDP growth caused only by increases in the amount of inputs available for use ( increased population , new territory ) is called extensive growth ."}
{"_id": "Economic_impacts_of_climate_change", "title": "Economic impacts of climate change", "headings": "", "text": "This article describes the economic impacts of climate change . Given the inherent nature of economic forecasting , which involves significant degrees of uncertainty , estimates of the results of global warming over the 21st century have varied widely . Many analyses , such as that of the Stern Review presented to the British Government , have predicted reductions by several percent of world gross domestic product due to climate related costs such as dealing with increased extreme weather events and stresses to low-lying areas due to sea level rises . Other studies by independent economists looking at the effects of climate change have found more ambiguous results around the range of net-neutral changes when all aspects of the issue are evaluated , though the issue remains intensely debated ."}
{"_id": "Economics", "title": "Economics", "headings": "", "text": "Economics ( UK English : -LSB- iːkəˈnɒmɪks -RSB- , -LSB- ɛkəˈnɒmɪks -RSB- US English : -LSB- ɛkəˈnɑːmɪks -RSB- , -LSB- ikəˈnɑːmɪks -RSB- ) is `` a social science concerned chiefly with description and analysis of the production , distribution , and consumption of goods and services '' .   Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work . Consistent with this focus , textbooks often distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics . Microeconomics examines the behaviour of basic elements in the economy , including individual agents and markets , their interactions , and the outcomes of interactions . Individual agents may include , for example , households , firms , buyers , and sellers . Macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy ( meaning aggregated production , consumption , savings , and investment ) and issues affecting it , including unemployment of resources ( labour , capital , and land ) , inflation , economic growth , and the public policies that address these issues ( monetary , fiscal , and other policies ) .   Other broad distinctions within economics include those between positive economics , describing `` what is '' , and normative economics , advocating `` what ought to be '' ; between economic theory and applied economics ; between rational and behavioural economics ; and between mainstream economics and heterodox economics .   Economic analysis can be applied throughout society , in business , finance , health care , and government . Economic analyses is sometimes also applied to such diverse subjects as crime , education , the family , law , politics , religion , social institutions , war , science , and the environment ."}
{"_id": "Economics_of_global_warming", "title": "Economics of global warming", "headings": "", "text": "The economics of global warming concerns the economic aspects of global warming ; this can inform policies that governments might consider in response . A number of factors make this a difficult problem from both economic and political perspectives : it is a long-term , intergenerational problem ; benefits and costs are distributed unequally both within and across countries ; and scientific and public opinions may diverge .   One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide . Around 20 % of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years . The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop `` scenarios '' of future environmental , social and economic changes . These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions .   The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity , sea level rise , increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events , and acidification of the oceans . Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms , but these assessments can be controversial .   The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions ( climate change mitigation ) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming ( e.g. , by building levees in response to sea level rise ) . Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system ( e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth 's surface ) .   One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making . This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information , and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts . Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming . For instance , a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms , e.g. , the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples .   Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development . Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation . In some areas , policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives . In other areas , the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments ( the opportunity costs of climate change policy ) ."}
{"_id": "Economy_of_Venezuela", "title": "Economy of Venezuela", "headings": "", "text": "The economy of Venezuela is largely based on the petroleum sector and manufacturing . Revenue from petroleum exports accounts for more than 50 % of the country 's GDP and roughly 95 % of total exports . Venezuela is the sixth largest member of OPEC by oil production . From the 1950s to the early 1980s the Venezuelan economy experienced a steady growth that attracted many immigrants , with the nation enjoying the highest standard of living in Latin America . During the collapse of oil prices in the 1980s the economy contracted , the monetary sign commenced a progressive devaluation , and inflation skyrocketed to reach peaks of 84 % in 1989 and 99 % in 1996 , three years prior to Hugo Chávez taking office .   Venezuela manufactures and exports heavy industry products such as steel , aluminium and cement , with production concentrated around Ciudad Guayana , near the Guri Dam , one of the largest in the world and the provider of about three-quarters of Venezuela 's electricity . Other notable manufacturing includes electronics and automobiles , as well as beverages , and foodstuffs . Agriculture in Venezuela accounts for approximately 3 % of GDP , 10 % of the labor force , and at least one-fourth of Venezuela 's land area . Venezuela exports rice , corn , fish , tropical fruit , coffee , pork , and beef . The country is not self-sufficient in most areas of agriculture .   In spite of strained relations between the two countries , the United States has been Venezuela 's most important trading partner . U.S. exports to Venezuela have included machinery , agricultural products , medical instruments , and cars . Venezuela is one of the top four suppliers of foreign oil to the United States . About 500 U.S. companies are represented in Venezuela . According to Central Bank of Venezuela , the government received from 1998 to 2008 around 325 billion USD through oil production and export in general , and according to the International Energy Agency , to August 2015 has production of 2.4 million barrels per day , 500,000 of which go to the United States of America .   Since Hugo Chávez 's `` socialist revolution '' half-dismantled its PDVSA oil giant corporation in 2002 by firing most of its 20,000-strong dissident professional human capital , and imposed stringent currency controls in 2003 in an attempt to prevent capital flight , there has been a steady decline in oil production and exports and a series of stern currency devaluations , disrupting the economy . Further yet , price controls , expropriation of numerous farmlands and various industries , among other disputable government policies including a near-total freeze on any access to foreign currency at reasonable `` official '' exchange rates , have resulted in severe shortages in Venezuela and steep price rises of all common goods , including food , water , household products , spare parts , tools and medical supplies ; forcing many manufacturers to either cut production or close down , with many ultimately abandoning the country , as has been the case with several technological firms and most automobile makers . In 2015 , Venezuela had over 100 % inflation -- the highest in the world and the highest in the country 's history at that time . The rate increased to nearly 500 % by the end of 2016 with Venezuela spiraling into hyperinflation while the population poverty rate was between 76 % to 80 % according to independent sources ."}
{"_id": "Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "Economy of the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "The United Kingdom is the fifth-largest national economy in the world measured by nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) , ninth-largest in the world measured by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) , and nineteenth-largest in the world measured by GDP per capita , comprising 4 % of world GDP . It is the second-largest economy in the European Union by both metrics . In 2016 , the UK was 19/28 for GDP growth in Europe , with the third lowest unemployment rate .   In 2016 , the UK was the tenth-largest goods exporter in the world and the fifth-largest goods importer . In 2015 , the UK had the fourth-largest inward foreign direct investment , and in 2013 the UK had the second-largest outward foreign direct investment . It is one of the most globalised economies , and is composed of ( in descending order of size ) the economies of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland .   The service sector dominates the UK economy , contributing around 78 % of GDP ; the financial services industry is particularly important , and London is the world 's largest international financial centre . Britain 's aerospace industry is the second - or third-largest national aerospace industry depending on the method of measurement . Its pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in the economy and the UK has the third-highest share of global pharmaceutical research and development . Of the world 's 500 largest companies , 26 are headquartered in the UK . The British economy is boosted by North Sea oil and gas production ; its reserves were estimated at 2.9 billion barrels in 2015 , although it has been a net importer of oil since 2005 . There are significant regional variations in prosperity , with South East England and North East Scotland being the richest areas per capita . The size of London 's economy makes it the largest city by GDP in Europe .   In the 18th century the UK was the first country to industrialise , and during the 19th century it had a dominant role in the global economy , accounting for 9.1 % of the world 's GDP in 1870 . From the late 19th century the Second Industrial Revolution was also taking place rapidly in the United States and the German Empire ; this presented an increasing economic challenge for the UK . The costs of fighting World War I and World War II further weakened the UK 's relative position . In the 21st century , however , it remains a great power and has an influential role in the world economy .   Government involvement in the British economy is primarily exercised by Her Majesty 's Treasury , headed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer , and the Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy . Since 1979 management of the economy has followed a broadly laissez-faire approach . The Bank of England is the UK 's central bank and its Monetary Policy Committee is responsible for setting interest rates , quantitative easing , and forward guidance .   The currency of the UK is the pound sterling , which is the world 's third-largest reserve currency after the United States dollar and the euro , and is also one of the ten most-valued currencies in the world .   The UK is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the European Union ( although negotiations to leave the EU are currently taking place ) , the G7 , the G8 , the G20 , the International Monetary Fund , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe , the World Bank , the World Trade Organisation , Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the United Nations ."}
{"_id": "Economy_of_the_United_States", "title": "Economy of the United States", "headings": "", "text": "The United States is the world 's largest national economy in nominal terms and second largest according to purchasing power parity ( PPP ) , representing 22 % of nominal global GDP and 17 % of gross world product ( GWP ) . The United States ' GDP was estimated to be $ 18.56 trillion in 2016 . The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world 's foremost reserve currency , backed by its science and technology , its military , the full faith of the US government to reimburse its debts , its central role in a range of international institutions since World War II and the petrodollar system . Several countries use it as their official currency , and in many others it is the de facto currency . The United States has a mixed economy and has maintained a stable overall GDP growth rate , a moderate unemployment rate , and high levels of research and capital investment . Its seven largest trading partners are Canada , China , Mexico , Japan , Germany , South Korea , and the United Kingdom .   The US has abundant natural resources , a well-developed infrastructure , and high productivity . It has the world 's ninth-highest per capita GDP ( nominal ) and tenth-highest per capita GDP ( PPP ) as of 2013 . Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations , and in 2010 had the fourth highest median household income , down from second highest in 2007 . It has been the world 's largest national economy ( not including colonial empires ) since at least the 1890s .   The U.S. is the world 's third largest producer of oil and natural gas . It is one of the largest trading nations in the world as well as the world 's second largest manufacturer , representing a fifth of the global manufacturing output . The US not only has the largest internal market for goods , but also dominates the trade in services . US total trade amounted to $ 4.93 T in 2012 . Of the world 's 500 largest companies , 128 are headquartered in the US .   The United States has one of the world 's largest and most influential financial markets . The New York Stock Exchange is by far the world 's largest stock exchange by market capitalization . Foreign investments made in the US total almost $ 2.4 trillion , while American investments in foreign countries total over $ 3.3 trillion . The economy of the U.S. leads in international ranking on venture capital and Global Research and Development funding . Consumer spending comprises 71 % of the US economy in 2013 . The United States has the largest consumer market in the world , with a household final consumption expenditure five times larger than Japan 's . The labor market has attracted immigrants from all over the world and its net migration rate is among the highest in the world . The U.S. is one of the top-performing economies in studies such as the Ease of Doing Business Index , the Global Competitiveness Report , and others .   The US economy went through an economic downturn following the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 , with output as late as 2013 still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office . The economy , however , began to recover in the second half of 2009 , and as of 2016 , unemployment had declined from a high of 10 % to 4.7 % .   In December 2014 , public debt was slightly more than 100 % of GDP . Domestic financial assets totaled $ 131 trillion and domestic financial liabilities totaled $ 106 trillion ."}
{"_id": "Ecosystem_ecology", "title": "Ecosystem ecology", "headings": "", "text": "Ecosystem ecology is the integrated study of living ( biotic ) and non-living ( abiotic ) components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework . This science examines how ecosystems work and relates this to their components such as chemicals , bedrock , soil , plants , and animals .   Ecosystem ecology examines physical and biological structures and examines how these ecosystem characteristics interact with each other . Ultimately , this helps us understand how to maintain high quality water and economically viable commodity production . A major focus of ecosystem ecology is on functional processes , ecological mechanisms that maintain the structure and services produced by ecosystems . These include primary productivity ( production of biomass ) , decomposition , and trophic interactions .   Studies of ecosystem function have greatly improved human understanding of sustainable production of forage , fiber , fuel , and provision of water . Functional processes are mediated by regional-to-local level climate , disturbance , and management . Thus ecosystem ecology provides a powerful framework for identifying ecological mechanisms that interact with global environmental problems , especially global warming and degradation of surface water .   This example demonstrates several important aspects of ecosystems :  Ecosystem boundaries are often nebulous and may fluctuate in time  Organisms within ecosystems are dependent on ecosystem level biological and physical processes  Adjacent ecosystems closely interact and often are interdependent for maintenance of community structure and functional processes that maintain productivity and biodiversity   These characteristics also introduce practical problems into natural resource management . Who will manage which ecosystem ? Will timber cutting in the forest degrade recreational fishing in the stream ? These questions are difficult for land managers to address while the boundary between ecosystems remains unclear ; even though decisions in one ecosystem will affect the other . We need better understanding of the interactions and interdependencies of these ecosystems and the processes that maintain them before we can begin to address these questions .   Ecosystem ecology is an inherently interdisciplinary field of study . An individual ecosystem is composed of populations of organisms , interacting within communities , and contributing to the cycling of nutrients and the flow of energy . The ecosystem is the principal unit of study in ecosystem ecology .   Population , community , and physiological ecology provide many of the underlying biological mechanisms influencing ecosystems and the processes they maintain . Flowing of energy and cycling of matter at the ecosystem level are often examined in ecosystem ecology , but , as a whole , this science is defined more by subject matter than by scale . Ecosystem ecology approaches organisms and abiotic pools of energy and nutrients as an integrated system which distinguishes it from associated sciences such as biogeochemistry .   Biogeochemistry and hydrology focus on several fundamental ecosystem processes such as biologically mediated chemical cycling of nutrients and physical-biological cycling of water . Ecosystem ecology forms the mechanistic basis for regional or global processes encompassed by landscape-to-regional hydrology , global biogeochemistry , and earth system science ."}
{"_id": "Eemian", "title": "Eemian", "headings": "", "text": "The Eemian ( also called the last interglacial , Sangamonian , Ipswichian , Mikulin , Kaydaky , Valdivia or Riss-Würm ) was the interglacial period which began about 130,000 years ago and ended about 115,000 years ago . It corresponds to Marine Isotope Stage 5e . Although sometimes referred to as the `` last interglacial '' ( in the `` most recent previous '' sense of `` last '' ) , it was the second-to-latest interglacial period of the current Ice Age , the most recent being the Holocene which extends to the present day ( having followed the last glacial period ) . The prevailing Eemian climate is believed to have been warmer than that of the Holocene .   The Eemian is known as the Ipswichian in the UK , the Mikulin interglacial in Russia , the Valdivia interglacial in Chile and the Riss-Würm interglacial in the Alps . Depending on how a specific publication defines the Sangamonian Stage of North America , the Eemian is equivalent to either all or part of it ."}
{"_id": "Effective_temperature", "title": "Effective temperature", "headings": "", "text": "The effective temperature of a body such as a star or planet is the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total amount of electromagnetic radiation . Effective temperature is often used as an estimate of a body 's surface temperature when the body 's emissivity curve ( as a function of wavelength ) is not known .   When the star 's or planet 's net emissivity in the relevant wavelength band is less than unity ( less than that of a black body ) , the actual temperature of the body will be higher than the effective temperature . The net emissivity may be low due to surface or atmospheric properties , including greenhouse effect ."}
{"_id": "Effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina_in_New_Orleans", "title": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans", "headings": "", "text": "As the center of Hurricane Katrina passed southeast of New Orleans on August 29 , 2005 , winds downtown were in the Category 1 range with frequent intense gusts and tidal surge . Hurricane-force winds were experienced throughout the city , although the most severe portion of Katrina missed the city , hitting nearby St. Bernard and Plaquemines parishes . Hurricane Katrina made its final landfall in eastern St. Tammany Parish . The western eye wall passed directly over St. Tammany Parish , Louisiana as a Category 3 hurricane at about 9:45 am CST , August 29 , 2005 . The communities of Slidell , Avery Estates , Lakeshore Estates , Oak Harbor , Eden Isles and Northshore Beach were inundated by the storm surge that extended over six miles inland . The storm surge affected all 57 miles of St. Tammany Parish 's coastline , including Lacombe , Mandeville and Madisonville . The storm surge in the area of the Rigolets Pass was estimated to be 16 feet , not including wave action , declining to 7 ft at Madisonville . The surge had a second peak in eastern St. Tammany as the westerly winds from the southern eye wall pushed the surge to the east , backing up at the bottleneck of the Rigolets Pass .   In the City of New Orleans , the storm surge caused approximately 23 breaches in drainage canal and navigational canal levees and floodwalls . The failures of structures are considered by experts to be the worst engineering disaster in the history of the United States . By August 31 , 2005 , 80 % of New Orleans was flooded , with some parts under 15 ft of water . The famous French Quarter and Garden District escaped flooding because those areas are above sea level . Responsibility for the performance of the city 's levees belongs to the United States Army Corps of Engineers . The major breaches included the 17th Street Canal levee , the Industrial Canal levee , and the London Avenue Canal floodwall . These breaches caused the majority of the flooding , according to a June 2007 report by the American Society of Civil Engineers . The flood disaster halted oil production and refining which increased oil prices worldwide .   Between 80 and 90 percent of the residents of New Orleans were evacuated before the hurricane struck , testifying to some of the success of the evacuation measures . Despite this , many remained in the city , mainly those who did not have access to personal vehicles or who were isolated from the dissemination of news from the local governments . The Louisiana Superdome was used to house and support some of those who were unable to evacuate . Television shots frequently focused on the Superdome as a symbol of the flooding occurring in New Orleans .   The disaster had major implications for a large segment of the population , economy , and politics of the entire United States . It has prompted a Congressional review of the Army Corps of Engineers and the failure of portions of the federally built flood protection system which experts agree should have protected the city 's inhabitants from Katrina 's surge . Katrina has also stimulated significant research in the academic community into urban planning , real estate finance , and economic issues in the wake of a natural disaster ."}
{"_id": "Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity", "title": "Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity", "headings": "", "text": "Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function and distribution of plants , in combination with other factors . Changes in long term environmental conditions that can be collectively coined climate change are known to have had enormous impacts on current plant diversity patterns ; further impacts are expected in the future . It is predicted that climate change will remain one of the major drivers of biodiversity patterns in the future ."}
{"_id": "Effects_of_climate_change_on_terrestrial_animals", "title": "Effects of climate change on terrestrial animals", "headings": "", "text": "Climate change has had a significant direct effect on terrestrial animals , by being a major driver of the processes of speciation and extinction . The best known example of this is the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse which occurred 350 million years ago . This event decimated amphibian populations and spurred on the evolution of reptiles .   Climate change is a natural event that has occurred throughout history . However , with the recent increased emission of CO2 in the Earth 's atmosphere , abrupt climate change has occurred . It has been hypothesized that anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing has significantly influenced global climate since about 8000 before present ( Van Hoof 2006 ) .   Animals have had specific responses to climate change . Species respond to climate changes by migration , adaptation , or if neither of those occur , death . These migrations can sometimes follow an animal 's preferred temperature , elevation , soil , etc. , as said terrain moves due to climate change . Adaptation can be either genetic or phenological , and death can occur in a local population only ( extirpation ) or as an entire species , otherwise known as extinction .   Climate changes is projected to affect individual organisms , populations , species distributions and ecosystem composition and function both directly ( ex . Increased temperatures and changes in precipitation ) and indirectly ( through climate changing the intensity and frequency of disturbances such as wildfires and severe storms ) ( IPCC 2002 ) .   Every organism has a unique set of preferences or requirements , a niche and biodiversity has been tied to the diversity of animals ' niches . These can include or be affected by temperature , aridity , resource availability , habitat requirements , enemies , soil characteristics , competitors , and pollinators . Since the factors that compose a niche can be so complex and interconnected , the niches of many animals are bound to be affected by climate change ( Parmesan Yohe 2003 ) .   One study done by Camille Parmesan and Gary Yohe from University of Texas , Austin shows the global fingerprint of climate change on natural systems . The results of their global analysis of 334 species were recorded to demonstrate the correlation of patterns consistent with global climate change of the 20th century . Using the IPCC 's ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) ` levels of confidence ' , this study proved significant nonrandom behavioral changes due to global climate change with very high confidence ( > 95 ) . Furthermore , an accuracy of 74-91 % change in species has displayed predicted change for species in response to climate change ."}
{"_id": "Effects_of_global_warming", "title": "Effects of global warming", "headings": "", "text": "The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused ( directly or indirectly ) by human emissions of greenhouse gases . There is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring , and that human activities are the primary driver . Many impacts of climate change have already been observed , including glacier retreat , changes in the timing of seasonal events ( e.g. , earlier flowering of plants ) , and changes in agricultural productivity .   Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change policies and social development . The two main policies to address climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions ( climate change mitigation ) and adapting to the impacts of climate change . Geoengineering is another policy option .   Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts . Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming ( in 2100 ) to around 2 ° C or below , relative to pre-industrial levels . Without mitigation , increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 ° C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to , and would increase the risk of negative impacts ."}
{"_id": "Effects_of_global_warming_on_human_health", "title": "Effects of global warming on human health", "headings": "", "text": "The effects of global warming include effects on human health . The observed and projected increased frequency and severity of climate related impacts will further exacerbate the effects on human health . This article describes some of those effects on individuals and populations ."}
{"_id": "Effects_of_global_warming_on_humans", "title": "Effects of global warming on humans", "headings": "", "text": "Climate change has brought about possibly permanent alterations to Earth 's geological , biological and ecological systems . These changes have led to the emergence of large-scale environmental hazards to human health , such as extreme weather , ozone depletion , increased danger of wildland fires , loss of biodiversity , stresses to food-producing systems and the global spread of infectious diseases . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimates that 160,000 deaths , since 1950 , are directly attributable to climate change . Many believe this to be a conservative estimate .   To date , a neglected aspect of the climate change debate , much less research has been conducted on the impacts of climate change on health , food supply , economic growth , migration , security , societal change , and public goods , such as drinking water , than on the geophysical changes related to global warming . Human impacts can be both negative and positive . Climatic changes in Siberia , for instance , are expected to improve food production and local economic activity , at least in the short to medium term . Numerous studies suggest , however , that the current and future impacts of climate change on human society are and will continue to be overwhelmingly negative .   The majority of the adverse effects of climate change are experienced by poor and low-income communities around the world , who have much higher levels of vulnerability to environmental determinants of health , wealth and other factors , and much lower levels of capacity available for coping with environmental change . A report on the global human impact of climate change published by the Global Humanitarian Forum in 2009 , estimated more than 300,000 deaths and about $ 125 billion in economic losses each year , and indicating that most climate change induced mortality is due to worsening floods and droughts in developing countries ."}
{"_id": "Effects_of_global_warming_on_oceans", "title": "Effects of global warming on oceans", "headings": "", "text": "Global warming can affect sea levels , coastlines , ocean acidification , ocean currents , seawater , sea surface temperatures , tides , the sea floor , weather , and trigger several changes in ocean bio-geochemistry ; all of these affect the functioning of a society ."}
{"_id": "Efficient_energy_use", "title": "Efficient energy use", "headings": "", "text": "Efficient energy use , sometimes simply called energy efficiency , is the goal to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services . For example , insulating a home allows a building to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve and maintain a comfortable temperature . Installing fluorescent lights , LED lights or natural skylights reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared with using traditional incandescent light bulbs . Improvements in energy efficiency are generally achieved by adopting a more efficient technology or production process or by application of commonly accepted methods to reduce energy losses .   There are many motivations to improve energy efficiency . Reducing energy use reduces energy costs and may result in a financial cost saving to consumers if the energy savings offset any additional costs of implementing an energy efficient technology . Reducing energy use is also seen as a solution to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions . According to the International Energy Agency , improved energy efficiency in buildings , industrial processes and transportation could reduce the world 's energy needs in 2050 by one third , and help control global emissions of greenhouse gases .   Energy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the twin pillars of sustainable energy policy and are high priorities in the sustainable energy hierarchy . In many countries energy efficiency is also seen to have a national security benefit because it can be used to reduce the level of energy imports from foreign countries and may slow down the rate at which domestic energy resources are depleted ."}
{"_id": "Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument", "title": "Effigy Mounds National Monument", "headings": "", "text": "Effigy Mounds National Monument preserves more than 200 prehistoric mounds built by Native Americans . Numerous effigy mounds are shaped like animals , including bears and birds . These were built mostly in the first millennium , by peoples of the Woodland Culture . As of 2017 , they have been featured on the US quarter .   The monument is located primarily in Allamakee County , with a small part in Clayton County , Iowa , in the midwestern United States . The park 's visitor center is located in Harpers Ferry , Iowa , just north of Marquette ."}
{"_id": "El_Niño", "title": "El Niño", "headings": "", "text": "El Niño -LSB- ɛl_ˈniːnjoʊ -RSB- ( -LSB- el ˈniɲo -RSB- ) is the warm phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation ( commonly called ENSO ) and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific ( between approximately the International Date Line and 120 ° W ) , including off the Pacific coast of South America . El Niño Southern Oscillation refers to the cycle of warm and cold temperatures , as measured by sea surface temperature , SST , of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean . El Niño is accompanied by high air pressure in the western Pacific and low air pressure in the eastern Pacific . The cool phase of ENSO is called `` La Niña '' with SST in the eastern Pacific below average and air pressures high in the eastern and low in western Pacific . The ENSO cycle , both El Niño and La Niña , cause global changes of both temperatures and rainfall .   Developing countries that are dependent upon agriculture and fishing , particularly those bordering the Pacific Ocean , are usually most affected . In American Spanish , the capitalized term `` El Niño '' refers to `` the little boy '' , so named because the pool of warm water in the Pacific near South America is often at its warmest around Christmas . The original name , `` El Niño de Navidad '' , traces its origin centuries back to Peruvian fisherman , who named the weather phenomenon in reference to the newborn Christ . `` La Niña '' , chosen as the ` opposite ' of El Niño , literally translates to `` the little girl '' ."}
{"_id": "El_Niño–Southern_Oscillation", "title": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation", "headings": "", "text": "El Niño -- Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) is an irregularly periodical variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean , affecting much of the tropics and subtropics . The warming phase is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña . Southern Oscillation is the accompanying atmospheric component , coupled with the sea temperature change : El Niño is accompanied with high , and La Niña with low air surface pressure in the tropical western Pacific . The two periods last several months each ( typically occur every few years ) and their effects vary in intensity .   The two phases relate to the Walker circulation , discovered by Gilbert Walker during the early twentieth century . The Walker circulation is caused by the pressure gradient force that results from a high pressure system over the eastern Pacific Ocean , and a low pressure system over Indonesia . When the Walker circulation weakens or reverses , an El Niño results , causing the ocean surface to be warmer than average , as upwelling of cold water occurs less or not at all . An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña , resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling .   Mechanisms that cause the oscillation remain under study . The extremes of this climate pattern 's oscillations cause extreme weather ( such as floods and droughts ) in many regions of the world . Developing countries dependent upon agriculture and fishing , particularly those bordering the Pacific Ocean , are the most affected ."}
{"_id": "El_Salvador", "title": "El Salvador", "headings": "", "text": "El Salvador ( -LSB- ɛl_ˈsælvədɔr -RSB- -LSB- el salβaˈðor -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of El Salvador ( -LSB- República de El Salvador , links = no -RSB- , literally `` Republic of The Savior '' ) , is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America . El Salvador 's capital and largest city is San Salvador . , the country had a population of approximately 6.38 million , consisting largely of Mestizos of European and Indigenous American descent .   El Salvador was for centuries inhabited by several Mesoamerican nations , especially the Cuzcatlecs , as well as the Lenca and Maya . In the early 16th century , the Spanish Empire conquered the territory , incorporating it into the Viceroyalty of New Spain ruled from Mexico City . In 1821 , the country achieved independence from Spain as part of the First Mexican Empire , only to further secede as part of the Federal Republic of Central America in 1823 . Upon the republic 's dissolution in 1841 , El Salvador became sovereign until forming a short-lived union with Honduras and Nicaragua called the Greater Republic of Central America , which lasted from 1895 to 1898 .   From the late 19th to the mid-20th century , El Salvador endured chronic political and economic instability characterized by coups , revolts , and a succession of authoritarian rulers . Persistent socioeconomic inequality and civil unrest culminated in the devastating Salvadoran Civil War ( 1979 -- 1992 ) , which was fought between the military-led government and a coalition of left-wing guerrilla groups . The conflict ended with a negotiated settlement that established a multiparty constitutional republic , which remains in place to this day .   El Salvador 's economy was historically dominated by agriculture , beginning with the indigo plant ( añil '' in Spanish ) , the most important crop during the colonial period , and followed thereafter by coffee , which by the early 20th century accounted for 90 percent of export earnings . El Salvador has since reduced its dependence on coffee and embarked on diversifying the economy by opening up trade and financial links and expanding the manufacturing sector . The colón , the official currency of El Salvador since 1892 , was replaced by the U.S. dollar in 2001 .   , El Salvador ranks 12th among Latin American countries in terms of the Human Development Index and fourth in Central America ( behind Panama , Costa Rica , and Belize ) due in part to ongoing rapid industrialisation . However , the country continues to struggle with high rates of poverty , inequality , and crime ."}
{"_id": "Electric_vehicle", "title": "Electric vehicle", "headings": "", "text": "An electric vehicle , also called an electric drive vehicle , uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion . An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources , or may be self-contained with a battery , solar panels or a generator to convert fuel to electricity . EVs include road and rail vehicles , surface and underwater vessels , electric aircraft and electric spacecraft .   EVs first came into existence in the mid-19th century , when electricity was among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion , providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time . The internal combustion engine has been the dominant propulsion method for motor vehicles for almost 100 years , but electric power has remained commonplace in other vehicle types , such as trains and smaller vehicles of all types .   In the 21st century , EVs saw a resurgence due to technological developments and an increased focus on renewable energy . Government incentives to increase adoptions were introduced , including in the United States and the European Union ."}
{"_id": "Electrical_grid", "title": "Electrical grid", "headings": "", "text": "An electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from producers to consumers . It consists of generating stations that produce electrical power , high voltage transmission lines that carry power from distant sources to demand centers , and distribution lines that connect individual customers .   Power stations may be located near a fuel source , at a dam site , or to take advantage of renewable energy sources , and are often located away from heavily populated areas . They are usually quite large to take advantage of the economies of scale . The electric power which is generated is stepped up to a higher voltage at which it connects to the electric power transmission network .   The bulk power transmission network will move the power long distances , sometimes across international boundaries , until it reaches its wholesale customer ( usually the company that owns the local electric power distribution network ) .   On arrival at a substation , the power will be stepped down from a transmission level voltage to a distribution level voltage . As it exits the substation , it enters the distribution wiring . Finally , upon arrival at the service location , the power is stepped down again from the distribution voltage to the required service voltage ( s ) .   Electrical grids vary in size from covering a single building through national grids which cover whole countries , to transnational grids which can cross continents ."}
{"_id": "Electricity_generation", "title": "Electricity generation", "headings": "", "text": "Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of primary energy . For electric utilities , it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers . The other processes as transmission , distribution , energy storage and recovery using pumped-storage methods are normally carried out by the electric power industry . Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators , primarily driven by heat engines fuelled by combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind . Other energy sources include solar photovoltaics and geothermal power ."}
{"_id": "Electricity_sector_in_Argentina", "title": "Electricity sector in Argentina", "headings": "", "text": "The electricity sector in Argentina constitutes the third largest power market in Latin America . It relies mostly on thermal generation ( 60 % of installed capacity ) and hydropower generation ( 36 % ) . The country still has a large untapped hydroelectric potential . The prevailing natural gas-fired thermal generation is at risk due to the uncertainty about future gas supply .   Faced with rising electricity demand ( over 6 % annually ) and declining reserve margins , the government of Argentina is in the process of commissioning large projects , both in the generation and transmission sectors . To keep up with rising demand , it is estimated that about 1,000 MW of new generation capacity are needed each year . An important number of these projects are being financed by the government through trust funds , while independent private initiative is still limited as it has not fully recovered yet from the effects of the Argentine economic crisis .   The electricity sector was unbundled in generation , transmission and distribution by the reforms carried out in the early 1990s . Generation occurs in a competitive and mostly liberalized market in which 75 % of the generation capacity is owned by private utilities . In contrast , the transmission and distribution sectors are highly regulated and much less competitive than generation ."}
{"_id": "Electromagnetic_radiation", "title": "Electromagnetic radiation", "headings": "", "text": "In physics , electromagnetic radiation ( EM radiation or EMR ) refers to the waves ( or their quanta , photons ) of the electromagnetic field , propagating ( radiating ) through space carrying electromagnetic radiant energy . It includes radio waves , microwaves , infrared , ( visible ) light , ultraviolet , X - , and gamma radiation .   Classically , electromagnetic radiation consists of electromagnetic waves , which are synchronized oscillations of electric and magnetic fields that propagate at the speed of light through a vacuum . The oscillations of the two fields are perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of energy and wave propagation , forming a transverse wave . The wavefront of electromagnetic waves emitted from a point source ( such as a lightbulb ) is a sphere . The position of an electromagnetic wave within the electromagnetic spectrum could be characterized by either its frequency of oscillation or its wavelength . The electromagnetic spectrum includes , in order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength : radio waves , microwaves , infrared radiation , visible light , ultraviolet radiation , X-rays and gamma rays .   Electromagnetic waves are produced whenever charged particles are accelerated , and these waves can subsequently interact with other charged particles . EM waves carry energy , momentum and angular momentum away from their source particle and can impart those quantities to matter with which they interact . Quanta of EM waves are called photons , whose rest mass is zero , but whose energy , or equivalent total ( relativistic ) mass , is not zero so they are still affected by gravity . Electromagnetic radiation is associated with those EM waves that are free to propagate themselves ( `` radiate '' ) without the continuing influence of the moving charges that produced them , because they have achieved sufficient distance from those charges . Thus , EMR is sometimes referred to as the far field . In this language , the near field refers to EM fields near the charges and current that directly produced them , specifically , electromagnetic induction and electrostatic induction phenomena .   In the quantum theory of electromagnetism , EMR consists of photons , the elementary particles responsible for all electromagnetic interactions . Quantum effects provide additional sources of EMR , such as the transition of electrons to lower energy levels in an atom and black-body radiation . The energy of an individual photon is quantized and is greater for photons of higher frequency . This relationship is given by Planck 's equation E = hν , where E is the energy per photon , ν is the frequency of the photon , and h is Planck 's constant . A single gamma ray photon , for example , might carry ~ 100,000 times the energy of a single photon of visible light .   The effects of EMR upon chemical compounds and biological organisms depend both upon the radiation 's power and its frequency . EMR of visible or lower frequencies ( i.e. , visible light , infrared , microwaves , and radio waves ) is called non-ionizing radiation , because its photons do not individually have enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules . The effects of these radiations on chemical systems and living tissue are caused primarily by heating effects from the combined energy transfer of many photons . In contrast , high ultraviolet , X-rays and gamma rays are called ionizing radiation since individual photons of such high frequency have enough energy to ionize molecules or break chemical bonds . These radiations have the ability to cause chemical reactions and damage living cells beyond that resulting from simple heating , and can be a health hazard ."}
{"_id": "Electronic_keyboard", "title": "Electronic keyboard", "headings": "", "text": "An electronic keyboard or digital keyboard is an electronic musical instrument , an electronic or digital derivative of keyboard instruments .  Broadly speaking , in a popular music context , the term electronic keyboard or just a keyboard mostly refers to any type of digital or electronic keyboard instrument . These include synthesizers , digital pianos , stage pianos , electronic organs and digital audio workstations . However , in true musical terminology , an electronic keyboard is an inexpensive synthesizer equipped with built-in power amplifier and small loudspeakers .   Electronic keyboards are capable of recreating a wide range of instrument sounds ( piano , electric piano , Hammond organ , pipe organ , violin , etc. ) with less complex sound synthesis . Electronic keyboards are usually dedicated for home users , beginners and other non-professional users . They typically have unweighted keys . The least expensive models do not have velocity-sensitive keys ; but mid - to high-priced models do have these feature . Home keyboards typically have little if any sound editing capacity . The user typically selects from a range of preset `` voices '' or sounds , which include imitations of many instruments and some electronic synthesizer sounds . Home keyboards have a much lower cost than professional synthesizers . Casio and Yamaha are among the leading manufacturers of home keyboards ."}
{"_id": "Emergency_management", "title": "Emergency management", "headings": "", "text": "-RCB- -RCB-  Disaster management ( or emergency management ) can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies in particular preparedness , response and recovery in order to reduce the impact of disasters ."}
{"_id": "Emissions_trading", "title": "Emissions trading", "headings": "", "text": "Emissions trading or cap and trade is a government-mandated , market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants . In contrast to command-and-control environmental regulations such as best available technology ( BAT ) standards and government subsidies , cap and trade ( CAT ) schemes are a type of flexible environmental regulation that allows organizations to decide how best to meet policy targets . Various countries , states and groups of companies have adopted such trading systems , notably for mitigating climate change .   A central authority ( usually a governmental body ) allocates or sells a limited number of permits to discharge specific quantities of a specific pollutant per time period . Polluters are required to hold permits in amount equal to their emissions . Polluters that want to increase their emissions must buy permits from others willing to sell them . Financial derivatives of permits can also be traded on secondary markets .   In theory , polluters who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so , achieving the emission reduction at the lowest cost to society . Cap and trade is meant to provide the private sector with the flexibility required to reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth .   There are active trading programs in several air pollutants . For greenhouse gases , which cause climate change , permit units are often called carbon credits . The largest greenhouse gases trading program is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme , which trades primarily in European Union Allowances ( EUAs ) ; the Californian scheme trades in California Carbon Allowances , the New Zealand scheme in New Zealand Units and the Australian scheme in Australian Units . The United States has a national market to reduce acid rain and several regional markets in nitrogen oxides ."}
{"_id": "Energy_in_South_Australia", "title": "Energy in South Australia", "headings": "", "text": "South Australia is rich in energy resources . It contains significant reserves of fossil fuels such as natural gas , coal , and oil -- although there are incentives to phase these out in favour of clean energy . The state also contains large amounts of uranium , including the world 's single biggest deposit at Olympic Dam , which represents 30 % of the world 's total resource .   More recently , the State has seen a rapid increase in investment in renewable energy , and is now the leading producer of wind power in Australia . South Australia has been noted for the availability of hot rocks suitable for geothermal electricity generation . The South Australian Government has released plans to make South Australia a green energy hub for Australia 's eastern seaboard ."}
{"_id": "Energy_industry", "title": "Energy industry", "headings": "", "text": "The energy industry is the totality of all of the industries involved in the production and sale of energy , including fuel extraction , manufacturing , refining and distribution . Modern society consumes large amounts of fuel , and the energy industry is a crucial part of the infrastructure and maintenance of society in almost all countries .   In particular , the energy industry comprises :  the petroleum industry , including oil companies , petroleum refiners , fuel transport and end-user sales at gas stations  the gas industry , including natural gas extraction , and coal gas manufacture , as well as distribution and sales  the electrical power industry , including electricity generation , electric power distribution and sales  the coal industry  the nuclear power industry  the renewable energy industry , comprising alternative energy and sustainable energy companies , including those involved in hydroelectric power , wind power , and solar power generation , and the manufacture , distribution and sale of alternative fuels  traditional energy industry based on the collection and distribution of firewood , the use of which , for cooking and heating , is particularly common in poorer countries"}
{"_id": "Energy_policy_of_China", "title": "Energy policy of China", "headings": "", "text": "The energy policy of China is a policy decided on by the Central Government with regard to energy and energy resources . Ensuring adequate energy supply to sustain economic growth has been a core concern of the Chinese government since 1949 . The country is currently the world 's largest emitter of greenhouse gases according to a Dutch research agency . However , China 's per capita emissions are still far behind the developed countries . In addition , China is the world 's leading renewable energy producer .   From 2010 to 2015 China reduced energy consumption per unit of GDP by 18 % , and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 20 % .   Primary energy use in China was 26,250 TWh and 20 TWh per million persons in 2009 . According to IEA the primary energy use grew 40 % and electricity use 70 % from 2004 to 2009 . The energy import was three times bigger in 2009 compared to 2004 . The share of energy import of the primary energy use was 12 % in 2009 . The CO2 emissions growth in five years ( 2004-2009 ) was 44 % ."}
{"_id": "Energy_policy_of_India", "title": "Energy policy of India", "headings": "", "text": "The energy policy of India is largely defined by the country 's expanding energy deficit and increased focus on developing alternative sources of energy , particularly nuclear , solar and wind energy . India ranks 81 position in overall energy self sufficiency at 66 % in 2014 .   The primary energy consumption in India is the third biggest after China and USA with 5.3 % global share in 2015 . The total primary energy consumption from crude oil ( 195.5 Mtoe ; 27.91 % ) , natural gas ( 45.5 Mtoe ; 6.50 % ) , coal ( 407.2 Mtoe ; 58.13 % ) , nuclear energy ( 8.6 Mtoe ; 1.23 % ) , hydro electricity ( 28.1 Mtoe ; 4.01 % ) and renewable power ( 15.5 Mtoe ; 2.21 % ) is 700.5 Mtoe ( excluding traditional biomass use ) in 2015 . In 2013 , India 's net imports are nearly 144.3 million tons of crude oil , 16 Mtoe of LNG and 95 Mtoe coal totalling to 255.3 Mtoe of primary energy which is equal to 42.9 % of total primary energy consumption . About 70 % of India 's electricity generation capacity is from fossil fuels . India is largely dependent on fossil fuel imports to meet its energy demands -- by 2030 , India 's dependence on energy imports is expected to exceed 53 % of the country 's total energy consumption . In 2009-10 , the country imported 159.26 million tonnes of crude oil which amounts to 80 % of its domestic crude oil consumption and 31 % of the country 's total imports are oil imports . By the end of calendar year 2015 , India has become a power surplus country with huge power generation capacity idling for want of electricity demand . India ranks second after China in renewables production with 208.7 Mtoe in 2014 .   In 2015-16 , the per-capita energy consumption is 22.042 Giga Joules ( 0.527 Mtoe ) excluding traditional biomass use and the energy intensity of the Indian economy is 0.271 Mega Joules per INR ( 65 kcal/INR ) . Due to rapid economic expansion , India has one of the world 's fastest growing energy markets and is expected to be the second-largest contributor to the increase in global energy demand by 2035 , accounting for 18 % of the rise in global energy consumption . Given India 's growing energy demands and limited domestic fossil fuel reserves , the country has ambitious plans to expand its renewable and most worked out nuclear power programme . India has the world 's fifth largest wind power market and also plans to add about 100,000 MW of solar power capacity by 2020 . India also envisages to increase the contribution of nuclear power to overall electricity generation capacity from 4.2 % to 9 % within 25 years . The country has five nuclear reactors under construction ( third highest in the world ) and plans to construct 18 additional nuclear reactors ( second highest in the world ) by 2025 ."}
{"_id": "Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union", "title": "Energy policy of the European Union", "headings": "", "text": "Although the European Union has legislated in the area of energy policy for many years , the concept of introducing a mandatory and comprehensive European Union energy policy was only approved at the meeting of the informal European Council on 27 October 2005 at Hampton Court . The EU Treaty of Lisbon of 2007 legally includes solidarity in matters of energy supply and changes to the energy policy within the EU . Prior to the Treaty of Lisbon , EU energy legislation has been based on the EU authority in the area of the common market and environment . However , in practice many policy competencies in relation to energy remain at national member state level , and progress in policy at European level requires voluntary cooperation by members states .   In 2007 , the EU was importing 82 % of its oil and 57 % of its gas , which then made it the world 's leading importer of these fuels . Only 3 % of the uranium used in European nuclear reactors was mined in Europe . Russia , Canada , Australia , Niger and Kazakhstan were the five largest suppliers of nuclear materials to the EU , supplying more than 75 % of the total needs in 2009 . In 2015 , the EU imports 53 % of the energy it consumes .  In January 2014 , the EU agreed to a 40 % emissions reduction by 2030 , compared to 1990 levels , and a 27 % renewable energy target . The target is the most ambitious of any region in the world , and is expected to provide 70,000 full-time jobs and cut $ 33bn in fossil fuel imports .   In 2015 , the Framework Strategy for Energy Union is launched as one of the European Commission 's 10 Priorities ."}
{"_id": "Energy_policy_of_the_United_States", "title": "Energy policy of the United States", "headings": "", "text": "The energy policy of the United States is determined by federal , state , and local entities in the United States , which address issues of energy production , distribution , and consumption , such as building codes and gas mileage standards . Energy policy may include legislation , international treaties , subsidies and incentives to investment , guidelines for energy conservation , taxation and other public policy techniques .   Several mandates have been proposed over the years , such as gasoline will never exceed $ 1.00 / gallon ( Nixon ) , and the United States will never again import as much oil as it did in 1977 ( Carter ) , but no comprehensive long-term energy policy has been proposed , although there has been concern over this failure . Three Energy Policy Acts have been passed , in 1992 , 2005 , and 2007 , which include many provisions for conservation , such as the Energy Star program , and energy development , with grants and tax incentives for both renewable energy and non-renewable energy .   There is also criticism that federal energy policies since the 1973 oil crisis have been dominated by crisis-mentality thinking , promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities . Instead of providing stable rules that support basic research while leaving plenty of scope for American entrepreneurship and innovation , congresses and presidents have repeatedly backed policies which promise solutions that are politically expedient , but whose prospects are doubtful , without adequate consideration of the dollar costs , environmental costs , or national security costs of their actions .   State-specific energy-efficiency incentive programs also play a significant role in the overall energy policy of the United States .  The United States refused to endorse the Kyoto Protocol , preferring to let the market drive CO2 reductions to mitigate global warming , which will require CO2 emission taxation . The administration of Barack Obama has proposed an aggressive energy policy reform , including the need for a reduction of CO2 emissions , with a cap and trade program , which could help encourage more clean renewable , sustainable energy development . Thanks to new technologies such as fracking , the United States has in 2014 resumed its former role as the top oil producer in the world ."}
{"_id": "Energy_subsidy", "title": "Energy subsidy", "headings": "", "text": "Energy subsidies are measures that keep prices for consumers below market levels or for producers above market levels, or reduce costs for consumers and producers. Energy subsidies may be direct cash transfers to producers, consumers, or related bodies, as well as indirect support mechanisms, such as tax exemptions and rebates, price controls, trade restrictions, and limits on market access.  Eliminating fossil fuel subsidies would greatly reduce global carbon emissions and would reduce the health risks of air pollution."}
{"_id": "Engine", "title": "Engine", "headings": "", "text": "An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy . Heat engines burn a fuel to create heat , which is then used to create a force . Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion ; pneumatic motors use compressed air and clockwork motors in wind-up toys use elastic energy . In biological systems , molecular motors , like myosins in muscles , use chemical energy to create forces and eventually motion ."}
{"_id": "Ensemble_forecasting", "title": "Ensemble forecasting", "headings": "", "text": "Ensemble forecasting is a method used in numerical weather prediction . Instead of making a single forecast of the most likely weather , a set ( or ensemble ) of forecasts are produced . This set of forecasts aims to give an indication of the range of possible future states of the atmosphere . Ensemble forecasting is a form of Monte Carlo analysis . The multiple simulations are conducted to account for the two usual sources of uncertainty in forecast models : ( 1 ) the errors introduced by the use of imperfect initial conditions , amplified by the chaotic nature of the evolution equations of the atmosphere , this is often referred to as sensitive dependence on the initial conditions ; and ( 2 ) errors introduced because of imperfections in the model formulation , such as the approximate mathematical methods to solve the equations . Ideally , the verified future atmospheric state should fall within the predicted ensemble spread , and the amount of spread should be related to the uncertainty ( error ) of the forecast . In general , this approach can be used to make probabilistic forecasts of any dynamical system , and not just for weather prediction .   Today ensemble predictions are commonly made at most of the major operational weather prediction facilities worldwide , including :  National Centers for Environmental Prediction ( NCEP of the US )  European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ( ECMWF )  United Kingdom Met Office  Météo-France  Environment Canada  Japan Meteorological Agency  Bureau of Meteorology ( Australia )  China Meteorological Administration ( CMA )  Korea Meteorological Administration  CPTEC ( Brazil )  Experimental ensemble forecasts are made at a number of universities , such as the University of Washington , and ensemble forecasts in the US are also generated by the US Navy and Air Force . There are various ways of viewing the data such as spaghetti plots , ensemble means or Postage Stamps where a number of different results from the models run can be compared ."}
{"_id": "Environmental_degradation", "title": "Environmental degradation", "headings": "", "text": "Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air , water and soil ; the destruction of ecosystems ; habitat destruction ; the extinction of wildlife ; and pollution . It is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable . As indicated by the I = PAT equation , environmental impact ( I ) or degradation is caused by the combination of an already very large and increasing human population ( P ) , continually increasing economic growth or per capita affluence ( A ) , and the application of resource depleting and polluting technology ( T ) .   Environmental degradation is one of the ten threats officially cautioned by the High-level Panel on Threats , Challenges and Change of the United Nations . The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction defines environmental degradation as `` The reduction of the  capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological objectives , and needs '' . Environmental degradation is of many types . When natural habitats are destroyed or natural resources are depleted , the environment is degraded . Efforts to counteract this problem include environmental protection and environmental resources management ."}
{"_id": "Environmental_economics", "title": "Environmental economics", "headings": "", "text": "Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics that is concerned with environmental issues . Quoting from the National Bureau of Economic Research Environmental Economics program :   -LSB- ... -RSB- Environmental Economics -LSB- ... -RSB- undertakes theoretical or empirical studies of the economic effects of national or local environmental policies around the world -LSB- ... -RSB- . Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies to deal with air pollution , water quality , toxic substances , solid waste , and global warming .   Environmental economics is distinguished from ecological economics in that ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem with its focus upon preserving natural capital . One survey of German economists found that ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought , with ecological economists emphasizing `` strong '' sustainability and rejecting the proposition that natural capital can be substituted by human-made capital ."}
{"_id": "Environmental_impact_of_aviation", "title": "Environmental impact of aviation", "headings": "", "text": "The environmental impact of aviation occurs because aircraft engines emit heat , noise , particulates and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming . Among others airplanes emit particles and gases such as carbon dioxide , water vapor , hydrocarbons , carbon monoxide , nitrogen oxides , sulfur oxides , lead and black carbon which interact among themselves and with the atmosphere .   Despite emission reductions from automobiles and more fuel-efficient and less polluting turbofan and turboprop engines , the rapid growth of air travel in recent years contributes to an increase in total pollution attributable to aviation . From 1992 to 2005 , passenger kilometers increased 5.2 % per year . And in the European Union , greenhouse gas emissions from aviation increased by 87 % between 1990 and 2006 .   Comprehensive research shows that despite anticipated efficiency innovations to airframes , engines , aerodynamics and flight operations , there is no end in sight -- even many decades out -- to rapid growth in CO2 emissions from air travel and air freight , due to projected continual growth in air travel . This is because international aviation emissions have escaped international regulation up to the ICAO triennial conference in October 2016 agreed on the CORSIA offset scheme , and because of the lack of taxes on aviation fuel worldwide , lower fares become more frequent than otherwise which gives a competitive advantage over other transportation modes . Unless market constraints are put in place this growth in aviation 's emissions will result in the sector 's emissions amounting to all or nearly all of the annual global emissions budget by mid-century , if climate change is to be held to a temperature increase of 2 ° C or less .   There is an ongoing debate about possible taxation of air travel and the inclusion of aviation in an emissions trading scheme , with a view to ensuring that the total external costs of aviation are taken into account ."}
{"_id": "Environmental_impact_of_aviation_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "Environmental impact of aviation in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "The environmental impact of aviation in the United Kingdom is increasing due to the increasing demand for air travel in the country . In the past 25 years the UK air transport industry has seen sustained growth , and the demand for passenger air travel in particular is forecast to increase more than twofold , to 465 million passengers , by 2030 . Two airports ; London Heathrow Airport and London Gatwick Airport , are amongst the top ten busiest airports in the world for international passenger traffic . Whilst more than half of all passengers travelling by air in the UK currently travel via the five London area airports , regional airports have experienced the most growth in recent years , due to the success of ` no-frills ' airlines over the last decade .   The ability of the existing airport infrastructure to meet forecast demand is limited , and government policy published in 2003 supports the development of additional airport capacity by 2030 to address this . The strategy is generally based on making the best use of existing facilities , although an additional five new runways nationwide are considered to be necessary , three of them at the London airports of Stansted , Heathrow and , towards the end of the timeframe involved , Gatwick . This policy is designed to be a balanced and measured approach to the future of the air transport industry ; one that recognises both an economic advantage in providing for growth in demand for air travel and also the need to address the consequent environmental impacts . The strategy has been criticised by the House of Commons Environmental Audit Select Committee , by environmentalist and campaign groups , and in research papers , for implementing a predict and provide model that overstates the economic advantages whilst paying insufficient heed to the environmental consequences .   Support for airport expansion is based on an economic case that regards the air transport industry not only as an important industry in its own right , but also as a facilitator of growth for the economy as a whole . One study predicts that the government 's strategy will realise an additional # 13 billion per annum in Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) by 2030 . Another study which is critical of the government approach , and which favours addressing environmental impacts through increased taxation of air transport , indicates a negative economic benefit resulting from airport expansion . In 2006 the industry was responsible for over 6 per cent of all UK carbon emissions , a figure that is set to rise as demand increases . Under current strategies of emissions reduction and growth in air transport , air travel in the UK could account for up to 50 per cent of the UK carbon budget by 2050 . Industry attempts to address this issue are longer term efforts based on technological and operational improvements , whilst government policy is based on the inclusion of air transport within emissions trading schemes . Critics advocate a shift in government policy to address environmental impacts by constraining the growth in demand for air travel , primarily through the use of economic instruments to price air travel less attractively . Local environmental issues include noise and air quality , and the impact of these , particularly in the case of the former , is subject to debate . Government policy generally is that these are local issues best addressed locally , and has introduced legislation designed to facilitate this ."}
{"_id": "Environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry", "title": "Environmental impact of the coal industry", "headings": "", "text": "The environmental impact of the coal industry includes issues such as land use , waste management , water and air pollution , caused by the coal mining , processing and the use of its products . In addition to atmospheric pollution , coal burning produces hundreds of millions of tons of solid waste products annually , including fly ash , bottom ash , and flue-gas desulfurization sludge , that contain mercury , uranium , thorium , arsenic , and other heavy metals .   There are severe health effects caused by burning coal . According to a report by the World Health Organization in 2008 , coal particulates pollution are estimated to shorten approximately 1,000,000 lives annually worldwide . A 2004 study commissioned by environmental groups , but contested by the US EPA , concluded that coal burning costs 24,000 lives a year in the United States .   Historically , coal mining has been a very dangerous activity and the list of historical coal mining disasters is a long one . Underground mining hazards include suffocation , gas poisoning , roof collapse and gas explosions . Open cut hazards are principally mine wall failures and vehicle collisions . In the United States , an average of 26 coal miners per year died in the decade 2005-2014 ."}
{"_id": "Environmental_impact_of_wind_power", "title": "Environmental impact of wind power", "headings": "", "text": "The environmental impact of wind power when compared to the environmental impacts of fossil fuels , is relatively minor . Compared with other low carbon power sources , wind turbines have some of the lowest global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated . According to the IPCC , in assessments of the life-cycle global warming potential of energy sources , wind turbines have a median value of between 15 and 11 ( geq/kWh ) depending on whether off - or onshore turbines are being assessed .   While wind turbine installations may cover a large area , they are compatible with many land uses such as farming and grazing , as only small areas of turbine foundations and infrastructure are made unavailable for use .   Wind turbines generate some noise . At a residential distance of 300 m this may be around 45 dB , which is slightly louder than a refrigerator . At 1.5 km distance most wind turbines become inaudible .  From a fundamental biological point of view , it is known that loud noise increases stress and stress causes diseases .  Peer-reviewed research has generally supported the view that when properly sited wind turbines do not affect human health from noise . However , when improperly sited , data from the monitoring of two groups of growing geese revealed substantially lower body weights and higher concentrations of a stress hormone in the blood of the first group of geese who were situated 50 meters away compared to a second group which was at a distance of 500 meters from the turbine .   Aesthetic aspects of wind turbines and resulting changes of the visual landscape can be significant . Conflicts arise especially in scenic and heritage protected landscapes . Siting restrictions ( such as setbacks ) have often been implemented to limit any intrusive environmental impacts .   There are reports of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines as there are around other artificial structures . The scale of the ecological impact may or may not be significant , depending on specific circumstances . Prevention and mitigation of wildlife fatalities , and protection of peat bogs , affect the siting and operation of wind turbines ."}
{"_id": "Environmental_issues_in_Thailand", "title": "Environmental issues in Thailand", "headings": "", "text": "Thailand introduced its Seventh Economic and Social Development Plan ( 1992 -- 1996 ) , declaring that protecting the environment was a top priority of the Thai government . The plan sought to achieve sustainable growth and stability , especially in the petrochemical , engineering , electronics , and basic industries .   Thailand 's dramatic economic growth has caused numerous environmental issues . The country faces problems with air and water pollution , declining wildlife populations , deforestation , soil erosion , water scarcity , and waste issues . According to a 2004 indicator , the cost of air and water pollution for the country scales up to approximately 1.6 -- 2.6 percent of GDP per year . As such , Thailand 's economic growth has come at great cost in damage to its people and environment ."}
{"_id": "Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines", "title": "Environmental issues in the Philippines", "headings": "", "text": "The Environment of Philippines is prone to natural disasters , particularly typhoons , floods , landslides , volcanic eruptions , earthquakes , and tsunamis , lying as it does astride the typhoon belt , in the active volcanic region known as the Pacific Ring of Fire , and in the geologically unstable region between the Pacific and Eurasian tectonic plates .   The Philippines also suffers major human-caused environmental degradation aggravated by a high annual population growth rate , including loss of agricultural lands , deforestation , soil erosion , air and water pollution , improper disposal of solid and toxic wastes , loss of coral reefs , mismanagement and abuse of coastal resources , and overfishing ."}
{"_id": "Environmental_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration", "title": "Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration", "headings": "", "text": "The environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration represents a shift from the policy priorities and goals of his predecessor , Barack Obama . During the campaign Trump often described environmental regulations as an impediment to business . He promised to roll back many regulations and end a moratorium on the leasing of federal coal reserves .   Immediately upon his inauguration , the White House released an `` America First Energy Plan '' , which focused on fossil fuels and did not mention renewable energy . The plan would repeal many Obama policies including the Climate Action Plan and the Waters of the U.S. rule , and limit the Environmental Protection Agency 's mission to protecting air and water quality . Within days of taking office he signed executive orders to approve two controversial pipelines and to require federal review of the Clean Water Rule and the Clean Power Plan . He also invited American manufacturers to suggest what regulations should be eliminated ; industry leaders submitted 168 comments , of which nearly half targeted Environmental Protection Agency rules . In March 2017 he released a proposed 2018 budget which would cut funding for the EPA by 31 % . In May 2017 Congress approved a budget for the balance of the 2017-18 year which cuts the EPA 's funding by 1 % and eliminates no jobs .   Trump 's appointments to key agencies dealing in energy and environmental policy reflected his commitment to deregulation , particularly of the fossil fuel industry . Several of his cabinet picks , such as Rick Perry as Secretary of Energy and Scott Pruitt as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency , were of people with a history of opposition to the agency they were named to head ."}
{"_id": "Environmental_sociology", "title": "Environmental sociology", "headings": "", "text": "Environmental sociology is typically defined as the sociological study of societal-environmental interactions , although this definition immediately presents the problem of integrating human cultures with the rest of the environment . Although the focus of the field is the relationship between society and environment in general , environmental sociologists typically place special emphasis on studying the social factors that cause environmental problems , the societal impacts of those problems , and efforts to solve the problems . In addition , considerable attention is paid to the social processes by which certain environmental conditions become socially defined as problems .   Although there was sometimes acrimonious debate between the constructivist and realist `` camps '' within environmental sociology in the 1990s , the two sides have found considerable common ground as both increasingly accept that while most environmental problems have a material reality they nonetheless become known only via human processes such as scientific knowledge , activists ' efforts , and media attention . In other words , most environmental problems have a real ontological status despite our knowledge/awareness of them stemming from social processes , processes by which various conditions are constructed as problems by scientists , activists , media and other social actors . Correspondingly , environmental problems must all be understood via social processes , despite any material basis they may have external to humans . This interactiveness is now broadly accepted , but many aspects of the debate continue in contemporary research in the field ."}
{"_id": "Environmental_threats_to_the_Great_Barrier_Reef", "title": "Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef", "headings": "", "text": "The Great Barrier Reef , the world 's largest reef system , stretching along the East coast of Australia from the northern tip down to the town of Bundaberg , is composed of roughly 2,900 individual reefs and 940 islands and cays that stretch for 2,300 kilometres ( 1,616 mi ) and cover an area of approximately 344,400 km2 . The reef is located in the Coral Sea , off the coast of Queensland in northeast Australia . A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park .   According to the 2014 report of the Australian Government 's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( GBRMPA ) , says that climate change is the most significant environmental threat to the Great Barrier Reef , while the other major environmental pressures are listed as decreased water quality from land-based runoff , impacts from coastal development and some persistent impacts from fishing activities . The reef is also threatened by storms , coral bleaching and ocean acidification . The 2014 report also shows that , while numerous marine life species have recovered after previous declines , the strength of the dugong population is continuing to decline . Terry Hughes , Federation Fellow , ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies at James Cook University , wrote in a 14 August 2014 Conversation piece that harmful government policies and ongoing conflicts of interest over mining royalties are risks of an equivalent magnitude .   The GBRMPA consider climate change , poor water quality , coastal development , and some impacts from fishing to be the area 's major threats , but reef scientists Jon Day , Bob Pressey , Jon Brodie and Hughes stated that the `` cumulative effects of many combined impacts '' is the real issue .   In a Conversation Article , Mathieu Mongin , a biogeochemical modeller at CSIRO and colleagues mapped parts of the Great Barrier Reef that are most exposed to ocean acidification . This map of pH on the Great Barrier Reef presents the exposure to ocean acidification on each of the 3,581 reefs , providing managers with the information they need to tailor management to individual reefs . The Great Barrier Reef is not a singular reef nor a physical barrier that prevents exchange between reefs ; it is a mixture of thousands of productive reefs and shallow areas lying on a continental shelf with complex oceanic circulation ."}
{"_id": "Eocene", "title": "Eocene", "headings": "", "text": "The Eocene ( -LSB- pronˈiːəˌsiːn , _ ˈiːoʊ - -RSB- ) Epoch , lasting from , is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era . The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Paleocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch . The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the carbon isotope 13C in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope 12C . The end is set at a major extinction event called the Grande Coupure ( the `` Great Break '' in continuity ) or the Eocene -- Oligocene extinction event , which may be related to the impact of one or more large bolides in Siberia and in what is now Chesapeake Bay . As with other geologic periods , the strata that define the start and end of the epoch are well identified , though their exact dates are slightly uncertain .   The name Eocene comes from the Ancient Greek ἠώς ( ēṓs , `` dawn '' ) and καινός ( kainós , `` new '' ) and refers to the `` dawn '' of modern ( ` new ' ) fauna that appeared during the epoch ."}
{"_id": "Equator", "title": "Equator", "headings": "", "text": "An equator is the intersection of the surface of a rotating spheroid ( such as a planet ) with the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation and midway between its poles .  On Earth , the Equator is an imaginary line on the surface , equidistant from the North and South Poles , dividing the Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres . It is about 40,075 km long , of which 78.7 % lies across water and 21.3 % over land ."}
{"_id": "Ethiopia", "title": "Ethiopia", "headings": "", "text": "Ethiopia ( -LSB- ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə -RSB- ኢትዮጵያ , , ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ( የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ , yeʾĪtiyoṗṗya Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīk ) , is a country located in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north and northeast , Djibouti and Somalia to the east , Sudan and South Sudan to the west , and Kenya to the south . With over 100 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world , as well as the second-most populous nation on the African continent after Nigeria . It occupies a total area of 1,100,000 km2 , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa .   Some of the oldest evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BC , Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history . During the first centuries AD , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . Ethiopia derived prestige with its uniquely successful military resistance during the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , becoming the only African country to defeat a European colonial power and retain its sovereignty . Subsequently , many African nations adopted the colors of Ethiopia 's flag following their independence . It was the first independent African member of the 20th-century League of Nations and the United Nations . In 1974 , at the end of Haile Selassie 's reign , power fell to a communist military dictatorship known as the Derg , backed by the Soviet Union , until it was defeated by the Ethiopian People 's Revolutionary Democratic Front , which has ruled since about the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 .   Ethiopia 's ancient Ge'ez script , also known as Ethiopic , is one of the oldest alphabets still in use in the world . The Ethiopian calendar , which is approximately seven years and three months behind the Gregorian calendar , co-exists alongside the Borana calendar . A majority of the population adheres to Christianity ( mainly the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and P'ent ` ay ) , while around a third follows Islam ( primarily Sunni Islam ) . The country is the site of the Migration to Abyssinia and the oldest Muslim settlement in Africa at Negash . A substantial population of Ethiopian Jews , known as Bete Israel , resided in Ethiopia until the 1980s , but most of them have since emigrated to Israel . Ethiopia is a multilingual nation with around 80 ethnolinguistic groups , the four largest of which are the Oromiffa , Amhara , Somali , and Tigrayans . Most people in the country speak Afroasiatic languages of the Cushitic or Semitic branches . Additionally , Omotic languages are spoken by ethnic minority groups inhabiting the southern regions . Nilo-Saharan languages are also spoken by the nation 's Nilotic ethnic minorities .   Ethiopia is the place of origin for the coffee bean which originated from the place called Kefa ( which was one of the 14 provinces in the old Ethiopian administration ) . It is a land of natural contrasts , with its vast fertile West , jungles , and numerous rivers , and the world 's hottest settlement of Dallol in its north . The Ethiopian Highlands are Africa 's largest continuous mountain ranges , and Sof Omar Caves contain Africa 's largest cave . Ethiopia has the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa .   Ethiopia is one of the founding members of the UN , the Group of 24 ( G-24 ) , the Non-Aligned Movement , G-77 and the Organisation of African Unity . Ethiopia 's capital city Addis Ababa serves as the headquarters of the African Union , the Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry , the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa , African Aviation Training HQ , the African Standby Force , and many of the global NGOs focused on Africa . In the 1970s and 1980s , Ethiopia suffered from civil wars and communist purges which devastated its economy . The country has begun to recover recently however , and now has the largest economy ( by GDP ) in East Africa and Central Africa . According to Global Fire Power , Ethiopia has the 42nd most powerful military in the world , and the third most powerful in Africa ."}
{"_id": "Europa_(moon)", "title": "Europa (moon)", "headings": "", "text": "Europa -LSB- jʊˈroʊpə -RSB- ( Jupiter II ) , is the smallest of the four Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter , and the sixth-closest to the planet . It is also the sixth-largest moon in the Solar System . Europa was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and was named after Europa , the legendary mother of King Minos of Crete and lover of Zeus ( the Greek equivalent of the Roman god Jupiter ) .   Slightly smaller than Earth 's Moon , Europa is primarily made of silicate rock and has a water-ice crust and probably an iron -- nickel core . It has a tenuous atmosphere composed primarily of oxygen . Its surface is striated by cracks and streaks , whereas craters are relatively rare . In addition to Earth-bound telescope observations , Europa has been examined by a succession of space probe flybys , the first occurring in the early 1970s .   Europa has the smoothest surface of any known solid object in the Solar System . The apparent youth and smoothness of the surface have led to the hypothesis that a water ocean exists beneath it , which could conceivably harbor extraterrestrial life . The predominant model suggests that heat from tidal flexing causes the ocean to remain liquid and drives ice movement similar to plate tectonics , absorbing chemicals from the surface into the ocean below . Sea salt from a subsurface ocean may be coating some geological features on Europa , suggesting that the ocean is interacting with the seafloor . This may be important in determining if Europa could be habitable . In addition , the Hubble Space Telescope detected water vapor plumes similar to those observed on Saturn 's moon Enceladus , which are thought to be caused by erupting cryogeysers .   The Galileo mission , launched in 1989 , provides the bulk of current data on Europa . No spacecraft has yet landed on Europa , although there have been several proposed exploration missions . The European Space Agency 's Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer ( JUICE ) is a mission to Ganymede that is due to launch in 2022 , and will include two flybys of Europa . NASA 's planned Europa Clipper will be launched in the mid-2020s ."}
{"_id": "Europe", "title": "Europe", "headings": "", "text": "Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia . Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . The eastern boundary with Asia is a historical and cultural construct , as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them ; Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas , and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe -- a concept dating back to classical antiquity -- are arbitrary . The primarily physiographic term `` continent '' as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent 's current overland boundaries .   Europe covers about 10,180,000 km2 , or 2 % of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8 % of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous , spanning 39 % of the continent and comprising 15 % of its population .  Europe had a total population of about 740 million ( about 11 % of world population ) .   The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast .   Europe , in particular ancient Greece , was the birthplace of Western civilization . The fall of the Western Roman Empire , during the migration period , marked the end of ancient history and the beginning of an era known as the Middle Ages . Renaissance humanism , exploration , art , and science led to the modern era . From the Age of Discovery onwards , Europe played a predominant role in global affairs . Between the 16th and 20th centuries , European powers controlled at various times the Americas , most of Africa , Oceania , and the majority of Asia .   The Industrial Revolution , which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century , gave rise to radical economic , cultural , and social change in Western Europe , and eventually the wider world . Both world wars took place for the most part in Europe , contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the Soviet Union and the United States took prominence . During the Cold War , Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east , until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall .   In 1955 , the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill , with the idea of unifying Europe to achieve common goals . It includes all states except for Belarus , Kazakhstan and Vatican City . Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union , a separate political entity that lies between a confederation and a federation . The EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The currency of most countries of the European Union , the euro , is the most commonly used among Europeans ; and the EU 's Schengen Area abolishes border and immigration controls among most of its member states . The European Anthem is `` Ode to Joy '' and states celebrate peace and unity on Europe Day ."}
{"_id": "European_Centre_for_Medium-Range_Weather_Forecasts", "title": "European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts", "headings": "", "text": "The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts , ECMWF , is an independent intergovernmental organisation supported by most of the nations of Europe and is based at Shinfield Park , Reading , United Kingdom .  It operates one of the largest supercomputer complexes in Europe and the world 's largest archive of numerical weather prediction data .  The Centre is considering an offer from the Italian Government to move ECMWF 's data centre to Bologna , Italy . The new site , a former tobacco factory , would be redesigned by the architecture firm gmp ."}
{"_id": "European_Southern_Observatory", "title": "European Southern Observatory", "headings": "", "text": "The European Southern Observatory ( ESO , formally : European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere ; Organisation Européenne pour des Recherches Astronomiques dans l'Hémisphere Austral ) is a 16-nation intergovernmental research organization for ground-based astronomy . Created in 1962 , ESO has provided astronomers with state-of-the-art research facilities and access to the southern sky . The organisation employs about 730 staff members and receives annual member state contributions of approximately $ 131 million . Its observatories are located in northern Chile .   ESO has built and operated some of the largest and most technologically advanced telescopes . These include the New Technology Telescope , an early pioneer in the use of active optics , and the Very Large Telescope ( VLT ) , which consists of four individual telescopes , each with a primary mirror 8.2 metre across , and four smaller auxiliary telescopes . The Atacama Large Millimeter Array observes the universe in the millimetre and submillimetre wavelength ranges , and is the world 's largest ground-based astronomy project to date . It was completed in March 2013 in an international collaboration by Europe ( represented by ESO ) , North America , East Asia and Chile .   Currently under construction is the European Extremely Large Telescope . It will use a 39.3-metre-diameter segmented mirror , and become the world 's largest optical reflecting telescope when operational in 2024 . Its light-gathering power will allow detailed studies of planets around other stars , the first objects in the universe , supermassive black holes , and the nature and distribution of the dark matter and dark energy which dominate the universe .   ESO 's observing facilities have made astronomical discoveries and produced several astronomical catalogues . Its findings include the discovery of the most distant gamma-ray burst and evidence for a black hole at the centre of the Milky Way . In 2004 , the VLT allowed astronomers to obtain the first picture of an extrasolar planet ( 2M1207b ) orbiting a brown dwarf 173 light-years away . The High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher ( HARPS ) instrument installed in another ESO telescope led to the discovery of extrasolar planets , including Gliese 581c -- one of the smallest planets seen outside the solar system ."}
{"_id": "Evidence", "title": "Evidence", "headings": "", "text": "Evidence , broadly construed , is anything presented in support of an assertion . This support may be strong or weak . The strongest type of evidence is that which provides direct proof of the truth of an assertion . At the other extreme is evidence that is merely consistent with an assertion but does not rule out other , contradictory assertions , as in circumstantial evidence .   In law , rules of evidence govern the types of evidence that are admissible in a legal proceeding . Types of legal evidence include testimony , documentary evidence , and physical evidence . The parts of a legal case which are not in controversy are known , in general , as the `` facts of the case . '' Beyond any facts that are undisputed , a judge or jury is usually tasked with being a trier of fact for the other issues of a case . Evidence and rules are used to decide questions of fact that are disputed , some of which may be determined by the legal burden of proof relevant to the case . Evidence in certain cases ( e.g. capital crimes ) must be more compelling than in other situations ( e.g. minor civil disputes ) , which drastically affects the quality and quantity of evidence necessary to decide a case .   Scientific evidence consists of observations and experimental results that serve to support , refute , or modify a scientific hypothesis or theory , when collected and interpreted in accordance with the scientific method .   In philosophy , the study of evidence is closely tied to epistemology , which considers the nature of knowledge and how it can be acquired ."}
{"_id": "Evidence-based_medicine", "title": "Evidence-based medicine", "headings": "", "text": "Evidence-based medicine ( EBM ) is an approach to medical practice intended to optimize decision-making by emphasizing the use of evidence from well-designed and well-conducted research . Although all medicine based on science has some degree of empirical support , EBM goes further , classifying evidence by its epistemologic strength and requiring that only the strongest types ( coming from meta-analyses , systematic reviews , and randomized controlled trials ) can yield strong recommendations ; weaker types ( such as from case-control studies ) can yield only weak recommendations . The term was originally used to describe an approach to teaching the practice of medicine and improving decisions by individual physicians about individual patients . Use of the term rapidly expanded to include a previously described approach that emphasized the use of evidence in the design of guidelines and policies that apply to groups of patients and populations ( `` evidence-based practice policies '' ) . It has subsequently spread to describe an approach to decision-making that is used at virtually every level of health care as well as other fields ( evidence-based practice ) .   Whether applied to medical education , decisions about individuals , guidelines and policies applied to populations , or administration of health services in general , evidence-based medicine advocates that to the greatest extent possible , decisions and policies should be based on evidence , not just the beliefs of practitioners , experts , or administrators . It thus tries to assure that a clinician 's opinion , which may be limited by knowledge gaps or biases , is supplemented with all available knowledge from the scientific literature so that best practice can be determined and applied . It promotes the use of formal , explicit methods to analyze evidence and makes it available to decision makers . It promotes programs to teach the methods to medical students , practitioners , and policy makers ."}
{"_id": "Evolution", "title": "Evolution", "headings": "", "text": "Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations . Evolutionary processes give rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation , including the levels of species , individual organisms , and molecules .   All life on Earth shares a common ancestor known as the last universal common ancestor ( LUCA ) , which lived approximately 3.5 -- 3.8 billion years ago , although a study in 2015 found `` remains of biotic life '' from 4.1 billion years ago in ancient rocks in Western Australia . In July 2016 , scientists reported identifying a set of 355 genes from the LUCA of all organisms living on Earth .   Repeated formation of new species ( speciation ) , change within species ( anagenesis ) , and loss of species ( extinction ) throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth are demonstrated by shared sets of morphological and biochemical traits , including shared DNA sequences . These shared traits are more similar among species that share a more recent common ancestor , and can be used to reconstruct a biological `` tree of life '' based on evolutionary relationships ( phylogenetics ) , using both existing species and fossils . The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite , to microbial mat fossils , to fossilized multicellular organisms . Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction . More than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct . Estimates of Earth 's current species range from 10 to 14 million , of which about 1.9 million are estimated to have been named and 1.6 million documented in a central database to date . More recently , in May 2016 , scientists reported that 1 trillion species are estimated to be on Earth currently with only one-thousandth of one percent described .   In the mid-19th century , Charles Darwin formulated the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection , published in his book On the Origin of Species ( 1859 ) . Evolution by natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive , along with three facts about populations : 1 ) traits vary among individuals with respect to morphology , physiology , and behaviour ( phenotypic variation ) , 2 ) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction ( differential fitness ) , and 3 ) traits can be passed from generation to generation ( heritability of fitness ) . Thus , in successive generations members of a population are replaced by progeny of parents better adapted to survive and reproduce in the biophysical environment in which natural selection takes place . This teleonomy is the quality whereby the process of natural selection creates and preserves traits that are seemingly fitted for the functional roles they perform . The processes by which the changes occur , from one generation to another , are called evolutionary processes or mechanisms . The four most widely recognized evolutionary processes are natural selection ( including sexual selection ) , genetic drift , mutation and gene migration due to genetic admixture . Natural selection and genetic drift sort variation ; mutation and gene migration create variation .   Consequences of selection can include meiotic drive ( unequal transmission of certain alleles ) , nonrandom mating and genetic hitchhiking .  In the early 20th century the modern evolutionary synthesis integrated classical genetics with Darwin 's theory of evolution by natural selection through the discipline of population genetics . The importance of natural selection as a cause of evolution was accepted into other branches of biology . Moreover , previously held notions about evolution , such as orthogenesis , evolutionism , and other beliefs about innate `` progress '' within the largest-scale trends in evolution , became obsolete . Scientists continue to study various aspects of evolutionary biology by forming and testing hypotheses , constructing mathematical models of theoretical biology and biological theories , using observational data , and performing experiments in both the field and the laboratory .   In terms of practical application , an understanding of evolution has been instrumental to developments in numerous scientific and industrial fields , including agriculture , human and veterinary medicine , and the life sciences in general . Discoveries in evolutionary biology have made a significant impact not just in the traditional branches of biology but also in other academic disciplines , including biological anthropology , and evolutionary psychology . Evolutionary computation , a sub-field of artificial intelligence , involves the application of Darwinian principles to problems in computer science ."}
{"_id": "Evolution_as_fact_and_theory", "title": "Evolution as fact and theory", "headings": "", "text": "Many scientists and philosophers of science have described evolution as fact and theory , a phrase which was used as the title of an article by paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould in 1981 . He describes fact in science as meaning data , not absolute certainty but `` confirmed to such a degree that it would be perverse to withhold provisional assent '' . A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of such facts . The facts of evolution come from observational evidence of current processes , from imperfections in organisms recording historical common descent , and from transitions in the fossil record . Theories of evolution provide a provisional explanation for these facts .   Each of the words `` evolution '' , `` fact '' and `` theory '' has several meanings in different contexts . Evolution means change over time , as in stellar evolution . In biology it refers to observed changes in organisms , to their descent from a common ancestor , and at a technical level to a change in gene frequency over time ; it can also refer to explanatory theories ( such as Charles Darwin 's theory of natural selection ) which explain the mechanisms of evolution . To a scientist , fact can describe a repeatable observation that all can agree on ; it can refer to something that is so well established that nobody in a community disagrees with it ; and it can also refer to the truth or falsity of a proposition . To the public , theory can mean an opinion or conjecture ( e.g. , `` it 's only a theory '' ) , but among scientists it has a much stronger connotation of `` well-substantiated explanation '' . With this number of choices , people can often talk past each other , and meanings become the subject of linguistic analysis .   Evidence for evolution continues to be accumulated and tested . The scientific literature includes statements by evolutionary biologists and philosophers of science demonstrating some of the different perspectives on evolution as fact and theory ."}
{"_id": "Exhaust_gas", "title": "Exhaust gas", "headings": "", "text": "Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas , gasoline , petrol , biodiesel blends , diesel fuel , fuel oil , or coal . According to the type of engine , it is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe , flue gas stack , or propelling nozzle . It often disperses downwind in a pattern called an exhaust plume .   It is a major component of motor vehicle emissions ( and from stationary internal combustion engines ) , which can also include :  Crankcase blow-by  Evaporation of unused gasoline   Motor vehicle emissions contribute to air pollution and are a major ingredient in the creation of smog in some large cities . A 2013 study by MIT indicates that 53,000 early deaths occur per year in the United States alone because of vehicle emissions . According to another study from the same university , traffic fumes alone cause the death of 5,000 people every year just in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "Exoplanet", "title": "Exoplanet", "headings": "", "text": "An exoplanet ( -LSB- ˈɛk.səʊˌplæn.ɪt -RSB- , -LSB- ˌɛk.soʊˈplæn.ɪt -RSB- ) or extrasolar planet is a planet outside of our solar system that orbits a star . The first scientific detection of an exoplanet was in 1988 . However , the first confirmed detection came in 1992 ; since then , and as of , there have been exoplanets , in planetary systems and multiple planetary systems , confirmed detections .   HARPS ( since 2004 ) has discovered about a hundred exoplanets while the Kepler space telescope ( since 2009 ) has found more than two thousand . Kepler has also detected a few thousand candidate planets , of which about 11 % may be false positives .  On average , there is at least one planet per star , with a percentage having multiple planets .  About 1 in 5 Sun-like starsFor the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic , `` Sun-like '' means G-type star . Data for Sun-like stars was not available so this statistic is an extrapolation from data about K-type stars have an `` Earth-sized `` For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic , Earth-sized means 1 -- 2 Earth radii planet in the habitable zone.For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic , `` habitable zone '' means the region with 0.25 to 4 times Earth 's stellar flux ( corresponding to 0.5 -- 2 AU for the Sun ) . Assuming there are 200 billion stars in the Milky Way , About 1/4 of stars are GK Sun-like stars . The number of stars in the galaxy is not accurately known , but assuming 200 billion stars in total , the Milky Way would have about 50 billion Sun-like ( GK ) stars , of which about 1 in 5 ( 22 % ) or 11 billion would be Earth-sized in the habitable zone . Including red dwarfs would increase this to 40 billion . one can hypothesize that there are 11 billion potentially habitable Earth-sized planets in the Milky Way , rising to 40 billion if planets orbiting the numerous red dwarfs are included .   The least massive planet known is Draugr ( also known as PSR B1257 +12 A or PSR B1257 +12 b ) , which is about twice the mass of the Moon . The most massive planet listed on the NASA Exoplanet Archive is DENIS-P J082303.1-491201 b , about 29 times the mass of Jupiter , although according to some definitions of a planet , it is too massive to be a planet and may be a brown dwarf instead . There are planets that are so near to their star that they take only a few hours to orbit and there are others so far away that they take thousands of years to orbit . Some are so far out that it is difficult to tell whether they are gravitationally bound to the star . Almost all of the planets detected so far are within the Milky Way , but there have also been a few possible detections of extragalactic planets . The nearest exoplanet is Proxima Centauri b , located 4.2 light-years ( 1.3 parsecs ) from Earth and orbiting Proxima Centauri , the closest star to the Sun .   The discovery of exoplanets has intensified interest in the search for extraterrestrial life . There is special interest in planets that orbit in a star 's habitable zone , where it is possible for liquid water , a prerequisite for life on Earth , to exist on the surface . The study of planetary habitability also considers a wide range of other factors in determining the suitability of a planet for hosting life .   Besides exoplanets , there are also rogue planets , which do not orbit any star and which tend to be considered separately , especially if they are gas giants , in which case they are often counted , like WISE 0855 − 0714 , as sub-brown dwarfs . The rogue planets in the Milky Way possibly number in the billions ( or more ) ."}
{"_id": "Explosive", "title": "Explosive", "headings": "", "text": "An explosion is a rapid expansion in volume associated with an extremely vigorous outward release of energy, usually with the generation of high temperatures and release of high-pressure gases.  Supersonic explosions created by high explosives are known as detonations and travel via shock waves.  Subsonic explosions are created by low explosives through a slower combustion process known as deflagration."}
{"_id": "Externality", "title": "Externality", "headings": "", "text": "In economics , an externality is the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit . Economists often urge governments to adopt policies that `` internalize '' an externality , so that costs and benefits will affect mainly parties who choose to incur them .   For example , manufacturing activities that cause air pollution impose health and clean-up costs on the whole society , whereas the neighbors of an individual who chooses to fire-proof his home may benefit from a reduced risk of a fire spreading to their own houses . If external costs exist , such as pollution , the producer may choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if the producer were required to pay all associated environmental costs . Because responsibility or consequence for self-directed action lies partly outside the self , an element of externalization is involved . If there are external benefits , such as in public safety , less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others . For the purpose of these statements , overall cost and benefit to society is defined as the sum of the imputed monetary value of benefits and costs to all parties involved . Thus , unregulated markets in goods or services with significant externalities generate prices that do not reflect the full social cost or benefit of their transactions ; such markets are therefore inefficient ."}
{"_id": "Extinction", "title": "Extinction", "headings": "", "text": "In biology and ecology , extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms ( taxon ) , normally a species . The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species , although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point . Because a species ' potential range may be very large , determining this moment is difficult , and is usually done retrospectively . This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa , where a species presumed extinct abruptly `` reappears '' ( typically in the fossil record ) after a period of apparent absence .   More than 99 percent of all species , amounting to over five billion species , that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct . Estimates on the number of Earth 's current species range from 10 million to 14 million , of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described . More recently , in May 2016 , scientists reported that 1 trillion species are estimated to be on Earth currently with only one-thousandth of one percent described .   Through evolution , species arise through the process of speciation -- where new varieties of organisms arise and thrive when they are able to find and exploit an ecological niche -- and species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing conditions or against superior competition . The relationship between animals and their ecological niches has been firmly established . A typical species becomes extinct within 10 million years of its first appearance , although some species , called living fossils , survive with virtually no morphological change for hundreds of millions of years .   Mass extinctions are relatively rare events ; however , isolated extinctions are quite common . Only recently have extinctions been recorded and scientists have become alarmed at the current high rate of extinctions . Most species that become extinct are never scientifically documented . Some scientists estimate that up to half of presently existing plant and animal species may become extinct by 2100 .   A dagger symbol next to a species name is often used to indicate its extinction ."}
{"_id": "Extinction_event", "title": "Extinction event", "headings": "", "text": "An extinction event ( also known as a mass extinction or biotic crisis ) is a widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth . Such an event is identified by a sharp change in the diversity and abundance of multicellular organisms . It occurs when the rate of extinction increases with respect to the rate of speciation . Because the majority of diversity and biomass on Earth is microbial , and thus difficult to measure , recorded extinction events affect the easily observed , biologically complex component of the biosphere rather than the total diversity and abundance of life .   Extinction occurs at an uneven rate . Based on the fossil record , the background rate of extinctions on Earth is about two to five taxonomic families of marine animals every million years . Marine fossils are mostly used to measure extinction rates because of their superior fossil record and stratigraphic range compared to land animals .   The Great Oxygenation Event was probably the first major extinction event . Since the Cambrian explosion five further major mass extinctions have significantly exceeded the background extinction rate . The most recent and debatably best-known , the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , which occurred approximately million years ago ( Ma ) , was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically short period of time . In addition to the five major mass extinctions , there are numerous minor ones as well , and the ongoing mass extinction caused by human activity is sometimes called the sixth extinction . Mass extinctions seem to be a mainly Phanerozoic phenomenon , with extinction rates low before large complex organisms arose .   Estimates of the number of major mass extinctions in the last 540 million years range from as few as five to more than twenty . These differences stem from the threshold chosen for describing an extinction event as `` major '' , and the data chosen to measure past diversity ."}
{"_id": "Extinction_risk_from_global_warming", "title": "Extinction risk from global warming", "headings": "", "text": "The extinction risk of global warming is the risk of species becoming extinct due to the effects of global warming ."}
{"_id": "Extraterrestrial_atmosphere", "title": "Extraterrestrial atmosphere", "headings": "", "text": "The study of extraterrestrial atmospheres is an active field of research , both as an aspect of astronomy and to gain insight into Earth 's atmosphere . In addition to Earth , many of the other astronomical objects in the Solar System have atmospheres . These include all the gas giants , as well as Mars , Venus , and Pluto . Several moons and other bodies also have atmospheres , as do comets and the Sun . There is evidence that extrasolar planets can have an atmosphere . Comparisons of these atmospheres to one another and to Earth 's atmosphere broaden our basic understanding of atmospheric processes such as the greenhouse effect , aerosol and cloud physics , and atmospheric chemistry and dynamics ."}
{"_id": "Extratropical_cyclone", "title": "Extratropical cyclone", "headings": "", "text": "Extratropical cyclones , sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones , are low-pressure areas which , along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas , drive the weather over much of the Earth . Extratropical cyclones are capable of producing anything from cloudiness and mild showers to heavy gales , thunderstorms , blizzards , and tornadoes . These types of cyclones are defined as large scale ( synoptic ) low pressure weather systems that occur in the middle latitudes of the Earth . In contrast with tropical cyclones , extratropical cyclones produce rapid changes in temperature and dew point along broad lines , called weather fronts , about the center of the cyclone ."}
{"_id": "Extreme_weather", "title": "Extreme weather", "headings": "", "text": "Extreme weather includes unexpectable , unusual , unpredictable severe or unseasonal weather ; weather at the extremes of the historical distribution -- the range that has been seen in the past . Often , extreme events are based on a location 's recorded weather history and defined as lying in the most unusual ten percent . In recent years some extreme weather events have been attributed to human-induced global warming , with studies indicating an increasing threat from extreme weather in the future ."}
{"_id": "Fahrenheit", "title": "Fahrenheit", "headings": "", "text": "Fahrenheit is a temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by Amsterdam-based physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit ( 1686 -- 1736 ) , after whom the scale is named . It uses the degree Fahrenheit ( symbol ° F ) as the unit . Several accounts of how he originally defined his scale exist . The lower defining point , 0 ° F , was established as the temperature of a solution of brine made from equal parts of ice and salt . Further limits were established as the melting point of ice ( 32 ° F ) and his best estimate of the average human body temperature ( 96 ° F , about 2.6 ° F less than the modern value due to a later redefinition of the scale ) . The scale is now usually defined by two fixed points : the temperature at which water freezes into ice is defined as 32 ° F , and the boiling point of water is defined to be 212 ° F , a 180 ° F separation , as defined at sea level and standard atmospheric pressure .   By the end of the 20th century , Fahrenheit was used as the official temperature scale only in the United States ( including its unincorporated territories ) , its freely associated states in the Western Pacific ( Palau , the Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands ) , the Bahamas , Belize , and the Cayman Islands . All other countries in the world now use the Celsius scale , defined since 1954 by absolute zero being − 273.15 ° C and the triple point of water being at 0.01 ° C."}
{"_id": "Falsifiability", "title": "Falsifiability", "headings": "", "text": "Falsifiability or refutability of a statement , hypothesis , or theory is the inherent possibility that it can be proven false . A statement is called falsifiable if it is possible to conceive of an observation or an argument which negates the statement in question . In this sense , falsify is synonymous with nullify , meaning to invalidate or `` show to be false '' .   For example , by the problem of induction , no number of confirming observations can verify a universal generalization , such as All swans are white , since it is logically possible to falsify it by observing a single black swan . Thus , the term falsifiability is sometimes synonymous to testability . Some statements , such as It will be raining here in one million years , are falsifiable in principle , but not in practice .   The concern with falsifiability gained attention by way of philosopher of science Karl Popper 's scientific epistemology `` falsificationism '' . Popper stresses the problem of demarcation -- distinguishing the scientific from the unscientific -- and makes falsifiability the demarcation criterion , such that what is unfalsifiable is classified as unscientific , and the practice of declaring an unfalsifiable theory to be scientifically true is pseudoscience ."}
{"_id": "Famine", "title": "Famine", "headings": "", "text": "A famine is a widespread scarcity of food , caused by several factors including crop failure , population imbalance , or government policies . This phenomenon is usually accompanied or followed by regional malnutrition , starvation , epidemic , and increased mortality . Every inhabited continent in the world has experienced a period of famine throughout history . In the 19th and 20th century , it was generally Eastern Europe and Asia that suffered the most deaths from famine . The numbers dying from famine began to fall sharply from the 1970s .   Some countries , particularly in sub-Saharan Africa , continue to have extreme cases of famine . Since 2010 , Africa has been the most affected continent in the world . As of 2017 , the United Nations has warned some 20 million are at risk in South Sudan , Somalia , Nigeria and Yemen . Agricultural conditions have been fluctuating more and more due to variations in weather , and the distribution of food has been affected by conflict . Most programmes now direct their aid towards Africa ."}
{"_id": "Farleigh_Hungerford_Castle", "title": "Farleigh Hungerford Castle", "headings": "", "text": "Farleigh Hungerford Castle , sometimes called Farleigh Castle or Farley Castle , is a medieval castle in Farleigh Hungerford , Somerset , England . The castle was built in two phases : the inner court was constructed between 1377 and 1383 by Sir Thomas Hungerford , who made his fortune working as a steward to John of Gaunt . The castle was built to a quadrangular design , already slightly old-fashioned , on the site of an existing manor house overlooking the River Frome . A park was attached to the castle , requiring the destruction of a local village . His son , Sir Walter Hungerford , a successful knight and courtier to Henry V , became rich during the Hundred Years War with France and extended the castle with an additional , outer court , enclosing the parish church in the process . By Walter 's death in 1449 , the substantial castle was richly appointed and its chapel decorated with murals .   The castle largely remained in the hands of the Hungerford family over the next two centuries , despite periods during the War of the Roses in which it was held by the Crown following the attainder and execution of members of the family . At the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 , the castle , modernized to the latest Tudor and Stuart fashions , was held by Sir Edward Hungerford . Edward declared his support for Parliament , becoming a leader of the Roundheads in Wiltshire . Farleigh Hungerford was seized by Royalist forces in 1643 , but recaptured by Parliament without a fight near the end of the conflict in 1645 . As a result , it escaped slighting following the war , unlike many other castles in the south-west of England .   The last member of the Hungerford family to hold the castle , Sir Edward Hungerford , inherited it in 1657 , but his gambling and expensive living forced him to sell the property in 1686 . By the 18th century the castle was no longer lived in by its owners and fell into disrepair ; in 1730 it was bought by the Houlton family , when much of it was broken up for salvage . Antiquarian and tourist interest in the now ruined castle increased through the 18th and 19th centuries . The castle chapel was repaired in 1779 and became a museum of curiosities , complete with the murals rediscovered on its walls in 1844 and a number of rare lead anthropomorphic coffins from the mid-17th century . In the 1915 Farleigh Hungerford Castle was sold to the Office of Works and a controversial restoration programme began . It is now owned by English Heritage , who operate it as a tourist attraction , and the castle is a Grade I listed building and a Scheduled Ancient Monument ."}
{"_id": "February_8", "title": "February 8", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "Fertilizer", "title": "Fertilizer", "headings": "", "text": "A fertilizer ( American English ) or fertiliser ( British English ; see spelling differences ) is any material of natural or synthetic origin ( other than liming materials ) that is applied to soils or to plant tissues ( usually leaves ) to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants ."}
{"_id": "Field_hockey", "title": "Field hockey", "headings": "", "text": "Field hockey is a team sport of the hockey family . The earliest origins of the game date back to the Middle Ages in England , Scotland , France and the Netherlands . The game can be played on a grass field or a turf field as well as an indoor board surface . Each team plays with eleven players , including the goalie . Players use sticks made out of wood , carbon fibre , fibre glass or a combination of carbon fibre and fibre glass in different quantities ( with the higher carbon fibre stick being more expensive and less likely to break ) to hit a round , hard , plastic ball . The length of the stick depends on the player 's individual height . Only one end of the stick is allowed to be used . Goalies often have a different kind of stick , however they can also use an ordinary field hockey stick . The specific goal-keeping sticks have another curve at the end of the stick , this is to give them more surface area to save the ball . The uniform consists of shin guards , shoes , shorts , a mouth guard and a jersey . Today , the game is played globally , with particular popularity throughout Western Europe , the Indian subcontinent , Southern Africa , Australia , New Zealand , Argentina , and parts of the United States ( primarily New England and the Mid-Atlantic states ) . Field Hockey is the national game of Pakistan . The term `` field hockey '' is used primarily in Canada and the United States where ice hockey is more popular . In Sweden the term `` landhockey '' is used and to some degree also in Norway . It is a section of Norway 's Bandy Association . Until recently they called it `` hockey '' , when it was changed to `` landhockey '' .   During play , goal keepers are the only players who are allowed to touch the ball with any part of their body ( the player 's hand is considered ` part of the stick ' if on the stick ) , while field players play the ball with the flat side of their stick . Goal keepers also can not play the ball with the back of their stick . Whoever scores the most goals by the end of the match wins . If the score is tied at the end of the game , either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time or a penalty shootout , depending on the competition 's format . There are many variations to overtime play that depend on the league and tournament play . In college play , a seven-aside overtime period consists of a 10-minute golden goal period with seven players for each team . If a tie still remains , the game enters a one-on-one competition where each team chooses 5 players to dribble from the 25 yard line down to the circle against the opposing goalie . The player has 8 seconds to score on the goalie keeping it in bounds . The play ends after a goal is scored , the ball goes out of bounds , a foul is committed ( ending in either a penalty stroke or flick or the end of the one on one ) or time expires . If the tie still persists extra rounds thereafter until one team has scored .   The governing body of hockey is the International Hockey Federation ( FIH , in French ) , with men and women being represented internationally in competitions including the Olympic Games , World Cup , World League , Champions Trophy and Junior World Cup , with many countries running extensive junior , senior , and masters club competitions . The FIH is also responsible for organising the Hockey Rules Board and developing the rules for the game .   A popular variant of field hockey is indoor field hockey , which differs in a number of respects while embodying the primary principles of hockey . Indoor hockey is a 5-a-side variant , with a field which is reduced to approximately 40 x. With many of the rules remaining the same , including obstruction and feet , there are several key variations : Players may not raise the ball unless shooting on goal , players may not hit the ball ( instead using pushes to transfer the ball ) , and the sidelines are replaced with solid barriers which the ball will rebound off ."}
{"_id": "Figure_of_the_Earth", "title": "Figure of the Earth", "headings": "", "text": "The expression figure of the Earth has various meanings in geodesy according to the way it is used and the precision with which the Earth 's size and shape is to be defined . While the sphere is a close approximation of the true figure of the Earth and satisfactory for many purposes , geodesists have developed several models that more closely approximate the shape of the Earth so that coordinate systems can serve the precise needs of navigation , surveying , cadastre , land use , and diverse other concerns ."}
{"_id": "Financial_crisis_of_2007–08", "title": "Financial crisis of 2007–08", "headings": "", "text": "The financial crisis of 2007–2008, also known as the global financial crisis (GFC), was a severe worldwide financial crisis. Excessive risk-taking by banks combined with the bursting of the United States housing bubble caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally, culminating with the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers on September 15, 2008, and an international banking crisis. The crisis sparked the Great Recession, which, at the time, was the most severe global recession since the Great Depression. It was also followed by the European debt crisis, which began with a deficit in Greece in late 2009, and the 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis, which involved the bank failure of all three of the major banks in Iceland and, relative to the size of its economy, was the largest economic collapse suffered by any country in economic history. It was among the five worst financial crises the world had experienced and led to a loss of more than $2 trillion from the global economy.U.S. home mortgage debt relative to GDP increased from an average of 46% during the 1990s to 73% during 2008, reaching $10.5 trillion. The increase in cash out refinancings, as home values rose, fueled an increase in consumption that could no longer be sustained when home prices declined. Many financial institutions owned investments whose value was based on home mortgages such as mortgage-backed securities, or credit derivatives used to insure them against failure, which declined in value significantly. The International Monetary Fund estimated that large U.S. and European banks lost more than $1 trillion on toxic assets and from bad loans from January 2007 to September 2009.Lack of investor confidence in bank solvency and declines in credit availability led to plummeting stock and commodity prices in late 2008 and early 2009. The crisis rapidly spread into a global economic shock, resulting in several bank failures. Economies worldwide slowed during this period since credit tightened and international trade declined. Housing markets suffered and unemployment soared, resulting in evictions and foreclosures. Several businesses failed. From its peak in the second quarter of 2007 at $64.4 trillion, household wealth in the United States fell $14 trillion, to $50.4 trillion by the end of the first quarter of 2009, resulting in a decline in consumption, then a decline in business investment. In the fourth quarter of 2008, the quarter-over-quarter decline in real GDP in the U.S. was 8.4%. The U.S. unemployment rate peaked at 10.0% in October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. The average hours per work week declined to 33, the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964.The economic crisis started in the U.S. but spread to the rest of the world. U.S. consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007 and the rest of the world depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of demand. Toxic securities were owned by corporate and institutional investors globally. Derivatives such as credit default swaps also increased the linkage between large financial institutions. The de-leveraging of financial institutions, as assets were sold to pay back obligations that could not be refinanced in frozen credit markets, further accelerated the solvency crisis and caused a decrease in international trade. Reductions in the growth rates of developing countries were due to falls in trade, commodity prices, investment and remittances sent from migrant workers. This led to a dramatic rise in the number of households living below the poverty line. States with fragile political systems feared that investors from Western states would withdraw their money because of the crisis.As part of national fiscal policy response to the Great Recession, governments and central banks, including the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank and the Bank of England, provided then-unprecedented trillions of dollars in bailouts and stimulus, including expansive fiscal policy and monetary policy to offset the decline in consumption and lending capacity, avoid a further collapse, encourage lending, restore faith in the integral commercial paper markets, avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral, and provide banks with enough funds to allow customers to make withdrawals. In effect, the central banks went from being the \"lender of last resort\" to the \"lender of only resort\" for a significant portion of the economy. In some cases the Fed was considered the \"buyer of last resort\". During the fourth quarter of 2008, these central banks purchased US$2.5 trillion of government debt and troubled private assets from banks. This was the largest liquidity injection into the credit market, and the largest monetary policy action in world history. Following a model initiated by the 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package, the governments of European nations and the United States guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems, ultimately purchasing $1.5 trillion newly issued preferred stock in major banks. The Federal Reserve created then-significant amounts of new currency as a method to combat the liquidity trap.Bailouts came in the form of trillions of dollars of loans, asset purchases, guarantees, and direct spending. Significant controversy accompanied the bailouts, such as in the case of the AIG bonus payments controversy, leading to the development of a variety of \"decision making frameworks\", to help balance competing policy interests during times of financial crisis. Alistair Darling, the U.K.'s Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the crisis, stated in 2018 that Britain came within hours of \"a breakdown of law and order\" the day that Royal Bank of Scotland was bailed-out.Instead of financing more domestic loans, some banks instead spent some of the stimulus money in more profitable areas such as investing in emerging markets and foreign currencies.In July 2010, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was enacted in the United States to \"promote the financial stability of the United States\". The Basel III capital and liquidity standards were adopted worldwide. Since the 2008 financial crisis, consumer regulators in America have more closely supervised sellers of credit cards and home mortgages in order to deter anticompetitive practices that led to the crisis. At least two major reports on the causes of the crisis were produced by the U.S. Congress: the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission report, released January 2011, and a report by the United States Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations entitled Wall Street and the Financial Crisis: Anatomy of a Financial Collapse, released April 2011.  In total, 47 bankers served jail time as a result of the crisis, over half of which were from Iceland, where the crisis was the most severe and led to the collapse of all 3 of the major Icelandic banks. In April 2012, Geir Haarde of Iceland became the only politician to be convicted as a result of the crisis. Only one banker in the United States served jail time as a result of the crisis, Kareem Serageldin, a banker at Credit Suisse who was sentenced to 30 months in jail and returned $25.6 million in compensation for manipulating bond prices to hide $1 billion of losses. No individuals in the United Kingdom were convicted as a result of the crisis. Goldman Sachs paid $550 million to settle fraud charges after allegedly anticipating the crisis and selling toxic investments to its clients.With fewer resources to risk in creative destruction, the number of patent applications was flat, compared exponential increases in patent application in prior years.  Typical American families did not fare well, nor did those \"wealthy-but-not-wealthiest\" families just beneath the pyramid's top. However, half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis because they generally did not own financial investments whose value fluctuates. The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009, and found that the total wealth of 63% of all Americans declined in that period and 77% of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth, while only 50% of those on the bottom of the pyramid suffered a decrease."}
{"_id": "First_100_days_of_Donald_Trump's_presidency", "title": "First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency", "headings": "", "text": "The first 100 days of Donald Trump 's presidency began with his inauguration as the 45th President of the United States , which occurred at noon on January 20 , 2017 . The 48th Vice President of the United States , Mike Pence , was inaugurated on the same day . The 100th day of Trump 's presidency was April 29 , 2017 . Trump first announced his plan for the first hundred days of his presidency in Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , on October 23 , 2016 , before the election .   One of Trump 's major accomplishments , made as part of a `` 100-day pledge '' , was the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Structurally , President Trump had the advantage of a Republican Party majority in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate , but was unable to fulfill his major pledges in his first 100 days and had an approval rating of between 40 and 42 percent , `` the lowest for any first-term president at this point in his tenure '' . Although he tried to make progress on one of his key economic policies -- the dismantling of the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act -- his failure to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) in the first 100 days was a major setback . He reversed his position on a number of issues including labeling China as a currency manipulator , NATO , launching the 2017 Shayrat missile strike without congressional approval , the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , renomination of Janet Yellen as Chair of the Federal Reserve , and the nomination of Export-Import Bank directors . Supporters claimed that as the first to have been elected President in present times who has held neither military or political office , he therefore faced a steep learning curve . Trump 's approval among his base was high , with 96 % of those who voted for him saying in an April 2017 poll that they would vote for him again .   Near the end of the 100 days , the Trump administration introduced a broad outline of a sweeping tax reform focusing on deep tax cuts . While it is intended to encourage economic growth , there were concerns from some members of the United States Congress about raising the national deficit . In spite of the sharp decline in gross domestic product ( GDP ) in the first quarter of 2017 -- representing the weakest quarterly economic growth in three years -- the S&P 500 was near an all-time high , representing a 12 % rise from the first quarter of 2016 , as investor confidence remained elevated . Although Trump had to concede to delay funding for the U.S. -- Mexico border wall he had promised , narrowly avoiding a government shutdown a few days before the end of the first 100 days , his rhetoric may have contributed to a sharp drop in the number of illegal crossings at the Mexico -- United States border .   Trump signed 24 executive orders in his first 100 days , the most executive orders of any President since World War II . He also signed 22 presidential memoranda , 20 presidential proclamations , and 28 bills . About a dozen of those bills roll-back regulations finalized during the last months of his immediate predecessor Barack Obama 's presidency using the Congressional Review Act . Most of the other bills are `` small-scale measures that appoint personnel , name federal facilities or modify existing programs . '' None of Trump 's bills are considered to be `` major bills '' -- based on a `` longstanding political-science standard for ` major bills ' . '' Presidential historian Michael Beschloss said that `` based on a legislative standard '' -- which is what the first 100 days has been judged on since the tenure of President Franklin Roosevelt , who enacted 76 laws in 100 days including nine that were `` major '' -- `` Trump is really pretty low down on the list . ''"}
{"_id": "Fisheries_and_climate_change", "title": "Fisheries and climate change", "headings": "", "text": "Rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification are radically altering aquatic ecosystems . Climate change is modifying fish distribution and the productivity of marine and freshwater species . This has impacts on the sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture , on the livelihoods of the communities that depend on fisheries , and on the ability of the oceans to capture and store carbon ( biological pump ) . The effect of sea level rise means that coastal fishing communities are in the front line of climate change , while changing rainfall patterns and water use impact on inland ( freshwater ) fisheries and aquaculture ."}
{"_id": "Flood", "title": "Flood", "headings": "", "text": "A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry . The European Union ( EU ) Floods Directive defines a flood as a covering by water of land not normally covered by water . In the sense of `` flowing water '' , the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide .   Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies , such as a river , lake , or ocean , in which the water overtops or breaks levees , resulting in some of that water escaping its usual boundaries , or it may occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal flood . While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt , these changes in size are unlikely to be considered significant unless they flood property or drown domestic animals .   Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river channel , particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway . Floods often cause damage to homes and businesses if they are in the natural flood plains of rivers . While riverine flood damage can be eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of water , people have traditionally lived and worked by rivers because the land is usually flat and fertile and because rivers provide easy travel and access to commerce and industry .   Some floods develop slowly , while others such as flash floods , can develop in just a few minutes and without visible signs of rain . Additionally , floods can be local , impacting a neighborhood or community , or very large , affecting entire river basins ."}
{"_id": "Florida", "title": "Florida", "headings": "", "text": "Florida -LSB- ˈflɒrᵻdə -RSB- ( Spanish for `` land of flowers '' ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the north by Alabama and Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida and Cuba . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive , the 3rd-most populous , and the 8th-most densely populated of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area . The city of Tallahassee is the state capital .   A peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico , the Atlantic Ocean , and the Straits of Florida , it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States , approximately 1350 mi , and is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean . Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil . The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south . The American alligator , American crocodile , Florida panther , and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park .   Since the first European contact was made in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León -- who named it La Florida ( -LSB- la floˈɾiða -RSB- `` land of flowers '' ) upon landing there in the Easter season , Pascua Florida -- Florida was a challenge for the European colonial powers before it gained statehood in the United States in 1845 . It was a principal location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans , and racial segregation after the American Civil War .   Today , Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth , as well as for its increasing environmental issues . The state 's economy relies mainly on tourism , agriculture , and transportation , which developed in the late 19th century . Florida is also renowned for amusement parks , orange crops , the Kennedy Space Center , and as a popular destination for retirees .   Florida culture is a reflection of influences and multiple inheritance ; Native American , European American , Hispanic and Latino , and African American heritages can be found in the architecture and cuisine . Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings , Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams , and continues to attract celebrities and athletes . It is internationally known for golf , tennis , auto racing and water sports ."}
{"_id": "Flying_Spaghetti_Monster", "title": "Flying Spaghetti Monster", "headings": "", "text": "The Flying Spaghetti Monster ( FSM ) is the deity of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster , or Pastafarianism . Pastafarianism ( a portmanteau of pasta and Rastafarian ) is a social movement that promotes a light-hearted view of religion and opposes the teaching of intelligent design and creationism in public schools . According to adherents , Pastafarianism is a `` real , legitimate religion , as much as any other '' . It is legally recognized as a religion in the Netherlands and New Zealand -- where Pastafarian representatives have been authorized to celebrate weddings and where the first legally recognized Pastafarian wedding was performed in April 2016 . However , in the United States , a federal judge has ruled that the `` Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster '' is not a real religion .   The `` Flying Spaghetti Monster '' was first described in a satirical open letter written by Bobby Henderson in 2005 to protest the Kansas State Board of Education decision to permit teaching intelligent design as an alternative to evolution in public school science classes . In the letter , Henderson demanded equal time in science classrooms for the Flying Spaghetti Monster , alongside intelligent design and evolution . After Henderson published the letter on his website , the Flying Spaghetti Monster rapidly became an Internet phenomenon and a symbol of opposition to the teaching of intelligent design in public schools .   Because of its popularity and exposure , the Flying Spaghetti Monster is often used as a contemporary version of Russell 's teapot -- an argument that the philosophic burden of proof lies upon those who make unfalsifiable claims , not on those who reject them . Pastafarianism has received praise from the scientific community and criticism from proponents of intelligent design . Pastafarians have engaged in disputes with creationists , including in Polk County , Florida , where they played a role in dissuading the local school board from adopting new rules on teaching evolution .   Pastafarian tenets ( generally satires of creationism ) are presented both on Henderson 's Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster website , where he is described as `` prophet '' , and in The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster , written by Henderson in 2006 . The central belief is that an invisible and undetectable Flying Spaghetti Monster created the universe . Pirates are revered as the original Pastafarians . Henderson asserts that a decline in the number of pirates over the years is the cause of global warming . The FSM community congregates at Henderson 's website to share ideas about the Flying Spaghetti Monster and crafts representing images of it ."}
{"_id": "Forest", "title": "Forest", "headings": "", "text": "A forest is a large area dominated by trees . Hundreds of more precise definitions of forest are used throughout the world , incorporating factors such as tree density , tree height , land use , legal standing and ecological function . According to the widely used Food and Agriculture Organization definition , forests covered four billion hectares ( 15 million square miles ) or approximately 30 percent of the world 's land area in 2006 .   Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem of Earth , and are distributed across the globe . Forests account for 75 % of the gross primary productivity of the Earth 's biosphere , and contain 80 % of the Earth 's plant biomass .   Forests at different latitudes and elevations form distinctly different ecozones : boreal forests near the poles , tropical forests near the equator and temperate forests at mid-latitudes . Higher elevation areas tend to support forests similar to those at higher latitudes , and amount of precipitation also affects forest composition .   Human society and forests influence each other in both positive and negative ways . Forests provide ecosystem services to humans and serve as tourist attractions . Forests can also affect people 's health . Human activities , including harvesting forest resources , can negatively affect forest ecosystems ."}
{"_id": "Forestry_in_India", "title": "Forestry in India", "headings": "", "text": "Forestry in India is a significant rural industry and a major environmental resource . India is one of the ten most forest-rich countries of the world along with the Russian Federation , Brazil , Canada , United States of America , China , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Australia , Indonesia and Sudan . Together , India and these countries account for 67 percent of total forest area of the world . India 's forest cover grew at 0.22 % annually over 1990-2000 , and has grown at the rate of 0.46 % per year over 2000-2010 , after decades where forest degradation was a matter of serious concern .   As of 2010 , the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations estimates India 's forest cover to be about 68 million hectares , or 22 % of the country 's area . The 2013 Forest Survey of India states its forest cover increased to 69.8 million hectares by 2012 , per satellite measurements ; this represents an increase of 5,871 square kilometers of forest cover in 2 years . However , the gains were primarily in northern , central and southern Indian states , while northeastern states witnessed a net loss in forest cover over 2010 to 2012 .   In 2002 , forestry industry contributed 1.7 % to India 's GDP . In 2010 , the contribution to GDP dropped to 0.9 % , largely because of rapid growth of the economy in other sectors and the government 's decision to reform and reduce import tariffs to let imports satisfy the growing Indian demand for wood products . India produces a range of processed forest ( wood and non-wood ) products ranging from wood panel products and wood pulp to make bronze , rattazikistan ware and pern resin . India 's paper industry produces over 3,000 metric tonnes annually from more than 400 mills . The furniture and craft industry is another consumer of wood . India 's wood-based processing industries consumed about 30 million cubic metres of industrial wood in 2002 . India annually consumes an additional 270 million tonnes of fuelwood , 2800 million tonnes of fodder , and about 102 million cubic meter of forest products - valued at about a year .  India is one of the world 's largest consumer of fuel-wood . India 's consumption of fuel-wood is about five times higher than what can be sustainably removed from forests . However , a large percentage of this fuel-wood is grown as biomass remaining from agriculture , and is managed outside forests . Fuel-wood meets about 40 % of the energy needs of the country . Around 80 % of rural people and 48 % of urban people use fuel-wood . Unless India makes major , rapid and sustained effort to expand electricity generation and power plants , the rural and urban poor in India will continue to meet their energy needs through unsustainable destruction of forests and fuel wood consumption . India 's dependence on fuel-wood and forestry products as a primary energy source is not only environmentally unsustainable , it is a primary cause of India 's near-permanent haze and air pollution .   Forestry in India is more than just about wood and fuel . India has a thriving non-wood forest products industry , which produces latex , gums , resins , essential oils , flavours , fragrances and aroma chemicals , incense sticks , handicrafts , thatching materials and medicinal plants . About 60 % of non-wood forest products production is consumed locally . About 50 % of the total revenue from the forestry industry in India is in non-wood forest products category . In 2002 , non-wood forest products were a source of significant supplemental income to over 400 million people in India , mostly rural ."}
{"_id": "Fossil_fuel", "title": "Fossil fuel", "headings": "", "text": "Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms , containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis . The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years , and sometimes exceeds 650 million years . Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum , coal , and natural gas . Other commonly used derivatives include kerosene and propane . Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon to hydrogen ratios like methane , to liquids like petroleum , to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon , like anthracite coal . Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields either alone , associated with oil , or in the form of methane clathrates .   The theory that fossil fuels formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth 's crust over millions of years was first introduced by Georgius Agricola in 1556 and later by Mikhail Lomonosov in the 18th century .   The Energy Information Administration estimates that in 2007 the primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.0 % , coal 27.4 % , natural gas 23.0 % , amounting to an 86.4 % share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world . Non-fossil sources in 2006 included nuclear 8.5 % , hydroelectric 6.3 % , and others ( geothermal , solar , tidal , wind , wood , waste ) amounting to 0.9 % . World energy consumption was growing about 2.3 % per year .   Although fossil fuels are continually being formed via natural processes , they are generally considered to be non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form and the known viable reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made .   The use of fossil fuels raises serious environmental concerns . The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes ( 21.3 gigatonnes ) of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) per year . It is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount , so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year . Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming . A global movement towards the generation of renewable energy is underway to help reduce global greenhouse gas emissions ."}
{"_id": "Fossil_fuel_power_station", "title": "Fossil fuel power station", "headings": "", "text": "A fossil fuel power station is a power station which burns fossil fuel such as coal , natural gas , or petroleum to produce electricity . Central station fossil fuel power plants are designed on a large scale for continuous operation . In many countries , such plants provide most of the electrical energy used . Fossil fuel power stations have machinery to convert the heat energy of combustion into mechanical energy , which then operates an electrical generator . The prime mover may be a steam turbine , a gas turbine or , in small plants , a reciprocating internal combustion engine . All plants use the energy extracted from expanding gas , either steam or combustion gases . Very few MHD generators have been built which directly convert the energy of hot , moving water into electricity . MHD means Magnetohydrodynamics , which is the study of the magnetic properties of electrically conducting fluids . Examples of such magnetofluids include plasmas , liquid metals , salt water and electrolytes .   By-products of thermal power plant operation must be considered in their design and operation . Waste heat energy , which remains due to the finite efficiency of the Carnot , Rankine , or Diesel power cycle , is released directly to the atmosphere or river/lake water , or indirectly to the atmosphere using a cooling tower with river or lake water used as a cooling medium . The flue gas from combustion of the fossil fuels is discharged to the air . This gas contains carbon dioxide and water vapor , as well as other substances such as nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) , sulfur oxides ( SOx ) , mercury , traces of other metals , and , for coal-fired plants , fly ash . Solid waste ash from coal-fired boilers must also be removed . Some coal ash can be recycled for building materials .   Fossil fueled power stations are major emitters of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , a greenhouse gas which according to a consensus opinion of scientific organisations is a contributor to global warming . The results of a recent study show that the net income available to shareholders of large companies could see a significant reduction from the greenhouse gas emissions liability related to only natural disasters in the U.S. from a single coal-fired power plant . However , as of 2015 , no such cases have awarded damages in the U.S. Per unit of electric energy , brown coal emits nearly two times as much CO2 as natural gas , and black coal emits somewhat less than brown . Carbon capture and storage of emissions is not currently available ."}
{"_id": "Fox_News", "title": "Fox News", "headings": "", "text": "Fox News ( officially known as the Fox News Channel ) is an American basic cable and satellite news entertainment television channel owned by the Fox Entertainment Group , a subsidiary of 21st Century Fox . The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas , New York City , New York .   The channel was created by Australian-American media mogul Rupert Murdoch , who hired former Republican Party media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO .   It launched on October 7 , 1996 , to 17 million cable subscribers . Fox News grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become a dominant cable news network in the United States . Rupert Murdoch is the current chairman and acting CEO of Fox News .   Fox News Channel has been accused of biased reporting and promoting the Republican Party . Critics have cited the channel as detrimental to the integrity of news overall . Fox News employees have responded that news reporting operates independently of its opinion and commentary programming , and have denied bias in news reporting . The network has also been accused of permitting sexual harassment and racial discrimination by on-air hosts , executives , and employees , paying out millions of dollars in legal settlements . The company is currently under federal investigation for its harassment settlements and other alleged misconduct .   As of February 2015 , approximately 94,700,000 US households ( 81.4 % of cable , satellite & telco customers ) receive the Fox News Channel ."}
{"_id": "Framing_(social_sciences)", "title": "Framing (social sciences)", "headings": "", "text": "In the social sciences , framing comprises a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives on how individuals , groups , and societies , organize , perceive , and communicate about reality . Framing involves social construction of a social phenomenon -- by mass media sources , political or social movements , political leaders , or other actors and organizations . Participation in a language community necessarily influences an individual 's perception of the meanings attributed to words or phrases . Politically , the language communities of advertising , religion , and mass media are highly contested , whereas framing in less-sharply defended language communities might evolve imperceptibly and organically over cultural time frames , with fewer overt modes of disputation .   Framing itself can be framed in one of two ways , depending on whether one chooses to emphasise processes of thought or processes of interpersonal communication . Frames in thought consist of the mental representations , interpretations , and simplifications of reality . Frames in communication consist of the communication of frames between different actors .   One can view framing in communication as positive or negative -- depending on the audience and what kind of information is being presented . Framing might also be understood as being either equivalence frames , which represent logically equivalent alternatives portrayed in different ways ( see framing effect ) or as emphasis frames , which simplify reality by focusing on a subset of relevant aspects of a situation or issue . In the case of `` equivalence frames '' , the information being presented is based on the same facts , but the `` frame '' in which it is presented changes , thus creating a reference-dependent perception .   The effects of framing can be seen in many journalism applications . With the same information being used as a base , the `` frame '' surrounding the issue can change the reader 's perception without having to alter the actual facts . In the context of politics or mass-media communication , a frame defines the packaging of an element of rhetoric in such a way as to encourage certain interpretations and to discourage others . For political purposes , framing often presents facts in such a way that implicates a problem that is in need of a solution . Members of political parties attempt to frame issues in a way that makes a solution favoring their own political leaning appear as the most appropriate course of action for the situation at hand .   In social theory , framing is a schema of interpretation , a collection of anecdotes and stereotypes , that individuals rely on to understand and respond to events . In other words , people build a series of mental `` filters '' through biological and cultural influences . They then use these filters to make sense of the world . The choices they then make are influenced by their creation of a frame .   Framing is also a key component of sociology , the study of social interaction among humans . Framing is an integral part of conveying and processing data on a daily basis . Successful framing techniques can be used to reduce the ambiguity of intangible topics by contextualizing the information in such a way that recipients can connect to what they already know ."}
{"_id": "France", "title": "France", "headings": "", "text": "France ( -LSB- fʁɑ̃s -RSB- ) , officially the French Republic ( -LSB- ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans 643801 km2 and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux .   During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome , which held Gaul until 486 , when the Germanic Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France . France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , with its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 to 1453 ) strengthening state-building and political centralisation . During the Renaissance , French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established , which by the 20th century would be the second largest in the world . The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ) . France became Europe 's dominant cultural , political , and military power under Louis XIV . In the late 18th century , the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy , established one of modern history 's earliest republics , and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which expresses the nation 's ideals to this day .   In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire , whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe . Following the collapse of the Empire , France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 . France was a major participant in the First World War , from which it emerged victorious , and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War , but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940 . Following liberation in 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was formed in 1958 and remains to this day . Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France .   France has long been a global centre of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts Europe 's fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually , the most of any country in the world . France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity . In terms of aggregate household wealth , it ranks fourth in the world . France performs well in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , and human development . France remains a great power in the world , being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state . It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone . It is also a member of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and La Francophonie ."}
{"_id": "Fred_Singer", "title": "Fred Singer", "headings": "", "text": "Siegfried Fred Singer ( born September 27 , 1924 ) is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia . Singer trained as an atmospheric physicist and is known for his work in space research , atmospheric pollution , rocket and satellite technology , his questioning of the link between UV-B and melanoma rates , and that between CFCs and stratospheric ozone loss , his public downplaying of the health risks of passive smoking , and as an advocate for climate change denial . He is the author or editor of several books including Global Effects of Environmental Pollution ( 1970 ) , The Ocean in Human Affairs ( 1989 ) , Global Climate Change ( 1989 ) , The Greenhouse Debate Continued ( 1992 ) , and Hot Talk , Cold Science ( 1997 ) . He has also co-authored Unstoppable Global Warming : Every 1,500 Years ( 2007 ) with Dennis Avery , and Climate Change Reconsidered ( 2009 ) with Craig Idso .   Singer has had a varied career , serving in the armed forces , government , and academia . He designed mines for the U.S. Navy during World War II , before obtaining his Ph.D. in physics from Princeton University in 1948 and working as a scientific liaison officer in the U.S. Embassy in London . He became a leading figure in early space research , was involved in the development of earth observation satellites , and in 1962 established the National Weather Bureau 's Satellite Service Center . He was the founding dean of the University of Miami School of Environmental and Planetary Sciences in 1964 , and held several government positions , including deputy assistant administrator for the Environmental Protection Agency , and chief scientist for the Department of Transportation . He held a professorship with the University of Virginia from 1971 until 1994 , and with George Mason University until 2000 .   In 1990 Singer founded the Science & Environmental Policy Project , and in 2006 was named by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation as one of a minority of scientists said to be creating a stand-off on a consensus on climate change . Singer argues there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide , and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise .  He is an opponent of the Kyoto Protocol , and has claimed that climate models are neither based on reality nor evidence . Singer has been accused of rejecting peer-reviewed and independently confirmed scientific evidence in his claims concerning public health and environmental issues ."}
{"_id": "Free_will", "title": "Free will", "headings": "", "text": "Free will is the ability to choose between different possible courses of action . It is closely linked to the concepts of responsibility , praise , guilt , sin , and other judgments which apply only to actions that are freely chosen . It is also connected with the concepts of advice , persuasion , deliberation , and prohibition . Traditionally , only actions that are freely willed are seen as deserving credit or blame . There are numerous different concerns about threats to the possibility of free will , varying by how exactly it is conceived , which is a matter of some debate .   Some conceive free will to be the capacity to make choices in which the outcome has not been determined by past events . Determinism suggests that only one course of events is possible , which is inconsistent with the existence of such free will . This problem has been identified in ancient Greek philosophy , and remains a major focus of philosophical debate . This view that conceives free will to be incompatible with determinism is called incompatibilism , and encompasses both metaphysical libertarianism , the claim that determinism is false and thus free will is at least possible , and hard determinism , the claim that determinism is true and thus free will is not possible . It also encompasses hard incompatibilism , which holds not only determinism but also its negation to be incompatible with free will , and thus free will to be impossible whatever the case may be regarding determinism .   In contrast , compatibilists hold that free will is compatible with determinism . Some compatibilists even hold that determinism is necessary for free will , arguing that choice involves preference for one course of action over another , requiring a sense of how choices will turn out . Compatibilists thus consider the debate between libertarians and hard determinists over free will vs determinism a false dilemma . Different compatibilists offer very different definitions of what `` free will '' even means , and consequently find different types of constraints to be relevant to the issue . Classical compatibilists considered free will nothing more than freedom of action , considering one free of will simply if , had one counterfactually wanted to do otherwise , one could have done otherwise without physical impediment . Contemporary compatibilists instead identify free will as a psychological capacity , such as to direct one 's behavior in a way responsive to reason . And there are still further different conceptions of free will , each with their own concerns , sharing only the common feature of not finding the possibility of determinism a threat to the possibility of free will ."}
{"_id": "Freedom_of_Information_requests_to_the_Climatic_Research_Unit", "title": "Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit", "headings": "", "text": "Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit featured in press discussions of disputes over access to data from instrumental temperature records , particularly during the Climatic Research Unit email controversy which began in November 2009 .   The UK Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA ) came into effect in 2005 , and FOI requests were made to the Climatic Research Unit ( CRU ) at the University of East Anglia ( UEA ) for the raw data from weather stations used in developing instrumental temperature record datasets , for copies of agreements under which the raw data was obtained from meteorology institutions , and also for email correspondence relating to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report .   In many cases the raw data which CRU had obtained from National Meteorological Organisations was subject to restrictions on redistribution : on 12 August 2009 CRU announced that they were seeking permission to waive these restrictions , and on 24 November 2009 the university stated that over 95 % of the CRU climate data set had already been available for several years , with the remainder to be released when permissions were obtained . In a decision announced on 27 July 2011 the Information Commissioner 's Office ( ICO ) required release of raw data even though permissions had not been obtained or in one instance had been refused , and on 27 July 2011 CRU announced release of the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain , with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request .   A 2008 FOI request by David Holland for emails discussing work on the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report was refused by the university . In November 2009 he alleged that CRU emails posted online discussed deleting the emails he had requested : in January 2010 the Deputy Information Commissioner told a journalist that this indicated an offence under section 77 of the FOIA , but prosecution was time-barred by statute of limitations . Newspapers misrepresented this as a decision in relation to raw data , and the issue was discussed by the House of Commons Science and Technology Select Committee inquiry , which found there had been a lack of openness . The ICO decision published on 7 July 2010 stated that this potential offence had not been investigated as it was time-barred . As Holland was content not to proceed with his complaint against the university , no further action was needed , but the ICO would `` consider whether further action is appropriate to secure future compliance . ''   In September 2011 the ICO issued new guidance to universities . This described exceptions and exemptions to protect research , including allowance for internal exchange of views between academics and researchers free from external scrutiny , as well as commending actively disclosing information when it is in the public interest ."}
{"_id": "Friction", "title": "Friction", "headings": "", "text": "Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces , fluid layers , and material elements sliding against each other . There are several types of friction :  Dry friction resists relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces in contact . Dry friction is subdivided into static friction ( `` stiction '' ) between non-moving surfaces , and kinetic friction between moving surfaces .  Fluid friction describes the friction between layers of a viscous fluid that are moving relative to each other .   Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a lubricant fluid separates two solid surfaces .   Skin friction is a component of drag , the force resisting the motion of a fluid across the surface of a body .  Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the elements making up a solid material while it undergoes deformation .   When surfaces in contact move relative to each other , the friction between the two surfaces converts kinetic energy into thermal energy ( that is , it converts work to heat ) . This property can have dramatic consequences , as illustrated by the use of friction created by rubbing pieces of wood together to start a fire . Kinetic energy is converted to thermal energy whenever motion with friction occurs , for example when a viscous fluid is stirred . Another important consequence of many types of friction can be wear , which may lead to performance degradation or damage to components . Friction is a component of the science of tribology .   Friction is desirable and important in supplying traction to facilitate motion on land . Most land vehicles rely on friction for acceleration , deceleration and changing direction . Sudden reductions in traction can cause loss of control and accidents .   Friction is not itself a fundamental force . Dry friction arises from a combination of inter-surface adhesion , surface roughness , surface deformation , and surface contamination . The complexity of these interactions makes the calculation of friction from first principles impractical and necessitates the use of empirical methods for analysis and the development of theory .   Friction is a non-conservative force - work done against friction is path dependent . In the presence of friction , some energy is always lost in the form of heat . Thus mechanical energy is not conserved ."}
{"_id": "Funamanu", "title": "Funamanu", "headings": "", "text": "Funamanu is a small narrow island that is part of Funafuti atoll in Tuvalu . It is a motu ( islet ) or very small island and is located 2.6 miles southwestward of the southwest tip of Funafuti . The islet is known to be covered in coconut trees which grow 70 feet high . Te Ava Pua Pua is the passage through the reef , with a least depth of 12.7 metres , between the islets of Funamanu to the north and Fale Fatu to the south , in the southeast of Funafuti atoll .   Funamanu is an example of an isle on an atoll that is mainly composed of coral debris eroded from encircling reefs and pushed up onto the island by winds and waves . Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of reef islands to sea level rise in the central Pacific . Funamanu was mentioned in the study as being one of seven islands on the atolls of Tuvalu that have spread by more than 3 per cent on average since the 1950s . Funamanu gained 0.44 hectares , or nearly 30 per cent of its previous area .   The storm surge resulting from a tropical cyclone can dramatically shift coral debris . In 1972 Funafuti was in the path of Cyclone Bebe . Tropical Cyclone Bebe was a pre-season tropical cyclone that impacted the Gilbert , Ellice Islands , and Fiji island groups . First spotted on October 20 , the system intensified and grew in size through October 22 ."}
{"_id": "Fuse_(electrical)", "title": "Fuse (electrical)", "headings": "", "text": "In electronics and electrical engineering , a fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit including the source of power and the load . Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it , thereby interrupting the current . It is a sacrificial device and once a fuse has operated it is an open circuit , and it must be replaced or rewired , depending on type .   Fuses have been used as essential safety devices from the early days of electrical engineering , and today there are thousands of different fuse designs which have specific current and voltage ratings , breaking capacity and response times , depending on the application . The time and current operating characteristics of fuses are chosen to provide adequate protection without needless interruption . Wiring regulations usually define a maximum fuse current rating for particular circuits . Short circuits , overloading , mismatched loads , or device failure are the prime reasons for fuse operation .   A fuse is an automatic means of removing power from a faulty system ; often abbreviated to ADS ( Automatic Disconnection of Supply ) . Circuit breakers can be used as an alternative design solution to fuses , but if used as direct replacements , their different characteristics must be taken into account ."}
{"_id": "Future_of_Earth", "title": "Future of Earth", "headings": "", "text": "The biological and geological future of Earth can be extrapolated based upon the estimated effects of several long-term influences . These include the chemistry at Earth 's surface , the rate of cooling of the planet 's interior , the gravitational interactions with other objects in the Solar System , and a steady increase in the Sun 's luminosity . An uncertain factor in this extrapolation is the ongoing influence of technology introduced by humans , such as climate engineering , which could cause significant changes to the planet . The current Holocene extinction is being caused by technology and the effects may last for up to five million years . In turn , technology may result in the extinction of humanity , leaving the planet to gradually return to a slower evolutionary pace resulting solely from long-term natural processes .   Over time intervals of hundreds of millions of years , random celestial events pose a global risk to the biosphere , which can result in mass extinctions . These include impacts by comets or asteroids with diameters of 5 -- or more , and the possibility of a massive stellar explosion , called a supernova , within a 100-light-year radius of the Sun , called a Near-Earth supernova . Other large-scale geological events are more predictable . If the long-term effects of global warming are disregarded , Milankovitch theory predicts that the planet will continue to undergo glacial periods at least until the Quaternary glaciation comes to an end . These periods are caused by variations in eccentricity , axial tilt , and precession of the Earth 's orbit . As part of the ongoing supercontinent cycle , plate tectonics will probably result in a supercontinent in 250 -- 350 million years . Some time in the next 1.5 -- 4.5 billion years , the axial tilt of the Earth may begin to undergo chaotic variations , with changes in the axial tilt of up to 90 ° .   During the next four billion years , the luminosity of the Sun will steadily increase , resulting in a rise in the solar radiation reaching the Earth . This will result in a higher rate of weathering of silicate minerals , which will cause a decrease in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere . In about 600 million years from now , the level of CO2 will fall below the level needed to sustain C3 carbon fixation photosynthesis used by trees . Some plants use the C4 carbon fixation method , allowing them to persist at concentrations as low as 10 parts per million . However , the long-term trend is for plant life to die off altogether . The extinction of plants will be the demise of almost all animal life , since plants are the base of the food chain on Earth .   In about one billion years , the solar luminosity will be 10 % higher than at present . This will cause the atmosphere to become a `` moist greenhouse '' , resulting in a runaway evaporation of the oceans . As a likely consequence , plate tectonics will come to an end , and with them the entire carbon cycle . Following this event , in about 2 − 3 billion years , the planet 's magnetic dynamo may cease , causing the magnetosphere to decay and leading to an accelerated loss of volatiles from the outer atmosphere . Four billion years from now , the increase in the Earth 's surface temperature will cause a runaway greenhouse effect , heating the surface enough to melt it . By that point , all life on the Earth will be extinct . The most probable fate of the planet is absorption by the Sun in about 7.5 billion years , after the star has entered the red giant phase and expanded to cross the planet 's current orbit ."}
{"_id": "Futures_studies", "title": "Futures studies", "headings": "", "text": "Futures studies ( also called futurology ) is the study of postulating possible , probable , and preferable futures and the worldviews and myths that underlie them . There is a debate as to whether this discipline is an art or science . In general , it can be considered as a branch of the social sciences and parallel to the field of history . History studies the past , futures studies considers the future . Futures studies ( colloquially called `` futures '' by many of the field 's practitioners ) seeks to understand what is likely to continue and what could plausibly change . Part of the discipline thus seeks a systematic and pattern-based understanding of past and present , and to determine the likelihood of future events and trends . Unlike the physical sciences where a narrower , more specified system is studied , futures studies concerns a much bigger and more complex world system . The methodology and knowledge are much less proven as compared to natural science or even social science like sociology , economics , and political science ."}
{"_id": "GRACE_and_GRACE-FO", "title": "GRACE and GRACE-FO", "headings": "", "text": "The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) was a joint mission of NASA and the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Twin satellites took detailed measurements of Earth's gravity field anomalies from its launch in March 2002 to the end of its science mission in October 2017.  The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On (GRACE-FO) is a continuation of the mission on near-identical hardware, launched in May 2018. By measuring gravity anomalies, GRACE showed how mass is distributed around the planet and how it varies over time. Data from the GRACE satellites is an important tool for studying Earth's ocean, geology, and climate. GRACE was a collaborative endeavor involving the Center for Space Research at the University of Texas at Austin, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the German Aerospace Center and Germany's National Research Center for Geosciences, Potsdam. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory was responsible for the overall mission management under the NASA ESSP (Earth System Science Pathfinder) program. The principal investigator is Byron Tapley of the University of Texas Center for Space Research, and the co-principal investigator is Christoph Reigber of the GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam.The two GRACE satellites (GRACE-1 and GRACE-2) were launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia, on a Rockot (SS-19 + Breeze upper stage) launch vehicle on 17 March 2002.  The spacecraft were launched to an initial altitude of approximately 500 km at a near-polar inclination of 89°.  During normal operations, the satellites were separated by 220 km along their orbit track. This system was able to gather global coverage every 30 days. GRACE far exceeded its 5-year design lifespan, operating for 15 years until the decommissioning of GRACE-2 on 27 October 2017. Its successor, GRACE-FO, was successfully launched on 22 May 2018. In 2019, a glacier in West Antarctica was named after the GRACE mission."}
{"_id": "Gaia_hypothesis", "title": "Gaia hypothesis", "headings": "", "text": "The Gaia hypothesis ( -LSB- ˈɡaɪ.ə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈɡeɪ.ə -RSB- ) , also known as the Gaia theory or the Gaia principle , proposes that organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on Earth to form a synergistic self-regulating , complex system that helps to maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet . Topics of interest include how the biosphere and the evolution of life forms affect the stability of global temperature , ocean salinity , oxygen in the atmosphere , the maintenance of a hydrosphere of liquid water and other environmental variables that affect the habitability of Earth .   The hypothesis was formulated by the chemist James Lovelock and co-developed by the microbiologist Lynn Margulis in the 1970s . The hypothesis was initially criticized for being teleological , and contradicting principles of natural selection , but later refinements aligned the Gaia hypothesis with ideas from fields such as Earth system science , biogeochemistry and systems ecology , with Lovelock referring to the `` geophysiology '' of the Earth . Even so , the Gaia hypothesis continues to attract criticism , and today some scientists consider it to be only weakly supported by , or at odds with , the available evidence . In 2006 , the Geological Society of London awarded Lovelock the Wollaston Medal in part for his work on the Gaia hypothesis ."}
{"_id": "Gainesville,_Florida", "title": "Gainesville, Florida", "headings": "", "text": "Gainesville is the county seat and largest city in Alachua County , Florida , United States , and the principal city of the Gainesville , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) . The population of Gainesville in the 2013 US Census estimates was 127,488 , a 2.4 % growth from 2010 . Gainesville is the largest city in the region of North Central Florida . It is also a component of the Gainesville-Lake City Combined Statistical Area , which had a 2013 population of 337,925 .   Gainesville is home to the University of Florida , the nation 's ninth-largest university campus by enrollment , as well as to Santa Fe College . The Gainesville MSA was ranked as the No. 1 place to live in North America in the 2007 edition of Cities Ranked and Rated . Also in 2007 , Gainesville was ranked as one of the `` best places to live and play '' in the United States by National Geographic Adventure . Gainesville was ranked as the `` 5th meanest city '' in the United States by the National Coalition for the Homeless twice , first in 2004 for its criminalization of homelessness and then in 2009 for its ordinance restricting soup kitchens to 130 meals a day.Meanwhile , the 130-meal restriction has since been repealed ."}
{"_id": "Gale_(crater)", "title": "Gale (crater)", "headings": "", "text": "Gale is a crater , and probable dry lake on Mars near the northwestern part of the Aeolis quadrangle at . It is 154 km in diameter and estimated to be about 3.5-3 .8 billion years old . The crater was named after Walter Frederick Gale , an amateur astronomer from Sydney , Australia , who observed Mars in the late 19th century . Aeolis Mons is a mountain in the center of Gale and rises 5.5 km high . Aeolis Palus is the plain between the northern wall of Gale and the northern foothills of Aeolis Mons . Peace Vallis , a nearby outflow channel , ` flows ' down from the Gale crater hills to the Aeolis Palus below and seems to have been carved by flowing water .   The NASA Mars rover , Curiosity , of the Mars Science Laboratory ( MSL ) mission , landed in `` Yellowknife '' Quad 51 of Aeolis Palus in Gale at 05:32 UTC August 6 , 2012 . NASA named the landing location Bradbury Landing on August 22 , 2012 . Curiosity is exploring Aeolis Mons and surrounding areas ."}
{"_id": "Galileo_affair", "title": "Galileo affair", "headings": "", "text": "The Galileo affair was a sequence of events , beginning around 1610 , culminating with the trial and condemnation of Galileo Galilei by the Roman Catholic Inquisition in 1633 for his support of heliocentrism ( il processo a Galileo Galilei ) .   In 1610 , Galileo published his Sidereus Nuncius ( Starry Messenger ) , describing the surprising observations that he had made with the new telescope , namely the phases of Venus and the Galilean moons of Jupiter . With these observations he promoted the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus ( published in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium in 1543 ) . Galileo 's initial discoveries were met with opposition within the Catholic Church , and in 1616 the Inquisition declared heliocentrism to be formally heretical . Heliocentric books were banned and Galileo was ordered to refrain from holding , teaching or defending heliocentric ideas .   Galileo went on to propose a theory of tides in 1616 , and of comets in 1619 ; he argued that the tides were evidence for the motion of the Earth . In 1632 Galileo , now an old man , published his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems , which implicitly defended heliocentrism , and was immensely popular . Responding to mounting controversy over theology , astronomy and philosophy , the Roman Inquisition tried Galileo in 1633 and found him `` vehemently suspect of heresy '' , sentencing him to indefinite imprisonment . Galileo was kept under house arrest until his death in 1642 ."}
{"_id": "Gambler's_fallacy", "title": "Gambler's fallacy", "headings": "", "text": "The gambler 's fallacy , also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy or the fallacy of the maturity of chances , is the mistaken belief that , if something happens more frequently than normal during some period , it will happen less frequently in the future , or that , if something happens less frequently than normal during some period , it will happen more frequently in the future ( presumably as a means of balancing nature ) . In situations where what is being observed is truly random ( i.e. , independent trials of a random process ) , this belief , though appealing to the human mind , is false . This fallacy can arise in many practical situations , but is most strongly associated with gambling , where such mistakes are common among players .   The use of the term Monte Carlo fallacy originates from the most famous example of this phenomenon , which occurred in a Monte Carlo Casino in 1913 ."}
{"_id": "Ganges", "title": "Ganges", "headings": "", "text": "The Ganges ( -LSB- ˈɡændʒiːz -RSB- ) , also Ganga ( -LSB- ˈɡəŋɡaː -RSB- ) , is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through the nations of India and Bangladesh . The 2525 km river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand , and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India into Bangladesh , where it empties into the Bay of Bengal . It is the third largest river in the world by discharge .   The Ganges is the most sacred river to Hindus . It is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and depend on it for their daily needs . It is worshipped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism . It has also been important historically , with many former provincial or imperial capitals ( such as Kannauj , Kampilya , Kara , Prayag or Allahabad , Kashi , Pataliputra or Patna , Hajipur , Munger , Bhagalpur , Murshidabad , Baharampur , Nabadwip , Saptagram , Kolkata and Dhaka ) located on its banks .   The Ganges was ranked as the fifth most polluted river of the world in 2007 . Pollution threatens not only humans , but also more than 140 fish species , 90 amphibian species and the endangered Ganges river dolphin . The levels of fecal coliform from human waste in the waters of the river near Varanasi are more than 100 times the Indian government 's official limit . The Ganga Action Plan , an environmental initiative to clean up the river , has been a major failure thus far , due to corruption , lack of technical expertise , poor environmental planning , and lack of support from religious authorities ."}
{"_id": "Gas_exchange", "title": "Gas exchange", "headings": "", "text": "Gas exchange is the biological process by which gases move passively by diffusion across a surface . Typically , this surface is - or contains - a biological membrane that forms the boundary between an organism and its extracellular environment .   Gases are constantly consumed and produced by cellular and metabolic reactions in most living things , so an efficient system for their exchange is required . Smaller organisms , such as bacteria , have a high surface-area to volume ratio . In these unicellular organisms , the external boundary of the organism - typically the cell membrane - is usually sufficient for the necessary gas exchange . Some small multicellular organisms , such as flatworms , are also able to perform sufficient gas exchange across the skin or cuticle that surrounds their bodies . However , in most larger organisms , which have a small surface-area to volume ratio , specialised structures with convoluted surfaces such as gills , pulmonary alveoli and spongy mesophyll provide the additional area needed for effective gas exchange . These convoluted surfaces may sometimes be internalised into the body of the organism : this is the case for alveoli , which form the inner surface of the mammalian lung ; spongy mesophyll , which is found inside the leaves of some kinds of plant ; and the gills of those molluscs that have them , which may be found in the mantle cavity .   In aerobic organisms , gas exchange is particularly important for respiration , which involves the uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide . Conversely , in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms such as most land plants , uptake of carbon dioxide and release of both oxygen and water vapour are the main gas-exchange processes occurring during the day . Other gas-exchange processes are important in less familiar organisms : e.g. carbon dioxide , methane and hydrogen are exchanged across the cell membrane of methanogenic archaea ; nitrogen is exchanged in denitrifying and nitrogen fixing bacteria ; and hydrogen sulfide and other gases are exchanged in giant tube worms ."}
{"_id": "Gasoline", "title": "Gasoline", "headings": "", "text": "Gasoline ( American English ) or petrol ( British English ) , is a transparent , petroleum-derived liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in internal combustion engines . It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum , enhanced with a variety of additives . On average , a 42-gallon barrel of crude oil ( 159 L ) yields about 19 gal of gasoline when processed in an oil refinery , though this varies based on the crude oil source 's assay .   The characteristic of a particular gasoline blend to resist igniting too early ( which causes knocking and reduces efficiency in reciprocating engines ) is measured by its octane rating . Gasoline is produced in several grades of octane rating . Tetraethyllead and other lead compounds are no longer used in most areas to regulate and increase octane-rating , but many other additives are put into gasoline to improve its chemical stability , control corrosiveness and provide fuel system ` cleaning , ' and determine performance characteristics under intended use . Sometimes , gasoline also contains ethanol as an alternative fuel , for economic or environmental reasons .   Gasoline , as used worldwide in the vast number of internal combustion engines used in transport and industry , has a significant impact on the environment , both in local effects ( e.g. , smog ) and in global effects ( e.g. , effect on the climate ) . Gasoline may also enter the environment uncombusted , as liquid and as vapors , from leakage and handling during production , transport and delivery , from storage tanks , from spills , etc. . As an example of efforts to control such leakage , many ( underground ) storage tanks are required to have extensive measures in place to detect and prevent such leaks . Gasoline contains benzene and other known carcinogens ."}
{"_id": "Gene", "title": "Gene", "headings": "", "text": "A gene ( from ancient Greek : γόνος , gonos ) is a locus ( or region ) of DNA which is made up of nucleotides and is the molecular unit of heredity . The transmission of genes to an organism 's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits . These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes . Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be . Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes ( many different genes ) as well as gene -- environment interactions . Some genetic traits are instantly visible , such as eye color or number of limbs , and some are not , such as blood type , risk for specific diseases , or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life .   Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence , leading to different variants , known as alleles , in the population . These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein , which cause different phenotypical traits . Usage of the term `` having a gene '' ( e.g. , `` good genes , '' `` hair colour gene '' ) typically refers to containing a different allele of the same , shared gene . Genes evolve due to natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles .   The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered . For example , regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions , and coding regions can be split into several exons . Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding RNAs . Therefore , a broad , modern working definition of a gene is any discrete locus of heritable , genomic sequence which affect an organism 's traits by being expressed as a functional product or by regulation of gene expression ."}
{"_id": "General_circulation_model", "title": "General circulation model", "headings": "", "text": "A general circulation model ( GCM ) is a type of climate model . It employs a mathematical model of the general circulation of a planetary atmosphere or ocean . It uses the Navier -- Stokes equations on a rotating sphere with thermodynamic terms for various energy sources ( radiation , latent heat ) . These equations are the basis for computer programs used to simulate the Earth 's atmosphere or oceans . Atmospheric and oceanic GCMs ( AGCM and OGCM ) are key components along with sea ice and land-surface components .   GCMs and global climate models are used for weather forecasting , understanding the climate and forecasting climate change .   Versions designed for decade to century time scale climate applications were originally created by Syukuro Manabe and Kirk Bryan at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in Princeton , New Jersey . These models are based on the integration of a variety of fluid dynamical , chemical and sometimes biological equations ."}
{"_id": "Genetics", "title": "Genetics", "headings": "", "text": "Genetics ( from ancient Greek γένεσις , genesis ) is the study of genes , genetic variation , and heredity in living organisms . It is generally considered a field of biology , but intersects frequently with many other life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems .   The father of genetics is Gregor Mendel , a late 19th-century scientist and Augustinian friar . Mendel studied `` trait inheritance '' , patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring . He observed that organisms ( pea plants ) inherit traits by way of discrete `` units of inheritance '' . This term , still used today , is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene .   Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century , but modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance to studying the function and behavior of genes . Gene structure and function , variation , and distribution are studied within the context of the cell , the organism ( e.g. dominance ) , and within the context of a population . Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields , including epigenetics and population genetics . Organisms studied within the broad field span the domain of life , including bacteria , plants , animals , and humans .   Genetic processes work in combination with an organism 's environment and experiences to influence development and behavior , often referred to as nature versus nurture . The intracellular or extracellular environment of a cell or organism may switch gene transcription on or off . A classic example is two seeds of genetically identical corn , one placed in a temperate climate and one in an arid climate . While the average height of the two corn stalks may be genetically determined to be equal , the one in the arid climate only grows to half the height of the one in the temperate climate due to lack of water and nutrients in its environment ."}
{"_id": "Geobiology", "title": "Geobiology", "headings": "", "text": "Geobiology is a field of scientific research that explores the interactions between the physical Earth and the biosphere . It is a relatively young field , and its borders are fluid . There is considerable overlap with the fields of ecology , evolutionary biology , microbiology , paleontology , and particularly biogeochemistry . Geobiology applies the principles and methods of biology and geology to the study of the ancient history of the co-evolution of life and Earth as well as the role of life in the modern world . Geobiologic studies tend to be focused on microorganisms , and on the role that life plays in altering the chemical and physical environment of the lithosphere , atmosphere , hydrosphere and/or cryosphere . It differs from biogeochemistry in that the focus is on processes and organisms over space and time rather than on global chemical cycles .   Geobiological research synthesizes the geologic record with modern biologic studies . It deals with process - how organisms affect the Earth and vice versa - as well as history - how the Earth and life have changed together . Much research is grounded in the search for fundamental understanding , but geobiology can also be applied , as in the case of microbes that clean up oil spills .   Geobiology employs molecular biology , environmental microbiology , chemical analyses , and the geologic record to investigate the evolutionary interconnectedness of life and Earth . It attempts to understand how the Earth has changed since the origin of life and what it might have been like along the way . Some definitions of geobiology even push the boundaries of this time frame - to understanding the origin of life and to the role that man has played and will continue to play in shaping the Earth in the Anthropocene ."}
{"_id": "Geography_of_Tuvalu", "title": "Geography of Tuvalu", "headings": "", "text": "The Western Pacific nation of Tuvalu , formerly known as the Ellice Islands , is situated 4,000 km northeast of Australia and is approximately halfway between Hawaii and Australia . It lies east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands ( belonging to the Solomons ) , southeast of Nauru , south of Kiribati , west of Tokelau , northwest of Samoa and Wallis and Futuna and north of Fiji .   Tuvalu consists of three reef islands and six atolls . The three reef islands are actually atolls , although they have a completely closed rim of dry land , with a lagoon that has no connection to the open sea or that may be drying up . For example , Niutao has two lakes , which are brackish to saline ; and are the degraded lagoon as the result of coral debris filling the lagoon .   The islands of Tuvalu have poor soil and a total land area of only about 26 km ² , less than 10 sqmi . The land is very low-lying , with narrow coral atolls . The highest elevation is 4.6 m above sea level on Niulakita .   Tuvalu experiences two distinct seasons , a wet season from November to April and a dry season from May to October . Westerly gales and heavy rain are the predominate weather conditions from October to March , the period that is known as Tau-o-lalo , with tropical temperatures moderated by easterly winds from April to November . In terms of size , it is the second-smallest country in Oceania ."}
{"_id": "Geoid", "title": "Geoid", "headings": "", "text": "The geoid is the shape that the surface of the oceans would take under the influence of Earth 's gravity and rotation alone , in the absence of other influences such as winds and tides . This surface is extended through the continents ( such as with very narrow hypothetical canals ) . All points on a geoid surface have the same gravitational potential energy ( the sum of gravitational potential energy and centrifugal potential energy ) . The geoid can be defined at any value of gravitational potential such as within the Earth 's crust or far out in space , not just at sea level . The force of gravity acts everywhere perpendicular to the geoid , meaning that plumb lines point perpendicular and water levels parallel to the geoid if only gravity and rotational acceleration were at work .   Specifically , the geoid is the equipotential surface that would coincide with the mean ocean surface of Earth if the oceans and atmosphere were in equilibrium , at rest relative to the rotating Earth , and extended through the continents ( such as with very narrow canals ) . According to Gauss , who first described it , it is the `` mathematical figure of Earth '' , a smooth but highly irregular surface whose shape results from the uneven distribution of mass within and on the surface of Earth . It does not correspond to the actual surface of Earth 's crust , but to a surface which can only be known through extensive gravitational measurements and calculations . Despite being an important concept for almost two hundred years in the history of geodesy and geophysics , it has only been defined to high precision since advances in satellite geodesy in the late 20th century . It is often described as the true physical figure of the Earth , in contrast to the idealized geometrical figure of a reference ellipsoid .   The surface of the geoid is higher than the reference ellipsoid wherever there is a positive gravity anomaly ( mass excess ) and lower than the reference ellipsoid wherever there is a negative gravity anomaly ( mass deficit ) ."}
{"_id": "Geologic_temperature_record", "title": "Geologic temperature record", "headings": "", "text": "The Geologic temperature record are changes in Earth 's environment as determined from geologic evidence on multi-million to billion ( 109 ) year time scales . The study of past temperatures provides an important paleoenvironmental insight because it is a crucial component of the climate and oceanography of the time ."}
{"_id": "Geologist", "title": "Geologist", "headings": "", "text": "A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth as well as the processes that shape it . Geologists usually study geology , although backgrounds in physics , chemistry , biology , and other sciences are also useful . Field work is an important component of geology , although many subdisciplines incorporate laboratory work .   Some geologists work in the mining business searching for metals , oils , and other Earth resources . They are also in the forefront of natural hazards and disasters prevention and mitigation , studying natural hazards such as earthquakes , volcanic activity , tsunamis , weather storms . Their studies are used to warn the general public of the occurrence of these events . Geologists are also important contributors to climate change discussions ."}
{"_id": "Geology", "title": "Geology", "headings": "", "text": "Geology ( from the Ancient Greek γῆ , gē , i.e. `` earth '' and - λoγία , - logia , i.e. `` study of , discourse '' ) is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth , the rocks of which it is composed , and the processes by which they change over time . Geology can also refer generally to the study of the solid features of any terrestrial planet ( such as the geology of the Moon or Mars ) .   Geology gives insight into the history of the Earth by providing the primary evidence for plate tectonics , the evolutionary history of life , and past climates . Geology is important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation , evaluating water resources , understanding of natural hazards , the remediation of environmental problems , and for providing insights into past climate change . Geology also plays a role in geotechnical engineering and is a major academic discipline ."}
{"_id": "Geology_of_Scotland", "title": "Geology of Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "The geology of Scotland is unusually varied for a country of its size , with a large number of differing geological features . There are three main geographical sub-divisions : the Highlands and Islands is a diverse area which lies to the north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault ; the Central Lowlands is a rift valley mainly comprising Paleozoic formations ; and the Southern Uplands , which lie south of the Southern Uplands Fault , are largely composed of Silurian deposits .   The existing bedrock includes very ancient Archean gneiss , metamorphic beds interspersed with granite intrusions created during the Caledonian mountain building period ( the Caledonian orogeny ) , commercially important coal , oil and iron bearing carboniferous deposits and the remains of substantial Paleogene volcanoes . During their formation , tectonic movements created climatic conditions ranging from polar to desert to tropical and a resultant diversity of fossil remains .   Scotland has also had a role to play in many significant discoveries such as plate tectonics and the development of theories about the formation of rocks and was the home of important figures in the development of the science including James Hutton ( the `` father of modern geology '' ) , Hugh Miller and Archibald Geikie . Various locations such as ` Hutton 's Unconformity ' at Siccar Point in Berwickshire and the Moine Thrust in the north west were also important in the development of geological science ."}
{"_id": "George_W._Bush", "title": "George W. Bush", "headings": "", "text": "George Walker Bush ( born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 . He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 . After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975 , he worked in the oil industry . Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter . He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election . Bush was elected president in 2000 after a close and controversial win over Democratic rival Al Gore , becoming the fourth president to be elected while receiving fewer popular votes than his opponent .   From a prominent political family , he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush , the 41st President of the United States , making him only the second president to assume the nation 's highest office after his father , following the lead of John Quincy Adams . His brother , Jeb Bush , a former Governor of Florida , was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election . His paternal grandfather , Prescott Bush , was a United States Senator from Connecticut .   The September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bush 's first term as president . Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine : launching a `` War on Terror '' , an international military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001 and the Iraq War in 2003 . He also promoted policies on the economy , health care , education , Social Security reform , and amending the Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage . He signed into law broad tax cuts , the Patriot Act , the No Child Left Behind Act , the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act , Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors , and funding for the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR . His tenure included national debates on immigration , Social Security , electronic surveillance , and torture .   In the 2004 Presidential race , Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another relatively close election . After his re-election , Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the political spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War , Hurricane Katrina , and other challenges . Amid this criticism , the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections . In December 2007 , the United States entered its longest post-World War II recession , often referred to as the `` Great Recession '' , prompting the Bush administration to obtain congressional passage of multiple economic programs intended to preserve the country 's financial system . Nationally , Bush was both one of the most popular and unpopular presidents in history , having received the highest recorded presidential approval ratings in the wake of the September 11 attacks , as well as one of the lowest approval ratings during the 2008 financial crisis .   Bush left office in 2009 , returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford . He wrote a memoir , Decision Points . His presidential library was opened in 2013 . His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians ' polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s ."}
{"_id": "Georgia_(U.S._state)", "title": "Georgia (U.S. state)", "headings": "", "text": "Georgia ( -LSB- ˈdʒɔrdʒə -RSB- ) is a state in the southeastern United States . It began as a British colony in 1733 , the last of the original Thirteen Colonies . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Province of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina down to Spanish Florida and New France along La Louisiane , also bordering to the west towards the Mississippi River . Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution , on January 2 , 1788 . In 1802-1804 , western Georgia was split to the Mississippi Territory , which later split to form Alabama with part of former West Florida in 1819 . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate states . It was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 . Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States . From 2007 to 2008 , 14 of Georgia 's counties ranked among the nation 's 100 fastest-growing , second only to Texas . Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South . Atlanta is the state 's capital , its most populous city , and has been named a global city .   Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina , to the west by Alabama , and to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina . The state 's northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains , part of the Appalachian Mountains system . The Piedmont extends through the central part of the state from the foothills of the Blue Ridge to the Fall Line , where the rivers cascade down in elevation to the coastal plain of the state 's southern part . Georgia 's highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4784 ft above sea level ; the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean . Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area ."}
{"_id": "Geothermal_energy", "title": "Geothermal energy", "headings": "", "text": "Geothermal energy is heat energy generated and stored in the Earth . Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter . The geothermal energy of the Earth 's crust originates from the original formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of materials ( in currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions ) . The geothermal gradient , which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface , drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface . The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots γη ( ge ) , meaning earth , and θερμος ( thermos ) , meaning hot .   Earth 's internal heat is thermal energy generated from radioactive decay and continual heat loss from Earth 's formation . Temperatures at the core -- mantle boundary may reach over 4000 ° C ( 7,200 ° F ) . The high temperature and pressure in Earth 's interior cause some rock to melt and solid mantle to behave plastically , resulting in portions of the mantle convecting upward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock . Rock and water is heated in the crust , sometimes up to 370 ° C ( 700 ° F ) .   From hot springs , geothermal energy has been used for bathing since Paleolithic times and for space heating since ancient Roman times , but it is now better known for electricity generation . Worldwide , 11,700 megawatts ( MW ) of geothermal power is online in 2013 . An additional 28 gigawatts of direct geothermal heating capacity is installed for district heating , space heating , spas , industrial processes , desalination and agricultural applications as of 2010 .   Geothermal power is cost-effective , reliable , sustainable , and environmentally friendly , but has historically been limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries . Recent technological advances have dramatically expanded the range and size of viable resources , especially for applications such as home heating , opening a potential for widespread exploitation . Geothermal wells release greenhouse gases trapped deep within the earth , but these emissions are much lower per energy unit than those of fossil fuels .   The Earth 's geothermal resources are theoretically more than adequate to supply humanity 's energy needs , but only a very small fraction may be profitably exploited . Drilling and exploration for deep resources is very expensive . Forecasts for the future of geothermal power depend on assumptions about technology , energy prices , subsidies , plate boundary movement and interest rates . Pilot programs like EWEB 's customer opt in Green Power Program show that customers would be willing to pay a little more for a renewable energy source like geothermal . But as a result of government assisted research and industry experience , the cost of generating geothermal power has decreased by 25 % over the past two decades . In 2001 , geothermal energy costs between two and ten US cents per kWh ."}
{"_id": "Geothermal_gradient", "title": "Geothermal gradient", "headings": "", "text": "Geothermal gradient is the rate of increasing temperature with respect to increasing depth in the Earth 's interior . Away from tectonic plate boundaries , it is about 25 ° C per km of depth ( 1 ° F per 70 feet of depth ) near the surface in most of the world . Strictly speaking , geo-thermal necessarily refers to the Earth but the concept may be applied to other planets . A line tracing the gradient through the planetary body is called a geotherm on Earth and other terrestrial planets . On the Moon it is called a selenotherm .   The Earth 's internal heat comes from a combination of residual heat from planetary accretion , heat produced through radioactive decay , and possibly heat from other sources . The major heat-producing isotopes in the Earth are potassium-40 , uranium-238 , uranium-235 , and thorium-232 . At the center of the planet , the temperature may be up to 7,000 K and the pressure could reach 360 GPa ( 3.6 million atm ) . Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay , scientists believe that early in Earth history , before isotopes with short half-lives had been depleted , Earth 's heat production would have been much higher . Heat production was twice that of present-day at approximately 3 billion years ago , resulting in larger temperature gradients within the Earth , larger rates of mantle convection and plate tectonics , allowing the production of igneous rocks such as komatiites that are not formed anymore today ."}
{"_id": "Germany", "title": "Germany", "headings": "", "text": "Germany ( listen ) , is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe . It includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,021 km2 , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With about 82 million inhabitants , Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union . After the United States , it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world . Germany 's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr ( main centres : Dortmund and Essen ) . The country 's other major cities are Hamburg , Munich , Cologne , Frankfurt , Stuttgart , Düsseldorf , Leipzig , Bremen , Dresden , Hannover and Nuremberg .   Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before 100 AD . During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . The remains of the Holy Roman Empire formed the German Confederation in 1815 , while the German revolutions of 1848 -- 49 established major democratic rights first .   In 1871 , Germany became a nation state when most of the German states were unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire . After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 , the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic . In 1933 the Nazi seizure of power quickly led to the establishment of Nazi Germany which was built upon a dictatorship and consequently led to World War II and one of the biggest genocides in history , the Holocaust . By 1945 Germany and most of Europe were left in destruction and ruins . After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation , two German states were founded : the democratic Federal Republic of Germany ( commonly known as West Germany ) and the socialist German Democratic Republic ( commonly known as East Germany ) . A wall encircling West Berlin was created on August 13 , 1961 , and was torn down on November 9 , 1989 . On 3 October 1990 , the country was reunified .   In the 21st century , Germany is a great power and has the world 's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP , as well as the fifth-largest by PPP . As a global leader in several industrial and technological sectors , it is both the world 's third-largest exporter and importer of goods . Germany is a developed country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled and productive society . It upholds a social security and universal health care system , environmental protection and a tuition-free university education .   The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the European Economic Community in 1957 and the European Union in 1993 . It is part of the Schengen Area , and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999 . Germany is a member of the United Nations , NATO , the G8 , the G20 , and the OECD . The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world . Known for its rich cultural history , Germany has been continuously the home of influential and successful artists , philosophers , musicians , sportspeople , entrepreneurs , scientists , engineers , and inventors ."}
{"_id": "Geysers_on_Mars", "title": "Geysers on Mars", "headings": "", "text": "Martian geysers (or CO2 jets) are putative sites of small gas and dust eruptions that occur in the south polar region of Mars during the spring thaw. \"Dark dune spots\" and \"spiders\" – or araneiforms  – are the two most visible types of features ascribed to these eruptions. Martian geysers are distinct from geysers on Earth, which are typically associated with hydrothermal activity. These are unlike any terrestrial geological phenomenon. The reflectance (albedo), shapes and unusual spider appearance of these features have stimulated a variety of hypotheses about their origin, ranging from differences in frosting reflectance, to explanations involving biological processes. However, all current geophysical models assume some sort of jet or geyser-like activity on Mars.  Their characteristics, and the process of their formation, are still a matter of debate. These features are unique to the south polar region of Mars in an area informally called the 'cryptic region', at latitudes 60° to 80° south and longitudes 150°W to 310°W;  this 1 meter deep  carbon dioxide (CO2) ice transition area—between the scarps of the thick polar ice layer and the permafrost—is where clusters of the apparent geyser systems are located. The seasonal frosting and defrosting of carbon dioxide ice results in the appearance of a number of features, such dark dune spots with spider-like rilles or channels below the ice, where spider-like radial channels are carved between the ground and the carbon dioxide ice, giving it an appearance of spider webs, then, pressure accumulating in their interior ejects gas and dark basaltic sand or dust, which is deposited on the ice surface and thus, forming dark dune spots.  This process is rapid, observed happening in the space of a few days, weeks or months, a growth rate rather unusual in geology – especially for Mars.  However, it would seem that multiple years would be required to carve the larger spider-like channels.  There is no direct data on these features other than images taken in the visible and infrared spectra."}
{"_id": "Glacier", "title": "Glacier", "headings": "", "text": "A glacier ( -LSB- pronˈɡleɪʃər -RSB- or -LSB- ˈɡlæsiə -RSB- ) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight ; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation ( melting and sublimation ) over many years , often centuries . Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight , creating crevasses , seracs , and other distinguishing features . They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines . Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water .   On Earth , 99 % of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions , but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia , and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands . Between 35 ° N and 35 ° S , glaciers occur only in the Himalayas , Andes , Rocky Mountains , a few high mountains in East Africa , Mexico , New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran . Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth 's land surface . Continental glaciers cover nearly 5 e6sqmi or about 98 percent of Antarctica 's 5.1 e6sqmi , with an average thickness of 7,000 ft. Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers .   Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth . Many glaciers from temperate , alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt , creating a water source that is especially important for plants , animals and human uses when other sources may be scant . Within high altitude and Antarctic environments , the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater .   Because glacial mass is affected by long-term climatic changes , e.g. , precipitation , mean temperature , and cloud cover , glacial mass changes are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change and are a major source of variations in sea level .   A large piece of compressed ice , or a glacier , appears blue as large quantities of water appear blue . This is because water molecules absorb other colors more efficiently than blue . The other reason for the blue color of glaciers is the lack of air bubbles . Air bubbles , which give a white color to ice , are squeezed out by pressure increasing the density of the created ice ."}
{"_id": "Glaciology", "title": "Glaciology", "headings": "", "text": "Glaciology ( from Latin : glacies , `` frost , ice '' , and Ancient Greek : λόγος , logos , `` subject matter '' ; literally `` study of ice '' ) is the scientific study of glaciers , or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice .   Glaciology is an interdisciplinary earth science that integrates geophysics , geology , physical geography , geomorphology , climatology , meteorology , hydrology , biology , and ecology . The impact of glaciers on people includes the fields of human geography and anthropology . The discoveries of water ice on the Moon , Mars , Europa and Pluto add an extraterrestrial component to the field , as in `` astroglaciology '' ."}
{"_id": "Glen_Canyon_Dam", "title": "Glen Canyon Dam", "headings": "", "text": "Glen Canyon Dam is a concrete arch-gravity dam on the Colorado River in northern Arizona , United States , near the town of Page . The 710 ft high dam was built by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation ( USBR ) from 1956 to 1966 and forms Lake Powell , one of the largest man-made reservoirs in the U.S. with a capacity of 27 million acre feet ( 33 km3 ) . The dam is named for Glen Canyon , a series of deep sandstone gorges now flooded by the reservoir ; Lake Powell is named for John Wesley Powell , who in 1869 led the first expedition to traverse the Colorado 's Grand Canyon by boat .   A dam in Glen Canyon was studied as early as 1924 , but these plans were initially dropped in favor of a dam in Black Canyon ( the Hoover Dam , completed in 1936 ) . By the 1950s , due to rapid population growth in the seven U.S. and two Mexican states comprising the Colorado River Basin , the Bureau of Reclamation deemed the construction of additional reservoirs necessary . However , the USBR faced opposition when it proposed the Echo Park Dam in Utah 's Dinosaur National Monument , which the nascent environmental movement saw as a legal threat to the status of protected lands . After a long fight , the USBR agreed not to build the dam in Dinosaur , but only if the environmentalists did not oppose the proposed dam in Glen Canyon .   Since first filling to capacity in 1980 , Lake Powell water levels have fluctuated greatly depending on water demand and annual runoff . Operation of Glen Canyon Dam helps ensure an equitable distribution of water between the states of the Upper Colorado River Basin ( Colorado , Wyoming , and most of New Mexico and Utah ) and the Lower Basin ( California , Nevada and most of Arizona ) . During years of drought , Glen Canyon guarantees a water delivery to the Lower Basin states , without the need for rationing in the Upper Basin . In wet years , it captures extra runoff for future use . The dam is also a major source of hydroelectricity , averaging over 4 billion kilowatt hours per year . The long and winding Lake Powell , known for its scenic beauty and recreational opportunities including houseboating , fishing and water-skiing , attracts millions of tourists each year to the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area .   In addition to its flooding of the scenic Glen Canyon , the dam 's economic justification was highly questioned ; with what critics saw as unnecessary damage to the wilderness , it became `` a catalyst for the modern environmental movement , '' and was one of the last dams of its size to be built in the United States . The dam has been criticized for the huge evaporative losses from Lake Powell and its heavy impact on the ecology of the Grand Canyon , which lies downstream ; environmental groups continue to advocate for the dam 's removal . Water managers and utilities state that the dam is a major source of renewable energy and provides a vital defense against severe droughts ."}
{"_id": "Global_Climate_Coalition", "title": "Global Climate Coalition", "headings": "", "text": "The Global Climate Coalition ( GCC ) ( 1989 -- 2001 ) was an international lobbyist group of businesses that opposed action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and challenged the science behind global warming . The GCC was the largest industry group active in climate policy and the most prominent industry advocate in international climate negotiations . The GCC was involved in opposition to the Kyoto Protocol , and played a role in blocking ratification by the United States . The coalition promoted the views of climate skeptics . The GCC dissolved in 2001 after membership declined in the face of improved understanding of the role of greenhouse gases in climate change and of public criticism ."}
{"_id": "Global_Energy_and_Water_Exchanges", "title": "Global Energy and Water Exchanges", "headings": "", "text": "The Global Energy and Water cycle Exchanges project (abbreviated GEWEX, formerly named the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment from 1990 to 2012) is an international research project and a core project of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP).  In the beginning, the project intended to observe, comprehend and model the Earth's water cycle. The experiment also observes how much energy the Earth receives, studies how much of that energy reaches surfaces of the Earth and how that energy is transformed. Sunlight's energy evaporates water to produce clouds and rain, and dries out land masses after rain. Rain that falls on land becomes the water budget which can be used by people for agricultural and other processes. GEWEX is a collaboration of researchers worldwide to find better ways of studying the water cycle and how it transforms energy through the atmosphere. If the Earth's climates were identical from year to year, then people could predict when, where and what crops to plant. However, instability created by solar variation, weather trends, and chaotic events creates weather that is unpredictable on seasonal scales. Through weather patterns such as droughts and higher rainfall these cycles impact ecosystems and human activities. GEWEX is designed to collect a much greater amount of data, and see if better models of that data can forecast weather and climate change into the future."}
{"_id": "Global_catastrophic_risk", "title": "Global catastrophic risk", "headings": "", "text": "A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event that has the potential to damage human well-being on a global scale . Some events could cripple or destroy modern civilization . Any event that could cause human extinction is known as an existential risk .   Potential global catastrophic risks include anthropogenic risks ( technology risks , governance risks ) and natural or external risks . Examples of technology risks are hostile artificial intelligence , biotechnology risks , or nanotechnology weapons . Insufficient global governance creates risks in the social and political domain ( potentially leading to a global war with or without a nuclear holocaust , bioterrorism using genetically modified organisms , cyberterrorism destroying critical infrastructures like the electrical grid , or the failure to manage a natural pandemic ) as well as problems and risks in the domain of earth system governance ( with risks resulting from global warming , environmental degradation , mineral resource exhaustion , fossil energy exhaustion , or famine as a result of non-equitable resource distribution , human overpopulation , crop failures and non-sustainable agriculture ) . Examples for non-anthropogenic risks are an asteroid impact event , a supervolcanic eruption , a lethal gamma-ray burst , a geomagnetic storm destroying all electronic equipment , natural long-term climate change , or extraterrestrial life impacting life on Earth ."}
{"_id": "Global_cooling", "title": "Global cooling", "headings": "", "text": "Global cooling was a conjecture during the 1970s of imminent cooling of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere culminating in a period of extensive glaciation . This hypothesis had little support in the scientific community , but gained temporary popular attention due to a combination of a slight downward trend of temperatures from the 1940s to the early 1970s and press reports that did not accurately reflect the full scope of the scientific climate literature , which showed a larger and faster-growing body of literature projecting future warming due to greenhouse gas emissions . The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth has not durably cooled , but underwent global warming throughout the 20th century ."}
{"_id": "Global_dimming", "title": "Global dimming", "headings": "", "text": "Global dimming is the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the Earth 's surface that was observed for several decades after the start of systematic measurements in the 1950s . The effect varies by location , but worldwide it has been estimated to be of the order of a 4 % reduction over the three decades from 1960 -- 1990 . However , after discounting an anomaly caused by the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 , a very slight reversal in the overall trend has been observed .   Global dimming is thought to have been caused by an increase in particulates such as sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere due to human action .   It has interfered with the hydrological cycle by reducing evaporation and may have reduced rainfall in some areas . Global dimming also creates a cooling effect that may have partially counteracted the effect of greenhouse gases on global warming ."}
{"_id": "Global_governance", "title": "Global governance", "headings": "", "text": "Global governance or world governance is a movement towards political cooperation among transnational actors , aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state or region . Institutions of global governance -- the United Nations , the International Criminal Court , the World Bank , etc. -- tend to have limited or demarcated power to enforce compliance . The modern question of world governance exists in the context of globalization and globalizing regimes of power : politically , economically and culturally . In response to the acceleration of interdependence on a worldwide scale , both between human societies and between humankind and the biosphere , the term `` global governance '' may also be used to name the process of designating laws , rules , or regulations intended for a global scale .   Global governance is not a singular system . There is no `` world government '' but the many different regimes of global governance do have commonalities :"}
{"_id": "Global_issue", "title": "Global issue", "headings": "", "text": "Informally , a global issue describes any social , economic , political or environmental problem that affects the global community , possibly in a catastrophic way .   Solution to global issues requires cooperation among nations .   In their book Global Issues , Hite and Seitz emphasize that global issues are qualitatively different from international affairs and that the former arise from growing international interdependencies which makes the issues themselves interdependent ."}
{"_id": "Global_storm_activity_of_2009", "title": "Global storm activity of 2009", "headings": "", "text": "Global storm activity of 2009 profiles the major worldwide storms , including blizzards , ice storms , and other winter events , from January 1 , 2009 to December 31 , 2009 . Wintery storms are events in which the dominant varieties of precipitation are forms that only occur at cold temperatures , such as snow or sleet , or a rainstorm where ground temperatures are cold enough to allow ice to form ( i.e. freezing rain ) . It may be marked by strong wind , thunder and lightning ( a thunderstorm ) , heavy precipitation , such as ice ( ice storm ) , or wind transporting some substance through the atmosphere ( as in a dust storm , snowstorm , hailstorm , etc. ) . Summer storms including flooding , severe thunderstorms and extratropical cyclones ( which can occur in summer or winter ) are also included in this list to a certain extent .   As this occurred a heat wave and/or unforeseen monsoon weather also hit parts of Australia in 2009 and 2010 . Victoria , the scene of horrific bushfires the year before , had a far colder summer , with hot weather arriving more than a month later than usual in 2009 . August 17 saw a dust storm at Laguna Mar Chiquita as a major drought hit Argentina , and flooding and hailstorms hit southeastern Australia and Queensland in March 2010 . The lack of winter precipitation in parts of China , however , contributed to a severe drought in the southwest . Bolivia , Venezuela , Mali , Mauritania , Morocco and Spain have also seen periods of drought in 2009 and 2010 . On between May 12 and 26 , both Mauritania , the Sénégal River Area and neighbouring parts of both Senegal and Mali faced both a drought and famine in 2010 .   A storm ( from Proto-Germanic * sturmaz `` noise , tumult '' ) is any disturbed state of an astronomical body 's atmosphere , especially affecting its surface , and strongly implying severe weather .   Storms are created when a centre of low pressure develops , with a system of high pressure surrounding it . This combination of opposing forces can create winds and result in the formation of storm clouds , such as the cumulonimbus . Small , localized areas of low pressure can form from hot air rising off hot ground , resulting in smaller meteorological disturbances such as dust devils and whirlwinds ."}
{"_id": "Global_storm_activity_of_2010", "title": "Global storm activity of 2010", "headings": "", "text": "The global storm activity of 2010 includes major meteorological events in the Earth 's atmosphere during the year , including winter storms ( blizzards , ice storms , European windstorms ) , hailstorms , out of season monsoon rain storms , extratropical cyclones , gales , microbursts , flooding , rainstorms , tropical cyclones , and other severe weather events .   The thunderstorm season for the Northern Hemisphere began this time of year , beginning on March 1 , and ending on August 31 ."}
{"_id": "Global_temperature_record", "title": "Global temperature record", "headings": "", "text": "The global temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans through various spans of time.  The most detailed information exists since 1850, when methodical thermometer-based records began.  There are numerous estimates of temperatures since the end of the Pleistocene glaciation, particularly during the current Holocene epoch.  Older time periods are studied by paleoclimatology."}
{"_id": "Global_warming", "title": "Global warming", "headings": "", "text": "Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned ."}
{"_id": "Global_warming_conspiracy_theory", "title": "Global warming conspiracy theory", "headings": "", "text": "A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce false data or suppress dissent . It is one of a number of tactics used in climate change denial to legitimize political controversy disputing this consensus .  Global warming conspiracy theorists typically allege that , through worldwide acts of professional and criminal misconduct , the science behind global warming has been invented or distorted for ideological or financial reasons , or both ."}
{"_id": "Global_warming_controversy", "title": "Global warming controversy", "headings": "", "text": "The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring , how much has occurred in modern times , what has caused it , what its effects will be , whether any action should be taken to curb it , and if so what that action should be . In the scientific literature , there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases . No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view , though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions . Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature , where such issues are treated as resolved , and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States than globally .   Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record , whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations , and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it . Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing , that human activity is the cause , and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years . Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ( climate sensitivity ) , how global climate change will play out at local and regional scales , and what the consequences of global warming will be .   Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate , often split along party political lines , especially in the United States . Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community , such as human responsibility for global warming , remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay , dismiss or deny them -- an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial . The sources of funding for those involved with climate science -- both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions -- have been questioned by both sides . There are debates about the best policy responses to the science , their cost-effectiveness and their urgency . Climate scientists , especially in the United States , have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data , with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications . Legal cases regarding global warming , its effects , and measures to reduce it have reached American courts . The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming ."}
{"_id": "Global_warming_hiatus", "title": "Global warming hiatus", "headings": "", "text": "A global warming hiatus , also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown , is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures . In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record , along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend ; climate is classically averaged over 30-year periods .   Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998 -- 2013 . The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend , and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus : by January 2006 , it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused . A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional , and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability , the rising temperature trend continued unabated . There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend , the IPCC included a section on a hiatus , which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012 , than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012 . Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown . Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth 's positive energy budget , the available temperature readings at the Earth 's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade . Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space , the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth 's climate system .   Research reported in July 2015 on an updated NOAA dataset casts doubt on the existence of a hiatus , and it finds no indication of a slowdown even in earlier years . Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study , though they have expressed the view that the recent warming trend was less than in previous periods of the same length . Subsequently , a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing , but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted , and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , which was negative during that period . Another review finds `` no substantive evidence '' of a pause in global warming . A statistical study of global temperature data since 1970 concludes that the term ` hiatus ' or ` pause ' is not justified .   Independent of these discussions about data and measurements for earlier years , 2015 turned out to be much warmer than any of the earlier years , already before El Niño conditions started . The warmth of 2015 largely ended any remaining scientific credibility of claims that the supposed `` hiatus '' since 1998 had any significance for the long-term warming trend . In January 2017 , a study published in the journal Science Advances cast further doubt on the existence of a recent pause , with more evidence that ocean temperatures have been underestimated . An April 2017 study found the data consistent with a steady warming trend globally since the 1970s , with fluctuations within the expected range of short term variability ."}
{"_id": "Global_warming_in_Antarctica", "title": "Global warming in Antarctica", "headings": "", "text": "The effects of global warming in Antarctica may include rising temperatures and increasing snow melt ."}
{"_id": "Global_warming_potential", "title": "Global warming potential", "headings": "", "text": "Global warming potential ( GWP ) is a relative measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere . It compares the amount of heat trapped by a certain mass of the gas in question to the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of carbon dioxide . A GWP is calculated over a specific time interval , commonly 20 , 100 , or 500 years . GWP is expressed as a factor of carbon dioxide ( whose GWP is standardized to 1 ) . In the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , methane has a lifetime of 12.4 years and with climate-carbon feedbacks a global warming potential of 86 over 20 years and 34 over 100 years in response to emissions . User related choices such as the time horizon can greatly affect the numerical values obtained for carbon dioxide equivalents . For a change in time horizon from 20 to 100 years , the GWP for methane decreases by a factor of approximately 2.5 .  The substances subject to restrictions under the Kyoto protocol either are rapidly increasing their concentrations in Earth 's atmosphere or have a large GWP .   The GWP depends on the following factors :  the absorption of infrared radiation by a given species  the spectral location of its absorbing wavelengths  the atmospheric lifetime of the species  Thus , a high GWP correlates with a large infrared absorption and a long atmospheric lifetime . The dependence of GWP on the wavelength of absorption is more complicated . Even if a gas absorbs radiation efficiently at a certain wavelength , this may not affect its GWP much if the atmosphere already absorbs most radiation at that wavelength . A gas has the most effect if it absorbs in a `` window '' of wavelengths where the atmosphere is fairly transparent . The dependence of GWP as a function of wavelength has been found empirically and published as a graph .   Because the GWP of a greenhouse gas depends directly on its infrared spectrum , the use of infrared spectroscopy to study greenhouse gases is centrally important in the effort to understand the impact of human activities on global climate change ."}
{"_id": "Glossary_of_fishery_terms", "title": "Glossary of fishery terms", "headings": "", "text": "This is a glossary of terms used in fisheries , fisheries management and fisheries science ."}
{"_id": "Glossary_of_geography_terms", "title": "Glossary of geography terms", "headings": "", "text": "Geographical terms are words or phrases which describe and identify natural phenomenons , geographical locations , spatial dimension and natural resources . Geographical terms are classified according to their functions , such as description , explanation , analysing , evaluating and integrating .   This is a list of geographical terms in alphabetical order ."}
{"_id": "Gondwana", "title": "Gondwana", "headings": "", "text": "In paleogeography , Gondwana ( -LSB- pronɡɒndˈwɑːnə -RSB- ) , also Gondwanaland , is the name given to an ancient supercontinent . It is believed to have sutured about , joining East Gondwana to West Gondwana . Gondwana formed prior to Pangaea , and later became part of it .   Around , Gondwana and Laurasia joined together to form the supercontinent Pangaea , which existed until approximately . Gondwana then separated from Laurasia ( the mid-Mesozoic era ) in the breakup of Pangaea , drifting farther south after the split . Gondwana itself then also broke apart .   Gondwana included most of the landmasses in today 's Southern Hemisphere , including Antarctica , South America , Africa , Madagascar , and the Australian continent , as well as the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent , which have now moved entirely into the Northern Hemisphere .   The continent of Gondwana was named by Austrian scientist Eduard Suess , after the Gondwana region of central northern India which is derived from Sanskrit for `` forest of the Gonds '' . The name had been previously used in a geological context , first by H.B. Medlicott in 1872 , from which the Gondwana sedimentary sequences ( Permian-Triassic ) are also described .   The adjective `` Gondwanan '' is in common use in biogeography when referring to patterns of distribution of living organisms , typically when the organisms are restricted to two or more of the now-discontinuous regions that were once part of Gondwana , including the Antarctic flora . For example , the plant family Proteaceae , known only from southern South America , South Africa , Australia , and New Zealand , is considered to have a `` Gondwanan distribution '' . This pattern is often considered to indicate an archaic , or relict , lineage ."}
{"_id": "Google", "title": "Google", "headings": "", "text": "Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products . These include online advertising technologies , search , cloud computing , software , and hardware . Google was founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University , in California . Together , they own about 14 percent of its shares , and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock . They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4 , 1998 . An initial public offering ( IPO ) took place on August 19 , 2004 , and Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View , California , nicknamed the Googleplex . In August 2015 , Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. . Google , Alphabet 's leading subsidiary , will continue to be the umbrella company for Alphabet 's Internet interests . Upon completion of the restructure , Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google , replacing Larry Page , who became CEO of Alphabet .   Rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products , acquisitions , and partnerships beyond Google 's core search engine ( Google Search ) . It offers services designed for work and productivity ( Google Docs , Sheets and Slides ) , email ( Gmail/Inbox ) , scheduling and time management ( Google Calendar ) , cloud storage ( Google Drive ) , social networking ( Google + ) , instant messaging and video chat ( Google Allo/Duo/Hangouts ) , language translation ( Google Translate ) , mapping and turn-by-turn navigation ( Google Maps ) , video sharing ( YouTube ) , notetaking ( Google Keep ) , and photo organizing and editing ( Google Photos ) . The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system , the Google Chrome web browser , and Chrome OS , a lightweight operating system based on the Chrome browser . Google has moved increasingly into hardware ; from 2010 to 2015 , it partnered with major electronics manufacturers in the production of its Nexus devices , and in October 2016 , it released multiple hardware products ( including the Google Pixel smartphone , Home smart speaker , Wifi mesh wireless router , and Daydream View virtual reality headset ) . The new hardware chief , Rick Osterloh , stated : `` a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience '' . Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier . In February 2010 , it announced Google Fiber , a fiber-optic infrastructure that was installed in Kansas City ; in April 2015 , it launched Project Fi in the United States , combining Wi-Fi and cellular networks from different providers ; and in 2016 , it announced the Google Station initiative to make public Wi-Fi around the world , which had already been deployed in India .   Alexa , a company that monitors commercial web traffic , lists Google.com as the most visited website in the world . Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites , including YouTube and Blogger . Google has been the second most valuable brand in the world for 4 consecutive years , but has received significant criticism involving issues such as privacy concerns , tax avoidance , antitrust , censorship , and search neutrality . Google 's mission statement , from the outset , was `` to organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful '' , and its unofficial slogan was `` Do n't be evil '' . In October 2015 , the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase `` Do the right thing '' ."}
{"_id": "Google_Scholar", "title": "Google Scholar", "headings": "", "text": "Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines . Released in beta in November 2004 , the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books , conference papers , theses and dissertations , preprints , abstracts , technical reports , and other scholarly literature , including court opinions and patents . While Google does not publish the size of Google Scholar 's database , third-party researchers estimated it to contain roughly 160 million documents as of May 2014 and an earlier statistical estimate published in PLOS ONE using a Mark and recapture method estimated approximately 80-90 % coverage of all articles published in English with an estimate of 100 million . This estimate also determined how many documents were freely available on the web .   Google Scholar is similar in function to the freely available CiteSeerX and getCITED . It also resembles the subscription-based tools , Elsevier 's Scopus and Thomson Reuters ' Web of Science ."}
{"_id": "Gordon_Brown", "title": "Gordon Brown", "headings": "", "text": "James Gordon Brown ( born 20 February 1951 ) is a British politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 to 2010 . He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Blair Government from 1997 to 2007 . Brown was a Member of Parliament ( MP ) from 1983 to 2015 , first for Dunfermline East and later for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath .   A doctoral graduate of the University of Edinburgh , Brown spent his early career working as both a lecturer at a further education college and a television journalist . He entered Parliament in 1983 as the MP for Dunfermline East . He joined the Shadow Cabinet in 1989 as Shadow Secretary of State for Trade , and was later promoted to become Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1992 . After Labour 's victory in 1997 , he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer , becoming the longest-serving holder of that office in modern history .   Brown 's time as Chancellor was marked by major reform of Britain 's monetary and fiscal policy architecture , transferring interest rate setting powers to the Bank of England , by a wide extension of the powers of the Treasury to cover much domestic policy and by transferring responsibility for banking supervision to the Financial Services Authority . Controversial moves included the abolition of advance corporation tax ( ACT ) relief in his first budget , and the removal in his final budget of the 10 % `` starting rate '' of personal income tax which he had introduced in 1999 . In 2007 , Tony Blair resigned as Prime Minister and Labour Leader and Brown was chosen to replace him in an uncontested election .   After initial rises in opinion polls following Brown becoming Prime Minister , Labour 's popularity declined with the onset of a recession in 2008 , leading to poor results in the local and European elections in 2009 . A year later , Labour lost 91 seats in the House of Commons at the 2010 general election , the party 's biggest loss of seats in a single general election since 1931 , making the Conservatives the largest party in a hung parliament . Brown remained in office as Labour negotiated to form a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats . On 10 May 2010 , Brown announced he would stand down as leader of the Labour Party , and instructed the party to put into motion the processes to elect a new leader . Labour 's attempts to retain power failed and on 11 May , he officially resigned as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party . He was succeeded as Prime Minister by David Cameron , and as Leader of the Labour Party by Ed Miliband .   Later , Brown played a prominent role in the campaign surrounding the Scottish independence referendum of 2014 , galvanising support behind maintaining the union ."}
{"_id": "Granger_causality", "title": "Granger causality", "headings": "", "text": "The Granger causality test is a statistical hypothesis test for determining whether one time series is useful in forecasting another , first proposed in 1969 . Ordinarily , regressions reflect `` mere '' correlations , but Clive Granger argued that causality in economics could be tested for by measuring the ability to predict the future values of a time series using prior values of another time series . Since the question of `` true causality '' is deeply philosophical , and because of the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy of assuming that one thing preceding another can be used as a proof of causation , econometricians assert that the Granger test finds only `` predictive causality '' .   A time series X is said to Granger-cause Y if it can be shown , usually through a series of t-tests and F-tests on lagged values of X ( and with lagged values of Y also included ) , that those X values provide statistically significant information about future values of Y.   Granger also stressed that some studies using `` Granger causality '' testing in areas outside economics reached `` ridiculous '' conclusions . `` Of course , many ridiculous papers appeared '' , he said in his Nobel lecture . However , it remains a popular method for causality analysis in time series due to its computational simplicity . The original definition of Granger causality does not account for latent confounding effects and does not capture instantaneous and non-linear causal relationships , though several extensions have been proposed to address these issues ."}
{"_id": "Gravimeter", "title": "Gravimeter", "headings": "", "text": "A gravimeter is an instrument used in gravimetry for measuring the local gravitational field of the Earth . A gravimeter is a type of accelerometer , specialized for measuring the constant downward acceleration of gravity , which varies by about 0.5 % over the surface of the Earth . Though the essential principle of design is the same as in other accelerometers , gravimeters are typically designed to be much more sensitive in order to measure very tiny fractional changes within the Earth 's gravity of 1 g , caused by nearby geologic structures or the shape of the Earth and by temporal tidal variations . This sensitivity means that gravimeters are susceptible to extraneous vibrations including noise that tend to cause oscillatory accelerations . In practice this is counteracted by integral vibration isolation and signal processing . The constraints on temporal resolution are usually less for gravimeters , so that resolution can be increased by processing the output with a longer time constant . Gravimeters display their measurements in units of gals ( cm/s2 ) , instead of more common units of acceleration .   Gravimeters are used for petroleum and mineral prospecting , seismology , geodesy , geophysical surveys and other geophysical research , and for metrology .   There are two types of gravimeters : relative and absolute . Absolute gravimeters measure the local gravity in absolute units , gals . Relative gravimeters compare the value of gravity at one point with another . They must be calibrated at a location where the gravity is known accurately , and then transported to the location where the gravity is to be measured . They measure the ratio of the gravity at the two points ."}
{"_id": "Gravity_Probe_B", "title": "Gravity Probe B", "headings": "", "text": "Gravity Probe B ( GP-B ) was a satellite-based mission which launched on 20 April 2004 on a Delta II rocket . The spaceflight phase lasted until 2005 ; its aim was to measure spacetime curvature near Earth , and thereby the stress -- energy tensor ( which is related to the distribution and the motion of matter in space ) in and near Earth . This provided a test of general relativity , gravitomagnetism and related models . The principal investigator was Francis Everitt .   Initial results confirmed the expected geodetic effect to an accuracy of about 1 % . The expected frame-dragging effect was similar in magnitude to the current noise level ( the noise being dominated by initially unmodeled effects due to nonuniform coatings on the gyroscopes ) . Work continued to model and account for these sources of error , thus permitting extraction of the frame-dragging signal . By August 2008 , the frame-dragging effect had been confirmed to within 15 % of the expected result , and the December 2008 NASA report indicated that the geodetic effect was confirmed to better than 0.5 % .   In an article published in the journal Physical Review Letters in 2011 , the authors reported analysis of the data from all four gyroscopes results in a geodetic drift rate of and a frame-dragging drift rate of , in good agreement with the general relativity predictions of and , respectively ."}
{"_id": "Gravity_of_Mars", "title": "Gravity of Mars", "headings": "", "text": "The gravity of Mars is a natural phenomenon, due to the law of gravity, or gravitation, by which all things with mass around the planet Mars are brought towards it. It is weaker than Earth's gravity due to the planet's smaller mass. The average gravitational acceleration on Mars is 3.72076 ms−2 (about 38% of that of Earth) and it varies laterally. In general, topography-controlled isostasy drives the short wavelength free-air gravity anomalies. At the same time, convective flow and finite strength of the mantle lead to long-wavelength planetary-scale free-air gravity anomalies over the entire planet. Variation in crustal thickness, magmatic and volcanic activities, impact-induced Moho-uplift, seasonal variation of polar ice caps, atmospheric mass variation and variation of porosity of the crust could also correlate to the lateral variations. Over the years models consisting of an increasing but limited number of spherical harmonics have been produced. Maps produced have included free-air gravity anomaly, Bouguer gravity anomaly, and crustal thickness. In some areas of Mars there is a correlation between gravity anomalies and topography.  Given the known topography, higher resolution gravity field can be inferred. Tidal deformation of Mars by the Sun or Phobos can be measured by its gravity. This reveals how stiff the interior is, and shows that the core is partially liquid. The study of surface gravity of Mars can therefore yield information about different features and provide beneficial information for future landing projects."}
{"_id": "Great_Barrier_Reef", "title": "Great Barrier Reef", "headings": "", "text": "The Great Barrier Reef is the world 's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2300 km over an area of approximately 344400 km2 . The reef is located in the Coral Sea , off the coast of Queensland , Australia .   The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world 's biggest single structure made by living organisms . This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms , known as coral polyps . It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981 . CNN labelled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world . The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland .   A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park , which helps to limit the impact of human use , such as fishing and tourism . Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff , climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching , and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish . According to a study published in October 2012 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , the reef has lost more than half its coral cover since 1985 .   The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples , and is an important part of local groups ' cultures and spirituality . The reef is a very popular destination for tourists , especially in the Whitsunday Islands and Cairns regions . Tourism is an important economic activity for the region , generating over AUD$ 3 billion per year . In November 2014 , Google launched Google Underwater Street View in 3D of the Great Barrier Reef .   A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought , seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures . In October 2016 , Outside published an obituary for the reef ; the article was criticized for being premature and hindering efforts to bolster the resilience of the reef . In March 2017 , the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of a 800-kilometre ( 500 mi ) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures , an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change ."}
{"_id": "Great_Lakes", "title": "Great Lakes", "headings": "", "text": "The Great Lakes ( les Grands-Lacs ) , also called the Laurentian Great Lakes and the Great Lakes of North America , are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America , on the Canada -- United States border , which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River . Consisting of Lakes Superior , Michigan , Huron ( or Michigan -- Huron ) , Erie , and Ontario , they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total area , and second largest by total volume containing 21 % of the world 's surface fresh water by volume . The total surface is 94250 sqmi , and the total volume ( measured at the low water datum ) is 5439 cumi . Due to their sea-like characteristics ( rolling waves , sustained winds , strong currents , great depths , and distant horizons ) the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as inland seas . Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area , and Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country . The southern half of the Great Lakes is bordered by the Great Lakes Megalopolis .   The Great Lakes began to form at the end of the last glacial period around 14,000 years ago , as retreating ice sheets exposed the basins they had carved into the land which then filled with meltwater . The lakes have been a major highway for transportation , migration and trade , and they are home to a large number of aquatic species . Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade , and some threaten the region 's biodiversity ."}
{"_id": "Great_Lakes_Storm_of_1913", "title": "Great Lakes Storm of 1913", "headings": "", "text": "The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 , historically referred to as the `` Big Blow , '' the `` Freshwater Fury , '' or the `` White Hurricane , '' was a blizzard with hurricane-force winds that devastated the Great Lakes Basin in the Midwestern United States and the province of Ontario in Canada from November 7 through November 10 , 1913 . The storm was most powerful on November 9 , battering and overturning ships on four of the five Great Lakes , particularly Lake Huron . Deceptive lulls in the storm and the slow pace of weather reports contributed to the storm 's destructiveness .   The deadliest and most destructive natural disaster to hit the lakes in recorded history , the Great Lakes Storm killed more than 250 people , destroyed 19 ships , and stranded 19 others . The financial loss in vessels alone was nearly US $ 5 million ( or about $ in today 's dollars ) . This included about $ 1 million at current value in lost cargo totalling about 68,300 tons , such as coal , iron ore , and grain .   The storm , an extratropical cyclone , originated as the convergence of two major storm fronts , fueled by the lakes ' relatively warm waters -- a seasonal process called a `` November gale '' . It produced 90 mph ( 145 km/h ) wind gusts , waves over 35 feet ( 11 m ) high , and whiteout snowsqualls . Analysis of the storm and its impact on humans , engineering structures , and the landscape led to better forecasting and faster responses to storm warnings , stronger construction ( especially of marine vessels ) , and improved preparedness ."}
{"_id": "Great_Salt_Lake", "title": "Great Salt Lake", "headings": "", "text": "The Great Salt Lake , located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Utah , is the largest salt water lake in the Western Hemisphere , and the eighth-largest terminal lake in the world . In an average year the lake covers an area of around 1700 sqmi , but the lake 's size fluctuates substantially due to its shallowness . For instance , in 1963 it reached its lowest recorded size at 950 square miles ( 2,460 km ² ) , but in 1988 the surface area was at the historic high of 3300 sqmi . In terms of surface area , it is the largest lake in the United States that is not part of the Great Lakes region .   The lake is the largest remnant of Lake Bonneville , a prehistoric pluvial lake that once covered much of western Utah . The three major tributaries to the lake , the Jordan , Weber , and Bear rivers together deposit around 1.1 million tons of minerals in the lake each year . As it is endorheic ( has no outlet besides evaporation ) , it has very high salinity , far saltier than seawater , which makes swimming similar to floating , and its mineral content is steadily increasing . Its shallow , warm waters cause frequent , sometimes heavy lake-effect snows from late fall through spring .   Although it has been called `` America 's Dead Sea '' , the lake provides habitat for millions of native birds , brine shrimp , shorebirds , and waterfowl , including the largest staging population of Wilson 's phalarope in the world ."}
{"_id": "Green-collar_worker", "title": "Green-collar worker", "headings": "", "text": "A green-collar worker is a worker who is employed in the environmental sectors of the economy . Environmental green-collar workers ( or green jobs ) satisfy the demand for green development . Generally , they implement environmentally conscious design , policy , and technology to improve conservation and sustainability . Formal environmental regulations as well as informal social expectations are pushing many firms to seek professionals with expertise with environmental , energy efficiency , and clean renewable energy issues . They often seek to make their output more sustainable , and thus more favorable to public opinion , governmental regulation , and the Earth 's ecology .   Green collar workers include professionals such as conservation movement workers , environmental consultants , council environmental services/waste management/recycling managers/officers , environmental or biological systems engineers , green building architects , landscape architects , holistic passive solar building designers , solar energy and wind energy engineers and installers , nuclear engineers , green vehicle engineers , `` green business '' owners , green vehicle , organic farmers , environmental lawyers , ecology educators , and ecotechnology workers , and sales staff working with these services or products . Green collar workers also include vocational or trade-level workers : electricians who install solar panels , plumbers who install solar water heaters , recycling centre/MRF attendants , process managers and collectors , construction workers who build energy-efficient green buildings and wind power farms , construction workers who weatherize buildings to make them more energy efficient , or other workers involved in clean , renewable , sustainable future energy development .   There is a growing movement to incorporate social responsibility within the green industries . A sustainable green economy simultaneously values the importance of natural resources and inclusive , equitable , and healthy opportunities for all communities .   In the context of the current world economic crisis , many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment , increasing labour conditions in poor economies , and strengthening energy and food security ."}
{"_id": "Green_Climate_Fund", "title": "Green Climate Fund", "headings": "", "text": "The Green Climate Fund ( GCF ) is a fund within the framework of the UNFCCC founded as a mechanism to assist developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change . The GCF is based in the new Songdo district of Incheon , South Korea . It is governed by a Board of 24 members and initially supported by a Secretariat .   `` The Green Climate Fund will support projects , programmes , policies and other activities in developing country Parties using thematic funding windows '' . It is intended to be the centrepiece of efforts to raise Climate Finance of $ 100 billion a year by 2020 . This is not an official figure for the size of the Fund itself , however . Disputes also remain as to whether the funding target will be based on public sources , or whether `` leveraged '' private finance will be counted towards the total . A total of US$ 10.3 billion has been pledged so far , which is meant to cover investments over a four year period . Only a fraction of this sum had been pledged as of July 2013 , mostly to cover start-up costs .   According to the Climate & Development Knowledge Network , at the third meeting of the Board in Berlin in March 2013 , members agreed on how to move forward with the fund 's Business Model Framework ( BMF ) . They identified the need to assess various options for how nations could access the fund , approaches for involving the private sector , plus ways to measure results and ensure requests for monies are country-driven . At the fourth Board meeting in Songdo , South Korea , in June 2013 , Hela Cheikhrouhou , a Tunisian national , was selected to become the Fund 's first Executive Director . Cheikhrouhou left the Fund in September 201"}
{"_id": "Greenhouse", "title": "Greenhouse", "headings": "", "text": "A greenhouse ( also called a glasshouse , or , if with sufficient heating , a hothouse ) is a structure with walls and roof made chiefly of transparent material , such as glass , in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown . These structures range in size from small sheds to industrial-sized buildings . A miniature greenhouse is known as a cold frame . The interior of a greenhouse exposed to sunlight becomes significantly warmer than the external ambient temperature , protecting its contents in cold weather .   Many commercial glass greenhouses or hothouses are high tech production facilities for vegetables or flowers . The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment including screening installations , heating , cooling , lighting , and may be controlled by a computer to optimize conditions for plant growth . Different techniques are then used to evaluate optimality-degrees and comfort ratio of greenhouse micro-climate ( i.e. , air temperature , relative humidity and vapor pressure deficit ) in order to reduce production risk prior to cultivation of a specific crop ."}
{"_id": "Greenhouse_effect", "title": "Greenhouse effect", "headings": "", "text": "The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet 's atmosphere warms the planet 's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere .   If a planet 's atmosphere contains radiatively active gases ( i.e. , greenhouse gases ) the atmosphere will radiate energy in all directions . Part of this radiation is directed towards the surface , warming it . The downward component of this radiation -- that is , the strength of the greenhouse effect -- will depend on the atmosphere 's temperature and on the amount of greenhouse gases that the atmosphere contains .   On Earth , the atmosphere is warmed by absorption of infrared thermal radiation from the underlying surface ( heated by the sun ) , absorption of shorter wavelength radiant energy from the sun , and convective heat fluxes from the surface . Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere radiate energy , some of which is directed to the surface and lower atmosphere . The mechanism that produces this difference between the actual surface temperature and the effective temperature is due to the atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect .   Earth 's natural greenhouse effect is critical to supporting life . Human activities , primarily the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests , have intensified the natural greenhouse effect , causing global warming .   The mechanism is named after a faulty analogy with the effect of solar radiation passing through glass and warming a greenhouse . The way a greenhouse retains heat is fundamentally different , as a greenhouse works by reducing airflow and retaining warm air inside the structure ."}
{"_id": "Greenhouse_gas", "title": "Greenhouse gas", "headings": "", "text": "A greenhouse gas ( abbrev . GHG ) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range . This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect . The primary greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere are water vapor , carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone . Without greenhouse gases , the average temperature of Earth 's surface would be about -18 ° C , rather than the present average of 15 ° C . In the Solar System , the atmospheres of Venus , Mars and Titan also contain gases that cause a greenhouse effect .   Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution ( taken as the year 1750 ) have produced a 40 % increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide , from 280 ppm in 1750 to 406 ppm in early 2017 . This increase has occurred despite the uptake of a large portion of the emissions by various natural `` sinks '' involved in the carbon cycle . Anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions ( i.e. , emissions produced by human activities ) come from combustion of fossil fuels , principally coal , oil , and natural gas , along with deforestation , soil erosion and animal agriculture .   It has been estimated that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at the present rate , Earth 's surface temperature could exceed historical values as early as 2047 , with potentially harmful effects on ecosystems , biodiversity and the livelihoods of people worldwide . Recent estimates suggest that on the current emissions trajectory the Earth could pass a threshold of 2 ° C global warming , which the United Nations ' IPCC designated as the upper limit to avoid `` dangerous '' global warming , by 2036 ."}
{"_id": "Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States", "title": "Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States", "headings": "", "text": "According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , the United States produced 6,587 million metric tonnes of carbon-dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions in 2015 . Compared to 2014 levels , U.S. greenhouse gas emissions decreased in 2015 . Compared to levels in 1990 , emissions have increased by about 4 percent . From year to year , emissions can rise and fall due to changes in the economy , the price of fuel , and other factors . The EPA has attributed recent decreases to a reduction in emissions from fossil fuel combustion , which was a result of multiple factors including substitution from coal to natural gas consumption in the electric power sector ; warmer winter conditions that reduced demand for heating fuel in the residential and commercial sectors ; and a slight decrease in electricity demand .   While the Bush administration opted against Kyoto-type policies to reduce emissions , the Obama administration and various state , local , and regional governments have attempted to adopt some Kyoto Protocol goals on a local basis . For example , the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative ( RGGI ) founded in January 2007 is a state-level emissions capping and trading program by nine northeastern U.S. states . In December 2009 President Obama set a target for reducing U.S. greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions in the range of 17 % below 2005 levels by 2020 .   The U.S. State Department offered a nation-level perspective in the Fourth US Climate Action Report ( USCAR ) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change , including measures to address climate change . The report showed that the country was on track to achieve President Bush 's goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions per unit of gross domestic product ) by 18 percent from 2002 to 2012 . Over that same period , actual GHG emissions were projected to increase by 11 percent . The report estimated that in 2006 , U.S. GHG emissions decreased 1.5 percent from 2005 to 7,075.6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent . This was an increase of 15.1 percent from the 1990 levels of 6,146.7 million tonnes ( or 0.9 percent annual increase ) , and an increase of 1.4 percent from the 2000 levels of 6,978.4 million tonnes . By 2012 GHG emissions were projected to increase to more than 7,709 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent , which would be 26 percent above 1990 levels ."}
{"_id": "Greenland", "title": "Greenland", "headings": "", "text": "Greenland ( -LSB- ˈɡriːnlənd -RSB- Kalaallit Nunaat -LSB- kaˈlaːɬit ˈnunaːt -RSB- Grønland -LSB- ˈɡ̊ʁɶnˌlanˀ -RSB- ) is an autonomous constituent country within the Kingdom of Denmark between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans , east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago . Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America , Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe ( specifically Norway and Denmark , the colonial powers , as well as the nearby island of Iceland ) for more than a millennium . The majority of its residents are Inuit , whose ancestors began migrating from the Canadian mainland in the 13th century , gradually settling across the island .   Greenland is the world 's largest island ( Australia , although larger , is generally considered to be a continental landmass rather than an island ) . Three-quarters of Greenland is covered by the only permanent ice sheet outside Antarctica . With a population of about 56,480 ( 2013 ) , it is the least densely populated country in the world . The Arctic Umiaq Line ferry acts as a lifeline for western Greenland , connecting the various cities and settlements .   Greenland has been inhabited off and on for at least the last 4,500 years by Arctic peoples whose forebears migrated there from what is now Canada . Norsemen settled the uninhabited southern part of Greenland beginning in the 10th century , and Inuit peoples arrived in the 13th century . The Norse colonies disappeared in the late 15th century . Soon after their demise , beginning in 1499 , the Portuguese briefly explored and claimed the island , naming it Terra do Lavrador ( later applied to Labrador in Canada ) . In the early 18th century , Scandinavian explorers reached Greenland again . To strengthen trading and power , Denmark-Norway affirmed sovereignty over the island .   Denmark -- Norway claimed Greenland for centuries . Greenland was settled by Vikings ( of Norwegian origin ) more than a thousand years ago , who had previously settled Iceland to escape persecution from the King of Norway and his central government . Vikings set sail from Greenland and Iceland , encountering North America nearly 500 years before Columbus reached the Caribbean islands . They attempted to colonize land . Though under continuous influence of Norway and Norwegians , Greenland was not formally under the Norwegian crown until 1262 . The Kingdom of Norway was extensive and a military power until the mid-14th century . Norway was dramatically hit with a larger death toll than Denmark by the Black Death , forcing Norway to accept a union in which the central government , university and other fundamental institutions were located in Copenhagen . Thus , the two kingdoms ' resources were directed at creating Copenhagen . Norway became the weaker part and lost sovereignty over Greenland in 1814 when the union was dissolved . Greenland became a Danish colony in 1814 , and was made a part of the Danish Realm in 1953 under the Constitution of Denmark .   In 1973 , Greenland joined the European Economic Community with Denmark . However , in a referendum in 1982 , a majority of the population voted for Greenland to withdraw from the EEC which was effected in 1985 . Greenland contains the world 's largest and most northernly national park , Northeast Greenland National Park ( Kalaallit Nunaanni nuna eqqissisimatitaq ) . Established in 1974 and expanded to its present size in 1988 , it protects 972001 km2 of the interior and northeastern coast of Greenland and is bigger than all but twenty-nine countries in the world . Greenland is divided into four municipalities - Sermersooq , Kujalleq , Qaasuitsup , and Qeqqata .   In 1979 , Denmark had granted home rule to Greenland , and in 2008 , Greenlanders voted in favour of the Self-Government Act , which transferred more power from the Danish royal government to the local Greenlandic government . Under the new structure , in effect since 21 June 2009 , Greenland can gradually assume responsibility for policing , judicial system , company law , accounting , and auditing ; mineral resource activities ; aviation ; law of legal capacity , family law and succession law ; aliens and border controls ; the working environment ; and financial regulation and supervision , while the Danish government retains control of foreign affairs and defence . It also retains control of monetary policy , providing an initial annual subsidy of DKK 3.4 billion , which is planned to diminish gradually over time . Greenland expects to grow its economy based on increased income from the extraction of natural resources . The capital , Nuuk , held the 2016 Arctic Winter Games . At 70 % , Greenland has one of the highest shares of renewable energy in the world , mostly coming from hydropower ."}
{"_id": "Greenland_ice_sheet", "title": "Greenland ice sheet", "headings": "", "text": "The Greenland ice sheet ( Grønlands indlandsis , Sermersuaq ) is a vast body of ice covering 1710000 km ² , roughly 80 % of the surface of Greenland .   It is the second largest ice body in the world , after the Antarctic ice sheet . The ice sheet is almost 2400 km long in a north-south direction , and its greatest width is 1100 km at a latitude of 77 ° N , near its northern margin . The mean altitude of the ice is 2135 m . The thickness is generally more than 2 km and over 3 km at its thickest point . It is not the only ice mass of Greenland -- isolated glaciers and small ice caps cover between 76000 and around the periphery . If the entire 2850000 km3 of ice were to melt , it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m . The Greenland Ice Sheet is sometimes referred to under the term inland ice , or its Danish equivalent , indlandsis . It is also sometimes referred to as an ice cap ."}
{"_id": "Greenpeace", "title": "Greenpeace", "headings": "", "text": "Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization with offices in over 40 countries and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam , the Netherlands . Founded by Canadian and US ex-pat environmental activists in 1971 , Greenpeace states its goal is to `` ensure the ability of the Earth to nurture life in all its diversity '' and focuses its campaigning on worldwide issues such as climate change , deforestation , overfishing , commercial whaling , genetic engineering , and anti-nuclear issues . It uses direct action , lobbying , research , and ecotage to achieve its goals . The global organization does not accept funding from governments , corporations , or political parties , relying on 2.9 million individual supporters and foundation grants . Greenpeace has a general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council and is a founding member of the INGO Accountability Charter ; an international non-governmental organization that intends to foster accountability and transparency of non-governmental organizations .   Greenpeace is known for its direct actions and has been described as the most visible environmental organization in the world . Greenpeace has raised environmental issues to public knowledge , and influenced both the private and the public sector . Greenpeace has also been a source of controversy ; its motives and methods ( some of the latter being illegal ) have received criticism , including an open letter from more than 100 Nobel laureates urging Greenpeace to end its campaign against genetically modified organisms ( GMOs ) . The organization 's direct actions have sparked legal actions against Greenpeace activists , such as fines and suspended sentences for destroying a test plot of genetically modified wheat and damaging the Nazca Lines , a UN World Heritage site in Peru ."}
{"_id": "Grissom_Air_Reserve_Base", "title": "Grissom Air Reserve Base", "headings": "", "text": "Grissom Air Reserve Base is a United States Air Force base , located about 12 mi north of Kokomo in Cass County , Indiana and Miami County , Indiana . The facility was established as Naval Air Station Bunker Hill in 1942 and an active Air Force installation from 1954 to 1994 . Since then it is a joint-use civil airport/military base with the Grissom Aeroplex providing general aviation and charter service .   The base is named in memory of astronaut and Indiana native Virgil I. `` Gus '' Grissom , who , along with fellow astronauts Ed White and Roger Chaffee , perished in the Apollo 1 fire at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 34 in 1967 ."}
{"_id": "Grizzly_bear", "title": "Grizzly bear", "headings": "", "text": "The grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos ssp . ) , less commonly known as the silvertip bear , is a large subspecies of brown bear inhabiting North America . Scientists generally do not use the name grizzly bear but call it the North American brown bear .   Multiple morphological forms sometimes recognized as subspecies exist , including the mainland grizzly ( Ursus arctos horribilis ) , Kodiak bear ( U. a. middendorffi ) , peninsular grizzly ( U. a. gyas ) , and the recently extinct California grizzly ( U. a. californicus † ) and Mexican grizzly bear ( U. a. nelsoni † ) . On average bears near the coast tend to be larger while inland Grizzlies tend to be smaller .   The Ussuri brown bear ( U. a. lasiotus ) inhabiting Russia , Northern China , and Korea is sometimes referred to as black grizzly although it is a different subspecies from the bears in America ."}
{"_id": "Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States", "title": "Gulf Coast of the United States", "headings": "", "text": "The Gulf Coast of the United States is the coastline along which the Southern United States meets the Gulf of Mexico . The coastal states that have a shoreline on the Gulf of Mexico are Texas , Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama , and Florida , and these are known as the Gulf States .   The economy of the Gulf Coast area is dominated by industries related to energy , petrochemicals , fishing , aerospace , agriculture , and tourism . The large cities of the region are ( from west to east ) Brownsville , Corpus Christi , Houston , Galveston , Beaumont , Lafayette , Baton Rouge , New Orleans , Biloxi , Mobile , Pensacola , St. Petersburg , Tampa , and increasingly , Sarasota ; all are the centers of their respective metropolitan areas and contain large ports . ( Baton Rouge is relatively far from the Gulf of Mexico ; its port is on the Mississippi River , as is the port of New Orleans . )"}
{"_id": "Gulf_Stream", "title": "Gulf Stream", "headings": "", "text": "The Gulf Stream , together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift , is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida , and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean . The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northward accelerating current off the east coast of North America . At about , it splits in two , with the northern stream , the North Atlantic Drift , crossing to Northern Europe and the southern stream , the Canary Current , recirculating off West Africa .   The Gulf Stream influences the climate of the east coast of North America from Florida to Newfoundland , and the west coast of Europe . Although there has been recent debate , there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic drift which is the northeastern section of the Gulf Stream . It is part of the North Atlantic Gyre . Its presence has led to the development of strong cyclones of all types , both within the atmosphere and within the ocean . The Gulf Stream is also a significant potential source of renewable power generation . The Gulf Stream may be slowing down as a result of climate change .   The Gulf Stream is typically 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) wide and 800 metres ( 2,600 ft ) to 1,200 metres ( 3,900 ft ) deep . The current velocity is fastest near the surface , with the maximum speed typically about 2.5 metres per second ( 5.6 mph ) ."}
{"_id": "Gulf_War", "title": "Gulf War", "headings": "", "text": "The Gulf War ( 2 August 1990 -- 28 February 1991 ) , codenamed Operation Desert Shield ( 2 August 1990 -- 17 January 1991 ) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm ( 17 January 1991 -- 28 February 1991 ) in its combat phase , was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq 's invasion and annexation of Kuwait .   The war is also known under other names , such as the Persian Gulf War , First Gulf War , Gulf War I , Kuwait War , First Iraq War , or Iraq War before the term `` Iraq War '' became identified instead with the 2003 Iraq War ( also referred to in the US as `` Operation Iraqi Freedom '' ) .  The Iraqi Army 's occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation , and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council . US President George H. W. Bush deployed US forces into Saudi Arabia , and urged other countries to send their own forces to the scene . An array of nations joined the coalition , the largest military alliance since World War II . The great majority of the coalition 's military forces were from the US , with Saudi Arabia , the United Kingdom , and Egypt as leading contributors , in that order . Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid around US$ 32 billion of the US$ 60 billion cost .   The war was marked by the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle , principally by the US network CNN . The war has also earned the nickname Video Game War after the daily broadcast of images from cameras on board US bombers during Operation Desert Storm .   The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991 , continuing for five weeks . This was followed by a ground assault on 24 February . This was a decisive victory for the coalition forces , who liberated Kuwait and advanced into Iraqi territory . The coalition ceased its advance , and declared a ceasefire 100 hours after the ground campaign started . Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq , Kuwait , and areas on Saudi Arabia 's border . Iraq launched Scud missiles against coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia and against Israel ."}
{"_id": "Habitat_destruction", "title": "Habitat destruction", "headings": "", "text": "Habitat destruction is the process in which natural habitat is rendered unable to support the species present . In this process , the organisms that previously used the site are displaced or destroyed , reducing biodiversity . Habitat destruction by human activity is mainly for the purpose of harvesting natural resources for industry production and urbanization . Clearing habitats for agriculture is the principal cause of habitat destruction . Other important causes of habitat destruction include mining , logging , trawling and urban sprawl . Habitat destruction is currently ranked as the primary cause of species extinction worldwide . It is a process of natural environmental change that may be caused by habitat fragmentation , geological processes , climate change or by human activities such as the introduction of invasive species , ecosystem nutrient depletion , and other human activities   The terms habitat loss and habitat reduction are also used in a wider sense , including loss of habitat from other factors , such as water and noise pollution ."}
{"_id": "Hawthorne_effect", "title": "Hawthorne effect", "headings": "", "text": "The Hawthorne effect ( also referred to as the observer effect ) is a type of reactivity in which individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed . The original research at the Hawthorne Works in Cicero , Illinois , on lighting changes and work structure changes such as working hours and break times was originally interpreted by Elton Mayo and others to mean that paying attention to overall worker needs would improve productivity . Later interpretations such as that done by Landsberger suggested that the novelty of being research subjects and the increased attention from such could lead to temporary increases in workers ' productivity . This interpretation was dubbed `` the Hawthorne effect '' ."}
{"_id": "Hazard", "title": "Hazard", "headings": "", "text": "A hazard is a situation that poses a level of threat to life , health , property , or environment . Hazards can be dormant or potential , with only a theoretical risk of harm ; however , once a hazard becomes `` active '' , it can create an emergency . A hazardous situation that has come to pass is called an incident . Hazard , consequence and probability interact together to create risk .   Identification of hazard risks is the first step in performing a risk assessment ."}
{"_id": "Headlamp", "title": "Headlamp", "headings": "", "text": "A headlamp is a lamp attached to the front of a vehicle to light the road ahead . While it is common for the term headlight to be used interchangeably in informal discussion , headlamp is the term for the device itself , while headlight properly refers to the beam of light produced and distributed by the device .   Headlamp performance has steadily improved throughout the automobile age , spurred by the great disparity between daytime and nighttime traffic fatalities : the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration states that nearly half of all traffic-related fatalities occur in the dark , despite only 25 % of traffic travelling during darkness .   Other vehicles , such as trains and aircraft , are required to have headlamps . Bicycle headlamps are often used on bicycles , and are required in some jurisdictions . They can be powered by a battery or a small generator mechanically integrated into the workings of the bicycles ."}
{"_id": "Heat_flux_sensor", "title": "Heat flux sensor", "headings": "", "text": "A heat flux sensor is a transducer that generates an electrical signal proportional to the total heat rate applied to the surface of the sensor . The measured heat rate is divided by the surface area of the sensor to determine the heat flux .   The heat flux can have different origins ; in principle convective , radiative as well as conductive heat can be measured . Heat flux sensors are known under different names , such as heat flux transducers , heat flux gauges , heat flux plates . Some instruments that actually are single-purpose heat flux sensors like pyranometers for solar radiation measurement . Other heat flux sensors include Gardon gauges ( also known as a circular-foil gauge ) , thin-film thermopiles , and Schmidt-Boelter gauges . In SI units , the heat rate is measured in Watts , and the heat flux is computed in Watts per meter squared ."}
{"_id": "Heat_stroke", "title": "Heat stroke", "headings": "", "text": "Heat stroke , also known as sun stroke , is a severe heat illness , defined as hyperthermia with a body temperature greater than 40.6 C because of environmental heat exposure with lack of thermoregulation . This is distinct from a fever , where there is a physiological increase in the temperature set point of the body . The term `` stroke '' in `` heat stroke '' is a misnomer in that it does not involve a blockage or hemorrhage of blood flow to the brain . Preventive measures include drinking plenty of cool liquids and avoiding excessive heat and humidity , especially in unventilated spaces , such as parked cars , that can overheat quickly . Treatment requires rapid physical cooling of the body ."}
{"_id": "Heat_transfer", "title": "Heat transfer", "headings": "", "text": "Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation , use , conversion , and exchange of thermal energy and heat between physical systems . Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms , such as thermal conduction , thermal convection , thermal radiation , and transfer of energy by phase changes . Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species , either cold or hot , to achieve heat transfer . While these mechanisms have distinct characteristics , they often occur simultaneously in the same system .   Heat conduction , also called diffusion , is the direct microscopic exchange of kinetic energy of particles through the boundary between two systems . When an object is at a different temperature from another body or its surroundings , heat flows so that the body and the surroundings reach the same temperature , at which point they are in thermal equilibrium . Such spontaneous heat transfer always occurs from a region of high temperature to another region of lower temperature , as described by the second law of thermodynamics .   Heat convection occurs when bulk flow of a fluid ( gas or liquid ) carries heat along with the flow of matter in the fluid . The flow of fluid may be forced by external processes , or sometimes ( in gravitational fields ) by buoyancy forces caused when thermal energy expands the fluid ( for example in a fire plume ) , thus influencing its own transfer . The latter process is often called `` natural convection '' . All convective processes also move heat partly by diffusion , as well . Another form of convection is forced convection . In this case the fluid is forced to flow by use of a pump , fan or other mechanical means .   Thermal radiation occurs through a vacuum or any transparent medium ( solid or fluid ) . It is the transfer of energy by means of photons in electromagnetic waves governed by the same laws ."}
{"_id": "Heat_wave", "title": "Heat wave", "headings": "", "text": "A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather , which may be accompanied by high humidity , especially in oceanic climate countries . While definitions vary , a heat wave is measured relative to the usual weather in the area and relative to normal temperatures for the season . Temperatures that people from a hotter climate consider normal can be termed a heat wave in a cooler area if they are outside the normal climate pattern for that area .   The term is applied both to hot weather variations and to extraordinary spells of hot which may occur only once a century . Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures , thousands of deaths from hyperthermia , and widespread power outages due to increased use of air conditioning . A heat wave is considered extreme weather , and a danger because heat and sunlight may overheat the human body ."}
{"_id": "Hekla", "title": "Hekla", "headings": "", "text": "Hekla ( -LSB- 3 = Is-Hekla_pronunciation . ogg -RSB- ) , or Hecla , is a stratovolcano in the south of Iceland with a height of 1491 m. Hekla is one of Iceland 's most active volcanoes ; over 20 eruptions have occurred in and around the volcano since 874 . During the Middle Ages , Europeans called the volcano the `` Gateway to Hell '' .   Hekla is part of a volcanic ridge , 40 km long . The most active part of this ridge , a fissure about 5.5 km long named Heklugjá , is considered to be the volcano Hekla proper . Hekla looks rather like an overturned boat , with its keel being a series of craters , two of which are generally the most active .   The volcano 's frequent large eruptions have covered much of Iceland with tephra and these layers can be used to date eruptions of Iceland 's other volcanos . 10 % of the tephra created in Iceland in the last thousand years has come from Hekla , amounting to 5 km3 . The volcano has produced one of the largest volumes of lava of any in the world in the last millennium , around 8 km3 ."}
{"_id": "Henrik_Svensmark", "title": "Henrik Svensmark", "headings": "", "text": "Henrik Svensmark ( born 1958 ) is a physicist and professor in the Division of Solar System Physics at the Danish National Space Institute ( DTU Space ) in Copenhagen . He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming . He detailed his work in the book The Chilling Stars as well as the film The Cloud Mystery ."}
{"_id": "Henry's_law", "title": "Henry's law", "headings": "", "text": "In chemistry , Henry 's law is one of the gas laws formulated by the English chemist William Henry , who studied the topic in the early 19th century . In his publication about the quantity of gases absorbed by water , he described the results of his experiments :   ... `` water takes up , of gas condensed by one , two , or more additional atmospheres , a quantity which , ordinarily compressed , would be equal to twice , thrice , & c. the volume absorbed under the common pressure of the atmosphere . ''   In other words , the amount of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure in the gas phase . The proportionality factor is called the Henry 's law constant .   An example where Henry 's law is at play is in the depth-dependent dissolution of oxygen and nitrogen in the blood of underwater divers that changes during decompression , leading to decompression sickness . An everyday example is given by one 's experience with carbonated soft drinks , which contain dissolved carbon dioxide . Before opening , the gas above the drink in its container is almost pure carbon dioxide , at a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure . After the bottle is opened , this gas escapes , moving the partial pressure of carbon dioxide above the liquid to be much lower , resulting in degassing as the dissolved carbon dioxide comes out of solution ."}
{"_id": "Highway", "title": "Highway", "headings": "", "text": "A highway is any public road or other public way on land . It is used for major roads , but also includes other public roads and public tracks : It is not an equivalent term to controlled-access highway , or a translation for autobahn , autoroute , etc. .   In North American and Australian English , major roads such as controlled-access highways or arterial roads are often state highways ( Canada : provincial highways ) . Other roads may be designated `` county highways '' in the US and Ontario . These classifications refer to the level of government ( state , provincial , county ) that maintains the roadway .   In British English , `` highway '' is primarily a legal term . Everyday use normally implies roads , while the legal use covers any route or path with a public right of access , including footpaths etc. .   The term has led to several related derived terms , including highway system , highway code , highway patrol and highwayman .   The term highway exists in distinction to `` waterway '' ."}
{"_id": "Hilda_Heine", "title": "Hilda Heine", "headings": "", "text": "Hilda Cathy Heine ( born April 6 , 1951 ) is a Marshallese educator and politician , currently serving as the eighth President of the Marshall Islands . Prior to assuming office , she served as the Minister of Education . She was the first individual in the Marshall Islands to earn a doctorate degree , and the founder of the women 's rights group Women United Together Marshall Islands ( WUTMI ) .   Heine is the first woman to hold the presidency of the Marshall Islands . She is also the first female president of any Micronesian country , and only the fourth woman to serve as head of government for any independent Pacific nation ( following Jenny Shipley and Helen Clark of New Zealand and Julia Gillard of Australia ) . She is one of only three women currently serving in the Nitijeļā , the country 's legislature , as of January 2016 ."}
{"_id": "Hillary_Clinton", "title": "Hillary Clinton", "headings": "", "text": "Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton ( -LSB- ˈhɪləri_daɪˈæn_ˈrɒdəm_ˈklɪntən -RSB- born October 26 , 1947 ) is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 , U.S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009 , First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001 , and the Democratic Party 's nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election .   Born in Chicago , Illinois , and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge , Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969 , and earned a J.D. from Yale Law School in 1973 . After serving as a congressional legal counsel , she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975 . In 1977 , she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families . She was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year . As First Lady of Arkansas , she led a task force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansas 's public schools .   As First Lady of the United States , Clinton was an advocate for gender equality and healthcare reform . Her relationship with her husband came under public speculation during the Lewinsky scandal , forcing her to issue a statement reaffirming her commitment to the marriage . Clinton was elected in 2000 as the first female senator from New York . She was re-elected to the Senate in 2006 . Running for president in 2008 , she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate , but lost the Democratic nomination to Barack Obama .   As Secretary of State in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013 , Clinton responded to the Arab Spring , during which she advocated the U.S. military intervention in Libya . She helped organize a diplomatic isolation and international sanctions regime against Iran , in an effort to force curtailment of that country 's nuclear program ; this would eventually lead to the multinational Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action agreement in 2015 . Leaving office after Obama 's first term , she wrote her fifth book and undertook speaking engagements .   Clinton made a second presidential run in 2016 . She received the most votes and primary delegates in the 2016 Democratic primaries , and formally accepted her party 's nomination for President of the United States on July 28 , 2016 with vice presidential running mate Senator Tim Kaine . She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U.S. political party . Despite winning a plurality of the national popular vote , Clinton lost the Electoral College and the presidency to her Republican opponent Donald Trump . Following her loss , in 2017 she decided to focus on being a self-described `` activist citizen '' ."}
{"_id": "Himalayas", "title": "Himalayas", "headings": "", "text": "The Himalayas , or Himalaya , ( -LSB- ˌhɪməˈleɪ.ə -RSB- or -LSB- hɪˈmɑːləjə -RSB- ) form a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau .   The Himalayan range has many of the Earth 's highest peaks , including the highest , Mount Everest . The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding 7200 m in elevation , including ten of the fourteen 8000m peaks . By contrast , the highest peak outside Asia -- Aconcagua , in the Andes -- is 6961 m tall .   The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges , on the north by the Tibetan Plateau , and on the south by the Indo-Gangetic Plain . The Himalayas are distinct from the other great ranges of central Asia , although sometimes the term Himalaya is loosely used to include the Karakoram and some of the other ranges . The Himalayas are spread across five countries : Nepal , India , Bhutan , China and Pakistan , with the first three countries having sovereignty over most of the range . Some of the world 's major rivers , the Indus , the Ganges , and the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra , rise in the Himalayas , and their combined drainage basin is home to roughly 600 million people . The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of South Asia ; many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Hinduism and Buddhism .   Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate , the Himalayan Mountain range runs , west-northwest to east-southeast , in an arc 2400 km long . Its western anchor , Nanga Parbat , lies just south of the northernmost bend of Indus river . Its eastern anchor , Namcha Barwa , is just west of the great bend of the Tsangpo river . The range varies in width from 400 km in the west to 150 km in the east ."}
{"_id": "Hip_hop_music", "title": "Hip hop music", "headings": "", "text": "Hip hop music , also called hip-hop or rap music , is a music genre developed in the United States by inner-city African Americans in the 1970s which consists of a stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rapping , a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is chanted . It developed as part of hip hop culture , a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements : MCing/rapping , DJing/scratching with turntables , break dancing , and graffiti writing . Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records ( or synthesized beats and sounds ) , and rhythmic beatboxing . While often used to refer solely to rapping , `` hip hop '' more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture . The term hip hop music is sometimes used synonymously with the term rap music , though rapping is not a required component of hip hop music ; the genre may also incorporate other elements of hip hop culture , including DJing , turntablism , scratching , beatboxing , and instrumental tracks .   Hip hop as both a musical genre and a culture was formed during the 1970s when block parties became increasingly popular in New York City , particularly among African-American youth residing in the Bronx . At block parties DJs played percussive breaks of popular songs using two turntables and a DJ mixer to be able to play breaks from two copies of the same record , alternating from one to the other and extending the `` break '' . Hip hop 's early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became widely available and affordable . Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting , a chanting vocal style , was used over the beats . Rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat . Notable artists at this time include DJ Kool Herc , Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five , Fab Five Freddy , Marley Marl , Afrika Bambaataa , Kool Moe Dee , Kurtis Blow , Doug E. Fresh , Whodini , Warp 9 , The Fat Boys , and Spoonie Gee . The Sugarhill Gang 's 1979 song `` Rapper 's Delight '' is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain widespread popularity in the mainstream . The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles . Prior to the 1980s , hip hop music was largely confined within the United States . However , during the 1980s , it began to spread to music scenes in dozens of countries , many of which mixed hip hop with local styles to create new subgenres .   New school hip hop was the second wave of hip hop music , originating in 1983 -- 84 with the early records of Run-D.M.C . and LL Cool J . The Golden age hip hop period was an innovative period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s . Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew , Public Enemy , Eric B. & Rakim , Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One , EPMD , Slick Rick , Beastie Boys , Kool G Rap , Big Daddy Kane , Ultramagnetic MCs , De La Soul , and A Tribe Called Quest . Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles and impoverished conditions of inner-city African-American youth . Schoolly D , N.W.A , Ice-T , Ice Cube , and the Geto Boys are key founding artists , known for mixing the political and social commentary of political rap with the criminal elements and crime stories found in gangsta rap . In the West Coast hip hop style , G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s . East Coast hip hop in the early to mid 1990s was dominated by the Afrocentric jazz rap and alternative hip hop of the Native Tongues posse as well as the hardcore rap of artists such as Nas , Wu-Tang Clan , and Notorious B.I.G. .   In the 1990s , hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging , such as Southern rap and Atlanta hip hop . At the same time , hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music , examples being Neo soul and nu metal . Hip hop became a best-selling pop music genre in the mid-1990s and the top selling music genre by 1999 . The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s , with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop . The United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk , a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics . Starting in 2005 , sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane . During the mid-2000s , alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream , due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West ."}
{"_id": "History_of_economic_thought", "title": "History of economic thought", "headings": "", "text": "The history of economic thought deals with different thinkers and theories in the subject that became political economy and economics , from the ancient world to the present day . It encompasses many disparate schools of economic thought . Ancient Greek writers such as the philosopher Aristotle examined ideas about the art of wealth acquisition , and questioned whether property is best left in private or public hands . In the Middle Ages , scholasticists such as Thomas Aquinas argued that it was a moral obligation of businesses to sell goods at a just price .   In the Western world , economics was not a separate discipline , but part of philosophy until the 18th -- 19th century Industrial Revolution and the 19th century Great Divergence , which accelerated economic growth . Long before that , from the Renaissance at least , economics as an intellectual discipline or science was dominated by Western thinkers and their academic institutions , schooling economists from outside the West , although there are isolated instances in other societies ."}
{"_id": "History_of_the_world", "title": "History of the world", "headings": "", "text": "The history of the world ( or world history ) describes the history of humanity ( or human history ) as determined by the study of archaeological and written records , beginning with the invention of writing .   The roots of civilization reach back to the earliest introduction of primitive technology and culture , while Prehistory begins in the Palaeolithic Era , or `` Early Stone Age '' , which is followed by the Neolithic Era , or `` New Stone Age '' , and the Agricultural Revolution ( between 8000 and 5000 BCE ) in the Fertile Crescent . The latter period marked a change in human history , as humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals . Agriculture advanced , and most humans transitioned from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements . Nomadism continued in some locations , especially in isolated regions with few domesticable plant species , but the relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed human communities to expand into increasingly larger units , fostered by advances in transportation .   As farming developed , grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labour to store food between growing seasons . Labour divisions then led to the rise of a leisured upper class and the development of cities . The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of writing and accounting . Many cities developed on the banks of lakes and rivers as early as 3000 BCE , when some of the first prominent , well-developed settlements had arisen in Mesopotamia ( `` the Land between the Rivers '' ) , on the banks of Egypt 's Nile River , in the Indus River valley , and along the rivers of China .   The history of the Old World ( particularly Europe and the Mediterranean ) is commonly divided into ancient history ( or `` Antiquity '' ) , up to 476 CE ; post-classical history ( or `` the Middle Ages '' ) , from the 5th through 15th centuries , including the rise of Christianity , the Islamic Golden Age ( c. 750 CE -- c. 1258 CE ) and the early Italian Renaissance ( beginning around 1300 CE ) ; the early modern period , from the 15th century to the late 18th , including the Age of Enlightenment ; and the late modern period , from the Industrial Revolution to the present , including contemporary history .   In the mid-15th century , the invention of modern printing , employing movable type , revolutionized communication , helping end the Middle Ages and ushering in the Scientific Revolution . By the 18th century , the accumulation of knowledge and technology , especially in Europe , had reached a critical mass that brought about the Industrial Revolution . Outside the Old World , including ancient China and ancient India , historical timelines unfolded differently . However , by the 18th century , due to extensive world trade and colonization , the histories of most civilizations had become substantially intertwined ( see `` Globalization '' ) . In the last quarter-millennium , the rates of growth of population , knowledge , technology , communications , commerce , weapons destructiveness and environmental degradation have greatly accelerated , creating opportunities and perils that now confront the planet 's human communities ."}
{"_id": "Hitler_Diaries", "title": "Hitler Diaries", "headings": "", "text": "The Hitler Diaries ( Hitler-Tagebücher ) were a series of sixty volumes of journals purportedly by Adolf Hitler , but forged by Konrad Kujau between 1981 and 1983 . The diaries were purchased in 1983 for 9.3 million Deutsche Marks ( $ 4.7 million ) by the West German news magazine Stern , which sold serialisation rights to several news organisations . One of the publications involved was The Sunday Times , who asked their independent director , the historian Hugh Trevor-Roper , to authenticate the diaries ; he did so , pronouncing them genuine . At the press conference to announce the forthcoming publication , Trevor-Roper announced that on reflection he had changed his mind , and other historians also raised questions concerning their validity . Rigorous forensic analysis , which had not been performed previously , quickly confirmed that the diaries were fakes .   Kujau , born and brought up in East Germany , had a history of petty crime and deception . In the mid-1970s he began selling Nazi memorabilia which he was smuggling from the East , but soon found he could raise the prices by forging additional authentication details which linked ordinary souvenirs to the Nazi leaders . He began forging paintings by Hitler and an increasing number of notes , poems and letters , until he produced his first diary in the mid - to late 1970s . The West German journalist with Stern who `` discovered '' the diaries and was involved in their purchase was Gerd Heidemann , who had an obsession with the Nazis . When Stern started buying the diaries , Heidemann stole a significant proportion of the money provided .   Kujau and Heidemann both spent time in prison for their parts in the fraud , and several newspaper editors lost their jobs . The story of the scandal has been the basis of various films : Selling Hitler ( 1991 ) for the British ITV channel , Schtonk ! ( 1992 ) for German cinema , and History 's Greatest Hoaxes : The Hitler Diaries . ( 2016 ) a documentary produced by Like a Shot Entertainment Ltd. in association with UKTV and Yesterday ."}
{"_id": "Hockey_stick_controversy", "title": "Hockey stick controversy", "headings": "", "text": "In the hockey stick controversy , the data and methods used in reconstructions of the temperature record of the past 1000 years have been disputed . Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries , and the name `` hockey stick graph '' was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures . These graphs were publicised to explain the scientific findings of climatology , and in addition to scientific debate over the reconstructions , they have been the topic of political dispute . The issue is part of the global warming controversy and has been one focus of political responses to reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Arguments over the reconstructions have been taken up by fossil fuel industry funded lobbying groups attempting to cast doubt on climate science .   The use of proxy indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards , and found indications that recent warming was exceptional . The reconstruction introduced the `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method used by most later large-scale reconstructions , and its findings were disputed by Patrick Michaels at the United States House Committee on Science .   In 1998 , Michael E. Mann , Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes developed new statistical techniques to produce ( MBH98 ) , the first eigenvector-based climate field reconstruction ( CFR ) . This showed global patterns of annual surface temperature , and included a graph of average hemispheric temperatures back to 1400 . In ( MBH99 ) the methodology was extended back to 1000 . The term hockey stick was coined by the climatologist Jerry D. Mahlman , to describe the pattern this showed , envisaging a graph that is relatively flat to 1900 as forming an ice hockey stick 's `` shaft '' , followed by a sharp increase corresponding to the `` blade '' .  A version of this graph was featured prominently in the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) , along with four other reconstructions supporting the same conclusion . The graph was publicised , and became a focus of dispute for those opposed to the strengthening scientific consensus that late 20th-century warmth was exceptional .   Those disputing the graph included Pat Michaels , the George C. Marshall Institute and Fred Singer . A paper by Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas claiming greater medieval warmth was used by the Bush administration chief of staff Philip Cooney to justify altering the first Environmental Protection Agency Report on the Environment . The paper was quickly dismissed by scientists in the Soon and Baliunas controversy , but on July 28 , Republican Jim Inhofe spoke in the Senate citing it to claim `` that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people '' .   Later in 2003 , a paper by Steve McIntyre and Ross McKitrick disputing the data used in MBH98 paper was publicised by the George C. Marshall Institute and the Competitive Enterprise Institute . In 2004 , Hans von Storch published criticism of the statistical techniques as tending to underplay variations in earlier parts of the graph , though this was disputed and he later accepted that the effect was very small . In 2005 , McIntyre and McKitrick published criticisms of the principal component analysis methodology as used in MBH98 and MBH99 . The analysis therein was subsequently disputed by published papers , including and , which pointed to errors in the McIntyre and McKitrick methodology . In June 2005 , Rep. Joe Barton launched what Sherwood Boehlert , chairman of the House Science Committee , called a `` misguided and illegitimate investigation '' into the data , methods and personal information of Mann , Bradley and Hughes . At Boehlert 's request , a panel of scientists convened by the National Research Council was set up , which reported in 2006 , supporting Mann 's findings with some qualifications , including agreeing that there were some statistical failings but these had little effect on the result . Barton and U.S. Rep. Ed Whitfield requested Edward Wegman to set up a team of statisticians to investigate , and they supported McIntyre and McKitrick 's view that there were statistical failings , although they did not quantify whether there was any significant effect . They also produced an extensive network analysis which has been discredited by expert opinion and found to have issues of plagiarism . Arguments against the MBH studies were reintroduced as part of the Climatic Research Unit email controversy , but dismissed by eight independent investigations .   More than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , have supported the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph , with variations in how flat the pre-20th century `` shaft '' appears . The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions , 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer , to support its strengthened conclusion that it was likely that Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the 20th century were the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . Over a dozen subsequent reconstructions , including Mann et al. 2008 and , have supported these general conclusions ."}
{"_id": "Hockey_stick_graph", "title": "Hockey stick graph", "headings": "", "text": "Hockey stick graphs present the global or hemispherical mean temperature record of the past 500 to 2000 years as shown by quantitative climate reconstructions based on climate proxy records . These reconstructions have consistently shown a slow long term cooling trend changing into relatively rapid warming in the 20th century , with the instrumental temperature record by 2000 exceeding earlier temperatures .   The term `` hockey stick graph '' was coined by the climatologist Jerry Mahlman , to describe the pattern shown by the ( MBH99 ) reconstruction , envisaging a graph that is relatively flat with a downward trend to 1900 as forming an ice hockey stick 's `` shaft '' followed by a sharp , steady increase corresponding to the `` blade '' portion . The reconstructions have featured in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) reports as evidence of global warming . Arguments over the reconstructions have been taken up by fossil fuel industry funded lobbying groups attempting to cast doubt on climate science .   Paleoclimatology dates back to the 19th century , and the concept of examining varves in lake beds and tree rings to track local climatic changes was suggested in the 1930s . In the 1960s , Hubert Lamb generalised from historical documents and temperature records of central England to propose a Medieval Warm Period from around 900 to 1300 , followed by Little Ice Age . This was the basis of a `` schematic diagram '' featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global . The use of indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed , and by the late 1990s a number of competing teams of climatologists found indications that recent warming was exceptional . introduced the `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method used by most later large scale reconstructions . Their study was featured in the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995 .   In 1998 Michael E. Mann , Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes developed new statistical techniques to produce ( MBH98 ) , the first eigenvector-based climate field reconstruction ( CFR ) . This showed global patterns of annual surface temperature , and included a graph of average hemispheric temperatures back to 1400 with shading emphasising that uncertainties ( to two standard error limits ) were much greater in earlier centuries . independently produced a CPS reconstruction extending back for a thousand years , and ( MBH99 ) used the MBH98 methodology to extend their study back to 1000 .   A version of the MBH99 graph was featured prominently in the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) , which also drew on Jones et al. 1998 and three other reconstructions to support the conclusion that , in the Northern Hemisphere , the 1990s was likely to have been the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year during the past 1,000 years . The graph became a focus of dispute for those opposed to the strengthening scientific consensus that late 20th century warmth was exceptional . In 2003 , as lobbying over the 1997 Kyoto Protocol intensified , a paper claiming greater medieval warmth was quickly dismissed by scientists in the Soon and Baliunas controversy . Later in 2003 , Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick published disputing the data used in MBH98 paper . In 2004 Hans von Storch published criticism of the statistical techniques as tending to underplay variations in earlier parts of the graph , though this was disputed and he later accepted that the effect was very small . In 2005 McIntyre and McKitrick published criticisms of the principal components analysis methodology as used in MBH98 and MBH99 . Their analysis was subsequently disputed by published papers including and which pointed to errors in the McIntyre and McKitrick methodology . Political disputes led to the formation of a panel of scientists convened by the National Research Council , their North Report in 2006 supported Mann 's findings with some qualifications , including agreeing that there were some statistical failings but these had little effect on the result .   More than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , support the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph , with variations in how flat the pre-20th century `` shaft '' appears . The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions , 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer , to support its strengthened conclusion that it was likely that Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the 20th century were the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . Further reconstructions , including Mann et al. 2008 and , have supported these general conclusions ."}
{"_id": "Holarctic", "title": "Holarctic", "headings": "", "text": "The Holarctic is the name for the biogeographic realm that encompasses the majority of habitats found throughout the northern continents of the world , combining Wallace 's Palearctic zoogeographical region , consisting of North Africa and all of Eurasia ( with the exception of the southern Arabian Peninsula , Southeast Asia , and the Indian subcontinent ) , and the Nearctic zoogeographical region , consisting of North America , north of Mexico . These regions are further subdivided into a variety of ecoregions . Many ecosystems , and the animal and plant communities that depend on them , are found across multiple continents in large portions of this realm . The continuity of these ecosystems results from the shared glacial history of the realm . The floristic Boreal Kingdom corresponds to the Holarctic realm ."}
{"_id": "Holocene", "title": "Holocene", "headings": "", "text": "The Holocene ( -LSB- pronˈhɒləˌsiːn , _ ˈhoʊ - -RSB- ) is the geological epoch that began after the Pleistocene at approximately 11,700 years before present . The term `` Recent '' ( usually capitalised ) has often been used as an exact synonym of `` Holocene '' , although this usage is discouraged in 21st-century science . The Holocene is part of the Quaternary period . Its name comes from the Ancient Greek words ὅλος ( holos , whole or entire ) and καινός ( kainos , new ) , meaning `` entirely recent '' . It has been identified with the current warm period , known as MIS 1 , and can be considered an interglacial in the current ice age based on that evidence .   The Holocene also encompasses the growth and impacts of the human species worldwide , including all its written history , development of major civilizations , and overall significant transition toward urban living in the present . Human impacts on modern-era Earth and its ecosystems may be considered of global significance for future evolution of living species , including approximately synchronous lithospheric evidence , or more recently atmospheric evidence of human impacts . Given these , a new term , Anthropocene , is specifically proposed and used informally only for the very latest part of modern history involving significant human impact ."}
{"_id": "Holocene_extinction", "title": "Holocene extinction", "headings": "", "text": "The Holocene extinction , otherwise referred to as the Sixth extinction or Anthropocene extinction , is the ongoing extinction event of species during the present Holocene epoch , mainly due to human activity . The large number of extinctions spans numerous families of plants and animals , including mammals , birds , amphibians , reptiles and arthropods . With widespread degradation of highly biodiverse habitats such as coral reefs and rainforest , as well as other areas , the vast majority of these extinctions is thought to be undocumented . According to the species-area theory , and based on upper-bound estimating , the present rate of extinction may be up to 140,000 species per year , making it the greatest loss of biodiversity since the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event .   The Holocene extinction includes the disappearance of large land animals known as megafauna , starting at the end of the last Ice Age . Megafauna outside of the African continent , which did not evolve alongside humans , proved highly sensitive to the introduction of new predation , and many died out shortly after early humans began spreading and hunting across the Earth ( additionally , many African species have also gone extinct in the Holocene ) . These extinctions , occurring near the Pleistocene -- Holocene boundary , are sometimes referred to as the Quaternary extinction event .   The arrival of humans on different continents coincides with megafaunal extinction . The most popular theory is that human overhunting of species added to existing stress conditions . Although there is debate regarding how much human predation affected their decline , certain population declines have been directly correlated with human activity , such as the extinction events of New Zealand and Hawaii . Aside from humans , climate change may have been a driving factor in the megafaunal extinctions , especially at the end of the Quaternary .   The ecology of humanity has been noted as being that of an unprecedented `` global superpredator '' that regularly preys on the adults of other apex predators and has worldwide effects on food webs . Extinctions of species have occurred on every land mass and ocean , with many famous examples within Africa , Asia , Europe , Australia , North and South America , and on smaller islands . Overall , the Holocene extinction can be characterized by the human impact on the environment . The Holocene extinction continues into the 21st century , with meat consumption , overfishing , ocean acidification and the amphibian crisis being a few broader examples of an almost universal , cosmopolitan decline in biodiversity . A ballooning human population along with profligate consumption are considered to be the primary drivers of this rapid decline ."}
{"_id": "Holocene_glacial_retreat", "title": "Holocene glacial retreat", "headings": "", "text": "Holocene glacial retreat had a profound effect on landscapes in many areas that were covered by ice at the Last Glacial Maximum ."}
{"_id": "Homeland_security", "title": "Homeland security", "headings": "", "text": "Homeland security is an American umbrella term for `` the national effort to ensure a homeland that is safe , secure , and resilient against terrorism and other hazards where American interests , aspirations , and ways of life can thrive to the national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States , reduce the vulnerability of the U.S. to terrorism , and minimize the damage from attacks that do occur . ''   Homeland security is not constrained to terrorist incidents . Terrorism is one of many threats that endanger society . Within the U.S. , an all-hazards approach exists regarding homeland security endeavors . In this sense , homeland security encompasses both natural disasters and man-made events . Thus , the domain of homeland security must accommodate a plethora of situations and scenarios , ranging from natural disasters ( e.g. , Hurricane Katrina ) to acts of terrorism ( e.g. , Boston Marathon bombing ) .   The term came about following enactment of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 and reorganization of many U.S. government civil agencies effective March 1 , 2003 , to form the United States Department of Homeland Security after the September 11 attacks , and may be used to refer to the actions of that department , the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs , or the United States House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security .   Homeland defense ( HD ) is the military protection of U.S. territory , sovereignty , domestic population , and critical infrastructure against external threats and aggression ."}
{"_id": "Homelessness", "title": "Homelessness", "headings": "", "text": "Homelessness is the condition of people without a permanent dwelling , such as a house or apartment . People who are homeless are most often unable to acquire and maintain regular , safe , secure and adequate housing . The legal definition of homeless varies from country to country , or among different jurisdictions in the same country or region . The term homeless may also include people whose primary night-time residence is in a homeless shelter , a domestic violence shelter , long-term residence in a motel , a vehicle , squatting , cardboard boxes , a tent city , tarpaulins , shanty town structures made of discarded building materials or other ad hoc housing situations . According to the UK homelessness charity Crisis , a home is not just a physical space : it also provides roots , identity , security , a sense of belonging and a place of emotional wellbeing . American government homeless enumeration studies also include people who sleep in a public or private place not designed for use as a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings . There are a number of organizations who provide help for the homeless .   In 2005 , an estimated 100 million ( 1 in 65 ) people worldwide were homeless and as many as 1 billion people live as squatters , refugees or in temporary shelter , all lacking adequate housing . In Western countries , the large majority of homeless are men ( 75 -- 80 % ) , with single males particularly overrepresented .   Most countries provide a variety of services to assist homeless people . These services often provide food , shelter ( beds ) and clothing and may be organized and run by community organizations ( often with the help of volunteers ) or by government departments or agencies . These programs may be supported by the government , charities , churches and individual donors . Many cities also have street newspapers , which are publications designed to provide employment opportunity to homeless people . While some homeless have jobs , some must seek other methods to make a living . Begging or panhandling is one option , but is becoming increasingly illegal in many cities . People who are homeless may have additional conditions , such as physical or mental health issues or substance addiction ; these issues make resolving homelessness a challenging policy issue ."}
{"_id": "Hong_Kong", "title": "Hong Kong", "headings": "", "text": "Hong Kong , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of China . Macau lies across the delta to the west , and the province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north . With a total land area of 1,106 km2 and a population of over 7.3 million of various nationalities , it ranks as the world 's fourth most densely populated sovereign state or territory .   After the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) , Hong Kong became a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island , followed by the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898 . Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945 . In the early 1980s , negotiations between the United Kingdom and China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration , which paved way for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997 , when it became a special administrative region ( SAR ) of the Peoples Republic of China with a high degree of autonomy .   Under the principle of `` one country , two systems '' , Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China . Except in military defence and foreign affairs , Hong Kong maintains its independent executive , legislative and judiciary powers . In addition , Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of `` appropriate fields '' .   Hong Kong is one of the world 's most significant financial centres , with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the world 's most competitive and freest economic entity . As the world 's 8th largest trading entity , its legal tender , the Hong Kong dollar , is the world 's 13th most traded currency . It 's also a member of the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) . Hong Kong 's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system . However , while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , it suffers from severe income inequality .   Hong Kong is renowned for its deep natural harbour , which enables ready access by international cargo ships , and its impressive skyline , with a very high density of skyscrapers ; the territory boasts the second largest number of high rises of any city in the world . It has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the world 's longest life expectancy . Over 90 % of the population makes use of well-developed public transportation . Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring industrial areas of Mainland China , which adopts loose emissions standards , has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates ."}
{"_id": "Houston", "title": "Houston", "headings": "", "text": "Houston ( -LSB- ˈhjuːstən -RSB- ) is the most populous city in the state of Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States . With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million within an area of 667 sqmi , it is also the largest city in the southern United States and the seat of Harris County . Located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico , it is the principal city of the Greater Houston metro area , which is the fifth-most populated MSA in the United States .   Houston was founded on August 28 , 1836 , near the banks of Buffalo Bayou ( now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city was named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded and won at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 mi east of where the city was established . The burgeoning port and railroad industry , combined with oil discovery in 1901 , has induced continual surges in the city 's population . In the mid-20th century , Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center -- the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions -- and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located .   Houston 's economy has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in health care sectors and building oilfield equipment , outside of New York City , Houston has more Fortune 500 headquarters than any other U.S. municipality within its city limits . The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled and second in total cargo tonnage handled . Nicknamed the `` Space City '' , Houston is a global city , with strengths in business , international trade , entertainment , culture , media , fashion , science , sports , technology , education , medicine , and research . The city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community . Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has been described as the most racially and ethnically diverse major metropolis in the U.S. . It is home to many cultural institutions and exhibits , which attract more than 7 million visitors a year to the Museum District . Houston has an active visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District and offers year-round resident companies in all major performing arts ."}
{"_id": "Huaynaputina", "title": "Huaynaputina", "headings": "", "text": "Huaynaputina ( -LSB- wainapuˈtina -RSB- , Pronounced : -LSB- waɪnəpʊˈtiːnə -RSB- ; from young volcano , meaning `` Young Volcano '' ) is a stratovolcano in a volcanic upland in southern Peru . The volcano does not have an identifiable mountain profile , but instead is a large volcanic crater . It has produced high-potassium andesite and dacite . On 19 February 1600 , it exploded catastrophically ( Volcanic Explosivity Index -LSB- VEI -RSB- 6 ) , in the largest volcanic explosion in South America in historic times . The eruption continued with a series of events into March . An account of the event was included in Fray Antonio Vázquez de Espinosa 's Compendio y Descripción de las Indias , which was translated into English as Compendium and description of the West Indies in 1942 ."}
{"_id": "Hubble_Space_Telescope", "title": "Hubble Space Telescope", "headings": "", "text": "The Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation . Although not the first space telescope , Hubble is one of the largest and most versatile , and is well known as both a vital research tool and a public relations boon for astronomy . The HST is named after the astronomer Edwin Hubble , and is one of NASA 's Great Observatories , along with the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , the Chandra X-ray Observatory , and the Spitzer Space Telescope .   With a 2.4 m mirror , Hubble 's four main instruments observe in the near ultraviolet , visible , and near infrared spectra . Hubble 's orbit outside the distortion of Earth 's atmosphere allows it to take extremely high-resolution images , with substantially lower background light than ground-based telescopes . Hubble has recorded some of the most detailed visible light images ever , allowing a deep view into space and time . Many Hubble observations have led to breakthroughs in astrophysics , such as accurately determining the rate of expansion of the universe .   The HST was built by the United States space agency NASA , with contributions from the European Space Agency . The Space Telescope Science Institute ( STScI ) selects Hubble 's targets and processes the resulting data , while the Goddard Space Flight Center controls the spacecraft .   Space telescopes were proposed as early as 1923 . Hubble was funded in the 1970s , with a proposed launch in 1983 , but the project was beset by technical delays , budget problems , and the Challenger disaster ( 1986 ) . When finally launched in 1990 , Hubble 's main mirror was found to have been ground incorrectly , compromising the telescope 's capabilities . The optics were corrected to their intended quality by a servicing mission in 1993 .   Hubble is the only telescope designed to be serviced in space by astronauts . After launch by in 1990 , five subsequent Space Shuttle missions repaired , upgraded , and replaced systems on the telescope , including all five of the main instruments . The fifth mission was canceled on safety grounds following the Columbia disaster ( 2003 ) . However , after spirited public discussion , NASA administrator Mike Griffin approved the fifth servicing mission , completed in 2009 . The telescope is operating , and could last until 2030 -- 2040 . Its scientific successor , the James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ) , is scheduled for launch in 2018 ."}
{"_id": "Human", "title": "Human", "headings": "", "text": "Modern humans ( Homo sapiens , primarily ssp . Homo sapiens sapiens ) are the only extant members of Hominina tribe ( or human tribe ) , a branch of the tribe Hominini belonging to the family of great apes . They are characterized by erect posture and bipedal locomotion ; high manual dexterity and heavy tool use compared to other animals ; and a general trend toward larger , more complex brains and societies .   Early hominins -- particularly the australopithecines , whose brains and anatomy are in many ways more similar to ancestral non-human apes -- are less often referred to as `` human '' than hominins of the genus Homo . Several of these hominins used fire , occupied much of Eurasia , and gave rise to anatomically modern Homo sapiens in Africa about 200,000 years ago . They began to exhibit evidence of behavioral modernity around 50,000 years ago . In several waves of migration , anatomically modern humans ventured out of Africa and populated most of the world .   The spread of humans and their large and increasing population has had a profound impact on large areas of the environment and millions of native species worldwide . Advantages that explain this evolutionary success include a relatively larger brain with a particularly well-developed neocortex , prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes , which enable high levels of abstract reasoning , language , problem solving , sociality , and culture through social learning . Humans use tools to a much higher degree than any other animal , are the only extant species known to build fires and cook their food , and are the only extant species to clothe themselves and create and use numerous other technologies and arts .   Humans are uniquely adept at utilizing systems of symbolic communication ( such as language and art ) for self-expression and the exchange of ideas , and for organizing themselves into purposeful groups . Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups , from families and kinship networks to political states . Social interactions between humans have established an extremely wide variety of values , social norms , and rituals , which together form the basis of human society . Curiosity and the human desire to understand and influence the environment and to explain and manipulate phenomena ( or events ) has provided the foundation for developing science , philosophy , mythology , religion , anthropology , and numerous other fields of knowledge .   Though most of human existence has been sustained by hunting and gathering in band societies , increasing numbers of human societies began to practice sedentary agriculture approximately some 10,000 years ago , domesticating plants and animals , thus allowing for the growth of civilization . These human societies subsequently expanded in size , establishing various forms of government , religion , and culture around the world , unifying people within regions to form states and empires . The rapid advancement of scientific and medical understanding in the 19th and 20th centuries led to the development of fuel-driven technologies and increased lifespans , causing the human population to rise exponentially . Today the global human population is estimated by the United Nations to be near billion ."}
{"_id": "Human_extinction", "title": "Human extinction", "headings": "", "text": "In futures studies , human extinction is the hypothetical end of the human species . This may be caused by natural causes or it may be anthropogenic , i.e. the result of human action .   The likelihood of human extinction in the near future by wholly natural scenarios , such as a meteorite impact or large-scale volcanism , is generally considered to be extremely low .   For anthropogenic extinction , many possible scenarios have been proposed : Human global nuclear annihilation , biological warfare or the release of a pandemic-causing agent , dysgenics , overpopulation , ecological collapse , and global warming ; in addition , emerging technologies could bring about new extinction scenarios , such as advanced artificial intelligence , biotechnology or self-replicating nanobots . The probability of anthropogenic human extinction within the next hundred years is the topic of an active debate .   Human extinction needs to be differentiated from the extinction of all life on Earth ( see also future of Earth ) and from the extinction of major components of human culture ( e.g. , through a global catastrophe leaving only small , scattered human populations , which might evolve in isolation ) ."}
{"_id": "Human_impact_on_marine_life", "title": "Human impact on marine life", "headings": "", "text": "Human activities affect marine life and marine habitats through overfishing, habitat loss, the introduction of invasive species, ocean pollution, ocean acidification and ocean warming. These impact marine ecosystems and food webs and may result in consequences as yet unrecognised for the biodiversity and continuation of marine life forms.According to the IPCC (2019), since 1950 \"many marine species across various groups have undergone shifts in geographical range and seasonal activities in response to ocean warming, sea ice change and biogeochemical changes, such as oxygen loss, to their habitats.\"It has been estimated only 13% of the ocean area remains as wilderness, mostly in open ocean areas rather than along the coast."}
{"_id": "Human_impact_on_the_environment", "title": "Human impact on the environment", "headings": "", "text": "Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes impacts on biophysical environments , biodiversity , and other resources . The term anthropogenic designates an effect or object resulting from human activity . The term was first used in the technical sense by Russian geologist Alexey Pavlov , and was first used in English by British ecologist Arthur Tansley in reference to human influences on climax plant communities . The atmospheric scientist Paul Crutzen introduced the term `` Anthropocene '' in the mid-1970s . The term is sometimes used in the context of pollution emissions that are produced as a result of human activities but applies broadly to all major human impacts on the environment ."}
{"_id": "Human_nutrition", "title": "Human nutrition", "headings": "", "text": "Human nutrition refers to the provision of essential nutrients necessary to support human life and health . Generally , people can survive up to 40 days without food , a period largely depending on the amount of water consumed , stored body fat , muscle mass and genetic factors .   Poor nutrition is a chronic problem often linked to poverty , poor nutrition understanding and practices , and deficient sanitation and food security . Malnutrition and its consequences are immense contributors to deaths and disabilities worldwide . Promoting good nutrition helps children grow , promotes human development and eradication of poverty ."}
{"_id": "Human_overpopulation", "title": "Human overpopulation", "headings": "", "text": "Human overpopulation occurs when the ecological footprint of a human population in a specific geographical location exceeds the carrying capacity of the place occupied by that group . Overpopulation can further be viewed , in a long term perspective , as existing when a population can not be maintained given the rapid depletion of non-renewable resources or given the degradation of the capacity of the environment to give support to the population .   The term human overpopulation refers to the relationship between the entire human population and its environment : the Earth , or to smaller geographical areas such as countries . Overpopulation can result from an increase in births , a decline in mortality rates , an increase in immigration , or an unsustainable biome and depletion of resources . It is possible for very sparsely populated areas to be overpopulated if the area has a meagre or non-existent capability to sustain life ( e.g. a desert ) . Advocates of population moderation cite issues like quality of life , carrying capacity , and risk of starvation as a basis to argue against continuing high human population growth and for population decline . Scientists suggest that the human impact on the environment as a result of overpopulation , profligate consumption and proliferation of technology has pushed the planet into a new geological epoch known as the Anthropocene ."}
{"_id": "Human_population_planning", "title": "Human population planning", "headings": "", "text": "Human population planning is the practice of intentionally managing the rate of growth of a human population . Historically human population planning has been implemented with the goal of increasing the rate of human population growth . However , in the period from the 1950s to the 1980s , concerns about global population growth and its effects on poverty , environmental degradation and political stability led to efforts to reduce human population growth rates . More recently , some countries , such as Iran and Spain , have begun efforts to increase their birth rates once again .   While population planning can involve measures that improve people 's lives by giving them greater control of their reproduction , a few programs , most notably the Chinese government 's `` one-child policy '' , have resorted to coercive measures ."}
{"_id": "Humboldt_Current", "title": "Humboldt Current", "headings": "", "text": "The Humboldt Current System ( HCS ) , also called the Peru Current , is a major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystem that flows north along the western coast of South America . It is an eastern boundary current flowing in the direction of the equator , and extend 500-1 ,000 kilometers offshore . The Humboldt Current is named after the Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt . In 1846 , von Humboldt reported measurements of the cold-water current in his book Cosmos .   The current extends from the southern Chile ( ~ 45 'S ) to northern Peru ( ~ 4 'S ) where cold , upwelled waters intersect warm tropical waters to form the Equatorial Front . Sea surface temperatures off the coast of Peru , around 5 'S , reach temperatures as low as 16 ' C . This is highly uncharacteristic of tropical waters , as most other regions have temperatures measuring above 25 ' C. Upwelling brings nutrients to the surface , which support phytoplankton and ultimately increase biological productivity .   Upwelling within the current is not uniform across the entire system . Three notable upwelling subsystems are produced by this current : i ) seasonal upwelling in Chile , ii ) upwelling `` shadow '' that is less productive , but still large in northern Chile and Southern Peru , and iii ) year-round upwelling in Peru .   The Humboldt Current is considered a Class I , highly productive ( > 300 gC/m2-yr ) , ecosystem . It is the most productive eastern boundary current system . It accounts for roughly 18-20 % of the total worldwide marine fish catch . The species are mostly pelagic : sardines , anchovies and jack mackerel . The system 's high productivity supports other important fishery resources as well as marine mammals ( eared seals and cetaceans ) and seabirds . The cold , nutrient-rich water brought to the surface by upwelling drives the system 's extraordinary productivity.Periodically , the upwelling that drives the system 's productivity is disrupted by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) event . When this occurs , fish abundance and distribution are significantly affected , often leading to stock crashes and cascading social and economic impacts . These events have led to sequential changes , where sardines and anchovies have replaced each other periodically as the dominant species in the ecosystem . These species changes can have negative consequences for the fishing industry and the economies of the countries that fish the system .   The Humboldt has a considerable cooling influence on the climate of Chile , Peru and Ecuador . It is also largely responsible for the aridity of Atacama Desert in northern Chile and coastal areas of Peru and also of the aridity of southern Ecuador . Marine air is cooled by the current and thus is not conducive to generating precipitation ( although clouds and fog are produced ) ."}
{"_id": "Humid_subtropical_climate", "title": "Humid subtropical climate", "headings": "", "text": "A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterised by hot and humid summers where tropical air masses dominate , and mild winters . These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents , generally between latitudes 25 ° and 40 ° and are adjacent to tropical climates to the south . While many subtropical climates tend to be located at coastal or near coastal locations . in some cases they extend inland , most notably in southern China and the southern United States .   Under the Köppen climate classification , Cfa and Cwa climates are described as mild temperate climates . This climate features mean temperatures in the coldest month between 0 ° C and 18 ° C and mean temperatures in the warmest month 22 ° C or higher . The Trewartha system was a 1966 update of the Köppen climate classification , and sought to redefine middle latitude climates into smaller zones ( the original Köppen system grouped all middle latitude climates into a single zone ) . Under the Trewartha climate classification , climates are termed humid subtropical when they have monthly mean air temperatures higher than 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) for eight or more months a year and at least one month with mean temperature below 18 ° C ( 64.4 ° F ) . Normally , humid subtropical climates occupy the southernmost portions of the temperate zone from 23.5 to 35.0 north and south latitude .   Rainfall often shows a summer peak , especially where monsoons are well developed , as in Southeast Asia and Florida ( USA ) . Other areas have a more uniform or varying rainfall cycles . Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms that build up due to the intense surface heating and strong subtropical sun angle . Weak tropical lows that move in from adjacent warm tropical oceans , as well as infrequent tropical storms often contribute to high sun ( summer ) seasonal rainfall peaks . Winter rainfall is often associated with large storms in the westerlies that have fronts that reach down into subtropical latitudes . However , many subtropical climates such as southeast Asia or Florida have very dry winters , with frequent brush fires and water shortages ."}
{"_id": "Humidity", "title": "Humidity", "headings": "", "text": "Humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air . Water vapor is the gaseous state of water and is invisible to the human eye . Humidity indicates the likelihood of precipitation , dew , or fog . Higher humidity reduces the effectiveness of sweating in cooling the body by reducing the rate of evaporation of moisture from the skin . This effect is calculated in a heat index table or humidex . The amount of water vapor that is needed to achieve saturation increases as the temperature increases . As the temperature of a parcel of water becomes lower it will eventually reach the point of saturation without adding or losing water mass . The differences in the amount of water vapor in a parcel of air can be quite large . For example , a parcel of air that is near saturation may contain 28 grams of water per cubic meter of air at 30 ° C , but only 8 grams of water per cubic meter of air at 8 ° C.   There are three main measurements of humidity : absolute , relative and specific . Absolute humidity is the water content of air expressed in gram per cubic meter . Relative humidity , expressed as a percent , measures the current absolute humidity relative to the maximum ( highest point ) for that temperature . Specific humidity is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the total mass of the moist air parcel ."}
{"_id": "Hurricane_Agnes", "title": "Hurricane Agnes", "headings": "", "text": "Hurricane Agnes was , at the time , the costliest hurricane to hit the United States in recorded history . The second tropical cyclone and first named storm of the 1972 Atlantic hurricane season , Agnes developed on June 14 from the interaction of a polar front and an upper trough over the Yucatán Peninsula . Initially forming as a tropical depression , the storm headed slowly eastward and emerged into the western Caribbean Sea on June 15 . Once in the Caribbean , the depression began to strengthen , and by the following day , it became Tropical Storm Agnes . Thereafter , Agnes slowly curved northward and passed just west of Cuba on June 17 . Early on June 18 , the storm intensified enough to be upgraded to Hurricane Agnes . Heading northward , the hurricane eventually made landfall near Panama City , Florida late on June 19 . After moving inland , Agnes rapidly weakened and was only a tropical depression when it entered Georgia . The weakening trend halted as the storm crossed over Georgia and into South Carolina . While over eastern North Carolina , Agnes re-strengthened into a tropical storm on June 21 , as a result of baroclinic activity . Early the following day , the storm emerged into the Atlantic Ocean before re-curving northwestward and making landfall near New York City as a strong tropical storm . Agnes quickly became an extratropical cyclone on June 23 , and tracked to the northwest of Great Britain before becoming absorbed by another cyclone on July 6 .   Though it moved slowly across the Yucatán Peninsula , damage in Mexico is unknown . Although the storm bypassed the tip of Cuba , heavy rainfall occurred , killing seven people . In Florida , Agnes caused a significant tornado outbreak , with at least 26 confirmed twisters , two of which were spawned in Georgia . The tornadoes and two initially unconfirmed tornadoes in Florida alone resulted in over $ 4.5 million ( 1972 USD ) in damage and six fatalities . At least 2,082 structures in Florida suffered either major damage or were destroyed . About 1,355 other dwellings experienced minor losses . Though Agnes made landfall as a hurricane , no hurricane-force winds were reported . Along the coast abnormally high tides resulted in extensive damage , especially between Apalachicola and Cedar Key . Light to moderate rainfall was reported in Florida , though no significant flooding occurred . In Georgia , damage was limited to two tornadoes , which caused approximately $ 275,000 in losses . Minimal effects were also recorded in Alabama , Connecticut , Delaware , Rhode Island , South Carolina , and Tennessee ; though one fatality was reported in Delaware . The most significant effects , by far , occurred in Pennsylvania , mostly due to intense flooding . The hurricane severely flooded the Susquehanna River and the Lackawanna River causing major damage to the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre metropolitan area . In both Pennsylvania and New Jersey combined , about 43,594 structures were either destroyed or significantly damaged . In Canada , a mobile home was toppled , killing two people . Overall , Agnes caused 128 fatalities and nearly $ 3 billion in damage , though more recently , it is estimated that there were $ 2.1 billion in losses associated with the storm . Due to the significant effects , the name Agnes was retired in the spring of 1973 ."}
{"_id": "Hurricane_Andrew", "title": "Hurricane Andrew", "headings": "", "text": "Hurricane Andrew was , at the time of its occurrence in August 1992 , the most destructive hurricane in United States history . It caused major damage in the Bahamas and Louisiana , but the greatest impact was in South Florida , where it made landfall at Category 5 hurricane intensity on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane scale , with wind speeds up to 165 mph ( 270 km/h ) . Passing directly through the town of Homestead , Florida , a city south of Miami , Andrew obliterated entire blocks of homes , in many cases leaving only the concrete foundations . Over 25,500 houses were destroyed in Miami-Dade County alone , and nearly 100,000 more were severely damaged . A total of 65 people were killed and damage across the affected regions exceeded $ 26.5 billion ( 1992 USD ) .   Andrew originated from a tropical wave on August 16 over the central Atlantic , becoming the fourth tropical cyclone and the first hurricane of the season . Initially , strong wind shear prevented much intensification , but after turning westward , Andrew entered a stage of rapid intensification , peaking as a powerful Category 5 hurricane near the Bahamas on August 23 . Though it briefly weakened to Category 4 strength while traversing the island nation , Andrew regained its Category 5 status before making two separate landfalls in South Florida -- the first on Elliott Key and the second in Homestead . A barometric pressure of 922 mbar ( 27.23 inHg ) in the latter made Andrew the fourth most intense hurricane to strike the United States . Several hours later , the hurricane emerged over the Gulf of Mexico at Category 4 strength , with the Gulf Coast of the United States in its projected path . After weakening slightly , Andrew moved ashore near Morgan City , Louisiana , as low-end Category 3 storm . The effects of land caused the small hurricane to rapidly lose its intensity , and it diminished to a depression by August 27 while crossing Mississippi . The next day , Andrew merged with a frontal system over the southern Appalachian Mountains .   In the Bahamas , Andrew brought storm surge , hurricane-force winds , and tornadoes , causing widespread structural damage , especially on Cat Cays . About 800 houses were destroyed in the archipelago , and there was substantial damage to the transport , water , sanitation , agriculture , and fishing sectors . Overall , Andrew left four dead and $ 250 million in damage throughout the Bahamas . In parts of southern Florida , Andrew produced severe winds ; a wind gust of 177 mph ( 282 km/h ) was observed at a house in Perrine . These winds wreaked catastrophic damage in Florida -- Miami-Dade County cities of Florida City , Homestead , and Cutler Ridge receiving the brunt of the storm . A total of 63,000 homes were destroyed and more than 101,000 others were damaged throughout Florida , leaving roughly 175,000 people homeless . As many as 1.4 million people lost power at the height of the storm . In the Everglades , 70,000 acres ( 280 km2 ) of trees were downed . Rainfall in Florida was substantial , peaking at 13.98 in ( 355 mm ) in western Miami-Dade County . Altogether , Andrew killed 44 and left a record $ 25 billion in damage in the state .   Before moving ashore , Andrew caused extensive damage to oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico , leading to $ 500 million in losses for oil companies . It produced hurricane-force winds along its path through Louisiana , leaving about 152,000 without electricity . Over 80 % of trees in the Atchafalaya River Basin were downed , and the agriculture there was devastated . Throughout the basin and Bayou Lafourche , 187 million freshwater fish were killed in the hurricane . An F3 tornado in St. John the Baptist Parish wrecked 163 structures . With 23,000 houses damaged , 985 others destroyed , and 1,951 mobile homes demolished , property losses in Louisiana exceeded $ 1.5 billion . The hurricane caused the deaths of 17 people in the state , six of whom drowned offshore . Andrew spawned at least 28 tornadoes along the Gulf Coast , especially in Alabama , Georgia , and Mississippi . Throughout its path , Andrew left 65 dead and $ 26.5 billion in damage ; it is currently the fifth costliest hurricane in Atlantic hurricane history , behind only hurricanes Katrina , Sandy , Ike , and Wilma , and the fourth costliest hurricane in the United States , behind Katrina , Sandy , and Ike ."}
{"_id": "Hurricane_Donna", "title": "Hurricane Donna", "headings": "", "text": "Hurricane Donna was the strongest hurricane of the 1960 Atlantic hurricane season , and caused severe damage to the Lesser Antilles , the Greater Antilles , and the East Coast of the United States , especially Florida , in August -- September . The fifth tropical cyclone , third hurricane , and first major hurricane of the season , Donna developed south of Cape Verde on August 29 , spawned by a tropical wave to which 63 deaths from a plane crash in Senegal were attributed . The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Donna by the following day . Donna moved west-northwestward at roughly 20 mph and by September 1 , it reached hurricane status . Donna deepened significantly and reached its peak intensity early on September 4 , with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph ( 230 km/h ) . Thereafter , it weakened slightly as it brushed the Lesser Antilles later that day . On Sint Maarten , the storm left a quarter of the island homeless and killed seven people . An additional five deaths were reported in Anguilla and there were seven other fatalities throughout the Virgin Islands . In Puerto Rico , severe flash flooding led to 107 fatalities , 85 of them in Humacao alone . Donna further weakened to a Category 3 hurricane late on September 5 , but eventually became a Category 4 hurricane again . While passing through The Bahamas , several small island communities in the central regions of the country were leveled , but no damage total or fatalities were reported .   Early on September 10 , Donna made landfall near Marathon , Florida with winds of 130 mph ( 215 km/h ) , hours before another landfall south of Naples at the same intensity . Florida bore the brunt of Hurricane Donna . In the Florida Keys , coastal flooding severely damaged 75 % of buildings , destroyed several subdivisions in Marathon . On the mainland , 5,200 houses were impacted , which does not include the 75 % of homes damaged at Fort Myers Beach ; 50 % of buildings were also destroyed in the city of Everglades . Crop losses were also extensive . A total of 50 % of grapefruit crop was lost , 10 % of the orange and tangerine crop was lost , and the avocado crop was almost destroyed . In the state of Florida alone , there were 13 deaths and $ 300 million in losses . Donna weakened over Florida and was a Category 2 hurricane when it re-emerged into the Atlantic from North Florida . By early on September 12 , the storm made landfall near Topsail Beach , North Carolina as a strong Category 2 hurricane . Donna brought tornadoes and wind gusts up to 100 mph ( 155 km/h ) , damaging or destroying several buildings in Eastern North Carolina , while crops were impacted as far as 50 mi inland . Additionally , storm surge caused significant beach erosion and structural damage at Wilmington and Nags Head . Eight people were killed and there were over 100 injuries . Later on September 12 , Donna reemerged into the Atlantic Ocean and continued to move northeastward . The storm struck Long Island , New York late on September 12 and rapidly weakened inland . On the following day , Donna became extratropical over Maine ."}
{"_id": "Hurricane_Floyd", "title": "Hurricane Floyd", "headings": "", "text": "Hurricane Floyd was a very powerful Cape Verde-type hurricane which struck the east coast of the United States . It was the sixth named storm , fourth hurricane , and third major hurricane in the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season . Floyd triggered the third largest evacuation in US history ( behind Hurricane Gustav and Hurricane Rita ) when 2.6 million coastal residents of five states were ordered from their homes as it approached . The Cape Verde-type hurricane formed off the coast of Africa and lasted from September 7 to September 19 , peaking in strength as a very strong Category 4 hurricane -- just 2 mph short of the highest possible rating on the Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale . It was among the largest Atlantic hurricanes of its strength ever recorded .   Floyd was once forecast to strike Florida , but turned away . Instead , Floyd struck The Bahamas at peak strength , causing heavy damage . It then paralleled the East Coast of the United States , causing massive evacuations and costly preparations from Florida through the Mid-Atlantic states . The storm weakened significantly , however , before striking the Cape Fear region , North Carolina as a very strong Category 2 hurricane , and caused further damage as it traveled up the Mid-Atlantic region and into New England .   The hurricane produced torrential rainfall in Eastern North Carolina , adding more rain to an area hit by Hurricane Dennis just weeks earlier . The rains caused widespread flooding over a period of several weeks ; nearly every river basin in the eastern part of the state exceeded 500-year flood levels . In total , Floyd was responsible for 57 fatalities and $ 6.9 billion ( 1999 USD ; $ USD ) in damage . Due to the destruction , the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Floyd ."}
{"_id": "Hurricane_Gustav", "title": "Hurricane Gustav", "headings": "", "text": "Hurricane Gustav ( -LSB- ˈɡʊstɑːv -RSB- ) was the second most destructive hurricane of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season . The seventh tropical cyclone , third hurricane , and second major hurricane of the season , Gustav caused serious damage and casualties in Haiti , the Dominican Republic , Jamaica , the Cayman Islands , Cuba and the United States . Gustav caused at least $ 6.6 billion ( 2008 USD ) in damages .   It formed on the morning of August 25 , 2008 , about 260 mi southeast of Port-au-Prince , Haiti , and rapidly strengthened into a tropical storm that afternoon and into a hurricane early on August 26 . Later that day it made landfall near the Haitian town of Jacmel . It inundated Jamaica and ravaged Western Cuba and then steadily moved across the Gulf of Mexico .   Once into the Gulf , Gustav gradually weakened because of increased wind shear and dry air . It weakened to a Category 2 hurricane late on August 31 , and remained at that intensity until landfall on the morning of September 1 near Cocodrie , Louisiana . Weakening continued , and Gustav weakened to a tropical storm that evening and to a tropical depression the next day as it meandered around the south-central US . The weak system became extratropical on September 4 and was absorbed by another low on September 5 .   In total , an estimated 153 deaths had been attributed to Gustav in the U.S. and Caribbean . Damage in the U.S. totaled to $ 4.3 billion ( 2008 USD ) with additional damage of $ 2.1 billion in Cuba and $ 210 million in damage in Jamaica ."}
{"_id": "Hurricane_Harvey", "title": "Hurricane Harvey", "headings": "", "text": "The name Harvey has been used for five tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean .  Hurricane Harvey ( 1981 ) - threatened Bermuda but turned away before striking , no damage .  Hurricane Harvey ( 1993 ) - short-lived storm that threatened no land .  Tropical Storm Harvey ( 1999 ) - struck Florida , causing $ 15 million in damage .  Tropical Storm Harvey ( 2005 ) - earliest eighth-storm formation in the Atlantic Ocean since record-keeping began , breaking the old record set in 1936 by 12 days . Threatened Bermuda .  Tropical Storm Harvey ( 2011 ) - record eighth-storm failing to reach hurricane strength , in a single season , since reliable records began . Strong tropical storm that affected parts of Central America .   Category : Atlantic hurricane disambiguation pages"}
{"_id": "Hurricane_Irma", "title": "Hurricane Irma", "headings": "", "text": "Hurricane Irma was an extremely powerful Cape Verde hurricane that caused widespread destruction across its path in September 2017. Irma was the first Category 5 hurricane to strike the Leeward Islands on record, followed by Maria two weeks later. At the time, it was considered as the most powerful hurricane on record in the open Atlantic region, outside of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico until it was surpassed by Hurricane Dorian two years later. It was also the third strongest Atlantic hurricane at landfall ever recorded, just behind the 1935 Labor Day Hurricane and Hurricane Dorian. The ninth named storm, fourth hurricane, second major hurricane, and first Category 5 hurricane of the 2017 season, Irma caused widespread and catastrophic damage throughout its long lifetime, particularly in the northeastern Caribbean and the Florida Keys. It was also the most intense hurricane to strike the continental United States since Katrina in 2005, the first major hurricane to make landfall in Florida since Wilma in the same year, and the first Category 4 hurricane to strike the state since Charley in 2004. The word Irmageddon was coined soon after the hurricane to describe the damage caused by the hurricane."}
{"_id": "Hurricane_Katrina", "title": "Hurricane Katrina", "headings": "", "text": "Hurricane Katrina was the costliest natural disaster and one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States . The storm is currently ranked as the third most intense United States landfalling tropical cyclone , behind only the 1935 Labor Day hurricane and Hurricane Camille in 1969 . Overall , at least 1,245 people died in the hurricane and subsequent floods , making it the deadliest United States hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane . Total property damage was estimated at $ 108 billion ( 2005 USD ) , roughly four times the damage wrought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 in the United States .   The eleventh named storm and fifth hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season , Katrina originated over the Bahamas on August 23 from the interaction between a tropical wave and the remnants of Tropical Depression Ten . Early the following day , the new depression intensified into Tropical Storm Katrina . The cyclone headed generally westward toward Florida and strengthened into a hurricane only two hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach and Aventura on August 25 . After very briefly weakening to a tropical storm , Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on August 26 and began to rapidly deepen . The storm strengthened to a Category 5 hurricane over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico , but weakened before making its second landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on August 29 in southeast Louisiana .   The storm caused severe destruction along the Gulf coast from central Florida to Texas , much of it due to the storm surge and levee failure . Severe property damage occurred in coastal areas , such as Mississippi beachfront towns ; over 90 percent of these were flooded . Boats and casino barges rammed buildings , pushing cars and houses inland ; water reached 6 - from the beach .   Over fifty breaches in New Orleans 's hurricane surge protection were the cause of the majority of the death and destruction during Katrina on August 29 , 2005 . Eventually 80 % of the city and large tracts of neighboring parishes became flooded , and the floodwaters lingered for weeks . According to a modeling exercise conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE ) , two-thirds of the deaths in Greater New Orleans were due to levee and floodwall failure . All of the major studies concluded that the USACE , the designers and builders of the levee system as mandated by the Flood Control Act of 1965 , is responsible . This is mainly due to a decision to use shorter steel sheet pilings in an effort to save money . In January 2008 , Judge Stanwood Duval , U.S. District Court , ruled that despite the Corps ' role in the flooding , the agency could not be held financially liable because of sovereign immunity in the Flood Control Act of 1928 . Exactly ten years after Katrina , J. David Rogers , lead author of a new report in the official journal of the World Water Council concluded that the flooding during Katrina `` could have been prevented had the corps retained an external review board to double-check its flood-wall designs . ''   There was also an investigation of the responses from federal , state and local governments , resulting in the resignation of Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) director Michael D. Brown , and of New Orleans Police Department ( NOPD ) Superintendent Eddie Compass . Many other government officials were criticized for their responses , especially New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin , Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco , and President George W. Bush . Several agencies including the United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) , National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) , and National Weather Service ( NWS ) were commended for their actions . They provided accurate hurricane weather tracking forecasts with sufficient lead time ."}
{"_id": "Hurricane_Sandy", "title": "Hurricane Sandy", "headings": "", "text": "Hurricane Sandy ( unofficially referred to as `` Superstorm Sandy '' ) was the deadliest and most destructive hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season , and the second-costliest hurricane in United States history . Classified as the eighteenth named storm , tenth hurricane and second major hurricane of the year , Sandy was a Category 3 storm at its peak intensity when it made landfall in Cuba . While it was a Category 2 storm off the coast of the Northeastern United States , the storm became the largest Atlantic hurricane on record ( as measured by diameter , with winds spanning 1100 mi ) . Estimates as of 2015 assessed damage to have been about $ 75 billion ( 2012 USD ) , a total surpassed only by Hurricane Katrina . At least 233 people were killed along the path of the storm in eight countries .   Sandy developed from a tropical wave in the western Caribbean Sea on October 22 , quickly strengthened , and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Sandy six hours later . Sandy moved slowly northward toward the Greater Antilles and gradually intensified . On October 24 , Sandy became a hurricane , made landfall near Kingston , Jamaica , re-emerged a few hours later into the Caribbean Sea and strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane . On October 25 , Sandy hit Cuba as a Category 3 hurricane , then weakened to a Category 1 hurricane . Early on October 26 , Sandy moved through the Bahamas . On October 27 , Sandy briefly weakened to a tropical storm and then restrengthened to a Category 1 hurricane . Early on October 29 , Sandy curved west-northwest ( the `` left turn '' or `` left hook '' ) and then moved ashore near Brigantine , New Jersey , just to the northeast of Atlantic City , as a post-tropical cyclone with hurricane-force winds .   In Jamaica , winds left 70 % of residents without electricity , blew roofs off buildings , killed one , and caused about $ 100 million ( 2012 USD ) in damage . Sandy 's outer bands brought flooding to Haiti , killing at least 54 , causing food shortages , and leaving about 200,000 homeless ; the hurricane also caused two deaths in the Dominican Republic . In Puerto Rico , one man was swept away by a swollen river . In Cuba , there was extensive coastal flooding and wind damage inland , destroying some 15,000 homes , killing 11 , and causing $ 2 billion ( 2012 USD ) in damage . Sandy caused two deaths and damage estimated at $ 700 million ( 2012 USD ) in The Bahamas .   In the United States , Hurricane Sandy affected 24 states , including the entire eastern seaboard from Florida to Maine and west across the Appalachian Mountains to Michigan and Wisconsin , with particularly severe damage in New Jersey and New York . Its storm surge hit New York City on October 29 , flooding streets , tunnels and subway lines and cutting power in and around the city . Damage in the United States amounted to $ 71.4 billion ( 2013 USD ) . In Canada , two were killed in Ontario and an estimated $ 100 million ( 2012 CAD ) in damage was caused throughout Ontario and Quebec ."}
{"_id": "Hydrocarbon", "title": "Hydrocarbon", "headings": "", "text": "In organic chemistry , a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon , and thus are group 14 hydrides . Hydrocarbons from which one hydrogen atom has been removed are functional groups , called hydrocarbyls .  Aromatic hydrocarbons ( arenes ) , alkanes , alkenes , cycloalkanes and alkyne-based compounds are different types of hydrocarbons .   The majority of hydrocarbons found on Earth naturally occur in crude oil , where decomposed organic matter provides an abundance of carbon and hydrogen which , when bonded , can catenate to form seemingly limitless chains ."}
{"_id": "Hydrofluorocarbon", "title": "Hydrofluorocarbon", "headings": "", "text": "Hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) , organic compounds that contain fluorine and hydrogen atoms , are the most common type of organofluorine compounds . They are commonly used in air conditioning and as refrigerants in place of the older chlorofluorocarbons such as R-12 and hydrochlorofluorocarbons such as R-21 . They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace ; however , they do contribute to global warming . Their atmospheric concentrations and contribution to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are rapidly increasing , causing international concern about their radiative forcing .   Fluorocarbons with few C -- F bonds behave similarly to the parent hydrocarbons , but their reactivity can be altered significantly . For example , both uracil and 5-fluorouracil are colourless , high-melting crystalline solids , but the latter is a potent anti-cancer drug . The use of the C-F bond in pharmaceuticals is predicated on this altered reactivity . Several drugs and agrochemicals contain only one fluorine center or one trifluoromethyl group .   Unlike other greenhouse gases in the Paris Agreement , hydrofluorocarbons have other international negotiations .   In September 2016 , the so-called New York Declaration urged a global reduction in the use of HFCs . On 15 October 2016 , due to these chemicals ' contribution to climate change , negotiators from 197 nations meeting at the summit of the United Nations Environment Programme in Kigali , Rwanda reached a legally-binding accord to phase out hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) in an amendment to the Montreal Protocol ."}
{"_id": "Hydrology", "title": "Hydrology", "headings": "", "text": "Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement , distribution , and quality of water on Earth and other planets , including the water cycle , water resources and environmental watershed sustainability . A practitioner of hydrology is a hydrologist , working within the fields of earth or environmental science , physical geography , geology or civil and environmental engineering . Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques , they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation , natural disasters , and water management .   Hydrology subdivides into surface water hydrology , groundwater hydrology ( hydrogeology ) , and marine hydrology . Domains of hydrology include hydrometeorology , surface hydrology , hydrogeology , drainage-basin management and water quality , where water plays the central role .   Oceanography and meteorology are not included because water is only one of many important aspects within those fields .   Hydrological research can inform environmental engineering , policy and planning .   The term hydrology comes from Greek : ὕδωρ , hýdōr , `` water '' ; and λόγος , lógos , `` study '' ."}
{"_id": "Hydroponics", "title": "Hydroponics", "headings": "", "text": "Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture , the method of growing plants without soil , using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent . Terrestrial plants may be grown with only their roots exposed to the mineral solution , or the roots may be supported by an inert medium , such as perlite or gravel . The nutrients in hydroponics can be from fish waste , duck manure , or chemical fertilizer ."}
{"_id": "Hypertension", "title": "Hypertension", "headings": "", "text": "Hypertension ( HTN or HT ) , also known as high blood pressure ( HBP ) , is a long term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated . High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms . Long term high blood pressure , however , is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease , stroke , heart failure , peripheral vascular disease , vision loss , and chronic kidney disease .   High blood pressure is classified as either primary ( essential ) high blood pressure or secondary high blood pressure . About 90 -- 95 % of cases are primary , defined as high blood pressure due to nonspecific lifestyle and genetic factors . Lifestyle factors that increase the risk include excess salt , excess body weight , smoking , and alcohol . The remaining 5 -- 10 % of cases are categorized as secondary high blood pressure , defined as high blood pressure due to an identifiable cause , such as chronic kidney disease , narrowing of the kidney arteries , an endocrine disorder , or the use of birth control pills .   Blood pressure is expressed by two measurements , the systolic and diastolic pressures , which are the maximum and minimum pressures , respectively . Normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100 -- 140 millimeters mercury ( mmHg ) systolic and 60 -- 90 mmHg diastolic . High blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 140/90 mmHg for most adults . Different numbers apply to children . Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over a 24-hour period appears more accurate than office best blood pressure measurement .   Lifestyle changes and medications can lower blood pressure and decrease the risk of health complications . Lifestyle changes include weight loss , decreased salt intake , physical exercise , and a healthy diet . If lifestyle changes are not sufficient then blood pressure medications are used . Up to three medications can control blood pressure in 90 % of people . The treatment of moderately high arterial blood pressure ( defined as > 160/100 mmHg ) with medications is associated with an improved life expectancy . The effect of treatment of blood pressure between 140/90 mmHg and 160/100 mmHg is less clear , with some reviews finding benefit and others finding a lack of evidence for benefit . High blood pressure affects between 16 and 37 % of the population globally . In 2010 hypertension was believed to have been a factor in 18 % of all deaths ( 9.4 million globally ) ."}
{"_id": "Hyperthermia", "title": "Hyperthermia", "headings": "", "text": "Hyperthermia is elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation that occurs when a body produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates . Extreme temperature elevation then becomes a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment to prevent disability or death .   The most common causes include heat stroke and adverse reactions to drugs . The former is an acute temperature elevation caused by exposure to excessive heat , or combination of heat and humidity , that overwhelms the heat-regulating mechanisms . The latter is a relatively rare side effect of many drugs , particularly those that affect the central nervous system . Malignant hyperthermia is a rare complication of some types of general anesthesia .   Hyperthermia differs from fever in that the body 's temperature set point remains unchanged . The opposite is hypothermia , which occurs when the temperature drops below that required to maintain normal metabolism . The term is from Greek ὑπέρ , hyper , meaning `` above '' or `` over '' , and θέρμος , thermos , meaning `` heat '' ."}
{"_id": "Hypothermia", "title": "Hypothermia", "headings": "", "text": "Hypothermia is reduced body temperature that happens when a body dissipates more heat than it absorbs . In humans , it is defined as a body core temperature below 35.0 C. Symptoms depend on the temperature . In mild hypothermia there is shivering and mental confusion . In moderate hypothermia shivering stops and confusion increases . In severe hypothermia there may be paradoxical undressing , in which a person removes his or her clothing , as well as an increased risk of the heart stopping .   Hypothermia has two main types of causes . It classically occurs from exposure to extreme cold . It may also occur from any condition that decreases heat production or increases heat loss . Commonly this includes alcohol intoxication but may also include low blood sugar , anorexia , and advanced age , among others . Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of 36.5 -- through thermoregulation . Efforts to increase body temperature involve shivering , increased voluntary activity , and putting on warmer clothing . Hypothermia may be diagnosed based on either a person 's symptoms in the presence of risk factors or by measuring a person 's core temperature .   The treatment of mild hypothermia involves warm drinks , warm clothing and physical activity . In those with moderate hypothermia heating blankets and warmed intravenous fluids are recommended . People with moderate or severe hypothermia should be moved gently . In severe hypothermia extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ( ECMO ) or cardiopulmonary bypass may be useful . In those without a pulse cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) is indicated along with the above measures . Rewarming is typically continued until a person 's temperature is greater than 32 C . If there is no improvement at this point or the blood potassium level is greater than 12 mmol/liter at any time resuscitation may be discontinued .   Hypothermia is the cause of at least 1500 deaths a year in the United States . It is more common in older people and males . One of the lowest documented body temperatures from which someone with accidental hypothermia has survived is 13.0 C in a near-drowning of a 7-year-old girl in Sweden . Survival after more than six hours of CPR has been described . In those in whom ECMO or bypass is used survival is around 50 % . Deaths due to hypothermia have played an important role in many wars . The term is from Greek ὑπο , ypo , meaning `` under '' , and θερμία , thermía , meaning `` heat '' . The opposite of hypothermia is hyperthermia , an increased body temperature due to failed thermoregulation ."}
{"_id": "Hysterectomy", "title": "Hysterectomy", "headings": "", "text": "Hysterectomy ( from Greek ὑστέρα , hystera , `` uterus '' + ἐκτομή , ektomḗ , `` a cutting out of '' ) is the surgical removal of the uterus . It may also involve removal of the cervix , ovaries , fallopian tubes and other surrounding structures .   Usually performed by a gynecologist , hysterectomy may be total ( removing the body , fundus , and cervix of the uterus ; often called `` complete '' ) or partial ( removal of the uterine body while leaving the cervix intact ; also called `` supracervical '' ) . It is the most commonly performed gynecological surgical procedure . In 2003 , over 600,000 hysterectomies were performed in the United States alone , of which over 90 % were performed for benign conditions . Such rates being highest in the industrialized world has led to the major controversy that hysterectomies are being largely performed for unwarranted and unnecessary reasons .   Removal of the uterus renders the patient unable to bear children ( as does removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes ) and has surgical risks as well as long-term effects , so the surgery is normally recommended when other treatment options are not available or have failed . It is expected that the frequency of hysterectomies for non-malignant indications will fall as there are good alternatives in many cases .   Oophorectomy ( removal of ovaries ) is frequently done together with hysterectomy to decrease the risk of ovarian cancer . However , recent studies have shown that prophylactic oophorectomy without an urgent medical indication decreases a woman 's long-term survival rates substantially and has other serious adverse effects . This effect is not limited to pre-menopausal women ; even women who have already entered menopause were shown to have experienced a decrease in long-term survivability post-oophorectomy ."}
{"_id": "IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report", "title": "IPCC Fifth Assessment Report", "headings": "", "text": "The Fifth Assessment Report ( AR5 ) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) is the fifth in a series of such reports . The IPCC was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) and the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) to assess scientific , technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change , its potential effects and options for adaptation and mitigation .   The Fifth Assessment Report was finalized in 2014 . As had been the case in the past , the outline of the AR5 was developed through a scoping process which involved climate change experts from all relevant disciplines and users of IPCC reports ; in particular representatives from governments . Governments and organizations involved in the Fourth Report were asked to submit comments and observations in writing with the submissions analysed by the panel . The report was delivered in stages , starting with Working Group I 's report on the physical science basis , based on 9,200 peer-reviewed studies . The summaries for policy makers were released on 27 September 2013 for the first report , on 31 March 2014 for the second report entitled `` Impacts , Adaptation , and Vulnerability '' , and on 14 April 2014 for the third report entitled `` Mitigation of Climate Change '' . The Synthesis Report was released on 2 November 2014 , in time to pave the way for negotiations on reducing carbon emissions at the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris during late 2015 ."}
{"_id": "IPCC_First_Assessment_Report", "title": "IPCC First Assessment Report", "headings": "", "text": "The First Assessment Report ( FAR ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) was completed in 1990 . It served as the basis of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) .   The report was issued in three main sections , corresponding to the three Working Groups of scientists that the IPCC had established .   Working Group I : Scientific Assessment of Climate Change , edited by J.T. Houghton , G.J. Jenkins and J.J. Ephraums  Working Group II : Impacts Assessment of Climate Change , edited by W.J. McG . Tegart , G.W. Sheldon and D.C. Griffiths  Working Group III : The IPCC Response Strategies   Each section included a summary for policymakers . This format was followed in subsequent Assessment Reports .   The executive summary of the policymakers ' summary of the WG I report includes :   We are certain of the following : there is a natural greenhouse effect ... ; emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases : CO2 , methane , CFCs and nitrous oxide . These increases will enhance the greenhouse effect , resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth 's surface . The main greenhouse gas , water vapour , will increase in response to global warming and further enhance it .  We calculate with confidence that : ... CO2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect ; long-lived gases would require immediate reductions in emissions from human activities of over 60 % to stabilise their concentrations at today 's levels ...  Based on current models , we predict : under -LSB- BAU -RSB- increase of global mean temperature during the -LSB- 21st -RSB- century of about 0.3 oC per decade ( with an uncertainty range of 0.2 to 0.5 oC per decade ) ; this is greater than that seen over the past 10,000 years ; under other ... scenarios which assume progressively increasing levels of controls , rates of increase in global mean temperature of about 0.2 oC -LSB- to -RSB- about 0.1 oC per decade .  There are many uncertainties in our predictions particularly with regard to the timing , magnitude and regional patterns of climate change , due to our incomplete understanding of : sources and sinks of GHGs ; clouds ; oceans ; polar ice sheets .  Our judgement is that : global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 oC over the last 100 years ... ; The size of this warming is broadly consistent with predictions of climate models , but it is also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability . Thus the observed increase could be largely due to this natural variability ; alternatively this variability and other human factors could have offset a still larger human-induced greenhouse warming . The unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more .  under the IPCC business as usual emissions scenario , an average rate of global mean sea level rise of about 6 cm per decade over the next century ( with an uncertainty range of 3 -- 10 cm per decade ) , mainly due to thermal expansion of the oceans and the melting of some land ice . The predicted rise is about 20 cm ... by 2030 , and 65 cm by the end of the next century ."}
{"_id": "IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report", "title": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report", "headings": "", "text": "Climate Change 2007 , the Fourth Assessment Report ( AR4 ) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , is the fourth in a series of reports intended to assess scientific , technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change , its potential effects , and options for adaptation and mitigation . The report is the largest and most detailed summary of the climate change situation ever undertaken , produced by thousands of authors , editors , and reviewers from dozens of countries , citing over 6,000 peer-reviewed scientific studies .   It supersedes the Third Assessment Report ( 2001 ) , and is superseded by the Fifth Assessment Report .   The headline findings of the report were : `` warming of the climate system is unequivocal '' , and `` most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations . ''"}
{"_id": "IPCC_Second_Assessment_Report", "title": "IPCC Second Assessment Report", "headings": "", "text": "The Second Assessment Report ( SAR ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , published in 1996 , is an assessment of the then available scientific and socio-economic information on climate change . It was superseded by the Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) in 2001 ."}
{"_id": "IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report", "title": "IPCC Third Assessment Report", "headings": "", "text": "The IPCC Third Assessment Report , Climate Change 2001 , is an assessment of available scientific and socio-economic information on climate change by the IPCC . The IPCC was established in 1988 by the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) and the UN 's World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) '' ... to assess scientific , technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of climate change , its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation . '' -LSB- IPCC website -RSB- The Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) is the third of a series of assessments ; it has been superseded by the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report ( AR4 ) , released in 2007 .   Statements of the IPCC or information from the TAR are often used as a reference showing a scientific consensus on the subject of global warming , although a small minority of scientists take issue with the UN assessments ( see also Global warming controversy and Politics of global warming ) ."}
{"_id": "Ice_age", "title": "Ice age", "headings": "", "text": "An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the temperature of Earth 's surface and atmosphere , resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers . Within a long-term ice age , individual pulses of cold climate are termed `` glacial periods '' ( or alternatively `` glacials '' or `` glaciations '' or colloquially as `` ice age '' ) , and intermittent warm periods are called `` interglacials '' . In the terminology of glaciology , ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres . By this definition , we are in an interglacial period -- the Holocene -- of the ice age . The ice age began 2.6 million years ago at the start of the Pleistocene epoch , because the Greenland , Arctic , and Antarctic ice sheets still exist ."}
{"_id": "Ice_core", "title": "Ice core", "headings": "", "text": "An ice core is a core sample that is typically removed from an ice sheet , most commonly from the polar ice caps of Antarctica , Greenland or from high mountain glaciers elsewhere . As the ice forms from the incremental buildup of annual layers of snow , lower layers are older than upper , and an ice core contains ice formed over a range of years . The properties of the ice and the recrystallized inclusions within the ice can then be used to reconstruct a climatic record over the age range of the core , normally through isotopic analysis . This enables the reconstruction of local temperature records and the history of atmospheric composition .   Ice cores contain an abundance of information about climate . Inclusions in the snow of each year remain in the ice , such as wind-blown dust , ash , pollen , bubbles of atmospheric gas and radioactive substances . The variety of climatic proxies is greater than in any other natural recorder of climate , such as tree rings or sediment layers . These include ( proxies for ) temperature , ocean volume , precipitation , chemistry and gas composition of the lower atmosphere , volcanic eruptions , solar variability , sea-surface productivity , desert extent and forest fires .   The length of the record depends on the depth of the ice core and varies from a few years up to 800 kyr ( 800,000 years ) for the EPICA core . The time resolution ( i.e. the shortest time period which can be accurately distinguished ) depends on the amount of annual snowfall , and reduces with depth as the ice compacts under the weight of layers accumulating on top of it . Upper layers of ice in a core correspond to a single year or sometimes a single season . Deeper into the ice the layers thin and annual layers become indistinguishable .   An ice core from the right site can be used to reconstruct an uninterrupted and detailed climate record extending over hundreds of thousands of years , providing information on a wide variety of aspects of climate at each point in time . It is the simultaneity of these properties recorded in the ice that makes ice cores such a powerful tool in paleoclimate research ."}
{"_id": "Ice_sheet", "title": "Ice sheet", "headings": "", "text": "An ice sheet is a mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50000 km2 , thus also known as continental glacier . The only current ice sheets are in Antarctica and Greenland ; during the last glacial period at Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) the Laurentide ice sheet covered much of North America , the Weichselian ice sheet covered northern Europe and the Patagonian Ice Sheet covered southern South America .   Ice sheets are bigger than ice shelves or alpine glaciers . Masses of ice covering less than 50,000 km2 are termed an ice cap . An ice cap will typically feed a series of glaciers around its periphery .   Although the surface is cold , the base of an ice sheet is generally warmer due to geothermal heat . In places , melting occurs and the melt-water lubricates the ice sheet so that it flows more rapidly . This process produces fast-flowing channels in the ice sheet -- these are ice streams .   The present-day polar ice sheets are relatively young in geological terms . The Antarctic Ice Sheet first formed as a small ice cap ( maybe several ) in the early Oligocene , but retreating and advancing many times until the Pliocene , when it came to occupy almost all of Antarctica . The Greenland ice sheet did not develop at all until the late Pliocene , but apparently developed very rapidly with the first continental glaciation . This had the unusual effect of allowing fossils of plants that once grew on present-day Greenland to be much better preserved than with the slowly forming Antarctic ice sheet ."}
{"_id": "Ice_shelf", "title": "Ice shelf", "headings": "", "text": "An ice shelf is a thick floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface . Ice shelves are only found in Antarctica , Greenland , Canada and the Russian Arctic . The boundary between the floating ice shelf and the grounded ( resting on bedrock ) ice that feeds it is called the grounding line . The thickness of ice shelves ranges from about 100 to 1000 meters .   In contrast , sea ice is formed on water , is much thinner ( typically less than 3m ) , and forms throughout the Arctic Ocean . It also is found in the Southern Ocean around the continent of Antarctica .   Ice shelves are principally driven by gravity-driven pressure from the grounded ice . That flow continually moves ice from the grounding line to the seaward front of the shelf . The primary mechanism of mass loss from ice shelves was thought to have been iceberg calving , in which a chunk of ice breaks off from the seaward front of the shelf . A study by NASA and university researchers - published in the June 14 , 2013 issue of Science - found however that ocean waters melting the undersides of Antarctic ice shelves are responsible for most of the continent 's ice shelf mass loss .   Typically , a shelf front will extend forward for years or decades between major calving events . Snow accumulation on the upper surface and melting from the lower surface are also important to the mass balance of an ice shelf . Ice may also accrete onto the underside of the shelf .   The density contrast between glacial ice , which is denser than normal ice , and liquid water means that only about 1/9 of the floating ice is above the ocean surface . The world 's largest ice shelves are the Ross Ice Shelf and the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica .   The term captured ice shelf has been used for the ice over a subglacial lake , such as Lake Vostok ."}
{"_id": "Iceberg", "title": "Iceberg", "headings": "", "text": "An iceberg or ice mountain is a large piece of freshwater ice that has broken off a glacier or an ice shelf and is floating freely in open water . It may subsequently become frozen into pack ice ( one form of sea ice ) . As it drifts into shallower waters , it may come into contact with the seabed , a process referred to as seabed gouging by ice . Almost 91 % of an iceberg is below the surface of the water ."}
{"_id": "Illinois", "title": "Illinois", "headings": "", "text": "Illinois ( -LSB- ɪlᵻˈnɔɪ -RSB- ) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States , achieving statehood in 1818 . It is the 6th-most populous state and 25th-largest state in terms of land area , and is noted as a microcosm of the entire country . The word `` Illinois '' comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word . With Chicago in the northeast , small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois , and natural resources like coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base and is a major transportation hub . The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean , as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway . For decades , O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics .   Although today the state 's largest population center is around Chicago in the northern part of the state , the state 's European population grew first in the west , with French Canadian colonists who settled along the Mississippi River in the 17th and 18th century , and gave the area the name , `` Pays des Illinois '' or Illinois Country a region that was known as part of New France . After the American Revolutionary War established the United States , American settlers began arriving crossing the Appalachians barrier range in the 1810s via the gaps of the Allegheny to boat building centers in Pittsburgh , from Cumberland , Maryland via the Cumberland Narrows pass to outfit in Brownsville , Pennsylvania , from North Carolina and Virginia via the Cumberland Gap to Kentucky and Tennessee , all on the Ohio River .   With the War of 1812 , the growth of Illinois slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier . After the war 's end , the federal government re-established forts such as Fort Dearborn ( in 1816 -- now the site is within Chicago ) and army patrols west of the Mississippi diminished the threat from Amerindian raids , so settlers were able to move into all of Illinois from the eastern and southern emigrant trails .   Mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration -- by the 1810s , the Eastern U.S. had exhausted most timber stands close to the established cities creating a hard felt first energy crisis by the late-1790s , and after 1818 , the industrial revolution was being fueled by new canals such as the Lehigh Canal feeding the furnaces of the rapidly industrializing east coast . Also in 1818 , Illinois achieved statehood and its growth , as yet untroubled by the speed of as yet unrefined railway technology , would be fueled by the new religion of industrialized forward thinking .   After construction of the Erie Canal with increasing traffic and trade through the Great Lakes , Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River , at one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan . John Deere 's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois ' rich prairie into some of the world 's most productive and valuable farmlands , attracting new immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden . Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s , and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois , as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets . Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other mid-western states from the tyranny of water transport ; no longer was a location near a river or canal a need to ship bulk goods .   By 1900 , the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants , from Eastern and Southern Europe . Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars . The Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago , who created the city 's famous jazz and blues cultures .   Three U.S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois : Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant , and most recently Barack Obama . Additionally , Ronald Reagan , whose political career was based in California , was the only U.S. president born and raised in Illinois . Today , Illinois honors Lincoln with its official state nickname `` The Land of Lincoln , '' which has been displayed on its license plates since 1954 . The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the state capital of Springfield , and the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be completed in Chicago by 2020 ."}
{"_id": "Imagism", "title": "Imagism", "headings": "", "text": "Imagism was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of imagery and clear , sharp language .   Imagism has been described as the most influential movement in English poetry since the activity of the Pre-Raphaelites . As a poetic style it gave Modernism its start in the early 20th century , and is considered to be the first organized Modernist literary movement in the English language . Imagism is sometimes viewed as ' a succession of creative moments ' rather than any continuous or sustained period of development . René Taupin remarked that ` It is more accurate to consider Imagism not as a doctrine , nor even as a poetic school , but as the association of a few poets who were for a certain time in agreement on a small number of important principles ' .   The Imagists rejected the sentiment and discursiveness typical of much Romantic and Victorian poetry , in contrast to their contemporaries , the Georgian poets , who were generally content to work within that tradition . In contrast , Imagism called for a return to what were seen as more Classical values , such as directness of presentation and economy of language , as well as a willingness to experiment with non-traditional verse forms . Imagists use free verse .   Imagist publications appearing between 1914 and 1917 featured works by many of the most prominent modernist figures , both in poetry and in other fields . The Imagist group was centered in London , with members from Great Britain , Ireland and the United States . Somewhat unusually for the time , a number of women writers were major Imagist figures .   A characteristic feature of Imagism is its attempt to isolate a single image to reveal its essence . This feature mirrors contemporary developments in avant-garde art , especially Cubism . Although Imagism isolates objects through the use of what Ezra Pound called `` luminous details '' , Pound 's Ideogrammic Method of juxtaposing concrete instances to express an abstraction is similar to Cubism 's manner of synthesizing multiple perspectives into a single image ."}
{"_id": "Incineration", "title": "Incineration", "headings": "", "text": "Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials . Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as `` thermal treatment '' . Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash , flue gas and heat . The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste , and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas . The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the atmosphere . In some cases , the heat generated by incineration can be used to generate electric power .   Incineration with energy recovery is one of several waste-to-energy ( WtE ) technologies such as gasification , pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion . While incineration and gasification technologies are similar in principle , the energy product from incineration is high-temperature heat whereas combustible gas is often the main energy product from gasification . Incineration and gasification may also be implemented without energy and materials recovery .   In several countries , there are still concerns from experts and local communities about the environmental effect of incinerators ( see arguments against incineration ) .   In some countries , incinerators built just a few decades ago often did not include a materials separation to remove hazardous , bulky or recyclable materials before combustion . These facilities tended to risk the health of the plant workers and the local environment due to inadequate levels of gas cleaning and combustion process control . Most of these facilities did not generate electricity .   Incinerators reduce the solid mass of the original waste by 80 -- 85 % and the volume ( already compressed somewhat in garbage trucks ) by 95 -- 96 % , depending on composition and degree of recovery of materials such as metals from the ash for recycling . This means that while incineration does not completely replace landfilling , it significantly reduces the necessary volume for disposal . Garbage trucks often reduce the volume of waste in a built-in compressor before delivery to the incinerator . Alternatively , at landfills , the volume of the uncompressed garbage can be reduced by approximately 70 % by using a stationary steel compressor , albeit with a significant energy cost . In many countries , simpler waste compaction is a common practice for compaction at landfills .   Incineration has particularly strong benefits for the treatment of certain waste types in niche areas such as clinical wastes and certain hazardous wastes where pathogens and toxins can be destroyed by high temperatures . Examples include chemical multi-product plants with diverse toxic or very toxic wastewater streams , which can not be routed to a conventional wastewater treatment plant .   Waste combustion is particularly popular in countries such as Japan where land is a scarce resource . Denmark and Sweden have been leaders in using the energy generated from incineration for more than a century , in localised combined heat and power facilities supporting district heating schemes . In 2005 , waste incineration produced 4.8 % of the electricity consumption and 13.7 % of the total domestic heat consumption in Denmark . A number of other European countries rely heavily on incineration for handling municipal waste , in particular Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Germany , and France ."}
{"_id": "Indian_Ocean", "title": "Indian Ocean", "headings": "", "text": "The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world 's oceanic divisions , covering 70,560,000 km2 ( approximately 20 % of the water on the Earth 's surface ) . It is bounded by Asia on the north , on the west by Africa , on the east by Australia , and on the south by the Southern Ocean or , depending on definition , by Antarctica . It is named after India . The Indian Ocean is known as Ratnākara , `` the mine of gems '' in ancient Sanskrit literature , and as Hind Mahāsāgar , in Hindi ."}
{"_id": "Indo-Aryan_migration", "title": "Indo-Aryan migration", "headings": "", "text": "The Indo-Aryan migrations were the migrations into the Indian subcontinent of Indo-Aryan peoples, an ethnolinguistic group that spoke Indo-Aryan languages, the predominant languages of today's North India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indo-Aryan population movements into the region and Anatolia (ancient Mitanni) from Central Asia are considered to have started after 2000 BCE, as a slow diffusion after the Late Harappan period, which led to a language shift in the northern Indian subcontinent. The Iranian languages were brought into the Iranian plateau by the Iranians, who were closely related to the Indo-Aryans."}
{"_id": "Indoor_air_quality", "title": "Indoor air quality", "headings": "", "text": "Indoor air quality ( IAQ ) is a term which refers to the air quality within and around buildings and structures , especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants .  IAQ can be affected by gases ( including carbon monoxide , radon , volatile organic compounds ) , particulates , microbial contaminants ( mold , bacteria ) , or any mass or energy stressor that can induce adverse health conditions . Source control , filtration and the use of ventilation to dilute contaminants are the primary methods for improving indoor air quality in most buildings . Residential units can further improve indoor air quality by routine cleaning of carpets and area rugs .   Determination of IAQ involves the collection of air samples , monitoring human exposure to pollutants , collection of samples on building surfaces , and computer modelling of air flow inside buildings .   IAQ is part of indoor environmental quality ( IEQ ) , which includes IAQ as well as other physical and psychological aspects of life indoors ( e.g. , lighting , visual quality , acoustics , and thermal comfort ) .   Indoor air pollution in developing nations is a major health hazard . A major source of indoor air pollution in developing countries is the burning of biomass ( e.g. wood , charcoal , dung , or crop residue ) for heating and cooking . The resulting exposure to high levels of particulate matter resulted in between 1.5 million and 2 million deaths in 2000 ."}
{"_id": "Indur_M._Goklany", "title": "Indur M. Goklany", "headings": "", "text": "Indur M. Goklany is a science and technology policy analyst for the United States Department of the Interior , where he holds the position of Assistant Director of Programs , Science and Technology Policy .   He has represented the United States at the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) and during the negotiations that led to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . He was a rapporteur for the Resource Use and Management Subgroup of Working Group III of the IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 ,  and is the author of Clearing the Air ( 1999 ) , The Precautionary Principle ( 2001 ) , and The Improving State of the World ( 2007 ) ."}
{"_id": "Influenza_A_virus", "title": "Influenza A virus", "headings": "", "text": "Influenza A virus causes influenza in birds and some mammals , and is the only species of influenza virus A. Influenza virus A is a genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses . Strains of all subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated from wild birds , although disease is uncommon . Some isolates of influenza A virus cause severe disease both in domestic poultry and , rarely , in humans . Occasionally , viruses are transmitted from wild aquatic birds to domestic poultry , and this may cause an outbreak or give rise to human influenza pandemics .   Influenza A viruses are negative-sense , single-stranded , segmented RNA viruses .  The several subtypes are labeled according to an H number ( for the type of hemagglutinin ) and an N number ( for the type of neuraminidase ) . There are 18 different known H antigens ( H1 to H18 ) and 11 different known N antigens ( N1 to N11 ) . H17 was isolated from fruit bats in 2012 . H18N11 was discovered in a Peruvian bat in 2013 .   Each virus subtype has mutated into a variety of strains with differing pathogenic profiles ; some are pathogenic to one species but not others , some are pathogenic to multiple species .   A filtered and purified influenza A vaccine for humans has been developed , and many countries have stockpiled it to allow a quick administration to the population in the event of an avian influenza pandemic . Avian influenza is sometimes called avian flu , and colloquially , bird flu . In 2011 , researchers reported the discovery of an antibody effective against all types of the influenza A virus ."}
{"_id": "Infrared", "title": "Infrared", "headings": "", "text": "Infrared radiation , or simply infrared or IR , is electromagnetic radiation ( EMR ) with longer wavelengths than those of visible light , and is therefore invisible , although it is sometimes loosely called infrared light . It extends from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers ( frequency 430 THz ) , to 1000000 nm ( 300 GHz ) ( although people can see infrared up to at least 1050 nm in experiments ) . Most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared . Like all EMR , IR carries radiant energy , and behaves both like a wave and like its quantum particle , the photon .   Infrared was discovered in 1800 by astronomer Sir William Herschel , who discovered a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than red light , by means of its effect on a thermometer . Slightly more than half of the total energy from the Sun was eventually found to arrive on Earth in the form of infrared . The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has a critical effect on Earth 's climate .   Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change their rotational-vibrational movements . It excites vibrational modes in a molecule through a change in the dipole moment , making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry . Infrared spectroscopy examines absorption and transmission of photons in the infrared range .   Infrared radiation is used in industrial , scientific , and medical applications . Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected . Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space such as molecular clouds , detect objects such as planets , and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe . Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems , to observe changing blood flow in the skin , and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus .   Thermal-infrared imaging is used extensively for military and civilian purposes . Military applications include target acquisition , surveillance , night vision , homing , and tracking . Humans at normal body temperature radiate chiefly at wavelengths around 10 μm ( micrometers ) . Non-military uses include thermal efficiency analysis , environmental monitoring , industrial facility inspections , remote temperature sensing , short-ranged wireless communication , spectroscopy , and weather forecasting ."}
{"_id": "Infrastructure_policy_of_Donald_Trump", "title": "Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump", "headings": "", "text": "The infrastructure policy of Donald Trump includes ensuring U.S. energy independence (by catering to the fossil fuel, nuclear, and renewable energy industries), safeguarding the cybersecurity of the national power grid and other critical infrastructure, locking China out of the U.S. fifth-generation Internet market, and rolling back regulations to ease the process of planning and construction. While there have been no major infrastructure spending packages yet, some individual policies and projects have advanced piecemeal, especially in rural areas. Although there is recognition of the need to upgrade American infrastructure from both sides of the political aisle, as of April 2020, no major infrastructure bill has been passed due to disagreements over the details of such a spending package, namely, what to spend on, how much to spend, and how to pay for it. 'Infrastructure' is a rather broad term that means different things to different people. In general, the aim of the Trump administration is revitalizing the national economy and enhancing national security despite the tendency of his own Republican Party to oppose large federal expenditures and tax hikes whereas members of the opposition Democratic Party typically favor investing in renewable energy and new infrastructure that could combat climate change, and tend to be less averse to deficit spending. This article focuses exclusively on physical or hard infrastructure, as opposed to soft infrastructure, or public institutions."}
{"_id": "Institutional_racism", "title": "Institutional racism", "headings": "", "text": "Institutional racism ( also known as institutionalized racism ) is a form of racism expressed in the practice of social and political institutions . Institutional racism is also racism by individuals or informal social groups , governed by behavioral norms that support racist thinking and foment active racism . It is reflected in disparities regarding wealth , income , criminal justice , employment , housing , health care , political power and education , among other things . Whether implicitly or explicitly expressed , institutional racism occurs when a certain group is targeted and discriminated against based upon race . Institutional racism is mostly implicit so goes unnoticed frequently , this is why it is overlooked .   Institutional racism was explained in 1967 by Kwame Ture ( formerly Stokely Carmichael ) and Charles V. Hamilton in Black Power : The Politics of Liberation , stating that while individual racism is often identifiable because of its overt nature , institutional racism is less perceptible because of its `` less overt , far more subtle '' nature . Institutional racism `` originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society , and thus receives far less public condemnation than -LSB- individual racism -RSB- . '' They go on to give examples :  `` When white terrorists bomb a black church and kill five black children , that is an act of individual racism , widely deplored by most segments of the society . But when in that same city -- Birmingham , Alabama -- five hundred black babies die each year because of the lack of power , food , shelter and medical facilities , and thousands more are destroyed and maimed physically , emotionally and intellectually because of conditions of poverty and discrimination in the black community , that is a function of institutional racism . When a black family moves into a home in a white neighborhood and is stoned , burned or routed out , they are victims of an overt act of individual racism which most people will condemn . But it is institutional racism that keeps black people locked in dilapidated slum tenements , subject to the daily prey of exploitative slumlords , merchants , loan sharks and discriminatory real estate agents . The society either pretends it does not know of this latter situation , or is in fact incapable of doing anything meaningful about it . ''   Institutional racism was defined by Sir William Macpherson in the 1999 Lawrence report ( UK ) as : `` The collective failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour , culture , or ethnic origin . It can be seen or detected in processes , attitudes and behaviour which amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice , ignorance , thoughtlessness and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people . ''"}
{"_id": "Instrumental_temperature_record", "title": "Instrumental temperature record", "headings": "", "text": "The instrumental temperature record provides the temperature of Earth 's climate system from the historical network of in situ measurements of surface air temperatures and ocean surface temperatures . Data are collected at thousands of meteorological stations , buoys and ships around the globe . The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series , that starts in 1659 . The longest-running quasi-global record starts in 1850 . In recent decades more extensive sampling of ocean temperatures at various depths have begun allowing estimates of ocean heat content but these do not form part of the global surface temperature datasets ."}
{"_id": "Intelligent_design", "title": "Intelligent design", "headings": "", "text": "Intelligent design ( ID ) is a religious argument for the existence of God . Presented by its proponents as `` an evidence-based scientific theory about life 's origins '' , it has been found to be pseudoscience . Proponents claim that `` certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause , not an undirected process such as natural selection . '' Educators , philosophers , and the scientific community have demonstrated that ID is a religious argument , a form of creationism which lacks empirical support and offers no testable or tenable hypotheses . Proponents argue that it challenges the methodological naturalism inherent in modern science , while conceding that they have yet to produce a scientific theory . The leading proponents of ID are associated with the Discovery Institute , a politically conservative think tank based in the United States . Although they state that ID is not creationism and deliberately avoid assigning a personality to the designer , many of these proponents express belief that the designer is the Christian deity .   ID presents two main arguments against evolutionary explanations : irreducible complexity and specified complexity . These arguments offer assertions that certain features ( biological and informational , respectively ) are too complex to be the result of natural processes . As a positive argument against evolution , ID proposes an analogy between natural systems and human artifacts , a version of the theological argument from design for the existence of God . ID proponents then conclude by analogy that the complex features , as defined by ID , are evidence of design . Detailed scientific examination has rebutted the claims that evolutionary explanations are inadequate , and this premise of intelligent design -- that evidence against evolution constitutes evidence for design -- has been criticized as a false dichotomy .   Though the phrase `` intelligent design '' had featured previously in theological discussions of the design argument , the first publication of the term intelligent design in its present use as an alternative term for creationism was in Of Pandas and People , a 1989 textbook intended for high school biology classes . The term was substituted into drafts of the book after the 1987 United States Supreme Court 's Edwards v. Aguillard decision , which barred the teaching of creation science in public schools on constitutional grounds . From the mid-1990s , the intelligent design movement ( IDM ) , supported by the Discovery Institute , advocated inclusion of intelligent design in public school biology curricula . This led to the 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial in which U.S. District Judge John E. Jones III ruled that intelligent design is not science , that it `` can not uncouple itself from its creationist , and thus religious , antecedents , '' and that the school district 's promotion of it therefore violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , often described as the `` wall of separation between church and state '' ."}
{"_id": "Intensive_animal_farming", "title": "Intensive animal farming", "headings": "", "text": "Intensive animal farming or industrial livestock production , also known as factory farming by opponents of the practice , is a modern form of intensive farming that refers to animal husbandry , the keeping of livestock such as cattle , poultry , and fish at higher stocking densities than is usually the case with other forms of animal agriculture -- a practice typical in industrial farming by agribusinesses . The main products of this industry are meat , milk and eggs for human consumption . There are issues regarding whether factory farming is sustainable and ethical .   Confinement at high stocking density is one part of a systematic effort to produce the highest output at the lowest cost by relying on economies of scale , modern machinery , biotechnology , and global trade . There are differences in the way factory farming techniques are practiced around the world . There is a continuing debate over the benefits , risks and ethical questions of factory farming . The issues include the efficiency of food production ; animal welfare ; whether it is essential for feeding the growing global population ; and the environmental impact ( e.g. pollution ) and health risks ."}
{"_id": "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change", "title": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "headings": "", "text": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) is a scientific and intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations , set up at the request of member governments , dedicated to the task of providing the world with an objective , scientific view of climate change and its political and economic impacts . It was first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations , the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) and the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53 . Membership of the IPCC is open to all members of the WMO and UNEP .  The IPCC produces reports that support the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) , which is the main international treaty on climate change . The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to `` stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic -LSB- i.e. , human-induced -RSB- interference with the climate system '' . IPCC reports cover `` the scientific , technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change , its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation . ''   The IPCC does not carry out its own original research , nor does it do the work of monitoring climate or related phenomena itself . The IPCC bases its assessment on the published literature , which includes peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources .   Thousands of scientists and other experts contribute ( on a voluntary basis , without payment from the IPCC ) to writing and reviewing reports , which are then reviewed by governments . IPCC reports contain a `` Summary for Policymakers '' , which is subject to line-by-line approval by delegates from all participating governments . Typically this involves the governments of more than 120 countries .   The IPCC provides an internationally accepted authority on climate change , producing reports which have the agreement of leading climate scientists and the consensus of participating governments . The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared , in equal parts , between the IPCC and Al Gore ."}
{"_id": "International_Energy_Agency", "title": "International Energy Agency", "headings": "", "text": "The International Energy Agency ( IEA ) ( Agence internationale de l'énergie ) is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organization established in the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) in 1974 in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis . The IEA was initially dedicated to responding to physical disruptions in the supply of oil , as well as serving as an information source on statistics about the international oil market and other energy sectors .   The IEA acts as a policy adviser to its member states , but also works with non-member countries , especially China , India , and Russia . The Agency 's mandate has broadened to focus on the `` 3Es '' of effectual energy policy : energy security , economic development , and environmental protection . The latter has focused on mitigating climate change . The IEA has a broad role in promoting alternate energy sources ( including renewable energy ) , rational energy policies , and multinational energy technology co-operation .   IEA member countries are required to maintain total oil stock levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year 's net imports . At the end of July 2009 , IEA member countries held a combined stockpile of almost 4.3 billion barrels ( 680,000,000 m3 ) of oil .   On 1 September 2015 , Fatih Birol took office as the new Executive Director , succeeding in this position former Dutch Minister of Economic Affairs , Maria van der Hoeven ."}
{"_id": "International_Space_Station", "title": "International Space Station", "headings": "", "text": "The International Space Station ( ISS ) is a space station , or a habitable artificial satellite , in low Earth orbit . Its first component launched into orbit in 1998 , and the ISS is now the largest man-made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth . The ISS consists of pressurised modules , external trusses , solar arrays , and other components . ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets , and American Space Shuttles .   The ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology , human biology , physics , astronomy , meteorology , and other fields . The station is suited for the testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars . The ISS maintains an orbit with an altitude of between 330 and by means of reboost manoeuvres using the engines of the Zvezda module or visiting spacecraft . It completes orbits per day .   The ISS is the ninth space station to be inhabited by crews , following the Soviet and later Russian Salyut , Almaz , and Mir stations as well as Skylab from the US . The station has been continuously occupied for since the arrival of Expedition 1 on 2 November 2000 . This is the longest continuous human presence in low Earth orbit , having surpassed the previous record of held by Mir . The station is serviced by a variety of visiting spacecraft : the Russian Soyuz and Progress , the American Dragon and Cygnus , the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle , and formerly the Space Shuttle and the European Automated Transfer Vehicle . It has been visited by astronauts , cosmonauts and space tourists from 17 different nations .   After the US Space Shuttle programme ended in 2011 , Soyuz rockets became the only provider of transport for astronauts at the International Space Station , and Dragon became the only provider of bulk cargo return to Earth ( called downmass ) . Soyuz has very limited downmass capability .   The ISS programme is a joint project among five participating space agencies : NASA , Roscosmos , JAXA , ESA , and CSA . The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements . The station is divided into two sections , the Russian Orbital Segment ( ROS ) and the United States Orbital Segment ( USOS ) , which is shared by many nations . , the American portion of ISS is being funded until 2024 . Roscosmos has endorsed the continued operation of ISS through 2024 but has proposed using elements of the Russian Orbital Segment to construct a new Russian space station called OPSEK .   On 28 March 2015 , Russian sources announced that Roscosmos and NASA had agreed to collaborate on the development of a replacement for the current ISS . NASA later issued a guarded statement expressing thanks for Russia 's interest in future co-operation in space exploration but fell short of confirming the Russian announcement ."}
{"_id": "International_Standard_Book_Number", "title": "International Standard Book Number", "headings": "", "text": "The International Standard Book Number ( ISBN ) is a unique numeric commercial book identifier .   An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation ( except reprintings ) of a book . For example , an e-book , a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN . The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007 , and 10 digits long if assigned before 2007 . The method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country , often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country .   The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering ( SBN ) created in 1966 . The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108 ( the SBN code can be converted to a ten digit ISBN by prefixing it with a zero ) .   Occasionally , a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure ; however , this can be rectified later .   Another identifier , the International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN ) , identifies periodical publications such as magazines ; and the International Standard Music Number ( ISMN ) covers for musical scores ."}
{"_id": "Invasive_species", "title": "Invasive species", "headings": "", "text": "An invasive species is a plant , fungus , or animal species that is not native to a specific location ( an introduced species ) , and which has a tendency to spread to a degree believed to cause damage to the environment , human economy or human health .   One study pointed out widely divergent perceptions of the criteria for invasive species among researchers ( p. 135 ) and concerns with the subjectivity of the term `` invasive '' ( p. 136 ) . Some of the alternate usages of the term are below :   The term as most often used applies to introduced species ( also called `` non-indigenous '' or `` non-native '' ) that adversely affect the habitats and bioregions they invade economically , environmentally , or ecologically . Such invasive species may be either plants or animals and may disrupt by dominating a region , wilderness areas , particular habitats , or wildland -- urban interface land from loss of natural controls ( such as predators or herbivores ) . This includes non-native invasive plant species labeled as exotic pest plants and invasive exotics growing in native plant communities . It has been used in this sense by government organizations as well as conservation groups such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) and the California Native Plant Society . The European Union defines `` Invasive Alien Species '' as those that are , firstly , outside their natural distribution area , and secondly , threaten biological diversity . It is also used by land managers , botanists , researchers , horticulturalists , conservationists , and the public for noxious weeds . The kudzu vine ( Pueraria lobata ) , Andean Pampas grass ( Cortaderia jubata ) , and yellow starthistle ( Centaurea solstitialis ) are examples .  An alternate usage broadens the term to include indigenous or `` native '' species along with non-native species , that have colonized natural areas ( p. 136 ) . Deer are an example , considered to be overpopulating their native zones and adjacent suburban gardens , by some in the Northeastern and Pacific Coast regions of the United States .  Sometimes the term is used to describe a non-native or introduced species that has become widespread ( p. 136 ) . However , not every introduced species has adverse effects on the environment . A nonadverse example is the common goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) , which is found throughout the United States , but rarely achieves high densities ( p. 136 ) ."}
{"_id": "Ionosphere", "title": "Ionosphere", "headings": "", "text": "The ionosphere ( -LSB- aɪˈɒnəˌsfɪər -RSB- ) is a region of Earth 's upper atmosphere , from about 60 km to 1000 km altitude , and includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere . It is ionized by solar radiation , plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere . It has practical importance because , among other functions , it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth ."}
{"_id": "Iris_hypothesis", "title": "Iris hypothesis", "headings": "", "text": "The iris hypothesis is a hypothesis proposed by Richard Lindzen et al. in 2001 that suggested increased sea surface temperature in the tropics would result in reduced cirrus clouds and thus more infrared radiation leakage from Earth 's atmosphere . His study of observed changes in cloud coverage and modeled effects on infrared radiation released to space as a result supported the hypothesis . This suggested infrared radiation leakage was hypothesized to be a negative feedback in which an initial warming would result in an overall cooling of the surface . The consensus view is that increased sea surface temperature would result in increased cirrus clouds and reduced infrared radiation leakage and therefore a positive feedback .   Other scientists subsequently tested the hypothesis . Some concluded that there was no evidence supporting the hypothesis . Others found evidence suggesting that increased sea surface temperature in the tropics did indeed reduce cirrus clouds but found that the effect was nonetheless a positive feedback rather than the negative feedback that Lindzen had hypothesized . A later 2007 study conducted by Roy Spencer et al. using updated satellite data potentially supported the iris hypothesis . In 2011 , Lindzen published a rebuttal to the main criticisms . In 2015 a paper was published which again suggested the possibility of an `` Iris Effect '' . It also proposed what it called a `` plausible physical mechanism for an iris effect . ''"}
{"_id": "Isis", "title": "Isis", "headings": "", "text": "Isis ( -LSB- ˈaɪsɪs -RSB- Ἶσις -LSB- îː.sis -RSB- ; original Egyptian pronunciation more likely `` Aset '' or `` Iset '' ) is a goddess from the polytheistic pantheon of Egypt . She was first worshiped in ancient Egyptian religion , and later her worship spread throughout the Roman Empire and the greater Greco-Roman world . Isis is still widely worshiped by many pagans today in diverse religious contexts ; including a number of distinct pagan religions , the modern Goddess movement , and interfaith organizations such as the Fellowship of Isis .   Isis was worshipped as the ideal mother and wife as well as the patroness of nature and magic . She was the friend of slaves , sinners , artisans and the downtrodden , but she also listened to the prayers of the wealthy , maidens , aristocrats and rulers . Isis is often depicted as the mother of Horus , the falcon-headed deity associated with king and kingship ( although in some traditions Horus 's mother was Hathor ) . Isis is also known as protector of the dead and goddess of children .   The name Isis means `` Throne '' . Her headdress is a throne . As the personification of the throne , she was an important representation of the pharaoh 's power . The pharaoh was depicted as her child , who sat on the throne she provided . Her cult was popular throughout Egypt , but her most important temples were at Behbeit El Hagar in the Nile delta , and , beginning in the reign with Nectanebo I ( 380 -- 362 BCE ) , on the island of Philae in Upper Egypt .   In the typical form of her myth , Isis was the first daughter of Geb , god of the Earth , and Nut , goddess of the Sky , and she was born on the fourth intercalary day . She married her brother , Osiris , and she conceived Horus with him . Isis was instrumental in the resurrection of Osiris when he was murdered by Set . Using her magical skills , she restored his body to life after having gathered the body parts that had been strewn about the earth by Set .   This myth became very important during the Greco-Roman period . For example , it was believed that the Nile River flooded every year because of the tears of sorrow which Isis wept for Osiris . Osiris 's death and rebirth was relived each year through rituals . The worship of Isis eventually spread throughout the Greco-Roman world , continuing until the suppression of paganism in the Christian era . The popular motif of Isis suckling her son Horus , however , lived on in a Christianized context as the popular image of Mary suckling her infant son Jesus from the fifth century onward ."}
{"_id": "Islamic_terrorism", "title": "Islamic terrorism", "headings": "", "text": "Islamic terrorism or radical Islamic terrorism , is defined as any terrorist act , set of acts or campaign committed by groups or individuals who profess Islamic or Islamist motivations or goals . Islamic terrorists justify their violent tactics through the interpretation of Quran and Hadith according to their own goals and intentions .   The highest numbers of incidents and fatalities caused by Islamic terrorism occur in Iraq , Afghanistan , Nigeria , Pakistan and Syria . In 2015 four Islamic extremist groups were responsible for 74 % of all deaths from terrorism : ISIS , Boko Haram , the Taliban and Al-Qaeda , according to the Global Terrorism Index 2016 . In recent decades , such incidents have occurred on a global scale , affecting not only Muslim-majority states in Africa and Asia , but also Europe , Russia , Australia , Canada , India and the United States . Such attacks have targeted Muslims and non-Muslims . In a number of the worst-affected Muslim-majority regions , these terrorists have been met by armed , independent resistance groups , state actors and their proxies , and elsewhere by condemnation coming from prominent Islamic figures .   The literal use of the phrase `` Islamic terrorism '' is disputed . Such use in Western political speech has variously been called `` counter-productive , '' `` highly politicized , intellectually contestable '' and `` damaging to community relations . ''  However , others have referred to the refusal to use the term as an act of `` self-deception '' , `` full-blown censorship '' and `` intellectual dishonesty '' ."}
{"_id": "Istanbul", "title": "Istanbul", "headings": "", "text": "Istanbul ( -LSB- ˌɪstænˈbʊl -RSB- , -LSB- - ˈbuːl -RSB- or -LSB- - stɑːn - -RSB- İstanbul -LSB- isˈtɑnbuɫ -RSB- ) , historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural , and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosphorus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side .  The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( conterminous with Istanbul Province ) , both hosting a population of around 14.7 million residents . Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities and ranks as the world 's 7th-largest city proper and the largest European city .   Founded under the name of Byzantion on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city developed to become one of the most significant in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman and Byzantine ( 330 -- 1204 and 1261 -- 1453 ) , the Latin ( 1204 -- 1261 ) , and the Ottoman ( 1453 -- 1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate .   Istanbul 's strategic position on the historic Silk Road , rail networks to Europe and the Middle East , and the only sea route between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean have produced a cosmopolitan populace , although less so since the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923 . Overlooked for the new capital Ankara during the interwar period , the city has since regained much of its prominence . The population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s , as migrants from across Anatolia have moved in and city limits have expanded to accommodate them . Arts , music , film , and cultural festivals were established at the end of the 20th century and continue to be hosted by the city today . Infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network .   Approximately foreign visitors arrived in Istanbul in 2015 , five years after it was named a European Capital of Culture , making the city the world 's fifth most popular tourist destination . The city 's biggest attraction is its historic center , partially listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and its cultural and entertainment hub can be found across the city 's natural harbor , the Golden Horn , in the Beyoğlu district . Considered a global city , Istanbul has one of the fastest-growing metropolitan economies in the world . It hosts the headquarters of many Turkish companies and media outlets and accounts for more than a quarter of the country 's gross domestic product . Hoping to capitalize on its revitalization and rapid expansion , Istanbul has bid for the Summer Olympics five times in twenty years ."}
{"_id": "JAXA", "title": "JAXA", "headings": "", "text": "The , or JAXA , is Japan 's national aero-space agency . Through the merger of three previously independent organizations , JAXA was formed on 1 October 2003 . JAXA is responsible for research , technology development and the launch of satellites into orbit , and is involved in many more advanced missions , such as asteroid exploration and possible manned exploration of the Moon . Its motto is One JAXA and its corporate slogan is Explore to Realize ( formerly Reaching for the skies , exploring space ) ."}
{"_id": "Jacksonville,_Florida", "title": "Jacksonville, Florida", "headings": "", "text": "Jacksonville is a major seaport city and the seat of Duval County , Florida , United States . With an estimated 913,010 residents as of 2017 , Jacksonville is the most populous city in both the state of Florida and the southeastern United States . It is estimated to be the 12th most populous city in the United States and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Jacksonville metropolitan area has a population of 1,626,611 and is the 34th largest in the United States and fourth largest in the state of Florida . The city is situated on the banks of the St. Johns River , in the First Coast region of North Florida , about 25 mi south of the Georgia state line and 340 mi north of Miami .   Prior to European settlement , the Jacksonville area was inhabited by Native American people known as the Timucua . In 1564 , the French established the short-lived colony of Fort Caroline at the mouth of the St. Johns River , becoming one of the earliest European settlements in the continental United States . In 1822 , a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain , the town of Jacksonville was platted along the St. Johns River . Established at a narrow point in the river known as Wacca Pilatka to the Seminole and the Cow Ford to the British , the enduring name derives from the first military governor of the Florida Territory and seventh President of the United States , Andrew Jackson .   Jacksonville is the cultural , commercial and financial center of North Florida . A major military and civilian deepwater port , the city 's riverine location supports two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville , Florida 's third largest seaport . The two US Navy bases , Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay , form the third largest military presence in the United States . Jacksonville serves as headquarters for various banking , insurance , healthcare , logistics , and other institutions . These include CSX Corporation , Fidelity National Financial , FIS , Landstar System , Ameris Bancorp , Atlantic Coast Financial , Black Knight Financial Services , EverBank , Rayonier Advanced Materials , Regency Centers , Stein Mart , Web.com , Fanatics , Gate Petroleum , Haskell Company , Interline Brands , Sally Corporation , and Southeastern Grocers . Jacksonville is also home to several colleges and universities , including University of North Florida , Jacksonville University and Florida State College at Jacksonville ."}
{"_id": "James_Delingpole", "title": "James Delingpole", "headings": "", "text": "James Mark Court Delingpole ( born 6 August 1965 ) is an English columnist and novelist who has written for a number of publications , including the Daily Mail , Daily Express , The Times , The Daily Telegraph , and The Spectator . He is executive editor for the London branch of the Breitbart News Network . He has published several novels and four political books . He describes himself as a libertarian conservative , and has been described as a `` prominent voice of the right '' . He has published articles expressing his belief in the non-existence of significant anthropogenic global warming and his opposition to wind power ."}
{"_id": "James_Hansen", "title": "James Hansen", "headings": "", "text": "James Edward Hansen ( born 29 March 1941 ) is an American adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University . He is best known for his research in climatology , his 1988 Congressional testimony on climate change that helped raise broad awareness of global warming , and his advocacy of action to avoid dangerous climate change . In recent years he has become a climate activist to mitigate the effects of climate change , on a few occasions leading to his arrest .   In 2000 , Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years , arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via largely balanced each other out , and that the 0.74 ± 0.18 ° C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide , such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons . However , even then he wrote `` the future balance of forcings is likely to shift toward dominance of CO2 over aerosols ''"}
{"_id": "James_Lovelock", "title": "James Lovelock", "headings": "", "text": "James Ephraim Lovelock ( born 26 July 1919 ) is an independent scientist , environmentalist and futurist who lives in Devon , England . He is best known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis , which postulates that the Earth functions as a self-regulating system ."}
{"_id": "January", "title": "January", "headings": "", "text": "January is the  first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and the first month to have the length of 31 days . The first day of the month is known as New Year 's Day . It is , on average , the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere ( where it is the second month of winter ) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere ( where it is the second month of summer ) . In the Southern hemisphere , January is the seasonal equivalent of July in the Northern hemisphere and vice versa .   Ancient Roman observances during this month include Cervula , and Juvenalia ; celebrated January 1 , as well as one of three Agonalia , celebrated January 9 , and Carmentalia , celebrated January 11 . These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar ."}
{"_id": "Jason-1", "title": "Jason-1", "headings": "", "text": "Jason-1 is a satellite oceanography mission to monitor global ocean circulation , study the ties between the ocean and the atmosphere , improve global climate forecasts and predictions , and monitor events such as El Niño and ocean eddies ."}
{"_id": "Jet_stream", "title": "Jet stream", "headings": "", "text": "Jet streams are fast flowing , narrow , meandering air currents found in the atmosphere of some planets , including Earth . On Earth , the main jet streams are located near the altitude of the tropopause and are westerly winds ( flowing west to east ) . Their paths typically have a meandering shape . Jet streams may start , stop , split into two or more parts , combine into one stream , or flow in various directions including opposite to the direction of the remainder of the jet . The strongest jet streams are the polar jets , at 9 - above sea level , and the higher altitude and somewhat weaker subtropical jets at 10 - . The Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere each have a polar jet and a subtropical jet . The northern hemisphere polar jet flows over the middle to northern latitudes of North America , Europe , and Asia and their intervening oceans , while the southern hemisphere polar jet mostly circles Antarctica all year round .   Jet streams are the product of two factors : the atmospheric heating by solar radiation that produces the large scale Polar , Ferrel , and Hadley circulation cells , and the action of the Coriolis force acting on those moving masses . The Coriolis force is caused by the planet 's rotation on its axis . On other planets , internal heat rather than solar heating drives their jet streams . The Polar jet stream forms near the interface of the Polar and Ferrel circulation cells ; while the subtropical jet forms near the boundary of the Ferrel and Hadley circulation cells .   Other jet streams also exist . During the Northern Hemisphere summer , easterly jets can form in tropical regions , typically where dry air encounters more humid air at high altitudes . Low-level jets also are typical of various regions such as the central United States .   Meteorologists use the location of some of the jet streams as an aid in weather forecasting . The main commercial relevance of the jet streams is in air travel , as flight time can be dramatically affected by either flying with the flow or against , which results in significant fuel and time cost savings for airlines . Often , the airlines work to fly ` with ' the jet stream for this reason . Dynamic North Atlantic Tracks are one example of how airlines and air traffic control work together to accommodate the jet steam and winds aloft that results in the maximum benefit for airlines and other users . Clear-air turbulence , a potential hazard to aircraft passenger safety , is often found in a jet stream 's vicinity , but it does not create a substantial alteration on flight times ."}
{"_id": "Jill_Stein", "title": "Jill Stein", "headings": "", "text": "Jill Ellen Stein ( born May 14 , 1950 ) is an American physician , activist , and politician . She was the Green Party 's nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 and 2016 elections . She was an unsuccessful candidate for governor of Massachusetts in 2002 and 2010 ."}
{"_id": "Jim_Inhofe", "title": "Jim Inhofe", "headings": "", "text": "James Mountain Inhofe ( -LSB- ˈɪnhɒf -RSB- born November 17 , 1934 ) is the senior United States senator from Oklahoma and a member of the Republican Party . First elected to the Senate in 1994 , he was the ranking member of the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works ( EPW ) and was its chairman from 2003 to 2007 , and again from January 2015 until January 2017 . Inhofe served eight years as the United States representative for before his election to the Senate in 1994 and also previously served as both an Oklahoma state representative and senator ."}
{"_id": "Joe_Barton", "title": "Joe Barton", "headings": "", "text": "Joe Linus Barton ( born September 15 , 1949 ) is a Republican politician , representing ( map ) in the U.S. House of Representatives since 1985 , and a member of the Tea Party Caucus . The district includes Arlington , part of Fort Worth , and several small towns and rural areas south of the Dallas -- Fort Worth Metroplex . Following the 2014 primary defeat of Ralph Hall , Barton became the dean of the Texas congressional delegation . Barton came to national prominence when he instructed a citizen at a town hall meeting to `` shut up '' .   In terms of his positions , Barton is skeptical that manmade carbon emissions have contributed to global warming , is a proponent of the use of fossil fuels , voted in favor of the May 4th 2017 GOP plan to replace Obamacare , supports Trump 's ban on immigration from Muslim-majority nations , and supports the death penalty for persons caught spying ."}
{"_id": "Joe_Biden", "title": "Joe Biden", "headings": "", "text": "Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. ( -LSB- ˈdʒoʊsᵻf_rɒbᵻˈnɛt_ˈbaɪdən -RSB- born November 20 , 1942 ) is an American politician who was the 47th Vice President of the United States from 2009 to 2017 , having been jointly elected twice with President Barack Obama . A member of the Democratic Party , he represented Delaware as a United States Senator from 1973 until becoming Vice President in 2009 .   Biden was born in Scranton , Pennsylvania , in 1942 , and lived there for ten years before moving to Delaware . He became an attorney in 1969 , and was elected to the New Castle County council in 1970 . He was first elected to the Senate in 1972 , and became the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history . He was re-elected to the Senate six times , and was the fourth most senior senator at the time of his resignation to assume the Vice Presidency in 2009 . He was a long-time member and former chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee . He opposed the Gulf War in 1991 , but advocated U.S. and NATO intervention in the Bosnian War in 1994 and 1995 . He voted in favor of the resolution authorizing the Iraq War in 2002 , but opposed the surge of U.S. troops in 2007 . He has also served as chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee , dealing with issues related to drug policy , crime prevention , and civil liberties , and led the legislative efforts for creation of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act , and the Violence Against Women Act . He chaired the Judiciary Committee during the contentious U.S. Supreme Court nominations of Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas .   Biden unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988 and in 2008 , both times dropping out after lackluster showings . In the 2008 U.S. presidential election , Barack Obama chose Biden to be his running mate in the race , which they won . He became the first Roman Catholic , and the first Delawarean , to be Vice President of the United States .   As Vice President in the Obama administration , Biden oversaw the infrastructure spending aimed at counteracting the Great Recession , and U.S. policy toward Iraq up until the withdrawal of U.S. troops in 2011 . His ability to negotiate with congressional Republicans helped bring about legislation such as the Tax Relief , Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization , and Job Creation Act of 2010 that resolved a taxation deadlock , the Budget Control Act of 2011 that resolved that year 's debt ceiling crisis , and the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 that addressed the impending `` fiscal cliff '' . In 2011 , he opposed going ahead with the military mission that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden . Obama and Biden were re-elected in 2012 . In October 2015 , after months of speculation , Biden chose not to run for President of the United States in 2016 . In December 2016 , he refused to rule out a potential bid for President in 2020 , but announced on January 13 , 2017 , that he would not run , only to seemingly backtrack just four days later , again refusing to rule out a potential bid . On January 12 , 2017 , Obama awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom , with distinction . After leaving office , Biden was named the Benjamin Franklin Presidential Practice professor at the University of Pennsylvania ."}
{"_id": "Joe_Lieberman", "title": "Joe Lieberman", "headings": "", "text": "Joseph Isadore Lieberman ( born February 24 , 1942 ) is an American politician , having served as a United States Senator from Connecticut from 1989 to 2013 . A former member of the Democratic Party , he was the party 's nominee for Vice President in the 2000 election . Currently he is an Independent .   Born in Stamford , Connecticut , Lieberman is a graduate of Yale University and Yale Law School . He was elected as a `` Reform Democrat '' in 1970 to the Connecticut Senate , where he served three terms as Majority Leader . After an unsuccessful bid for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1980 , he served as state Attorney General from 1983 to 1989 . Lieberman defeated moderate Republican Lowell Weicker in 1988 to win election to the U.S. Senate , and was re-elected in 1994 and 2000 . Lieberman was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in the 2000 United States presidential election , running with presidential nominee Al Gore , and becoming the first Jewish candidate on a major American political party presidential ticket .   In the 2000 presidential election , Gore and Lieberman won the popular vote by a margin of more than 500,000 votes , but lost the deciding Electoral College to the Republican George W. Bush / Dick Cheney ticket 271 -- 266 . Lieberman also unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination in the 2004 presidential election .   During his re-election bid in 2006 , he lost the Democratic Party primary election , but won re-election in the general election as a third party candidate under the `` Connecticut for Lieberman '' party label . Lieberman himself was never a member of that party , but instead remained a registered Democrat while he ran .   Lieberman was officially listed in Senate records for the 110th and 111th Congresses as an `` Independent Democrat '' , and sat as part of the Senate Democratic Caucus . But after his speech at the 2008 Republican National Convention in which he endorsed John McCain for President , Lieberman no longer attended Democratic Caucus leadership strategy meetings or policy lunches . On November 5 , 2008 , Lieberman met with Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid to discuss his future role with the Democratic Party . Ultimately , the Senate Democratic Caucus voted to allow Lieberman to keep chairmanship of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs . Subsequently , Lieberman announced that he would continue to caucus with the Democrats . Before the 2016 election , he endorsed Hillary Clinton for President .   As Senator , he introduced and championed the Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 and legislation that led to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security . During debate on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , as the crucial 60th vote needed to pass the legislation , Lieberman 's opposition to the public option was critical for its removal from the resulting bill . Lieberman announced in January 2011 that he would retire from the Senate at the end of his term , and he did so in January 2013 ."}
{"_id": "John_Christy", "title": "John Christy", "headings": "", "text": "John Raymond Christy is a climate scientist at the University of Alabama in Huntsville ( UAH ) whose chief interests are satellite remote sensing of global climate and global climate change . He is best known , jointly with Roy Spencer , for the first successful development of a satellite temperature record ."}
{"_id": "John_Coleman_(meteorologist)", "title": "John Coleman (meteorologist)", "headings": "", "text": "John Stewart Coleman (October 15, 1934 – January 20, 2018) was an American television weatherman.  Along with Frank Batten, he co-founded The Weather Channel and briefly served as its Chief Executive Officer and President. He retired from broadcasting in 2014 after nearly 61 years, having worked the last 20 years at KUSI-TV in San Diego."}
{"_id": "John_D._Hamaker", "title": "John D. Hamaker", "headings": "", "text": "John D. Hamaker ( 1914 -- 1994 ) , was an American mechanical engineer , ecologist , agronomist and science writer in the fields of soil regeneration , rock dusting , mineral cycles , climate cycles and glaciology ."}
{"_id": "John_Kasich", "title": "John Kasich", "headings": "", "text": "John Richard Kasich ( -LSB- ˈkeɪsᵻk -RSB- ; born May 13 , 1952 ) is an American politician and former television host . He is the 69th and current Governor of Ohio . First elected in 2010 and re-elected in 2014 , Kasich is a member of the Republican Party . His second term is set to end on January 14 , 2019 , due to term limits .   A native of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , Kasich has lived much of his adulthood in Ohio , specifically the state capital of Columbus . Kasich served nine terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives , representing from 1983 to 2001 . His tenure in the House included 18 years on the House Armed Services Committee and six years as chairman of the House Budget Committee . He was a key figure in the passage of both 1996 welfare reform legislation and the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 .   Kasich worked for Fox News , hosting Heartland with John Kasich from 2001 to 2007 and was a fill-in host for The O'Reilly Factor . He also worked as an investment banker , serving as managing director of the Lehman Brothers office in Columbus , Ohio .   In the 2010 Ohio gubernatorial election , Kasich defeated Democratic incumbent Ted Strickland . He was re-elected in 2014 , defeating Democrat Ed FitzGerald by 30 percentage points .   Kasich unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for president in 2000 and in 2016 . In 2016 , Kasich refused to support the Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump ; instead he voted for U.S. Senator and former 2008 Republican presidential nominee John McCain ."}
{"_id": "John_Kerry", "title": "John Kerry", "headings": "", "text": "John Forbes Kerry ( born December 11 , 1943 ) is an American politician who served as the 68th United States Secretary of State from 2013 to 2017 . A Democrat , he previously served Massachusetts in the United States Senate from 1985 to 2013 . He was the Democratic nominee in the 2004 presidential election , losing to Republican incumbent George W. Bush .   Kerry was born in Aurora , Colorado and attended boarding school in Massachusetts and New Hampshire . He graduated from Yale University in 1966 with a major in political science . Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966 , and between 1968 and 1969 , he served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge ( OIC ) of a Swift Boat . For that service , he was awarded combat medals that include the Silver Star Medal , Bronze Star Medal , and three Purple Heart Medals . Securing an early return to the United States , Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War organization in which he served as a nationally recognized spokesman and as an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam War . He appeared in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam to be the cause of war crimes .   After receiving a J.D. from Boston College Law School , Kerry worked as an Assistant District Attorney in Massachusetts . He served as Lieutenant Governor under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January . On the Senate Foreign Relations Committee , he led a series of hearings from 1987 to 1989 which were a precursor to the Iran -- Contra affair . Kerry was re-elected to additional terms in 1990 , 1996 , 2002 , and 2008 . On October 11 , 2002 , Kerry voted to authorize the President `` to use force , if necessary , to disarm Saddam Hussein , '' but warned that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before launching war .107 th Congress-2nd Session 237th Roll Call Vote by members of the Senate , October 11 , 2002 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 .   In his 2004 presidential campaign , Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War . He and his running mate , North Carolina Senator John Edwards , lost the election , finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney . Kerry returned to the Senate , becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009 . In January 2013 , Kerry was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then confirmed by the U.S. Senate , assuming the office on February 1 , 2013 ."}
{"_id": "John_McCain", "title": "John McCain", "headings": "", "text": "John Sidney McCain III ( born August 29 , 1936 ) is an American politician who currently serves as the senior United States Senator from Arizona . He was the Republican nominee for the 2008 U.S. presidential election .   McCain followed his father and grandfather , both four-star admirals , into the United States Navy , graduating from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1958 . He became a naval aviator , flying ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers . During the Vietnam War , he was almost killed in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire . In October 1967 , while on a bombing mission over Hanoi , he was shot down , seriously injured , and captured by the North Vietnamese . He was a prisoner of war until 1973 . McCain experienced episodes of torture , and refused an out-of-sequence early repatriation offer . His war wounds have left him with lifelong physical limitations .   He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona , where he entered politics . Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1982 , McCain served two terms . He was first elected to the U.S. Senate in 1986 , winning re-election easily five times , most recently in 2016 . While generally adhering to conservative principles , McCain at times has had a media reputation as a `` maverick '' for his willingness to disagree with his party on certain issues . After being investigated and largely exonerated in a political influence scandal of the 1980s as a member of the Keating Five , he made campaign finance reform one of his signature concerns , eventually gaining passage of the McCain -- Feingold Act in 2002 . He is also known for his work in the 1990s to restore diplomatic relations with Vietnam , and for his belief that the Iraq War should have been fought to a successful conclusion . McCain has chaired the Senate Commerce Committee , opposed spending that he considered to be pork barrel , and played a key role in alleviating a crisis over judicial nominations with the bi-partisan group known as the Gang of 14 .   McCain ran for the Republican nomination in 2000 but lost a heated primary season contest to George W. Bush of Texas . He secured the nomination in 2008 after coming back from early reversals , but was defeated by Democratic candidate Barack Obama in the general election , losing by a 365 -- 173 electoral college margin and by 53 -- 46 % in the popular vote . He subsequently adopted more orthodox conservative stances and attitudes and largely opposed actions of the Obama administration , especially in regard to foreign policy matters . By 2013 , however , he had become a key figure in the Senate for negotiating deals on certain issues in an otherwise partisan environment . In 2015 , McCain became chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee ."}
{"_id": "Joseph_Stiglitz", "title": "Joseph Stiglitz", "headings": "", "text": "Joseph Eugene Stiglitz ( born February 9 , 1943 ) is an American economist and a professor at Columbia University . He is a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ( 2001 ) and the John Bates Clark Medal ( 1979 ) . He is a former senior vice president and chief economist of the World Bank and is a former member and chairman of the ( US president 's ) Council of Economic Advisers . He is known for his support of Georgist public finance theory and for his critical view of the management of globalization , of laissez-faire economists ( whom he calls `` free market fundamentalists '' ) , and of international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank .   In 2000 , Stiglitz founded the Initiative for Policy Dialogue ( IPD ) , a think tank on international development based at Columbia University . He has been a member of the Columbia faculty since 2001 , and received that university 's highest academic rank ( university professor ) in 2003 . He was the founding chair of the university 's Committee on Global Thought . He also chairs the University of Manchester 's Brooks World Poverty Institute . He is a member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences . In 2009 , the President of the United Nations General Assembly Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann , appointed Stiglitz as the chairman of the U.N. Commission on Reforms of the International Monetary and Financial System , where he oversaw suggested proposals and commissioned a report on reforming the international monetary and financial system . He served as chair of the international Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress , appointed by President Sarkozy of France , which issued its report in 2010 , Mismeasuring our Lives : Why GDP does n't add up , and currently serves as co-chair of its successor , the High Level Expert Group on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress . From 2011 to 2014 , Stiglitz was president of the International Economic Association ( IEA ) . He presided over the organization of the IEA triennial world congress held near the Dead Sea in Jordan in June 2014 .   Stiglitz has received more than 40 honorary degrees , including from Harvard , Oxford , and Cambridge Universities and been decorated by several governments including Korea , Colombia , Ecuador , and most recently France , where he was appointed a member of the Legion of Honor , order Officer .   Based on academic citations , Stiglitz is the 4th most influential economist in the world today , and in 2011 he was named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world . Stiglitz 's work focuses on income distribution from a Georgist perspective , asset risk management , corporate governance , and international trade . He is the author of several books , the latest being The Great Divide : Unequal Societies and What We Can Do About Them ( 2015 ) , Rewriting the Rules of the American Economy : An Agenda for Growth and Shared Prosperity ( 2015 ) , and Creating a Learning Society : A New Approach to Growth Development and Social Progress ( 2014 ) ."}
{"_id": "Julia_Gillard", "title": "Julia Gillard", "headings": "", "text": "Julia Eileen Gillard , ( born 29 September 1961 ) is a former Australian politician who was the 27th Prime Minister of Australia from 2010 to 2013 , as leader of the Australian Labor Party . She was previously the 13th Deputy Prime Minister of Australia , and held the cabinet positions of Minister for Education , Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations and Minister for Social Inclusion from 2007 to 2010 . She was the first and to date only woman to hold the positions of deputy prime minister , prime minister and leader of a major party in Australia .   Born in Barry , Wales , in the United Kingdom , Gillard migrated with her family to Adelaide , South Australia , in 1966 . She attended Mitcham Demonstration School and Unley High School . Subsequently , Gillard studied at the University of Adelaide , but cut short her courses to move to Melbourne , Victoria , in 1982 , where she worked with the Australian Union of Students and was the organisation 's president from 1983 to 1984 . Gillard later graduated from the University of Melbourne , with a Bachelor of Laws degree ( 1986 ) and a Bachelor of Arts degree ( 1989 ) . In 1987 , she joined the law firm Slater & Gordon and became a partner in 1990 , specialising in industrial law . A departure from the law firm in 1996 saw Gillard serve as chief of staff to the Leader of the Opposition in Victoria John Brumby , which preceded her own entry into federal politics .   Gillard was first elected to the Australian House of Representatives at the 1998 federal election for the seat of Lalor . Following the 2001 federal election , she was elected to the Shadow Cabinet and was given the portfolio of Population and Immigration . In 2003 , she took on the responsibility for both Reconciliation and Indigenous Affairs and Health . In December 2006 , when Kevin Rudd was elected as Labor Leader and became Leader of the Opposition , Gillard was elected unopposed as his deputy . Upon Labor 's victory in the 2007 federal election , Gillard became the first female Deputy Prime Minister of Australia , and held the cabinet portfolios of Minister for Education , Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations and Minister for Social Inclusion . On , after Rudd lost the support of his party and resigned , Gillard was elected unopposed as the Leader of the Labor Party , thus becoming the 27th Prime Minister of Australia . The subsequent 2010 federal election saw the first hung parliament since the 1940 federal election . Gillard was able to form a minority government with the support of a Green MP and three independent MPs . On 26 June 2013 , after a leadership spill , Gillard lost the leadership of the Labor Party to Rudd . Her resignation as Prime Minister took effect the following day . Gillard retired from politics on 5 August 2013 , before the impending federal election .   Following her departure from politics , in August 2013 Gillard became an honorary visiting professor at the University of Adelaide , and a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution 's Center for Universal Education in October . Gillard released her political memoirs , My Story , in September 2014 . She has been on the board of the mental health organisation beyondblue since December 2014 , and was made an honorary fellow of Aberystwyth University in June 2015 . In addition to her various appointments , Gillard has served as the chairwoman of the Global Partnership for Education since February 2014 ."}
{"_id": "Julian_Assange", "title": "Julian Assange", "headings": "", "text": "Julian Paul Assange ( -LSB- əˈsɒnʒ -RSB- born Julian Paul Hawkins , 3 July 1971 ) is an Australian computer programmer and the founder of WikiLeaks , an organisation which he founded in 2006 . He has won accolades including the Sam Adams Award and Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism .   Assange founded WikiLeaks in 2006 , but came to global prominence in 2010 , when WikiLeaks published a series of leaks provided by Chelsea Manning . These leaks included the Collateral Murder video ( April 2010 ) , the Afghanistan war logs ( July 2010 ) , the Iraq war logs ( October 2010 ) , and CableGate ( November 2010 ) . Following the 2010 leaks , the United States government launched a criminal investigation into WikiLeaks and asked allied nations for assistance .   In November 2010 , a request was made for Assange 's extradition to Sweden , where he had been questioned months earlier over allegations of sexual assault and rape . Assange continued to deny the allegations , and expressed concern that he would be extradited from Sweden to the United States because of his perceived role in publishing secret American documents . Assange surrendered himself to UK police on 7 December 2010 , and was held for ten days in solitary confinement before being released on bail . He sought and was granted asylum by Ecuador in August 2012 . He has since remained in the Embassy of Ecuador in London , and is unable to leave without being arrested for breaching his bail conditions . On 19 May 2017 , the Swedish prosecutors dropped the investigation into rape accusations against Assange and applied to revoke his arrest warrant , although the Metropolitan Police have indicated that an arrest warrant is still in force for Assange 's failure to surrender himself to the British court ."}
{"_id": "July_1966", "title": "July 1966", "headings": "", "text": "The following events occurred in July 1966 :"}
{"_id": "July_Crisis", "title": "July Crisis", "headings": "", "text": "The July Crisis was a diplomatic crisis among the major powers of Europe in the summer of 1914 that led to World War I. Immediately after Gavrilo Princip , a Slavic nationalist , assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand , heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne , in Sarajevo , a series of diplomatic maneuverings led to an ultimatum from Austria-Hungary to the Kingdom of Serbia , and eventually to war .   The assassination had been carried out by those wishing to unite all of the territories with majority South Slavic population not already ruled by the Kingdom of Serbia or Kingdom of Montenegro . Austria-Hungary 's post-assassination ultimatum was part of a coercive program meant to weaken the Kingdom of Serbia 's threat to take control of the northern Balkans and its significant Southern Slavic population , especially the Bosnian Serbs . This was intended to be achieved either through diplomacy or by a localized war if the ultimatum were rejected . Austria-Hungary preferred war , though István Tisza , the prime minister of the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary , hoped that the ultimatum would be reasonable enough that it would not be rejected outright . A month after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand , Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28 , 1914 . This local conflict ultimately expanded into World War I as more powers became involved ."}
{"_id": "Jupiter", "title": "Jupiter", "headings": "", "text": "Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System . It is a giant planet with a mass one-thousandth that of the Sun , but two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined . Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants ; the other two giant planets , Uranus and Neptune are ice giants . Jupiter has been known to astronomers since antiquity . The Romans named it after their god Jupiter . When viewed from Earth , Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of − 2.94 , bright enough for its reflected light to cast shadows , and making it on average the third-brightest object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus .   Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium , though helium comprises only about a tenth of the number of molecules . It may also have a rocky core of heavier elements , but like the other giant planets , Jupiter lacks a well-defined solid surface . Because of its rapid rotation , the planet 's shape is that of an oblate spheroid ( it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator ) . The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes , resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries . A prominent result is the Great Red Spot , a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17th century when it was first seen by telescope . Surrounding Jupiter is a faint planetary ring system and a powerful magnetosphere . Jupiter has at least 67 moons , including the four large Galilean moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610 . Ganymede , the largest of these , has a diameter greater than that of the planet Mercury .   Jupiter has been explored on several occasions by robotic spacecraft , most notably during the early Pioneer and Voyager flyby missions and later by the Galileo orbiter . In late February 2007 , Jupiter was visited by the New Horizons probe , which used Jupiter 's gravity to increase its speed and bend its trajectory en route to Pluto . The latest probe to visit the planet is Juno , which entered into orbit around Jupiter on July 4 , 2016 . Future targets for exploration in the Jupiter system include the probable ice-covered liquid ocean of its moon Europa ."}
{"_id": "Jupiter_trojan", "title": "Jupiter trojan", "headings": "", "text": "The Jupiter trojans , commonly called Trojan asteroids or just Trojans , are a large group of asteroids that share the orbit of the planet Jupiter around the Sun . Relative to Jupiter , each Trojan librates around one of Jupiter 's two stable Lagrangian points , , lying 60 ° ahead of the planet in its orbit , and , 60 ° behind . Jupiter trojans are distributed in two elongated , curved regions around these Lagrangian points with an average semi-major axis of about 5.2 AU .   The first Jupiter trojan discovered , 588 Achilles , was spotted in 1906 by German astronomer Max Wolf . A total of 6,178 Jupiter trojans have been found . By convention they are each named after a mythological figure from the Trojan War , hence the name `` Trojan '' . The total number of Jupiter trojans larger than 1 km in diameter is believed to be about , approximately equal to the number of asteroids larger than 1 km in the asteroid belt . Like main-belt asteroids , Jupiter trojans form families .   Jupiter trojans are dark bodies with reddish , featureless spectra . No firm evidence of the presence of water , or any other specific compound on their surface has been obtained , but it is thought that they are coated in tholins , organic polymers formed by the Sun 's radiation . The Jupiter trojans ' densities ( as measured by studying binaries or rotational lightcurves ) vary from 0.8 to 2.5 g · cm − 3 . Jupiter trojans are thought to have been captured into their orbits during the early stages of the Solar System 's formation or slightly later , during the migration of giant planets .   The term `` trojan '' has come to be used more generally to refer to other small Solar System bodies with similar relationships to larger bodies : for example , there are both Mars trojans and Neptune trojans , and Saturn has trojan moons . NASA has announced the discovery of an Earth trojan . The term `` Trojan asteroid '' is normally understood to specifically mean the Jupiter trojans because the first Trojans were discovered near Jupiter 's orbit and Jupiter currently has by far the most known Trojans ."}
{"_id": "Jurassic", "title": "Jurassic", "headings": "", "text": "The Jurassic ( -LSB- prondʒuːˈræsɪk -RSB- from Jura Mountains ) is a geologic period and system that spans 56.3 million years from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago ( Mya ) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period Mya . The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic Era , also known as the Age of Reptiles . The start of the period is marked by the major Triassic -- Jurassic extinction event . Two other extinction events occurred during the period : the Pliensbachian/Toarcian event in the Early Jurassic , and the Tithonian event at the end ; however , neither event ranks among the `` Big Five '' mass extinctions .   The Jurassic is named after the Jura Mountains within the European Alps , where limestone strata from the period were first identified .  By the beginning of the Jurassic , the supercontinent Pangaea had begun rifting into two landmasses , Laurasia to the north and Gondwana to the south . This created more coastlines and shifted the continental climate from dry to humid , and many of the arid deserts of the Triassic were replaced by lush rainforests .   On land , the fauna transitioned from the Triassic fauna , dominated by both dinosauromorph and crocodylomorph archosaurs , to one dominated by dinosaurs alone . The first birds also appeared during the Jurassic , having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs . Other major events include the appearance of the earliest lizards , and the evolution of therian mammals , including primitive placentals . Crocodilians made the transition from a terrestrial to an aquatic mode of life . The oceans were inhabited by marine reptiles such as ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs , while pterosaurs were the dominant flying vertebrates ."}
{"_id": "Kalahari_Desert", "title": "Kalahari Desert", "headings": "", "text": "The Kalahari Desert is a large semi-arid sandy savannah in Southern Africa extending 900000 km2 , covering much of Botswana , parts of Namibia , and regions of South Africa ."}
{"_id": "Kansas_City,_Missouri", "title": "Kansas City, Missouri", "headings": "", "text": "Kansas City is the largest city in Missouri and the sixth largest city in the Midwest . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had an estimated population of 481,420 in 2016 , making it the 37th largest city by population in the United States . It is the anchor city of the Kansas City metropolitan area , which straddles the Kansas -- Missouri border . Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west . On June 1 , 1850 the town of Kansas was incorporated ; shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory . Confusion between the two ensued and the name Kansas City was assigned to distinguish them soon thereafter .   Sitting on Missouri 's western border , with Downtown near the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers , the modern city encompasses some 319.03 sqmi , making it the 23rd largest city by total area in the United States . Most of the city lies within Jackson County , but portions spill into Clay , Cass , and Platte counties . Along with Independence , it serves as one of the two county seats for Jackson County . Major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Independence and Lee 's Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park , Olathe , and Kansas City .   The city is composed of several neighborhoods , including the River Market District in the north , the 18th and Vine District in the east , and the Country Club Plaza in the south . Kansas City is also known for its cuisine ( including its distinctive style of barbecue ) , its craft breweries and its major league sports teams ."}
{"_id": "Karachi", "title": "Karachi", "headings": "", "text": "Karachi ( -LSB- ; ڪراچي ALA-LC : , -LSB- kəˈrɑːˌtʃi -RSB- ) - the capital of the province of Sindh - is the largest and most populous city in Pakistan , as well as the 10th largest in the world and the world 's second most populous city proper . Ranked as a beta world city , the city is Pakistan 's premier industrial and financial centre . Karachi is also Pakistan 's most cosmopolitan city . Located on the shores of the Arabian Sea , Karachi is a major transportation hub , home to two of Pakistan 's largest seaports , the Port of Karachi and Port Bin Qasim , as well as the busiest airport in Pakistan .   Though the surroundings of Karachi have been inhabited for millennia , the city itself was founded as a village named Kolachi which was established as a fortified settlement in 1729 . The settlement increased in importance drastically with the arrival of British colonialists , who not only embarked on major works to transform the city into a major seaport , but also connected it with their extensive railway network . By the time of the Partition of India , the city was the largest in Sindh with an estimated population of 400,000 . Immediately following the independence of Pakistan , the city 's population increased dramatically with the arrival of thousands of Muslim immigrants from India , with Karachi remaining the primary destination of Indian Muslim migrants throughout the 1950s and 1960s . The city experienced rapid economic growth following independence , attracting migrants from throughout Pakistan and South Asia .   Karachi is one of Pakistan 's most secular and socially liberal cities . It is also the most linguistically , ethnically , and religiously diverse city in Pakistan . With an estimated population of between 15 and 23.5 million people in its greater metropolitan region , Karachi is considered to be the largest city in the Muslim world , and is the world 's 7th most populous urban agglomeration . Karachi is one of the world 's fastest growing cities , and has communities representing almost every ethnic group in Pakistan . Karachi is home to over 2 million Bangladeshi immigrants , 1 million Afghan refugees , and 400,000 Rohingyas from Myanmar .   Karachi is now Pakistan 's premier industrial and financial centre . The city has a formal economy estimated to be worth $ 113 billion . Karachi collects over a third of Pakistan 's tax revenue , and generates approximately 20 % of Pakistan 's GDP . Approximately 30 % of Pakistani industrial output is from Karachi , while Karachi 's ports handle approximately 95 % of Pakistan 's foreign trade . Approximately 90 % of the multinational corporations operating in Pakistan are headquartered in Karachi . Up to 70 % of Karachi 's workforce is employed in the informal economy , which is typically not included in GDP calculations .   Known as the `` City of Lights '' in the 1960s and 1970s for its vibrant nightlife , Karachi was beset by sharp ethnic , sectarian , and political conflict in the 1980s with the arrival of weaponry during the Soviet-Afghan war . The city had become well known for its high rates of violent crime , but recorded crimes sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals , the MQM political party , and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the Pakistan Rangers . The city 's murder rate in 2015 had decreased by 75 % compared to 2013 , and kidnappings decreased by 90 % , with the improved security environment triggering sharp increases in real-estate prices ."}
{"_id": "Karoo_Supergroup", "title": "Karoo Supergroup", "headings": "", "text": "The Karoo Supergroup is the most widespread stratigraphic unit in Africa south of the Sahara Desert . The supergroup consists of a sequence of units , mostly of nonmarine origin , deposited between the Late Carboniferous and Early Jurassic , a period of about 120 million years .   In southern Africa , rocks of the Karoo Supergroup cover almost two thirds of the present land surface , including all of Lesotho , almost the whole of Free State , and large parts of the Eastern Cape , Northern Cape , Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces of South Africa . Karoo supergroup outcrops are also found in Namibia , Swaziland , Zambia , Zimbabwe and Malawi , as well as on other continents that were part of Gondwana . The basins in which it was deposited formed during the formation and breakup of Pangea . The type area of the Karoo Supergroup is the Great Karoo in South Africa , where the most extensive outcrops of the sequence are exposed . Its strata which consist mostly of shales and sandstones , record an almost continuous sequence of marine glacial to terrestrial deposition from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Jurassic . These accumulated in a retroarc foreland basin called the `` main Karoo '' Basin . This basin was formed by the subduction and orogenesis along the southern border of what eventually became Southern Africa , in southern Gondwana . Its sediments attain a maximum cumulative thickness of 12 km , with the overlying basaltic lavas ( the Drakensberg Group ) at least 1.4 km thick .   Fossils include plants ( both macro-fossils and pollen ) , rare insects and fish , common and diverse tetrapods ( mostly therapsid reptiles , temnospondyl amphibians , and in the upper strata dinosaurs ) , and ichnofossils . Their biostratigraphy has been used as the international standard for global correlation of Permian to Jurassic nonmarine strata ."}
{"_id": "Keeling_Curve", "title": "Keeling Curve", "headings": "", "text": "The Keeling Curve is a graph that plots the ongoing change in concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere since the 1950s . It is based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii that began under the supervision of Charles David Keeling . Keeling 's measurements showed the first significant evidence of rapidly increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere . Many scientists credit Keeling 's graph with first bringing the world 's attention to the current increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere .   Charles David Keeling , of Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego , was the first person to make frequent regular measurements of the atmospheric carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) concentration , taking readings at the South Pole and in Hawaii from 1958 onwards .   Measurements of carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere had been taken prior to the Mauna Loa measurements , but on an ad-hoc basis across a variety of locations . Guy Stewart Callendar had shown a steady increase in concentrations since the 19th century . Keeling had perfected the measurement techniques and observed `` strong diurnal behavior with steady values of about 310 ppm in the afternoon '' at three locations : Big Sur near Monterey , the rain forests of Olympic Peninsula , and high mountain forests in Arizona . By measuring the ratio of two isotopes of carbon , Keeling attributed the diurnal change to respiration from local plants and soils , with afternoon values representative of the `` free atmosphere '' . By 1960 , Keeling and his group had determined that the measurement records from California , Antarctica , and Hawaii were long enough to see not just the diurnal and seasonal variations , but also a year-on-year increase that roughly matched the amount of fossil fuels burned per year . In the article that made him famous , Keeling observed : `` at the South Pole the observed rate of increase is nearly that to be expected from the combustion of fossil fuel '' ."}
{"_id": "Kevin_E._Trenberth", "title": "Kevin E. Trenberth", "headings": "", "text": "Kevin Edward Trenberth ( born November 8 , 1944 ) is part of the Climate Analysis Section at the US NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research . He was a lead author of the 2001 and 2007 IPCC Scientific Assessment of Climate Change ( see IPCC Fourth Assessment Report ) and serves on the Scientific Steering Group for the Climate Variability and Predictability ( CLIVAR ) program . He chaired the WCRP Observation and Assimilation Panel from 2004 to 2010 and chaired the Global Energy and Water Exchanges ( GEWEX ) scientific steering group from 2010-2013 ( member 2007-14 ) . In addition , he served on the Joint Scientific Committee of the World Climate Research Programme , and has made significant contributions to research into El Niño-Southern Oscillation .   Kevin 's work is highly cited and he has an h-index of 100 ( 100 papers have over 100 citations ) ."}
{"_id": "Kidney", "title": "Kidney", "headings": "", "text": "The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs found on the left and right sides of the body in vertebrates . They filter the blood in order to make urine , to release and retain water , and to remove waste and nitrogen ( the excretory system ) . They also control the ion concentrations and acid-base balance of the blood . Each kidney feeds urine into the bladder by means of a tube known as the ureter . In humans , they are roughly 11 cm in length .   The kidneys regulate the balance of ions known as electrolytes in the blood , along with maintaining acid base homeostasis . They also move waste products out of the blood and into the urine , such as nitrogen-containing urea and ammonium . Kidneys also regulate fluid balance and blood pressure . They are also responsible for the reabsorption of water , glucose , and amino acids . The kidneys also produce hormones including calcitriol and erythropoietin . The kidneys also make an important enzyme , renin , which affects blood pressure through negative feedback .   Located at the rear of the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneal space , the kidneys receive blood from the paired renal arteries , and drain into the paired renal veins .   Renal physiology is the study of kidney function , while nephrology is the medical specialty concerned with kidney diseases . Diseases of the kidney are diverse , but individuals with kidney disease frequently display characteristic clinical features . Common clinical conditions involving the kidney include the nephritic and nephrotic syndromes , renal cysts , acute kidney injury , chronic kidney disease , urinary tract infection , kidney stones , and urinary tract obstruction . Various cancers of the kidney exist . The most common adult renal cancer is renal cell carcinoma . Cancers , cysts , and some other renal conditions can be managed with removal of the kidney . This is known as nephrectomy . When renal function , measured by the glomerular filtration rate , is persistently poor , dialysis and kidney transplantation may be treatment options . Although they are not normally harmful , kidney stones can be extremely painful ."}
{"_id": "Kilowatt_hour", "title": "Kilowatt hour", "headings": "", "text": "The kilowatt-hour ( symbol kWh , kW ⋅ h or kW h ) is a derived unit of energy equal to 3.6 megajoules . If the energy is being transmitted or used at a constant rate ( power ) over a period of time , the total energy in kilowatt-hours is the power in kilowatts multiplied by the time in hours . The kilowatt-hour is commonly used as a billing unit for energy delivered to consumers by electric utilities ."}
{"_id": "Kiribati", "title": "Kiribati", "headings": "", "text": "Kiribati ( -LSB- ˌkɪrɪˈbæs -RSB- or -LSB- ˌkɪrɪˈbɑːti -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Kiribati ( Gilbertese : Ribaberiki Kiribati ) , is an island nation in the central Pacific Ocean . The permanent population is just over 100,000 ( 2011 ) , more than half of whom live on Tarawa Atoll . The nation comprises 33 atolls and reef islands and one raised coral island , Banaba . They have a total land area of 800 km2 and are dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometres ( 1,351,000 square miles ) . Their spread straddles the equator and the 180th meridian , although the International Date Line is indented to bring the Line Islands in the same day as the Kiribati Islands . The International Date Line circumscribes Kiribati by swinging far to the east , almost reaching the 150 ° W meridian . Kiribati 's easternmost islands , the southern Line Islands , south of Hawaii , have the most advanced time on Earth , UTC +14 hours .   Kiribati became independent from the United Kingdom in 1979 . The capital and now most populated area , South Tarawa , consists of a number of islets , connected by a series of causeways . These comprise about half the area of Tarawa Atoll .   Kiribati is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the IMF and the World Bank , and became a full member of the United Nations in 1999 ."}
{"_id": "Koch_Industries", "title": "Koch Industries", "headings": "", "text": "Koch Industries , Inc. . -LSB- ˈkoʊk -RSB- is an American multinational corporation based in Wichita , Kansas , United States , with subsidiaries involved in manufacturing , trading , and investments . It was founded as Wood River Oil and Refining Company in 1940 , and later as Rock Island Oil & Refining Company .   Koch also owns Invista , Georgia-Pacific , Molex , Flint Hills Resources , Koch Pipeline , Koch Fertilizer , Koch Minerals , Matador Cattle Company and recently Guardian Industries . Koch companies are involved in industries such as the manufacturing , refining , and distribution of petroleum , chemicals , energy , fiber , intermediates and polymers , minerals , fertilizers , pulp and paper , chemical technology equipment , ranching , finance , commodities trading , and other ventures and investments . The firm employs about 60,000 people in the United States and another 40,000 in 59 other countries .   In 2013 -- 2015 , Forbes listed it as the second largest privately held company in the United States ( after Cargill ) , with an annual revenue of $ 115 billion , down from the largest in 2006 . If Koch Industries were a public company in 2013 , it would have ranked 17 in the Fortune 500 .   Fred C. Koch , after whom Koch Industries , Inc. is named , co-founded the company in 1940 and developed an innovative crude oil refining process . His sons , Charles Koch , chairman of the board and chief executive officer , and David Koch , executive vice president , are principal owners of the company after they bought out their brothers , Frederick and William `` Bill '' Koch , for $ 1.1 billion in 1983 . Charles and David Koch each own 42 % of Koch Industries . Charles has stated that the company would go public `` over my dead body '' ."}
{"_id": "Kodiak_bear", "title": "Kodiak bear", "headings": "", "text": "The Kodiak bear ( Ursus arctos middendorffi ) , also known as the Kodiak brown bear , sometimes the Alaskan brown bear , inhabits the islands of the Kodiak Archipelago in southwest Alaska . Its Alutiiq name is taquka-aq . It is the largest recognized subspecies of brown bear , and one of the two largest bears alive today , the other being the polar bear .   Physiologically , the Kodiak bear is very similar to the other brown bear subspecies , such as the mainland grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos horribilis ) and the now-extinct California grizzly bear ( U. a. californicus † ) , with the main difference being in size . While there is generally much variation in size between brown bears in different areas , most usually weigh between 115 and 360 kg ( 254 and 794 lb ) . The Kodiak bear , on the other hand , commonly reaches sizes of 300 to , and has even been known to exceed weights of 680 kg on occasion . Despite this large variation in size , the diet and lifestyle of the Kodiak bear does not differ greatly from that of other brown bears .   Ever since the first humans arrived in Alaska over the Bering land bridge , encounters between people and Kodiak bears have occurred . Today , these encounters have become relatively more common as a result of the increase in the human population in the region . Such encounters have included the hunting of bears by humans for their fur or meat , and , less commonly , attacks by bears upon humans . More recently , as conservation efforts have become more commonplace , concerns over the sustenance and stability of the Kodiak bear population have arisen . The IUCN classifies Ursus arctos , the species to which the Kodiak belongs , as being of `` least concern '' in terms of endangerment or extinction . However , the IUCN does not differentiate between subspecies ; therefore , it is unknown whether the Kodiak bear population is as healthy as is stated . As a result , the Alaska Department of Fish and Game , along with , to a lesser extent , the United States Fish and Wildlife Service , closely monitors the number of bears hunted in the state ."}
{"_id": "Koko_(gorilla)", "title": "Koko (gorilla)", "headings": "", "text": "Hanabiko `` Koko '' ( born July 4 , 1971 ) is a female western lowland gorilla who is known for having learned a large number of hand signs from a modified version of American Sign Language ( ASL ) .   Her instructor and caregiver , animal psychologist Francine `` Penny '' Patterson , reports that Koko is able to understand more than 1,000 signs of what Patterson calls `` Gorilla Sign Language '' ( GSL ) . In contrast to other experiments attempting to teach sign language to non-human primates , Patterson simultaneously exposed Koko to spoken English from an early age . Reports state that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken English , in addition to the signs . Koko 's life and learning process has been described by Patterson and some of her collaborators in a number of books , peer reviewed articles , and on a website .   As with other great ape language experiments , the extent to which Koko has mastered and demonstrates language through the use of these signs is disputed . But it is generally accepted that she does not use syntax or grammar , and that her use of language does not exceed that of a young human child .   Koko was born at the San Francisco Zoo and has lived most of her life in Woodside , California , although a move to a sanctuary on Maui , Hawaii , has been planned since the 1990s . The name is a reference to her date of birth , the Fourth of July . Koko gained public attention upon initial reportage of her adopting a kitten as a pet ."}
{"_id": "Kyoto_Protocol", "title": "Kyoto Protocol", "headings": "", "text": "The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions , based on the fact that ( a ) global warming exists and ( b ) human-made CO2 emissions have caused it . The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto , Japan , on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005 . There are currently 192 parties ( Canada withdrew effective December 2012 ) to the Protocol .   The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to fight global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to `` a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system '' ( Art. 2 ) . The Protocol is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities : it puts the obligation to reduce current emissions on developed countries on the basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere .   The Protocol 's first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012 . A second commitment period was agreed on in 2012 , known as the Doha Amendment to the protocol , in which 37 countries have binding targets : Australia , the European Union ( and its 28 member states ) , Belarus , Iceland , Kazakhstan , Liechtenstein , Norway , Switzerland , and Ukraine . Belarus , Kazakhstan and Ukraine have stated that they may withdraw from the Protocol or not put into legal force the Amendment with second round targets . Japan , New Zealand and Russia have participated in Kyoto 's first-round but have not taken on new targets in the second commitment period . Other developed countries without second-round targets are Canada ( which withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2012 ) and the United States ( which has not ratified the Protocol ) . As of July 2016 , 66 states have accepted the Doha Amendment , while entry into force requires the acceptances of 144 states . Of the 37 countries with binding commitments , 7 have ratified .   Negotiations were held in the framework of the yearly UNFCCC Climate Change Conferences on measures to be taken after the second commitment period ends in 2020 . This resulted in the 2015 adoption of the Paris Agreement , which is a separate instrument under the UNFCCC rather than an amendment of the Kyoto protocol ."}
{"_id": "Kyoto_Protocol_and_government_action", "title": "Kyoto Protocol and government action", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the Kyoto Protocol and government action in relation to that treaty ."}
{"_id": "Köppen_climate_classification", "title": "Köppen climate classification", "headings": "", "text": "Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems . It was first published by Russian German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1884 , with several later modifications by Köppen , notably in 1918 and 1936 . Later , German climatologist Rudolf Geiger ( 1954 , 1961 ) collaborated with Köppen on changes to the classification system , which is thus sometimes called the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification system .   The Köppen climate classification system has been further modified , within the Trewartha climate classification system in the middle 1960s ( revised in 1980 ) . The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined middle latitude climate zone , which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system ( the C climate group was too broad ) ."}
{"_id": "Kīlauea", "title": "Kīlauea", "headings": "", "text": "Kīlauea ( -LSB- langˌkiːlaʊˈeɪə -RSB- , also -LSB- ˌkɪləˈweɪə -RSB- ; -LSB- tiːlɐwˈwɛjə -RSB- ) is a currently active shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands , and the most active of the five volcanoes that together form the island of Hawaii . Located along the southern shore of the island , the volcano is between 300,000 and 600,000 years old and emerged above sea level about 100,000 years ago . It is the second youngest product of the Hawaiian hotspot and the current eruptive center of the Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain . Because it lacks topographic prominence and its activities historically coincided with those of Mauna Loa , Kīlauea was once thought to be a satellite of its much larger neighbor . Structurally , Kīlauea has a large , fairly recently formed caldera at its summit and two active rift zones , one extending 125 km east and the other 35 km west , as an active fault of unknown depth moving vertically an average of 2 to per year .   Kīlauea 's eruptive history has been a long and active one ; its name means `` spewing '' or `` much spreading '' in the Hawaiian language , referring to its frequent outpouring of lava . The earliest lavas from the volcano date back to its submarine preshield stage , samples having been recovered by remotely operated underwater vehicles from its submerged slopes ; samples of other flows have been recovered as core samples . Lavas younger than 1,000 years cover 90 percent of the volcano 's surface . The oldest exposed lavas date back 2,800 years . The first well-documented eruption of Kīlauea occurred in 1823 ( Western contact and written history began in 1778 ) , and since that time the volcano has erupted repeatedly . Most historical eruptions have occurred at the volcano 's summit or its eastern rift zone , and are prolonged and effusive in character . The geological record shows , however , that violent explosive activity predating European contact was extremely common , and in 1790 one such eruption killed over 80 warriors ; should explosive activity start anew the volcano would become much more of a danger to humans . Kīlauea 's current eruption dates back to January 3 , 1983 , and is by far its longest-duration historical period of activity , as well as one of the longest-duration eruptions in the world ; as of January 2011 , the eruption has produced 3.5 km3 of lava and resurfaced 123.2 km2 of land .   Kīlauea 's high state of activity has a major impact on its mountainside ecology , where plant growth is often interrupted by fresh tephra and drifting volcanic sulfur dioxide , producing acid rains particularly in a barren area south of its southwestern rift zone known as the Kaʻū Desert . Nonetheless , wildlife flourishes where left undisturbed elsewhere on the volcano and is highly endemic thanks to Kīlauea 's ( and the island of Hawaii 's ) isolation from the nearest landmass . Historically , the five volcanoes on the island were considered sacred by the Hawaiian people , and in Hawaiian mythology Kīlauea 's Halemaumau Crater served as the body and home of Pele , goddess of fire , lightning , wind , and volcanoes . William Ellis , a missionary from England , gave the first modern account of Kīlauea and spent two weeks traveling along the volcano ; since its foundation by Thomas Jaggar in 1912 , the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory , located on the rim of Kīlauea caldera , has served as the principal investigative and scientific body on the volcano and the island in general . In 1916 , a bill forming the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson ; since then , the park has become a World Heritage Site and a major tourist destination , attracting roughly 2.6 million people annually ."}
{"_id": "LED_lamp", "title": "LED lamp", "headings": "", "text": "An LED lamp is a light-emitting diode ( LED ) product which is assembled into a lamp ( or light bulb ) for use in lighting fixtures . LED lamps have a lifespan and electrical efficiency which are several times greater than incandescent lamps , and are significantly more efficient than most fluorescent lamps , with some chips able to emit more than 300 lumens per watt ( as claimed by Cree and some other LED manufacturers ) . The LED lamp market is projected to grow by more than twelve-fold over the next decade , from $ 2 billion in the beginning of 2014 to $ 25 billion in 2023 , a compound annual growth rate ( CAGR ) of 25 % . As of 2016 , LEDs use only about 10 % of the energy an incandescent lamp requires .   Like incandescent lamps and unlike most fluorescent lamps ( e.g. tubes and compact fluorescent lamps or CFLs ) , LEDs come to full brightness without need for a warm-up time ; the life of fluorescent lighting is also reduced by frequent switching on and off . The initial cost of LED is usually higher . Degradation of LED dye and packaging materials reduces light output to some extent over time .   Some LED lamps are made to be a directly compatible drop-in replacement for incandescent or fluorescent lamps . An LED lamp packaging may show the lumen output , power consumption in watts , color temperature in kelvins or description ( e.g. `` warm white '' ) , operating temperature range , and sometimes the equivalent wattage of an incandescent lamp of similar luminous output .   Most LEDs do not emit light in all directions , and their directional characteristics affect the design of lamps , although omnidirectional lamps which radiate light over a 360 ° angle are becoming more common . The light output of single LED is less than that of incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps ; in most applications multiple LEDs are used to form a lamp , although high-power versions ( see below ) are becoming available .   LED chips require controlled direct current ( DC ) electrical power and an appropriate circuit as an LED driver is required to convert the alternating current from the power supply to the regulated voltage direct current used by the LEDs . LEDs are adversely affected by high temperature , so LED lamps typically include heat dissipation elements such as heat sinks and cooling fins .   LED drivers are the essential components of LED lamps or luminaries . A good LED driver can guarantee a long life for an LED system and provide additional features such as dimming and control . The LED drivers can be put inside lamp or luminaire , which is called a built-in type , or be put outside , which is called an independent type . According to different applications , different types of LED drivers need to be applied , for example an outdoor driver for street light , an indoor point driver for a down light , and an indoor linear driver for a panel light ."}
{"_id": "La_Niña", "title": "La Niña", "headings": "", "text": "La Niña ( -LSB- lɑːˈniːnjə -RSB- , -LSB- la ˈniɲa -RSB- ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño -- Southern Oscillation climate pattern . The name La Niña originates from Spanish , meaning `` the little girl '' , analogous to El Niño meaning `` the little boy '' . It has also in the past been called anti-El Niño , and El Viejo ( meaning `` the old man '' ) . During a period of La Niña , the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3 to 5 ° C . In the United States , an appearance of La Niña persists for at least five months . It has extensive effects on the weather in North America , even affecting the Atlantic Hurricane Season ."}
{"_id": "Lake", "title": "Lake", "headings": "", "text": "A lake is an area of variable size filled with water , localized in a basin , that is surrounded by land , apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake . Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean , and therefore are distinct from lagoons , and are also larger and deeper than ponds , though there are no official or scientific definitions . Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams , which are usually flowing . Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams .   Natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas , rift zones , and areas with ongoing glaciation . Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers . In some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age . All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales , as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them .   Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for industrial or agricultural use , for hydro-electric power generation or domestic water supply , or for aesthetic or recreational purposes or even for other activities ."}
{"_id": "Lake_Erie", "title": "Lake Erie", "headings": "", "text": "Lake Erie ( -LSB- ˈɪəri -RSB- Lac Érié ) is the fourth-largest lake ( by surface area ) of the five Great Lakes in North America , and the thirteenth-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area . It is the southernmost , shallowest , and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time . At its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 ft deep . Lake Erie 's northern shore is bounded by the Canadian province of Ontario , with the U.S. states of Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York on its southern and easternmost shores and the Lower Peninsula of Michigan on the west . These jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake by water boundaries . The lake was named by the Erie people , a Native Americans people who lived along its southern shore . That Iroquoian tribe called it `` Erige '' ( `` cat '' ) because of its unpredictable and sometimes violently dangerous nature . It is a matter of conjecture whether the lake was named after the tribe , or if the tribe was called `` Erie '' because of its proximity to the lake .   Situated below Lake Huron , Erie 's primary inlet is the Detroit River . The main natural outflow from the lake is via the Niagara River , which provides hydroelectric power to Canada and the U.S. as it spins huge turbines near Niagara Falls at Lewiston , New York and Queenston , Ontario . Some outflow occurs via the Welland Canal which diverts water for ship passages from Port Colborne , Ontario on Lake Erie , to St. Catharines on Lake Ontario , an elevation difference of 326 ft. Lake Erie 's environmental health has been an ongoing concern for decades , with issues such as overfishing , pollution , algae blooms and eutrophication generating headlines ."}
{"_id": "Lake_Superior", "title": "Lake Superior", "headings": "", "text": "Lake Superior ( Lac Supérieur ) is the largest of the Great Lakes of North America . The lake is shared by the Canadian province of Ontario to the north , the US state of Minnesota to the west , and Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to the south . It is generally considered the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area . It is the world 's third-largest freshwater lake by volume and the largest by volume in North America ."}
{"_id": "Lake_Tahoe", "title": "Lake Tahoe", "headings": "", "text": "Lake Tahoe ( -LSB- ˈtɑːhoʊ -RSB- ) is a large freshwater lake in the Sierra Nevada of the United States . Lying at 6225 ft , it straddles the border between California and Nevada , west of Carson City . Lake Tahoe is the largest alpine lake in North America , and at 122160280 acre.ft trails only the five Great Lakes as the largest by volume in the United States . Its depth is 1645 ft , making it the second deepest in the United States after Crater Lake in Oregon ( 1945 ft ) .   The lake was formed about 2 million years ago as part of the Lake Tahoe Basin , with the modern extent being shaped during the ice ages . It is known for the clarity of its water and the panorama of surrounding mountains on all sides . The area surrounding the lake is also referred to as Lake Tahoe , or simply Tahoe . More than 75 % of the lake 's watershed is national forest land , comprising the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit of the United States Forest Service .   Lake Tahoe is a major tourist attraction in both Nevada and California . It is home to winter sports , summer outdoor recreation , and scenery enjoyed throughout the year . Snow and ski resorts are a significant part of the area 's economy and reputation . The Nevada side also offers large casinos , with highways providing year-round access to the entire area ."}
{"_id": "Lake_Vostok", "title": "Lake Vostok", "headings": "", "text": "Lake Vostok ( Озеро Восток , Ozero Vostok , lit . `` Lake East '' ) is the largest of Antarctica 's almost 400 known subglacial lakes .  Lake Vostok is located at the southern Pole of Cold , beneath Russia 's Vostok Station under the surface of the central East Antarctic Ice Sheet , which is at 3488 m above mean sea level . The surface of this fresh water lake is approximately 4000 m under the surface of the ice , which places it at approximately 500 m below sea level .   Measuring 250 km long by 50 km wide at its widest point , and covering an area of 12500 km2 and an average depth of 432 m , it has an estimated volume of 5400 km3 . The lake is divided into two deep basins by a ridge . The liquid water over the ridge is about 200 m , compared to roughly 400 m deep in the northern basin and 800 m deep in the southern .   The lake is named after Vostok Station , which in turn is named after the Vostok , a sloop-of-war ship , which means `` East '' in Russian . The existence of a subglacial lake in the Vostok region was first suggested by Russian geographer Andrey Kapitsa based on seismic soundings made during the Soviet Antarctic Expeditions in 1959 and 1964 to measure the thickness of the ice sheet . The continued research by Russian and British scientists led by 1993 to the final confirmation of the existence of the lake by J. P. Ridley using ERS-1 laser altimetry .   The overlying ice provides a continuous paleoclimatic record of 400,000 years , although the lake water itself may have been isolated for 15 to 25 million years . On 5 February 2012 , a team of Russian scientists completed the longest ever ice core of 3768 m and pierced the ice shield to the surface of the lake .   The first core of freshly frozen lake ice was obtained on 10 January 2013 at a depth of 3406 m. However , as soon as the ice was pierced , water from the underlying lake gushed up the borehole , mixing it with the Freon and kerosene used to keep the borehole from freezing . A new borehole was drilled and an allegedly pristine water sample was obtained in January 2015 . The Russian team plans to eventually lower a probe into the lake to collect water samples and sediments from the bottom . It is hypothesized that unusual forms of life could be found in the lake 's liquid layer , a fossil water reserve . Lake Vostok contains an environment sealed off below the ice for millions of years , in conditions which could resemble those of the ice-covered ocean of Jupiter 's moon Europa , and Saturn 's moon Enceladus ."}
{"_id": "Lake_Worth_Beach,_Florida", "title": "Lake Worth Beach, Florida", "headings": "", "text": "Lake Worth Beach, previously named Lake Worth, is a city in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States, located about 64 miles north of Miami, its name from the body of water along its eastern border known as the Lake Worth Lagoon. The lake itself was named for General William J. Worth, who led U.S. forces during the last part of the Second Seminole War. As of 2010, the population estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau was 34,910. It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people in 2015."}
{"_id": "Lake_ecosystem", "title": "Lake ecosystem", "headings": "", "text": "A lake ecosystem includes biotic ( living ) plants , animals and micro-organisms , as well as abiotic ( nonliving ) physical and chemical interactions .   Lake ecosystems are a prime example of lentic ecosystems . Lentic refers to stationary or relatively still water , from the Latin lentus , which means sluggish . Lentic waters range from ponds to lakes to wetlands , and much of this article applies to lentic ecosystems in general . Lentic ecosystems can be compared with lotic ecosystems , which involve flowing terrestrial waters such as rivers and streams . Together , these two fields form the more general study area of freshwater or aquatic ecology .   Lentic systems are diverse , ranging from a small , temporary rainwater pool a few inches deep to Lake Baikal , which has a maximum depth of 1740 m . The general distinction between pools/ponds and lakes is vague , but Brown states that ponds and pools have their entire bottom surfaces exposed to light , while lakes do not . In addition , some lakes become seasonally stratified ( discussed in more detail below . ) Ponds and pools have two regions : the pelagic open water zone , and the benthic zone , which comprises the bottom and shore regions . Since lakes have deep bottom regions not exposed to light , these systems have an additional zone , the profundal . These three areas can have very different abiotic conditions and , hence , host species that are specifically adapted to live there ."}
{"_id": "Lakes_on_Mars", "title": "Lakes on Mars", "headings": "", "text": "In summer 1965 , the first close-up pictures from Mars showed a cratered desert with no signs of water . However , over the decades , as more parts of the planet were imaged with better cameras on more sophisticated satellites , Mars showed evidence of past river valleys , lakes , and ice in glaciers and in the ground . It was discovered that the climate of Mars displays huge changes over geologic time because its axis is not stabilized by a large moon , as Earth 's is . Also , some researchers maintain that water could exist for periods of time due to geothermal effects or asteroid impacts .   Besides seeing features that were signs of past water , researchers found other types of evidence for past water . Minerals detected in many locations needed water to form . An instrument in the Mars Odyssey , an orbiting spacecraft , mapped the distribution of water in the near surface . When the Phoenix spacecraft fired its rockets to land in the far north , ice was exposed .   When water enters a large body of water , such as a lake , a delta may form . Many craters and other depressions on Mars show deltas that resemble those on Earth . In addition , if a lake lies in a depression , channels entering it will all stop at the same altitude . Such an arrangement is visible around places on Mars that are supposed to have contained large bodies of water -- including around a possible ocean in the North .   Lake formation has been proposed by various researchers for quite some time . One study found 205 possible closed-basin lakes in craters on Mars . The basins have an inlet valley that cuts the crater rim and flows into the basin , but they have no visible outlet valley . The total volume of the basins is equivalent to a depth of 1.2 meters spread evenly over the Martian surface . However , this amount is a small fraction of the current water ice stores on Mars . Another study found 210 open-basin lakes . These were lakes with both an inlet and an outlet ; hence water must have entered the basin , and reached the height of the outlet . Some of these lakes had volumes similar to Earth 's Caspian Sea , Black Sea , and Lake Baikal .   Moreover , some basins on Mars form part of long chains of lakes . The Naktong/Scamander/Mamers Valles lake-chain system is about 4500 km ( 2800 miles ) long , with a drainage area similar to that of the Missouri-Mississippi rivers . Another , the Samara/Himera Vallis system , is 1800 km long . Many of the long chains of lakes are found in the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle .   Some of the lakes appear to have had a high volume as compared to their drainage area ; hence , it is believed that some of the water was groundwater . Further evidence is the existence of knobby material on the basin floors . These knobs can be formed when large amounts of water left the ground .   This article describes some of the places that could have held large lakes ."}
{"_id": "Lamont–Doherty_Earth_Observatory", "title": "Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory", "headings": "", "text": "The Lamont -- Doherty Earth Observatory ( LDEO ) is a research unit of Columbia University located on a 157 acre campus in Palisades , N.Y. , 18 mi north of Manhattan on the Hudson River ."}
{"_id": "Land_degradation", "title": "Land degradation", "headings": "", "text": "Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land .  It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable . Natural hazards are excluded as a cause ; however human activities can indirectly affect phenomena such as floods and bush fires .   This is considered to be an important topic of the 21st century due to the implications land degradation has upon agronomic productivity , the environment , and its effects on food security . It is estimated that up to 40 % of the world 's agricultural land is seriously degraded ."}
{"_id": "Larsen_Ice_Shelf", "title": "Larsen Ice Shelf", "headings": "", "text": "The Larsen Ice Shelf is a long , fringing ice shelf in the northwest part of the Weddell Sea , extending along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula from Cape Longing to the area just southward of Hearst Island . It is named for Captain Carl Anton Larsen , the master of the Norwegian whaling vessel Jason , who sailed along the ice front as far as 68 ° 10 ' South during December 1893 . In finer detail , the Larsen Ice Shelf is a series of shelves that occupy ( or occupied ) distinct embayments along the coast . From north to south , the segments are called Larsen A ( the smallest ) , Larsen B , and Larsen C ( the largest ) by researchers who work in the area . Further south , Larsen D and the much smaller Larsen E , F and G are also named .   The breakup of the ice shelf since the mid 1990s has been widely reported , with the collapse of Larsen B in 2002 being particularly dramatic ."}
{"_id": "Last_Glacial_Period", "title": "Last Glacial Period", "headings": "", "text": "The Last Glacial Period (LGP) occurred from the end of the Eemian to the end of the Younger Dryas, encompassing the period c. 115,000 – c. 11,700 years ago. The LGP is part of a larger sequence of glacial and interglacial periods known as the Quaternary glaciation which started around 2,588,000 years ago and is ongoing.  The definition of the Quaternary as beginning 2.58 million years ago is based on the formation of the Arctic ice cap. The Antarctic ice sheet began to form earlier, at about 34 Ma, in the mid-Cenozoic (Eocene–Oligocene extinction event). The term Late Cenozoic Ice Age is used to include this early phase.During this last glacial period there were alternating episodes of glacier advance and retreat. Within the last glacial period the Last Glacial Maximum was approximately 22,000 years ago. While the general pattern of global cooling and glacier advance was similar, local differences in the development of glacier advance and retreat make it difficult to compare the details from continent to continent (see picture of ice core data below for differences). Approximately 12,800 years ago, the Younger Dryas, the most recent glacial epoch, began, a coda to the preceding 100,000 year glacial period. Its end about 11,550 years ago marked the beginning of the Holocene, the current geological epoch. From the point of view of human archaeology, the last glacial period falls in the Paleolithic and early Mesolithic periods. When the glaciation event started, Homo sapiens were confined to lower latitudes and used tools comparable to those used by Neanderthals in western and central Eurasia and by Denisovans and Homo erectus in Asia. Near the end of the event, Homo sapiens migrated into Eurasia and Australia. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived the last glacial period in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover."}
{"_id": "Latvia", "title": "Latvia", "headings": "", "text": "Latvia ( -LSB- ˈlætviə -RSB- Latvija -LSB- ˈlatvija -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Latvia ( -LSB- Latvijas Republika , links = no -RSB- ) , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe , one of the three Baltic states . It is bordered by Estonia to the north , Lithuania to the south , Russia to the east , and Belarus to the southeast , as well as a maritime border to the west alongside Sweden . Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants and a territory of 64589 km2 . The country has a temperate seasonal climate .   Latvia is a democratic parliamentary republic established in 1918 . The capital city is Riga , the European Capital of Culture 2014 . Latvian is the official language . Latvia is a unitary state , divided into 119 administrative divisions , of which 110 are municipalities and 9 are cities .   Latvians and Livs are the indigenous people of Latvia . Latvian and Lithuanian are the only two surviving Baltic languages . Despite foreign rule from the 13th to 20th centuries , the Latvian nation maintained its identity throughout the generations via the language and musical traditions . Latvia and Estonia share a long common history . As a consequence of centuries of Russian rule ( 1710-1918 ) and later Soviet occupation , both countries are home to a large number of ethnic Russians ( 26.9 % in Latvia and 25.5 % in Estonia ) , some of whom ( 14.1 % of Latvian residents ) have not gained citizenship , leaving them with no citizenship at all . Until World War II , Latvia also had significant minorities of ethnic Germans and Jews .   Latvia is historically predominantly Protestant Lutheran , except for the Latgale region in the southeast , which has historically been predominantly Roman Catholic . The Russian population has also brought a significant portion of Eastern Orthodox Christians .   The Republic of Latvia was founded on 18 November 1918 . However , its de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II . In 1940 , the country was forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union , invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941 , and re-occupied by the Soviets in 1944 to form the Latvian SSR for the next fifty years . The peaceful Singing Revolution , starting in 1987 , called for Baltic emancipation of Soviet rule . It ended with the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia on 4 May 1990 , and restoring de facto independence on 21 August 1991 .   Latvia is a democratic and developed country and member of the European Union , NATO , the Council of Europe , the United Nations , CBSS , the IMF , NB8 , NIB , OECD , OSCE , and WTO . For 2014 , Latvia was listed 46th on the Human Development Index and as a high income country on 1 July 2014 . It used the Latvian lats as its currency until it was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2014 ."}
{"_id": "Lava", "title": "Lava", "headings": "", "text": "Lava is the molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption . The resulting rock after solidification and cooling is also called lava . The molten rock is formed in the interior of some planets , including Earth , and some of their satellites . The source of the heat that melts the rock within the earth is geothermal energy . When first erupted from a volcanic vent , lava is a liquid usually at temperatures from 700 to .   A lava flow is a moving outpouring of lava , which is created during a non-explosive effusive eruption . When it has stopped moving , lava solidifies to form igneous rock . The term lava flow is commonly shortened to lava . Although lava can be up to 100,000 times more viscous than water , lava can flow great distances before cooling and solidifying because of its thixotropic and shear thinning properties .   Explosive eruptions produce a mixture of volcanic ash and other fragments called tephra , rather than lava flows . The word lava comes from Italian , and is probably derived from the Latin word labes which means a fall or slide . The first use in connection with extruded magma ( molten rock below the Earth 's surface ) was apparently in a short account written by Francesco Serao on the eruption of Vesuvius between May 14 and June 4 , 1737 . Serao described `` a flow of fiery lava '' as an analogy to the flow of water and mud down the flanks of the volcano following heavy rain ."}
{"_id": "Leap_year", "title": "Leap year", "headings": "", "text": "A leap year ( also known as an intercalary year or bissextile year ) is a calendar year containing one additional day ( or , in the case of lunisolar calendars , a month ) added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year . Because seasons and astronomical events do not repeat in a whole number of days , calendars that have the same number of days in each year drift over time with respect to the event that the year is supposed to track . By inserting ( also called intercalating ) an additional day or month into the year , the drift can be corrected . A year that is not a leap year is called a common year .   For example , in the Gregorian calendar , each leap year has 366 days instead of the usual 365 , by extending February to 29 days rather than the common 28 . Similarly , in the lunisolar Hebrew calendar , Adar Aleph , a 13th lunar month , is added seven times every 19 years to the twelve lunar months in its common years to keep its calendar year from drifting through the seasons . In the Baha'i Calendar , a leap day is added when needed to ensure that the following year begins on the vernal equinox .   The name `` leap year '' probably comes from the fact that while a fixed date in the Gregorian calendar normally advances one day of the week from one year to the next , the day of the week in the 12 months following the leap day ( from March 1 through February 28 of the following year ) will advance two days due to the extra day ( thus `` leaping over '' one of the days in the week ) . For example , Christmas Day fell on a Tuesday in 2001 , Wednesday in 2002 , and Thursday in 2003 but then `` leapt '' over Friday to fall on a Saturday in 2004 .   The length of a day is also occasionally changed by the insertion of leap seconds into Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) , owing to the variability of Earth 's rotational period . Unlike leap days , leap seconds are not introduced on a regular schedule , since the variability in the length of the day is not entirely predictable ."}
{"_id": "Legendre_symbol", "title": "Legendre symbol", "headings": "", "text": "In number theory , the Legendre symbol is a multiplicative function with values 1 , − 1 , 0 that is a quadratic character modulo an odd prime number p : its value on a ( nonzero ) quadratic residue mod p is 1 and on a non-quadratic residue ( non-residue ) is − 1 . Its value on zero is 0 .   The Legendre symbol was introduced by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1798 in the course of his attempts at proving the law of quadratic reciprocity . Generalizations of the symbol include the Jacobi symbol and Dirichlet characters of higher order . The notational convenience of the Legendre symbol inspired introduction of several other `` symbols '' used in algebraic number theory , such as the Hilbert symbol and the Artin symbol ."}
{"_id": "Leonid_Hurwicz", "title": "Leonid Hurwicz", "headings": "", "text": "Leonid `` Leo '' Hurwicz ( August 21 , 1917 -- June 24 , 2008 ) was a Polish American economist and mathematician . He originated incentive compatibility and mechanism design , which show how desired outcomes are achieved in economics , social science and political science . Hurwicz shared the 2007 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ( with Eric Maskin and Roger Myerson ) for work on mechanism design . To date , Leonid Hurwicz is the oldest Nobel Laureate , having received the prize at the age of 90 .   Hurwicz was educated and grew up in Poland , and became a refugee in the United States after Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 . In 1941 , Hurwicz worked as a research assistant for Paul Samuelson at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Oskar Lange at the University of Chicago . He was a research associate for the Cowles Commission between 1942 and 1946 . In 1946 he became an associate professor of economics at Iowa State College . Hurwicz joined the University of Minnesota in 1951 , becoming Curtis L. Carlson Regents Professor of Economics in 1989 . He was Regents ' Professor of Economics ( Emeritus ) at the University of Minnesota when he died in 2008 .   Hurwicz was among the first economists to recognize the value of game theory and was a pioneer in its application . Interactions of individuals and institutions , markets and trade are analyzed and understood today using the models Hurwicz developed ."}
{"_id": "Level_Mountain", "title": "Level Mountain", "headings": "", "text": "Level Mountain is an immense volcanic massif in the Northern Interior of British Columbia , Canada . It is north-northwest of Telegraph Creek and west of Dease Lake on the Nahlin Plateau . With a maximum elevation of , it is the third highest of five large volcanic complexes in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province ( NCVP ) . Much of the massif is gently-sloping ; when measured from its base , Level Mountain is about tall , slightly taller than its neighbour to the northwest , Heart Peaks . The lower broader half of Level Mountain consists of a shield-like edifice while its upper half has a more steep , jagged profile . Its summit is dominated by the Level Mountain Range , a small mountain range with prominent peaks cut by deep valleys . These valleys serve as a radial drainage for several small streams that flow across the volcano . Meszah Peak is the only named peak in the Level Mountain Range .   The massif is about 15 million years old , with volcanism continuing up until geologically recent times . Three constructive stages have been identified at Level Mountain . The first stage commenced 14.9 million years ago with the eruption of voluminous lava flows . These lavas assembled to create a large shield volcano . The second stage began 7.1 million years ago to form a complex stratovolcano located centrally atop the shield . A series of lava domes were established during the third stage , which started 4.5 million years ago . Renewed activity might have occurred in the last 11,000 years . A wide range of rock types were produced during the long volcanic history of Level Mountain , of which alkali basalts and ankaramites are the most common . They were deposited by different types of volcanic eruptions characterized by passive lava flows and explosivity .   Level Mountain can be ecologically divided into three sections : an alpine climate at its summit , a largely destroyed Abies lasiocarpa forest on its flanks and a Picea glauca forest at its base . An extensive wild animal community once thrived in the area of Level Mountain . This included a wide range of animal species with caribou being the most abundant . Humans had arrived at Level Mountain by the early 1900s , followed by geological studies of the massif in the 1920s . This remote area of Cassiar Land District has a relatively dry environment compared to the Coast Mountains in the west ."}
{"_id": "Limestone", "title": "Limestone", "headings": "", "text": "Limestone is a sedimentary rock , composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral , forams and molluscs . Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite , which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) .   About 10 % of sedimentary rocks are limestones . The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes , in which water erodes the limestone over thousands to millions of years . Most cave systems are through limestone bedrock .   Limestone has numerous uses : as a building material , an essential component of concrete ( Portland cement ) , as aggregate for the base of roads , as white pigment or filler in products such as toothpaste or paints , as a chemical feedstock for the production of lime , as a soil conditioner , or as a popular decorative addition to rock gardens .   The first geologist to distinguish limestone from dolomite was Belsazar Hacquet in 1778 ."}
{"_id": "Lindsey_Graham", "title": "Lindsey Graham", "headings": "", "text": "Lindsey Olin Graham ( born July 9 , 1955 ) is an American politician and member of the Republican Party who has served as a United States Senator from South Carolina since 2003 .   A native of Central , South Carolina , Graham graduated from the University of South Carolina in 1977 . He received his Juris Doctor from the University of South Carolina School of Law in 1981 . He served in the United States Air Force from 1982 to 1988 and served as a Guardsman first in the South Carolina Air National Guard then in the Air Force Reserves , attaining the rank of colonel . He worked as a lawyer in private practice before he was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives in 1992 , serving one term from 1993 to 1995 . He then served in the United States House of Representatives , representing South Carolina 's 3rd congressional district from 1995 to 2003 . He was elected to four terms , receiving at least 60 % of the vote each time .   In 2002 , Graham ran for the U.S. Senate after eight-term Republican incumbent Strom Thurmond announced his retirement . Graham won the primary unopposed and defeated Democratic opponent Alex Sanders in the general election . Graham was re-elected to a second term in 2008 , defeating Bob Conley . He won a third term in 2014 , defeating Democrat Brad Hutto and Independent Thomas Ravenel .   Graham is known in the Senate for his advocacy of a strong national defense , his support of the military , and as an advocate of strong United States leadership in world affairs . He is also known for his willingness to be bipartisan and work with Democrats on issues like global warming , tax reform and immigration reform and his belief that judicial nominees should not be opposed solely on their philosophical positions . He is also a critic of the Tea Party movement , arguing for a more inclusive Republican Party .   On May 18 , 2015 , Graham informally announced his candidacy for President of the United States , followed by a formal announcement on June 21 , 2015 , in his hometown of Central , South Carolina . On December 21 , 2015 , he ended his campaign for the presidency . He later endorsed Jeb Bush for President . After Bush suspended his campaign on February 20 , Graham subsequently endorsed Ted Cruz . When it seemed certain that Donald Trump would become the Republican Presidential candidate in early May 2016 , Graham announced he would not vote for Trump ."}
{"_id": "Liquid", "title": "Liquid", "headings": "", "text": "A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a ( nearly ) constant volume independent of pressure . As such , it is one of the four fundamental states of matter ( the others being solid , gas , and plasma ) , and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape . A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of matter , such as atoms , held together by intermolecular bonds . Water is , by far , the most common liquid on Earth . Like a gas , a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container . Most liquids resist compression , although others can be compressed . Unlike a gas , a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container , and maintains a fairly constant density . A distinctive property of the liquid state is surface tension , leading to wetting phenomena .   The density of a liquid is usually close to that of a solid , and much higher than in a gas . Therefore , liquid and solid are both termed condensed matter . On the other hand , as liquids and gases share the ability to flow , they are both called fluids . Although liquid water is abundant on Earth , this state of matter is actually the least common in the known universe , because liquids require a relatively narrow temperature/pressure range to exist . Most known matter in the universe is in gaseous form ( with traces of detectable solid matter ) as interstellar clouds or in plasma form within stars ."}
{"_id": "Lisa_P._Jackson", "title": "Lisa P. Jackson", "headings": "", "text": "Lisa Perez Jackson ( born February 8 , 1962 ) is an American chemical engineer who served as the Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) from 2009 to 2013 . In May 2013 , it was announced that Jackson would be joining Apple Inc. as their environmental director .   Born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , Jackson is a graduate of Tulane University and Princeton University . She began working as a staff-level engineer for the Environmental Protection Agency in 1987 ; later moving to the EPA 's regional office in New York City , where she spent the majority of her 16-year EPA career . She joined the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection in 2002 , working as the assistant commissioner of compliance and enforcement and as the assistant commissioner for land use management . In 2006 , New Jersey Governor Jon Corzine appointed Jackson the state 's Commissioner of Environmental Protection . Jackson also briefly served as Corzine 's Chief of Staff in late 2008 .   On December 15 , 2008 , the President-elect Barack Obama nominated Jackson as the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency , she was confirmed by the Senate and took office on January 23 , 2009 . During her tenure , Jackson oversaw stricter fuel efficiency standards ; the EPA 's response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill ; authorized carbon dioxide as a public health threat , granting the EPA authority to set new regulations regarding CO2 emissions ; and laid out a failed plan to set stricter smog pollution limits by amending the National Ambient Air Quality Standards . In December 2012 , Jackson announced she would be stepping down as EPA Administrator , a move which took effect on February 15 , 2013 ; she was succeeded by Deputy Administrator Bob Perciasepe , who became Acting Administrator pending Senate confirmation of Gina McCarthy on July 18 , 2013 as a permanent successor ."}
{"_id": "List_of_climate_scientists", "title": "List of climate scientists", "headings": "", "text": "This list of climate scientists contains famous or otherwise notable persons who have contributed to the study of climate science . The list is compiled manually so will not be complete or up to date . See also : Category : Climatologists and List of authors of Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis .  The list includes scientists from several specialities or disciplines ."}
{"_id": "List_of_cognitive_biases", "title": "List of cognitive biases", "headings": "", "text": "Cognitive biases are tendencies to think in certain ways that can lead to systematic deviations from a standard of rationality or good judgment , and are often studied in psychology and behavioral economics .   Although the reality of these biases is confirmed by replicable research , there are often controversies about how to classify these biases or how to explain them . Some are effects of information-processing rules ( i.e. , mental shortcuts ) , called heuristics , that the brain uses to produce decisions or judgments . Such effects are called cognitive biases . Biases have a variety of forms and appear as cognitive ( `` cold '' ) bias , such as mental noise , or motivational ( `` hot '' ) bias , such as when beliefs are distorted by wishful thinking . Both effects can be present at the same time .   There are also controversies over some of these biases as to whether they count as useless or irrational , or whether they result in useful attitudes or behavior . For example , when getting to know others , people tend to ask leading questions which seem biased towards confirming their assumptions about the person . However , this kind of confirmation bias has also been argued to be an example of social skill : a way to establish a connection with the other person .   Although this research overwhelmingly involves human subjects , some findings that demonstrate bias have been found in non-human animals as well . For example , hyperbolic discounting has been observed in rats , pigeons , and monkeys ."}
{"_id": "List_of_ecoregions_in_North_America_(CEC)", "title": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)", "headings": "", "text": "This list of ecoregions of North America provides an overview of North American ecoregions designated by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation ( CEC ) in its North American Environmental Atlas . It should not be confused with Wikipedia articles based on the classification system developed by the World Wildlife Fund , such as List of ecoregions ( WWF ) and Lists of ecoregions by country .   The commission was established in 1994 by the member states of Canada , Mexico , and the United States to address regional environmental concerns under the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation ( NAAEC ) , the environmental side accord to the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . The Commission 's 1997 report , Ecological Regions of North America , provides a framework that may be used by government agencies , non-governmental organizations , and academic researchers as a basis for risk analysis , resource management , and environmental study of the continent 's ecosystems . Ecoregions may be identified by similarities in geology , physiography , vegetation , climate soils , land use , wildlife distributions , and hydrology .   The classification system has four levels . Only the first three levels are shown on this list . `` Level I '' divides North America into 15 broad ecoregions . `` Level II '' subdivides the continent into 52 smaller ecoregions . `` Level III '' subdivides those regions again into 182 ecoregions . `` Level IV '' is a further subdivision of Level III ecoregions . Level IV mapping is still underway but is complete across most of the United States . For an example of Level IV data , see List of ecoregions in Oregon and the associated articles ."}
{"_id": "List_of_extreme_weather_records_in_Pakistan", "title": "List of extreme weather records in Pakistan", "headings": "", "text": "The weather extremes in Pakistan include high and low temperatures , Heaviest rainfall and flooding . The highest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan is 54 ° C which was recorded in Turbat , Balochistan 30 May 2017 It was not only the hottest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan but also the hottest reliably measured temperature ever recorded on the continent of Asia . and the fourth-highest temperature ever recorded on earth . The second-highest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan is 53 C which was recorded in Larkana , Sindh on 26 May 2010 . It is hottest city in Pakistan , as well as the second hottest city in the world , but it is second-hottest place in Pakistan and fifth-hottest place of world . It is fifth-highest temperature ever recorded on Earth . The highest rainfall of 620 mm was recorded in Islamabad during 24 hours on 23 July 2001 . The record-breaking rain fell in just 10 hours ."}
{"_id": "List_of_heat_waves", "title": "List of heat waves", "headings": "", "text": "This is a partial list of significant heat waves , listed in order of occurrence ."}
{"_id": "List_of_large-scale_temperature_reconstructions_of_the_last_2,000_years", "title": "List of large-scale temperature reconstructions of the last 2,000 years", "headings": "", "text": "This list of large scale temperature reconstructions of the last 2,000 years includes climate reconstructions which have contributed significantly to the modern consensus on the temperature record of the past 2000 years .   The instrumental temperature record only covers the last 150 years at a hemispheric or global scale , and reconstructions of earlier periods are based on climate proxies . In an early attempt to show that climate had changed , Hubert Lamb 's 1965 paper generalised from temperature records of central England together with historical , botanical and archeological evidence to produce a qualitative estimate of temperatures in the north Atlantic region . Subsequent quantitative reconstructions used statistical techniques with various climate proxies to produce larger scale reconstructions . Tree ring proxies can give an annual resolution of extratropical regions of the northern hemisphere , and can be statistically combined with other sparser proxies to produce multiproxy hemispherical or global reconstructions .   Quantitative reconstructions have consistently shown earlier temperatures below the temperature levels reached in the late 20th century . This pattern as seen in was dubbed the hockey stick graph , and as of 2010 this broad conclusion was supported by more than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , with variations in how flat the pre-20th century `` shaft '' appears ."}
{"_id": "List_of_memory_biases", "title": "List of memory biases", "headings": "", "text": "In psychology and cognitive science , a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory ( either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all , or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled , or both ) , or that alters the content of a reported memory . There are many different types of memory biases , including :   Change bias : after an investment of effort in producing change , remembering one 's past performance as more difficult than it actually was .  Childhood amnesia : the retention of few memories from before the age of four .  Choice-supportive bias : remembering chosen options as having been better than rejected options ( Mather , Shafir & Johnson , 2000 )  Confirmation bias : the tendency to search for , interpret , or recall information in a way that confirms one 's beliefs or hypotheses .  Conservatism or Regressive bias : tendency to remember high values and high likelihoods/probabilities/frequencies lower than they actually were and low ones higher than they actually were . Based on the evidence , memories are not extreme enough .  Consistency bias : incorrectly remembering one 's past attitudes and behaviour as resembling present attitudes and behaviour .  Context effect : that cognition and memory are dependent on context , such that out-of-context memories are more difficult to retrieve than in-context memories ( e.g. , recall time and accuracy for a work-related memory will be lower at home , and vice versa ) .  Cryptomnesia : a form of misattribution where a memory is mistaken for imagination , because there is no subjective experience of it being a memory .  Egocentric bias : recalling the past in a self-serving manner , e.g. , remembering one 's exam grades as being better than they were , or remembering a caught fish as bigger than it really was .  Fading affect bias : a bias in which the emotion associated with unpleasant memories fades more quickly than the emotion associated with positive events .  Generation effect ( Self-generation effect ) : that self-generated information is remembered best . For instance , people are better able to recall memories of statements that they have generated than similar statements generated by others .  Gender differences in eyewitness memory : the tendency for a witness to remember more details about someone of the same gender .  Hindsight bias : the inclination to see past events as being predictable ; also called the `` I-knew-it-all-along '' effect .  Humor effect : that humorous items are more easily remembered than non-humorous ones , which might be explained by the distinctiveness of humor , the increased cognitive processing time to understand the humor , or the emotional arousal caused by the humor .  Illusion-of-truth effect : that people are more likely to identify as true statements those they have previously heard ( even if they can not consciously remember having heard them ) , regardless of the actual validity of the statement . In other words , a person is more likely to believe a familiar statement than an unfamiliar one .  Illusory correlation : inaccurately seeing a relationship between two events related by coincidence .  Lag effect : see spacing effect .  Leveling and sharpening : memory distortions introduced by the loss of details in a recollection over time , often concurrent with sharpening or selective recollection of certain details that take on exaggerated significance in relation to the details or aspects of the experience lost through leveling . Both biases may be reinforced over time , and by repeated recollection or re-telling of a memory .  Levels-of-processing effect : that different methods of encoding information into memory have different levels of effectiveness ( Craik & Lockhart , 1972 ) .  List-length effect : a smaller percentage of items are remembered in a longer list , but as the length of the list increases , the absolute number of items remembered increases as well .  Memory inhibition : that being shown some items from a list makes it harder to retrieve the other items ( e.g. , Slamecka , 1968 ) .  Misattribution of memory : when information is retained in memory but the source of the memory is forgotten . One of Schacter 's ( 1999 ) seven sins of memory , misattribution was divided into source confusion , cryptomnesia and false recall/false recognition .  Misinformation effect : that misinformation affects people 's reports of their own memory .  Modality effect : that memory recall is higher for the last items of a list when the list items were received via speech than when they were received via writing .  Mood congruent memory bias : the improved recall of information congruent with one 's current mood .  Next-in-line effect : that a person in a group has diminished recall for the words of others who spoke immediately before or after this person .  Peak-end rule : that people seem to perceive not the sum of an experience but the average of how it was at its peak ( e.g. pleasant or unpleasant ) and how it ended .  Persistence : the unwanted recurrence of memories of a traumatic event .  Picture superiority effect : that concepts are much more likely to be remembered experientially if they are presented in picture form than if they are presented in word form .  Placement bias : tendency to remember ourselves to be better than others at tasks at which we rate ourselves above average ( also Illusory superiority or Better-than-average effect ) and tendency to remember ourselves to be worse than others at tasks at which we rate ourselves below average ( also Worse-than-average effect ) .  Positivity effect : that older adults favor positive over negative information in their memories .  Primacy effect , Recency effect & Serial position effect : that items near the end of a list are the easiest to recall , followed by the items at the beginning of a list ; items in the middle are the least likely to be remembered .  Processing difficulty effect .  Reminiscence bump : the recalling of more personal events from adolescence and early adulthood than personal events from other lifetime periods ( Rubin , Wetzler & Nebes , 1986 ; Rubin , Rahhal & Poon , 1998 ) .  Rosy retrospection : the remembering of the past as having been better than it really was .  Saying is Believing effect : Communicating a socially tuned message to an audience can lead to a bias of identifying the tuned message as one 's own thoughts .  Self-reference effect : the phenomena that memories encoded with relation to the self are better recalled than similar information encoded otherwise .  Self-serving bias : perceiving oneself responsible for desirable outcomes but not responsible for undesirable ones .  Source confusion : misattributing the source of a memory , e.g. misremembering that one saw an event personally when actually it was seen on television .  Spacing effect : that information is better recalled if exposure to it is repeated over a longer span of time .  Stereotypical bias : memory distorted towards stereotypes ( e.g. racial or gender ) , e.g. `` black-sounding '' names being misremembered as names of criminals .  Subadditivity effect : the tendency to estimate that the likelihood of a remembered event is less than the sum of its ( more than two ) mutually exclusive components .  Suffix effect : the weakening of the recency effect in the case that an item is appended to the list that the subject is not required to recall ( Morton , Crowder & Prussin , 1971 ) .  Suggestibility : a form of misattribution where ideas suggested by a questioner are mistaken for memory .  Telescoping effect : the tendency to displace recent events backward in time and remote events forward in time , so that recent events appear more remote , and remote events , more recent .  Testing effect : that frequent testing of material that has been committed to memory improves memory recall .  Tip of the tongue : when a subject is able to recall parts of an item , or related information , but is frustratingly unable to recall the whole item . This is thought to be an instance of `` blocking '' where multiple similar memories are being recalled and interfere with each other .  Verbatim effect : that the `` gist '' of what someone has said is better remembered than the verbatim wording ( Poppenk , Walia , Joanisse , Danckert , & Köhler , 2006 ) .  Von Restorff effect : that an item that sticks out is more likely to be remembered than other items ( von Restorff , 1933 ) .  Zeigarnik effect : that uncompleted or interrupted tasks are remembered better than completed ones ."}
{"_id": "List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience", "title": "List of topics characterized as pseudoscience", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of topics that have , at one point or another in their history , been characterized as pseudoscience by academics or researchers . Discussion about these topics is done on their main pages . These characterizations were made in the context of educating the public about questionable or potentially fraudulent or dangerous claims and practices -- efforts to define the nature of science , or humorous parodies of poor scientific reasoning .   Criticism of pseudoscience , generally by the scientific community or skeptical organizations , involves critiques of the logical , methodological , or rhetorical bases of the topic in question . Though some of the listed topics continue to be investigated scientifically , others were only subject to scientific research in the past , and today are considered refuted but resurrected in a pseudoscientific fashion . Other ideas presented here are entirely non-scientific , but have in one way or another infringed on scientific domains or practices . Many adherents to or practitioners of the topics listed here dispute their characterization as pseudoscience . Each section summarizes the pseudoscientific aspects of that topic ."}
{"_id": "List_of_weather_records", "title": "List of weather records", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of weather records , a list of the most extreme occurrences of weather phenomena for various categories . Many weather records are measured under specific conditions -- such as surface temperature and wind speed -- to keep consistency among measurements around the Earth . Each of these records is understood to be the record value officially observed , as these records may have been exceeded before modern weather instrumentation was invented , or in remote areas without an official weather station . This list does not include remotely sensed observations such as satellite measurements , since those values are not considered official records ."}
{"_id": "Little_Ice_Age", "title": "Little Ice Age", "headings": "", "text": "The Little Ice Age ( LIA ) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period . Although it was not a true ice age , the term was introduced into scientific literature by François E. Matthes in 1939 . It has been conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries , but some experts prefer an alternative timespan from about 1300 to about 1850 . Climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of the period , which varied according to local conditions .   The NASA Earth Observatory notes three particularly cold intervals : one beginning about 1650 , another about 1770 , and the last in 1850 , all separated by intervals of slight warming . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Third Assessment Report considered the timing and areas affected by the Little Ice Age suggested largely-independent regional climate changes rather than a globally-synchronous increased glaciation . At most , there was modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during the period .   Several causes have been proposed : cyclical lows in solar radiation , heightened volcanic activity , changes in the ocean circulation , variations in Earth 's orbit and axial tilt ( orbital forcing ) , inherent variability in global climate , and decreases in the human population ."}
{"_id": "Livestock", "title": "Livestock", "headings": "", "text": "Livestock are domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food , fiber , and labor . The term is often used to refer solely to those raised for food , and sometimes only farmed ruminants , such as cattle and goats . In recent years , some organizations have also raised livestock to promote the survival of rare breeds . The breeding , maintenance , and slaughter of these animals , known as animal husbandry , is a component of modern agriculture that has been practiced in many cultures since humanity 's transition to farming from hunter-gatherer lifestyles .   Animal husbandry practices have varied widely across cultures and time periods . Originally , livestock were not confined by fences or enclosures , but these practices have largely shifted to intensive animal farming , sometimes referred to as `` factory farming '' . These practices increase yield of the various commercial outputs , but have led to increased concerns about animal welfare and environmental impact . Livestock production continues to play a major economic and cultural role in numerous rural communities ."}
{"_id": "Load_cell", "title": "Load cell", "headings": "", "text": "A load cell is a transducer that is used to create an electrical signal whose magnitude is directly proportional to the force being measured . The various types of load cells include hydraulic load cells , pneumatic load cells and strain gauge load cells ."}
{"_id": "Logical_positivism", "title": "Logical positivism", "headings": "", "text": "Logical positivism and logical empiricism , which together formed neopositivism , was a movement in Western philosophy whose central thesis was verificationism , a theory of knowledge which asserted that only statements verifiable through empirical observation are cognitively meaningful . The movement flourished in the 1920s and 1930s in several European centers .   Efforts to convert philosophy to this new `` scientific philosophy '' , shared with empirical sciences ' best examples , such as Einstein 's general theory of relativity , sought to prevent confusion rooted in unclear language and unverifiable claims .   The Berlin Circle and Vienna Circle -- groups of philosophers , scientists , and mathematicians in Berlin and Vienna -- propounded logical positivism , starting in the late 1920s ."}
{"_id": "London", "title": "London", "headings": "", "text": "London -LSB- ˈlʌndən -RSB- is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . It was founded by the Romans , who named it Londinium . London 's ancient core , the City of London , largely retains its 1.12 sqmi medieval boundaries . Since at least the 19th century , `` London '' has also referred to the metropolis around this core , historically split between Middlesex , Essex , Surrey , Kent , and Hertfordshire , which today largely makes up Greater London , See also : Independent city § National capitals . governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.The London Mayor is not to be confused with the Lord Mayor of London who heads the City of London Corporation , which administers the City of London .   London is a leading global city in the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism , and transportation . It is crowned as the world 's largest financial centre and has the fifth - or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world.Rankings of cities by metropolitan area GDP can vary as a result of differences in the definition of the boundaries and population sizes of the areas compared , exchange rate fluctuations and the method used to calculate output . London and Paris are of broadly similar size in terms of total economic output which can result in third party sources varying as to which is the fifth-largest city GDP in the world . A report by the McKinsey Global Institute published in 2012 estimated that London had a city GDP of US$ 751.8 billion in 2010 , compared to US$ 764.2 billion for Paris , making them respectively the sixth - and fifth-largest in the world . A report by PricewaterhouseCoopers published in November 2009 estimated that London had a city GDP measured in purchasing power parity of US$ 565 billion in 2008 , compared to US$ 564 billion for Paris , making them respectively the fifth - and sixth-largest in the world . The McKinsey Global Institute study used a metropolitan area with a population of 14.9 million for London compared to 11.8 million for Paris , whilst the PricewaterhouseCoopers study used a metropolitan area with a population of 8.59 million for London compared to 9.92 million for Paris . London is a world cultural capital . It is the world 's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the world 's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic . London is the world 's leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city . London 's universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe . In 2012 , London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times .   London has a diverse range of people and cultures , and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region . Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population ( corresponding to Greater London ) was 8,673,713 , the largest of any city in the European Union , and accounting for 12.5 % of the UK population . London 's urban area is the second most populous in the EU , after Paris , with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census . The city 's metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants , while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region ( covering a large part of the south east ) as 22.7 million .  London was the world 's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925 .   London contains four World Heritage Sites : the Tower of London ; Kew Gardens ; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster , Westminster Abbey , and St Margaret 's Church ; and the historic settlement of Greenwich ( in which the Royal Observatory , Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian , 0 ° longitude , and GMT ) . Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace , the London Eye , Piccadilly Circus , St Paul 's Cathedral , Tower Bridge , Trafalgar Square , and The Shard . London is home to numerous museums , galleries , libraries , sporting events , and other cultural institutions , including the British Museum , National Gallery , Natural History Museum , Tate Modern , British Library , and West End theatres . The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world ."}
{"_id": "Low-carbon_economy", "title": "Low-carbon economy", "headings": "", "text": "A low-carbon economy ( LCE ) , low-fossil-fuel economy ( LFFE ) , or decarbonised economy is an economy based on low carbon power sources that therefore has a minimal output of greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions into the biosphere , but specifically refers to the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide . GHG emissions due to anthropogenic ( human ) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming ( climate change ) since the mid-20th century . Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes around the world , increasing the likelihood of severe , pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems .   Many countries around the world are designing and implementing low emission development strategies ( LEDS ) . These strategies seek to achieve social , economic and environmental development goals while reducing long-term greenhouse gas emissions and increasing resilience to climate change impacts .   Globally implemented low-carbon economies are therefore proposed by those having drawn this conclusion , as a means to avoid catastrophic climate change , and as a precursor to the more advanced , zero-carbon economy ."}
{"_id": "Low-pressure_area", "title": "Low-pressure area", "headings": "", "text": "A low-pressure area , low , or depression is a region where the topographic map is atmospheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding locations . Low-pressure systems form under areas of wind divergence that occur in the upper levels of the troposphere . The formation process of a low-pressure area is known as cyclogenesis . Within the field of meteorology , atmospheric divergence aloft occurs in two areas . The first area is on the east side of upper troughs , which form half of a Rossby wave within the Westerlies ( a trough with large wavelength that extends through the troposphere ) . A second area of wind divergence aloft occurs ahead of embedded shortwave troughs , which are of smaller wavelength . Diverging winds aloft ahead of these troughs cause atmospheric lift within the troposphere below , which lowers surface pressures as upward motion partially counteracts the force of gravity .   Thermal lows form due to localized heating caused by greater sunshine over deserts and other land masses . Since localized areas of warm air are less dense than their surroundings , this warmer air rises , which lowers atmospheric pressure near that portion of the Earth 's surface . Large-scale thermal lows over continents help drive monsoon circulations . Low-pressure areas can also form due to organized thunderstorm activity over warm water . When this occurs over the tropics in concert with the Intertropical Convergence Zone , it is known as a monsoon trough . Monsoon troughs reach their northerly extent in August and their southerly extent in February . When a convective low acquires a well-hot circulation in the tropics it is termed a tropical cyclone . Tropical cyclones can form during any month of the year globally , but can occur in either the northern or southern hemisphere during November .   Atmospheric lift will also generally produce cloud cover through adiabatic cooling once the air becomes saturated as it rises , although the low-pressure area typically brings cloudy skies , which act to minimize diurnal temperature extremes . Since clouds reflect sunlight , incoming shortwave solar radiation decreases , which causes lower temperatures during the day . At night the absorptive effect of clouds on outgoing longwave radiation , such as heat energy from the surface , allows for warmer diurnal low temperatures in all seasons . The stronger the area of low pressure , the stronger the winds experienced in its vicinity . Globally , low-pressure systems are most frequently located over the Tibetan Plateau and in the lee of the Rocky mountains . In Europe ( particularly in the United Kingdom ) , recurring low-pressure weather systems are typically known as `` depressions '' ."}
{"_id": "Lucas_pseudoprime", "title": "Lucas pseudoprime", "headings": "", "text": "Lucas pseudoprimes and Fibonacci pseudoprimes are composite integers that pass certain tests which all primes and very few composite numbers pass : in this case , criteria relative to some Lucas sequence ."}
{"_id": "Lyme_disease", "title": "Lyme disease", "headings": "", "text": "Lyme disease , also known as Lyme borreliosis , is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the Borrelia type . The most common sign of infection is an expanding area of redness on the skin , known as erythema migrans , that begins at the site of a tick bite about a week after it has occurred . The rash is typically neither itchy nor painful . Approximately 25 -- 50 % of infected people do not develop a rash . Other early symptoms may include fever , headache and feeling tired . If untreated , symptoms may include loss of the ability to move one or both sides of the face , joint pains , severe headaches with neck stiffness , or heart palpitations , among others . Months to years later , repeated episodes of joint pain and swelling may occur . Occasionally , people develop shooting pains or tingling in their arms and legs . Despite appropriate treatment , about 10 to 20 % of people develop joint pains , memory problems , and feel tired for at least six months .   Lyme disease is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected ticks of the Ixodes genus . Usually , the tick must be attached for 36 to 48 hours before the bacteria can spread . In North America , Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia mayonii are the cause . In Europe and Asia , the bacteria Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii are also causes of the disease . The disease does not appear to be transmissible between people , by other animals , or through food . Diagnosis is based upon a combination of symptoms , history of tick exposure , and possibly testing for specific antibodies in the blood . Blood tests are often negative in the early stages of the disease . Testing of individual ticks is not typically useful .   Prevention includes efforts to prevent tick bites such as by wearing long pants and using DEET . Using pesticides to reduce tick numbers may also be effective . Ticks can be removed using tweezers . If the removed tick was full of blood , a single dose of doxycycline may be used to prevent development of infection , but is not generally recommended since development of infection is rare . If an infection develops , a number of antibiotics are effective , including doxycycline , amoxicillin , and cefuroxime . Treatment is usually for two or three weeks . Some people develop a fever and muscle and joint pains from treatment which may last for one or two days . In those who develop persistent symptoms , long-term antibiotic therapy has not been found to be useful .   Lyme disease is the most common disease spread by ticks in the Northern Hemisphere . It is estimated to affect 300,000 people a year in the United States and 65,000 people a year in Europe . Infections are most common in the spring and early summer . Lyme disease was diagnosed as a separate condition for the first time in 1975 in Old Lyme , Connecticut . It was originally mistaken for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis . The bacterium involved was first described in 1981 by Willy Burgdorfer . Chronic symptoms are well described and are known as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome , although it is often called chronic Lyme disease . Some healthcare providers claim that it is due to ongoing infection ; however , this is not believed to be true . A previous vaccine is no longer available . Research is ongoing to develop new vaccines ."}
{"_id": "Lysergic_acid_diethylamide", "title": "Lysergic acid diethylamide", "headings": "", "text": "Lysergic acid diethylamide ( LSD ) , also known as acid , is a psychedelic drug known for its psychological effects . This may include altered awareness of the surroundings , perceptions , and feelings as well as sensations and images that seem real though they are not . It is used mainly as a recreational drug and for spiritual reasons . LSD is typically either swallowed or held under the tongue . It is often sold on blotter paper , a sugar cube , or gelatin . It can also be injected .   LSD is not addictive . However , adverse psychiatric reactions such as anxiety , paranoia , and delusions are possible . LSD is in the ergoline family . LSD is sensitive to oxygen , ultraviolet light , and chlorine , though it may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at low temperature . In pure form it is odorless and clear or white in color . As little as 20 -- 30 micrograms can produce an effect .   LSD was first made by Albert Hofmann in Switzerland in 1938 from ergotamine , a chemical from the fungus ergot . The laboratory name for the compound was the acronym for the German `` Lyserg-säure-diäthylamid '' , followed by a sequential number : LSD-25 . Hofmann discovered its psychedelic properties in 1943 . LSD was introduced as a commercial medication under the trade-name Delysid for various psychiatric uses in 1947 . In the 1950s , officials at the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) thought the drug might be useful for mind control and chemical warfare and tested the drug on young servicemen and students , and others without their knowledge . The subsequent recreational use by youth culture in the Western world as part of 1960s counterculture resulted in its prohibition ."}
{"_id": "MIT_Technology_Review", "title": "MIT Technology Review", "headings": "", "text": "MIT Technology Review is a magazine published by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . It was founded in 1899 as The Technology Review , and was re-launched without the `` The '' in its name on April 23 , 1998 under then publisher R. Bruce Journey . In September 2005 , it underwent another transition under the current editor-in-chief and publisher , Jason Pontin , to a form resembling the historical magazine .   Before the 1998 re-launch , the editor stated that `` nothing will be left of the old magazine except the name . '' It is therefore necessary to distinguish between the modern and the historical Technology Review . The historical magazine had been published by the MIT Alumni Association , was more closely aligned with the interests of MIT alumni , and had a more intellectual tone and much smaller public circulation . The magazine , billed from 1998 to 2005 as `` MIT 's Magazine of Innovation , '' and from 2005 onwards as simply `` published by MIT '' , focused on new technology and how it is commercialized ; was mass-marketed to the public ; and was targeted at senior executives , researchers , financiers , and policymakers , as well as MIT alumni .   In 2011 , Technology Review received an Utne Reader Independent Press Award for Best Science/Technology Coverage ."}
{"_id": "Macau", "title": "Macau", "headings": "", "text": "Macau ( -LSB- məˈkaʊ -RSB- ; literally : `` Bay Gate '' ) , also spelled Macao , officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , is an autonomous territory on the western side of the Pearl River Delta in East Asia . Macau is bordered by the city of Zhuhai in Mainland China to the north and the Pearl River Estuary to the east and south . Hong Kong lies about 64 km to its east across the Delta . With a population of 650,900 living in an area of 30.5 km2 , it is the most densely populated region in the world .   Macau was administered by the Portuguese Empire and its inheritor states from the mid-16th century until late 1999 , when it constituted the last remaining European colony in Asia . Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 1550s . In 1557 , Macau was leased to Portugal from Ming China as a trading port . The Portuguese Empire administered the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty until 1887 , when Macau , through a mutual agreement between the two countries , became a colony . Sovereignty over Macau was transferred back to China on 20 December 1999 . The Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau and Macau Basic Law stipulate that Macau operate with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049 , fifty years after the transfer .   Under the policy of `` one country , two systems '' , the State Council of the People 's Republic of China is responsible for military defense and foreign affairs while Macau maintains its own legal system , public security force , monetary system , customs policy , and immigration policy . Macau participates in international organizations and events that do not require members to possess national sovereignty .   Macau is a resort city in Southern China , known for its casinos and luxury hotels . Its gaming revenue has been the world 's largest since 2006 , with the economy heavily dependent on gaming and tourism . According to The World Factbook , Macau has the fourth highest life expectancy in the world . Moreover , it is one of the regions in Asia with a `` very high Human Development Index '' , ranking 18th in the world . Macau is among the world 's richest regions , and its GDP per capita by purchasing power parity is higher than that of any country in the world , according to the World Bank ."}
{"_id": "Machine_learning", "title": "Machine learning", "headings": "", "text": "Machine learning is the subfield of computer science that , according to Arthur Samuel in 1959 , gives `` computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed . '' Evolved from the study of pattern recognition and computational learning theory in artificial intelligence , machine learning explores the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data -- such algorithms overcome following strictly static program instructions by making data-driven predictions or decisions , through building a model from sample inputs . Machine learning is employed in a range of computing tasks where designing and programming explicit algorithms with good performance is difficult or unfeasible ; example applications include email filtering , detection of network intruders or malicious insiders working towards a data breach , optical character recognition ( OCR ) , learning to rank and computer vision .   Machine learning is closely related to ( and often overlaps with ) computational statistics , which also focuses on prediction-making through the use of computers . It has strong ties to mathematical optimization , which delivers methods , theory and application domains to the field . Machine learning is sometimes conflated with data mining , where the latter subfield focuses more on exploratory data analysis and is known as unsupervised learning . Machine learning can also be unsupervised and be used to learn and establish baseline behavioral profiles for various entities and then used to find meaningful anomalies .   Within the field of data analytics , machine learning is a method used to devise complex models and algorithms that lend themselves to prediction ; in commercial use , this is known as predictive analytics . These analytical models allow researchers , data scientists , engineers , and analysts to `` produce reliable , repeatable decisions and results '' and uncover `` hidden insights '' through learning from historical relationships and trends in the data .   , machine learning is a buzzword , and according to the Gartner hype cycle of 2016 , at its peak of inflated expectations . Because finding patterns is hard , often not enough training data is available , and also because of the high expectations it often fails to deliver ."}
{"_id": "Mad_(magazine)", "title": "Mad (magazine)", "headings": "", "text": "Mad is an American humor magazine founded in 1952 by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines , launched as a comic book before it became a magazine . It was widely imitated and influential , affecting satirical media as well as the cultural landscape of the 20th century , with editor Al Feldstein increasing readership to more than two million during its 1974 circulation peak . As of January 2017 , Mad has published 544 regular issues , as well as hundreds of reprint `` Specials , '' original material paperbacks , compilation books and other print projects .   The magazine is the last surviving title from the EC Comics line , offering satire on all aspects of life and popular culture , politics , entertainment , and public figures . Its format is divided into a number of recurring segments such as TV and movie parodies , as well as freeform articles . Mads mascot , Alfred E. Neuman , is typically the focal point of the magazine 's cover , with his face often replacing that of a celebrity or character who is lampooned within the issue ."}
{"_id": "Madagascar", "title": "Madagascar", "headings": "", "text": "Madagascar ( -LSB- ˌmædəˈɡæskər -RSB- ; Madagasikara ) , officially the Republic of Madagascar ( -LSB- Repoblikan ' i Madagasikara , links = no -RSB- -LSB- republiˈkʲan madaɡasˈkʲarə̥ -RSB- République de Madagascar ) , and previously known as the Malagasy Republic , is an island country in the Indian Ocean , off the coast of Southeast Africa . The nation comprises the island of Madagascar ( the fourth-largest island in the world ) , and numerous smaller peripheral islands . Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana , Madagascar split from the Indian peninsula around 88 million years ago , allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation . Consequently , Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot ; over 90 % of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth . The island 's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats .   The first archaeological evidence for human foraging on Madagascar dates to 2000 BC . Human settlement of Madagascar occurred between 350 BC and AD 550 by Austronesian peoples arriving on outrigger canoes from Borneo . These were joined around AD 1000 by Bantu migrants crossing the Mozambique Channel from East Africa . Other groups continued to settle on Madagascar over time , each one making lasting contributions to Malagasy cultural life . The Malagasy ethnic group is often divided into 18 or more sub-groups of which the largest are the Merina of the central highlands .   Until the late 18th century , the island of Madagascar was ruled by a fragmented assortment of shifting sociopolitical alliances . Beginning in the early 19th century , most of the island was united and ruled as the Kingdom of Madagascar by a series of Merina nobles . The monarchy collapsed in 1897 when the island was absorbed into the French colonial empire , from which the island gained independence in 1960 . The autonomous state of Madagascar has since undergone four major constitutional periods , termed republics . Since 1992 , the nation has officially been governed as a constitutional democracy from its capital at Antananarivo . However , in a popular uprising in 2009 , president Marc Ravalomanana was made to resign and presidential power was transferred in March 2009 to Andry Rajoelina . Constitutional governance was restored in January 2014 , when Hery Rajaonarimampianina was named president following a 2013 election deemed fair and transparent by the international community . Madagascar is a member of the United Nations , the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie and the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) .   Madagascar belongs to the group of least developed countries , according to the United Nations . Malagasy and French are both official languages of the state . The majority of the population adheres to traditional beliefs , Christianity , or an amalgamation of both . Ecotourism and agriculture , paired with greater investments in education , health , and private enterprise , are key elements of Madagascar 's development strategy . Under Ravalomanana , these investments produced substantial economic growth , but the benefits were not evenly spread throughout the population , producing tensions over the increasing cost of living and declining living standards among the poor and some segments of the middle class . , the economy has been weakened by the 2009-2013 political crisis , and quality of life remains low for the majority of the Malagasy population ."}
{"_id": "Malaysia", "title": "Malaysia", "headings": "", "text": "Malaysia ( -LSB- məˈleɪsiə -RSB- ; -LSB- məlejsiə -RSB- ) is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia . It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 330803 km2 separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . The capital city is Kuala Lumpur , while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . Located in the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth , with large numbers of endemic species .   Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms present in the area which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire . The first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements , whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates . The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 , and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia . Less than two years later in 1965 , Singapore was expelled from the federation .   The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural , which plays a large role in politics . About half the population is ethnically Malay , with large minorities of Malaysian Chinese , Malaysian Indians , and indigenous peoples . The constitution declares Islam the state religion while allowing freedom of religion for non-Muslims . The government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law . The head of state is the king , known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong . He is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years . The head of government is the prime minister .   Since its independence , Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia , with its GDP growing at an average of 6.5 % per annum for almost 50 years . The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its natural resources , but is expanding in the sectors of science , tourism , commerce and medical tourism . Today , Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy , ranked third largest in Southeast Asia and 29th largest in the world . It is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations , the East Asia Summit and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , and a member of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation , the Commonwealth of Nations , and the Non-Aligned Movement ."}
{"_id": "Maldives", "title": "Maldives", "headings": "", "text": "The Maldives ( -LSB- ˈmɒldiːvz -RSB- , -LSB- ˈmɔːldiːvz -RSB- , -LSB- ˈmɔːldaɪvz -RSB- or -LSB- ˈmældaɪvz -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Maldives ( ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ , Dhivehi Raa ` jeyge Jumhooriyya ) , is a South Asian island country , located in the Indian Ocean , situated in the Arabian Sea . It lies southwest of India and Sri Lanka . The chain of twenty-six atolls stretches from Ihavandhippolhu Atoll in the north to the Addu City in the south . Comprising a territory spanning roughly 298 km2 , the Maldives is one of the world 's most geographically dispersed countries , as well as the smallest Asian country by both land area and population , with a little over 393,500 inhabitants . Malé is the capital and most populated city , traditionally called the `` King 's Island '' for its central location .   The Maldives archipelago is located atop the Chagos-Maldives-Laccadive Ridge , a vast submarine mountain range in the Indian Ocean , which also forms a terrestrial ecoregion , together with the Chagos and the Lakshadweep . With an average ground-level elevation of 1.5 m above sea level , it is the world 's lowest country , with even its highest natural point being the lowest in the world , at 2.4 m. Due to the subsequent risks posed by rising sea-levels , the government pledged in 2009 to make the Maldives a carbon-neutral country by 2019 .   The Maldives have been historically and culturally linked to the Indian subcontinent since the fourth century BCE . The Maldivian archipelago was Islamised in the 12th century and consolidated as a sultanate , developing strong commercial and cultural ties with Asia and Africa . From the mid 16th-century , the region came under the increasing influence of European colonial powers , with the Maldives becoming a British protectorate in 1887 . Independence from the United Kingdom was achieved in 1965 and a presidential republic was established in 1968 with an elected People 's Majlis . The ensuing decades have been characterised by political instability , efforts at democratic reform , and environmental challenges posed by climate change .   The Maldives is a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) . It is also a member of the United Nations , the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the Non Aligned Movement . The World Bank classifies the Maldives as having an upper middle income economy . Fishing has historically been the dominant economic activity , and remains the largest sector by far , followed by the rapidly growing tourism industry . Along with Sri Lanka , it is one of only two South Asian countries rated `` high '' on the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , with its per capita income the highest among SAARC nations .   The Maldives was a Commonwealth republic from July 1982 until its withdrawal from the Commonwealth in October 2016 in protest of international criticism of its records in relation to corruption and human rights ."}
{"_id": "Malnutrition", "title": "Malnutrition", "headings": "", "text": "Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems . It may involve calories , protein , carbohydrates , vitamins or minerals . Not enough nutrients is called undernutrition or undernourishment while too much is called overnutrition . Malnutrition is often used to specifically refer to undernutrition where an individual is not getting enough calories , protein , or micronutrients . If undernutrition occurs during pregnancy , or before two years of age , it may result in permanent problems with physical and mental development . Extreme undernourishment , known as starvation , may have symptoms that include : a short height , thin body , very poor energy levels , and swollen legs and abdomen . People also often get infections and are frequently cold . The symptoms of micronutrient deficiencies depend on the micronutrient that is lacking .   Undernourishment is most often due to not enough high-quality food being available to eat . This is often related to high food prices and poverty . A lack of breastfeeding may contribute , as may a number of infectious diseases such as : gastroenteritis , pneumonia , malaria , and measles , which increase nutrient requirements . There are two main types of undernutrition : protein-energy malnutrition and dietary deficiencies . Protein-energy malnutrition has two severe forms : marasmus ( a lack of protein and calories ) and kwashiorkor ( a lack of just protein ) . Common micronutrient deficiencies include : a lack of iron , iodine , and vitamin A . During pregnancy , due to the body 's increased need , deficiencies may become more common . In some developing countries , overnutrition in the form of obesity is beginning to present within the same communities as undernutrition . Other causes of malnutrition include anorexia nervosa and bariatric surgery .   Efforts to improve nutrition are some of the most effective forms of development aid . Breastfeeding can reduce rates of malnutrition and death in children , and efforts to promote the practice increase the rates of breastfeeding . In young children , providing food ( in addition to breastmilk ) between six months and two years of age improves outcomes . There is also good evidence supporting the supplementation of a number of micronutrients to women during pregnancy and among young children in the developing world . To get food to people who need it most , both delivering food and providing money so people can buy food within local markets are effective . Simply feeding students at school is insufficient . Management of severe malnutrition within the person 's home with ready-to-use therapeutic foods is possible much of the time . In those who have severe malnutrition complicated by other health problems , treatment in a hospital setting is recommended . This often involves managing low blood sugar and body temperature , addressing dehydration , and gradual feeding . Routine antibiotics are usually recommended due to the high risk of infection . Longer-term measures include : improving agricultural practices , reducing poverty , improving sanitation , and the empowerment of women .   There were 793 million undernourished people in the world in 2015 ( 13 % of the total population ) . This is a reduction of 216 million people since 1990 when 23 % were undernourished . In 2012 it was estimated that another billion people had a lack of vitamins and minerals . In 2015 , protein-energy malnutrition was estimated to have resulted in 323,000 deaths -- down from 510,000 deaths in 1990 . Other nutritional deficiencies , which include iodine deficiency and iron deficiency anemia , result in another 83,000 deaths . In 2010 , malnutrition was the cause of 1.4 % of all disability adjusted life years . About a third of deaths in children are believed to be due to undernutrition , although the deaths are rarely labelled as such . In 2010 , it was estimated to have contributed to about 1.5 million deaths in women and children , though some estimate the number may be greater than 3 million . An additional 165 million children were estimated to have stunted growth from malnutrition in 2013 . Undernutrition is more common in developing countries . Certain groups have higher rates of undernutrition , including women -- in particular while pregnant or breastfeeding -- children under five years of age , and the elderly . In the elderly , undernutrition becomes more common due to physical , psychological , and social factors ."}
{"_id": "Mangrove", "title": "Mangrove", "headings": "", "text": "A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water . The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species . Mangroves occur worldwide in the tropics and subtropics , mainly between latitudes ° N and ° S.The total mangrove forest area of the world in 2000 was 137,800 km2 , spanning 118 countries and territories .   Mangroves are salt tolerant trees , also called halophytes , and are adapted to life in harsh coastal conditions . They contain a complex salt filtration system and complex root system to cope with salt water immersion and wave action . They are adapted to the low oxygen ( anoxic ) conditions of waterlogged mud .   The word is used in at least three senses : ( 1 ) most broadly to refer to the habitat and entire plant assemblage or mangal , for which the terms mangrove forest biome , and mangrove swamp are also used , ( 2 ) to refer to all trees and large shrubs in the mangrove swamp , and ( 3 ) narrowly to refer to the mangrove family of plants , the Rhizophoraceae , or even more specifically just to mangrove trees of the genus Rhizophora .   The mangrove biome , or mangal , is a distinct saline woodland or shrubland habitat characterized by depositional coastal environments , where fine sediments ( often with high organic content ) collect in areas protected from high-energy wave action . The saline conditions tolerated by various mangrove species range from brackish water , through pure seawater ( 3 to 4 % ) , to water concentrated by evaporation to over twice the salinity of ocean seawater ( up to 9 % ) ."}
{"_id": "Mangrove_restoration", "title": "Mangrove restoration", "headings": "", "text": "Mangrove restoration is the regeneration of mangrove forest ecosystems in areas where they have previously existed . The practice of mangrove restoration is grounded in the discipline of restoration ecology , which aims to `` -LSB- assist -RSB- the recovery of resilience and adaptive capacity of ecosystems that have been degraded , damaged , or destroyed '' . Since environmental impacts are an ongoing threat , to successfully restore an ecosystem implies not merely to recreate its former condition , but to strengthen its capacity to adapt to change over time ."}
{"_id": "Marco_Rubio", "title": "Marco Rubio", "headings": "", "text": "Marco Antonio Rubio -LSB- ˈruːbioʊ -RSB- ( born May 28 , 1971 ) is an American politician and attorney , and the junior United States Senator from Florida . Rubio previously served as Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives .   Rubio is a Cuban American from Miami , with degrees from the University of Florida and the University of Miami School of Law . In the late 1990s , he served as a City Commissioner for West Miami and was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 2000 , representing the 111th House district .   Later in 2000 , Rubio was promoted to be one of two majority whips , and in 2002 , he was appointed House Majority Leader by Speaker Johnnie Byrd . Subsequently , he was elected Speaker of the Florida House , serving as Speaker for two years beginning in November 2006 . Upon leaving the Florida legislature in 2008 due to term limits , Rubio started a new law firm , and also began teaching at Florida International University , where he continues as an adjunct professor .   Rubio successfully ran for United States Senate in 2010 . In the U.S. Senate , he chairs the Commerce Subcommittee on Oceans , Atmosphere , Fisheries , and Coast Guard , as well as the Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere , Transnational Crime , Civilian Security , Democracy , Human Rights and Global Women 's Issues . He is one of four Latino Americans serving in the Senate .   In April 2015 , Rubio announced that he would forgo seeking reelection to the Senate to run for President . He suspended his campaign for President on March 15 , 2016 , after losing the Republican primary in his home state of Florida to Donald Trump . On June 22 , 2016 , he reversed his decision not to seek reelection to the Senate and announced a campaign for reelection citing the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting . Rubio was reelected after defeating Democrat Patrick Murphy in the 2016 general election ."}
{"_id": "Marcus_Davis", "title": "Marcus Davis", "headings": "", "text": "Marcus Paul Davis ( born August 24 , 1973 ) , is a retired American professional mixed martial artist and former professional boxer who is perhaps best known for competing in the UFC . A professional MMA competitor from 2003 until 2014 , Davis also competed for Bellator MMA , the MFC , the Cage Fury Fighting Championships , and was a contestant on The Ultimate Fighter 2 ."}
{"_id": "Marine_habitats", "title": "Marine habitats", "headings": "", "text": "The marine environment supplies many kinds of habitats that support marine life . Marine life depends in some way on the saltwater that is in the sea ( the term marine comes from the Latin mare , meaning sea or ocean ) . A habitat is an ecological or environmental area inhabited by one or more living species .   Marine habitats can be divided into coastal and open ocean habitats . Coastal habitats are found in the area that extends from as far as the tide comes in on the shoreline out to the edge of the continental shelf . Most marine life is found in coastal habitats , even though the shelf area occupies only seven percent of the total ocean area . Open ocean habitats are found in the deep ocean beyond the edge of the continental shelf .   Alternatively , marine habitats can be divided into pelagic and demersal zones . Pelagic habitats are found near the surface or in the open water column , away from the bottom of the ocean . Demersal habitats are near or on the bottom of the ocean . An organism living in a pelagic habitat is said to be a pelagic organism , as in pelagic fish . Similarly , an organism living in a demersal habitat is said to be a demersal organism , as in demersal fish . Pelagic habitats are intrinsically shifting and ephemeral , depending on what ocean currents are doing .   Marine habitats can be modified by their inhabitants . Some marine organisms , like corals , kelp , mangroves and seagrasses , are ecosystem engineers which reshape the marine environment to the point where they create further habitat for other organisms .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "Marine_life", "title": "Marine life", "headings": "", "text": "Marine life , or sea life or ocean life , refers to the plants , animals and other organisms that live in the salt water of the sea or ocean , or the brackish water of coastal estuaries . At a fundamental level , marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet . Marine organisms produce much of the oxygen we breathe . Shorelines are in part shaped and protected by marine life , and some marine organisms even help create new land .   Most life forms evolved initially in marine habitats . Oceans provide about 99 percent of the living space on the planet . The earliest vertebrates appeared in the form of fish , which live exclusively in water . Some of these evolved into amphibians which spend portions of their lives in water and portions on land . Other fish evolved into land mammals and subsequently returned to the ocean as seals , dolphins or whales . Plant forms such as kelp and algae grow in the water and are the basis for some underwater ecosystems . Plankton , and particularly phytoplankton , are key primary producers forming the general foundation of the ocean food chain .   Marine vertebrates must obtain oxygen to survive , and they do so in various ways . Fish have gills instead of lungs , although some species of fish , such as the lungfish , have both . Marine mammals , such as dolphins , whales , otters , and seals need to surface periodically to breathe air . Some amphibians are able to absorb oxygen through their skin . Invertebrates exhibit a wide range of modifications to survive in poorly oxygenated waters including breathing tubes ( see insect and mollusc siphons ) and gills ( Carcinus ) . However , as invertebrate life evolved in an aquatic habitat most have little or no specialisation for respiration in water .   Altogether there are 230,000 documented marine species , including over 16,000 species of fish , and it has been estimated that nearly two million marine species are yet to be documented . Marine species range in size from the microscopic , including plankton and phytoplankton which can be as small as 0.02 micrometres , to huge cetaceans ( whales , dolphins and porpoises ) which in the case of the blue whale reach up to 33 metres ( 109 feet ) in length , being the largest known animal ."}
{"_id": "Marine_mammal", "title": "Marine mammal", "headings": "", "text": "Marine mammals are aquatic mammals that rely on the ocean and other marine ecosystems for their existence . They include animals such as seals , whales , manatees , sea otters and polar bears . They do not represent a distinct taxon or systematic grouping , but rather have a polyphyletic relation due to convergent evolution . They are also unified by their reliance on the marine environment for feeding .   Marine mammal adaptation to an aquatic lifestyle vary considerably between species . Both cetaceans and sirenians are fully aquatic and therefore are obligate water dwellers . Seals and sea-lions are semiaquatic ; they spend the majority of their time in the water , but need to return to land for important activities such as mating , breeding and molting . In contrast , both otters and the polar bear are much less adapted to aquatic living . Their diet varies considerably as well ; some may eat zooplankton , others may eat fish , squid , shellfish , sea-grass and a few may eat other mammals . While the number of marine mammals is small compared to those found on land , their roles in various ecosystems are large , especially concerning the maintenance of marine ecosystems , through processes including the regulation of prey populations . This role in maintaining ecosystems makes them of particular concern as 23 % of marine mammal species are currently threatened .   Marine mammals were first hunted by aboriginal peoples for food and other resources . Many were also the target for commercial industry , leading to a sharp decline in all populations of exploited species , such as whales and seals . Commercial hunting lead to the extinction of † Steller 's sea cow and the † Caribbean monk seal . After commercial hunting ended , some species , such as the gray whale and northern elephant seal , have rebounded in numbers ; conversely , other species , such as the North Atlantic right whale , are critically endangered . Other than hunting , marine mammals can be killed as bycatch from fisheries , where they become entangled in fixed netting and drown or starve . Increased ocean traffic causes collisions between fast ocean vessels and large marine mammals . Habitat degradation also threatens marine mammals and their ability to find and catch food . Noise pollution , for example , may adversely affect echolocating mammals , and the ongoing effects of global warming degrade arctic environments ."}
{"_id": "Marine_pollution", "title": "Marine pollution", "headings": "", "text": "Marine pollution occurs when harmful , or potentially harmful , effects result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals , particles , industrial , agricultural and residential waste , noise , or the spread of invasive organisms . Eighty percent of marine pollution comes from land . Air pollution is also a contributing factor by carrying off pesticides or dirt into the ocean . Land and air pollution have proven to be harmful to marine life and its habitats .   The pollution often comes from non point sources such as agricultural runoff , wind-blown debris and dust . Nutrient pollution , a form of water pollution , refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients . It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters , in which excess nutrients , usually nitrogen or phosphorus , stimulate algae growth .   Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles which are then taken up by plankton and benthos animals , most of which are either deposit or filter feeders . In this way , the toxins are concentrated upward within ocean food chains . Many particles combine chemically in a manner highly depletive of oxygen , causing estuaries to become anoxic .   When pesticides are incorporated into the marine ecosystem , they quickly become absorbed into marine food webs . Once in the food webs , these pesticides can cause mutations , as well as diseases , which can be harmful to humans as well as the entire food web .   Toxic metals can also be introduced into marine food webs . These can cause a change to tissue matter , biochemistry , behaviour , reproduction , and suppress growth in marine life . Also , many animal feeds have a high fish meal or fish hydrolysate content . In this way , marine toxins can be transferred to land animals , and appear later in meat and dairy products ."}
{"_id": "Marine_protected_area", "title": "Marine protected area", "headings": "", "text": "Marine protected areas ( MPA ) are protected areas of seas , oceans , estuaries or large lakes . MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose , typically to protect natural or cultural resources . Such marine resources are protected by local , state , territorial , native , regional , national , or international authorities and differ substantially among and between nations . This variation includes different limitations on development , fishing practices , fishing seasons and catch limits , moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life . In some situations ( such as with the Phoenix Islands Protected Area ) , MPAs also provide revenue for countries , potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish .   On 28 October 2016 in Hobart , Australia , the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agreed to establish the first Antarctic and largest marine park in the world encompassing 1.55 million km2 ( 600,000 sq mi ) in the Ross Sea . Other large MPAs are in the Indian , Pacific , and Atlantic Oceans in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France , the United Kingdom and the United States , with major ( 990,000 km2 or larger ) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012 -- such as Natural Park of the Coral Sea , Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument , Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area . When counted with MPAs of all sizes from many other countries , as of August 2016 there are more than 13,650 MPAs , encompassing 2.07 % of the world 's oceans , with half of that area -- encompassing 1.03 % of the world 's oceans -- receiving complete `` no-take '' designation ."}
{"_id": "Mark_Begich", "title": "Mark Begich", "headings": "", "text": "Mark Peter Begich ( -LSB- ˈbɛɡɪtʃ -RSB- born March 30 , 1962 ) is an American politician who was a United States Senator from Alaska from 2009 to 2015 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was Mayor of Anchorage from 2003 to 2009 .   Born in Anchorage , Begich is the son of former U.S. Representative Nick Begich Sr. . He was elected to the Anchorage Assembly at the age of 26 . He eventually served as chairman for three years , before leaving the Assembly in 1998 . Begich ran two unsuccessful campaigns for mayor in 1994 and 2000 before being elected in 2003 . In the 2008 Senate election , Begich narrowly defeated incumbent Ted Stevens , the longest-serving Republican member of the Senate of all time .   In the 2014 Senate election , Begich was narrowly defeated in his bid for reelection by former Alaska Attorney General Dan Sullivan . Following completion of his term in the U.S. Senate , he became a policy advisor on Native American affairs in the Washington , D.C.-based law firm of Sonosky , Chambers , Sachse , Endreson & Perry LLP ."}
{"_id": "Market_failure", "title": "Market failure", "headings": "", "text": "In economics , market failure is a situation in which the allocation of goods and services is not efficient . That is , there exists another conceivable outcome where an individual may be made better-off without making someone else worse-off . Market failures can be viewed as scenarios where individuals ' pursuit of pure self-interest leads to results that are not efficient -- that can be improved upon from the societal point of view . The first known use of the term by economists was in 1958 , but the concept has been traced back to the Victorian philosopher Henry Sidgwick .   Market failures are often associated with time-inconsistent preferences , information asymmetries , non-competitive markets , principal -- agent problems , externalities , or public goods , thus existence of a market failure is often the reason that self-regulatory organizations , governments or supra-national institutions intervene in a particular market . Economists , especially microeconomists , are often concerned with the causes of market failure and possible means of correction . Such analysis plays an important role in many types of public policy decisions and studies . However , government policy interventions , such as taxes , subsidies , bailouts , wage and price controls , and regulations ( including poorly implemented attempts to correct market failure ) , may also lead to an inefficient allocation of resources , sometimes called government failure .   Given the tension between , on the one hand , the undeniable costs to society caused by market failure , and on the other hand , the potential that attempts to mitigate these costs could lead to even greater costs from `` government failure '' , there is sometimes a choice between imperfect outcomes , i.e. imperfect market outcomes with or without government interventions . But either way , if a market failure exists the outcome is not Pareto efficient . Most mainstream economists believe that there are circumstances ( like building codes or endangered species ) in which it is possible for government or other organizations to improve the inefficient market outcome . Several heterodox schools of thought disagree with this as a matter of principle .   An ecological market failure exists when human activity in a market economy is exhausting critical non-renewable resources , disrupting fragile ecosystems services , or overloading biospheric waste absorption capacities . In none of these cases does the criterion of Pareto efficiency obtain ."}
{"_id": "Mars", "title": "Mars", "headings": "", "text": "Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System , after Mercury . Named after the Roman god of war , it is often referred to as the `` Red Planet '' because the iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance . Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere , having surface features reminiscent both of the impact craters of the Moon and the valleys , deserts , and polar ice caps of Earth .   The rotational period and seasonal cycles of Mars are likewise similar to those of Earth , as is the tilt that produces the seasons . Mars is the site of Olympus Mons , the largest volcano and second-highest known mountain in the Solar System , and of Valles Marineris , one of the largest canyons in the Solar System . The smooth Borealis basin in the northern hemisphere covers 40 % of the planet and may be a giant impact feature . Mars has two moons , Phobos and Deimos , which are small and irregularly shaped . These may be captured asteroids , similar to 5261 Eureka , a Mars trojan .   There are ongoing investigations assessing the past habitability potential of Mars , as well as the possibility of extant life . Future astrobiology missions are planned , including the Mars 2020 and ExoMars rovers . Liquid water can not exist on the surface of Mars due to low atmospheric pressure , which is about that of the Earth 's , except at the lowest elevations for short periods . The two polar ice caps appear to be made largely of water . The volume of water ice in the south polar ice cap , if melted , would be sufficient to cover the entire planetary surface to a depth of 11 m . In November 2016 , NASA reported finding a large amount of underground ice in the Utopia Planitia region of Mars . The volume of water detected has been estimated to be equivalent to the volume of water in Lake Superior .   Mars can easily be seen from Earth with the naked eye , as can its reddish coloring . Its apparent magnitude reaches − 2.91 , which is surpassed only by Jupiter , Venus , the Moon , and the Sun . Optical ground-based telescopes are typically limited to resolving features about 300 km across when Earth and Mars are closest because of Earth 's atmosphere ."}
{"_id": "Mars_ocean_hypothesis", "title": "Mars ocean hypothesis", "headings": "", "text": "The Mars ocean hypothesis states that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was covered by an ocean of liquid water early in the planet 's geologic history . This primordial ocean , dubbed Paleo-Ocean and Oceanus Borealis , would have filled the basin Vastitas Borealis in the northern hemisphere , a region which lies 4 -- 5 km ( 2.5 -- 3 miles ) below the mean planetary elevation , at a time period of approximately 4.1 -- 3.8 billion years ago . Evidence for this ocean includes geographic features resembling ancient shorelines , and the chemical properties of the Martian soil and atmosphere . Early Mars would have required a denser atmosphere and warmer climate to allow liquid water to remain at the surface ."}
{"_id": "Marshall_Islands", "title": "Marshall Islands", "headings": "", "text": "The Marshall Islands , officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands ( Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ ) , Pronunciations : * English : Republic of the Marshall Islands -LSB- ˈmɑrʃəl_ˈaɪləndz -RSB- * Marshallese : Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ ( -LSB- iconhahawweweylyeyPyayn_hahawwowohrhohKhuyn_mhhahahJyehlh -RSB- ) is an island country located near the equator in the Pacific Ocean , slightly west of the International Date Line . Geographically , the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia . The country 's population of 53,158 people ( at the 2011 Census ) is spread out over 29 coral atolls , comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets .   The islands share maritime boundaries with the Federated States of Micronesia to the west , Wake Island to the north , Wake Island is claimed as a territory of the Marshall Islands , but is also claimed as an unorganized , unincorporated territory of the United States , with de facto control vested in the Office of Insular Affairs ( and all military defenses managed by the United States military ) . Kiribati to the southeast , and Nauru to the south . About 27,797 of the islanders ( at the 2011 Census ) live on Majuro , which contains the capital .   Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BC , with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts . Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s , with Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar sighting an atoll in August 1526 . Other expeditions by Spanish and English ships followed . The islands derive their name from British explorer John Marshall , who visited in 1788 . The islands were historically known by the inhabitants as `` jolet jen Anij '' ( Gifts from God ) .   The European powers recognized Spanish sovereignty over the islands in 1874 . They had been part of the Spanish East Indies formally since 1528 . Later , Spain sold the islands to the German Empire in 1884 , and they became part of German New Guinea in 1885 . In World War I the Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands , which in 1919 the League of Nations combined with other former German territories to form the South Pacific Mandate . In World War II , the United States conquered the islands in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign . Along with other Pacific Islands , the Marshall Islands were then consolidated into the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands governed by the US . Self-government was achieved in 1979 , and full sovereignty in 1986 , under a Compact of Free Association with the United States . Marshall Islands has been a United Nations member state since 1991 .   Politically , the Marshall Islands is a presidential republic in free association with the United States , with the US providing defense , subsidies , and access to U.S. based agencies such as the FCC and the USPS . With few natural resources , the islands ' wealth is based on a service economy , as well as some fishing and agriculture ; aid from the United States represents a large percentage of the islands ' gross domestic product . The country uses the United States dollar as its currency .   The majority of the citizens of the Marshall Islands are of Marshallese descent , though there are small numbers of immigrants from the United States , China , Philippines , and other Pacific islands . The two official languages are Marshallese , which is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian languages , and English . Almost the entire population of the islands practises some religion , with three-quarters of the country either following the United Church of Christ -- Congregational in the Marshall Islands ( UCCCMI ) or the Assemblies of God ."}
{"_id": "Martian", "title": "Martian", "headings": "", "text": "A Martian is a native inhabitant of the planet Mars . Although the search for evidence of life on Mars continues , many science fiction writers have imagined what extraterrestrial life on Mars might be like . Some writers also use the word Martian to describe a human colonist on Mars ."}
{"_id": "Martian_polar_ice_caps", "title": "Martian polar ice caps", "headings": "", "text": "The planet Mars has two permanent polar ice caps . During a pole 's winter , it lies in continuous darkness , chilling the surface and causing the deposition of 25 -- 30 % of the atmosphere into slabs of CO2 ice ( dry ice ) . When the poles are again exposed to sunlight , the frozen CO2 sublimes , creating enormous winds that sweep off the poles as fast as 400 km/h . These seasonal actions transport large amounts of dust and water vapor , giving rise to Earth-like frost and large cirrus clouds . Clouds of water-ice were photographed by the Opportunity rover in 2004 .   The caps at both poles consist primarily of water ice . Frozen carbon dioxide accumulates as a comparatively thin layer about one metre thick on the north cap in the northern winter only , while the south cap has a permanent dry ice cover about 8 m thick . The northern polar cap has a diameter of about 1000 km during the northern Mars summer , and contains about 1.6 million cubic km of ice , which if spread evenly on the cap would be 2 km thick . ( This compares to a volume of 2.85 million cubic km ( km3 ) for the Greenland ice sheet . ) The southern polar cap has a diameter of 350 km and a thickness of 3 km . The total volume of ice in the south polar cap plus the adjacent layered deposits has also been estimated at 1.6 million cubic km . Both polar caps show spiral troughs , which recent analysis of SHARAD ice penetrating radar has shown are a result of roughly perpendicular katabatic winds that spiral due to the Coriolis Effect .   The seasonal frosting of some areas near the southern ice cap results in the formation of transparent 1 m thick slabs of dry ice above the ground . With the arrival of spring , sunlight warms the subsurface and pressure from subliming CO2 builds up under a slab , elevating and ultimately rupturing it . This leads to geyser-like eruptions of CO2 gas mixed with dark basaltic sand or dust . This process is rapid , observed happening in the space of a few days , weeks or months , a rate of change rather unusual in geology -- especially for Mars . The gas rushing underneath a slab to the site of a geyser carves a spider-like pattern of radial channels under the ice ."}
{"_id": "Marvel_Universe", "title": "Marvel Universe", "headings": "", "text": "The Marvel Universe is the shared universe where the stories in most American comic book titles and other media published by Marvel Entertainment take place . Marvel superheroes such as the Avengers , the Fantastic Four and the X-Men are from this universe .   The Marvel Universe is further depicted as existing within a `` multiverse '' consisting of thousands of separate universes , all of which are the creations of Marvel Comics and all of which are , in a sense , `` Marvel universes '' . In this context , `` Marvel Universe '' is taken to refer to the mainstream Marvel continuity , which is known as Earth-616 or currently as Earth Prime ."}
{"_id": "Maryland", "title": "Maryland", "headings": "", "text": "Maryland ( -LSB- ˈmɛrᵻlənd -RSB- ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and Washington , D.C. to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . The state is named after Henrietta Maria of France , the wife of Charles I of England .   One of the original Thirteen Colonies , Maryland is considered to be the birthplace of religious freedom in America , when it was formed by George Calvert in the early 17th century as an intended refuge for persecuted Catholics from England . George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the then-Maryland colonial grant . Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution , and played a pivotal role in the founding of Washington , D.C. , which was established on land donated by the state .   Maryland is one of the smallest U.S. states in terms of area , as well as one of the most densely populated , with around six million residents . , Maryland had the highest median household income of any state , owing in large part to its close proximity to the nation 's capital and a highly diversified economy spanning manufacturing , services , and biotechnology ."}
{"_id": "Master's_degree", "title": "Master's degree", "headings": "", "text": "A master 's degree ( from Latin magister ) is a second-cycle academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice . A master 's degree normally requires previous study at the bachelor 's level , either as a separate degree or as part of an integrated course . Within the area studied , master 's graduates are expected to possess advanced knowledge of a specialized body of theoretical and applied topics ; high order skills in analysis , critical evaluation , or professional application ; and the ability to solve complex problems and think rigorously and independently ."}
{"_id": "Mathematical_model", "title": "Mathematical model", "headings": "", "text": "A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language . The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling . Mathematical models are used in the natural sciences ( such as physics , biology , Earth science , meteorology ) and engineering disciplines ( such as computer science , artificial intelligence ) , as well as in the social sciences ( such as economics , psychology , sociology , political science ) . Physicists , engineers , statisticians , operations research analysts , and economists use mathematical models most extensively . A model may help to explain a system and to study the effects of different components , and to make predictions about behaviour ."}
{"_id": "Mathematics", "title": "Mathematics", "headings": "", "text": "Mathematics ( from Greek μάθημα máthēma , `` knowledge , study , learning '' ) is the study of topics such as quantity ( numbers ) , structure , space , and change . There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of mathematics .   Mathematicians seek out patterns and use them to formulate new conjectures . Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proof . When mathematical structures are good models of real phenomena , then mathematical reasoning can provide insight or predictions about nature . Through the use of abstraction and logic , mathematics developed from counting , calculation , measurement , and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects . Practical mathematics has been a human activity from as far back as written records exist . The research required to solve mathematical problems can take years or even centuries of sustained inquiry .   Rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics , most notably in Euclid 's Elements . Since the pioneering work of Giuseppe Peano ( 1858 -- 1932 ) , David Hilbert ( 1862 -- 1943 ) , and others on axiomatic systems in the late 19th century , it has become customary to view mathematical research as establishing truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions . Mathematics developed at a relatively slow pace until the Renaissance , when mathematical innovations interacting with new scientific discoveries led to a rapid increase in the rate of mathematical discovery that has continued to the present day .   Galileo Galilei ( 1564 -- 1642 ) said , `` The universe can not be read until we have learned the language and become familiar with the characters in which it is written . It is written in mathematical language , and the letters are triangles , circles and other geometrical figures , without which means it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word . Without these , one is wandering about in a dark labyrinth . '' Carl Friedrich Gauss ( 1777 -- 1855 ) referred to mathematics as `` the Queen of the Sciences '' . Benjamin Peirce ( 1809 -- 1880 ) called mathematics `` the science that draws necessary conclusions '' . David Hilbert said of mathematics : `` We are not speaking here of arbitrariness in any sense . Mathematics is not like a game whose tasks are determined by arbitrarily stipulated rules . Rather , it is a conceptual system possessing internal necessity that can only be so and by no means otherwise . '' Albert Einstein ( 1879 -- 1955 ) stated that `` as far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality , they are not certain ; and as far as they are certain , they do not refer to reality . ''   Mathematics is essential in many fields , including natural science , engineering , medicine , finance and the social sciences . Applied mathematics has led to entirely new mathematical disciplines , such as statistics and game theory . Mathematicians also engage in pure mathematics , or mathematics for its own sake , without having any application in mind . There is no clear line separating pure and applied mathematics , and practical applications for what began as pure mathematics are often discovered ."}
{"_id": "Mauna_Loa", "title": "Mauna Loa", "headings": "", "text": "Mauna Loa ( -LSB- ˌmɔːnə_ˈloʊ . ə -RSB- or -LSB- ˌmaʊnə_ˈloʊ . ə -RSB- Hawaiian : -LSB- - hawˈmɐwnə ˈlowə -RSB- Long Mountain ) is one of five volcanoes that form the Island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean . The largest subaerial volcano in both mass and volume , Mauna Loa has historically been considered the largest volcano on Earth . It is an active shield volcano with relatively gentle slopes , with a volume estimated at approximately 18000 mi3 , although its peak is about 120 ft lower than that of its neighbor , Mauna Kea . Lava eruptions from Mauna Loa are silica-poor and very fluid , and they tend to be non-explosive .   Mauna Loa has probably been erupting for at least 700,000 years , and may have emerged above sea level about 400,000 years ago . The oldest-known dated rocks are not older than 200,000 years . The volcano 's magma comes from the Hawaii hotspot , which has been responsible for the creation of the Hawaiian island chain over tens of millions of years . The slow drift of the Pacific Plate will eventually carry Mauna Loa away from the hotspot within 500,000 to one million years from now , at which point it will become extinct .   Mauna Loa 's most recent eruption occurred from March 24 to April 15 , 1984 . No recent eruptions of the volcano have caused fatalities , but eruptions in 1926 and 1950 destroyed villages , and the city of Hilo is partly built on lava flows from the late 19th century . Because of the potential hazards it poses to population centers , Mauna Loa is part of the Decade Volcanoes program , which encourages studies of the world 's most dangerous volcanoes . Mauna Loa has been monitored intensively by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory since 1912 . Observations of the atmosphere are undertaken at the Mauna Loa Observatory , and of the Sun at the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory , both located near the mountain 's summit . Hawaii Volcanoes National Park covers the summit and the southeastern flank of the volcano , and also incorporates Kīlauea , a separate volcano ."}
{"_id": "Mauna_Loa_Observatory", "title": "Mauna Loa Observatory", "headings": "", "text": "The Mauna Loa Observatory ( MLO ) is an atmospheric baseline station on Mauna Loa , on the island of Hawaii ."}
{"_id": "Maunder_Minimum", "title": "Maunder Minimum", "headings": "", "text": "The Maunder Minimum , also known as the `` prolonged sunspot minimum '' , is the name used for the period starting in about 1645 and continuing to about 1715 when sunspots became exceedingly rare , as noted by solar observers of the time .   The term was introduced after John A. Eddy published a landmark 1976 paper in Science . Astronomers before Eddy had also named the period after the solar astronomers Annie Russell Maunder ( 1868 -- 1947 ) and E. Walter Maunder ( 1851 -- 1928 ) , who studied how sunspot latitudes changed with time . The period which the husband and wife team examined included the second half of the 17th century .   Two papers were published in Edward Maunder 's name in 1890 and 1894 , and he cited earlier papers written by Gustav Spörer . Because Annie Maunder had not received a university degree ( due to restrictions at the time ) , her contribution was not publicly recognized .   Spörer noted that , during a 28-year period ( 1672 -- 1699 ) within the Maunder Minimum , observations revealed fewer than 50 sunspots . This contrasts with the typical 40,000 -- 50,000 sunspots seen in modern times .   Like the Dalton Minimum and Spörer Minimum , the Maunder Minimum coincided with a period of lower-than-average European temperatures ."}
{"_id": "Meat", "title": "Meat", "headings": "", "text": "Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food . Humans have hunted and killed animals for meat since prehistoric times . The advent of civilization allowed the domestication of animals such as chickens , sheep , pigs and cattle . This eventually led to their use in meat production on an industrial scale with the aid of slaughterhouses .   Meat is mainly composed of water , protein , and fat . It is edible raw , but is normally eaten after it has been cooked and seasoned or processed in a variety of ways . Unprocessed meat will spoil or rot within hours or days as a result of infection with and decomposition by bacteria and fungi .   Most often , meat refers to skeletal muscle and associated fat and other tissues , but it may also describe other edible tissues such as offal . Meat is sometimes also used in a more restrictive sense to mean the flesh of mammalian species ( pigs , cattle , lambs , etc. ) raised and prepared for human consumption , to the exclusion of fish , other seafood , poultry , or other animals ."}
{"_id": "Media_coverage_of_global_warming", "title": "Media coverage of global warming", "headings": "", "text": "Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global temperature has increased in recent decades and that the trend is mainly caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. Almost all scientific bodies of national or international standing agree with this view, although a few organisations hold non-committal positions. Climate change communication research frequently studies the effectiveness of that media.  Some researchers and journalists believe that media coverage of political issues is adequate and fair, while a few feel that it is biased. However, most studies on media coverage of the topic are neither recent nor concerned with coverage of environmental issues. Moreover, they are only rarely concerned specifically with the question of bias.Despite recent trends in increased coverage on climate change, media coverage is not constant, and researchers wonder if the current increase in attention will be sustained."}
{"_id": "Medieval_Warm_Period", "title": "Medieval Warm Period", "headings": "", "text": "The Medieval Warm Period ( MWP ) , Medieval Climate Optimum , or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region that may also have been related to other climate events around the world during that time , including China and other areas , lasting from about 950 to 1250 . It was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic and elsewhere termed the Little Ice Age . Some refer to the event as the Medieval Climatic Anomaly as this term emphasizes that effects other than temperature were important .   Despite uncertainties , especially for the period prior to 1600 for which data are scarce , the warmest period of the last 2,000 years prior to the 20th century in the Northern Hemisphere very likely occurred between 950 and 1100 . Proxy records show peak warmth occurred at different times for different regions , indicating that the Medieval Warm Period was not a time of globally uniform change . Temperatures in some regions matched or exceeded recent temperatures in these regions , but globally the Medieval Warm Period was cooler than recent global temperatures .   Possible causes of the Medieval Warm Period include increased solar activity , decreased volcanic activity , and changes to ocean circulation ."}
{"_id": "Mediterranean_Sea", "title": "Mediterranean Sea", "headings": "", "text": "The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean , surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land : on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia , on the south by North Africa , and on the east by the Levant . The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean , although it is usually identified as a separate body of water .   The name Mediterranean is derived from the Latin mediterraneus , meaning `` inland '' or `` in the middle of land '' ( from medius , `` middle '' and terra , `` land '' ) . It covers an approximate area of 2.5 million km2 ( 965,000 sq mi ) , but its connection to the Atlantic ( the Strait of Gibraltar ) is only 14 km wide . The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar and Spain in Europe from Morocco in Africa . In oceanography , it is sometimes called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea or the European Mediterranean Sea to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere .   The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1500 m and the deepest recorded point is 5267 m in the Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea . The sea is bordered on the north by Europe , the east by Asia , and in the south by Africa . It is located between latitudes 30 ° and 46 ° N and longitudes 6 ° W and 36 ° E. Its west-east length , from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Iskenderun , on the southwestern coast of Turkey , is approximately 4,000 km ( 2,500 miles ) . The sea 's average north-south length , from Croatia 's southern shore to Libya , is approximately 800 km ( 500 miles ) . The Mediterranean Sea , including the Sea of Marmara ( connected by the Dardanelles to the Aegean Sea ) , has a surface area of approximately 2,510,000 square km ( 970,000 square miles ) .   The sea was an important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times that allowed for trade and cultural exchange between emergent peoples of the region . The history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies .   The countries with coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea are Albania , Algeria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Cyprus , Egypt , France , Greece , Israel , Italy , Lebanon , Libya , Malta , Morocco , Monaco , Montenegro , Slovenia , Spain , Syria , Tunisia and Turkey . In addition , the Gaza Strip and the British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Akrotiri and Dhekelia have coastlines on the sea ."}
{"_id": "Mediterranean_climate", "title": "Mediterranean climate", "headings": "", "text": "A Mediterranean climate -LSB- ˌmɛdɪtəˈreɪniən -RSB- or dry summer climate , is the climate typical of areas in the Mediterranean Basin . The Mediterranean climate is usually characterized by rainy winters and dry , warm to hot summers . While the climate receives its name from the Mediterranean Sea , an area where this climate is commonplace , it is also present in other areas of the planet , although with variations in the distribution of temperatures . In addition to the Mediterranean Basin , the climate is also found in most of California , in parts of Western and South Australia , in southwestern South Africa , sections of Western and Central Asia , and in Central Chile .   Outside of the Mediterranean Basin , the Mediterranean climate is usually located geographically on the western coasts of continental masses , typically between oceanic climates towards the poles , and semi-arid and arid climates towards the Equator . In essence , a Mediterranean climate is a combination of the three climates with winters somewhat mimicking winters in oceanic climates and summers imitating dry seasons in semi-arid and arid climates . Additionally , Mediterranean climates tend to be wetter poleward and drier the closer it gets to the Equator .   The resulting vegetation of Mediterranean climates are the garrigue in the Mediterranean Basin , the chaparral in California , the fynbos in South Africa and the Chilean scrubland in Chile . Areas with this climate are where the so-called `` Mediterranean trinity '' has traditionally developed : wheat , vine and olive . The latter is a tree that is only grown in areas that have this climatic pattern ."}
{"_id": "Mediterranean_tropical-like_cyclone", "title": "Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone", "headings": "", "text": "Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones , sometimes referred to as Mediterranean hurricanes or medicanes , are rare meteorological phenomena observed in the Mediterranean Sea . Due to the dry nature of the Mediterranean region , formation of tropical cyclones is infrequent , with only 99 recorded tropical-like storms between 1948 and 2011 . No agency , however , is officially responsible for monitoring the formation and development of medicanes . Tropical cyclogenesis typically occurs within two separate regions of the sea . The first region , encompassing areas of the western Mediterranean , is more conducive for development than the other , the Ionian Sea to the east . The rough mountainous geography of the region raises additional difficulties despite being favorable for the development of severe weather and convective activity in general , and only with abnormal meteorological circumstances can medicanes form . Numerous studies have been conducted on the impact of global warming on Mediterranean tropical cyclone formation , generally concluding that fewer yet more intense storms would form .   The development of tropical cyclones in the Mediterranean Sea can usually only occur under somewhat unusual circumstances . Low wind shear and atmospheric instability induced by incursions of cold air are often required . A majority of medicanes are also accompanied by upper-level troughs , providing energy required for intensifying atmospheric convection -- thunderstorms -- and heavy precipitation . The baroclinic properties of the Mediterranean region , with high temperature gradients , also provides necessary instability for the formation of tropical cyclones . Another factor , rising cool air , provides necessary moisture as well . Warm sea surface temperatures ( SSTs ) are mostly unnecessary , however , as most medicanes ' energy is derived from warmer air temperatures . When these favorable circumstances coincide , the genesis of warm-core Mediterranean tropical cyclones , often from within existing cut-off cold-core lows , is possible in a conducive environment for formation .   Several notable and damaging medicanes are known to have occurred . In September 1969 , a north African Mediterranean tropical cyclone produced flooding that killed nearly 600 individuals , left 250,000 homeless , and crippled local economies . A medicane in September 1996 that developed in the Balearic Islands region spawned six tornadoes and inundated parts of the islands . Several medicanes have also been subject to extensive study , such as those of January 1982 , January 1995 , September 2006 , November 2011 , and November 2014 . The January 1995 storm is one of the best-studied Mediterranean tropical cyclones , with its close resemblance to tropical cyclones elsewhere and availability of observations . The medicane of September 2006 , meanwhile , is well-studied due to availability of existing observations and data . In November 2011 , the NOAA 's Satellite Analysis Branch monitored a possible medicane , named Rolf by the Free University of Berlin ( FU Berlin ) , though it ceased doing so the following month . No agency is officially responsible for monitoring the basin ."}
{"_id": "Megadrought", "title": "Megadrought", "headings": "", "text": "A megadrought ( or mega-drought ) is a prolonged drought lasting two decades or longer . Past megadroughts have been associated with persistent multiyear La Niña conditions ( cooler than normal water temperatures in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean ) .   The term megadrought is generally used to describe the length of a drought , and not its acute intensity . In scientific literature the term is used to describe decades-long droughts or multi-decadal droughts . Multiyear droughts of less than a decade , such as the Dust Bowl drought of the 1930s , are generally not described as megadroughts even though they are of a long duration . In popular literature multiyear or even single year droughts are occasionally described as megadroughts based upon their severity , the economic damage they inflict or other criteria , but this is the exception and not the rule ."}
{"_id": "Melbourne", "title": "Melbourne", "headings": "", "text": "Melbourne ( -LSB- ˈmɛlbərn -RSB- ) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania . The name `` Melbourne '' refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9900 km2 , which comprises the broader metropolitan area , as well as being the common name for its city centre . The metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . Melbourne consists of 31 municipalities . It has a population of 4,641,636 , and its inhabitants are called Melburnians .   Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemen 's Land on 30 August 1835 , in what was then the colony of New South Wales , it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 . It was named `` Melbourne '' by the Governor of New South Wales , Sir Richard Bourke , in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria , to whom Lord Melbourne was close , in 1847 , after which it became the capital of the newly founded colony of Victoria in 1851 . During the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s , it was transformed into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest cities . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as the nation 's interim seat of government until 1927 .   Melbourne rates highly in education , entertainment , health care , research and development , tourism and sport , making it the world 's most liveable city -- for the sixth year in a row in 2016 , according to the Economist Intelligence Unit . It is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region , and ranks among the top 30 cities in the world in the Global Financial Centres Index . Referred to as Australia 's `` cultural capital '' , it is the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , the Australian film and television industries , and Australian contemporary dance . It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a major centre for street art , music and theatre . It is home to many of Australia 's largest and oldest cultural institutions such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria , the State Library of Victoria and the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games .   The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport ( also called Tullamarine Airport ) , the second busiest in Australia . The Port of Melbourne is Australia 's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo . Melbourne has an extensive transport network . The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station , and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station . Melbourne is also home to Australia 's most extensive freeway network and has the world 's largest urban tram network ."}
{"_id": "Merchants_of_Doubt", "title": "Merchants of Doubt", "headings": "", "text": "Merchants of Doubt : How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming is a 2010 non-fiction book by American historians of science Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway . It identifies parallels between the global warming controversy and earlier controversies over tobacco smoking , acid rain , DDT , and the hole in the ozone layer . Oreskes and Conway write that in each case `` keeping the controversy alive '' by spreading doubt and confusion after a scientific consensus had been reached , was the basic strategy of those opposing action . In particular , they say that Fred Seitz , Fred Singer , and a few other contrarian scientists joined forces with conservative think tanks and private corporations to challenge the scientific consensus on many contemporary issues .   The George C. Marshall Institute and Fred Singer , two of the subjects , have been critical of the book . Other reviewers have been more favorable . One reviewer said that Merchants of Doubt is exhaustively researched and documented , and may be one of the most important books of 2010 . Another reviewer saw the book as his choice for best science book of the year . It was made into a film , Merchants of Doubt , directed by Robert Kenner , released in 2014 ."}
{"_id": "Mercury_(planet)", "title": "Mercury (planet)", "headings": "", "text": "Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System . Its orbital period around the Sun of 88 days is the shortest of all the planets in the Solar System . It is named after the Roman deity Mercury , the messenger to the gods .   Like Venus , Mercury orbits the Sun within Earth 's orbit as an inferior planet , so it can only be seen visually in the morning or the evening sky , and never exceeds 28 ° away from the Sun . Also , like Venus and the Moon , the planet displays the complete range of phases as it moves around its orbit relative to Earth . Seen from Earth , this cycle of phases reoccurs  approximately every 116 days , the so-called synodic period . Although Mercury can appear as a bright star-like object when viewed from Earth , its proximity to the Sun often makes it more difficult to see than Venus .   Mercury is tidally or gravitationally locked with the Sun in a 3:2 resonance , and rotates in a way that is unique in the Solar System . As seen relative to the fixed stars , it rotates on its axis exactly three times for every two revolutions it makes around the Sun . As seen from the Sun , in a frame of reference that rotates with the orbital motion , it appears to rotate only once every two Mercurian years . An observer on Mercury would therefore see only one day every two years .   Mercury 's axis has the smallest tilt of any of the Solar System 's planets ( about degree ) , and its orbital eccentricity is the largest of all known planets in the Solar System . At aphelion , Mercury is about 1.5 times as far from the Sun as it is at perihelion . Mercury 's surface appears heavily cratered and is similar in appearance to the Moon 's , indicating that it has been geologically inactive for billions of years . Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat , it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System , ranging from 100 K at night to 700 K during the day across the equatorial regions . The polar regions are constantly below 180 K . The planet has no known natural satellites .   Two spacecraft have visited Mercury : flew by in 1974 and 1975 ; and MESSENGER , launched in 2004 , orbited Mercury over 4,000 times in four years before exhausting its fuel and crashing into the planet 's surface on April 30 , 2015 ."}
{"_id": "Mesoamerican_nephropathy", "title": "Mesoamerican nephropathy", "headings": "", "text": "Mesoamerican nephropathy ( MeN ) is a currently unexplained epidemic of chronic kidney disease of unknown origin ( CKDu ) , prevalent in the Pacific ocean coastal low lands of the mesoamerican region , including southern Mexico , Guatemala , El Salvador , Nicaragua , Honduras and Costa Rica . In rural areas of Nicaragua the disease is colloquially called creatinina .   This CKD epidemic in Central America spans along a nearly 1000 kilometer stretch of the Pacific coast . In El Salvador and Nicaragua alone , the reported number of men dying from this painful disease has risen five-fold in the last 20 years , although some researchers believe hidden cases have always been there and this increment in official data could be partially due to the recent increase in reports and improved case search , pushed by the growing social and political interest in the disease . In El Salvador , the disease has become the second leading cause of death among adult men , and according to a recent editorial , it has been estimated that this largely unknown epidemic has caused the premature death of at least 20,000 men in the region . Science Magazine reports : `` In El Salvador alone , PAHO 's latest figures say CKD of all causes kills at least 2,500 people in the country each year '' .   The people affected by the epidemic are mainly young and middle-aged male laborers in the agricultural sector , particularly sugarcane workers . The disease has also been found to be prevalent in other occupations with a high risk of heat stress , implying strenuous work ( miners , construction , port and transportation workers ) in the high temperatures of the coastlands . The epidemic appears to affect particular Pacific coastal regions of Nicaragua , El Salvador , Costa Rica , and Guatemala ."}
{"_id": "Mesopelagic_zone", "title": "Mesopelagic zone", "headings": "", "text": "The mesopelagic ( Greek μέσον , middle ) ( also known as the middle pelagic or twilight zone ) is that part of the pelagic zone that extends from a depth of 200 to 1000 metres ( ~ 660 to 3300 feet ) below the ocean surface . It lies between the photic epipelagic above and the aphotic bathypelagic below , where there is no light at all ."}
{"_id": "Mesozoic", "title": "Mesozoic", "headings": "", "text": "The Mesozoic Era ( -LSB- pronˌmɛsəˈzoʊɪk , _ ˌmiː - , _ - soʊ - -RSB- or -LSB- ˌmɛzəˈzoʊɪk , _ ˌmiː - , _ - soʊ - -RSB- ) is an interval of geological time from about . It is also called the Age of Reptiles , a phrase introduced by the 19th century paleontologist Gideon Mantell who viewed it as dominated by diapsids such as Iguanodon , Megalosaurus , Plesiosaurus and Pterodactylus . This Era is also called from a paleobotanist view the Age of Conifers .   Mesozoic means `` middle life '' , deriving from the Greek prefix meso - / μεσο - for `` between '' and zōon / ζῷον meaning `` animal '' or `` living being '' . It is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon , preceded by the Paleozoic ( `` ancient life '' ) and succeeded by the Cenozoic ( `` new life '' ) . The era is subdivided into three major periods : the Triassic , Jurassic , and Cretaceous , which are further subdivided into a number of epochs and stages .   The era began in the wake of the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , the largest well-documented mass extinction in Earth 's history , and ended with the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , another mass extinction which is known for having killed off non-avian dinosaurs , as well as other plant and animal species . The Mesozoic was a time of significant tectonic , climate and evolutionary activity . The era witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea into separate landmasses that would eventually move into their current positions . The climate of the Mesozoic was varied , alternating between warming and cooling periods . Overall , however , the Earth was hotter than it is today . Dinosaurs appeared in the Late Triassic and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates early in the Jurassic , occupying this position for about 135 million years until their demise at the end of the Cretaceous . Birds first appeared in the Jurassic , having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs . The first mammals also appeared during the Mesozoic , but would remain small -- less than 15 kg ( 33 lb ) -- until the Cenozoic ."}
{"_id": "MetLife_Stadium", "title": "MetLife Stadium", "headings": "", "text": "MetLife Stadium is an American sports stadium located in East Rutherford , New Jersey . It is part of the Meadowlands Sports Complex and serves as the home stadium for two National Football League ( NFL ) franchises : the New York Jets and the New York Giants . The stadium is owned by the MetLife Stadium Company , a joint venture of the Giants and Jets , who jointly built the stadium using private funds on land owned by the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority . The stadium opened as New Meadowlands Stadium in 2010 . In 2011 , MetLife , an insurance company based in New York City , acquired the naming rights to the stadium . At a construction cost of approximately $ 1.6 billion , it is the most expensive stadium ever built and is the second-largest stadium in the NFL in terms of seating capacity .   MetLife Stadium is the only NFL stadium shared by two clubs . It and Staples Center in Los Angeles , home of the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , are the only current facilities to house two teams from the same sports league in the United States ."}
{"_id": "Met_Office", "title": "Met Office", "headings": "", "text": "The Met Office ( officially the Meteorological Office until 2000 ) is the United Kingdom 's national weather service . It is an executive agency and trading fund of the Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy led by CEO , Rob Varley and chief scientist , Professor Stephen Belcher . The Met Office makes meteorological predictions across all timescales from weather forecasts to climate change ."}
{"_id": "Meta-analysis", "title": "Meta-analysis", "headings": "", "text": "A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies .   The basic tenet behind meta-analyses is that there is a common truth behind all conceptually similar scientific studies , but which has been measured with a certain error within individual studies . The aim then is to use approaches from statistics to derive a pooled estimate closest to the unknown common truth based on how this error is perceived . In essence , all existing methods yield a weighted average from the results of the individual studies and what differs is the manner in which these weights are allocated and also the manner in which the uncertainty is computed around the point estimate thus generated . In addition to providing an estimate of the unknown common truth , meta-analysis has the capacity to contrast results from different studies and identify patterns among study results , sources of disagreement among those results , or other interesting relationships that may come to light in the context of multiple studies .   A key benefit of this approach is the aggregation of information leading to a higher statistical power and more robust point estimate than is possible from the measure derived from any individual study . However , in performing a meta-analysis , an investigator must make choices which can affect the results , including deciding how to search for studies , selecting studies based on a set of objective criteria , dealing with incomplete data , analyzing the data , and accounting for or choosing not to account for publication bias .   Meta-analyses are often , but not always , important components of a systematic review procedure . For instance , a meta-analysis may be conducted on several clinical trials of a medical treatment , in an effort to obtain a better understanding of how well the treatment works . Here it is convenient to follow the terminology used by the Cochrane Collaboration , and use `` meta-analysis '' to refer to statistical methods of combining evidence , leaving other aspects of ` research synthesis ' or ` evidence synthesis ' , such as combining information from qualitative studies , for the more general context of systematic reviews ."}
{"_id": "Meteorology", "title": "Meteorology", "headings": "", "text": "Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences which includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics , with a major focus on weather forecasting . The study of meteorology dates back millennia , though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the 18th century . The 19th century saw modest progress in the field after weather observation networks were formed across broad regions . Prior attempts at prediction of weather depended on historical data . It was n't until after the elucidation of the laws of physics and , more particularly , the development of the computer , allowing for the automated solution of a great many equations that model the weather , in the latter half of the 20th century that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved .   Meteorological phenomena are observable weather events that are explained by the science of meteorology . Meteorological phenomena are described and quantified by the variables of Earth 's atmosphere : temperature , air pressure , water vapor , mass flow , and the variations and interactions of those variables , and how they change over time . Different spatial scales are used to describe and predict weather on local , regional , and global levels .   Meteorology , climatology , atmospheric physics , and atmospheric chemistry are sub-disciplines of the atmospheric sciences . Meteorology and hydrology compose the interdisciplinary field of hydrometeorology . The interactions between Earth 's atmosphere and its oceans are part of a coupled ocean-atmosphere system . Meteorology has application in many diverse fields such as the military , energy production , transport , agriculture , and construction .   The word `` meteorology '' is from Greek μετέωρος metéōros `` lofty ; high ( in the sky ) '' ( from μετα - meta - `` above '' and ἀείρω aeiro `` I lift up '' ) and - λογία - logia '' - logy '' , i.e. `` the study of things in the air '' ."}
{"_id": "Methane", "title": "Methane", "headings": "", "text": "Methane ( -LSB- ˈmɛθeɪn -RSB- or -LSB- ˈmiːθeɪn -RSB- ) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula ( one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen ) . It is a group 14 hydride and the simplest alkane , and is the main constituent of natural gas . The relative abundance of methane on Earth makes it an attractive fuel , though capturing and storing it poses challenges due to its gaseous state under normal conditions for temperature and pressure .   Natural methane is found both below ground and under the sea floor . When it reaches the surface and the atmosphere , it is known as atmospheric methane . The Earth 's atmospheric methane concentration has increased by about 150 % since 1750 , and it accounts for 20 % of the total radiative forcing from all of the long-lived and globally mixed greenhouse gases ( these gases do n't include water vapor which is by far the largest component of the greenhouse effect ) ."}
{"_id": "Miami", "title": "Miami", "headings": "", "text": "Miami ( -LSB- maɪˈæmi -RSB- -LSB- miˈami -RSB- ) is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast . As the seat of Miami-Dade County , the municipality is the principal , central , and the most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area and part of the second-most populous metropolis in the southeastern United States . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , Miami 's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the U.S. , with a population of around 5.5 million .   Miami is a major center , and a leader in finance , commerce , culture , media , entertainment , the arts , and international trade . In 2012 , Miami was classified as an Alpha − World City in the World Cities Study Group 's inventory . In 2010 , Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance , commerce , culture , entertainment , fashion , education , and other sectors . It ranked 33rd among global cities . In 2008 , Forbes magazine ranked Miami `` America 's Cleanest City '' , for its year-round good air quality , vast green spaces , clean drinking water , clean streets , and citywide recycling programs . According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities , Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States , and the world 's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power . Miami is nicknamed the `` Capital of Latin America '' and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality .   Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises . Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States , and many large national and international companies . The Civic Center is a major center for hospitals , research institutes , medical centers , and biotechnology industries . For more than two decades , the Port of Miami , known as the `` Cruise Capital of the World '' , has been the number one cruise passenger port in the world . It accommodates some of the world 's largest cruise ships and operations , and is the busiest port in both passenger traffic and cruise lines . Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South , number two in the U.S. after New York City and number 13 in the world , including the popular destination of Miami Beach ."}
{"_id": "Michael_E._Mann", "title": "Michael E. Mann", "headings": "", "text": "Michael E. Mann ( born 1965 ) is an American climatologist and geophysicist , currently director of the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University , who has contributed to the scientific understanding of historic climate change based on the temperature record of the past thousand years . He has pioneered techniques to find patterns in past climate change , and to isolate climate signals from noisy data .   As lead author of a paper produced in 1998 with co-authors Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes , Mann used advanced statistical techniques to find regional variations in a hemispherical climate reconstruction covering the past 600 years . In 1999 the same team used these techniques to produce a reconstruction over the past 1,000 years ( MBH99 ) which was dubbed the `` hockey stick graph '' because of its shape . He was one of eight lead authors of the `` Observed Climate Variability and Change '' chapter of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Third Scientific Assessment Report published in 2001 . A graph based on the MBH99 paper was highlighted in several parts of the report , and was given wide publicity . The IPCC acknowledged that his work , along with that of the many other lead authors and review editors , contributed to the award of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize , which was won jointly by the IPCC and Al Gore .   Mann was organizing committee chair for the National Academy of Sciences Frontiers of Science in 2003 and has received a number of honors and awards including selection by Scientific American as one of the fifty leading visionaries in science and technology in 2002 . In 2012 he was inducted as a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union and was awarded the Hans Oeschger Medal of the European Geosciences Union . In 2013 he was elected a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society , and awarded the status of distinguished professor in Penn State 's College of Earth and Mineral Sciences .   Mann is author of more than 200 peer-reviewed and edited publications . He has also published three books : Dire Predictions : Understanding Global Warming ( 2008 ) , The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars : Dispatches from the Front Lines ( 2012 ) , and , together with co-author Tom Toles , The Madhouse Effect : How Climate Change Denial Is Threatening Our Planet , Destroying Our Politics , and Driving Us Crazy ( 2016 ) . In 2012 , the European Geosciences Union described his publication record as `` outstanding for a scientist of his relatively young age '' . Mann is also a co-founder and contributor to the climatology blog RealClimate ."}
{"_id": "Michael_Gove", "title": "Michael Gove", "headings": "", "text": "Michael Andrew Gove ( -LSB- ` goʊv -RSB- born 26 August 1967 ) is a British Conservative politician , who was Secretary of State for Education from 2010-14 and Secretary of State for Justice from 2015-16 . He has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Surrey Heath since 2005 . He is also an author and a columnist for The Times ."}
{"_id": "Michigan", "title": "Michigan", "headings": "", "text": "Michigan -LSB- ˈmɪʃᵻgən -RSB- is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa , meaning `` large water '' or `` large lake '' . Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area ( the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River ) . I.e. , including water that is part of state territory . Georgia is the largest state by land area east of the Mississippi and Michigan the second-largest . Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit .   Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula , to which the name Michigan was originally applied , is often noted to be shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often referred to as `` the U.P. '' ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a 5 mi channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . As a result , it is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds . A person in the state is never more than 6 mi from a natural water source or more than 85 mi from a Great Lakes shoreline .   What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century and becoming a part of New France . After France 's defeat in the French and Indian War in 1762 the region came under British rule , and was ceded to the newly independent United States after the British defeat in the American Revolutionary War . The area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800 , when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory . Eventually , in 1805 , the Michigan Territory was formed , which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26 , 1837 , as the 26th state . The state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination .   Though Michigan has come to develop a diverse economy , it is widely known as the center of the U.S. automotive industry , being home to the country 's three major automobile companies ( whose headquarters are all within the Detroit metropolitan area ) . While sparsely populated , the Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination as well as its abundance of natural resources , while the Lower Peninsula is a center of manufacturing , services , and high-tech industry ."}
{"_id": "Micronesia", "title": "Micronesia", "headings": "", "text": "Micronesia ( from μικρός , mikrós , `` small '' + νῆσος , nêsos , `` island '' ) is a subregion of Oceania , comprising thousands of small islands in the western Pacific Ocean . It has a shared cultural history with two other island regions , Polynesia to the east and Melanesia to the south .   The region has a tropical marine climate , and is part of the Oceania ecozone . There are four main archipelagos along with numerous outlying islands .   Micronesia is divided politically among several sovereign countries . One of these is the Federated States of Micronesia , which is often called `` Micronesia '' for short and is not to be confused with the overall region . The Micronesia region encompasses five sovereign , independent nations -- the Federated States of Micronesia , Palau , Kiribati , Marshall Islands , and Nauru -- as well as three U.S. territories in the northern part : Northern Mariana Islands , Guam , and Wake Island .   Micronesia began to be settled several millennia ago , although there are competing theories about the origin and arrival of the first settlers . The earliest known contact with Europeans occurred in 1521 , when Ferdinand Magellan reached the Marianas . The coinage of the term `` Micronesia '' is usually attributed to Jules Dumont d'Urville 's usage in 1832 , however Domeny de Rienzi had used the term a year previously ."}
{"_id": "Microphone", "title": "Microphone", "headings": "", "text": "A microphone , colloquially nicknamed mic or mike ( -LSB- ˈmaɪk -RSB- ) , is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal .   Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones , hearing aids , public address systems for concert halls and public events , motion picture production , live and recorded audio engineering , sound recording , two-way radios , megaphones , radio and television broadcasting , and in computers for recording voice , speech recognition , VoIP , and for non-acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic sensors or knock sensors .   Several different types of microphone are in use , which employ different methods to convert the air pressure variations of a sound wave to an electrical signal . The most common are the dynamic microphone , which uses a coil of wire suspended in a magnetic field ; the condenser microphone , which uses the vibrating diaphragm as a capacitor plate , and the piezoelectric microphone , which uses a crystal of piezoelectric material . Microphones typically need to be connected to a preamplifier before the signal can be recorded or reproduced ."}
{"_id": "Microwave", "title": "Microwave", "headings": "", "text": "Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter ; with frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz . Different sources define different frequency ranges as microwaves ; the above broad definition includes both UHF and EHF ( millimeter wave ) bands . A more common definition in radio engineering is the range between 1 and 100 GHz ( 300 and 3 mm ) . In all cases , microwaves include the entire SHF band ( 3 to 30 GHz , or 10 to 1 cm ) at minimum . Frequencies in the microwave range are often referred to by their IEEE radar band designations : S , C , X , Ku , K , or Ka band , or by similar NATO or EU designations .   The prefix in microwave is not meant to suggest a wavelength in the micrometer range . It indicates that microwaves are `` small '' , compared to the radio waves used prior to microwave technology , in that they have shorter wavelengths . The boundaries between far infrared , terahertz radiation , microwaves , and ultra-high-frequency radio waves are fairly arbitrary and are used variously between different fields of study .   Microwaves travel by line-of-sight ; unlike lower frequency radio waves they do not diffract around hills , follow the earth 's surface as ground waves , or reflect from the ionosphere , so terrestrial microwave communication links are limited by the visual horizon to about 40 miles ( 64 km ) . At the high end of the band they are absorbed by gases in the atmosphere , limiting practical communication distances to around a kilometer . Microwaves are extremely widely used in modern technology . They are used for point-to-point communication links , wireless networks , microwave radio relay networks , radar , satellite and spacecraft communication , medical diathermy and cancer treatment , remote sensing , radio astronomy , particle accelerators , spectroscopy , industrial heating , collision avoidance systems , garage door openers and keyless entry systems , and for cooking food in microwave ovens ."}
{"_id": "Microwave_Sounding_Unit_temperature_measurements", "title": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements", "headings": "", "text": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements refers to temperature measurement using the Microwave Sounding Unit instrument and is one of several methods of measuring Earth atmospheric temperature from satellites. Microwave measurements have been obtained from the troposphere since 1979, when they were included within NOAA weather satellites, starting with TIROS-N.  By comparison, the usable balloon (radiosonde) record begins in 1958 but has less geographic coverage and is less uniform. Microwave brightness measurements do not directly measure temperature.  They measure radiances in various wavelength bands, which must then be mathematically inverted to obtain indirect inferences of temperature. The resulting temperature profiles depend on details of the methods that are used to obtain temperatures from radiances. As a result, different groups that have analyzed the satellite data  have obtained different temperature trends. Among these groups are Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) and the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH). The satellite series is not fully homogeneous – the record is constructed from a series of satellites with similar but not identical instrumentation. The sensors deteriorate over time, and corrections are necessary for satellite drift in orbit. Particularly large differences between reconstructed temperature series occur at the few times when there is little temporal overlap between successive satellites, making intercalibration difficult."}
{"_id": "Microwave_oven", "title": "Microwave oven", "headings": "", "text": "A microwave oven ( commonly referred to as a microwave ) is a kitchen appliance that heats and cooks food by exposing it to microwave radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum . This induces polar molecules in the food to rotate and produce thermal energy in a process known as dielectric heating . Microwave ovens heat foods quickly and efficiently because excitation is fairly uniform in the outer of a homogeneous , high water content food item ; food is more evenly heated throughout ( except in heterogeneous , dense objects ) than generally occurs in other cooking techniques .   Percy Spencer is generally credited with inventing the modern microwave oven after World War II from radar technology developed during the war . Named the `` Radarange '' , it was first sold in 1946 . Raytheon later licensed its patents for a home-use microwave oven that was first introduced by Tappan in 1955 , but these units were still too large and expensive for general home use . The countertop microwave oven was first introduced in 1967 by the Amana Corporation , and their use has spread into commercial and residential kitchens around the world .   Microwave ovens are popular for reheating previously cooked foods and cooking a variety of foods . They are also useful for rapid heating of otherwise slowly prepared cooking items , such as hot butter , fats , and chocolate . Unlike conventional ovens , microwave ovens usually do not directly brown or caramelize food , since they rarely attain the necessary temperatures to produce Maillard reactions . Exceptions occur in rare cases where the oven is used to heat frying-oil and other very oily items ( such as bacon ) , which attain far higher temperatures than that of boiling water . Microwave ovens have a limited role in professional cooking , because the boiling-range temperatures produced in especially hydrous foods impede flavors produced by the higher temperatures of frying , browning , or baking . However , additional heat sources can be added to microwave ovens , or into combination microwave ovens , to produce these other heating effects , and microwave heating may cut the overall time needed to prepare such dishes . Some modern microwave ovens are part of over-the-range units with built-in extractor hoods ."}
{"_id": "Mike_Hulme", "title": "Mike Hulme", "headings": "", "text": "Michael ` Mike ' Hulme ( born 23 July 1960 ) is Professor of Climate and Culture in the Department of Geography at King 's College London . He was formerly professor of Climate Change in the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia ( UEA ) ."}
{"_id": "Mike_Pence", "title": "Mike Pence", "headings": "", "text": "Michael Richard Pence ( born June 7 , 1959 ) is an American politician , lawyer , and the 48th and current Vice President of the United States . He previously served as the 50th Governor of Indiana from 2013 to 2017 .   Born and raised in Columbus , Indiana , Pence graduated from Hanover College and earned a law degree from the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law before entering private practice . After losing two bids for a U.S. congressional seat in 1988 and 1990 , he became a conservative radio and television talk show host from 1994 to 1999 . Pence was elected to the United States Congress in 2000 and represented and in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2013 . He served as the chairman of the House Republican Conference from 2009 to 2011 . Pence positioned himself as a principled ideologue and supporter of the Tea Party movement , noting he was `` a Christian , a conservative , and a Republican , in that order . ''   Upon becoming Governor of Indiana in January 2013 , Pence initiated the largest tax cut in Indiana 's history , pushed for more funding for education initiatives , and continued to increase the state 's budget surplus . Pence signed bills intended to restrict abortions , including one that prohibited abortions if the reason for the procedure was the fetus 's race , gender , or disability . Pence stirred several high-profile controversies , including with his signature of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act , for which he encountered fierce resistance from moderate members of his party , the business community , and LGBT advocates . He later signed an additional bill acting as an amendment intended to protect LGBT people .   On November 8 , 2016 , Pence was elected as Vice President , after he dropped out of his gubernatorial re-election campaign in July to become the vice presidential running mate for Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump , who went on to win the presidential election ."}
{"_id": "Milankovitch_cycles", "title": "Milankovitch cycles", "headings": "", "text": "Milankovitch cycles describes the collective effects of changes in the Earth 's movements on its climate over thousands of years . The term is named after Serbian geophysicist and astronomer Milutin Milanković . In the 1920s , he theorized that variations in eccentricity , axial tilt , and precession of the Earth 's orbit resulted in cyclical variation in the solar radiation ( insolation ) reaching the Earth , and that this orbital forcing strongly influenced climatic patterns on Earth .   The Earth 's orbit varies between nearly circular and mildly elliptical ( its eccentricity varies ) . When the orbit is more elongated , there is more variation in the distance between the Earth and the Sun , and in the amount of solar radiation , at different times in the year . In addition , the rotational tilt of the Earth ( its obliquity ) , which causes the seasons as the Earth revolves around the Sun , changes slightly . A greater tilt makes the seasons more extreme . Finally , the direction in the fixed stars pointed to by the Earth 's axis changes ( axial precession ) , while the Earth 's elliptical orbit around the Sun rotates ( apsidal precession ) . The combined effect of the two precessions is a cycle in which proximity to the Sun occurs during different astronomical seasons . If the Earth is closer to the Sun while the northern or southern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun ( is in summer ) , then both effects work together to heat that hemisphere . If the Earth is further from the Sun during summer , the greater distance slightly reduces the heat of summer .   Similar astronomical theories had been advanced in the 19th century by Joseph Adhemar , James Croll and others , but verification was difficult because there was no reliably dated evidence , and because it was unclear which periods were important .   Now , materials on Earth that have been unchanged for millennia are being studied to indicate the history of Earth 's climate . A study of the chronology of Antarctic ice cores using oxygen-nitrogen ratios in air bubbles trapped in the ice , which appear to respond directly to the local insolation , concluded that the climatic response documented in the ice cores was driven by northern hemisphere insolation as proposed by the Milankovitch hypothesis . Analysis of deep-ocean cores and a seminal paper by Hays , Imbrie , and Shackleton provide additional validation of the Milankovitch hypothesis through physical artifacts . However , there are still several observations that the hypothesis does not explain ."}
{"_id": "Milk", "title": "Milk", "headings": "", "text": "Milk is a pale liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals . It is the primary source of nutrition for infant mammals ( including humans who breastfeed ) before they are able to digest other types of food . Early-lactation milk contains colostrum , which carries the mother 's antibodies to its young and can reduce the risk of many diseases . It contains many other nutrients including protein and lactose .   As an agricultural product , milk is extracted from non-human mammals during or soon after pregnancy . Dairy farms produced about 730 million tonnes of milk in 2011 , from 260 million dairy cows . India is the world 's largest producer of milk , and is the leading exporter of skimmed milk powder , yet it exports few other milk products . The ever increasing rise in domestic demand for dairy products and a large demand-supply gap could lead to India being a net importer of dairy products in the future . The United States , India , China and Brazil are the world 's largest exporters of milk and milk products . China and Russia were the world 's largest importers of milk and milk products until 2016 when both countries became self-sufficient , contributing to a worldwide glut of milk .   Throughout the world , there are more than six billion consumers of milk and milk products . Over 750 million people live in dairy farming households ."}
{"_id": "Milwaukee", "title": "Milwaukee", "headings": "", "text": "Milwaukee ( -LSB- mᵻlˈwɔːki -RSB- , -LSB- localˈmwɔːki -RSB- ) is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin and the fifth-largest city in the Midwestern United States . The county seat of Milwaukee County , it is on Lake Michigan 's western shore . Ranked by estimated 2014 population , Milwaukee was the 31st largest city in the United States . The city 's estimated population in 2015 was 600,155 . Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee metropolitan area . It is also part of the larger Milwaukee-Racine-Waukesha , WI combined statistical area , which had an estimated population of 2,026,243 in the 2010 census .   The first Europeans to pass through the area were French Catholic missionaries and fur traders . In 1818 , the French Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area , and in 1846 Juneau 's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the city of Milwaukee . Large numbers of German immigrants helped increase the city 's population during the 1840s , with Poles and other immigrants arriving in the following decades .   Milwaukee is known for its brewing traditions . The city is experiencing its largest construction boom since the 1960s . Major new additions to the city in the past two decades include the Milwaukee Riverwalk , the Wisconsin Center , Miller Park , an expansion to the Milwaukee Art Museum , Milwaukee Repertory Theater , and Pier Wisconsin , as well as major renovations to the UW -- Milwaukee Panther Arena . The under-construction Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center is scheduled to open in 2018 ."}
{"_id": "Mind_Meld", "title": "Mind Meld", "headings": "", "text": "Mind Meld : Secrets Behind the Voyage of a Lifetime is a 2001 American documentary film in which actors William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy discuss the Star Trek science fiction franchise and its effects on their lives . Shatner and Nimoy portrayed the characters James T. Kirk and Spock respectively in the 1960s Star Trek television series , the 1970s animated television series , and their film sequels . They talk about differences they had with Gene Roddenberry , the creator of Star Trek , and about the strained relationships between Shatner and some of the other cast members . It was in this film that Nimoy first publicly revealed that he had struggled with alcoholism while he was acting in the original television series . Shatner talks about the death of his third wife , Nerine Kidd , who accidentally drowned in a pool in 1999 after suffering from alcoholism .   Mind Meld was produced to advertise Shatner 's personal website . Filming took place at Nimoy 's home on September 5 , 2001 , and Billy West narrated the title sequence . The film 's title refers to a fictional practice in Star Trek -- a mind meld is a telepathic link that Vulcans are able to create with other organisms . Mind Meld was released for sale on Shatner 's website on November 6 , 2001 , coinciding with the release of the director 's cut of Star Trek : The Motion Picture . Mind Meld attracted some notoriety because of an unintended sound in one scene that became a popular subject of flatulence humor among Star Trek fans and on morning zoo radio programs . Shatner denied being the source of this sound in multiple interviews ; he and Mind Meld '' 's director , Peter Jaysen , attributed it to equipment on set .   The film received mixed reviews from critics . Scott Brown of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an `` F '' , and said that the only people likely to watch the film were extreme Star Trek fans and people interested in hearing Shatner 's supposed flatulence . Laurence Lerman of Video Business praised the film for not `` rehash -LSB- ing -RSB- anecdotes that have long been staples of Star Trek conventions and behind-the-scenes memoirs '' , and instead for dealing with such topics as alcoholism , career difficulties , and conflicts on the set of Star Trek '' ."}
{"_id": "Mind–body_dualism", "title": "Mind–body dualism", "headings": "", "text": "Mind -- body dualism , or mind -- body duality , is a view in the philosophy of mind that mental phenomena are , in some respects , non-physical , or that the mind and body are distinct and separable . Thus , it encompasses a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter , and between subject and object , and is contrasted with other positions , such as physicalism and enactivism , in the mind -- body problem .   Aristotle shared Plato 's view of multiple souls and further elaborated a hierarchical arrangement , corresponding to the distinctive functions of plants , animals , and people : a nutritive soul of growth and metabolism that all three share ; a perceptive soul of pain , pleasure , and desire that only people and other animals share ; and the faculty of reason that is unique to people only . In this view , a soul is the hylomorphic form of a viable organism , wherein each level of the hierarchy formally supervenes upon the substance of the preceding level . Thus , for Aristotle , all three souls perish when the living organism dies . For Plato however , the soul was not dependent on the physical body ; he believed in metempsychosis , the migration of the soul to a new physical body .   Dualism is closely associated with the thought of René Descartes ( 1641 ) , which holds that the mind is a nonphysical -- and therefore , non-spatial -- substance . Descartes clearly identified the mind with consciousness and self-awareness and distinguished this from the brain as the seat of intelligence . Hence , he was the first to formulate the mind -- body problem in the form in which it exists today . Dualism is contrasted with various kinds of monism . Substance dualism is contrasted with all forms of materialism , but property dualism may be considered a form of emergent materialism or non-reductive physicalism in some sense ."}
{"_id": "Mineral_industry_of_Africa", "title": "Mineral industry of Africa", "headings": "", "text": "The mineral industry of Africa is the largest mineral industries in the world . Africa is the second largest continent , with 30 million km ² of land , which implies large quantities of resources . For many African countries , mineral exploration and production constitute significant parts of their economies and remain keys to economic growth . Africa is richly endowed with mineral reserves and ranks first or second in quantity of world reserves of bauxite , cobalt , industrial diamond , phosphate rock , platinum-group metals ( PGM ) , vermiculite , and zirconium . Gold mining is Africa 's main mining resource .   The Central African Mining and Exploration Company ( CAMEC ) , one of Africa 's primary mining enterprises , is criticized for its unregulated environmental impact and minimal social stewardship . In the spring of 2009 , retired British cricket player Phil Edmonds ' assets were seized by the United Kingdom 's government due to CAMEC 's illicit association with self-appointed Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe .  CAMEC recently sold 95.4 % of its shares to the Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation . It is under restructuring and is no longer trading under the CAMEC brand .   African mineral reserves rank first or second for bauxite , cobalt , diamonds , phosphate rocks , platinum-group metals ( PGM ) , vermiculite and zirconium . Many other minerals are present in quantity . The 2012 share of world production from African soil was bauxite 7 % ; aluminium 5 % ; chromite 38 % ; cobalt 60 % ; copper 9 % ; gold 20 % ; iron ore 2 % ; steel 1 % ; lead ( Pb ) 2 % ; manganese 38 % ; zinc 1 % ; cement 4 % ; natural diamond 56 % ; graphite 2 % ; phosphate rock 21 % ; coal 4 % ; mineral fuels ( including coal ) & petroleum 12 % ; uranium 18 % ."}
{"_id": "Minimum_wage", "title": "Minimum wage", "headings": "", "text": "A minimum wage is the lowest remuneration that employers must legally pay their workers . Equivalently , it is the price floor below which workers may not sell their labor . Although minimum wage laws are in effect in many jurisdictions , differences of opinion exist about the benefits and drawbacks of a minimum wage . Supporters of the minimum wage say it increases the standard of living of workers , reduces poverty , reduces inequality , and boosts morale . In contrast , opponents of the minimum wage say it increases poverty , increases unemployment ( particularly among unskilled or inexperienced workers ) and is damaging to businesses , because excessively high minimum wages require businesses to raise the prices of their product or service to accommodate the extra expense of paying a higher wage ."}
{"_id": "Miocene", "title": "Miocene", "headings": "", "text": "The Miocene ( -LSB- pronˈmaɪəˌsiːn -RSB- ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about ( Ma ) . The Miocene was named by Sir Charles Lyell . Its name comes from the Greek words μείων ( meiōn , `` less '' ) and καινός ( kainos , `` new '' ) and means `` less recent '' because it has 18 % fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene . The Miocene follows the Oligocene Epoch and is followed by the Pliocene Epoch .   The earth went from the Oligocene through the Miocene and into the Pliocene , with the climate slowly cooling towards a series of ice ages . The Miocene boundaries are not marked by a single distinct global event but consist rather of regional boundaries between the warmer Oligocene and the cooler Pliocene Epoch .   The apes arose and diversified during the Miocene , becoming widespread in the Old World . By the end of this epoch , the ancestors of humans had split away from the ancestors of the chimpanzees to follow their own evolutionary path . As in the Oligocene before it , grasslands continued to expand and forests to dwindle in extent . In the Miocene seas , kelp forests made their first appearance and soon became one of Earth 's most productive ecosystems .  The plants and animals of the Miocene were fairly modern . Mammals and birds were well-established . Whales , seals , and kelp spread . The Miocene is of particular interest to geologists and palaeoclimatologists as major phases of the Himalayan orogeny had occurred during the Miocene , affecting monsoonal patterns in Asia , which were interlinked with glaciations in the northern hemisphere ."}
{"_id": "Mire", "title": "Mire", "headings": "", "text": "A mire or quagmire , sometimes called a peatland , is a wetland terrain without forest cover , dominated by living , peat-forming plants . For botanists and ecologists , the term peatland is a more general term for any terrain dominated by peat to a depth of at least 30 cm , even if it has been completely drained ( i.e. , a peatland can be dry , but a mire by definition must be wet ) .   There are two types of mire : bogs and fens . A bog is a landform that due to its location relative to the surrounding landscape obtains most of its water from rainfall ( i.e. , is ombrotrophic ) , while a fen is located on a slope , flat , or depression and gets its water from both rainfall and surface water . Also , while a bog is always acidic and nutrient-poor , a fen may be slightly acidic , neutral , or alkaline , and either nutrient-poor or nutrient-rich .   A mire is distinguished from a swamp by its lack of a forest canopy ; although some bogs may support limited tree or bush growth , mires are dominated by grass and mosses . A mire is distinguished from a marsh by its water nutrients and distribution : marshes are characterized by nutrient-rich stagnant or slow-moving waters while mire waters are located mostly below the soil surface level . A mire is also distinguished from a marsh by its plant life : marsh plants are generally submerged or floating-leaved while those in a mire are not .   Relying on rainwater for nutrient input , mires are usually deficient in both nitrogen and phosphorus and may vary widely with regard to nitrogen . These characteristics mean that mires are a kind of '' ... living relic ... -LSB- A -RSB- living skin on an ancient body '' in which successive layers of regular plant growth and decay are preserved stratigraphically with a quality of preservation unknown in other wetland environments ."}
{"_id": "Miscanthus_giganteus", "title": "Miscanthus giganteus", "headings": "", "text": "Miscanthus × giganteus , giant miscanthus , is a large , perennial grass hybrid of Miscanthus sinensis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus . This full sun plant grows 8-12 ft ( 240 -- 360 cm ) tall each year and is best suited for hardiness Zones 5 - 9 ."}
{"_id": "Mississippi", "title": "Mississippi", "headings": "", "text": "Mississippi -LSB- mɪsᵻˈsɪpi -RSB- is a state in the southern region of the United States , with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico . Its western border is formed by the Mississippi River .   The state has a population of approximately 3 million . It is the 32nd most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States . Located in the center of the state , Jackson is the state capital and largest city , with a population of approximately 175,000 people .   The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area , between the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers . Before the American Civil War , most development in the state was along riverfronts , where slaves worked on cotton plantations . After the war , the bottomlands to the interior were cleared , mostly by freedmen . By the end of the 19th century , African Americans made up two-thirds of the Delta 's property owners , but timber and railroad companies acquired much of the land after a financial crisis .   Clearing altered the Delta 's ecology , increasing the severity of flooding along the Mississippi . Much land is now held by agribusinesses . A largely rural state with agricultural areas dominated by industrial farms , Mississippi is ranked low or last among the states in such measures as health , educational attainment , and median household income . The state 's catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States .   Since the 1930s and the Great Migration , Mississippi has been majority white , albeit with the highest percentage of black residents of any U.S. state . From the early 19th century to the 1930s , its residents were mostly black , a population that before the American Civil War was composed largely of African slaves . Whites retained political power through Jim Crow laws . In the first half of the 20th century , nearly 400,000 rural blacks left the state for work and opportunities in northern and midwestern cities , with another wave of migration around World War II to West Coast cities . In 2010 , 37 % of Mississippians were African Americans , the highest percentage of African Americans in any U.S. state . Since gaining enforcement of their voting franchise in the late 1960s , most African Americans support Democratic candidates in local , state and national elections . Conservative whites have shifted to the Republican Party . African Americans are a majority in many counties of the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta , an area of historic settlement during the plantation era . Since 2011 Mississippi has been ranked as the most religious state in the country ."}
{"_id": "Mississippi_River–Gulf_Outlet_Canal", "title": "Mississippi River–Gulf Outlet Canal", "headings": "", "text": "The Mississippi River -- Gulf Outlet Canal ( abbreviated as MRGO or MR-GO ) is a 76 mi channel constructed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers at the direction of Congress in the mid-20th century that provided a shorter route between the Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans ' inner harbor Industrial Canal via the Intracoastal Waterway . In 2005 , although disputed by the Corps of Engineers , the MRGO channeled Hurricane Katrina 's storm surge into the heart of Greater New Orleans , contributing significantly to the subsequent multiple engineering failures experienced by the region 's hurricane protection network . In the aftermath the channel was closed . A permanent storm surge barrier was constructed in the MRGO in 2009 , and the channel has been closed to maritime shipping .   The MRGO begins just east of I-510 's crossing of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway in New Orleans East and takes a path SSE through St. Bernard Parish wetlands just west of Lake Borgne to the Gulf of Mexico near Gardner Island . Much criticized for its negative environmental effects , such as saltwater intrusion , wetlands erosion and storm surge amplification during Hurricane Katrina , the MRGO was closed in 2009 . Maritime traffic was barred on April 22 , 2009 ."}
{"_id": "Mitigation_(law)", "title": "Mitigation (law)", "headings": "", "text": "Mitigation in law is the principle that a party who has suffered loss ( from a tort or breach of contract ) has to take reasonable action to minimize the amount of the loss suffered . As stated by the Canadian Federal Court of Appeal in Redpath Industries Ltd. v.Cisco ( The ) , `` It is well established that a party who suffers damages as a result of a breach of contract has a duty to mitigate those damages , that is to say that the wrongdoer can not be called upon to pay for avoidable losses which would result in an increase in the quantum of damages payable to the injured party . '' The onus on showing a failure to mitigate damages is on the defendant .   For example , consider a tenant who signs an agreement to rent a house for a year , but moves out ( and stops paying rent ) after only one month . The landlord may be able to sue the tenant for breach of contract : however the landlord must mitigate damages by making a reasonable attempt to find a replacement tenant for the remainder of the year . The landlord may not simply let the house lie empty for eleven months and then sue the tenant for eleven months ' rent .   The actions of the defendant may also result in the mitigation of damages which would otherwise have been due to the successful plaintiff . For example , the Civil Law ( Wrongs ) Act 2002 ( ACT ) provides that mitigation of damages for the publication of defamatory matter may result from any apology made by a defendant and any correction published ( s. 139I ) .   The issue of what is reasonable is especially contentious in personal injury cases where the plaintiff refuses medical advice . This can be seen in cases such as Janiak v. Ippolito .  The antonym of mitigation is aggravation ."}
{"_id": "Models_of_communication", "title": "Models of communication", "headings": "", "text": "Models of communication are conceptual models used to explain the human communication process . The first major model for communication came in 1948 by Claude Elwood Shannon and published with an introduction by Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories . Following the basic concept , communication is the process of sending and receiving messages or transferring information from one part ( sender ) to another ( receiver ) ."}
{"_id": "Models_of_scientific_inquiry", "title": "Models of scientific inquiry", "headings": "", "text": "In the philosophy of science , models of scientific inquiry have two functions : first , to provide a descriptive account of how scientific inquiry is carried out in practice , and second , to provide an explanatory account of why scientific inquiry succeeds as well as it appears to do in arriving at genuine knowledge .  The search for scientific knowledge extends far back into antiquity . At some point in the past , at least by the time of Aristotle , philosophers recognized that a fundamental distinction should be drawn between two kinds of scientific knowledge -- roughly , knowledge that and knowledge why . It is one thing to know that each planet periodically reverses the direction of its motion with respect to the background of fixed stars ; it is quite a different matter to know why . Knowledge of the former type is descriptive ; knowledge of the latter type is explanatory . It is explanatory knowledge that provides scientific understanding of the world . ( Salmon , 1990 )  `` Scientific inquiry refers to the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence derived from their work ."}
{"_id": "Modular_multiplicative_inverse", "title": "Modular multiplicative inverse", "headings": "", "text": "In mathematics , in particular , the area of number theory , a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer is an integer such that the product is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus . In the standard notation of modular arithmetic this congruence is written as   which is the shorthand way of writing the statement that divides ( evenly ) the quantity , or , put another way , the remainder after dividing by the integer is 1 . If does have an inverse modulo there are an infinite number of solutions of this congruence which form a congruence class with respect to this modulus . Furthermore , any integer that is congruent to ( i.e. , in 's congruence class ) will have any element of 's congruence class as a modular multiplicative inverse . Using the notation of to indicate the congruence class containing , this can be expressed by saying that the modulo multiplicative inverse of the congruence class is the congruence class such that :   where the symbol denotes the multiplication of equivalence classes modulo .  Written in this way the analogy with the usual concept of a multiplicative inverse in the set of rational or real numbers is clearly represented , replacing the numbers by congruence classes and altering the binary operation appropriately .   As with the analogous operation on the real numbers , a fundamental use of this operation is in solving , when possible , linear congruences of the form ,   Finding modular multiplicative inverses also has practical applications in the field of cryptography , i.e. public-key cryptography and the RSA Algorithm . A benefit for the computer implementation of these applications is that there exists a very fast algorithm ( the extended Euclidean algorithm ) that can be used for the calculation of modular multiplicative inverses .   In mathematical theory , assumptions about the properties of binary operators ( for example the associative property and the commutative property ) are often used as axioms in fields of study such as number theory and also two sub-disciplines of abstract algebra , group theory and ring theory ."}
{"_id": "Monsoon", "title": "Monsoon", "headings": "", "text": "Monsoon ( UK : -LSB- mɒnˈsuːn -RSB- US : -LSB- mɑːnˈsuːn -RSB- ) is traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation , but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea . Usually , the term monsoon is used to refer to the rainy phase of a seasonally changing pattern , although technically there is also a dry phase . The term is sometimes incorrectly used for locally heavy but short-term rains , although these rains meet the dictionary definition of monsoon .   The major monsoon systems of the world consist of the West African and Asia-Australian monsoons . The inclusion of the North and South American monsoons with incomplete wind reversal has been debated .   The term was first used in English in British India ( now India , Bangladesh and Pakistan ) and neighbouring countries to refer to the big seasonal winds blowing from the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea in the southwest bringing heavy rainfall to the area ."}
{"_id": "Monsoon_of_South_Asia", "title": "Monsoon of South Asia", "headings": "", "text": "The monsoon of South Asia is among several geographically distributed global monsoons . It affects the Indian subcontinent , where it is one of the oldest and most anticipated weather phenomena and an economically important pattern every year from June through September . Yet it is only partly understood and notoriously difficult to predict . Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin , process , strength , variability , distribution , and general vagaries of the monsoon , but understanding and predictability are still evolving .   The unique geographical features of the Indian subcontinent , along with associated atmospheric , oceanic , and geophysical factors , influence the behavior of the monsoon . Because of its effect on agriculture , on flora and fauna , and on the climates of nations such as Nepal , India , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka -- among other economic , social , and environmental effects -- the monsoon is one of the most anticipated , tracked , and studied weather phenomena in the region . It has a significant effect on the overall well-being of residents and has even been dubbed the `` real finance minister of India . ''"}
{"_id": "Montclair,_New_Jersey", "title": "Montclair, New Jersey", "headings": "", "text": "Montclair ( -LSB- mɒntˈklɛər -RSB- or -LSB- mɒŋˈklɛər -RSB- ) is a township in Essex County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the township 's population was 37,669 , reflecting a decline of 1,308 ( -3.4 % ) from the 38,977 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 1,248 ( +3.3 % ) from the 37,729 counted in the 1990 Census . , it was the 60th-most-populous municipality in New Jersey .   Montclair was first formed as a township on April 15 , 1868 , from portions of Bloomfield Township , so that a second railroad could be built to Montclair . After a referendum held on February 21 , 1894 , Montclair was reincorporated as a town , effective February 24 , 1894 . It derives its name from the French mont clair , meaning `` clear mountain '' or `` bright mountain . ''   In 1980 , after multiple protests filed by Montclair officials regarding the inequities built into the federal revenue sharing system , Montclair passed a referendum changing its name to the `` Township of Montclair , '' becoming the third of more than a dozen Essex County municipalities to reclassify themselves as townships to take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid to municipalities on a per capita basis ."}
{"_id": "Month", "title": "Month", "headings": "", "text": "A month is a unit of time , used with calendars , which is approximately as long as a natural period related to the motion of the Moon ; month and Moon are cognates . The traditional concept arose with the cycle of moon phases ; such months ( lunations ) are synodic months and last approximately 29.53 days . From excavated tally sticks , researchers have deduced that people counted days in relation to the Moon 's phases as early as the Paleolithic age . Synodic months , based on the Moon 's orbital period with respect to the Earth-Sun line , are still the basis of many calendars today , and are used to divide the year ."}
{"_id": "Montreal", "title": "Montreal", "headings": "", "text": "Montreal ( -LSB- audio = Montreal-English-pronunciation . ogaˌmʌntriːˈɒl -RSB- ) , officially Montréal ( -LSB- mɔ̃ʁeal -RSB- ) , is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada , after Toronto . Originally called Ville-Marie , or `` City of Mary , '' it is believed to be named after Mount Royal , though there is some debate about this . The city has a distinct four-season continental climate , with warm-to-hot summers and cold , snowy winters .   In 2016 , Montreal had a population of 1,704,694 . Montreal 's metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration , with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included . Legally a French-speaking city , 60.5 % of Montrealers speak French at home , 21.2 % speak English and 19.8 % speak neither . Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with 56 % of the population able to speak both official languages . Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris .   Historically the commercial capital of Canada , it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s . It remains an important centre of commerce , aerospace , finance , pharmaceuticals , technology , design , education , culture , tourism , gaming , film and world affairs . Being the location of the headquarters of the International Civil Aviation Organization , Montreal is one of three North American cities home to organizations of the United Nations ( along with New York and Washington ) and also has the 2nd-highest number of consulates in the continent . Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design . In 2009 , Montreal was named North America 's leading host city for international association events , according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress and Convention Association ( ICCA ) . According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit , Montreal ranked 14th out of 140 cities .   In the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking , Quacquarelli Symonds ( QS ) ranked Montreal as the world 's best city to study abroad . Also , Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled . The Greater Montreal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America . It even ranks higher than Boston , the intellectual capital of the U.S.   Montreal has hosted multiple international conferences and events throughout its history , including the 1967 International and Universal Exposition and the 1976 Summer Olympic Games . It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics . Currently , the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One , the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival . In 2012 , Montreal was ranked as a Beta + world city ."}
{"_id": "Montreal_Protocol", "title": "Montreal Protocol", "headings": "", "text": "The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ( a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer ) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion . It was agreed on 16 September 1987 , and entered into force on 01 January 1989 , followed by a first meeting in Helsinki , May 1989 . Since then , it has undergone eight revisions , in 1990 ( London ) , 1991 ( Nairobi ) , 1992 ( Copenhagen ) , 1993 ( Bangkok ) , 1995 ( Vienna ) , 1997 ( Montreal ) , 1998 ( Australia ) , 1999 ( Beijing ) and 2016 ( Kigali , adopted , but not in force ) . As a result of the international agreement , the ozone hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering . Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070 . Due to its widespread adoption and implementation it has been hailed as an example of exceptional international co-operation , with Kofi Annan quoted as saying that `` perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol '' . In comparison , effective burden sharing and solution proposals mitigating regional conflicts of interest have been among the success factors for the ozone depletion challenge , where global regulation based on the Kyoto Protocol has failed to do so . In this case of the ozone depletion challenge , there was global regulation already being installed before a scientific consensus was established . Also , overall public opinion was convinced of possible imminent risks .   The two ozone treaties have been ratified by 197 parties , which includes 196 states and the European Union , making them the first universally ratified treaties in United Nations history .   These truly universal treaties have also been remarkable in the expedience of the policy making process at the global scale , where only 14 years lapsed between a basic scientific research discovery ( 1973 ) and the international agreement signed ( 1985 & 1987 ) ."}
{"_id": "Moon", "title": "Moon", "headings": "", "text": "The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits planet Earth , being Earth 's only permanent natural satellite . It is the fifth-largest natural satellite in the Solar System , and the largest among planetary satellites relative to the size of the planet that it orbits ( its primary ) . Following Jupiter 's satellite Io , the Moon is second-densest satellite among those whose densities are known .   The average distance of the Moon from the Earth is 384400 km , or 1.28 light-seconds .   The Moon is thought to have formed about 4.51 billion years ago , not long after Earth . There are several hypotheses for its origin ; the most widely accepted explanation is that the Moon formed from the debris left over after a giant impact between Earth and a Mars-sized body called Theia .   The Moon is in synchronous rotation with Earth , always showing the same face , with its near side marked by dark volcanic maria that fill the spaces between the bright ancient crustal highlands and the prominent impact craters . It is the second-brightest regularly visible celestial object in Earth 's sky , after the Sun , as measured by illuminance on Earth 's surface . Its surface is actually dark , although compared to the night sky it appears very bright , with a reflectance just slightly higher than that of worn asphalt . Its prominence in the sky and its regular cycle of phases have made the Moon an important cultural influence since ancient times on language , calendars , art , and mythology .   The Moon 's gravitational influence produces the ocean tides , body tides , and the slight lengthening of the day . The Moon 's current orbital distance is about thirty times the diameter of Earth , with its apparent size in the sky almost the same as that of the Sun , resulting in the Moon covering the Sun nearly precisely in total solar eclipse . This matching of apparent visual size will not continue in the far future . The Moon 's linear distance from Earth is currently increasing at a rate of 3.82 ± per year , but this rate is not constant .   The Soviet Union 's Luna programme was the first to reach the Moon with uncrewed spacecraft in 1959 ; the United States ' NASA Apollo program achieved the only crewed missions to date , beginning with the first crewed lunar orbiting mission by Apollo 8 in 1968 , and six crewed lunar landings between 1969 and 1972 , with the first being Apollo 11 . These missions returned over 380 kg of lunar rocks , which have been used to develop a geological understanding of the Moon 's origin , the formation of its internal structure , and its subsequent history . Since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972 , the Moon has been visited only by uncrewed spacecraft ."}
{"_id": "Morocco", "title": "Morocco", "headings": "", "text": "Morocco ( -LSB- məˈrɒkoʊ -RSB- المغرب , lit . `` The West '' ; ; Maroc ) , officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco ( المملكة المغربية , lit . `` The Western Kingdom '' ; ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ) , is a sovereign country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . Geographically , Morocco is characterized by a rugged mountainous interior , large tracts of desert , and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea .   Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of 446,550 km2 . Its capital is Rabat , and the largest city is Casablanca . Other major cities include Marrakesh , Tangier , Tetouan , Salé , Fes , Agadir , Meknes , Oujda , Kenitra , and Nador . A historically prominent regional power , Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 789 , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under the Almoravid and Almohad dynasty , spanning parts of Iberia and Northwestern Africa . Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination , and Morocco remained the only North African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , the current ruling dynasty , seized power in 1666 . In 1912 Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier , and regained its independence in 1956 . Moroccan culture is a blend of Arab , indigenous Berber , Sub-Saharan African , and European influences .   Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara as its Southern Provinces . Morocco annexed the territory in 1975 , leading to a guerrilla war with indigenous forces until a cease-fire in 1991 . Peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock .   Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament . The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers , especially over the military , foreign policy and religious affairs . Executive power is exercised by the government , while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament , the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors . The king can issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law . He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister and the president of the Constitutional court .   Morocco 's predominant religion is Islam , and the official languages are Arabic and Tamazight . The Moroccan dialect , referred to as Darija , and French are also widely spoken . Morocco is a member of the Arab League , the Union for the Mediterranean , and the African Union . It has the fifth largest economy of Africa ."}
{"_id": "Moscow", "title": "Moscow", "headings": "", "text": "Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.8 million within the urban area . Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city .   Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe , as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent . By broader definitions Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 14th largest metro area , the 18th largest agglomeration , the 15th largest urban area , and the 11th largest by population within city limits worldwide . According to Forbes 2013 , Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world by Mercer and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world according to the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . By its territorial expansion on July 1 , 2012 southwest into the Moscow Oblast , the area of the capital more than doubled , going from 1091 to , and it gained an additional population of 233,000 people .  Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , making it the world 's most populated inland city . The city is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral with its brightly coloured domes . With over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery , it is one of the greenest capitals and major cities in Europe and the world , having the largest forest in an urban area within its borders -- more than any other major city -- even before its expansion in 2012 .  The city has served as the capital of a progression of states , from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Russian Empire to the Soviet Union and the contemporary Russian Federation . Moscow is considered the centre of Russian culture , having served as the home of Russian artists , scientists and sports figures and because of the presence of museums , academic and political institutions and theatres .   Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia , being the site of the Moscow Kremlin , a medieval city-fortress that is today the residence for work of the President of Russia . The Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city . Both chambers of the Russian parliament ( the State Duma and the Federation Council ) also sit in the city .   The city is served by a transit network , which includes four international airports , nine railway terminals , numerous trams , a monorail system and one of the deepest underground rapid transit systems in the world , the Moscow Metro , the fourth-largest in the world and largest outside of Asia in terms of passenger numbers , and the busiest in Europe . It is recognised as one of the city 's landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations .   Moscow has acquired a number of epithets , most referring to its size and preeminent status within the nation : The Third Rome , The Whitestone One , The First Throne , The Forty Forties , and The Hero City . In old Russian the word '' Сорок '' ( forty ) also meant a church administrative district , which consisted of about forty churches . The demonym for a Moscow resident is '' москвич '' ( moskvich ) for male or '' москвичка '' ( moskvichka ) for female , rendered in English as Muscovite ."}
{"_id": "Mother_goddess", "title": "Mother goddess", "headings": "", "text": "For | the mountain with native name Chomolungma ( `` Goddess Mother of the World/Earth '' ) | Mount Everest -RCB- h -RCB-  A mother goddess is a goddess who represents , or is a personification of nature , motherhood , fertility , creation , destruction or who embodies the bounty of the Earth . When equated with the Earth or the natural world , such goddesses are sometimes referred to as Mother Earth or as the Earth Mother .   There is difference of opinion between the academic and the popular conception of the term . The popular view is mainly driven by the Goddess movement and reads that primitive societies initially were matriarchal , worshipping a sovereign , nurturing , motherly earth goddess . This was based upon the nineteenth-century ideas of unilineal evolution of Johann Jakob Bachofen . According to the academic view , however , both Bachofen and the modern Goddess theories are a projection of contemporary world views on ancient myths , rather than attempting to understand the mentalité of that time . Often this is accompanied by a desire for a lost civilization from a bygone era that would have been just , peaceful and wise . However , it is highly unlikely that such a civilization ever existed .   For a long time , feminist authors advocated that these peaceful , matriarchal agrarian societies were exterminated or subjugated by nomadic , patriarchal warrior tribes . An important contribution to this was that of archaeologist Marija Gimbutas . Her work in this field is now however largely rejected . Also with feminist archaeologists this vision is nowadays considered highly controversial .   Since the sixties of the twentieth century , especially in popular culture , the alleged worship of the mother goddess and the social position that women in prehistoric societies supposedly assumed , were linked . This made the debate a political one . According to the goddess movement , the current male-dominated society should return to the egalitarian matriarchy of earlier times . That this form of society ever existed was supposedly supported by many figurines that were found .  In academic circles , this prehistoric matriarchy is considered unlikely . Firstly , worshiping a mother goddess does not necessarily mean that women ruled society . In addition , the figurines can also portray ordinary women or goddesses , and it is unclear whether there really ever was a mother goddess ."}
{"_id": "Mount_Kenya", "title": "Mount Kenya", "headings": "", "text": "Mount Kenya is the highest mountain in Kenya and the second-highest in Africa , after Kilimanjaro . The highest peaks of the mountain are Batian ( 5199 m ) , Nelion ( 5188 m ) and Point Lenana ( 4985 m ) . Mount Kenya is located in central Kenya , the heart of Kenya , about 16.5 km south of the equator , around 150 km north-northeast of the capital Nairobi . Mount Kenya is the source of the name of the Republic of Kenya .   Mount Kenya is a stratovolcano created approximately 3 million years after the opening of the East African rift .  Before glaciation , it was 7000 m high . It was covered by an ice cap for thousands of years . This has resulted in very eroded slopes and numerous valleys radiating from the centre . There are currently 11 small glaciers . The forested slopes are an important source of water for much of Kenya .   There are several vegetation bands from the base to the summit . The lower slopes are covered by different types of forest . Many alpine species are endemic to Mount Kenya , such as the giant lobelias and senecios and a local subspecies of rock hyrax . An area of 715 km2 around the centre of the mountain was designated a National Park  and listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997 . The park receives over 16,000 visitors per year ."}
{"_id": "Mount_Kilimanjaro", "title": "Mount Kilimanjaro", "headings": "", "text": "Mount Kilimanjaro ( -LSB- pronˌkɪlɪmənˈdʒɑːroʊ -RSB- ) , with its three volcanic cones , `` Kibo '' , `` Mawenzi '' , and `` Shira '' , is a dormant volcano in Tanzania . It is the highest mountain in Africa , and rises approximately 4900 m from its base to 5895 m above sea level.The first persons proven to have reached the summit of the mountain were Hans Meyer , and Ludwig Purtscheller in 1889 . The mountain is part of the Kilimanjaro National Park and is a major climbing destination . The mountain has been the subject of many scientific studies because of its shrinking glaciers and disappearing ice fields ."}
{"_id": "Mountain_pine_beetle", "title": "Mountain pine beetle", "headings": "", "text": "The mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae , is a species of bark beetle native to the forests of western North America from Mexico to central British Columbia . It has a hard black exoskeleton , and measures approximately 5 mm , about the size of a grain of rice .   In western North America , the current outbreak of the mountain pine beetle and its microbial associates has destroyed wide areas of lodgepole pine forest , including more than 16 million of the 55 million hectares of forest in British Columbia . The current outbreak in the Rocky Mountain National Park began in 1996 and has caused the destruction of millions of acres of ponderosa and lodgepole pine trees . According to an annual assessment by the state 's forest service , 264,000 acres of trees in Colorado were infested by the mountain pine beetle at the beginning of 2013 . This was much smaller than the 1.15 million acres that were affected in 2008 because the beetle has already killed off most of the vulnerable trees ( Ward ) .   Mountain pine beetles inhabit ponderosa , whitebark , lodgepole , Scotch , jack pine , and limber pine trees . Normally , these insects play an important role in the life of a forest , attacking old or weakened trees , and speeding development of a younger forest . However , unusually hot , dry summers and mild winters throughout the region during the last few years , along with forests filled with mature lodgepole pine , have led to an unprecedented epidemic .   It may be the largest forest insect blight ever seen in North America . Climate change , monocultural replanting , and a century of forest fire suppresion have contributed to the size and severity of the outbreak , and the outbreak itself may , with similar infestations , have significant effects on the capability of northern forests to remove greenhouse gas ( CO2 ) from the atmosphere .   Because of its impact on forestry , the transcriptome and the genome have been sequenced . This is only the second beetle genome to be sequenced as of 2013 ."}
{"_id": "Murmansk", "title": "Murmansk", "headings": "", "text": "Murmansk ( -LSB- Му́рманск , p = ˈmurmənsk -RSB- -LSB- Incubator : Wp/sjd / Мурман ланнҍ , Мурман ланнҍ -RSB- Murmánska Muurman ) is a port city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast , Russia , located in the extreme northwest part of Russia , on the Kola Bay , an inlet of the Barents Sea on the northern shore of the Kola Peninsula , close to Russia 's borders with Norway and Finland . The city is named for the Murman Coast ; Murman is an older Russian term for Norwegians .   Despite its extremely-northern latitude of 68 ° 58 'N ( just 2 ° north of the Arctic Circle at approximately 66 ° 33 ` N ) , Murmansk is in many ways similar to other Russian cities of its size at far-lower latitudes , with highway and railway access to the rest of Europe , and the northernmost trolleybus system on Earth . This is in stark contrast to the isolation of other major Arctic maritime cities such as Dikson , Krasnoyarsk Krai ( 73 ° 30 ` N ) in the far-north of Siberia on the shores of the Kara Sea or Iqaluit , Nunavut in Canada on Baffin Island 's Frobisher Bay off the Labrador Sea ( actually further south at 63 ° 44 ` N ) . While still having long , harsh winters , Murmansk enjoys somewhat warmer temperatures , relatively speaking , than other regions at similarly high latitudes due to the moderating effects of the Gulf Stream on the Barents Sea .   Although Murmansk 's population is in decline -- 299,148 ( 2014 est. ) ; -- it remains by far the largest city north of the Arctic Circle and is a major port on the Arctic Ocean ."}
{"_id": "Mutation", "title": "Mutation", "headings": "", "text": "In biology , a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism , virus , or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements .   Mutations result from errors during DNA replication or other types of damage to DNA , which then may undergo error-prone repair ( especially microhomology-mediated end joining ) , or cause an error during other forms of repair , or else may cause an error during replication ( translesion synthesis ) . Mutations may also result from insertion or deletion of segments of DNA due to mobile genetic elements . Mutations may or may not produce discernible changes in the observable characteristics ( phenotype ) of an organism . Mutations play a part in both normal and abnormal biological processes including : evolution , cancer , and the development of the immune system , including junctional diversity .   The genomes of RNA viruses are based on RNA rather than DNA . The RNA viral genome can be double stranded ( as in DNA ) or single stranded . In some of these viruses ( such as the single stranded human immunodeficiency virus ) replication occurs quickly and there are no mechanisms to check the genome for accuracy . This error-prone process often results in mutations .   Mutation can result in many different types of change in sequences . Mutations in genes can either have no effect , alter the product of a gene , or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely . Mutations can also occur in nongenic regions . One study on genetic variations between different species of Drosophila suggests that , if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene , the result is likely to be harmful , with an estimated 70 percent of amino acid polymorphisms that have damaging effects , and the remainder being either neutral or marginally beneficial . Due to the damaging effects that mutations can have on genes , organisms have mechanisms such as DNA repair to prevent or correct mutations by reverting the mutated sequence back to its original state ."}
{"_id": "Myocardial_infarction", "title": "Myocardial infarction", "headings": "", "text": "Myocardial infarction ( MI ) , commonly known as a heart attack , occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle . The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder , arm , back , neck , or jaw . Often it is in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes . The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn . Other symptoms may include shortness of breath , nausea , feeling faint , a cold sweat , or feeling tired . About 30 % of people have atypical symptoms . Women more often have atypical symptoms than men . Among those over 75 years old , about 5 % have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms . An MI may cause heart failure , an irregular heartbeat , cardiogenic shock , or cardiac arrest .   Most MIs occur due to coronary artery disease . Risk factors include high blood pressure , smoking , diabetes , lack of exercise , obesity , high blood cholesterol , poor diet , and excessive alcohol intake , among others . The mechanism of an MI often involves the complete blockage of a coronary artery caused by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque . MIs are less commonly caused by coronary artery spasms , which may be due to cocaine , significant emotional stress , and extreme cold , among others . A number of tests are useful to help with diagnosis , including electrocardiograms ( ECGs ) , blood tests , and coronary angiography . An ECG , which is a recording of the heart 's electrical activity , may confirm an ST elevation MI ( STEMI ) if a change known as ST elevation is present . Commonly used blood tests include troponin and less often creatine kinase MB .   Treatment of an MI is time critical . Aspirin is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI . Nitroglycerin or opioids may be used to help with chest pain ; however , they do not improve overall outcomes . Supplemental oxygen should be used in those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath . In ST elevation MIs treatments which attempt to restore blood flow to the heart are typically recommended and include percutaneous coronary intervention ( PCI ) , where the arteries are pushed open and may be stented , or thrombolysis , where the blockage is removed using medications . People who have a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction ( NSTEMI ) are often managed with the blood thinner heparin , with the additional use of PCI in those at high risk . In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes , coronary artery bypass surgery ( CABG ) may be recommended rather than angioplasty . After an MI , lifestyle modifications , along with long term treatment with aspirin , beta blockers , and statins , are typically recommended .   Worldwide , about 15.9 million myocardial infarctions occurred in 2015 . More than 3 million people had an ST elevation MI and more than 4 million had an NSTEMI . STEMIs occur about twice as often in men as women . About one million people have an MI each year in the United States . In the developed world the risk of death in those who have had an STEMI is about 10 % . Rates of MI for a given age have decreased globally between 1990 and 2010 . In 2011 , AMI was one of the top five most expensive conditions during inpatient hospitalizations in the US , with a cost of about $ 11.5 billion for 612,000 hospital stays ."}
{"_id": "NASA", "title": "NASA", "headings": "", "text": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA -LSB- ˈnæsə -RSB- ) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research .   President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian ( rather than military ) orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science . The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29 , 1958 , disestablishing NASA 's predecessor , the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency became operational on October 1 , 1958 .   Since that time , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . Currently , NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program ( LSP ) which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches .   NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System , advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program , exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons , and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs . NASA shares data with various national and international organizations such as from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite . Since 2011 , NASA has been criticized for low cost efficiency , achieving little results in return for high development costs ."}
{"_id": "NASA_Deep_Space_Network", "title": "NASA Deep Space Network", "headings": "", "text": "The NASA Deep Space Network ( DSN ) is a worldwide network of US spacecraft communication facilities , located in the United States ( California ) , Spain ( Madrid ) , and Australia ( Canberra ) , that supports NASA 's interplanetary spacecraft missions . It also performs radio and radar astronomy observations for the exploration of the solar system and the universe , and supports selected Earth-orbiting missions . DSN is part of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) . Similar networks are run by Europe , Russia , China , India , and Japan ."}
{"_id": "NW_Rota-1", "title": "NW Rota-1", "headings": "", "text": "NW Rota-1 is a seamount in the Mariana Islands, northwest of Rota, which was discovered through its hydrothermal activity in 2003. The volcano has been observed to be erupting underwater, the first time that submarine explosive eruptions have been directly witnessed. The summit of the seamount lies at 517 m (1,696 ft) below sea level, with a ridge capping off the seamount. It has several craters, the most active of which is located south of the summit ridge and is called \"Brimstone Pit\". Eruptions have been recorded in 2008–2010 and took the form of Strombolian eruptions with the emission of lava and large amounts of tephra. The erupted material is unstable and forms sediment flows and landslides; one large landslide occurred on 14 August 2009 and stripped part of the southern flank of NW Rota-1. Such landslides generate ash plumes underwater and are similar to large landslides at other active submarine volcanoes. The activity gives rise to intense hydrothermal plumes, which contain droplets of molten sulfur and bubbles of carbon dioxide, among other compounds. It is estimated that NW Rota-1 releases 400,000 ± 100,000 tonne/year of carbon dioxide. The hydrothermal activity nourishes microbial mats and these in turn many animals, although the unstable environment from the frequent eruptions limits animal diversity."}
{"_id": "Nancy_Pelosi", "title": "Nancy Pelosi", "headings": "", "text": "Nancy Patricia D'Alesandro Pelosi ( -LSB- pəˈloʊsi -RSB- born March 26 , 1940 ) is an American politician who currently serves as the Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives , representing California 's 12th congressional district . She previously served as the 52nd House Speaker from 2007 to 2011 , the only woman to do so . She is also , to date , the highest-ranking female politician in American history .   A member of the Democratic Party , Pelosi represents California 's 12th congressional district , which consists of four-fifths of the city and county of San Francisco . The district was numbered as the 5th during her first three terms in the House , and as the 8th from 1993 to 2013 . She served as the House Minority Whip from 2002 to 2003 , and was House Minority Leader from 2003 to 2007 , holding the post during the 108th and 109th Congresses alongside President George W. Bush . Pelosi is the first woman , the first Californian , and first Italian-American to lead a major party in Congress . After the Democrats took control of the House in 2007 and increased their majority in 2009 , Pelosi was elected Speaker of the House for the 110th and 111th Congresses alongside Presidents Bush and Barack Obama .   On November 17 , 2010 , Pelosi was elected as the Democratic Leader by House Democrats and therefore the Minority Leader in the Republican-controlled House for the 112th Congress ."}
{"_id": "Naomi_Oreskes", "title": "Naomi Oreskes", "headings": "", "text": "Naomi Oreskes ( born November 25 , 1958 ) is an American historian of science . She became Professor of the History of Science and Affiliated Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University in 2013 , after 15 years as Professor of History and Science Studies at the University of California , San Diego . She has worked on studies of geophysics , environmental issues such as global warming , and the history of science . In 2010 , Oreskes co-authored Merchants of Doubt which identified some parallels between the climate change debate and earlier public controversies ."}
{"_id": "Narrative", "title": "Narrative", "headings": "", "text": "A narrative or story is a report of connected events , real or imaginary , presented in a sequence of written or spoken words , or still or moving images , or both . The word derives from the Latin verb narrare , `` to tell '' , which is derived from the adjective gnarus , `` knowing '' or `` skilled '' .   Narrative can be organized in a number of thematic or formal categories : non-fiction ( such as definitively including creative non-fiction , biography , journalism , transcript poetry , and historiography ) ; fictionalization of historical events ( such as anecdote , myth , legend , and historical fiction ) ; and fiction proper ( such as literature in prose and sometimes poetry , such as short stories , novels , and narrative poems and songs , and imaginary narratives as portrayed in other textual forms , games , or live or recorded performances ) .   Narrative is found in all forms of human creativity , art , and entertainment , including speech , literature , theatre , music and song , comics , journalism , film , television and video , radio , gameplay , unstructured recreation , and performance in general , as well as some painting , sculpture , drawing , photography , and other visual arts ( though several modern art movements refuse the narrative in favor of the abstract and conceptual ) , as long as a sequence of events is presented .   Oral storytelling is the earliest method for sharing narratives . During most people 's childhoods , narratives are used to guide them on proper behavior , cultural history , formation of a communal identity , and values , as especially studied in anthropology today among traditional indigenous peoples .   Narratives may also be nested within other narratives , such as narratives told by an unreliable narrator ( a character ) typically found in noir fiction genre . An important part of narration is the narrative mode , the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a process narration ( see also `` Narrative Aesthetics '' below ) .   Along with exposition , argumentation , and description , narration , broadly defined , is one of four rhetorical modes of discourse . More narrowly defined , it is the fiction-writing mode in which the narrator communicates directly to the reader ."}
{"_id": "National_Electricity_Market", "title": "National Electricity Market", "headings": "", "text": "The National Electricity Market ( NEM ) is the Australian wholesale electricity market that covers the electrically connected states and territories of eastern and southern Australia , and the associated synchronous electricity transmission grid . The Australian Energy Market Commission develops and maintains the Australian National Electricity Rules , which have the force of law for the NEM in the participating states and territories . The Rules are enforced by the Australian Energy Regulator .   The NEM began operation on 13 December 1998 and operations currently cover the electrically connected states and territories of eastern and southern Australia of Queensland , New South Wales , Australian Capital Territory , Victoria , Tasmania and South Australia . Western Australia and the Northern Territory are not connected to the NEM . The NEM comprises five regions , with the ACT being in the NSW region . Tasmania joined the NEM in May 2005 and became fully operational on 29 April 2006 when the Basslink interconnector was fully activated . The Snowy region was abolished as a region on 1 July 2008 and the components split between New South Wales and Victoria . The Northern Territory has adopted parts of the National Electricity Law , with the Australian Energy Market Commission becoming the rule maker for the Territory for parts of the National Electricity Rules from 1 July 2016 . Western Australia is also considering adopting parts of the NER .   The NEM operates the world 's longest interconnected power systems between Port Douglas , Queensland and Port Lincoln , South Australia with an end-to-end distance of more than 5000 kilometres , and 40,000 circuit kilometres . Over A$ 11 billion of electricity is traded annually in the NEM to meet the demand of almost 19 million end-use consumers ."}
{"_id": "National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration", "title": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration", "headings": "", "text": "The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ; pronounced -LSB- ˈnoʊ.ə -RSB- , like `` Noah '' ) is an American scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the oceans and the atmosphere . NOAA warns of dangerous weather , charts seas , guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources , and conducts research to improve understanding and stewardship of the environment . In addition to its civilian employees , over 11,000 as of 2015 , NOAA research and operations are supported by 379 uniformed service members who make up the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps . NOAA traces its history to the Coast Survey established by President Thomas Jefferson in 1807 . In its present form , it combined several scientific agencies in 1970 . The Acting Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere at the Department of Commerce and the agency 's interim administrator has been Benjamin Friedman since the end of the Obama administration on January 20 , 2017 ."}
{"_id": "National_Park_Service", "title": "National Park Service", "headings": "", "text": "The National Park Service ( NPS ) is an agency of the United States federal government that manages all national parks , many national monuments , and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations . It was created on August 25 , 1916 , by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior . The NPS is charged with a dual role of preserving the ecological and historical integrity of the places entrusted to its management while also making them available and accessible for public use and enjoyment .   , the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee units , of which 59 are designated national parks ."}
{"_id": "National_security", "title": "National security", "headings": "", "text": "National Security is a concept that a government , along with its parliaments , should protect the state and its citizens against all kind of `` national '' crises through a variety of power projections , such as political power , diplomacy , economic power , military might , and so on .   The concept developed all in the United States after World War II . Initially focusing on military might , it now encompasses a broad range of facets , all of which impinge on the non-military or economic security of the nation and the values espoused by the national society . Accordingly , in order to possess national security , a nation needs to possess economic security , energy security , environmental security , etc. . Security threats involve not only conventional foes such as other nation-states but also non-state actors such as violent non-state actors , narcotic cartels , multinational corporations and non-governmental organisations ; some authorities include natural disasters and events causing severe environmental damage in this category .   Measures taken to ensure national security include :  using diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats  marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation  maintaining effective armed forces  implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures ( including anti-terrorism legislation )  ensuring the resilience and redundancy of critical infrastructure  using intelligence services to detect and defeat or avoid threats and espionage , and to protect classified information  using counterintelligence services or secret police to protect the nation from internal threats   There is no single universally accepted definition of national security . The variety of definitions provide an overview of the many usages of this concept . The concept still remains ambiguous , having originated from simpler definitions which initially emphasised the freedom from military threat and political coercion to later increase in sophistication and include other forms of non-military security as suited the circumstances of the time .   A typical dictionary definition , in this case from the Macmillan Dictionary ( online version ) , defines the term as `` the protection or the safety of a country 's secrets and its citizens '' emphasising the overall security of a nation and a nation state . Walter Lippmann , in 1943 , defined it in terms of war saying that `` a nation has security when it does not have to sacrifice its legitimate ínterests to avoid war , and is able , if challenged , to maintain them by war '' . A later definition by Harold Lasswell , a political scientist , in 1950 , looks at national security from almost the same aspect , that of external coercion : `` The distinctive meaning of national security means freedom from foreign dictation . ''   In 1960 , Arnold Wolfers , while recognising the need to segregate the subjectivity of the conceptual idea from the objectivity , talks of threats to acquired values : `` An ambiguous symbol meaning different things to different people . National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively , the absence of fear that such values will be attacked . '' The 1996 definition propagated by the National Defence College of India accretes the elements of national power : `` National security is an appropriate and aggressive blend of political resilience and maturity , human resources , economic structure and capacity , technological competence , industrial base and availability of natural resources and finally the military might . ''   Harold Brown , U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1977 to 1981 in the Carter administration , enlarged the definition of national security by including elements such as economic and environmental security : National security then is the ability to preserve the nation 's physical integrity and territory ; to maintain its economic relations with the rest of the world on reasonable terms ; to preserve its nature , institution , and governance from disruption from outside ; and to control its borders.In 1990 , Harvard University history professor Charles Maier defined national security through the lens of national power : `` National security ... is best described as a capacity to control those domestic and foreign conditions that the public opinion of a given community believes necessary to enjoy its own self-determination or autonomy , prosperity and wellbeing . '' According to Prabhakaran Paleri , author of National Security , Imperatives and Challenges , national security may be defined as : The measurable state of the capability of a nation to overcome the multi-dimensional threats to the apparent well-being of its people and its survival as a nation-state at any given time , by balancing all instruments of state policy through governance , that can be indexed by computation , empirically or otherwise , and is extendable to global security by variables external to it .  A concise working definition by Premaratne that paraphrases the aspects of the definitions of Brown , Romm and Paleri defines national security as  Safeguarding the sovereignty , territorial integrity , citizenry and socioeconomic functionality of a nation from an aggressor intent on undermining a particular valued aspect of a nation through violent or unjust means"}
{"_id": "Natural_disaster", "title": "Natural disaster", "headings": "", "text": "A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth ; examples include floods , hurricanes , tornadoes , volcanic eruptions , earthquakes , tsunamis , and other geologic processes . A natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage , and typically leaves some economic damage in its wake , the severity of which depends on the affected population 's resilience , or ability to recover and also on the infrastructure available .   An adverse event will not rise to the level of a disaster if it occurs in an area without vulnerable population . In a vulnerable area , however , such as Nepal during the 2015 earthquake , an earthquake can have disastrous consequences and leave lasting damage , requiring years to repair ."}
{"_id": "Natural_environment", "title": "Natural environment", "headings": "", "text": "The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally , meaning in this case not artificial . The term is most often applied to the Earth or some parts of Earth . This environment encompasses the interaction of all living species , climate , weather , and natural resources that affect human survival and economic activity .   The concept of the natural environment can be distinguished by components :  Complete ecological units that function as natural systems without massive civilized human intervention , including all vegetation , microorganisms , soil , rocks , atmosphere , and natural phenomena that occur within their boundaries and their nature  Universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lack clear-cut boundaries , such as air , water , and climate , as well as energy , radiation , electric charge , and magnetism , not originating from civilized human activity   In contrast to the natural environment is the built environment . In such areas where man has fundamentally transformed landscapes such as urban settings and agricultural land conversion , the natural environment is greatly modified into a simplified human environment . Even acts which seem less extreme , such as building a mud hut or a photovoltaic system in the desert , modify the natural environment into an artificial one . Though many animals build things to provide a better environment for themselves , they are not human , hence beaver dams and the works of Mound-building termites are thought of as natural .   People seldom find absolutely natural environments on Earth , and naturalness usually varies in a continuum , from 100 % natural in one extreme to 0 % natural in the other . More precisely , we can consider the different aspects or components of an environment , and see that their degree of naturalness is not uniform . If , for instance , in an agricultural field , the mineralogic composition and the structure of its soil are similar to those of an undisturbed forest soil , but the structure is quite different .   Natural environment is often used as a synonym for habitat . For instance , when we say that the natural environment of giraffes is the savanna ."}
{"_id": "Natural_gas", "title": "Natural gas", "headings": "", "text": "Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane , but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes , and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide , nitrogen , hydrogen sulfide , or helium . It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of years . The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas .   Natural gas is a fossil fuel used as a source of energy for heating , cooking , and electricity generation . It is also used as fuel for vehicles and as a chemical feedstock in the manufacture of plastics and other commercially important organic chemicals . Fossil fuel based natural gas is a non-renewable resource .   Natural gas is found in deep underground rock formations or associated with other hydrocarbon reservoirs in coal beds and as methane clathrates . Petroleum is another resource and fossil fuel found in close proximity to and with natural gas . Most natural gas was created over time by two mechanisms : biogenic and thermogenic . Biogenic gas is created by methanogenic organisms in marshes , bogs , landfills , and shallow sediments . Deeper in the earth , at greater temperature and pressure , thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material .   In petroleum production gas is often burnt as flare gas . The World Bank estimates that over 150 cubic kilometers of natural gas are flared or vented annually . Before natural gas can be used as a fuel , most , but not all , must be processed to remove impurities , including water , to meet the specifications of marketable natural gas . The by-products of this processing include : ethane , propane , butanes , pentanes , and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons , hydrogen sulfide ( which may be converted into pure sulfur ) , carbon dioxide , water vapor , and sometimes helium and nitrogen .   Natural gas is often informally referred to simply as `` gas '' , especially when compared to other energy sources such as oil or coal . However , it is not to be confused with gasoline , especially in North America , where the term gasoline is often shortened in colloquial usage to gas .   Natural gas was used by the Chinese in about 500 BCE ( possibly even 1000 BCE ) . They discovered a way to transport gas seeping from the ground in crude pipelines of bamboo to where it was used to boil salt water to extract the salt , in the Ziliujing District of Sichuan . The world 's first industrial extraction of natural gas started at Fredonia , New York , United States in 1825 . By 2009 , 66 000 km ³ ( or 8 % ) had been used out of the total 850 000 km ³ of estimated remaining recoverable reserves of natural gas . Based on an estimated 2015 world consumption rate of about 3400 km ³ of gas per year , the total estimated remaining economically recoverable reserves of natural gas would last 250 years at current consumption rates . An annual increase in usage of 2 -- 3 % could result in currently recoverable reserves lasting significantly less , perhaps as few as 80 to 100 years ."}
{"_id": "Nature", "title": "Nature", "headings": "", "text": "Nature , in the broadest sense , is the natural , physical , or material world or universe . `` Nature '' can refer to the phenomena of the physical world , and also to life in general . The study of nature is a large part of science . Although humans are part of nature , human activity is often understood as a separate category from other natural phenomena .   The word nature is derived from the Latin word natura , or `` essential qualities , innate disposition '' , and in ancient times , literally meant `` birth '' . Natura is a Latin translation of the Greek word physis , which originally related to the intrinsic characteristics that plants , animals , and other features of the world develop of their own accord . The concept of nature as a whole , the physical universe , is one of several expansions of the original notion ; it began with certain core applications of the word φύσις by pre-Socratic philosophers , and has steadily gained currency ever since . This usage continued during the advent of modern scientific method in the last several centuries .   Within the various uses of the word today , `` nature '' often refers to geology and wildlife . Nature can refer to the general realm of living plants and animals , and in some cases to the processes associated with inanimate objects -- the way that particular types of things exist and change of their own accord , such as the weather and geology of the Earth . It is often taken to mean the `` natural environment '' or wilderness -- wild animals , rocks , forest , and in general those things that have not been substantially altered by human intervention , or which persist despite human intervention . For example , manufactured objects and human interaction generally are not considered part of nature , unless qualified as , for example , `` human nature '' or `` the whole of nature '' . This more traditional concept of natural things which can still be found today implies a distinction between the natural and the artificial , with the artificial being understood as that which has been brought into being by a human consciousness or a human mind . Depending on the particular context , the term `` natural '' might also be distinguished from the unnatural or the supernatural ."}
{"_id": "Neanderthal", "title": "Neanderthal", "headings": "", "text": "Neanderthals , or more rarely Neandertals , ( -LSB- niˈændərˌtɑːl -RSB- , also -LSB- neɪ -RSB- - , - -LSB- ˈɑːndər -RSB- - , - -LSB- ˌtɔːl -RSB- , - -LSB- ˌθɔːl -RSB- named for the Neandertal region in Germany ) were a species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo that went extinct about 40,000 years ago . Neanderthals and modern humans share 99.7 % of their DNA and are hence closely related . ( By comparison , both modern humans and Neanderthals share 98.8 % of their DNA with their closest non-human living relatives , the chimpanzees . ) Neanderthals left bones and stone tools in Eurasia , from Western Europe to Central and Northern Asia . Fossil evidence suggests Neanderthals evolved in Europe , separate from modern humans in Africa for more than 400,000 years . They are considered either a distinct species , Homo neanderthalensis , or as a subspecies of Homo sapiens ( H. s. neanderthalensis ) .   Hundreds of lithic assemblages were created by Neanderthals in Europe and Asia . Almost all of them are of the so-called Mousterian techno-complex , which begins c. 160,000 years ago when the makers started making fewer hand axes , and instead started to make tools out of flakes .   Compared to modern humans , Neanderthals had a lower surface-to-volume ratio , with shorter legs and a bigger body , in conformance with Bergmann 's rule , as an energy-loss reduction adaptation to life in a high-latitude ( i.e. seasonally cold ) climate . Male Neanderthals had cranial capacities averaging 1600 cm3 , females 1300 cm3 , extending to 1736 cm3 in Amud 1 . This is notably larger than the 1250 to typical of modern humans . Males stood 164 to and females 152 to tall .   The Neanderthal genome project published papers in 2010 and 2014 stating that Neanderthals contributed to the DNA of modern humans , including most humans outside sub-Saharan Africa , as well as a few populations in sub-Saharan Africa , through interbreeding , likely between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago . Recent studies also show that some Neanderthals mated with ancestors of modern humans long before the `` out of Africa migration '' of present day non-Africans , as early as 100,000 years ago . In 2016 , research indicated that there were three distinct episodes of interbreeding between modern humans and Neanderthals : the first encounter involved the ancestors of non-African modern humans , probably soon after leaving Africa ; the second , after the ancestral Melanesian group had branched off ( and subsequently had a unique episode of interbreeding with Denisovans ) ; and the third , involving the ancestors of East Asians only .   Claims that Neanderthals deliberately buried their dead , and if they did , whether such burials had any symbolic meaning , are heavily contested . The debate on deliberate Neanderthal burials has been active since the 1908 discovery of the well-preserved Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 skeleton in a small hole in a cave in southwestern France . In this controversy 's most recent installment , a team of French researchers reinvestigated the Chapelle-aux-Saints cave and in January 2014 reasserted the century-old claim that the 1908 Neanderthal specimen had been deliberately buried , and this has in turn been heavily criticised .   In 2013 , scientists sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal for the first time . The genome was extracted from the phalanx bone of a 50,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave ."}
{"_id": "Negative_feedback", "title": "Negative feedback", "headings": "", "text": "Negative feedback occurs when some function of the output of a system , process , or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output , whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances .   Whereas positive feedback tends to lead to instability via exponential growth , oscillation or chaotic behavior , negative feedback generally promotes stability . Negative feedback tends to promote a settling to equilibrium , and reduces the effects of perturbations . Negative feedback loops in which just the right amount of correction is applied with optimum timing can be very stable , accurate , and responsive .   Negative feedback is widely used in mechanical and electronic engineering , but it also occurs naturally within living organisms , and can be seen in many other fields from chemistry and economics to physical systems such as the climate . General negative feedback systems are studied in control systems engineering ."}
{"_id": "Neoliberalism", "title": "Neoliberalism", "headings": "", "text": "Neoliberalism ( neo-liberalism ) refers primarily to the 20th-century resurgence of 19th-century ideas associated with laissez-faire economic liberalism . These include extensive economic liberalization policies such as privatization , fiscal austerity , deregulation , free trade , and reductions in government spending in order to increase the role of the private sector in the economy and society . These market-based ideas and the policies they inspired constitute a paradigm shift away from the post-war Keynesian consensus which lasted from 1945 to 1980 .   The term has been used in English since the start of the 20th century with different meanings , but became more prevalent in its current meaning in the 1970s and 1980s by scholars in a wide variety of social sciences , as well as being used by critics . Modern advocates of free market policies avoid the term `` neoliberal '' and some scholars have described the term as meaning different things to different people , as neoliberalism `` mutated '' into geopolitically distinct hybrids as it travelled around the world . As such , neoliberalism shares many attributes with other contested concepts , including democracy .   The definition and usage of the term have changed over time . It was originally an economic philosophy that emerged among European liberal scholars in the 1930s in an attempt to trace a so-called `` third '' or `` middle '' way between the conflicting philosophies of classical liberalism and socialist planning . The impetus for this development arose from a desire to avoid repeating the economic failures of the early 1930s , which were mostly blamed by neoliberals on the economic policy of classical liberalism . In the decades that followed , the use of the term neoliberal tended to refer to theories at variance with the more laissez-faire doctrine of classical liberalism , and promoted instead a market economy under the guidance and rules of a strong state , a model which came to be known as the social market economy .   In the 1960s , usage of the term `` neoliberal '' heavily declined . When the term was reintroduced in the 1980s in connection with Augusto Pinochet 's economic reforms in Chile , the usage of the term had shifted . It had not only become a term with negative connotations employed principally by critics of market reform , but it also had shifted in meaning from a moderate form of liberalism to a more radical and laissez-faire capitalist set of ideas . Scholars now tended to associate it with the theories of economists Friedrich Hayek , Milton Friedman and James M. Buchanan , along with politicians and policy-makers such as Margaret Thatcher , Ronald Reagan and Alan Greenspan . Once the new meaning of neoliberalism was established as a common usage among Spanish-speaking scholars , it diffused into the English-language study of political economy . By 1994 , with the passage of NAFTA and the Zapatistas ' reaction to this development in Chiapas , the term entered global circulation . Scholarship on the phenomenon of neoliberalism has been growing . The impact of the global 2008 -- 2009 crisis has also given rise to new scholarship that critiques neoliberalism and seeks developmental alternatives ."}
{"_id": "Neotropical_realm", "title": "Neotropical realm", "headings": "", "text": "The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth 's land surface . Physically , it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone ."}
{"_id": "Nepal", "title": "Nepal", "headings": "", "text": "fi     Nepal ( -LSB- Nepālhelp = no -RSB- -RCB- -RCB- -LSB- neˈpal -RSB- ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal , is a landlocked central Himalayan country in South Asia . Nepal is divided into 7 provinces and 75 districts and 744 local units including 4 metropolises , 13 sub-metropolises , 246 municipal councils and 481 villages . It has a population of 26.4 million and is the 93rd largest country by area . Bordering China in the north and India in the south , east , and west , it is the largest sovereign Himalayan state . Nepal does not border Bangladesh , which is located within only 27 km ( 17 mi ) of its southeastern tip . Neither does it border Bhutan due to the Indian state of Sikkim being located in between . Nepal has a diverse geography , including fertile plains , subalpine forested hills , and eight of the world 's ten tallest mountains , including Mount Everest , the highest point on Earth . Kathmandu is the nation 's capital and largest city . It is a multiethnic nation with Nepali as the official language .   The territory of Nepal has a recorded history since the Neolithic age . The name `` Nepal '' is first recorded in texts from the Vedic Age , the era which founded Hinduism , the predominant religion of the country . In the middle of the first millennium BCE , Gautama Buddha , the founder of Buddhism , was born in southern Nepal . Parts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet . The Kathmandu Valley in central Nepal became known as Nepal proper because of its complex urban civilisation . It was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala . The Himalayan branch of the ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valley 's traders . The cosmopolitan region developed distinct traditional art and architecture . By the 18th century , the Gorkha Kingdom achieved the unification of Nepal . The Shah dynasty established the Kingdom of Nepal and later formed an alliance with the British Empire , under its Rana dynasty of premiers . The country was never colonised but served as a buffer state between Imperial China and Colonial India . In the 20th century , Nepal ended its isolation and forged strong ties with regional powers . Parliamentary democracy was introduced in 1951 , but was twice suspended by Nepalese monarchs in 1960 and 2005 . The Nepalese Civil War resulted in the proclamation of a republic in 2008 , ending the reign of the world 's last Hindu monarchy .   Modern Nepal is a federal secular parliamentary republic . It has seven states . Nepal is a developing nation , ranking 144th on the Human Development Index ( HDI ) in 2016 . The country struggles with the transition from a monarchy to a republic . It also suffers from high levels of hunger and poverty . Despite these challenges , Nepal is making steady progress , with the government declaring its commitment to elevate the nation from least developed country status by 2022 . Nepal also has a vast potential to generate hydropower for export .   Nepal 's foreign relations expanded after the Anglo-Nepal Treaty of 1923 , which was recognised by the League of Nations . After a Soviet veto in 1949 , Nepal was admitted to the United Nations in 1955 . Friendship treaties were signed with the Dominion of India in 1950 and the People 's Republic of China in 1960 . Nepal hosts the permanent secretariat of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) , of which it is a founding member . Nepal is also a member of the Non Aligned Movement and the Bay of Bengal Initiative . The military of Nepal is the fifth largest in South Asia and is notable for its Gurkha history , particularly during the world wars , and has been a significant contributor to United Nations peacekeeping operations ."}
{"_id": "Neptune", "title": "Neptune", "headings": "", "text": "Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System . In the Solar System , it is the fourth-largest planet by diameter , the third-most-massive planet , and the densest giant planet . Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus , which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune.Neptune is denser and physically smaller than Uranus because Neptune 's greater mass gravitationally compresses the atmosphere more . Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 AU . It is named after the Roman god of the sea and has the astronomical symbol ♆ , a stylised version of the god Neptune 's trident .   Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation . Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet . Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier . Its largest moon , Triton , was discovered shortly thereafter , though none of the planet 's remaining known 14 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century . The planet 's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size , making it challenging to study with Earth-based telescopes . Neptune was visited by Voyager 2 , when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989 . The advent of the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar .   Neptune 's composition can be compared and contrasted with the Solar System 's other giant planets . Like Jupiter and Saturn , Neptune 's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium , along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen , but it contains a higher proportion of `` ices '' such as water , ammonia , and methane . However , its interior , like that of Uranus , is primarily composed of ices and rock , which is why Uranus and Neptune are normally considered `` ice giants '' to emphasise this distinction . Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet 's blue appearance .   In contrast to the hazy , relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus , Neptune 's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns . For example , at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989 , the planet 's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter . These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System , with recorded wind speeds as high as 2100 km/h . Because of its great distance from the Sun , Neptune 's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System , with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K. Temperatures at the planet 's centre are approximately 5400 K. Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system ( labelled `` arcs '' ) , which was first detected during the 1960s and confirmed by Voyager 2 ."}
{"_id": "Net_metering", "title": "Net metering", "headings": "", "text": "Net metering ( or net energy metering , NEM ) allows consumers who generate some or all of their own electricity to use that electricity anytime , instead of when it is generated . This is particularly important with wind and solar , which are non-dispatchable . Monthly net metering allows consumers to use solar power generated during the day at night , or wind from a windy day later in the month . Annual net metering rolls over a net kilowatt credit to the following month , allowing solar power that was generated in July to be used in December , or wind power from March in August .   Net metering policies can vary significantly by country and by state or province : if net metering is available , if and how long banked credits can be retained , and how much the credits are worth ( retail/wholesale ) . Most net metering laws involve monthly roll over of kWh credits , a small monthly connection fee , require monthly payment of deficits ( i.e. normal electric bill ) , and annual settlement of any residual credit . Unlike a feed-in tariff ( FIT ) , which requires two meters , net metering uses a single , bi-directional meter and can measure current flowing in two directions .  Net metering can be implemented solely as an accounting procedure , and requires no special metering , or even any prior arrangement or notification .   Net metering is an enabling policy designed to foster private investment in renewable energy ."}
{"_id": "Network_effect", "title": "Network effect", "headings": "", "text": "In economics and business , a network effect ( also called network externality or demand-side economies of scale ) is the effect that one user of a good or service has on the value of that product to other people . When a network effect is present , the value of a product or service is dependent on the number of others using it .   The classic example is the telephone . The more people who own telephones , the more valuable the telephone is to each owner . This creates a positive externality because a user may purchase a telephone without intending to create value for other users , but does so in any case . Online social networks work in the same way , with sites like Twitter and Facebook becoming more attractive as more users join .   The expression `` network effect '' is applied most commonly to positive network externalities as in the case of the telephone . Negative network externalities can also occur , where more users make a product less valuable , but are more commonly referred to as `` congestion '' ( as in traffic congestion or network congestion ) .   Over time , positive network effects can create a bandwagon effect as the network becomes more valuable and more people join , in a positive feedback loop ."}
{"_id": "New_Deal", "title": "New Deal", "headings": "", "text": "The New Deal was a series of programs , including , most notably , Social Security , that were enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938 , and a few that came later . They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term ( 1933 -- 37 ) of the Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt . The programs were in response to the Great Depression , and they focused on what historians refer to as the `` 3 Rs '' , Relief , Recovery , and Reform : relief for the unemployed and poor , recovery of the economy to normal levels , and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression .   The New Deal produced a political realignment , making the Democratic Party the majority ( as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of nine Presidential terms from 1933 to 1969 ) , with its base in liberal ideas , the South , traditional Democrats , big city machines , and the newly empowered labor unions and ethnic minorities . The Republicans were split , with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as an enemy of business and growth , and liberals accepting some of it and promising to make it more efficient . The realignment crystallized into the New Deal Coalition that dominated most presidential elections into the 1960s , while the opposing conservative coalition largely controlled Congress from 1939 to 1964 . By 1936 the term `` liberal '' typically was used for supporters of the New Deal , and `` conservative '' for its opponents . From 1934 to 1938 , Roosevelt was assisted in his endeavours by a `` pro-spender '' majority in Congress ( drawn from two-party , competitive , non-machine , Progressive , and Left party districts ) . As noted by Alexander Hicks , `` Roosevelt , backed by rare , non-Southern Democrat majorities -- 270 non-Southern Democrat representatives and 71 non-Southern Democrat senators -- spelled Second New Deal reform . '' In the 1938 midterm elections , however , Roosevelt and his liberal supporters lost control of Congress to the bipartisan conservative coalition .   Many historians distinguish between a `` First New Deal '' ( 1933 -- 34 ) and a `` Second New Deal '' ( 1935 -- 38 ) , with the second one more liberal and more controversial . The `` First New Deal '' ( 1933 -- 34 ) dealt with the pressing banking crises through the Emergency Banking Act and the 1933 Banking Act . The Federal Emergency Relief Administration provided $ 500 million ( $ today ) for relief operations by states and cities , while the short-lived Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) gave localities money to operate make-work projects in 1933 -- 34 . The Securities Act of 1933 was enacted to prevent a repeated stock market crash . The controversial work of the National Recovery Administration was also part of the First New Deal .   The `` Second New Deal '' in 1935 -- 38 included the Wagner Act to protect labor organizing , the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) relief program ( which made the federal government by far the largest single employer in the nation ) , the Social Security Act , and new programs to aid tenant farmers and migrant workers . The final major items of New Deal legislation were the creation of the United States Housing Authority and Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , both in 1937 , and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 , which set maximum hours and minimum wages for most categories of workers . The FSA was also one of the oversight authorities of the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration which administered relief efforts to Puerto Rican citizens affected by the Great Depression .   The economic downturn of 1937 -- 38 , and the bitter split between the AFL and CIO labor unions led to major Republican gains in Congress in 1938 . Conservative Republicans and Democrats in Congress joined in the informal Conservative Coalition . By 1942 -- 43 they shut down relief programs such as the WPA and Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) and blocked major liberal proposals . Roosevelt himself turned his attention to the war effort , and won reelection in 1940 and 1944 . The Supreme Court declared the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) and the first version of the Agricultural Adjustment Act ( AAA ) unconstitutional , however the AAA was rewritten and then upheld . As the first Republican president elected after Franklin D. Roosevelt , Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 61 ) left the New Deal largely intact , even expanding it in some areas . In the 1960s , Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs , which Republican Richard M. Nixon generally retained . After 1974 , however , the call for deregulation of the economy gained bipartisan support . The New Deal regulation of banking ( Glass -- Steagall Act ) was suspended in the 1990s .   Many New Deal programs remain active , with some still operating under the original names , including the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) , the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation ( FCIC ) , the Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) , and the Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) . The largest programs still in existence today are the Social Security System and the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) ."}
{"_id": "New_Jersey", "title": "New Jersey", "headings": "", "text": "New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . It is bordered on the north and east by New York , on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean , on the west by Pennsylvania , and on the southwest by Delaware . New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States . New Jersey lies entirely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia and is the second-wealthiest U.S. state by per capita income as of 2014 .   New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years , with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast . In the early 17th century , the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements . The English later seized control of the region , naming it the Province of New Jersey after the largest of the Channel Islands , Jersey , and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley , 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton . New Jersey was the site of several decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century .   In the 19th century , factories in cities such as Camden , Paterson , Newark , Trenton , and Elizabeth helped to drive the Industrial Revolution . New Jersey 's geographic location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis , between Boston and New York City to the northeast , and Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , D.C. , to the southwest , fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century . In the first decades of the 21st century , this suburbanization began reverting to consolidation of New Jersey 's culturally diverse populace toward more urban settings within the state , with towns home to commuter rail stations outpacing the population growth of more automobile-oriented suburbs since 2008 ."}
{"_id": "New_Orleans", "title": "New Orleans", "headings": "", "text": "New Orleans ( -LSB- nuː_ˈɔːrlᵻnz , _ - ˈɔːrli.ənz , _ - ɔːrˈliːnz -RSB- , or -LSB- ˈnɔːrlᵻnz -RSB- La Nouvelle-Orléans -LSB- la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ -RSB- ) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana . The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U.S. Census . The New Orleans metropolitan area ( New Orleans -- Metairie -- Kenner Metropolitan Statistical Area ) had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States . The New Orleans -- Metairie -- Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area , a larger trading area , had a 2010 population of 1,452,502 .   It is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture , as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine , music ( particularly as the birthplace of jazz ) , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras , dating to French colonial times . The city is often referred to as the `` most unique '' in the United States .   New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana , straddling the Mississippi River . The city and Orleans Parish ( paroisse d'Orléans ) are coterminous . The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north , St. Bernard to the east , Plaquemines to the south , and Jefferson to the south and west . Lake Pontchartrain , part of which is included in the city limits , lies to the north and Lake Borgne lies to the east .   Before Hurricane Katrina , Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana . As of 2015 , it ranks third in population , trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish , and East Baton Rouge Parish ."}
{"_id": "New_Year", "title": "New Year", "headings": "", "text": "New Year is the time at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar 's year count increments by one .   Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner and the 1st day of January is often marked as a national holiday .   In the Gregorian calendar , the most widely used calendar system today , New Year occurs on 1 January ( New Year 's Day ) . This was also the case both in the old Roman calendar ( at least after about 713 BCE ) and in the Julian calendar that succeeded it .   Other calendars have been used historically in different parts of the world ; some calendars count years numerically , while others do not .   During the Middle Ages in western Europe , while the Julian calendar was still in use , authorities moved New Year 's Day variously , depending upon locale , to one of several other days , among them : 1 March , 25 March , Easter , 1 September , and 25 December . Beginning in 1582 , the adoptions of the Gregorian calendar and changes to the Old Style and New Style dates meant the various local dates for New Year 's Day changed to using one fixed date , January 1 .   The widespread official adoption of the Gregorian calendar and marking January 1 as the beginning of a new year is almost global now . Regional or local use of other calendars continue , along with the cultural and religious practices that accompany them . In Latin America , various native cultures continue the observation of traditions according to their own calendars . Israel , China , India and other countries , continue to celebrate New Year on different dates .   The most common dates of modern New Year 's celebrations are listed below , ordered and grouped by their alignment relative to the Gregorian calendar ."}
{"_id": "New_York_City", "title": "New York City", "headings": "", "text": "The City of New York , often called New York City or simply New York , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2016 population of 8,537,673 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 sqmi , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . A global power city , New York City exerts a significant impact upon commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment , its fast pace defining the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world .   Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of New York State . The five boroughs -- Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island -- were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States , and as many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to more than 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the world 's largest foreign-born population of any city . By 2016 estimates , the New York City metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the United States , as defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) , 20.2 million residents , and the Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , 23.7 million residents . In 2013 , the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of nearly US$ 1.39 trillion . In 2012 , the CSA generated a GMP of over US$ 1.55 trillion . NYC 's MSA and CSA GDP are higher than the GDPs of all but 11 and 12 countries , respectively .   New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York . New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790 . It has been the country 's largest city since 1790 . The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy . In the 21st century , New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship , social tolerance , and environmental sustainability .   Many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well known , and the city received a record of nearly 60 million tourists in 2015 , hosting three of the world 's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013 . Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world . Times Square , iconic as the world 's `` heart '' and its `` Crossroads '' , is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District , one of the world 's busiest pedestrian intersections , and a major center of the world 's entertainment industry . The names of many of the city 's bridges , tapered skyscrapers , and parks are known around the world . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and the city is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization , the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Manhattan 's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world . Manhattan 's Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere , with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city . Providing continuous 24/7 service , the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide , with stations in operation . Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City , including Columbia University , New York University , and Rockefeller University , which have been ranked among the top 35 in the world ."}
{"_id": "New_York_Harbor_Storm-Surge_Barrier", "title": "New York Harbor Storm-Surge Barrier", "headings": "", "text": "The New York Harbor Storm-Surge Barrier is a proposed flood barrier system to protect New York-New Jersey harbor estuary shores from storm surges . The proposed system would consist of one barrier located across the mouth of Lower New York Bay between Sandy Hook ( N.J. ) and Far Rockaway ( N.Y. ) and second on the upper East River to provide a ring of protection to most of the bi-state region .   To address the problem of sea-level rise , smaller scale projects to increase seawall heights or otherwise raise vulnerable coastlines would be necessary . Thus a storm-surge barrier system combined with coastline adjustments would form a two-tiered , or bifurcated , strategy to protect the region . The barrier system could also be extended eastward , filling in the gaps between barrier islands , to protect the various communities lining the south shore of Long Island .   The proposal was developed in the wake of Hurricane Sandy by the New York/New Jersey Metropolitan Storm Surge Working Group , composed of prominent entrepreneurs , civic leaders , social scientists , oceanographers , marine ecologists , meteorologists , engineers , architects , economists , attorneys and media experts . The group is chaired by Malcolm Bowman , a professor of physical oceanography at the State University of New York at Stony Brook . Within the barrier system lies crucial infrastructure such a sthe seaports and maritime facilities ; ground level and underground transportation terminals ; three major international airports ; subway and roadway tunnels ; hospitals ; communication centers ; the industrial complex of northern New Jersey ; as well as the millions of residents at risk in New York City and coastal New Jersey north of Sandy Hook ."}
{"_id": "Newt_Gingrich", "title": "Newt Gingrich", "headings": "", "text": "Newton Leroy Gingrich ( -LSB- ˈnuːt_ˈɡɪŋgɹɪtʃ -RSB- born Newton Leroy McPherson ; June 17 , 1943 ) is an American author and politician from Georgia who served as the 50th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999 . He represented Georgia 's 6th congressional district as a Republican from 1979 until his resignation in 1999 . In 2012 , Gingrich was a candidate for the Republican Party presidential nomination .   A teacher of history and geography at the University of West Georgia in the 1970s , Gingrich won election to the United States House of Representatives before winning in November 1978 . He served as House Minority Whip from 1989 -- 95 , and Speaker of the House from 1995 -- 99 . A co-author and architect of the `` Contract with America '' , Gingrich was a major leader in the Republican victory in the 1994 congressional election . In 1995 , Time named him `` Man of the Year '' for `` his role in ending the four-decades-long Democratic majority in the House '' .   As House Speaker , Gingrich oversaw passage by the House of welfare reform and a capital gains tax cut in 1997 . The poor showing by Republicans in the 1998 Congressional elections , a reprimand from the House for Gingrich 's ethics violation , and pressure from Republican colleagues , resulted in Gingrich 's resignation from the speakership on November 6 , 1998 . He resigned altogether from the House on January 3 , 1999 .   Since leaving the House , Gingrich has remained active in public policy debates and worked as a political consultant . He founded and chaired several policy think tanks , including American Solutions for Winning the Future and the Center for Health Transformation . He has written or co-authored 27 books . In May 2011 , he announced his campaign for the Republican presidential nomination . On May 2 , 2012 , Gingrich ended his presidential campaign and endorsed front runner Mitt Romney , who won the nomination ."}
{"_id": "Nick_Bostrom", "title": "Nick Bostrom", "headings": "", "text": "Nick Bostrom ( -LSB- langˈbɒstrəm -RSB- Niklas Boström , -LSB- ˈbuːˌstrœm -RSB- ; born 10 March 1973 ) is a Swedish philosopher at the University of Oxford known for his work on existential risk , the anthropic principle , human enhancement ethics , superintelligence risks , the reversal test , and consequentialism . In 2011 , he founded the Oxford Martin Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology , and he is currently the founding director of the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University .   He is the author of over 200 publications , including Superintelligence : Paths , Dangers , Strategies ( 2014 ) , a New York Times bestseller and Anthropic Bias : Observation Selection Effects in Science and Philosophy ( 2002 ) . In 2009 and 2015 , he was included in Foreign Policys Top 100 Global Thinkers list . Bostrom 's work on superintelligence -- and his concern for its existential risk to humanity over the coming century -- has brought both Elon Musk and Bill Gates to similar thinking ."}
{"_id": "Nicola_Scafetta", "title": "Nicola Scafetta", "headings": "", "text": "Nicola Scafetta is a research scientist at the University of Napoli Federico II , and formerly at the ACRIM Lab group and an adjunct assistant professor in the physics department at Duke University . His research interests are in theoretical and applied statistics and nonlinear models of complex processes . He has published peer-reviewed papers in journals covering a wide variety of disciplines , including astronomy , biology , climatology , economics , medicine , physics and sociology ."}
{"_id": "Nitrogen", "title": "Nitrogen", "headings": "", "text": "Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7 . It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772 . Although Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Henry Cavendish had independently done so at about the same time , Rutherford is generally accorded the credit because his work was published first . The name nitrogen was suggested by Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal in 1790 , when it was found that nitrogen was present in nitric acid and nitrates ; this name derives from the Greek roots νἰτρον `` nitre '' and - γεννᾶν `` to form '' . Antoine Lavoisier suggested instead the name azote , from the Greek άζωτικός `` no life '' , as it is an asphyxiant gas ; his name is instead used in many languages , such as French , Russian , and Turkish , and appears in the English names of some nitrogen compounds such as hydrazine , azides and azo compounds .   Nitrogen is the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table , often called the pnictogens . The name comes from the Greek πνίγειν `` to choke '' , directly referencing nitrogen 's asphyxiating properties . It is a common element in the universe , estimated at about seventh in total abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System . At standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dinitrogen , a colourless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula N2 . Dinitrogen forms about 78 % of Earth 's atmosphere , making it the most abundant uncombined element . Nitrogen occurs in all organisms , primarily in amino acids ( and thus proteins ) , in the nucleic acids ( DNA and RNA ) and in the energy transfer molecule adenosine triphosphate . The human body contains about 3 % nitrogen by mass , the fourth most abundant element in the body after oxygen , carbon , and hydrogen . The nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from the air , into the biosphere and organic compounds , then back into the atmosphere .   Many industrially important compounds , such as ammonia , nitric acid , organic nitrates ( propellants and explosives ) , and cyanides , contain nitrogen . The extremely strong triple bond in elemental nitrogen ( N ≡ N ) , the second strongest bond in any diatomic molecule , dominates nitrogen chemistry . This causes difficulty for both organisms and industry in converting N2 into useful compounds , but at the same time means that burning , exploding , or decomposing nitrogen compounds to form nitrogen gas releases large amounts of often useful energy . Synthetically produced ammonia and nitrates are key industrial fertilisers , and fertiliser nitrates are key pollutants in the eutrophication of water systems .   Apart from its use in fertilisers and energy-stores , nitrogen is a constituent of organic compounds as diverse as Kevlar used in high-strength fabric and cyanoacrylate used in superglue . Nitrogen is a constituent of every major pharmacological drug class , including antibiotics . Many drugs are mimics or prodrugs of natural nitrogen-containing signal molecules : for example , the organic nitrates nitroglycerin and nitroprusside control blood pressure by metabolizing into nitric oxide . Many notable nitrogen-containing drugs , such as the natural caffeine and morphine or the synthetic amphetamines , act on receptors of animal neurotransmitters ."}
{"_id": "Nitrogen_fixation", "title": "Nitrogen fixation", "headings": "", "text": "Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen in the Earth 's atmosphere is converted into ammonia ( NH3 ) or other molecules available to living organisms . Atmospheric nitrogen or molecular dinitrogen ( N2 ) is relatively inert : it does not easily react with other chemicals to form new compounds . The fixation process frees nitrogen atoms from their triply bonded diatomic form , N ≡ N , to be used in other ways .   Nitrogen fixation is essential for all forms of life because inorganic nitrogen compounds are required for the biosynthesis of the basic building blocks of plants , animals and other life forms , e.g. , nucleotides for DNA and RNA , the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide for its role in metabolism ( transferring electrons between molecules ) , and amino acids for proteins . Therefore , as part of the nitrogen cycle , it is essential for agriculture and the manufacture of fertilizer . It is also , indirectly , relevant to the manufacture of all chemical compounds that contain nitrogen , which includes explosives , most pharmaceuticals , dyes , etc. . Nitrogen fixation is carried out naturally in the soil by nitrogen fixing bacteria such as Azotobacter . Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria have symbiotic relationships with some plant groups , especially legumes . Looser relationships between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants are often referred to as associative or non-symbiotic , as seen in nitrogen fixation occurring on rice roots . It also occurs naturally in the air by means of NOx production by lightning .   All biological nitrogen fixation is done by way of metalloenzymes called nitrogenases . These enzymes contain iron , often with a second metal , usually molybdenum but sometimes vanadium . Microorganisms that can fix nitrogen are prokaryotes ( both bacteria and archaea , distributed throughout their respective Domains ) called diazotrophs . Some higher plants , and some animals ( termites ) , have formed associations ( symbiosis ) with diazotrophs ."}
{"_id": "Non-renewable_resource", "title": "Non-renewable resource", "headings": "", "text": "A non-renewable resource ( also called a finite resource ) is a resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames . An example is carbon-based , organically-derived fuel . The original organic material , with the aid of heat and pressure , becomes a fuel such as oil or gas . Earth minerals and metal ores , fossil fuels ( coal , petroleum , natural gas ) and groundwater in certain aquifers are all considered non-renewable resources , though individual elements are almost always conserved .   In contrast , resources such as timber ( when harvested sustainably ) and wind ( used to power energy conversion systems ) are considered renewable resources , largely because their localized replenishment can occur within time frames meaningful to humans ."}
{"_id": "Nordland", "title": "Nordland", "headings": "", "text": "Nordland ( -LSB- ² nuːrlɑn -RSB- ; Nordlándda ) is a county in Norway in the Northern Norway region , bordering Troms in the north , Nord-Trøndelag in the south , Norrbotten County in Sweden to the east , Västerbotten County to the southeast , and the Atlantic Ocean ( Norwegian Sea ) to the west . The county was formerly known as Nordlandene amt . The county administration is in Bodø . The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen has been administered from Nordland since 1995 .   In the southern part is Vega , listed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site list . The history of Nordland is a tale about the gifts from the sea : One of the most productive seas in the world providing food all year since ancient times , the same sea creates a climate more moderate than any other place in the arctic ; even the bedrock itself enriched by sea living organisms millions of years ago in the geological past ."}
{"_id": "North_America", "title": "North America", "headings": "", "text": "North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere . It can also be considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas . It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean , and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea .   North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers ( 9,540,000 square miles ) , about 16.5 % of the earth 's land area and about 4.8 % of its total surface .  North America is the third largest continent by area , following Asia and Africa , and the fourth by population after Asia , Africa , and Europe .   In 2013 , its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states , or about 7.5 % of the world 's population , if nearby islands ( most notably the Caribbean ) are included .   North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period , via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago . The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago ( the beginning of the Archaic or Meso-Indian period ) . The Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries . The Pre-Columbian era ended with the transatlantic migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period . Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists , indigenous peoples , African slaves and their descendants . European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south . Because of the history of colonialism , most North Americans speak English , Spanish or French and societies and states commonly reflect Western traditions ."}
{"_id": "North_Atlantic_oscillation", "title": "North Atlantic oscillation", "headings": "", "text": "The North Atlantic Oscillation ( NAO ) is a weather phenomenon in the North Atlantic Ocean of fluctuations in the difference of atmospheric pressure at sea level ( SLP ) between the Icelandic low and the Azores high . Through fluctuations in the strength of the Icelandic low and the Azores high , it controls the strength and direction of westerly winds and location of storm tracks across the North Atlantic . It is part of the Arctic oscillation , and varies over time with no particular periodicity .   The NAO was discovered through several studies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Unlike the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean , the NAO is a largely atmospheric mode . It is one of the most important manifestations of climate fluctuations in the North Atlantic and surrounding humid climates .   The North Atlantic Oscillation is closely related to the Arctic oscillation ( AO ) or Northern Annular Mode ( NAM ) , but should not be confused with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ( AMO ) ."}
{"_id": "North_Carolina", "title": "North Carolina", "headings": "", "text": "North Carolina ( -LSB- nɔrθ_kærəˈlaɪnə -RSB- ) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south , Tennessee to the west , Virginia to the north , and the Atlantic Ocean to the east . North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the U.S. states . The state is divided into 100 counties . The capital is Raleigh . The most populous municipality is Charlotte , which is the second largest banking center in the United States after New York City .   The state has a wide range of elevations , from sea level on the coast to 6684 ft at Mount Mitchell , the highest point in North America east of the Mississippi River . The climate of the coastal plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean . Most of the state falls in the humid subtropical climate zone . More than 300 mi from the coast , the western , mountainous part of the state has a subtropical highland climate ."}
{"_id": "North_Pole", "title": "North Pole", "headings": "", "text": "The North Pole , also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole , is ( subject to the caveats explained below ) defined as the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth 's axis of rotation meets its surface .   The North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth , lying diametrically opposite the South Pole . It defines geodetic latitude 90 ° North , as well as the direction of true north . At the North Pole all directions point south ; all lines of longitude converge there , so its longitude can be defined as any degree value . Along tight latitude circles , counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west . The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere .   While the South Pole lies on a continental land mass , the North Pole is located in the middle of the Arctic Ocean amid waters that are almost permanently covered with constantly shifting sea ice . This makes it impractical to construct a permanent station at the North Pole ( unlike the South Pole ) . However , the Soviet Union , and later Russia , constructed a number of manned drifting stations on a generally annual basis since 1937 , some of which have passed over or very close to the Pole . Since 2002 , the Russians have also annually established a base , Barneo , close to the Pole . This operates for a few weeks during early spring . Studies in the 2000s predicted that the North Pole may become seasonally ice-free because of Arctic ice shrinkage , with timescales varying from 2016 to the late 21st century or later .   The sea depth at the North Pole has been measured at 4261 m by the Russian Mir submersible in 2007 and at 4,087 m ( 13,410 ft ) by USS Nautilus in 1958 . The nearest land is usually said to be Kaffeklubben Island , off the northern coast of Greenland about 700 km away , though some perhaps non-permanent gravel banks lie slightly closer . The nearest permanently inhabited place is Alert in the Qikiqtaaluk Region , Nunavut , Canada , which is located 817 km from the Pole ."}
{"_id": "North_Report", "title": "North Report", "headings": "", "text": "The North Report was a 2006 report evaluating reconstructions of the temperature record of the past two millennia , providing an overview of the state of the science and the implications for understanding of global warming . It was produced by a National Research Council committee , chaired by Gerald North , at the request of Representative Sherwood Boehlert as chairman of the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science .   These reconstructions had been dubbed `` hockey stick graphs '' after the 1999 reconstruction by Mann , Bradley and Hughes ( MBH99 ) , which used the methodology of their 1998 reconstruction covering 600 years ( MBH98 ) . A graph based on MBH99 was featured prominently in the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) , and became a focus of the global warming controversy over the 1997 Kyoto Protocol . It was disputed by various contrarians , and in the politicisation of this hockey stick controversy the New York Times of 14 February 2005 hailed a paper by businessman Stephen McIntyre and economist Ross McKitrick ( MM05 ) as undermining the scientific consensus behind the Kyoto agreement . On 23 June 2005 , Rep. Joe Barton , chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce , with Ed Whitfield , Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations , wrote joint letters referring to issues raised by the Wall Street Journal article , and demanding that Mann , Bradley and Hughes provide full records on their data and methods , finances and careers , information about grants provided to the institutions they had worked for , and the exact computer codes used to generate their results . Boehlert said this was a `` misguided and illegitimate investigation '' into something that should properly be under the jurisdiction of the Science Committee , and in November 2005 after Barton dismissed the offer of an independent investigation organised by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences , Boehlert requested the review , which became the North Report .   The North Report went through a rigorous review process , and was published on 22 June 2006 . It concluded `` with a high level of confidence that global mean surface temperature was higher during the last few decades of the 20th century than during any comparable period during the preceding four centuries '' , justified by consistent evidence from a wide variety of geographically diverse proxies , but `` Less confidence can be placed in large-scale surface temperature reconstructions for the period from 900 to 1600 '' . It broadly agreed with the basic findings of the original MBH studies , which subsequently been supported by other reconstructions and proxy records , while emphasising uncertainties over earlier periods . The principal component analysis methodology that McIntyre and McKitrick had contested had a small tendency to bias results so was not recommended -- but it had little influence on the final reconstructions , and other methods produced similar results ."}
{"_id": "Northwest_Passage", "title": "Northwest Passage", "headings": "", "text": "The Northwest Passage is a sea route connecting the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean , along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago . The various islands of the archipelago are separated from one another and from the Canadian mainland by a series of Arctic waterways collectively known as the Northwest Passages or Northwestern Passages .   For centuries , European explorers sought a navigable passage as a possible trade route to Asia . An ice-bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure ; however , it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903 -- 1906 . Until 2009 , the Arctic pack ice prevented regular marine shipping throughout most of the year . Arctic sea ice decline has rendered the waterways more navigable .   The contested sovereignty claims over the waters may complicate future shipping through the region : the Canadian government considers the Northwestern Passages part of Canadian Internal Waters , but the United States and various European countries maintain they are an international strait and transit passage , allowing free and unencumbered passage . If , as has been claimed , parts of the eastern end of the Passage are barely 15 m deep , the route 's viability as a Euro-Asian shipping route is reduced . However , a Chinese shipping line is planning regular voyages of cargo ships using the passage to the eastern United States and Europe , after a successful passage by Nordic Orion of 73,500 tonnes deadweight tonnage in September 2013 . Fully loaded , Nordic Orion was too large to sail through the Panama Canal ."}
{"_id": "Norway", "title": "Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Norway ( -LSB- Norgehelp = no -RSB- ( Bokmål ) or ( Nynorsk ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a sovereign state and unitary monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the island Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard . The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom . Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land . Until 1814 , the kingdom included the Faroe Islands , Greenland and Iceland . It also included Bohuslän until 1658 , Jämtland and Härjedalen until 1645 , Shetland and Orkney until 1468 , and the Hebrides and Isle of Man until 1266 .   Norway has a total area of 385252 km2 and a population of 5,258,317 ( as of January 2017 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak Strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea .   King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013 , replacing Jens Stoltenberg . A constitutional monarchy , Norway divides state power between the Parliament , the Cabinet and the Supreme Court , as determined by the 1814 Constitution . The kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms . By the traditional count from the year 872 , the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years and the list of Norwegian monarchs includes over sixty kings and earls .   Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels : counties and municipalities . The Sámi people have a certain amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament and the Finnmark Act . Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States . Norway is a founding member of the United Nations , NATO , the Council of Europe , the Antarctic Treaty and the Nordic Council ; a member of the European Economic Area , the WTO and the OECD ; and is also a part of the Schengen Area .   The country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system . Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum , natural gas , minerals , lumber , seafood , fresh water and hydropower . The petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the country 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) . On a per-capita basis , Norway is the world 's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside the Middle East .   The country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists . On the CIA 's GDP ( PPP ) per capita list ( 2015 estimate ) which includes territories and some regions , Norway ranks as number eleven . From 2001 to 2006 , and then again from 2009 to 2017 , Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world . It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking . Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report , the OECD Better Life Index , the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index ."}
{"_id": "Norwegian_Sea", "title": "Norwegian Sea", "headings": "", "text": "The Norwegian Sea ( Norskehavet ) is a marginal sea in the North Atlantic Ocean , northwest of Norway . It is located between the North Sea ( i.e. north of the United Kingdom ) and the Greenland Sea and adjoins the North Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Barents Sea to the northeast . In the southwest , it is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by a submarine ridge running between Iceland and the Faroe Islands . To the North , the Jan Mayen Ridge separates it from the Greenland Sea .   Unlike many other seas , most of the bottom of the Norwegian Sea is not part of a continental shelf and therefore lies at a great depth of about two kilometres on average . Rich deposits of oil and natural gas are found under the sea bottom and are being explored commercially , in the areas with sea depths of up to about one kilometre . The coastal zones are rich in fish that visit the Norwegian Sea from the North Atlantic or from the Barents Sea ( cod ) for spawning . The warm North Atlantic Current ensures relatively stable and high water temperatures , so that unlike the Arctic seas , the Norwegian Sea is ice-free throughout the year . Recent research has concluded that the large volume of water in the Norwegian Sea with its large heat absorption capacity is more important as a source of Norway 's mild winters than the Gulf Stream and its extensions ."}
{"_id": "Nuclear_holocaust", "title": "Nuclear holocaust", "headings": "", "text": "A nuclear holocaust or nuclear apocalypse is a theoretical scenario involving widespread destruction and radioactive fallout causing the collapse of civilization , through the use of nuclear weapons . Under such a scenario , some of the Earth is made uninhabitable by nuclear warfare in future world wars .   Besides the obvious direct destruction of cities by nuclear blasts , the potential aftermath of a nuclear war could involve firestorms , a nuclear winter , widespread radiation sickness from fallout , and/or the temporary loss of much modern technology due to electromagnetic pulses . Some scientists , such as Alan Robock , have speculated that a thermonuclear war could result in the end of modern civilization on Earth , in part due to a long-lasting nuclear winter . In one model , temperatures following a full thermonuclear war fall for several years by 7 to 8 degrees Celsius on average . The accuracy of such models are often the subject of partisan dispute .   Early Cold War-era studies suggested that billions of humans would nonetheless survive the immediate effects of nuclear blasts and radiation following a global thermonuclear war . Some scholars argue that nuclear war could indirectly contribute to human extinction via secondary effects , including environmental consequences , societal breakdown , and economic collapse . Additionally , it has been argued that even a relatively small-scale nuclear exchange between India and Pakistan involving 100 Hiroshima yield weapons , could cause a nuclear winter and kill more than a billion people .   Since 1947 , the Doomsday Clock of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists has visualized how close the world is from a nuclear war .   The threat of a nuclear holocaust plays an important role in the popular perception of nuclear weapons . It features in the security concept of mutually assured destruction ( MAD ) and is a common scenario in survivalism . Nuclear holocaust is a common feature in literature and film , especially in speculative genres such as science fiction , dystopian and post-apocalyptic fiction ."}
{"_id": "Nuclear_power", "title": "Nuclear power", "headings": "", "text": "Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat , which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant . The term includes nuclear fission , nuclear decay and nuclear fusion . Presently , the nuclear fission of elements in the actinide series of the periodic table produce the vast majority of nuclear energy in the direct service of humankind , with nuclear decay processes , primarily in the form of geothermal energy , and radioisotope thermoelectric generators , in niche uses making up the rest .   Owing , fundamentally , to the delayed critical fission process , Fission-electric power stations are one of the leading low carbon power generation methods of producing electricity , and in terms of total life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy generated , has emission values lower than `` renewable energy '' when the latter is taken as a single energy source . Since all electricity supplying technologies use cement , etc. , during construction , emissions are yet to be brought to zero . A 2014 analysis of the carbon footprint literature by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) reported that the embodied total life-cycle emission intensity of fission electricity has a median value of 12 g eq/kWh which is the lowest out of all commercial baseload energy sources , and second lowest out of all commercial electricity technologies known , after wind power which is an Intermittent energy source with embodied greenhouse gas emissions , per unit of energy generated of 11 g eq/kWh . Each result is contrasted with coal and fossil gas at 820 and 490 g eq/kWh . With this translating into , from the beginning of fission-electric power station commercialization in the 1970s , having prevented the emission of about 64 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent , greenhouse gases that would have otherwise resulted from the burning of fossil fuels in thermal power stations .   There is a social debate about nuclear power . Proponents , such as the World Nuclear Association and Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy , contend that nuclear power is a safe , sustainable energy source that reduces carbon emissions . Opponents , such as Greenpeace International and NIRS , contend that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment .   Far-reaching fission power reactor accidents , or accidents that resulted in medium to long-lived fission product contamination of inhabited areas , have occurred in Generation I and II reactor designs , blueprinted between 1950 and 1980 . These include the Chernobyl disaster which occurred in 1986 , the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster ( 2011 ) , and the more contained Three Mile Island accident ( 1979 ) . There have also been some nuclear submarine accidents . In terms of lives lost per unit of energy generated , analysis has determined that fission-electric reactors have caused fewer fatalities per unit of energy generated than the other major sources of energy generation . Energy production from coal , petroleum , natural gas and hydroelectricity has caused a greater number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to air pollution and energy accident effects . Four years after the Fukushima-Daiichi accident , there have been no fatalities due to exposure to radiation , and no discernible increased incidence of radiation-related health effects are expected among exposed members of the public and their descendants . The Japan Times estimated 1,600 deaths were the result of evacuation , due to physical and mental stress stemming from long stays at shelters , a lack of initial care as a result of hospitals being disabled by the tsunami , and suicides .   In 2015 :  Ten new reactors were connected to the grid .  Seven reactors were permanently shut down .  441 reactors had a worldwide net capacity of 382,855 megawatts of electricity .  67 new nuclear reactors were under construction .  Most of the new activity is in China where there is an urgent need to control pollution from coal plants .   In October 2016 , Watts Bar 2 became the first new United States reactor to enter commercial operation since 1996 ."}
{"_id": "Nuclear_power_debate", "title": "Nuclear power debate", "headings": "", "text": "The nuclear power debate is a controversy about the deployment and use of nuclear fission reactors to generate electricity from nuclear fuel for civilian purposes . The debate about nuclear power peaked during the 1970s and 1980s , when it `` reached an intensity unprecedented in the history of technology controversies '' , in some countries . Observers attribute the nuclear controversy to the impossibility of generating a shared perception between social actors over the use of this technology as well as systemic mismatches between expectations and experience .   Proponents of nuclear energy argue that nuclear power is a sustainable energy source which reduces carbon emissions and can increase energy security if its use supplants a dependence on imported fuels . Proponents advance the notion that nuclear power produces virtually no air pollution , in contrast to the chief viable alternative of fossil fuel . Proponents also believe that nuclear power is the only viable course to achieve energy independence for most Western countries . They emphasize that the risks of storing waste are small and can be further reduced by using the latest technology in newer reactors , and the operational safety record in the Western world is excellent when compared to the other major kinds of power plants .   Opponents say that nuclear power poses numerous threats to people and the environment and point to studies in the literature that question if it will ever be a sustainable energy source . These threats include health risks and environmental damage from uranium mining , processing and transport , the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation or sabotage , and the unsolved problem of radioactive nuclear waste . They also contend that reactors themselves are enormously complex machines where many things can and do go wrong , and there have been many serious nuclear accidents . Critics do not believe that these risks can be reduced through new technology . They argue that when all the energy-intensive stages of the nuclear fuel chain are considered , from uranium mining to nuclear decommissioning , nuclear power is not a low-carbon electricity source .   Three of the world 's four largest economies now generate more electricity from non-hydro renewable energy than from nuclear sources . New power generation using solar power was 33 % of the global total added in 2015 , wind power over 17 % , and 1.3 % for nuclear power , mostly due to development in China ."}
{"_id": "Nuclear_winter", "title": "Nuclear winter", "headings": "", "text": "Nuclear winter is the severe global-climatic-cooling-effect , hypothesized to occur after the ignition of a number of firestorms , from nuclear bomb detonations , or wide spread bombardments . Such fires , which can inject soot into the stratosphere , have historically occurred in a number of cities , with nuclear winter researchers using both Hamburg and the less ferocious Hiroshima firestorms as the principal examples . However , as firestorms are most frequently encountered in much larger area wildfires , these latter fires are the most significant today in assessing both the initial and present-day `` nuclear winter '' computer models ."}
{"_id": "OSTM/Jason-2", "title": "OSTM/Jason-2", "headings": "", "text": "OSTM/Jason-2, or Ocean Surface Topography Mission/Jason-2 satellite, was an international Earth observation satellite altimeter joint mission for sea surface height measurements between NASA and CNES. It was the third satellite in a series started in 1992 by the NASA/CNES TOPEX/Poseidon mission  and continued by the NASA/CNES Jason-1 mission launched in 2001."}
{"_id": "Occam's_razor", "title": "Occam's razor", "headings": "", "text": "Occam 's razor ( also Ockham 's razor ; Latin : lex parsimoniae `` law of parsimony '' ) is a problem-solving principle attributed to William of Ockham ( c. 1287 -- 1347 ) , who was an English Franciscan friar , scholastic philosopher , and theologian . His principle can be interpreted as stating Among competing hypotheses , the one with the fewest assumptions should be selected .   In science , Occam 's razor is used as a heuristic guide in the development of theoretical models , rather than as a rigorous arbiter between candidate models . In the scientific method , Occam 's razor is not considered an irrefutable principle of logic or a scientific result ; the preference for simplicity in the scientific method is based on the falsifiability criterion . For each accepted explanation of a phenomenon , there may be an extremely large , perhaps even incomprehensible , number of possible and more complex alternatives , because one can always burden failing explanations with ad hoc hypotheses to prevent them from being falsified ; therefore , simpler theories are preferable to more complex ones because they are more testable ."}
{"_id": "Ocean", "title": "Ocean", "headings": "", "text": "An ocean ( , the sea of classical antiquity ) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet 's hydrosphere . On Earth , an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean , which covers almost 71 % of its surface . These are , in descending order by area , the Pacific , Atlantic , Indian , Southern ( Antarctic ) , and Arctic Oceans . The word sea is often used interchangeably with `` ocean '' in American English but , strictly speaking , a sea is a body of saline water ( generally a division of the world ocean ) partly or fully enclosed by land .   Saline water covers approximately 72 % of the planet 's surface ( ~ 3.6 km2 ) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas , with the ocean covering approximately 71 % of Earth 's surface and 90 % of the Earth 's biosphere . The ocean contains 97 % of Earth 's water , and oceanographers have stated that less than 5 % of the World Ocean has been explored . The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers ( 320 million cu mi ) with an average depth of nearly 3700 m.   As the world ocean is the principal component of Earth 's hydrosphere , it is integral to all known life , forms part of the carbon cycle , and influences climate and weather patterns . The world ocean is the habitat of 230,000 known species , but because much of it is unexplored , the number of species that exist is much larger , possibly over two million . The origin of Earth 's oceans remains unknown ; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life .   Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds . The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan , although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System . Early in their geologic histories , Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans . The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water , and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus . Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice . Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites ; notably , the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth . The Solar System 's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions . Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons , including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone . Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid ."}
{"_id": "Ocean_acidification", "title": "Ocean acidification", "headings": "", "text": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth 's oceans , caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . Seawater is slightly basic ( meaning pH > 7 ) , and the process in question is a shift towards pH-neutral conditions rather than a transition to acidic conditions ( pH < 7 ) . Ocean alkalinity is not changed by the process , or may increase over long time periods due to carbonate dissolution . An estimated 30 -- 40 % of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans , rivers and lakes . To achieve chemical equilibrium , some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid . Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion , thus increasing ocean acidity ( H + ion concentration ) . Between 1751 and 1996 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14 , representing an increase of almost 35 % in H + ion concentration in the world 's oceans . Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogues and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean .   Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms , such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms , and causing coral bleaching . By increasing the presence of free hydrogen ions , each molecule of carbonic acid that forms in the oceans ultimately results in the conversion of two carbonate ions into bicarbonate ions . This net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms , such as coral and some plankton , to form biogenic calcium carbonate , and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution . Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans . As members of the InterAcademy Panel , 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050 , global emissions be reduced by at least 50 % compared to the 1990 level .   While ongoing ocean acidification is anthropogenic in origin , it has occurred previously in Earth 's history . The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum ( PETM ) , which occurred approximately 56 million years ago . For reasons that are currently uncertain , massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere , and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins .   Ocean acidification has been called the `` evil twin of global warming '' and `` the other problem '' ."}
{"_id": "Ocean_heat_content", "title": "Ocean heat content", "headings": "", "text": "Oceanic heat content ( OHC ) is the heat stored in the ocean . Oceanography and climatology are the science branches which study ocean heat content . Changes in the ocean heat content play an important role in the sea level rise , because of thermal expansion . It is with high confidence that ocean warming accounts for 90 % of the energy accumulation from global warming between 1971 and 2010 ."}
{"_id": "Oceanic_carbon_cycle", "title": "Oceanic carbon cycle", "headings": "", "text": "The oceans contain around 36,000 gigatons of carbon , mostly in the form of bicarbonate ion ( over 90 % , with most of the remainder being carbonate ) .   At the surface of the oceans towards the poles , seawater becomes cooler and more carbonic acid is formed as CO2 becomes more soluble . This is coupled to the ocean 's thermohaline circulation which transports dense surface water into the ocean 's interior ( see the entry on the solubility pump ) .  Although the deep ocean contains much more dissolved inorganic carbon than the surface ocean , the concentration is only 15 % higher in the deep ocean as compared to the surface ocean due to the higher volume of the deep ocean .  In upper ocean areas of high biological productivity , organisms convert reduced carbon to tissues , or carbonates to hard body parts such as shells and tests . These are , respectively , oxidized ( soft-tissue pump ) and redissolved ( carbonate pump ) at lower average levels of the ocean than those at which they formed , resulting in a downward flow of carbon ( see entry on the biological pump ) .  The flux or absorption of carbon dioxide into the world 's oceans is influenced by the presence of widespread viruses within ocean water , that infect many species of bacteria . The resulting bacterial deaths spawn a sequence of events that lead to greatly enlarged respiration of carbon dioxide , enhancing the role of the oceans as a carbon sink .  The balance of dissolved inorganic carbon ( DIC ) : dissolved organic carbon ( DOC ) : particle organic carbon is about 2000:38:1 .  The CaCO3 counter pump increases the partial pressure of CO2 in the ocean , thus leading to higher outgasing of carbon dioxide .  Higher ocean temperatures lead to stronger layering , thus less mixing and less capacity for thermohaline circulation to bring carbon into lower ocean layers .  The weathering of silicate rock ( see carbonate-silicate cycle ) . Carbonic acid reacts with weathered rock to produce bicarbonate ions . The bicarbonate ions produced are carried to the ocean , where they are used to make marine carbonates . Unlike dissolved CO2 in equilibrium or tissues , which decay , weathering does not move the carbon into a reservoir from which it can readily return to the atmosphere .  Much remains to be learned about the cycling of carbon in the deep ocean . For example , a recent discovery is that larvacean mucus houses ( commonly known as `` sinkers '' ) are created in such large numbers that they can deliver as much carbon to the deep ocean as has been previously detected by sediment traps . Because of their size and composition , these houses are rarely collected in such traps , so most biogeochemical analyses have erroneously ignored them .  The amount of dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean is significantly higher in the deep layer ( below 300 m depth ) . This is caused by the solubility pump and the biological pump ."}
{"_id": "Oceanic_climate", "title": "Oceanic climate", "headings": "", "text": "An oceanic climate ( also known as marine , west coast and maritime ) is the Köppen classification of the climate typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents , and generally features cool summers ( relative to their latitude ) and cool but not cold winters , with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature , with the exception for transitional areas to continental , subarctic and highland climates . Oceanic climates are defined as having a monthly mean temperature below 22 C in the warmest month , and above 0 C in the coldest month .   It typically lacks a dry season , as precipitation is more evenly dispersed throughout the year . It is the predominant climate type across much of North Western Europe , the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada , portions of southwestern South America and small areas of southeast Australia , and New Zealand as well as isolated locations elsewhere . Oceanic climates generally have cool summers and cool ( but not cold ) winters . They are characterised by a narrower annual range of temperatures than are encountered in other places at a comparable latitude , and generally do not have the extremely dry summers of Mediterranean climates or the hot summers of humid subtropical . Oceanic climates are most dominant in Europe , where they spread much farther inland than in other continents .   Oceanic climates can have much storm activity as they are located in the belt of the stormy westerlies . Many oceanic climates have frequent cloudy or overcast conditions due to the near constant storms and lows tracking over or near them . The annual range of temperatures is smaller than typical climates at these latitudes due to the constant stable marine air masses that pass through oceanic climates , which lack both very warm and very cool fronts ."}
{"_id": "Operant_conditioning", "title": "Operant conditioning", "headings": "", "text": "Operant conditioning ( also called `` instrumental conditioning '' ) is a type of learning in which the strength of a behavior is modified by the behavior 's consequences , such as reward or punishment .   Although operant and classical conditioning both involve behaviors controlled by environmental stimuli , they differ in nature . In operant conditioning , stimuli present when a behavior is rewarded or punished come to control that behavior . For example , a child may learn to open a box to get the candy inside , or learn to avoid touching a hot stove ; the box and the stove are discriminative stimuli . However , in classical conditioning , stimuli that signal significant events produce reflexive behavior . For example , the sound of a door slam comes to signal an angry parent , causing a child to tremble .   The study of animal learning in the 20th century was dominated by the analysis of these two sorts of learning , and they are still at the core of behavior analysis ."}
{"_id": "Opinion_polling_on_the_Donald_Trump_administration", "title": "Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration", "headings": "", "text": "Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration has been regularly taken by universities , media outlets , and survey companies since the start of the Donald Trump presidency . Public sentiment on a number of Donald Trump 's key actions and proposals has also been tracked .   Presidential approval ratings have revealed Trump to be the least popular US president in modern history as of the first few months of the term . However , polls also reveal that he is the most popular US president in modern history among Republican voters , gathering larger approval rating than George W. Bush , George H.W. Bush and Ronald Reagan in their first months . In his first month , Donald Trump has an approval rating among Republican voters of 84 % , compared to 82 % , 82 % and 78 % in the first months of Bush Jr. , Bush Sr. and Reagan respectively in the same demographic . This is dramatically negated by his approval ratings among Democrat voters , where he has 8 % approval rating , compared to 30 % , 46 % and 39 % for Bush Jr. , Bush Sr. and Reagan respectively ."}
{"_id": "Orbital_resonance", "title": "Orbital resonance", "headings": "", "text": "In celestial mechanics , an orbital resonance occurs when orbiting bodies exert a regular , periodic gravitational influence on each other , usually because their orbital periods are related by a ratio of small integers . Most commonly this relationship is found for a pair of objects . The physics principle behind orbital resonance is similar in concept to pushing a child on a swing , where the orbit and the swing both have a natural frequency , and the other body doing the `` pushing '' will act in periodic repetition to have a cumulative effect on the motion . Orbital resonances greatly enhance the mutual gravitational influence of the bodies , i.e. , their ability to alter or constrain each other 's orbits . In most cases , this results in an unstable interaction , in which the bodies exchange momentum and shift orbits until the resonance no longer exists . Under some circumstances , a resonant system can be stable and self-correcting , so that the bodies remain in resonance . Examples are the 1:2:4 resonance of Jupiter 's moons Ganymede , Europa and Io , and the 2:3 resonance between Pluto and Neptune . Unstable resonances with Saturn 's inner moons give rise to gaps in the rings of Saturn . The special case of 1:1 resonance ( between bodies with similar orbital radii ) causes large Solar System bodies to eject most other bodies sharing their orbits ; this is part of the much more extensive process of clearing the neighbourhood , an effect that is used in the current definition of a planet .   A binary resonance ratio in this article should be interpreted as the completed in the same time interval , rather than as the , which would be the inverse ratio . Thus the 2:3 ratio above means Pluto completes two orbits in the time it takes Neptune to complete three . In the case of resonance relationships between three or more bodies , either type of ratio may be used ( in such cases the smallest whole-integer ratio sequences are not necessarily reversals of each other ) and the type of ratio will be specified ."}
{"_id": "Orbital_ring", "title": "Orbital ring", "headings": "", "text": "An orbital ring is a concept for a space elevator that consists of an artificial ring placed around the Earth that rotates at an angular rate that is faster than the rotation of the Earth . It is a giant formation of astroengineering proportions .   The structure is intended to be used as a space station or as a planetary vehicle for very high speed transportation or space launch .   The original orbital ring concept is related to the space fountain and launch loop ."}
{"_id": "Ordovician", "title": "Ordovician", "headings": "", "text": "The Ordovician ( -LSB- pronɔrdəˈvɪʃən -RSB- ) is a geologic period and system , the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era . The Ordovician spans 41.2 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period million years ago ( Mya ) to the start of the Silurian Period Mya . The Ordovician , named after the Celtic tribe of the Ordovices , was defined by Charles Lapworth in 1879 to resolve a dispute between followers of Adam Sedgwick and Roderick Murchison , who were placing the same rock beds in northern Wales into the Cambrian and Silurian periods , respectively . Lapworth recognized that the fossil fauna in the disputed strata were different from those of either the Cambrian or the Silurian periods , and placed them in a period of their own . It received international sanction in 1960 , when it was adopted as an official period of the Paleozoic Era by the International Geological Congress .   Life continued to flourish during the Ordovician as it did in the earlier Cambrian period , although the end of the period was marked by the Ordovician -- Silurian extinction event . Invertebrates , namely molluscs and arthropods , dominated the oceans . The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event considerably increased the diversity of life . Fish , the world 's first true vertebrates , continued to evolve , and those with jaws may have first appeared late in the period . Life had yet to diversify on land . About 100 times as many meteorites struck the Earth during the Ordovician compared with today ."}
{"_id": "Oregon", "title": "Oregon", "headings": "", "text": "Oregon ( -LSB- ˈɒrᵻɡən -RSB- ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region on the West coast of the United States . The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon 's northern boundary along Washington state , while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary along Idaho . The parallel 42 ° north delineates the southern boundary with California and Nevada . It is one of only three states of the contiguous United States to have a coastline on the Pacific Ocean .   Oregon was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before Western traders , explorers , and settlers arrived . An autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country in 1843 before the Oregon Territory was created in 1848 . Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14 , 1859 . Today , at 98,000 square miles ( 255,000 km ² ) , Oregon is the ninth largest and , with a population of 4 million , 27th most populous U.S. state . The state capital , Salem , is the second most populous of its cities , with 164,549 residents , while Portland , with 632,309 residents , is the most populous , ranking as the 26th most populous city in the United States . Portland 's metro population of 2,389,228 ranks the 23rd largest metro in the nation .   Oregon is one of the most geographically diverse states in the United States , marked by volcanoes , abundant bodies of water , dense evergreen and mixed forests , as well as high deserts and semi-arid shrublands . At 11249 ft , Mount Hood is the state 's highest point . Oregon 's only national park , Crater Lake National Park , comprises the caldera surrounding Crater Lake , the deepest lake in the United States . The state is also home to the single largest organism in the world , Armillaria ostoyae , a fungus that runs beneath 8.9 km2 of the Malheur National Forest .   Because of its diverse landscapes and waterways , Oregon 's economy is largely powered by various forms of agriculture , fishing , and hydroelectric power . It is also the top timber-producer of the lower 48 states . Technology is another one of the state 's major economic forces , which began in the 1970s with the establishment of the Silicon Forest and the expansion of Tektronix and Intel . Sportswear company Nike , Inc. , headquartered in Beaverton , is the state 's largest public corporation with an annual revenue of $ 30.6 billion ."}
{"_id": "Oregon_Petition", "title": "Oregon Petition", "headings": "", "text": "The Global Warming Petition Project , also known as the Oregon Petition , is a petition urging the United States government to reject the global warming Kyoto Protocol of 1997 and similar policies ."}
{"_id": "Orlando,_Florida", "title": "Orlando, Florida", "headings": "", "text": "Orlando ( -LSB- ɔrˈlændoʊ -RSB- ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,387,138 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in March 2016 , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2015 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 2,270,934 , making it the 73rd-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city .   The City of Orlando is nicknamed `` The City Beautiful , '' and its symbol is the fountain at Lake Eola . Orlando is also known as `` The Theme Park Capital of the World '' and in 2014 its tourist attractions and events drew more than 62 million visitors . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Buddy Dyer is Orlando 's mayor .   As one of the world 's most visited tourist destinations , Orlando 's famous attractions form the backbone of its tourism industry : Walt Disney World , located approximately 21 mi southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 ; the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1999 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States .   Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly during the 1980s and into the first decade of the 21st century , mostly due to the success of Walt Disney World , which was opened on October 1 , 1971 . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment . In 2010 , Orlando was listed as a `` Gamma − '' level of world-city in the World Cities Study Group 's inventory . Orlando ranks as the fourth-most popular American city based on where people want to live according to a 2009 Pew Research Center study ."}
{"_id": "Overdeepening", "title": "Overdeepening", "headings": "", "text": "Overdeepening is a characteristic of basins and valleys eroded by glaciers . An overdeepened valley profile is often eroded to depths which are hundreds of metres below the deepest continuous line ( the thalweg ) along a valley or watercourse . This phenomenon is observed under modern day glaciers , in salt-water fjords and fresh-water lakes remaining after glaciers melt , as well as in tunnel valleys which are partially or totally filled with sediment . When the channel produced by a glacier is filled with debris , the subsurface geomorphic structure is found to be erosionally cut into bedrock and subsequently filled by sediments . These overdeepened cuts into bedrock structures can reach a depth of several hundred metres below the valley floor .   Overdeepened fjords and lakes have significant economic value as harbours and fisheries . Overdeepened basins and valleys filled with sediment ( termed tunnel valleys ) are of particular interest to engineers , petroleum geologists , and hydrologists ; engineers apply the information for developing foundations and tunnel construction , petroleum geologists use tunnel valley locations to identify potential oil fields , while hydrologists apply this knowledge for groundwater resource management ."}
{"_id": "Ovid", "title": "Ovid", "headings": "", "text": "Publius Ovidius Naso ( -LSB- ˈpʊ.blɪ.ʊs ɔˈwɪ.dɪ.ʊs ˈnaː.soː -RSB- ; 20 March 43 BC -- AD 17/18 ) , known as Ovid ( -LSB- ˈɒvɪd -RSB- ) in the English-speaking world , was a Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus . He was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace , with whom he is often ranked as one of the three canonical poets of Latin literature . The Imperial scholar Quintilian considered him the last of the Latin love elegists . He enjoyed enormous popularity , but , in one of the mysteries of literary history , was sent by Augustus into exile in a remote province on the Black Sea , where he remained until his death . Ovid himself attributes his exile to carmen et error , `` a poem and a mistake '' , but his discretion in discussing the causes has resulted in much speculation among scholars .   The first major Roman poet to begin his career during the reign of Augustus , Ovid is today best known for the Metamorphoses , a 15-book continuous mythological narrative written in the meter of epic , and for works in elegiac couplets such as Ars Amatoria ( `` The Art of Love '' ) and Fasti . His poetry was much imitated during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages , and greatly influenced Western art and literature . The Metamorphoses remains one of the most important sources of classical mythology ."}
{"_id": "Oxford", "title": "Oxford", "headings": "", "text": "Oxford ( -LSB- ˈɒksfərd -RSB- ) is a city in the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire . With an estimated 2015 population of 168,270 , it is the 52nd largest city in the United Kingdom , and one of the fastest growing and most ethnically diverse . The city is situated 57 mi from London , 69 mi from Bristol , 65 mi from both Southampton and Birmingham and 25 mi from Reading .   The city is known worldwide as the home of the University of Oxford , the oldest university in the English-speaking world . Buildings in Oxford demonstrate notable examples of every English architectural period since the late Saxon period . Oxford is known as the `` city of dreaming spires '' , a term coined by poet Matthew Arnold . Oxford has a broad economic base . Its industries include motor manufacturing , education , publishing and a large number of information technology and science-based businesses , some being academic offshoots ."}
{"_id": "Oxygen", "title": "Oxygen", "headings": "", "text": "Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8 . It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as other compounds . By mass , oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . At standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen , a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula . This is an important part of the atmosphere and diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8 % of the Earth 's atmosphere . Additionally , as oxides the element makes up almost half of the Earth 's crust .   Dioxygen is used in cellular respiration and many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms contain oxygen , such as proteins , nucleic acids , carbohydrates , and fats , as do the major constituent inorganic compounds of animal shells , teeth , and bone . Most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as a component of water , the major constituent of lifeforms . Conversely , oxygen is continuously replenished by photosynthesis , which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water and carbon dioxide . Oxygen is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms . Another form ( allotrope ) of oxygen , ozone , strongly absorbs ultraviolet UVB radiation and the high-altitude ozone layer helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation . But ozone is a pollutant near the surface where it is a by-product of smog . At low earth orbit altitudes , sufficient atomic oxygen is present to cause corrosion of spacecraft .   Oxygen was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele , in Uppsala , in 1773 or earlier , and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire , in 1774 , but Priestley is often given priority because his work was published first . The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier , whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion . Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς oxys , `` acid '' , literally `` sharp '' , referring to the sour taste of acids and - γενής - genes , `` producer '' , literally `` begetter '' , because at the time of naming , it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition .   Common use of oxygen includes residential heating , internal combustion engines , production of steel , plastics and textiles , brazing , welding and cutting of steels and other metals , rocket propellant , oxygen therapy , and life support systems in aircraft , submarines , spaceflight and diving ."}
{"_id": "Ozone", "title": "Ozone", "headings": "", "text": "Ozone -LSB- ˈoʊzoʊn -RSB- ( systematically named 1λ1 ,3 λ1-trioxidane and catena-trioxygen ) , or trioxygen , is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula . It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell . It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope , breaking down in the lower atmosphere to or dioxygen . Ozone is formed from dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also atmospheric electrical discharges , and is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth 's atmosphere ( stratosphere ) . In total , ozone makes up only of the atmosphere .   Ozone 's odour is sharp , reminiscent of chlorine , and detectable by many people at concentrations of as little as in air . Ozone 's O3 structure was determined in 1865 . The molecule was later proven to have a bent structure and to be diamagnetic . In standard conditions , ozone is a pale blue gas that condenses at progressively cryogenic temperatures to a dark blue liquid and finally a violet-black solid . Ozone 's instability with regard to more common dioxygen is such that both concentrated gas and liquid ozone may decompose explosively at elevated temperatures or fast warming to the boiling point .  It is therefore used commercially only in low concentrations .   Ozone is a powerful oxidant ( far more so than dioxygen ) and has many industrial and consumer applications related to oxidation . This same high oxidising potential , however , causes ozone to damage mucous and respiratory tissues in animals , and also tissues in plants , above concentrations of about . This makes ozone a potent respiratory hazard and pollutant near ground level . However , the ozone layer ( a portion of the stratosphere with a higher concentration of ozone , from two to eight ppm ) is beneficial , preventing damaging ultraviolet light from reaching the Earth 's surface , to the benefit of both plants and animals ."}
{"_id": "Ozone_depletion", "title": "Ozone depletion", "headings": "", "text": "Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related phenomena observed since the late 1970s : a steady decline of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth 's stratosphere ( the ozone layer ) , and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth 's polar regions . The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole . In addition to these well-known stratospheric phenomena , there are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events .   The details of polar ozone hole formation differ from that of mid-latitude thinning but the most important process in both is catalytic destruction of ozone by atomic halogens . The main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photodissociation of man-made halocarbon refrigerants , solvents , propellants , and foam-blowing agents ( chlorofluorocarbon ( CFCs ) , HCFCs , freons , halons ) . These compounds are transported into the stratosphere by winds after being emitted at the surface . Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of halocarbons increased .   CFCs and other contributory substances are referred to as ozone-depleting substances ( ODS ) . Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths ( 280 -- 315 nm ) of ultraviolet light ( UV light ) from passing through the Earth 's atmosphere , observed and projected decreases in ozone generated worldwide concern , leading to adoption of the Montreal Protocol that bans the production of CFCs , halons , and other ozone-depleting chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane . It is suspected that a variety of biological consequences such as increases in sunburn , skin cancer , cataracts , damage to plants , and reduction of plankton populations in the ocean 's photic zone may result from the increased UV exposure due to ozone depletion ."}
{"_id": "Ozone_layer", "title": "Ozone layer", "headings": "", "text": "The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth 's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun 's ultraviolet ( UV ) radiation . It contains high concentrations of ozone ( O3 ) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere , although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere . The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone , while the average ozone concentration in Earth 's atmosphere as a whole is about 0.3 parts per million . The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere , from approximately 20 to above Earth , although its thickness varies seasonally and geographically .   The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by the French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson . Measurements of the sun showed that the radiation sent out from its surface and reaching the ground on Earth is usually consistent with the spectrum of a black body with a temperature in the range of 5,500 -- 6,000 K ( 5,227 to 5,727 ° C ) , except that there was no radiation below a wavelength of about 310 nm at the ultraviolet end of the spectrum . It was deduced that the missing radiation was being absorbed by something in the atmosphere . Eventually the spectrum of the missing radiation was matched to only one known chemical , ozone . Its properties were explored in detail by the British meteorologist G. M. B. Dobson , who developed a simple spectrophotometer ( the Dobsonmeter ) that could be used to measure stratospheric ozone from the ground . Between 1928 and 1958 , Dobson established a worldwide network of ozone monitoring stations , which continue to operate to this day . The `` Dobson unit '' , a convenient measure of the amount of ozone overhead , is named in his honor .   The ozone layer absorbs 97 to 99 percent of the Sun 's medium-frequency ultraviolet light ( from about 200 nm to 315 nm wavelength ) , which otherwise would potentially damage exposed life forms near the surface .   The United Nations General Assembly has designated September 16 as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer .   Venus also has a thin ozone layer at an altitude of 100 kilometers from the planet 's surface ."}
{"_id": "PH", "title": "PH", "headings": "", "text": "In chemistry , pH ( -LSB- piːˈeɪtʃ -RSB- ) ( potential of hydrogen ) is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution . It is approximately the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the molar concentration , measured in units of moles per liter , of hydrogen ions . More precisely it is the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of the activity of the hydrogen ion . Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic . Pure water is neutral , at pH 7 , being neither an acid nor a base . Contrary to popular belief , the pH value can be less than 0 or greater than 14 for very strong acids and bases respectively .   pH measurements are important in agronomy , medicine , biology , chemistry , agriculture , forestry , food science , environmental science , oceanography , civil engineering , chemical engineering , nutrition , water treatment and water purification , as well as many other applications .   The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement .  Primary pH standard values are determined using a concentration cell with transference , by measuring the potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode such as the silver chloride electrode .  The pH of aqueous solutions can be measured with a glass electrode and a pH meter , or an indicator ."}
{"_id": "Pacific_Ocean", "title": "Pacific Ocean", "headings": "", "text": "The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of the Earth 's oceanic divisions . It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean ( or , depending on definition , to Antarctica ) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east .   At 63,800,000 sqmi in area , this largest division of the World Ocean -- and , in turn , the hydrosphere -- covers about 46 % of the Earth 's water surface and about one-third of its total surface area , making it larger than all of the Earth 's land area combined .   The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean , with two exceptions : the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands , while straddling the equator , are deemed wholly within the South Pacific . The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world , reaching a depth of 35797 ft.   Both the center of the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean .   Though the peoples of Asia and Oceania have traveled the Pacific Ocean since prehistoric times , the eastern Pacific was first sighted by Europeans in the early 16th century when Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and discovered the great `` southern sea '' which he named Mar del Sur ( in Spanish ) . The ocean 's current name was coined by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521 , as he encountered favorable winds on reaching the ocean . He called it Mar Pacífico , which in both Portuguese and Spanish means `` peaceful sea '' ."}
{"_id": "Pacific_decadal_oscillation", "title": "Pacific decadal oscillation", "headings": "", "text": "The Pacific Decadal Oscillation ( PDO ) is a robust , recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin . The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean , north of 20 ° N. Over the past century , the amplitude of this climate pattern has varied irregularly at interannual-to-interdecadal time scales ( meaning time periods of a few years to as much as time periods of multiple decades ) . There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity ( meaning changes in cool surface waters versus warm surface waters within the region ) of the oscillation occurring around 1925 , 1947 , and 1977 ; the last two reversals corresponded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the North Pacific Ocean . This climate pattern also affects coastal sea and continental surface air temperatures from Alaska to California .   During a `` warm '' , or `` positive '' , phase , the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms ; during a `` cool '' or `` negative '' phase , the opposite pattern occurs . The Pacific Decadal Oscillation was named by Steven R. Hare , who noticed it while studying salmon production pattern results in 1997 .   The Pacific Decadal Oscillation index is the leading empirical orthogonal function ( EOF ) of monthly sea surface temperature anomalies ( SST-A ) over the North Pacific ( poleward of 20 ° N ) after the global average sea surface temperature has been removed . This PDO index is the standardized principal component time series . A PDO ` signal ' has been reconstructed to 1661 through tree-ring chronologies in the Baja California area ."}
{"_id": "Pago_Pago", "title": "Pago Pago", "headings": "", "text": "Pago Pago ( -LSB- ˈpɑːŋɡoʊˈpɑːŋɡoʊ -RSB- Samoan : -LSB- ˈpaŋo ˈpaŋo -RSB- ) is the territorial capital of American Samoa . It is on the main island of American Samoa , Tutuila . The territory is served by Pago Pago International Airport at Tafuna , some 8 miles south west of Pago Pago . Tourism , entertainment , food , and tuna canning are its main industries .   The area commonly referred to as Pago Pago consists of a string of villages , each with its own village council , on the shores of Pago Pago Harbor . One of the villages is itself named Pago Pago , and in 2010 had a population of 3,656 . Pago Pago may refer to the village , to the bay area or to American Samoa as a whole . The constituent villages are , in order , Utulei , Fagatogo , Malaloa , Pago Pago , Satala and Atu'u . Fagatogo is the area referred to as Town and was the seat of government until a new Executive Office Building was opened in Utulei . In Fagatoto is the Fono ( Legislature ) , the Police Department , the Port of Pago Pago , many shops and hotels ."}
{"_id": "Pale_Blue_Dot", "title": "Pale Blue Dot", "headings": "", "text": "Pale Blue Dot is a photograph of planet Earth taken on February 14 , 1990 , by the Voyager 1 space probe from a record distance of about kilometers ( miles , 40.5 AU ) , as part of the Family Portrait series of images of the Solar System .   In the photograph , Earth 's apparent size is less than a pixel ; the planet appears as a tiny dot against the vastness of space , among bands of sunlight scattered by the camera 's optics .   Voyager 1 , which had completed its primary mission and was leaving the Solar System , was commanded by NASA to turn its camera around and take one last photograph of Earth across a great expanse of space , at the request of astronomer and author Carl Sagan ."}
{"_id": "Paleocene", "title": "Paleocene", "headings": "", "text": "The Paleocene ( -LSB- pronˈpæliəˌsiːn , _ ˈpæ - , _ - lioʊ - -RSB- ) or Palaeocene , the `` old recent '' , is a geologic epoch that lasted from about . It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era . As with many geologic periods , the strata that define the epoch 's beginning and end are well identified , but the exact ages remain uncertain .   The Paleocene Epoch brackets two major events in Earth 's history . It started with the mass extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous , known as the Cretaceous -- Paleogene ( K -- Pg ) boundary . This was a time marked by the demise of non-avian dinosaurs , giant marine reptiles and much other fauna and flora . The die-off of the dinosaurs left unfilled ecological niches worldwide . The Paleocene ended with the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum , a geologically brief ( ~ 0.2 million year ) interval characterized by extreme changes in climate and carbon cycling .   The name `` Paleocene '' comes from Ancient Greek and refers to the `` old ( er ) '' ( παλαιός , palaios ) `` new '' ( καινός , kainos ) fauna that arose during the epoch ."}
{"_id": "Paleocene–Eocene_Thermal_Maximum", "title": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum", "headings": "", "text": "The Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum ( PETM ) , alternatively ( ETM1 ) , and formerly known as the `` Initial Eocene '' or '' '' was a time period with more than 8 ° C warmer global average temperature than today . This climate event began at the time boundary between the Paleocene and Eocene geological epochs . The exact age and duration of the event is uncertain but it is estimated to have occurred around 55.5 million years ago .   The associated period of massive carbon injection into the atmosphere has been estimated to have lasted no longer than 20,000 years . The entire warm period lasted for about 200,000 years . Global temperatures increased by 5 -- 8 ° C . The carbon dioxide was likely released in two pulses , the first lasting less than 2,000 years . Such a repeated carbon release is in line with current global warming . A main difference is that during the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum , the planet was essentially ice-free .   The onset of the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum has been linked to an initial 5 ° C temperature rise and to extreme changes in Earth 's carbon cycle . The period is marked by a prominent negative excursion in carbon stable isotope records from around the globe ; more specifically , there was a large decrease in 13C/12C ratio of marine and terrestrial carbonates and organic carbon .   Stratigraphic sections of rock from this period reveal numerous other changes . Fossil records for many organisms show major turnovers . For example , in the marine realm , a mass extinction of benthic foraminifera , a global expansion of subtropical dinoflagellates , and an appearance of excursion , planktic foraminifera and calcareous nanofossils all occurred during the beginning stages of PETM . On land , modern mammal orders ( including primates ) suddenly appear in Europe and in North America . Sediment deposition changed significantly at many outcrops and in many drill cores spanning this time interval .   At least since 1997 , the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum has become a focal point of considerable geoscience research because it probably provides the best past analog by which to understand impacts of global climate warming and of massive carbon input to the ocean and atmosphere , including ocean acidification . Although it is now widely accepted that the PETM represents a `` case study '' for global warming and massive carbon input to Earth 's surface , the cause , details and overall significance of the event remain perplexing ."}
{"_id": "Paleoclimatology", "title": "Paleoclimatology", "headings": "", "text": "Paleoclimatology ( in British spelling , palaeoclimatology ) is the study of changes in climate taken on the scale of the entire history of Earth . It uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within things such as rocks , sediments , ice sheets , tree rings , corals , shells and microfossils . It then uses the records to determine the past states of the Earth 's various climate regions and its atmospheric system . Studies of past changes in the environment and biodiversity often reflect on the current situation , specifically the impact of climate on mass extinctions and biotic recovery ."}
{"_id": "Paleolithic", "title": "Paleolithic", "headings": "", "text": "The Paleolithic -LSB- ˌpæliːəˈlɪθᵻk -RSB- age is a prehistoric period of human history distinguished by the development of the most primitive stone tools and covers roughly 95 % of human technological prehistory . It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools , probably by Homo habilis initially , 2.6 million years ago , to the end of the Pleistocene around 10,000 BP .   The Paleolithic era is followed by the Mesolithic . The date of the Paleolithic -- Mesolithic boundary may vary by locality as much as several thousand years .   During the Paleolithic period , humans grouped together in small societies such as bands , and subsisted by gathering plants and fishing , hunting or scavenging wild animals . The Paleolithic is characterized by the use of knapped stone tools , although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools . Other organic commodities were adapted for use as tools , including leather and vegetable fibers ; however , due to their nature , these have not been preserved to any great degree . Surviving artifacts of the Paleolithic era are known as paleoliths .   About 50,000 years ago , there was a marked increase in the diversity of artifacts . For the first time in Africa , bone artifacts and the first art appear in the archaeological record . The first evidence of human fishing is also noted , from artifacts in places such as Blombos cave in South Africa . Firstly among the artifacts of Africa , archaeologists found they could differentiate and classify those of less than 50,000 years into many different categories , such as projectile points , engraving tools , knife blades , and drilling and piercing tools . The new technology generated a population explosion of modern humans which is believed to have led to the extinction of the Neanderthals .   Humankind gradually evolved from early members of the genus Homo -- such as Homo habilis , who used simple stone tools -- into fully behaviorally and anatomically modern humans ( Homo sapiens sapiens ) during the Paleolithic era . During the end of the Paleolithic , specifically the Middle and or Upper Paleolithic , humans began to produce the earliest works of art and engage in religious and spiritual behavior such as burial and ritual . The climate during the Paleolithic consisted of a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures . Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover .   By BP , the first humans set foot in Australia . By BP , humans lived at 61 ° N latitude in Europe . By BP , Japan was reached , and by BP humans were present in Siberia , above the Arctic Circle . At the end of the Upper Paleolithic , a group of humans crossed Beringia and quickly expanded throughout the Americas .   The term `` Paleolithic '' was coined by archaeologist John Lubbock in 1865 . It derives from Greek : παλαιός , palaios , `` old '' ; and λίθος , lithos , `` stone '' , meaning `` old age of the stone '' or `` Old Stone Age '' ."}
{"_id": "Paleontology", "title": "Paleontology", "headings": "", "text": "Paleontology or palaeontology ( -LSB- pronˌpeɪliɒnˈtɒlədʒi -RSB- , -LSB- ˌpeɪliənˈtɒlədʒi -RSB- or -LSB- ˌpæliɒnˈtɒlədʒi -RSB- , -LSB- ˌpæliənˈtɒlədʒi -RSB- ) is the scientific study of life that existed prior to , and sometimes including , the start of the Holocene Epoch ( roughly 11,700 years before present ) . It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms ' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments ( their paleoecology ) . Paleontological observations have been documented as far back as the 5th century BC . The science became established in the 18th century as a result of Georges Cuvier 's work on comparative anatomy , and developed rapidly in the 19th century . The term itself originates from Greek παλαιός , palaios , i.e. `` old , ancient '' , ὄν , on ( gen. ontos ) , i.e. `` being , creature '' and λόγος , logos , i.e. `` speech , thought , study '' .   Paleontology lies on the border between biology and geology , but differs from archaeology in that it excludes the study of anatomically modern humans . It now uses techniques drawn from a wide range of sciences , including biochemistry , mathematics , and engineering . Use of all these techniques has enabled paleontologists to discover much of the evolutionary history of life , almost all the way back to when Earth became capable of supporting life , about . As knowledge has increased , paleontology has developed specialised sub-divisions , some of which focus on different types of fossil organisms while others study ecology and environmental history , such as ancient climates .   Body fossils and trace fossils are the principal types of evidence about ancient life , and geochemical evidence has helped to decipher the evolution of life before there were organisms large enough to leave body fossils . Estimating the dates of these remains is essential but difficult : sometimes adjacent rock layers allow radiometric dating , which provides absolute dates that are accurate to within 0.5 % , but more often paleontologists have to rely on relative dating by solving the `` jigsaw puzzles '' of biostratigraphy . Classifying ancient organisms is also difficult , as many do not fit well into the Linnaean taxonomy that is commonly used for classifying living organisms , and paleontologists more often use cladistics to draw up evolutionary `` family trees '' . The final quarter of the 20th century saw the development of molecular phylogenetics , which investigates how closely organisms are related by measuring how similar the DNA is in their genomes . Molecular phylogenetics has also been used to estimate the dates when species diverged , but there is controversy about the reliability of the molecular clock on which such estimates depend ."}
{"_id": "Paleotempestology", "title": "Paleotempestology", "headings": "", "text": "Paleotempestology is the study of past tropical cyclone activity by means of geological proxies as well as historical documentary records . The term was coined by Kerry Emanuel ."}
{"_id": "Paleothermometer", "title": "Paleothermometer", "headings": "", "text": "A paleothermometer is a methodology for determining past temperatures using a proxy found in a natural record such as a sediment , ice core , tree rings or TEX86 ."}
{"_id": "Palm_Beach_County,_Florida", "title": "Palm Beach County, Florida", "headings": "", "text": "Palm Beach County is a county located in the state of Florida , directly north of Broward County . As of the 2010 census , the population was 1,320,134 , making it the third-most populous county in Florida . The largest city and county seat is West Palm Beach . Named after one of its oldest settlements , Palm Beach , the county was established in 1909 , after being split from Dade County . The county 's modern-day boundaries were established in 1963 . Palm Beach County is one of the three counties in South Florida which make up the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census .   The area had been increasing in population since the late 19th century , with the incorporation of West Palm Beach in 1894 and after Henry Flagler extended the Florida East Coast Railway and built the Royal Poinciana Hotel , The Breakers , and Whitehall . In 1928 , the Okeechobee hurricane struck West Palm Beach and caused thousands of deaths . Since then , a number of other tropical cyclones have impacted the area . More recently , the county acquired national attention during the 2000 presidential election , when a controversial recount occurred .   As of 2004 , Palm Beach County is Florida 's wealthiest county , with a per capita personal income of $ 44,518 . It leads the state in agricultural productivity , agriculture is Palm Beach County 's 2nd largest industry ."}
{"_id": "Palm_oil", "title": "Palm oil", "headings": "", "text": "Palm oil ( also known as dendê oil , from Portuguese -LSB- ˈdɛnde -RSB- ) is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp ( reddish pulp ) of the fruit of the oil palms , primarily the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis , and to a lesser extent from the American oil palm Elaeis oleifera and the maripa palm Attalea maripa .   Palm oil is naturally reddish in color because of a high beta-carotene content . It is not to be confused with palm kernel oil derived from the kernel of the same fruit , or coconut oil derived from the kernel of the coconut palm ( Cocos nucifera ) . The differences are in color ( raw palm kernel oil lacks carotenoids and is not red ) , and in saturated fat content : palm mesocarp oil is 49 % saturated , while palm kernel oil and coconut oil are 81 % and 86 % saturated fats , respectively . However , crude red palm oil that has been refined , bleached and deodorized , a common commodity called RBD palm oil , does not contain carotenoids .   Along with coconut oil , palm oil is one of the few highly saturated vegetable fats and is semisolid at room temperature . Palm oil is a common cooking ingredient in the tropical belt of Africa , Southeast Asia and parts of Brazil . Its use in the commercial food industry in other parts of the world is widespread because of its lower cost and the high oxidative stability ( saturation ) of the refined product when used for frying . One source reported that humans consumed an average 17 lb of palm oil per person in 2015 .   The use of palm oil in food products has attracted the concern of environmental activist groups ; the high oil yield of the trees has encouraged wider cultivation , leading to the clearing of forests in parts of Indonesia and Malaysia to make space for oil-palm monoculture . This has resulted in significant acreage losses of the natural habitat of the orangutan , of which both species are endangered ; one species in particular , the Sumatran orangutan , has been listed as critically endangered . In 2004 , an industry group called the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil was formed to work with the palm oil industry to address these concerns . Additionally , in 1992 , in response to concerns about deforestation , the Government of Malaysia pledged to limit the expansion of palm oil plantations by retaining a minimum of half the nation 's land as forest cover ."}
{"_id": "Palo_Alto,_California", "title": "Palo Alto, California", "headings": "", "text": "Palo Alto ( -LSB- ˌpæloʊ_ˈæltoʊ -RSB- ; -LSB- ˈpalo ˈalto -RSB- ; from palo , literally `` stick '' , colloquially `` tree '' , and alto `` tall '' ; meaning : `` tall tree '' ) is a charter city located in the northwest corner of Santa Clara County , California , in the San Francisco Bay Area of the United States . The city shares its borders with East Palo Alto , Mountain View , Los Altos , Los Altos Hills , Stanford , Portola Valley , and Menlo Park . It is named after a coast redwood tree called El Palo Alto .   Palo Alto was established by Leland Stanford Sr. when he founded Stanford University , following the death of his son , Leland Stanford Jr. . The city includes portions of Stanford and is headquarters to a number of high-technology companies , including Hewlett-Packard ( HP ) , Space Systems/Loral , VMware , Tesla Motors , Ford Research and Innovation Center , PARC , IDEO , Skype , Palantir Technologies , and Houzz . It has also served as an incubator to several other high-technology companies such as Google , Facebook , Logitech , Intuit , Pinterest , and PayPal .   As of the 2010 census , the city 's total resident population is 64,403 . Palo Alto is one of the most expensive cities in the United States and its residents are amongst the highest educated in the country ."}
{"_id": "Pandemic", "title": "Pandemic", "headings": "", "text": "A pandemic ( from Greek πᾶν pan `` all '' and δῆμος demos `` people '' ) is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large region ; for instance multiple continents , or even worldwide . A widespread endemic disease that is stable in terms of how many people are getting sick from it is not a pandemic . Further , flu pandemics generally exclude recurrences of seasonal flu . Throughout history , there have been a number of pandemics , such as smallpox and tuberculosis . One of the most devastating pandemics was the Black Death , killing over 75 million people in 1350 . The most recent pandemics include the HIV pandemic as well as the 1918 and 2009 H1N1 pandemics ."}
{"_id": "Parinacota_(volcano)", "title": "Parinacota (volcano)", "headings": "", "text": "Parinacota ( in Hispanicized spelling ) , Parina Quta or Parinaquta is a dormant stratovolcano on the border of Chile and Bolivia . Together with Pomerape it forms the Nevados de Payachata volcanic chain . Part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes , its summit reaches an elevation of 6380 m above sea level . The symmetrical cone is capped off by a summit crater with widths of 1 km or 500 m. Farther down on the southern slopes lie three parasitic centres known as the Ajata cones . These cones have generated lava flows . The volcano overlies a platform formed by lava domes and andesitic lava flows .   The volcano started growing during the Pleistocene and formed a large cone . At some point between the Pleistocene and the Holocene , the western flank of the volcano collapsed , generating a giant landslide that spread west and formed a large , hummocky landslide deposit . The avalanche crossed and dammed a previously existing drainage , impounding or enlarging Lake Chungará ; numerous other lakes now forming the headwaters of the Rio Lauca sprung up within the deposit . Volcanic activity rebuilt the cone after the collapse , cancelling out the collapse scar .   Parinacota had numerous effusive and explosive eruptions during the Holocene , the latest about 200 years ago . While there are no recorded eruptions , legends of the local Aymara people imply that they may have witnessed one eruption .   Renewed activity at Parinacota is possible in the future , although the relatively low population density in the region acts to limit the amount of damage that could occur . Some towns and a regional highway between Bolivia and Chile are potentially exposed to the effects of a new eruption ."}
{"_id": "Paris", "title": "Paris", "headings": "", "text": "Paris ( French pronunciation : -LSB- pɑʁi -RSB- , -LSB- paʁi -RSB- ) is the capital and most populous city of France . It has an area of 105 km2 and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits . The city is both a commune and department and forms the centre and headquarters of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an area of 12,012 km2 and a population in 2016 of 12,142,802 , comprising roughly 18 percent of the population of France . By the 17th century , Paris was one of Europe 's major centres of finance , commerce , fashion , science , and the arts , and it retains that position still today . The Paris Region had a GDP of $ 624 billion ( US $ 687 billion ) in 2012 , accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe .   The City of Paris is but the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its administrative limits . Commonly referred to as the agglomération Parisienne , and statistically as a unité urbaine ( a measure of urban area ) , the agglomeration has a 2013 population of 10,601,122 , which makes it the largest in the European Union . City-influenced commuter activity reaches well beyond even this in a statistical aire urbaine de Paris ( a measure of metropolitan area ) , that had a 2013 population of 12,405,426 , a number one-fifth the population of France , and one that makes it , after London , the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union . Although joined in a single urban tissue , Paris ' lack of administrative and economic cohesion with its suburbs has been a longstanding problem , but a 2016 ` Metropole of Grand Paris ' economic and environmental initiative covering an 814 km2 area and a population of 7 million , exists since 2016 .   The city is also a major rail , highway , and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe after London Heathrow Airport with 63.8 million passengers in 2014 ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily . It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro . Notably , Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan , with 262 millions passengers in 2015 .   Paris has many important cultural institutions : its Louvre museum is the most visited in the world ; its Musée d'Orsay is noted for its collection of French Impressionist art , and its Pompidou-center Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe . The central area of the city along the Seine River is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site and includes many notable monuments , including Notre Dame Cathedral , the Sainte-Chapelle , the former Universal Exposition Grand Palais , Petit Palais and Eiffel Tower , and the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur in Montmartre . In 2015 , Paris received 22.2 million visitors , making it one of the world 's top tourist destinations .   The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris . The 80,000-seat Stade de France , built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis . Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros . Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics . The 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups , the 2007 Rugby World Cup , and the 1960 , 1984 , and 2016 UEFA European Championships were also held in the city , and every July , the Tour de France bicycle race finishes in the city ."}
{"_id": "Paris_Agreement", "title": "Paris Agreement", "headings": "", "text": "The Paris Agreement ( Accord de Paris ) is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation , adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020 . The language of the agreement was negotiated by representatives of 195 countries at the 21st Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC in Paris and adopted by consensus on 12 December 2015 . It was opened for signature on 22 April 2016 ( Earth Day ) at a ceremony in New York . As of May 2017 , 195 UNFCCC members have signed the treaty , 147 of which have ratified it . After several European Union states ratified the agreement in October 2016 , there were enough countries that had ratified the agreement that produce enough of the world 's greenhouse gases for the agreement to enter into force . The agreement went into effect on 4 November 2016 .   The head of the Paris Conference , France 's foreign minister Laurent Fabius , said this `` ambitious and balanced '' plan is a `` historic turning point '' in the goal of reducing global warming .   One year on , the ratification of the Paris Agreement was celebrated by the Mayor of Paris Anne Hidalgo by illuminating the Eiffel Tower and the Arc de Triomphe , Paris ' most iconic monuments , in green ."}
{"_id": "Particulates", "title": "Particulates", "headings": "", "text": "Atmospheric particulate matter -- also known as particulate matter ( PM ) or particulates -- are microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in the Earth 's atmosphere . The term aerosol commonly refers to the particulate/air mixture , as opposed to the particulate matter alone . Sources of particulate matter can be man-made or natural . They have impacts on climate and precipitation that adversely affect human health .   Subtypes of atmospheric particulate matter include suspended particulate matter ( SPM ) , thoracic and respirable particles , inhalable coarse particles , which are -LSB- coarse -RSB- particles with a diameter between 2.5 and 10 micrometers ( μm ) ( PM10 ) , fine particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less ( PM2 .5 ) , ultrafine particles , and soot   The IARC and WHO designate airborne particulates a Group 1 carcinogen . Particulates are the deadliest form of air pollution due to their ability to penetrate deep into the lungs and blood streams unfiltered , causing permanent DNA mutations , heart attacks , and premature death . In 2013 , a study involving 312,944 people in nine European countries revealed that there was no safe level of particulates and that for every increase of 10 μg / m3 in PM10 , the lung cancer rate rose 22 % . The smaller PM2 .5 were particularly deadly , with a 36 % increase in lung cancer per 10 μg / m3 as it can penetrate deeper into the lungs ."}
{"_id": "Passive_solar_building_design", "title": "Passive solar building design", "headings": "", "text": "In passive solar building design , windows , walls , and floors are made to collect , store , and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer . This is called passive solar design because , unlike active solar heating systems , it does not involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices .   The key to design a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the local climate performing an accurate site analysis . Elements to be considered include window placement and size , and glazing type , thermal insulation , thermal mass , and shading . Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings , but existing buildings can be adapted or `` retrofitted '' ."}
{"_id": "Past_sea_level", "title": "Past sea level", "headings": "", "text": "Global or eustatic sea level has fluctuated significantly over the Earth 's history . The main factors affecting sea level are the amount and volume of available water and the shape and volume of the ocean basins . The primary influences on water volume are the temperature of the seawater , which affects density , and the amounts of water retained in other reservoirs like rivers , aquifers , lakes , glaciers , polar ice caps and sea ice . Over geological timescales , changes in the shape of the oceanic basins and in land/sea distribution affect sea level . In addition to eustatic changes , local changes in sea level are caused by tectonic uplift and subsidence .   Over geologic time sea level has fluctuated by hundreds of meters . Today 's interglacial level is near historic highs and is 130 meters above the low level reached during the Last Glacial Maximum 19,000 -- 20,000 years ago .   Observational and modeling studies of mass loss from glaciers and ice caps indicate a contribution to sea-level rise of 0.2 to 0.4 mm/yr averaged over the 20th century . Over this last million years , whereas it was higher most of the time before then , sea level was lower than today ."}
{"_id": "Patrick_Michaels", "title": "Patrick Michaels", "headings": "", "text": "Patrick J. ( `` Pat '' ) Michaels ( born February 15 , 1950 ) is an American climatologist . Michaels is a senior fellow in environmental studies at the Cato Institute . Until 2007 he was research professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia , where he had worked from 1980 .   A self-described skeptic on the issue of global warming , he is a past president of the American Association of State Climatologists . He has written a number of books and papers on climate change , including Sound and Fury : The Science and Politics of Global Warming ( 1992 ) , The Satanic Gases ( 2000 ) , and Meltdown : The Predictable Distortion of Global Warming by Scientists , Politicians , and the Media ( 2004 ) . He 's also the co-author of Climate of Extremes : Global Warming Science They Do n't Want You to Know ( 2009 ) . Michaels ' viewpoint , as argued in a 2002 article in the journal Climate Research , is that the planet will see `` a warming range of 1.3 -- 3.0 ° C , with a central value of 1.9 ° C '' for the 1990 to 2100 period ( an analysis far smaller than the IPCC 's average predictions ) ."}
{"_id": "Paul_Samuelson", "title": "Paul Samuelson", "headings": "", "text": "Paul Anthony Samuelson ( May 15 , 1915 -- December 13 , 2009 ) was an American economist and the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences . The Swedish Royal Academies stated , when awarding the prize in 1970 , that he `` has done more than any other contemporary economist to raise the level of scientific analysis in economic theory '' . Economic historian Randall E. Parker calls him the `` Father of Modern Economics '' , and The New York Times considered him to be the `` foremost academic economist of the 20th century '' .   Samuelson was likely the most influential economist of the later 20th century . In 1996 , when he was awarded the National Medal of Science , considered America 's top science honor , President Bill Clinton commended Samuelson for his `` fundamental contributions to economic science '' for over 60 years . Samuelson considered Mathematics to be the natural language for economists and contributed significantly to the mathematical foundations of economics with his book Foundations of Economic Analysis . He was author of the best-selling economics textbook of all time : Economics : An Introductory Analysis , first published in 1948 . It was the second American textbook to explain the principles of Keynesian economics and how to think about economics , and the first one to be successful , and is now in its 19th edition , having sold nearly 4 million copies in 40 languages , including Russian , French , Greek , Slovak , Chinese , Portuguese , German , Spanish , Polish , Japanese , Czech , Vietnamese , Hungarian , Indonesian , Swedish , Croatian , Dutch , Turkish , Hebrew , Italian , and Arabic . James Poterba , former head of MIT 's Department of Economics , noted that by his book , Samuelson `` leaves an immense legacy , as a researcher and a teacher , as one of the giants on whose shoulders every contemporary economist stands '' .   He entered the University of Chicago at age 16 , during the depths of the Great Depression , and received his PhD in economics from Harvard . After graduating , he became an assistant professor of economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) when he was 25 years of age and a full professor at age 32 . In 1966 , he was named Institute Professor , MIT 's highest faculty honor . He spent his career at MIT where he was instrumental in turning its Department of Economics into a world-renowned institution by attracting other noted economists to join the faculty , including Robert M. Solow , Franco Modigliani , Robert C. Merton , Joseph E. Stiglitz , and Paul Krugman , all of whom went on to win Nobel Prizes .   He served as an advisor to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson , and was a consultant to the United States Treasury , the Bureau of the Budget and the President 's Council of Economic Advisers . Samuelson wrote a weekly column for Newsweek magazine along with Chicago School economist Milton Friedman , where they represented opposing sides : Samuelson , as a self described `` Cafeteria Keynesian '' , took the Keynesian perspective but adapted it accepting what he felt was good . By contrast Friedman represented the monetarist perspective . Samuelson died on December 13 , 2009 , at the age of 94 ."}
{"_id": "Pavel_Banya", "title": "Pavel Banya", "headings": "", "text": "Pavel Banya is a small town in Stara Zagora Province , South-central Bulgaria , located between the towns of Kalofer and Kazanlak . It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Pavel Banya Municipality . As of December 2009 , the town has a population of 2,918 inhabitants . The place is famous for its mineral springs ."}
{"_id": "Peak_oil", "title": "Peak oil", "headings": "", "text": "Peak oil , an event based on M. King Hubbert 's theory , is the point in time when the maximum rate of extraction of petroleum is reached , after which it is expected to enter terminal decline . Peak oil theory is based on the observed rise , peak , fall , and depletion of aggregate production rate in oil fields over time . It is often confused with oil depletion ; however , peak oil is the point of maximum production , while depletion refers to a period of falling reserves and supply .   Some observers , such as petroleum industry experts Kenneth S. Deffeyes and Matthew Simmons , predict negative global economy implications following a post-peak production decline and subsequent oil price increase because of the high dependence of most modern industrial transport , agricultural , and industrial systems on the low cost and high availability of oil . Predictions vary greatly as to what exactly these negative effects would be .   Oil production forecasts on which predictions of peak oil are based are often made within a range which includes optimistic ( higher production ) and pessimistic ( lower production ) scenarios . Optimistic estimations of peak production forecast the global decline will begin after 2020 , and assume major investments in alternatives will occur before a crisis , without requiring major changes in the lifestyle of heavily oil-consuming nations . Pessimistic predictions of future oil production made after 2007 stated either that the peak had already occurred , that oil production was on the cusp of the peak , or that it would occur shortly .   Hubbert 's original prediction that US peak oil would be in about 1970 seemed accurate for a time , as US average annual production peaked in 1970 at 9.6 million barrels per day . However , the successful application of massive hydraulic fracturing to additional tight reservoirs caused US production to rebound , challenging the inevitability of post-peak decline for the US oil production . In addition , Hubbert 's original predictions for world peak oil production proved premature ."}
{"_id": "Pearson_correlation_coefficient", "title": "Pearson correlation coefficient", "headings": "", "text": "In statistics , the Pearson correlation coefficient ( PCC , pronounced -LSB- ˈpɪərsən -RSB- ) , also referred to as the Pearson 's r , Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient ( PPMCC ) or bivariate correlation , is a measure of the linear correlation between two variables X and Y . It has a value between +1 and − 1 , where 1 is total positive linear correlation , 0 is no linear correlation , and − 1 is total negative linear correlation . It is widely used in the sciences . It was developed by Karl Pearson from a related idea introduced by Francis Galton in the 1880s ."}
{"_id": "Peat", "title": "Peat", "headings": "", "text": "Peat ( -LSB- piːt -RSB- ) , also called turf ( -LSB- tɜːrf -RSB- ) , is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter that is unique to natural areas called peatlands , bogs , mires , moors , or muskegs . The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet because peatland plants capture the CO2 which is naturally released from the peat ; this maintains an equilibrium . In natural peatlands , the `` annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of decomposition '' , but it takes `` thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of , which is the average depth of the boreal -LSB- northern -RSB- peatlands '' . Sphagnum moss ( peat moss ) is one of the most common components in peat , although many other plants can contribute . Soils that contain mostly peat are known as histosols . Peat forms in wetland conditions , where flooding obstructs flows of oxygen from the atmosphere . This slows rates of decomposition .   Peatlands , particularly bogs , are the most important source of peat . That said , other less common wetland types , including fens , pocosins , and peat swamp forests , also deposit peat . Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants including Sphagnum moss , ericaceous shrubs , and sedges ( see bog for more information on this aspect of peat ) . Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years , peat deposits also provide records of past vegetation and climates stored in plant remains like pollen . This allows humans to reconstruct past environments and study changes in human land use .   Peat is harvested as an important source of fuel in certain parts of the world . By volume , there are about 4 e12m3 of peat in the world , covering a total of around 2 % of the global land area ( about 3 e6km2 ) , containing about 8 billion terajoules of energy . Over time , the formation of peat is often the first step in the geological formation of other fossil fuels such as coal , particularly low-grade coal such as lignite ."}
{"_id": "Peer_review", "title": "Peer review", "headings": "", "text": "Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people of similar competence to the producers of the work ( peers ) . It constitutes a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field . Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards of quality , improve performance , and provide credibility . In academia , scholarly peer review is often used to determine an academic paper 's suitability for publication . Peer review can be categorized by the type of activity and by the field or profession in which the activity occurs , e.g. , medical peer review ."}
{"_id": "Percentage", "title": "Percentage", "headings": "", "text": "In mathematics , a percentage is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100 . It is often denoted using the percent sign , '' % '' , or the abbreviations `` pct . '' , `` pct '' ; sometimes the abbreviation `` pc '' is also used . A percentage is a dimensionless number ( pure number ) ."}
{"_id": "Perceptual_control_theory", "title": "Perceptual control theory", "headings": "", "text": "Perceptual control theory ( PCT ) is a model of behavior based on the principles of negative feedback , but differing in important respects from engineering control theory . Results of PCT experiments have demonstrated that an organism controls neither its own behavior , nor external environmental variables , but rather its own perceptions of those variables . Actions are not controlled , they are varied so as to cancel the effects that unpredictable environmental disturbances would otherwise have on controlled perceptions . According to the standard catch-phrase of the field , `` behavior is the control of perception . '' PCT demonstrates circular causation in a negative feedback loop closed through the environment . This fundamentally contradicts the classical notion of linear causation of behavior by stimuli , in which environmental stimuli are thought to cause behavioral responses , mediated ( according to cognitive psychology ) by intervening cognitive processes .   Numerous computer simulations of specific behavioral situations demonstrate its efficacy , with extremely high correlations to observational data ( 0.95 or better ) , which are vanishingly rare in the so-called ` soft ' sciences . While the adoption of PCT in the scientific community has not been widespread , it has been applied not only in experimental psychology and neuroscience , but also in sociology , linguistics , and a number of other fields , and has led to a method of psychotherapy called the method of levels ."}
{"_id": "Perennial_plant", "title": "Perennial plant", "headings": "", "text": "A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years . The term ( per - #Prefix + - ennial #Suffix , `` through the years '' ) is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials . The term is also widely used to distinguish plants with little or no woody growth from trees and shrubs , which are also technically perennials .   Perennials , especially small flowering plants , that grow and bloom over the spring and summer , die back every autumn and winter , and then return in the spring from their rootstock , are known as herbaceous perennials or Herbaceous plants . However , depending on the rigors of local climate , a plant that is a perennial in its native habitat , or in a milder garden , may be treated by a gardener as an annual and planted out every year , from seed , from cuttings or from divisions . Tomato vines , for example , live several years in their natural tropical/subtropical habitat but are grown as annuals in temperate regions because they do n't survive the winter .   There is also a class of evergreen , or non-herbaceous , perennials , including plants like Bergenia which retain a mantle of leaves throughout the year . An intermediate class of plants is known as subshrubs , which retain a vestigial woody structure in winter , e.g. Penstemon . The local climate may dictate whether plants are treated as shrubs or perennials . For instance , many varieties of Fuchsia are shrubs in warm regions , but in colder temperate climates may be cut to the ground every year as a result of winter frosts .   The symbol for a perennial plant , based on Species Plantarum by Linnaeus , is , which is also the astronomical symbol for the planet Jupiter ."}
{"_id": "Permafrost", "title": "Permafrost", "headings": "", "text": "In geology , permafrost is ground , including rock or ( cryotic ) soil , at or below the freezing point of water 0 C for two or more years . Most permafrost is located in high latitudes ( in and around the Arctic and Antarctic regions ) , but alpine permafrost may exist at high altitudes in much lower latitudes . Ground ice is not always present , as may be in the case of nonporous bedrock , but it frequently occurs and it may be in amounts exceeding the potential hydraulic saturation of the ground material . Permafrost accounts for 0.022 % of total water on earth and exists in 24 % of exposed land in the Northern Hemisphere . It also occurs subsea on the continental shelves of the continents surrounding the Arctic Ocean , portions of which were exposed during the last glacial period , with global weather implications .   A global temperature rise of 1.5 C-change above current levels would be enough to start the thawing of permafrost in Siberia , according to one group of scientists ."}
{"_id": "Permafrost_carbon_cycle", "title": "Permafrost carbon cycle", "headings": "", "text": "The Permafrost Carbon Cycle is a sub-cycle of the larger global carbon cycle . Permafrost is defined as subsurface material that remains below 0o C ( 32o F ) for at least two consecutive years . Because permafrost soils remain frozen for long periods of time , they store large amounts of carbon and other nutrients within their frozen framework during that time . Permafrost represents a large carbon reservoir that is seldom considered when determining global terrestrial carbon reservoirs . Recent and ongoing scientific research however , is changing this view .   The permafrost carbon cycle ( Arctic Carbon Cycle ) deals with the transfer of carbon from permafrost soils to terrestrial vegetation and microbes , to the atmosphere , back to vegetation , and finally back to permafrost soils through burial and sedimentation due to cryogenic processes . Some of this carbon is transferred to the ocean and other portions of the globe through the global carbon cycle . The cycle includes the exchange of carbon dioxide and methane between terrestrial components and the atmosphere , as well as the transfer of carbon between land and water as methane , dissolved organic carbon , dissolved inorganic carbon , particulate inorganic carbon and particulate organic carbon ."}
{"_id": "Permian", "title": "Permian", "headings": "", "text": "The Permian is a geologic period and system which spans 46.7 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago ( Mya ) , to the beginning of the Triassic Period 252.2 Mya . It is the last period of the Paleozoic Era ; the following Triassic Period belongs to the Mesozoic Era . The concept of the Permian was introduced in 1841 by geologist Sir Roderick Murchison , who named it after the city of Perm .   The Permian witnessed the diversification of the early amniotes into the ancestral groups of the mammals , turtles , lepidosaurs , and archosaurs . The world at the time was dominated by two continents known as Pangaea and Siberia , surrounded by a global ocean called Panthalassa . The Carboniferous rainforest collapse left behind vast regions of desert within the continental interior . Amniotes , who could better cope with these drier conditions , rose to dominance in place of their amphibian ancestors .   The Permian ( along with the Paleozoic ) ended with the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , the largest mass extinction in Earth 's history , in which nearly 90 % of marine species and 70 % of terrestrial species died out . It would take well into the Triassic for life to recover from this catastrophe . Recovery from the Permian-Triassic extinction event was protracted ; on land , ecosystems took 30 million years to recover ."}
{"_id": "Permian–Triassic_extinction_event", "title": "Permian–Triassic extinction event", "headings": "", "text": "The Permian -- Triassic ( P -- Tr or P -- T ) extinction event , colloquially known as the Great Dying , the End-Permian Extinction or the Great Permian Extinction , occurred about 252 Ma ( million years ) ago , forming the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods , as well as the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras . It is the Earth 's most severe known extinction event , with up to 96 % of all marine species and 70 % of terrestrial vertebrate species becoming extinct . It is the only known mass extinction of insects . Some 57 % of all families and 83 % of all genera became extinct . Because so much biodiversity was lost , the recovery of life on Earth took significantly longer than after any other extinction event , possibly up to 10 million years . Studies in Bear Lake County near the Idaho city of Paris showed a quick and dynamic rebound in a marine ecosystem , illustrating the remarkable resiliency of life .   There is evidence for one to three distinct pulses , or phases , of extinction . Suggested mechanisms for the latter include one or more large meteor impact events , massive volcanism such as that of the Siberian Traps , and the ensuing coal or gas fires and explosions , and a runaway greenhouse effect triggered by sudden release of methane from the sea floor due to methane clathrate dissociation or methane-producing microbes known as methanogens ; possible contributing gradual changes include sea-level change , increasing anoxia , increasing aridity , and a shift in ocean circulation driven by climate change ."}
{"_id": "Perth", "title": "Perth", "headings": "", "text": "Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia . It is the fourth-most populous city in Australia , with an estimated population of 2.06 million living in Greater Perth . Perth is part of the South West Land Division of Western Australia , with the majority of the metropolitan area located on the Swan Coastal Plain , a narrow strip between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp . The first areas settled were on the Swan River , with the city 's central business district and port ( Fremantle ) both located on its shores .   Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony . It gained city status ( currently vested in the smaller City of Perth ) in 1856 , and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929 . The city is named after Perth , Scotland , due to the influence of Sir George Murray , Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . The city 's population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century . During Australia 's involvement in World War II , Fremantle served as a base for submarines operating in the Pacific Theatre , and a US Navy Catalina flying boat fleet was based at Matilda Bay . An influx of immigrants after the war , predominantly from Britain , Greece , Italy and Yugoslavia , led to rapid population growth . This was followed by a surge in economic activity flowing from several mining booms in the late 20th and early 21st centuries that saw Perth become the regional headquarters for a number of large mining operations located around the state .   As part of Perth 's role as the capital of Western Australia , the state 's Parliament and Supreme Court are located within the city , as is Government House , the residence of the Governor of Western Australia . Perth came seventh in the Economist Intelligence Unit 's August 2016 list of the world 's most liveable cities , and was classified by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network in 2010 as a world city .   Perth is divided into 30 local government areas and 250 suburbs , stretching from Two Rocks in the north to Singleton in the south , and east inland to The Lake . Outside of the main CBD , important urban centres within Perth include Armadale , Fremantle , Joondalup , Midland , and Rockingham . Most of those were originally established as separate settlements , and retained a distinct identity after being subsumed into the wider metropolitan area . Mandurah , Western Australia 's second-largest city , has in recent years formed a conurbation with Perth along the coast , though for most purposes it is still considered a separate city ."}
{"_id": "Petroleum", "title": "Petroleum", "headings": "", "text": "Petroleum ( from petra #Greek : `` rock '' + oleum #Latin : `` oil '' . ) is a naturally occurring , yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth 's surface , which is commonly refined into various types of fuels . Components of petroleum are separated using a technique called fractional distillation .   It consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other organic compounds . The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil . A fossil fuel , petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms , usually zooplankton and algae , are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both intense heat and pressure .   Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling ( natural petroleum springs are rare ) . Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology ( at the reservoir scale ) , sedimentary basin analysis , and reservoir characterization ( mainly in terms of the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir structures ) have been completed . It is refined and separated , most easily by distillation , into a large number of consumer products , from gasoline ( petrol ) and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals . Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials , and it is estimated that the world consumes about 95 million barrels each day .   Concern over the depletion of the earth 's finite reserves of oil , and the effect this would have on a society dependent on it , is a concept known as peak oil . The use of fossil fuels , such as petroleum , will have a negative impact on Earth 's biosphere , damaging ecosystems through events such as oil spills and releasing a range of pollutants into the air including ground-level ozone and sulfur dioxide from sulfur impurities in fossil fuels . The burning of fossil fuels plays the major role in the current episode of global warming ."}
{"_id": "Phalodi", "title": "Phalodi", "headings": "", "text": "Phalodi is a city and a municipality in Jodhpur district in the Indian state of Rajasthan . It is the headquarters for Phalodi tehsil . Phalodi is also called the `` salt city '' due to the concentration of a large number of salt industries located in the area . Phalodi is in the buffer zone of Thar Desert and often subject to extreme temperature conditions due to arid climate . It holds the record for the highest verified temperature recorded in India at 52 degrees Celsius ( 123.8 ° F ) on 20 May 2016 ."}
{"_id": "Phanerozoic", "title": "Phanerozoic", "headings": "", "text": "The Phanerozoic Eon ( British English Phanærozoic ) is the current geologic eon in the geologic time scale , and the one during which abundant animal and plant life has existed . It covers million years to the present , and began with the Cambrian Period when diverse hard-shelled animals first appeared . Its name was derived from the Ancient Greek words φανερός ( phanerós ) and ζωή ( zōḗ ) , meaning visible life , since it was once believed that life began in the Cambrian , the first period of this eon . The time before the Phanerozoic , called the Precambrian supereon , is now divided into the Hadean , Archaean and Proterozoic eons .   The time span of the Phanerozoic starts with the rapid emergence of a number of animal phyla ; the evolution of those phyla into diverse forms ; the emergence and development of complex plants ; the evolution of fish ; the emergence of insects and tetrapods ; and the development of modern fauna . Land plant life appeared in the early Phanerozoic eon . During this time span , tectonic forces caused the continents to move and eventually collect into a single landmass known as Pangaea , which then separated into the current continental landmasses ."}
{"_id": "Phase-out_of_incandescent_light_bulbs", "title": "Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs", "headings": "", "text": "Governments around the world have passed measures to phase out incandescent light bulbs for general lighting in favor of more energy-efficient lighting alternatives . Phase-out regulations effectively ban the manufacture , importation or sale of incandescent light bulbs for general lighting . The regulations would allow sale of future versions of incandescent bulbs if they are sufficiently energy efficient .   Brazil and Venezuela started the controversial phase-out in 2005 , and the European Union , Switzerland , and Australia started to phase them out in 2009 . Likewise , other nations are implementing new energy standards or have scheduled phase-outs : Argentina , and Russia in 2012 , and the United States , Canada , Mexico , Malaysia and South Korea in 2014 .   Objections to replacement of incandescent lamps for general lighting mainly include the higher purchasing cost of alternative light bulbs . To mitigate the effects of these concerns , various programs have been put in place ranging from subsidies for lamps to improved standards for measurement of performance and for labelling products . Manufacturers develop fluorescent lamps with reduced mercury content compared to original designs , and recycling programs are intended to prevent mercury release . New lamp types offer improved starting characteristics , and dimmable types are available ."}
{"_id": "Phenology", "title": "Phenology", "headings": "", "text": "Phenology is the study of periodic plant and animal life cycle events and how these are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate , as well as habitat factors ( such as elevation ) . The word , coined by the Belgian botanist Charles Morren around 1849 , is derived from the Greek φαίνω ( phainō ) , `` to show , to bring to light , make to appear '' + λόγος ( logos ) , amongst others `` study , discourse , reasoning '' and indicates that phenology has been principally concerned with the dates of first occurrence of biological events in their annual cycle . Examples include the date of emergence of leaves and flowers , the first flight of butterflies and the first appearance of migratory birds , the date of leaf colouring and fall in deciduous trees , the dates of egg-laying of birds and amphibia , or the timing of the developmental cycles of temperate-zone honey bee colonies . In the scientific literature on ecology , the term is used more generally to indicate the time frame for any seasonal biological phenomena , including the dates of last appearance ( e.g. , the seasonal phenology of a species may be from April through September ) .   Because many such phenomena are very sensitive to small variations in climate , especially to temperature , phenological records can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology , especially in the study of climate change and global warming . For example , viticultural records of grape harvests in Europe have been used to reconstruct a record of summer growing season temperatures going back more than 500 years .  In addition to providing a longer historical baseline than instrumental measurements , phenological observations provide high temporal resolution of ongoing changes related to global warming ."}
{"_id": "Phenotype", "title": "Phenotype", "headings": "", "text": "A phenotype is the composite of an organism 's observable characteristics or traits , such as its morphology , development , biochemical or physiological properties , behavior , and products of behavior ( such as a bird 's nest ) . A phenotype results from the expression of an organism 's genetic code , its genotype , as well as the influence of environmental factors and the interactions between the two . When two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species , the species is called polymorphic . A well-documented polymorphism is Labrador Retriever coloring ; while the coat color depends on many genes , it is clearly seen in the environment as yellow , black and brown .   This genotype-phenotype distinction was proposed by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1911 to make clear the difference between an organism 's heredity and what that heredity produces . The distinction is similar to that proposed by August Weismann , who distinguished between germ plasm ( heredity ) and somatic cells ( the body ) . The genotype-phenotype distinction should not be confused with Francis Crick 's central dogma of molecular biology , which is a statement about the directionality of molecular sequential information flowing from DNA to protein , and not the reverse .   Richard Dawkins in 1978 and then again in his 1982 book The Extended Phenotype suggested that bird nests and other built structures such as caddis fly larvae cases and beaver dams can be considered as `` extended phenotypes '' ."}
{"_id": "Phil_Jones_(climatologist)", "title": "Phil Jones (climatologist)", "headings": "", "text": "Philip Douglas Jones ( born April 22 , 1952 ) retired from his positions as the Director of the Climatic Research Unit ( CRU ) and as a Professor in the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia ( UEA ) at the end of 2016 . Jones was replaced as CRU director by Tim Osborn and has taken up a position as a Professorial Fellow at the UEA from January 2017 .   His research interests include instrumental climate change , palaeoclimatology , detection of climate change and the extension of riverflow records in the UK . He has also published papers on the temperature record of the past 1000 years .   He is known for maintaining a time series of the instrumental temperature record . This work was featured prominently in both the 2001 and 2007 IPCC reports , where he was a contributing author to Chapter 12 , Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of Causes , of the Third Assessment Report and a Coordinating Lead Author of Chapter 3 , Observations : Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change , of the AR4 ."}
{"_id": "Philadelphia", "title": "Philadelphia", "headings": "", "text": "Philadelphia ( -LSB- ˌfɪləˈdɛlfi.ə -RSB- ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the sixth-most populous city in the United States , with an estimated population of 1,567,872 and more than 6 million in the seventh-largest metropolitan statistical area , . Philadelphia is the economic and cultural anchor of the Delaware Valleya region located in the Northeastern United States at the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers with 7.2 million people residing in the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States .   In 1682 , William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Constitution in 1787 . Several other key Philadelphia events during the Revolution include the First and Second Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , the Siege of Fort Mifflin , and the Philadelphia Convention . Philadelphia was one of the nation 's capitals in the Revolutionary War , and served as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. , was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and railroad hub that grew from an influx of European immigrants . The majority of European immigrants have come from Ireland , Italy and Germany -- the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city . The city became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration of the 20th century , as well as Puerto Ricans , surpassing two million occupants by 1950 .   The area 's many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination , as the city has evolved into an educational and economic hub . With a gross domestic product of $ 388 billion , Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation . Philadelphia is the center of economic activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies . The Philadelphia skyline is growing , with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several nationally prominent skyscrapers . The city is known for its arts , culture , and rich history , attracting over 41 million domestic tourists alone in 2015 . Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city . Fairmount Park , when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the same watershed , is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States . The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $ 10 billion generated by tourism . Philadelphia is the birthplace of the United States Marine Corps , and is also the home of many U.S. firsts , including the first library ( 1731 ) , first hospital ( 1751 ) and medical school ( 1765 ) , first Capital ( 1777 ) , first stock exchange ( 1790 ) , first zoo ( 1874 ) , and first business school ( 1881 ) . Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States ."}
{"_id": "Philippines", "title": "Philippines", "headings": "", "text": "The Philippines ( -LSB- ˈfɪlᵻpiːnz -RSB- Pilipinas -LSB- ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( -LSB- Republika ng Pilipinas , links = no -RSB- ) , is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean . It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas , and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south .   The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines has an area of 300000 km2 , and a population of approximately 100 million . It is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . , approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples . Exchanges with Chinese , Malay , Indian , and Islamic nations occurred . Then , various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus , Rajahs , Sultans or Lakans .   The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon , Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization . In 1543 , Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain . With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City , in 1565 , the first Hispanic settlement in the archipelago was established . The Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years . This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion . During this time , Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons .   As the 19th century gave way to the 20th , there followed in quick succession the Philippine Revolution , which spawned the short-lived First Philippine Republic , followed by the bloody Philippine -- American War of conquest by US military force . Aside from the period of Japanese occupation , the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II , when the Philippines was recognized as an independent nation . Since then , the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy , which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution .   It is a founding member of the United Nations , World Trade Organization , Association of Southeast Asian Nations , the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum , and the East Asia Summit . It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank . The Philippines is considered to be an emerging market and a newly industrialized country , which has an economy transitioning from being one based on agriculture to one based more on services and manufacturing . It is one of the only two predominantly Christian nations in Southeast Asia , the other being East Timor ."}
{"_id": "Philosophical_skepticism", "title": "Philosophical skepticism", "headings": "", "text": "For a general discussion of skepticism , see Skepticism .  Philosophical skepticism ( UK spelling scepticism ; from Greek σκέψις skepsis '' , `` inquiry '' ) is both a philosophical school of thought and a method that questions the possibility of certainty in knowledge . It is generally agreed that knowledge requires justification . It is not enough to have a true belief : one must also have good reasons for that belief . Skeptics claim that it is not possible to have an adequate justification .   Skepticism is not a single position but covers a range of different positions . In the ancient world there were two main skeptical traditions . Academic skepticism took the dogmatic position that knowledge was not possible ; Pyrrhonian skeptics refused to take a dogmatic position on any issue -- including skepticism . Radical skepticism ends in the paradoxical claim that one can not know anything -- including that one can not know about knowing anything .   Skepticism can be classified according to its scope . Local skepticism involves being skeptical about particular areas of knowledge , e.g. moral skepticism , skepticism about the external world , or skepticism about other minds , whereas global skepticism is skeptical about the possibility of any knowledge at all .   Skepticism can also be classified according to its method . In the Western tradition there are two basic approaches to skepticism . Cartesian skepticism -- named somewhat misleadingly after René Descartes , who was not a skeptic but used some traditional skeptical arguments in his Meditations to help establish his rationalist approach to knowledge -- attempts to show that any proposed knowledge claim can be doubted . Agrippan skepticism focuses on the process of justification rather than the possibility of doubt . According to this view there are three ways in which one might attempt to justify a claim but none of them are adequate : one can keep on providing further justification but this leads to an infinite regress ; one can stop at a dogmatic assertion ; or one can argue in circular reasoning , never reaching a viable conclusion .   Philosophical skepticism is distinguished from methodological skepticism in that philosophical skepticism is an approach that questions the possibility of certainty in knowledge , whereas methodological skepticism is an approach that subjects all knowledge claims to scrutiny with the goal of sorting out true from false claims ."}
{"_id": "Philosophy_of_geography", "title": "Philosophy of geography", "headings": "", "text": "Philosophy of geography is that subfield of philosophy which deals with epistemological , metaphysical , and axiological issues in geography , with geographic methodology in general , and with more broadly related issues such as the perception and representation of space and place ."}
{"_id": "Photosynthesis", "title": "Photosynthesis", "headings": "", "text": "Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms ' activities ( energy transformation ) . This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules , such as sugars , which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water -- hence the name photosynthesis , from the Greek φῶς , phōs , `` light '' , and σύνθεσις , synthesis , `` putting together '' . In most cases , oxygen is also released as a waste product . Most plants , most algae , and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis ; such organisms are called photoautotrophs . Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth 's atmosphere , and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth .   Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species , the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments . In plants , these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts , which are most abundant in leaf cells , while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane . In these light-dependent reactions , some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances , such as water , producing oxygen gas . The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two further compounds that act as an immediate energy storage means : reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ) and adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , the `` energy currency '' of cells .   In plants , algae and cyanobacteria , long-term energy storage in the form of sugars is produced by a subsequent sequence of reactions called the Calvin cycle ; some bacteria use different mechanisms , such as the reverse Krebs cycle , to achieve the same end . In the Calvin cycle , atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds , such as ribulose bisphosphate ( RuBP ) . Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions , the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates , such as glucose .   The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide , rather than water , as sources of electrons . Cyanobacteria appeared later ; the excess oxygen they produced contributed directly to the oxygenation of the Earth , which rendered the evolution of complex life possible . Today , the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts , which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization .  Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100 -- 115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year ."}
{"_id": "Photovoltaics", "title": "Photovoltaics", "headings": "", "text": "Photovoltaics ( PV ) is a term which covers the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect , a phenomenon studied in physics , photochemistry , and electrochemistry .   A typical photovoltaic system employs solar panels , each comprising a number of solar cells , which generate electrical power . PV installations may be ground-mounted , rooftop mounted or wall mounted . The mount may be fixed , or use a solar tracker to follow the sun across the sky .   Solar PV has specific advantages as an energy source : its operation generates no pollution and no greenhouse gas emissions once installed , it shows simple scalability in respect of power needs and silicon has large availability in the Earth 's crust .   PV systems have the major disadvantage that the power output is dependent on direct sunlight , so about 10-25 % is lost if a tracking system is not used , since the cell will not be directly facing the sun at all times . Dust , clouds , and other things in the atmosphere also diminish the power output . Another main issue is the concentration of the production in the hours corresponding to main insolation , which do n't usually match the peaks in demand in human activity cycles . Unless current societal patterns of consumption and electrical networks mutually adjust to this scenario , electricity still needs to be made up by other power sources , usually hydrocarbon .   Photovoltaic systems have long been used in specialized applications , and standalone and grid-connected PV systems have been in use since the 1990s . They were first mass-produced in 2000 , when German environmentalists and the Eurosolar organization got government funding for a ten thousand roof program .   Advances in technology and increased manufacturing scale have in any case reduced the cost , increased the reliability , and increased the efficiency of photovoltaic installations .  Net metering and financial incentives , such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity , have supported solar PV installations in many countries . More than 100 countries now use solar PV .   After hydro and wind powers , PV is the third renewable energy source in terms of globally capacity . In 2014 , worldwide installed PV capacity increased to 177 gigawatts ( GW ) , which is two percent of global electricity demand . China , followed by Japan and the United States , is the fastest growing market , while Germany remains the world 's largest producer , with solar PV providing seven percent of annual domestic electricity consumption . With current technology ( as of 2013 ) , photovoltaics recoups the energy needed to manufacture them in 1.5 years in Southern Europe and 2.5 years in Northern Europe ."}
{"_id": "Physical_impacts_of_climate_change", "title": "Physical impacts of climate change", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the physical impacts of climate change . For some of these physical impacts , their effect on social and economic systems are also described .   This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC . In their usage , `` climate change '' refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties , and that persists for extended periods , typically decades or longer ( IPCC , 2007d :30 ) . The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes and/or the result of human activity ."}
{"_id": "Physics", "title": "Physics", "headings": "", "text": "Physics ( from -LSB- φυσική , phusikḗ ( epistḗmē ) , knowledge of nature -RSB- , from φύσις phúsis `` nature '' ) is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time , along with related concepts such as energy and force . One of the most fundamental scientific disciplines , the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves .   Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines , perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy . Over the last two millennia , physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry , biology , and certain branches of mathematics , but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century , the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right . Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research , such as biophysics and quantum chemistry , and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined . New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy .   Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs . For example , advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society , such as television , computers , domestic appliances , and nuclear weapons ; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization , and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus .   The United Nations named 2005 the World Year of Physics ."}
{"_id": "Pine_Island_Glacier", "title": "Pine Island Glacier", "headings": "", "text": "Pine Island Glacier ( PIG ) is a large ice stream glacier , and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica , responsible for about 25 % of Antarctica 's ice loss . The glacier ice streams flow west-northwest along the south side of the Hudson Mountains into Pine Island Bay , Amundsen Sea , Antarctica . It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) from surveys and United States Navy ( USN ) air photos , 1960 -- 66 , and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) in association with Pine Island Bay .   The area drained by Pine Island Glacier comprises about 10 % of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet . Satellite measurements have shown that the Pine Island Glacier Basin has a greater net contribution of ice to the sea than any other ice drainage basin in the world and this has increased due to recent acceleration of the ice stream .   The ice stream is extremely remote , with the nearest continually occupied research station at Rothera , nearly 1300 km away . The area is not claimed by any nations and the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any new claims while it is in force ."}
{"_id": "Planck_temperature", "title": "Planck temperature", "headings": "", "text": "Planck temperature , denoted by TP , is the unit of temperature in the system of natural units known as Planck units .   It serves as the defining unit of the Planck temperature scale . In this scale the magnitude of the Planck temperature is equal to 1 , while that of absolute zero is 0 .  Other temperatures can be converted to Planck temperature units . For example , 0 ° C = 273.15 K = 1.9279 × 10 − 30TP .   In SI units , the Planck temperature is about 1.417 × 1032 kelvin ( equivalently , degrees Celsius , since the difference is trivially small at this scale ) , or 2.55 × 1032 degrees Fahrenheit or Rankine ."}
{"_id": "Planet", "title": "Planet", "headings": "", "text": "A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that  is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity ,  is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion , and  has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals.This definition is drawn from two separate IAU declarations ; a formal definition agreed by the IAU in 2006 , and an informal working definition established by the IAU in 2001/2003 for objects outside of the Solar System . The official 2006 definition applies only to the Solar System , whereas the 2003 definition applies to planets around other stars . The extrasolar planet issue was deemed too complex to resolve at the 2006 IAU conference .  The term planet is ancient , with ties to history , astrology , science , mythology , and religion . Several planets in the Solar System can be seen with the naked eye . These were regarded by many early cultures as divine , or as emissaries of deities . As scientific knowledge advanced , human perception of the planets changed , incorporating a number of disparate objects . In 2006 , the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) officially adopted a resolution defining planets within the Solar System . This definition is controversial because it excludes many objects of planetary mass based on where or what they orbit . Although eight of the planetary bodies discovered before 1950 remain `` planets '' under the modern definition , some celestial bodies , such as Ceres , Pallas , Juno and Vesta ( each an object in the solar asteroid belt ) , and Pluto ( the first trans-Neptunian object discovered ) , that were once considered planets by the scientific community , are no longer viewed as such .   The planets were thought by Ptolemy to orbit Earth in deferent and epicycle motions . Although the idea that the planets orbited the Sun had been suggested many times , it was not until the 17th century that this view was supported by evidence from the first telescopic astronomical observations , performed by Galileo Galilei . At about the same time , by careful analysis of pre-telescopic observation data collected by Tycho Brahe , Johannes Kepler found the planets ' orbits were not circular but elliptical . As observational tools improved , astronomers saw that , like Earth , the planets rotated around tilted axes , and some shared such features as ice caps and seasons . Since the dawn of the Space Age , close observation by space probes has found that Earth and the other planets share characteristics such as volcanism , hurricanes , tectonics , and even hydrology .   Planets are generally divided into two main types : large low-density giant planets , and smaller rocky terrestrials . Under IAU definitions , there are eight planets in the Solar System . In order of increasing distance from the Sun , they are the four terrestrials , Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars , then the four giant planets , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune . Six of the planets are orbited by one or more natural satellites .   Several thousands of planets around other stars ( `` extrasolar planets '' or `` exoplanets '' ) have been discovered in the Milky Way . As of , known extrasolar planets in planetary systems ( including multiple planetary systems ) , ranging in size from just above the size of the Moon to gas giants about twice as large as Jupiter have been discovered , out of which more than 100 planets are the same size as Earth , nine of which are at the same relative distance from their star as Earth from the Sun , i.e. in the habitable zone . On December 20 , 2011 , the Kepler Space Telescope team reported the discovery of the first Earth-sized extrasolar planets , Kepler-20e and Kepler-20f , orbiting a Sun-like star , Kepler-20 . A 2012 study , analyzing gravitational microlensing data , estimates an average of at least 1.6 bound planets for every star in the Milky Way .  Around one in five Sun-like stars is thought to have an Earth-sized planet in its habitable zone ."}
{"_id": "Planetary_boundaries", "title": "Planetary boundaries", "headings": "", "text": "Planetary boundaries is the central concept in an Earth system framework proposed by a group of Earth system and environmental scientists led by Johan Rockström from the Stockholm Resilience Centre and Will Steffen from the Australian National University . In 2009 , the group proposed a framework of `` planetary boundaries '' designed to define a `` safe operating space for humanity '' for the international community , including governments at all levels , international organizations , civil society , the scientific community and the private sector , as a precondition for sustainable development . This framework is based on scientific research that indicates that since the Industrial Revolution , human actions have gradually become the main driver of global environmental change . The scientists assert that once human activity has passed certain thresholds or tipping points , defined as `` planetary boundaries '' , there is a risk of `` irreversible and abrupt environmental change '' . The group identified nine Earth system processes which have boundaries that , to the extent that they are not crossed , mark the safe zone for the planet . However , because of human activities some of these dangerous boundaries have already been crossed , while others are in imminent danger of being crossed .   Rockström and Steffen collaborated with 26 leading academics , including Nobel laureate Paul Crutzen , Goddard Institute for Space Studies climate scientist James Hansen and the German Chancellor 's chief climate adviser Hans Joachim Schellnhuber . The group identified nine `` planetary life support systems '' essential for human survival , and attempted to quantify just how far seven of these systems have been pushed already . They then estimated how much further we can go before our own survival is threatened ; beyond these boundaries there is a risk of `` irreversible and abrupt environmental change '' which could make Earth less habitable . Estimates indicate that three of these boundaries -- climate change , biodiversity loss , and the biogeochemical flow boundary -- appear to have been crossed . The boundaries are `` rough , first estimates only , surrounded by large uncertainties and knowledge gaps '' that interact in ways that are complex and not well understood . Boundaries can help identify where there is room and define a `` safe space for human development '' , which is an improvement on approaches which aim at just minimizing human impacts on the planet . The 2009 report was presented to the General Assembly of the Club of Rome in Amsterdam . An edited summary of the report was subsequently published as the featured article in a special edition of Nature . Nature also published critical commentary from leading academics they invited to comment on each of the seven planetary boundaries which had been quantified , including comments from Nobel laureate Mario J. Molina and biologist Cristián Samper . In 2015 , a second paper was published in Science updating the Planetary Boundaries concept . The findings were presented at the World Economic Forum in Davos , January 2015 ."}
{"_id": "Planetary_habitability", "title": "Planetary habitability", "headings": "", "text": "Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet 's or a natural satellite 's potential to have habitable environments hospitable to life . Habitable environments do not need to contain life . Life may develop directly on a planet or satellite or be transferred to it from another body , a hypothetical process known as panspermia . As the existence of life beyond Earth is unknown , planetary habitability is largely an extrapolation of conditions on Earth and the characteristics of the Sun and Solar System which appear favorable to life 's flourishing -- in particular those factors that have sustained complex , multicellular organisms and not just simpler , unicellular creatures . Research and theory in this regard is a component of planetary science and the emerging discipline of astrobiology .   An absolute requirement for life is an energy source , and the notion of planetary habitability implies that many other geophysical , geochemical , and astrophysical criteria must be met before an astronomical body can support life . In its astrobiology roadmap , NASA has defined the principal habitability criteria as `` extended regions of liquid water , conditions favorable for the assembly of complex organic molecules , and energy sources to sustain metabolism '' .   In determining the habitability potential of a body , studies focus on its bulk composition , orbital properties , atmosphere , and potential chemical interactions . Stellar characteristics of importance include mass and luminosity , stable variability , and high metallicity . Rocky , wet terrestrial-type planets and moons with the potential for Earth-like chemistry are a primary focus of astrobiological research , although more speculative habitability theories occasionally examine alternative biochemistries and other types of astronomical bodies .   The idea that planets beyond Earth might host life is an ancient one , though historically it was framed by philosophy as much as physical science.This article is an analysis of planetary habitability from the perspective of contemporary physical science . A historical viewpoint on the possibility of habitable planets can be found at Beliefs in extraterrestrial life and Cosmic pluralism . For a discussion of the probability of alien life see the Drake equation and Fermi paradox . Habitable planets are also a staple of fiction ; see Planets in science fiction . The late 20th century saw two breakthroughs in the field . The observation and robotic spacecraft exploration of other planets and moons within the Solar System has provided critical information on defining habitability criteria and allowed for substantial geophysical comparisons between the Earth and other bodies . The discovery of extrasolar planets , beginning in the early 1990s and accelerating thereafter , has provided further information for the study of possible extraterrestrial life . These findings confirm that the Sun is not unique among stars in hosting planets and expands the habitability research horizon beyond the Solar System .   The chemistry of life may have begun shortly after the Big Bang , 13.8 billion years ago , during a habitable epoch when the Universe was only 10 -- 17 million years old . According to the panspermia hypothesis , microscopic life -- distributed by meteoroids , asteroids and other small Solar System bodies -- may exist throughout the Universe . Nonetheless , Earth is the only place in the Universe known to harbor life . Estimates of habitable zones around other stars , along with the discovery of hundreds of extrasolar planets and new insights into the extreme habitats here on Earth , suggest that there may be many more habitable places in the Universe than considered possible until very recently . On 4 November 2013 , astronomers reported , based on Kepler space mission data , that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way . 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars . The nearest such planet may be 12 light-years away , according to the scientists ."}
{"_id": "Planetary_nebula", "title": "Planetary nebula", "headings": "", "text": "A planetary nebula , often abbreviated as PN or plural PNe , is a kind of emission nebula consisting of an expanding , glowing shell of ionized gas ejected from old red giant stars late in their lives . The word `` nebula '' is Latin for mist or cloud , and the term `` planetary nebula '' is a misnomer that originated in the 1780s with astronomer William Herschel because when viewed through his telescope , these objects resemble the rounded shapes of planets . Herschel 's name for these objects was popularly adopted and has not been changed . They are a relatively short-lived phenomenon , lasting a few tens of thousands of years , compared to a typical stellar lifetime of several billion years .   A mechanism for formation of most planetary nebulae is thought to be the following : at the end of the star 's life , during the red-giant phase , the outer layers of the star are expelled by strong stellar winds . After most of the red giant 's atmosphere is dissipated , the ultraviolet radiation of the hot luminous core , called a planetary nebula nucleus ( PNN ) , ionizes the outer layers earlier ejected from the star . Absorbed ultraviolet light energises the shell of nebulous gas around the central star , causing it to appear as a brightly coloured planetary nebula .   Planetary nebulae likely play a crucial role in the chemical evolution of the Milky Way by expelling elements to the interstellar medium from stars where those elements were created . Planetary nebulae are also observed in more distant galaxies , yielding useful information about their chemical abundances .   Starting from the 1990s , Hubble Space Telescope images have revealed many planetary nebulae to have extremely complex and varied morphologies . About one-fifth are roughly spherical , but the majority are not spherically symmetric . The mechanisms that produce such a wide variety of shapes and features are not yet well understood , but binary central stars , stellar winds and magnetic fields may play a role ."}
{"_id": "Plant", "title": "Plant", "headings": "", "text": "Plants are mainly multicellular , predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae .   The term is today generally limited to the green plants , which form an unranked clade Viridiplantae ( Latin for `` green plants '' ) . This includes the flowering plants , conifers and other gymnosperms , ferns , clubmosses , hornworts , liverworts , mosses and the green algae , and excludes the red and brown algae . Historically , plants formed one of two kingdoms covering all living things that were not animals , and both algae and fungi were treated as plants ; however all current definitions of `` plant '' exclude the fungi and some algae , as well as the prokaryotes ( the archaea and bacteria ) .   Green plants have cell walls containing cellulose and obtain most of their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis by primary chloroplasts , derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria . Their chloroplasts contain chlorophylls a and b , which gives them their green color . Some plants are parasitic and have lost the ability to produce normal amounts of chlorophyll or to photosynthesize . Plants are characterized by sexual reproduction and alternation of generations , although asexual reproduction is also common .   There are about 300 -- 315 thousand species of plants , of which the great majority , some 260 -- 290 thousand , are seed plants ( see the table below ) . Green plants provide most of the world 's molecular oxygen and are the basis of most of Earth 's ecologies , especially on land . Plants that produce grains , fruits and vegetables form humankind 's basic foodstuffs , and have been domesticated for millennia . Plants play many roles in culture . They are used as ornaments and , until recently and in great variety , they have served as the source of most medicines and drugs . The scientific study of plants is known as botany , a branch of biology ."}
{"_id": "Plate_tectonics", "title": "Plate tectonics", "headings": "", "text": "Plate tectonics ( from the Late Latin tectonicus , from the τεκτονικός `` pertaining to building '' ) is a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of 7 large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the Earth 's lithosphere , over the last hundreds of millions of years . The theoretical model builds on the concept of continental drift , an idea developed during the first few decades of the 20th century . The geoscientific community accepted plate-tectonic theory after seafloor spreading was validated in the late 1950s and early 1960s .   The lithosphere , which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet ( the crust and upper mantle ) , is broken up into tectonic plates . The Earth 's lithosphere is composed of seven or eight major plates ( depending on how they are defined ) and many minor plates . Where the plates meet , their relative motion determines the type of boundary : convergent , divergent , or transform . Earthquakes , volcanic activity , mountain-building , and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries . The relative movement of the plates typically ranges from zero to 100 mm annually .   Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere , each topped by its own kind of crust . Along convergent boundaries , subduction carries plates into the mantle ; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new ( oceanic ) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading . In this way , the total surface of the lithosphere remains the same . This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle . Earlier theories , since disproven , proposed gradual shrinking ( contraction ) or gradual expansion of the globe .   Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth 's lithosphere has greater mechanical strength than the underlying asthenosphere . Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection . Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from the spreading ridge ( due to variations in topography and density of the crust , which result in differences in gravitational forces ) and drag , with downward suction , at the subduction zones . Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by tidal forces of the Sun and Moon . The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear , and still the subject of much debate ."}
{"_id": "Pleistocene", "title": "Pleistocene", "headings": "", "text": "The Pleistocene ( -LSB- pronˈplaɪstəˌsiːn , _ - toʊ - -RSB- , often colloquially referred to as the Ice Age ) is the geological epoch which lasted from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago , spanning the world 's most recent period of repeated glaciations . The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the end of the last glacial period and also with the end of the Paleolithic age used in archaeology .   The Pleistocene is the first epoch of the Quaternary Period or sixth epoch of the Cenozoic Era . In the ICS timescale , the Pleistocene is divided into four stages or ages , the Gelasian , Calabrian , Ionian and Tarantian . All of these stages were defined in southern Europe . In addition to this international subdivision , various regional subdivisions are often used .   Before a change finally confirmed in 2009 by the International Union of Geological Sciences , the time boundary between the Pleistocene and the preceding Pliocene was regarded as being at 1.806 million years Before Present ( BP ) , as opposed to the currently accepted 2.588 million years BP : publications from the preceding years may use either definition of the period ."}
{"_id": "Pluto", "title": "Pluto", "headings": "", "text": "Pluto ( minor-planet designation : 134340 Pluto ) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt , a ring of bodies beyond Neptune . It was the first Kuiper belt object to be discovered .   Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 and was originally considered to be the ninth planet from the Sun . After 1992 , its planethood was questioned following the discovery of several objects of similar size in the Kuiper belt . In 2005 , Eris , a dwarf planet in the scattered disc which is 27 % more massive than Pluto , was discovered . This led the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) to define the term `` planet '' formally in 2006 , during their 26th General Assembly . That definition excluded Pluto and reclassified it as a dwarf planet .   Pluto is the largest and second-most-massive known dwarf planet in the Solar System and the ninth-largest and tenth-most-massive known object directly orbiting the Sun . It is the largest known trans-Neptunian object by volume but is less massive than Eris . Like other Kuiper belt objects , Pluto is primarily made of ice and rock and is relatively small -- about one-sixth the mass of the Moon and one-third its volume . It has a moderately eccentric and inclined orbit during which it ranges from 30 to 49 astronomical units or AU ( 4.4 -- 7.4 billion km ) from the Sun . This means that Pluto periodically comes closer to the Sun than Neptune , but a stable orbital resonance with Neptune prevents them from colliding . Light from the Sun takes about 5.5 hours to reach Pluto at its average distance ( 39.5 AU ) .   Pluto has five known moons : Charon ( the largest , with a diameter just over half that of Pluto ) , Styx , Nix , Kerberos , and Hydra . Pluto and Charon are sometimes considered a binary system because the barycenter of their orbits does not lie within either body .   On July 14 , 2015 , the New Horizons spacecraft became the first spacecraft to fly by Pluto . During its brief flyby , New Horizons made detailed measurements and observations of Pluto and its moons . In September 2016 , astronomers announced that the reddish-brown cap of the north pole of Charon is composed of tholins , organic macromolecules that may be ingredients for the emergence of life , and produced from methane , nitrogen and other gases released from the atmosphere of Pluto and transferred about 19,000 km to the orbiting moon ."}
{"_id": "Podlaskie_Voivodeship", "title": "Podlaskie Voivodeship", "headings": "", "text": "This is an article about a present administrative unit of Poland . For historical units , see History of Podlaskie Voivodeship .   Podlaskie Voivodeship or Podlasie Province ( Województwo podlaskie , -LSB- woje ` wuctfo-pod ` laskJe -RSB- ) is a voivodeship ( province ) in northeastern Poland . It borders on Masovian Voivodeship to the west , Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship to the northwest , Lublin Voivodeship to the south , the Belarusian Voblasts of Grodno and Brest to the east , the Lithuanian Counties of Alytus and Marijampolė to the northeast , and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia to the north .   The capital of Podlasie Province is Białystok . The province was created on 1 January 1999 , pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998 , from the former Białystok and Łomża Voivodeships and the eastern half of the former Suwałki Voivodeship"}
{"_id": "Point_Henry_smelter", "title": "Point Henry smelter", "headings": "", "text": "The Point Henry aluminium smelter was located near Geelong , Victoria in the suburb of Moolap prior to its closure in 2014 . The smelter had a production capacity of 185,000 tonnes of aluminium a year . It was operated by Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals Australia , a joint venture between Alcoa ( 60 % ) and Alumina Limited ( 39.25 % ) . Alumina was brought in by ship and unloaded at a dedicated pier , and approximately half of this finished aluminium was sold to the neighbouring Alcoa Australia Rolled Products plant , where aluminium was rolled into sheet for can manufacture . The remainder of the aluminium was despatched by road as ingots . Around 1000 people were employed at the Point Henry plant .   Construction of the smelter at Point Henry commenced in 1960 by the Cavalier Construction Company . Smelting commenced in 1962 , with full production commencing on 4 April 1963 . The initial electricity supply to the smelter was a 220 kV transmission lines from the Geelong Terminal Station direct to the smelter . When production started , the maximum power demand of the smelter was 39.76 Megawatts ( MW ) . By June 1964 it was 68.38 MW , and by October 76.6 MW -- more than the entire Geelong region 's demand . In November the following year it was 78.88 MW , February 1967 79.84 MW , and 140 MW by 1969 . On 20 March 1969 Alcoa 's own brown coal-fired Anglesea Power Station was brought on line . With 150 MW capacity , the power station was connected to the smelter by around 30 kilometres of high-voltage transmission lines , and was used to augment the supply from the Victorian electrical grid .   The power demand of the smelter was 360 MW for a 185,000 tonne annual production capacity in 2014 , of which approximately 40 per cent was met by the Anglesea power station . The Point Henry smelter , along with the smelter at Portland , used 18 to 25 per cent of Victoria 's electricity production during the 2000s . In March 2010 it was announced that the operators of Loy Yang A power station ( Loy Yang Power ) had signed a contract with the smelter operators for the supply of electricity to power aluminium smelters at Portland and Point Henry until 2036 , the existing power contracts expiring in 2014 ."}
{"_id": "Polar_amplification", "title": "Polar amplification", "headings": "", "text": "Polar amplification is the phenomenon that any change in the net radiation balance ( for example greenhouse intensification ) tends to produce a larger change in temperature near the poles than the planetary average . On a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict longwave radiation to space ( a greenhouse effect ) , surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict . Where the atmosphere or an extensive ocean is able to convect heat polewards , the poles will be warmer and equatorial regions cooler than their local net radiation balances would predict .   In the extreme , the planet Venus is thought to have experienced a very large increase in greenhouse effect over its lifetime , so much so that its poles have warmed sufficiently to render its surface temperature effectively isothermal ( no difference between poles and equator ) . On Earth , water vapor and trace gasses provide a lesser greenhouse effect , and the atmosphere and extensive oceans provide efficient poleward heat transport . Both palaeoclimate changes and recent global warming changes have exhibited strong polar amplification , as described below ."}
{"_id": "Polar_bear", "title": "Polar bear", "headings": "", "text": "The polar bear ( ursus #Latin maritimus #Latin ) is a carnivorous bear whose native range lies largely within the Arctic Circle , encompassing the Arctic Ocean , its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses . It is a large bear , approximately the same size as the omnivorous Kodiak bear ( Ursus arctos middendorffi ) . A boar ( adult male ) weighs around 350 -- , while a sow ( adult female ) is about half that size . Although it is the sister species of the brown bear , it has evolved to occupy a narrower ecological niche , with many body characteristics adapted for cold temperatures , for moving across snow , ice and open water , and for hunting seals , which make up most of its diet . Although most polar bears are born on land , they spend most of their time on the sea ice . Their scientific name means `` maritime bear '' and derives from this fact . Polar bears hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice , often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present . Because of their dependence on the sea ice , polar bears are classified as marine mammals ; an alternative basis for classification as marine mammals is that they depend on the ocean as their main food source .   Because of expected habitat loss caused by climate change , the polar bear is classified as a vulnerable species , and at least three of the nineteen polar bear subpopulations are currently in decline . For decades , large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species , but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect . For thousands of years , the polar bear has been a key figure in the material , spiritual , and cultural life of circumpolar peoples , and polar bears remain important in their cultures ."}
{"_id": "Polar_ice_cap", "title": "Polar ice cap", "headings": "", "text": "A polar ice cap or polar cap is a high-latitude region of a planet , dwarf planet , or natural satellite that is covered in ice .   There are no requirements with respect to size or composition for a body of ice to be termed a polar ice cap , nor any geological requirement for it to be over land ; only that it must be a body of solid phase matter in the polar region . This causes the term `` polar ice cap '' to be something of a misnomer , as the term ice cap itself is applied more narrowly to bodies that are over land , and cover less than 50,000 km ² : larger bodies are referred to as ice sheets .   The composition of the ice will vary . For example , Earth 's polar caps are mainly water ice , whereas Mars 's polar ice caps are a mixture of solid carbon dioxide and water ice .   Polar ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy in the form of solar radiation from the Sun than equatorial regions , resulting in lower surface temperatures .   Earth 's polar caps have changed dramatically over the last 12,000 years . Seasonal variations of the ice caps takes place due to varied solar energy absorption as the planet or moon revolves around the Sun . Additionally , in geologic time scales , the ice caps may grow or shrink due to climate variation ."}
{"_id": "Polar_regions_of_Earth", "title": "Polar regions of Earth", "headings": "", "text": "The polar regions of Earth , also known as Earth 's frigid zones , are the regions of Earth surrounding its geographical poles ( the North and South Poles ) . These regions are dominated by Earth 's polar ice caps , the northern resting on the Arctic Ocean and the southern on the continent of Antarctica ."}
{"_id": "Polar_vortex", "title": "Polar vortex", "headings": "", "text": "A polar vortex is an upper level low-pressure area lying near the Earth 's pole . There are two polar vortices in the Earth 's atmosphere , which overlie the North , and South Poles . Each polar vortex is a persistent , large-scale , low pressure zone that rotates counter-clockwise at the North Pole ( called a cyclone ) , and clockwise at the South Pole . The bases of the two polar vortices are located in the middle and upper troposphere and extend into the stratosphere . Beneath that lies a large mass of cold , dense arctic air . The vortices weaken and strengthen from year to year . When the vortex of the arctic is strong it is well defined , there is a single vortex and the arctic air is well contained ; when weaker , which it generally is , it will break into two or more vortices ; when very weak , the flow of arctic air becomes more disorganized and masses of cold arctic air can push equatorward , bringing with it a rapid and sharp temperature drop . The interface between the cold dry air mass of the pole and the warm moist air mass further south defines the location of the polar front . The polar front is centered , roughly at 60 ° latitude . A polar vortex strengthens in the winter and weakens in the summer due to its dependence on the temperature difference between the equator and the poles . The vortices span less than 1,000 kilometers ( 620 miles ) in diameter within which they rotate counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere , and in a clockwise fashion in the Southern Hemisphere . As with other cyclones , their rotation is driven by the Coriolis effect .   When the polar vortex is strong , there is a single vortex with a jet stream that is `` well constrained '' near the polar front . When the northern vortex weakens , it separates into two or more vortices , the strongest of which are near Baffin Island , Canada and the other over northeast Siberia . The Antarctic vortex of the Southern Hemisphere is a single low pressure zone that is found near the edge of the Ross ice shelf near 160 west longitude . When the polar vortex is strong , the mid-latitude Westerlies ( winds at the surface level between 30 ° and 60 ° latitude from the west ) increase in strength and are persistent . When the polar vortex is weak , high pressure zones of the mid latitudes may push poleward , moving the polar vortex , jet stream , and polar front equatorward . The jet stream is seen to `` buckle '' and deviate south . This rapidly brings cold dry air into contact with the warm , moist air of the mid latitudes , resulting in a rapid and dramatic change of weather known as a `` cold snap '' .   Ozone depletion occurs within the polar vortices -- particularly over the Southern Hemisphere -- reaching a maximum depletion in the spring ."}
{"_id": "Political_positions_of_Paul_Ryan", "title": "Political positions of Paul Ryan", "headings": "", "text": "The political positions of Paul Ryan , since 1999 the U.S. Representative from Wisconsin 's 1st congressional district and currently the 54th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives , are conservative and Republican with a focus on fiscal policy . Ryan was Chairman of the House Budget Committee from 2011 to 2015 and of Ways and Means in 2015 . Ryan was the Republican nominee for vice president as the running mate of Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election .   Ryan supports eliminating the capital gains tax , the corporate income tax , the estate tax , and the Alternative Minimum Tax .  In 1999 Ryan supported the Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act , which repealed some financial regulation of banks from the Glass -- Steagall Act of 1933 . During the economic recovery from the Great Recession of the late 2000s , Ryan supported the Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) , which authorized the Treasury to purchase toxic assets from banks and other financial institutions , and the auto industry bailout ; Ryan opposed the Credit CARD Act of 2009 , which expanded consumer protections regarding credit card plans , and the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , which strengthened financial regulation .   Ryan believes federal poverty reduction programs are ineffective and supports cuts to welfare , child care , Pell Grants , food stamps , and other federal assistance programs . Ryan supports the privatization of social security and Medicare and block granting Medicaid to the states . Ryan supported the Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit , and opposes the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) , also known as `` Obamacare '' , and supports its repeal .   Ryan is pro-life and opposes abortion rights . Ryan opposed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 , which bolstered women 's rights to equal pay for equal work . Ryan supports civil unions and opposes same-sex marriage . Ryan supports school vouchers , and supported the No Child Left Behind Act in 2001 and its repeal in 2015 . Ryan is unsure , and believes climate scientists are unsure , of the impact of human activity on climate change . Ryan supports tax incentives for the petroleum industry and opposes them for renewable energy . Ryan supports gun rights and opposes stricter gun control . Ryan supported the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan ."}
{"_id": "Politics_of_global_warming", "title": "Politics of global warming", "headings": "", "text": "The complex politics of global warming results from numerous cofactors arising from the global economy 's interdependence on carbon dioxide emitting hydrocarbon energy sources and because carbon dioxide is directly implicated in global warming -- making global warming a non-traditional environmental challenge ."}
{"_id": "Pollution", "title": "Pollution", "headings": "", "text": "Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change . Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy , such as noise , heat or light . Pollutants , the components of pollution , can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants . Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution ."}
{"_id": "Population_density", "title": "Population density", "headings": "", "text": "Population density ( in agriculture : standing stock and standing crop ) is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume ; it is a quantity of type number density . It is frequently applied to living organisms , and most of the time to humans . It is a key geographical term ."}
{"_id": "Population_genetics", "title": "Population genetics", "headings": "", "text": "Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations , and is a part of evolutionary biology . Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as adaptation , speciation , and population structure .   Population genetics was a vital ingredient in the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis . Its primary founders were Sewall Wright , J. B. S. Haldane and Ronald Fisher , who also laid the foundations for the related discipline of quantitative genetics . Traditionally a highly mathematical discipline , modern population genetics encompasses theoretical , lab , and field work . Population genetic models are used both for statistical inference from DNA sequence data and for proof/disproof of concept .   What sets population genetics apart today from newer , more phenotypic approaches to modelling evolution , such as evolutionary game theory and adaptive dynamics , is its emphasis on genetic phenomena as dominance , epistasis , and the degree to which genetic recombination breaks up linkage disequilibrium . This makes it appropriate for comparison to population genomics data ."}
{"_id": "Portable_Network_Graphics", "title": "Portable Network Graphics", "headings": "", "text": "Portable Network Graphics ( PNG -LSB- ˈpɪŋ -RSB- ) is a raster graphics file format that supports lossless data compression . PNG was created as an improved , non-patented replacement for Graphics Interchange Format ( GIF ) , and is the most widely used lossless image compression format on the Internet .   PNG supports palette-based images ( with palettes of 24-bit RGB or 32-bit RGBA colors ) , grayscale images ( with or without alpha channel for transparency ) , and full-color non-palette-based RGB/RGBA images ( with or without alpha channel ) . PNG was designed for transferring images on the Internet , not for professional-quality print graphics , and therefore does not support non-RGB color spaces such as CMYK . A PNG file contains a single image in an extensible structure of `` chunks '' , encoding the basic pixels and other information such as textual comments and integrity checks .   PNG files nearly always use file extension PNG or png and are assigned MIME media type image/png . PNG was approved for this use by the Internet Engineering Steering Group on 14 October 1996 , and was published as an ISO/IEC standard in 2004 ."}
{"_id": "Portland,_Oregon", "title": "Portland, Oregon", "headings": "", "text": "Portland ( -LSB- ˈpɔrtlənd -RSB- ) is a port and the largest city in the U.S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County . It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest , at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia Rivers . The city covers 145 sqmi and had an estimated population of 639,863 in 2016 , making it the 26th most populous city in the United States . Approximately 2,424,955 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) , the 25th most populous MSA in the United States . Its Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) ranks 18th with a population of 3,160,488 . Roughly 60 % of Oregon 's population resides within the Portland metropolitan area .   Named after Portland , Maine , the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail . Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods , and the timber industry was a major force in the city 's early economy . At the turn of the 20th century , the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous port cities in the world , a hub for organized crime and racketeering .   After the city 's economy experienced an industrial boom during World War II , its hard-edged reputation began to dissipate . Beginning in the 1960s , Portland became noted for its growing liberal political values , and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture , which proceeded into the 21st century .   The city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro , the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States . The city government is notable for its land-use planning and investment in public transportation . Portland is frequently recognized as one of the world 's most environmentally conscious cities because of its high walkability , large community of bicyclists , farm-to-table dining , expansive network of public transportation options , and over 10000 acre of public parks . Its climate is marked by warm , dry summers and cool , rainy winters . This climate is ideal for growing roses , and Portland has been called the `` City of Roses '' for over a century . `` Keep Portland Weird '' is an unofficial slogan for the city ."}
{"_id": "Positive_feedback", "title": "Positive feedback", "headings": "", "text": "Positive feedback is a process that occurs in a feedback loop in which the effects of a small disturbance on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation .  That is , A produces more of B which in turn produces more of A . In contrast , a system in which the results of a change act to reduce or counteract it has negative feedback . Both concepts play an important role in science and engineering , including biology , chemistry , and cybernetics .   Mathematically , positive feedback is defined as a positive loop gain around a closed loop of cause and effect .  That is , positive feedback is in phase with the input , in the sense that it adds to make the input larger .  Positive feedback tends to cause system instability . When the loop gain is positive and above 1 , there will typically be exponential growth , increasing oscillations , chaotic behavior or other divergences from equilibrium . System parameters will typically accelerate towards extreme values , which may damage or destroy the system , or may end with the system latched into a new stable state . Positive feedback may be controlled by signals in the system being filtered , damped , or limited , or it can be cancelled or reduced by adding negative feedback .   Positive feedback is used in digital electronics to force voltages away from intermediate voltages into ' 0 ' and ' 1 ' states . On the other hand , thermal runaway is a positive feedback that can destroy semiconductor junctions . Positive feedback in chemical reactions can increase the rate of reactions , and in some cases can lead to explosions . Positive feedback in mechanical design causes tipping-point , or ` over-centre ' , mechanisms to snap into position , for example in switches and locking pliers . Out of control , it can cause bridges to collapse . Positive feedback in economic systems can cause boom-then-bust cycles . A familiar example of positive feedback is the loud squealing or howling sound produced by audio feedback in public address systems : the microphone picks up sound from its own loudspeakers , amplifies it , and sends it through the speakers again ."}
{"_id": "Post-glacial_rebound", "title": "Post-glacial rebound", "headings": "", "text": "Post-glacial rebound ( also called either isostatic rebound or crustal rebound ) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period , through a process known as isostatic depression . Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy , glacial isostatic adjustment , or glacioisostasy . Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution . The most obvious and direct effects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in parts of Northern Eurasia , Northern America , Patagonia , and Antarctica . However , through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering , the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets ."}
{"_id": "Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "Poverty in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about poverty within the population of the United Kingdom as distinct from UK policy on world poverty .   Despite being a developed country , those living at the lower end of the income distribution in the United Kingdom have a relatively low standard of living . Data based on incomes published in 2016 by Department for Work and Pensions ( DWP ) show that , after housing costs have been taken into consideration , the number of people living in the UK in relative poverty to be 13.44 m ( 21 % of the population ) In 2015 , a report by Institute for Fiscal Studies reported that 21.6 % of Britons were now in relative poverty . The report showed that there had been a fall in poverty in the first few years of the twenty-first century , but the rate of poverty had remained broadly flat since 2004/5 .   It has been found by the Poverty and Social Exclusion project at Bristol University in 2014 , that the proportion of households lacking three items or activities deemed necessary for life in the UK at that time ( as defined by a survey of the wider population ) has increased from 14 % in 1983 to 33 % in 2012 ."}
{"_id": "Power_station", "title": "Power station", "headings": "", "text": "A power station , also referred to as a power plant or powerhouse and sometimes generating station or generating plant , is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power . Most power stations contain one or more generators , a rotating machine that converts mechanical power into electrical power . The relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor creates an electrical current . The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely . Most power stations in the world burn fossil fuels such as coal , oil , and natural gas to generate electricity . Others use nuclear power , but there is an increasing use of cleaner renewable sources such as solar , wind , wave and hydroelectric ."}
{"_id": "Precipitation", "title": "Precipitation", "headings": "", "text": "In meteorology , precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity . The main forms of precipitation include drizzle , rain , sleet , snow , graupel and hail . Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor , so that the water condenses and `` precipitates '' . Thus , fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions , because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate . Two processes , possibly acting together , can lead to air becoming saturated : cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air . Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud . Short , intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called `` showers . ''   Moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed into clouds and rain . This process is typically active when freezing rain is occurring . A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain and serves as the foci for forcing and rising air . Provided necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content , the moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds , namely stratus and cumulonimbus . Eventually , the cloud droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops and descend toward the Earth where they will freeze on contact with exposed objects . Where relatively warm water bodies are present , for example due to water evaporation from lakes , lake-effect snowfall becomes a concern downwind of the warm lakes within the cold cyclonic flow around the backside of extratropical cyclones . Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy . Thundersnow is possible within a cyclone 's comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands . In mountainous areas , heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation . On the leeward side of mountains , desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating . The movement of the monsoon trough , or intertropical convergence zone , brings rainy seasons to savannah climes .   Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle , and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet . Approximately 505000 km3 of water falls as precipitation each year ; 398000 km3 of it over the oceans and 107000 km3 over land . Given the Earth 's surface area , that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 mm , but over land it is only 715 mm . Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes .   Precipitation may occur on other celestial bodies , e.g. when it gets cold , Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost , rather than rain or snow ."}
{"_id": "Presidency_of_Barack_Obama", "title": "Presidency of Barack Obama", "headings": "", "text": "The presidency of Barack Obama began at noon EST on January 20 , 2009 , when Barack Obama was inaugurated as President of the United States , and ended on January 20 , 2017 . Obama , a Democrat , took office as the 44th United States president following a decisive victory over Republican John McCain in the 2008 presidential election . Four years later , in the 2012 election , he defeated Mitt Romney to win re-election . He was the first African American president , the first multiracial president , the first non-white president , and the first president to have been born in Hawaii . Obama was succeeded by Republican Donald Trump , who won the 2016 presidential election .   Obama 's first-term actions addressed the global financial crisis and included a major stimulus package , a partial extension of the Bush tax cuts , legislation to reform health care , a major financial regulation reform bill , and the end of a major US military presence in Iraq . Obama also appointed Supreme Court Justices Elena Kagan and Sonia Sotomayor , the latter of whom became the first Hispanic American on the Supreme Court . Democrats controlled both houses of Congress until Republicans won a majority in the House of Representatives in the 2010 elections . Following the elections , Obama and Congressional Republicans engaged in a protracted stand-off over government spending levels and the debt ceiling .   In his second term , Obama took steps to combat climate change , signing a major international climate agreement and an executive order to limit carbon emissions . Obama also presided over the implementation of the Affordable Care Act and other legislation passed in his first term , and he negotiated rapprochements with Iran and Cuba . The number of American soldiers in Afghanistan fell dramatically during Obama 's second term , though U.S. soldiers remained in Afghanistan throughout Obama 's presidency . Republicans took control of the Senate after the 2014 elections , and Obama continued to grapple with Congressional Republicans over government spending , immigration , judicial nominations , and other issues ."}
{"_id": "Presidency_of_Donald_Trump", "title": "Presidency of Donald Trump", "headings": "", "text": "The presidency of Donald Trump began at noon EST on January 20 , 2017 , the day that Donald Trump was inaugurated as the 45th President of the United States , succeeding Barack Obama . Trump , a Republican , was a businessman from New York City at the time of his victory in the 2016 presidential election over Democrat Hillary Clinton . His running mate , former Governor Mike Pence of Indiana , took office as the 48th Vice President of the United States on the same day . Trump 's term in office is set to end on January 20 , 2021 , though he is eligible for election to a second term and has declared his intention to run .   During his first few months in office , , Trump has issued 36 executive orders and 25 presidential memoranda . The executive orders 13769 and 13780 dealing with denying admission to the US of people from several foreign countries have been blocked by federal courts . Trump 's nominee to the Supreme Court , Neil Gorsuch , was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 7 , 2017 ."}
{"_id": "Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama", "title": "Presidential transition of Barack Obama", "headings": "", "text": "The Presidential transition of Barack Obama began when Barack Obama won the United States presidential election on November 4 , 2008 , and became the President-elect . He was formally elected by the Electoral College on December 15 , 2008 . The results were certified by a joint session of Congress on January 8 , 2009 , and the transition ended when he was inaugurated at noon on January 20 , 2009 ."}
{"_id": "Probability", "title": "Probability", "headings": "", "text": "Probability is the measure of the likelihood that an event will occur . Probability is quantified as a number between 0 and 1 , where , loosely speaking , 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty . The higher the probability of an event , the more certain that the event will occur . A simple example is the tossing of a fair ( unbiased ) coin . Since the coin is fair , the two outcomes ( `` heads '' and `` tails '' ) are both equally probable ; the probability of `` heads '' equals the probability of `` tails '' ; and since no other outcomes are possible , the probability of either `` heads '' or `` tails '' is 1/2 ( which could also be written as 0.5 or 50 % ) .   These concepts have been given an axiomatic mathematical formalization in probability theory , which is used widely in such areas of study as mathematics , statistics , finance , gambling , science ( in particular physics ) , artificial intelligence/machine learning , computer science , game theory , and philosophy to , for example , draw inferences about the expected frequency of events . Probability theory is also used to describe the underlying mechanics and regularities of complex systems ."}
{"_id": "Prognosis", "title": "Prognosis", "headings": "", "text": "Prognosis ( Greek : πρόγνωσις `` fore-knowing , foreseeing '' ) is a medical term for predicting the likely outcome of one 's chance of survival . When applied to large statistical populations , prognostic estimates can be very accurate : for example the statement `` 45 % of patients with severe septic shock will die within 28 days '' can be made with some confidence , because previous research found that this proportion of patients died . However , it is much harder to translate this into a prognosis for an individual patient : additional information is needed to determine whether a patient belongs to the 45 % who will die , or to the 55 % who survive .   A complete prognosis includes the expected duration , function , and description of the course of the disease , such as progressive decline , intermittent crisis , or sudden , unpredictable crisis ."}
{"_id": "Project_Steve", "title": "Project Steve", "headings": "", "text": "Project Steve is a list of scientists with the given name Stephen/Steven or a variation thereof ( e.g. , Stephanie , Stefan , Esteban , etc. ) who `` support evolution '' . It was originally created by the National Center for Science Education as a `` tongue-in-cheek parody '' of creationist attempts to collect a list of scientists who `` doubt evolution , '' such as the Answers in Genesis ' list of scientists who accept the biblical account of the Genesis creation narrative or the Discovery Institute 's A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism . The list pokes fun at such endeavors to make it clear that , `` We did not wish to mislead the public into thinking that scientific issues are decided by who has the longer list of scientists ! '' It also honors Stephen Jay Gould .   However , at the same time the project is a genuine collection of scientists . Despite the list 's restriction to only scientists with names like `` Steve '' , which in the United States limits the list to roughly 1 percent of the total population , Project Steve is longer and contains many more eminent scientists than any creationist list . In particular , Project Steve contains many more biologists than the creationist lists , with about 51 % of the listed Steves being biologists .   The `` List of Steves '' webpage provides an updated total of scientist `` Steves '' who have signed the list . , Project Steve has 1,416 signatories ."}
{"_id": "Providence,_Rhode_Island", "title": "Providence, Rhode Island", "headings": "", "text": "Providence is the capital of and most populous city in the U.S. state of Rhode Island , founded in 1636 , and one of the oldest cities in the United States . It is located in Providence County and is the third most populous city in New England , after Boston and Worcester . Providence has a city population of 179,154 ; it is also part of the Providence metropolitan area which extends into southern Massachusetts . The Providence metropolitan area has an estimated population of 1,604,291 , which exceeds that of Rhode Island as a whole by about 60 % . This can be considered , in turn , to be part of the Greater Boston commuting area , which contains 7.6 million people .   Providence was founded by Roger Williams , a religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony . He named the area in honor of `` God 's merciful Providence '' , which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers to settle . The city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay .   Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its textile manufacturing and subsequent machine tool , jewelry , and silverware industries . Today , the city of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning which have shifted the city 's economy into service industries , though it still retains some manufacturing activity . The city was once nicknamed the `` Beehive of Industry '' ; it began rebranding itself as the `` Creative Capital '' in 2009 to emphasize its educational resources and arts community ."}
{"_id": "Proxima_Centauri", "title": "Proxima Centauri", "headings": "", "text": "Proxima Centauri or Alpha Centauri C is a red dwarf , a small low-mass star , about 4.25 light-years from the Sun in the constellation of Centaurus . It was discovered in 1915 by the Scottish astronomer Robert Innes , the Director of the Union Observatory in South Africa , and is the nearest-known star to the Sun . With an apparent magnitude of 11.05 , it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye . Proxima Centauri forms a third component of the Alpha Centauri binary star system , currently with a separation of about AU and an orbital period of 550,000 years .   Because of Proxima Centauri 's proximity to Earth , its angular diameter can be measured directly . It is about one-seventh the diameter of the Sun . It has a mass about an eighth of the Sun 's mass , and its average density is about 40 times that of the Sun . Although it has a very low average luminosity , Proxima is a flare star that undergoes random dramatic increases in brightness because of magnetic activity . The star 's magnetic field is created by convection throughout the stellar body , and the resulting flare activity generates a total X-ray emission similar to that produced by the Sun . The mixing of the fuel at Proxima Centauri 's core through convection and its relatively low energy-production rate mean that it will be a main-sequence star for another four trillion years , or nearly 300 times the current age of the universe .   In 2016 , the European Southern Observatory announced the discovery of Proxima b , a planet orbiting the star at a distance of roughly 0.05 AU with an orbital period of approximately 11.2 Earth days . Its estimated mass is at least 1.3 times that of the Earth . The equilibrium temperature of Proxima b is estimated to be within the range where water could exist as liquid on its surface , thus placing it within the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri , although because Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf and a flare star , whether it could support life is disputed .  Previous searches for orbiting companions had ruled out the presence of brown dwarfs and supermassive planets ."}
{"_id": "Proxy_(climate)", "title": "Proxy (climate)", "headings": "", "text": "In the study of past climates ( `` paleoclimatology '' ) , climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements and enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions over a longer fraction of the Earth 's history . Reliable global records of climate only began in the 1880s , and proxies provide the only means for scientists to determine climatic patterns before record-keeping began .   Examples of proxies include ice cores , tree rings , sub-fossil pollen , boreholes , corals , lake and ocean sediments , and carbonate speleothems . The character of deposition or rate of growth of the proxies ' material has been influenced by the climatic conditions of the time in which they were laid down or grew . Chemical traces produced by climatic changes , such as quantities of particular isotopes , can be recovered from proxies . Some proxies , such as gas bubbles trapped in ice , enable traces of the ancient atmosphere to be recovered and measured directly to provide a history of fluctuations in the composition of the Earth 's atmosphere . To produce the most precise results , systematic cross-verification between proxy indicators is necessary for accuracy in readings and record-keeping .   Proxies can be combined to produce temperature reconstructions longer than the instrumental temperature record and can inform discussions of global warming . The distribution of proxy records , just like the instrumental record , is not at all uniform , with more records in the northern hemisphere ."}
{"_id": "Psychology", "title": "Psychology", "headings": "", "text": "Psychology is the science of behavior and mind , embracing all aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as thought . It is an academic discipline and a social science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases .   In this field , a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social , behavioral , or cognitive scientist . Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior , while also exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors .   Psychologists explore behavior and mental processes , including perception , cognition , attention , emotion ( affect ) , intelligence , phenomenology , motivation ( conation ) , brain functioning , and personality . This extends to interaction between people , such as interpersonal relationships , including psychological resilience , family resilience , and other areas . Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind . Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables . In addition , or in opposition , to employing empirical and deductive methods , some -- especially clinical and counseling psychologists -- at times rely upon symbolic interpretation and other inductive techniques . Psychology has been described as a `` hub science '' , with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from the social sciences , natural sciences , medicine , humanities , and philosophy .   While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems , it is also directed towards understanding and solving problems in several spheres of human activity . By many accounts psychology ultimately aims to benefit society . The majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role , practicing in clinical , counseling , or school settings . Many do scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior , and typically work in university psychology departments or teach in other academic settings ( e.g. , medical schools , hospitals ) . Some are employed in industrial and organizational settings , or in other areas such as human development and aging , sports , health , and the media , as well as in forensic investigation and other aspects of law ."}
{"_id": "Puerto_Rico", "title": "Puerto Rico", "headings": "", "text": "Puerto Rico ( Spanish for `` Rich Port '' ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , `` Free Associated State of Puerto Rico '' ) and briefly called Porto Rico , is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea .   It is an archipelago that includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller ones such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . Its official languages are Spanish and English , though Spanish predominates . The island 's population is approximately 3.4 million . Puerto Rico 's rich history , tropical climate , diverse natural scenery , traditional cuisine , and attractive tax incentives make it a popular destination for travelers from around the world .   Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , the island was claimed in 1493 by Christopher Columbus for the Crown of Castile , and it later endured invasion attempts from the French , Dutch , and British . Four centuries of Spanish colonial government transformed the island 's ethnic , cultural and physical landscapes primarily with waves of African slaves , and Canarian , and Andalusian settlers . In the Spanish imperial imagination , Puerto Rico played a secondary , but strategic role when compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and Mexico . Such a distant administrative control continued right up until the end of the 19th century helping to produce a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined elements from the Natives , Africans , and Iberian people . In 1898 , following the Spanish -- American War , the United States appropriated Puerto Rico together with most former Spanish colonies under the terms of the Treaty of Paris .   Puerto Ricans are considered natural-born citizens of the United States . However , Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the United States Congress , which governs the territory with full jurisdiction under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950 . As a U.S. territory , American citizens residing on the island are disenfranchised at the national level and may not vote for president and vice president of the United States . However , Congress approved a local constitution , allowing U.S. citizens on the territory to elect a governor . A 2012 referendum showed a majority ( 54 % of those who voted ) disagreed with `` the present form of territorial status '' , with full statehood as the preferred option among those who voted for a change of status , although a significant number of people did not answer the second question from the referendum . A fifth referendum will be held in June 2017 , and `` Statehood '' and `` Independence/Free Association '' were initially the only available options . However , at the recommendation of the Department of Justice , a `` current territorial status '' option will be added .   In early 2017 , the Puerto Rican government-debt crisis posed serious problems for the government . The outstanding bond debt had climbed to $ 70 billion at a time with 12.4 % unemployment . The debt had been increasing during a decade long recession . This was the second major financial crisis to affect the island after the Great Depression when the U.S. government , in 1935 , provided relief efforts through the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration . On May 3 , 2017 , Puerto Rico 's financial oversight board in the U.S. District Court in Puerto Rico filed the debt restructuring petition which was made under Title III of PROMESA ."}
{"_id": "Quantum_mind", "title": "Quantum mind", "headings": "", "text": "The quantum mind or quantum consciousness group of hypotheses propose that classical mechanics can not explain consciousness . It posits that quantum mechanical phenomena , such as quantum entanglement and superposition , may play an important part in the brain 's function and could form the basis of an explanation of consciousness ."}
{"_id": "Quaternary_extinction_event", "title": "Quaternary extinction event", "headings": "", "text": "The Quaternary period saw the extinctions of numerous predominantly larger , especially megafaunal , species , many of which occurred during the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene epoch . However , this extinction wave did not stop at the end of the Pleistocene , but continued , especially on isolated islands , in human-caused extinctions , although there is debate as to whether these should be considered separate events or part of the same event . Among the main causes hypothesized by paleontologists are natural climate change and overkill by humans , who appeared during the Middle Pleistocene and migrated to many regions of the world during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene . A variant of the latter possibility is the second-order predation hypothesis , which focuses more on the indirect damage caused by overcompetition with nonhuman predators . The spread of disease is also discussed as a possible reason ."}
{"_id": "Quaternary_glaciation", "title": "Quaternary glaciation", "headings": "", "text": "The Quaternary glaciation , also known as the Pleistocene glaciation or the current ice age , is a series of glacial events separated by interglacial events during the Quaternary period from 2.58 Ma ( million years ago ) to present . During this period , ice sheets expanded , notably from out of Antarctica and Greenland , and fluctuating ice sheets occurred elsewhere ( for example , the Laurentide ice sheet ) . The major effects of the ice age are erosion and deposition of material over large parts of the continents , modification of river systems , creation of millions of lakes , changes in sea level , development of pluvial lakes far from the ice margins , isostatic adjustment of the crust , and abnormal winds . It affected oceans , flooding , and biological communities . The ice sheets themselves , by raising the albedo , affect a major feedback on climate cooling ."}
{"_id": "Question_mark", "title": "Question mark", "headings": "", "text": "The question mark -LSB- ? -RSB- ( also known as interrogation point , query , or eroteme in journalism ) is a punctuation mark that indicates an interrogative clause or phrase in many languages . The question mark is not used for indirect questions . The question mark glyph is also often used in place of missing or unknown data . In Unicode , it is encoded at ."}
{"_id": "Rabbit,_Run_(film)", "title": "Rabbit, Run (film)", "headings": "", "text": "Rabbit , Run is a 1970 American independent film directed by Jack Smight adapted from John Updike 's 1960 novel by Howard Kreitsek | Howard B. Kreitsek , who also served as producer . The film starred James Caan as Rabbit Angstrom , Carrie Snodgress as Rabbit 's wife Janice , and Anjanette Comer as his girlfriend Ruth . The movie co-starred Jack Albertson as Coach Marty Tothero , Arthur Hill as Rev. Jack Eccles , and Henry Jones and Josephine Hutchinson as Rabbit 's parents ."}
{"_id": "Radiative_forcing", "title": "Radiative forcing", "headings": "", "text": "Radiative forcing or climate forcing is the difference between insolation ( sunlight ) absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space . Typically , radiative forcing is quantified at the tropopause in units of watts per square meter of the Earth 's surface . Positive forcing ( incoming energy exceeding outgoing energy ) warms the system , while negative forcing ( outgoing energy exceeding incoming energy ) cools it . Causes of radiative forcing include changes in insolation and the concentrations of radiatively active gases , commonly known as greenhouse gases and aerosols ."}
{"_id": "Radiocarbon_dating", "title": "Radiocarbon dating", "headings": "", "text": "Radiocarbon dating ( also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating ) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon , a radioactive isotope of carbon .   The method was developed by Willard Libby in the late 1940s and soon became a standard tool for archaeologists . Libby received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in 1960 . The radiocarbon dating method is based on the fact that radiocarbon is constantly being created in the atmosphere by the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen . The resulting radiocarbon combines with atmospheric oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide , which is incorporated into plants by photosynthesis ; animals then acquire by eating the plants . When the animal or plant dies , it stops exchanging carbon with its environment , and from that point onwards the amount of it contains begins to decrease as the undergoes radioactive decay . Measuring the amount of in a sample from a dead plant or animal such as a piece of wood or a fragment of bone provides information that can be used to calculate when the animal or plant died . The older a sample is , the less there is to be detected , and because the half-life of ( the period of time after which half of a given sample will have decayed ) is about 5,730 years , the oldest dates that can be reliably measured by this process date to around 50,000 years ago , although special preparation methods occasionally permit accurate analysis of older samples .   The idea behind radiocarbon dating is straightforward , but years of work were required to develop the technique to the point where accurate dates could be obtained . Research has been ongoing since the 1960s to determine what the proportion of in the atmosphere has been over the past fifty thousand years . The resulting data , in the form of a calibration curve , is now used to convert a given measurement of radiocarbon in a sample into an estimate of the sample 's calendar age . Other corrections must be made to account for the proportion of in different types of organisms ( fractionation ) , and the varying levels of throughout the biosphere ( reservoir effects ) . Additional complications come from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil , and from the above-ground nuclear tests done in the 1950s and 1960s . Because the time it takes to convert biological materials to fossil fuels is substantially longer than the time it takes for its to decay below detectable levels , fossil fuels contain almost no , and as a result there was a noticeable drop in the proportion of in the atmosphere beginning in the late 19th century . Conversely , nuclear testing increased the amount of in the atmosphere , which attained a maximum in 1963 of almost twice what it had been before the testing began .   Measurement of radiocarbon was originally done by beta-counting devices , which counted the amount of beta radiation emitted by decaying atoms in a sample . More recently , accelerator mass spectrometry has become the method of choice ; it counts all the atoms in the sample and not just the few that happen to decay during the measurements ; it can therefore be used with much smaller samples ( as small as individual plant seeds ) , and gives results much more quickly . The development of radiocarbon dating has had a profound impact on archaeology . In addition to permitting more accurate dating within archaeological sites than previous methods , it allows comparison of dates of events across great distances . Histories of archaeology often refer to its impact as the `` radiocarbon revolution '' . Radiocarbon dating has allowed key transitions in prehistory to be dated , such as the end of the last ice age , and the beginning of the Neolithic and Bronze Age in different regions ."}
{"_id": "Rain", "title": "Rain", "headings": "", "text": "Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and then precipitated -- that is , become heavy enough to fall under gravity . Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the Earth . It provides suitable conditions for many types of ecosystems , as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation .   The major cause of rain production is moisture moving along three-dimensional zones of temperature and moisture contrasts known as weather fronts . If enough moisture and upward motion is present , precipitation falls from convective clouds ( those with strong upward vertical motion ) such as cumulonimbus ( thunder clouds ) which can organize into narrow rainbands . In mountainous areas , heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation which forces moist air to condense and fall out as rainfall along the sides of mountains . On the leeward side of mountains , desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by downslope flow which causes heating and drying of the air mass . The movement of the monsoon trough , or intertropical convergence zone , brings rainy seasons to savannah climes .   The urban heat island effect leads to increased rainfall , both in amounts and intensity , downwind of cities . Global warming is also causing changes in the precipitation pattern globally , including wetter conditions across eastern North America and drier conditions in the tropics . Antarctica is the driest continent . The globally averaged annual precipitation over land is 715 mm , but over the whole Earth it is much higher at 990 mm . Climate classification systems such as the Köppen classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes . Rainfall is measured using rain gauges . Rainfall amounts can be estimated by weather radar .   Rain is also known or suspected on other planets , where it may be composed of methane , neon , sulfuric acid , or even iron rather than water ."}
{"_id": "Random_variable", "title": "Random variable", "headings": "", "text": "In probability and statistics , a random variable , random quantity , aleatory variable , or stochastic variable is a variable quantity whose value depends on possible outcomes . As a function , a random variable is required to be measurable , which rules out certain pathological cases where the quantity which the random variable returns is infinitely sensitive to small changes in the outcome .   It is common that these outcomes depend on some physical variables that are not well understood . For example ,  when you toss a coin , the final outcome of heads or tails depends on the uncertain physics . Which outcome will be observed is not certain . Of course  the coin could get caught in a crack in the floor , but such a possibility is excluded from consideration . The domain of a random variable is the set of possible outcomes . In the case of the coin , there are only two possible outcomes , namely heads or tails . Since one of these outcomes must occur , either the event that the coin lands heads or the event that the coin lands tails must have non-zero probability .   A random variable is defined as a function that maps outcomes to numerical quantities ( labels ) , typically real numbers . In this sense , it is a procedure for assigning a numerical quantity to each physical outcome , and , contrary to its name , this procedure itself is neither random nor variable . What is random is the unstable physics that describes how the coin lands , and the uncertainty of which outcome will actually be observed .   A random variable 's possible values might represent the possible outcomes of a yet-to-be-performed experiment , or the possible outcomes of a past experiment whose already-existing value is uncertain ( for example , due to imprecise measurements or quantum uncertainty ) . They may also conceptually represent either the results of an `` objectively '' random process ( such as rolling a die ) or the `` subjective '' randomness that results from incomplete knowledge of a quantity . The meaning of the probabilities assigned to the potential values of a random variable is not part of probability theory itself but is instead related to philosophical arguments over the interpretation of probability . The mathematics works the same regardless of the particular interpretation in use .   A random variable has a probability distribution , which specifies the probability that its value falls in any given interval . Random variables can be discrete , that is , taking any of a specified finite or countable list of values , endowed with a probability mass function characteristic of the random variable 's probability distribution ; or continuous , taking any numerical value in an interval or collection of intervals , via a probability density function that is characteristic of the random variable 's probability distribution ; or a mixture of both types . Two random variables with the same probability distribution can still differ in terms of their associations with , or independence from , other random variables . The realizations of a random variable , that is , the results of randomly choosing values according to the variable 's probability distribution function , are called random variates .   The formal mathematical treatment of random variables is a topic in probability theory . In that context , a random variable is understood as a function defined on a sample space whose outputs are numerical values ."}
{"_id": "Raptor_conservation", "title": "Raptor conservation", "headings": "", "text": "Raptor conservation concerns are threats affecting the population viability of birds of prey . Because of their hunting lifestyle , raptors face distinct conservation challenges . As top predators , they are important for healthy ecosystem functioning , and by protecting them many other species are safeguarded . Their extensive habitat requirements make regional conservation strategies necessary for protecting birds of prey ."}
{"_id": "Rate_of_return", "title": "Rate of return", "headings": "", "text": "In finance , return is a profit on an investment . It comprises any change in value and interest or dividends or other such cash flows which the investor receives from the investment . It may be measured either in absolute terms ( e.g. , dollars ) or as a percentage of the amount invested . The latter is also called the holding period return .   A loss instead of a profit is described as a negative return .   Rate of return is a profit on an investment over a period of time , expressed as a proportion of the original investment . The time period is typically a year , in which case the rate of return is referred to as annual return .   To compare returns over time periods of different lengths on an equal basis , it is useful to convert each return into an annual equivalent rate of return , or annualised return . This conversion process is called annualisation , described below .   Return on investment ( ROI ) is return per dollar invested . It is a measure of investment performance , as opposed to size ( c.f. return on equity , return on assets , return on capital employed ) ."}
{"_id": "Reaganomics", "title": "Reaganomics", "headings": "", "text": "Reaganomics ( -LSB- reɪgəˈnɒmɪks -RSB- a portmanteau of -LSB- Ronald -RSB- Reagan and economics attributed to Paul Harvey ) refers to the economic policies promoted by U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the 1980s . These policies are commonly associated with supply-side economics , referred to as trickle-down economics or voodoo economics by political opponents , and free-market economics by political advocates .   The four pillars of Reagan 's economic policy were to reduce the growth of government spending , reduce the federal income tax and capital gains tax , reduce government regulation , and tighten the money supply in order to reduce inflation ."}
{"_id": "Reason", "title": "Reason", "headings": "", "text": "Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things , applying logic , establishing and verifying facts , and changing or justifying practices , institutions , and beliefs based on new or existing information . It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy , science , language , mathematics , and art and is normally considered to be a definitive characteristic of human nature .  Reason , or an aspect of it , is sometimes referred to as rationality .   Reasoning is associated with thinking , cognition , and intellect . Reasoning may be subdivided into forms of logical reasoning ( forms associated with the strict sense ) : deductive reasoning , inductive reasoning , abductive reasoning ; and other modes of reasoning considered more informal , such as intuitive reasoning and verbal reasoning . Along these lines , a distinction is often drawn between discursive reason , reason proper , and intuitive reason , in which the reasoning process -- however valid -- tends toward the personal and the opaque . Although in many social and political settings logical and intuitive modes of reason may clash , in other contexts intuition and formal reason are seen as complementary , rather than adversarial as , for example , in mathematics , where intuition is often a necessary building block in the creative process of achieving the hardest form of reason , a formal proof .   Reason , like habit or intuition , is one of the ways by which thinking comes from one idea to a related idea . For example , it is the means by which rational beings understand themselves to think about cause and effect , truth and falsehood , and what is good or bad . It is also closely identified with the ability to self-consciously change beliefs , attitudes , traditions , and institutions , and therefore with the capacity for freedom and self-determination .   In contrast to reason as an abstract noun , a reason is a consideration which explains or justifies some event , phenomenon , or behavior . The field of logic studies ways in which human beings reason formally through argument .   Psychologists and cognitive scientists have attempted to study and explain how people reason , e.g. which cognitive and neural processes are engaged , and how cultural factors affect the inferences that people draw . The field of automated reasoning studies how reasoning may or may not be modeled computationally . Animal psychology considers the question of whether animals other than humans can reason ."}
{"_id": "Recycling", "title": "Recycling", "headings": "", "text": "Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects . It is an alternative to `` conventional '' waste disposal that can save material and help lower greenhouse gas emissions ( compared to plastic production , for example ) . Recycling can prevent the waste of potentially useful materials and reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials , thereby reducing : energy usage , air pollution ( from incineration ) , and water pollution ( from landfilling ) .   Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the `` Reduce , Reuse , and Recycle '' waste hierarchy .   There are some ISO standards related to recycling such as ISO 15270:2008 for plastics waste and ISO 14001:2004 for environmental management control of recycling practice .   Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass , paper , and cardboard , metal , plastic , tires , textiles , and electronics . The composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste -- such as food or garden waste -- is also considered recycling . Materials to be recycled are either brought to a collection centre or picked up from the curbside , then sorted , cleaned , and reprocessed into new materials destined for manufacturing .   In the strictest sense , recycling of a material would produce a fresh supply of the same material -- for example , used office paper would be converted into new office paper or used polystyrene foam into new polystyrene . However , this is often difficult or too expensive ( compared with producing the same product from raw materials or other sources ) , so `` recycling '' of many products or materials involves their reuse in producing different materials ( for example , paperboard ) instead . Another form of recycling is the salvage of certain materials from complex products , either due to their intrinsic value ( such as lead from car batteries , or gold from circuit boards ) , or due to their hazardous nature ( e.g. , removal and reuse of mercury from thermometers and thermostats ) ."}
{"_id": "Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation", "title": "Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation", "headings": "", "text": "Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation , sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries ( REDD + ) was first negotiated under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) since 2005 , with the objective of mitigating climate change through reducing net emissions of greenhouse gases through enhanced forest management in developing countries . Most of the key REDD + decisions were completed by 2013 , with the final pieces of the rulebook finished in 2015 .   In the last two decades , various studies estimate that land use change , including deforestation and forest degradation , accounts for 12-29 % of global greenhouse gas emissions . For this reason the inclusion of reducing emissions from land use change is considered essential to achieve the objectives of the UNFCCC .   During the negotiations for the Kyoto Protocol , and then in particular its Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) , the inclusion of tropical forest management was debated but eventually dropped due to anticipated methodological difficulties in establishing -- in particular -- additionality and leakage ( detrimental effects outside of the project area attributable to project activities ) . What remained on forestry was `` Afforestation and Reforestation '' , sectoral scope 14 of the CDM . Under this sectoral scope areas of land that had no forest cover since 1990 could be replanted with commercial or indigenous tree species . In its first eight years of operation 52 projects had been registered under the `` Afforestation and Reforestation '' scope of the CDM . The cumbersome administrative procedures and corresponding high transaction costs are often blamed for this slow uptake . Beyond the CDM , all developed countries that were parties to the Kyoto Protocol also committed to measuring and reporting on efforts to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions from forests . The United States also measures and reports on the net greenhouse gas sequestration in its forests .   In response to what many perceived to be a failure to address a major source of global greenhouse gas emissions , the Coalition for Rainforest Nations ( CfRN ) was established and in 2005 they proposed to the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC policy approaches and positive incentives for the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases stemming from tropical deforestation and forest degradation as a climate change mitigation measure ."}
{"_id": "Reef", "title": "Reef", "headings": "", "text": "A reef is a bar of rock , sand , coral or similar material , lying beneath the surface of water . Reefs may be up to 261 feet below the surface .   Many reefs result from abiotic processes -- deposition of sand , wave erosion planing down rock outcrops , and other natural processes -- but the best-known reefs are the coral reefs of tropical waters developed through biotic processes dominated by corals and calcareous algae . Artificial reefs such as shipwrecks are sometimes created to enhance physical complexity on generally featureless sand bottoms in order to attract a diverse assemblage of organisms , especially fish ."}
{"_id": "Reforestation", "title": "Reforestation", "headings": "", "text": "Reforestation is the natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands that have been depleted , usually through deforestation . Reforestation can be used to rectify or improve the quality of human life by soaking up pollution and dust from the air , rebuild natural habitats and ecosystems , mitigate global warming since forests facilitate biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide , and harvest for resources , particularly timber , but also non-timber forest products .   The term reforestation is similar to afforestation , the process of restoring and recreating areas of woodlands or forests that may have existed long ago but were deforested or otherwise removed at some point in the past . Sometimes the term re-afforestation is used to distinguish between the original forest cover and the later re-growth of forest to an area . Forestation is the establishment of forest growth on areas that either had forest or lacked it .   Special tools , e.g. tree planting bars , are used to make planting of trees easier and faster ."}
{"_id": "Regime_shift", "title": "Regime shift", "headings": "", "text": "In ecology , regime shifts are large , abrupt , persistent changes in the structure and function of a system . A regime is a characteristic behaviour of a system which is maintained by mutually reinforced processes or feedbacks . Regimes are considered persistent relative to the time period over which the shift occurs . The change of regimes , or the shift , usually occurs when a smooth change in an internal process ( feedback ) or a single disturbance ( external shocks ) triggers a completely different system behavior . Although such non-linear changes have been widely studied in different disciplines ranging from atoms to climate dynamics , regime shifts have gained importance in ecology because they can substantially affect the flow of ecosystem services that societies rely upon , such as provision of food , clean water or climate regulation . Moreover , regime shift occurrence is expected to increase as human influence on the planet increases -- the Anthropocene -- including current trends on human induced climate change and biodiversity loss ."}
{"_id": "Regional_effects_of_global_warming", "title": "Regional effects of global warming", "headings": "", "text": "Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming . The world average temperature is rising due to the greenhouse effect caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases , especially carbon dioxide . When the global temperature changes , the changes in climate are not expected to be uniform across the Earth . In particular , land areas change more quickly than oceans , and northern high latitudes change more quickly than the tropics , and the margins of biome regions change faster than do their cores .   Regional effects of global warming vary in nature . Some are the result of a generalised global change , such as rising temperature , resulting in local effects , such as melting ice . In other cases , a change may be related to a change in a particular ocean current or weather system . In such cases , the regional effect may be disproportionate and will not necessarily follow the global trend . The increasing temperatures from greenhouse gases have been causing sea levels to rise for many years .   There are three major ways in which global warming will make changes to regional climate : melting or forming ice , changing the hydrological cycle ( of evaporation and precipitation ) and changing currents in the oceans and air flows in the atmosphere . The coast can also be considered a region , and will suffer severe impacts from sea level rise ."}
{"_id": "Regression_analysis", "title": "Regression analysis", "headings": "", "text": "In statistical modeling , regression analysis is a statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables . It includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables , when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables ( or ` predictors ' ) . More specifically , regression analysis helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable ( or ` criterion variable ' ) changes when any one of the independent variables is varied , while the other independent variables are held fixed . Most commonly , regression analysis estimates the conditional expectation of the dependent variable given the independent variables -- that is , the average value of the dependent variable when the independent variables are fixed . Less commonly , the focus is on a quantile , or other location parameter of the conditional distribution of the dependent variable given the independent variables . In all cases , the estimation target is a function of the independent variables called the regression function . In regression analysis , it is also of interest to characterize the variation of the dependent variable around the regression function which can be described by a probability distribution . A related but distinct approach is necessary condition analysis ( NCA ) , which estimates the maximum ( rather than average ) value of the dependent variable for a given value of the independent variable ( ceiling line rather than central line ) in order to identify what value of the independent variable is necessary but not sufficient for a given value of the dependent variable .   Regression analysis is widely used for prediction and forecasting , where its use has substantial overlap with the field of machine learning . Regression analysis is also used to understand which among the independent variables are related to the dependent variable , and to explore the forms of these relationships . In restricted circumstances , regression analysis can be used to infer causal relationships between the independent and dependent variables . However this can lead to illusions or false relationships , so caution is advisable ; for example , correlation does not imply causation .   Many techniques for carrying out regression analysis have been developed . Familiar methods such as linear regression and ordinary least squares regression are parametric , in that the regression function is defined in terms of a finite number of unknown parameters that are estimated from the data . Nonparametric regression refers to techniques that allow the regression function to lie in a specified set of functions , which may be infinite-dimensional .   The performance of regression analysis methods in practice depends on the form of the data generating process , and how it relates to the regression approach being used . Since the true form of the data-generating process is generally not known , regression analysis often depends to some extent on making assumptions about this process . These assumptions are sometimes testable if a sufficient quantity of data is available . Regression models for prediction are often useful even when the assumptions are moderately violated , although they may not perform optimally . However , in many applications , especially with small effects or questions of causality based on observational data , regression methods can give misleading results .   In a narrower sense , regression may refer specifically to the estimation of continuous response variables , as opposed to the discrete response variables used in classification . The case of a continuous output variable may be more specifically referred to as metric regression to distinguish it from related problems ."}
{"_id": "Reinforcement", "title": "Reinforcement", "headings": "", "text": "In behavioral psychology , reinforcement is a consequence that will strengthen an organism 's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus . This strengthening effect may be measured as a higher frequency of behavior ( e.g. , pulling a lever more frequently ) , longer duration ( e.g. , pulling a lever for longer periods of time ) , greater magnitude ( e.g. , pulling a lever with greater force ) , or shorter latency ( e.g. , pulling a lever more quickly following the antecedent stimulus ) .   Rewarding stimuli , which are associated with `` wanting '' and `` liking '' ( desire and pleasure , respectively ) and appetitive behavior , function as positive reinforcers ; the converse statement is also true : positive reinforcers provide a desirable stimulus . Reinforcement does not require an individual to consciously perceive an effect elicited by the stimulus . Thus , reinforcement occurs only if there is an observable strengthening in behavior . However , there is also negative reinforcement , which is characterized by taking away an undesirable stimulus . An ibuprofen is a negative reinforcer because it takes away pain .   In most cases , the term `` reinforcement '' refers to an enhancement of behavior , but this term is also sometimes used to denote an enhancement of memory ; for example , `` post-training reinforcement '' refers to the provision of a stimulus ( such as food ) after a learning session in an attempt to increase the retained breadth , detail , and duration of the individual memories or overall memory just formed . The memory-enhancing stimulus can also be one whose effects are directly rather than only indirectly emotional , as with the phenomenon of `` flashbulb memory , '' in which an emotionally highly intense stimulus can incentivize memory of a set of a situation 's circumstances well beyond the subset of those circumstances that caused the emotionally significant stimulus , as when people of appropriate age are able to remember where they were and what they were doing when they learned of the assassination of John F. Kennedy or of the September 11 , 2001 , terrorist attacks .   Reinforcement is an important part of operant or instrumental conditioning ."}
{"_id": "Reliability_engineering", "title": "Reliability engineering", "headings": "", "text": "Reliability engineering is engineering that emphasizes dependability in the lifecycle management of a product . Dependability , or reliability , describes the ability of a system or component to function under stated conditions for a specified period of time . Reliability may also describe the ability to function at a specified moment or interval of time ( Availability ) . Reliability engineering represents a sub-discipline within systems engineering . Reliability is theoretically defined as the probability of success , as the frequency of failures ; or in terms of availability , as a probability derived from reliability , testability and maintainability . Testability , Maintainability and maintenance are often defined as a part of `` reliability engineering '' in Reliability Programs . Reliability plays a key role in the cost-effectiveness of systems .   Reliability engineering deals with the estimation , prevention and management of high levels of `` lifetime '' engineering uncertainty and risks of failure . Although stochastic parameters define and affect reliability , according to some expert authors on reliability engineering ( e.g. P. O'Conner , J. Moubray and A. Barnard ) , reliability is not ( solely ) achieved by mathematics and statistics . You can not really find a root cause ( needed to effectively prevent failures ) by only looking at statistics . `` Nearly all teaching and literature on the subject emphasize these aspects , and ignore the reality that the ranges of uncertainty involved largely invalidate quantitative methods for prediction and measurement . ''   Reliability engineering relates closely to safety engineering and to system safety , in that they use common methods for their analysis and may require input from each other . Reliability engineering focuses on costs of failure caused by system downtime , cost of spares , repair equipment , personnel , and cost of warranty claims . Safety engineering normally emphasizes not cost , but preserving life and nature , and therefore deals only with particular dangerous system-failure modes . High reliability ( safety factor ) levels also result from good engineering and from attention to detail , and almost never from only reactive failure management ( reliability accounting / statistics ) ."}
{"_id": "Remote_sensing", "title": "Remote sensing", "headings": "", "text": "Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation . Remote sensing is used in numerous fields , including geography , land surveying and most Earth Science disciplines ( for example , hydrology , ecology  , oceanography , glaciology , geology ) ; it also has military , intelligence , commercial , economic , planning , and humanitarian applications .   In current usage , the term `` remote sensing '' generally refers to the use of satellite - or aircraft-based sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth , including on the surface and in the atmosphere and oceans , based on propagated signals ( e.g. electromagnetic radiation ) . It may be split into `` active '' remote sensing ( i.e. , when a signal is emitted by a satellite or aircraft and its reflection by the object is detected by the sensor ) and `` passive '' remote sensing ( i.e. , when the reflection of sunlight is detected by the sensor ) ."}
{"_id": "Renewable_energy", "title": "Renewable energy", "headings": "", "text": "Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources , which are naturally replenished on a human timescale , such as sunlight , wind , rain , tides , waves , and geothermal heat . Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas : electricity generation , air and water heating/cooling , transportation , and rural ( off-grid ) energy services .   Based on REN21 's 2016 report , renewables contributed 19.2 % to humans ' global energy consumption and 23.7 % to their generation of electricity in 2014 and 2015 , respectively . This energy consumption is divided as 8.9 % coming from traditional biomass , 4.2 % as heat energy ( modern biomass , geothermal and solar heat ) , 3.9 % hydro electricity and 2.2 % is electricity from wind , solar , geothermal , and biomass . Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$ 286 billion in 2015 , with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind , hydro , solar and biofuels . Globally , there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries , with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer . As of 2015 worldwide , more than half of all new electricity capacity installed was renewable .   Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas , in contrast to other energy sources , which are concentrated in a limited number of countries . Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security , climate change mitigation , and economic benefits . The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change , a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies . In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power . At the national level , at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply . National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond . Some places and at least two countries , Iceland and Norway generate all their electricity using renewable energy already , and many other countries have the set a goal to reach 100 % renewable energy in the future . For example , in Denmark the government decided to switch the total energy supply ( electricity , mobility and heating/cooling ) to 100 % renewable energy by 2050 .   While many renewable energy projects are large-scale , renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries , where energy is often crucial in human development . United Nations ' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity . As most of renewables provide electricity , renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification , which has several benefits : Electricity can be converted to heat ( where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels ) , can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency and is clean at the point of consumption . In addition to that electrification with renewable energy is much more efficient and therefore leads to a significant reduction in primary energy requirements , because most renewables do n't have a steam cycle with high losses ( fossil power plants usually have losses of 40 to 65 % ) .   Renewable energy systems are rapidly becoming more efficient and cheaper . Their share of total energy consumption is increasing . Growth in consumption of coal and oil could end by 2020 due to increased uptake of renewables and natural gas ."}
{"_id": "Renewable_energy_commercialization", "title": "Renewable energy commercialization", "headings": "", "text": "Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years . First-generation technologies , which are already mature and economically competitive , include biomass , hydroelectricity , geothermal power and heat . Second-generation technologies are market-ready and are being deployed at the present time ; they include solar heating , photovoltaics , wind power , solar thermal power stations , and modern forms of bioenergy . Third-generation technologies require continued R&D efforts in order to make large contributions on a global scale and include advanced biomass gasification , hot-dry-rock geothermal power , and ocean energy . As of 2012 , renewable energy accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity installed and costs are continuing to fall .   Public policy and political leadership helps to `` level the playing field '' and drive the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies . Countries such as Germany , Denmark , and Spain have led the way in implementing innovative policies which has driven most of the growth over the past decade . As of 2014 , Germany has a commitment to the `` Energiewende '' transition to a sustainable energy economy , and Denmark has a commitment to 100 % renewable energy by 2050 . There are now 144 countries with renewable energy policy targets .   Renewable energy continued its rapid growth in 2015 , providing multiple benefits . There was a new record set for installed wind and photovoltaic capacity ( 64GW and 57GW ) and a new high of US$ 329 Billion for global renewables investment . A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs . The top countries for investment in recent years were China , Germany , Spain , the United States , Italy , and Brazil . Renewable energy companies include BrightSource Energy , First Solar , Gamesa , GE Energy , Goldwind , Sinovel , Trina Solar , Vestas , and Yingli .   Climate change concerns are also driving increasing growth in the renewable energy industries . According to a 2011 projection by the ( IEA ) International Energy Agency , solar power generators may produce most of the world 's electricity within 50 years , reducing harmful greenhouse gas emissions .   Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States ."}
{"_id": "Renewable_energy_in_Kenya", "title": "Renewable energy in Kenya", "headings": "", "text": "The renewable energy sector in Kenya is among the most active in Africa . In Kenya , investment grew from virtually zero in 2009 to US$ 1.3 billion in 2010 across technologies such as wind , geothermal , small-scale hydro and biofuels . This is not saying that Kenya was never active in the renewable energy sector . Kenya is Africa 's first geothermal power producer and the world leader in the number of solar power systems installed per capita . It is still the largest producer of geothermal power in Africa today at 200 MW with only one other African country producing geothermal power , Ethiopia . Connectivity to the national grid in Kenya currently stands at 28 % . In 2011 , Kenya was also the first country in Africa to open a carbon exchange ."}
{"_id": "Renewable_energy_in_Scotland", "title": "Renewable energy in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "The production of renewable energy in Scotland is an issue that has come to the fore in technical , economic , and political terms during the opening years of the 21st century . The natural resource base for renewable energy is extraordinary by European , and even global standards , with the most important potential sources being wind , wave , and tide .   In 2015 , Scotland generated 59 % of its electricity consumption through renewable sources , exceeding the country 's lofty goal of 50 % renewable energy by 2015 . Moving forward , the Scottish Government 's energy plan calls for 100 % of electricity consumption to be generated through renewable sources by 2020 , and 50 % of total energy consumption ( including transportation ) by 2030 .   At the start of 2016 , Scotland had 8,055 megawatts ( MW ) of installed renewable electricity capacity . Renewable electricity generation in Scotland was 21,983 GWh in 2015 , up 15.2 % on 2014 . Scottish renewable generation makes up approximately 26.4 % of total UK renewable generation ( down from 32 % in 2014 ) . In 2014 , Scotland exported over 24 per cent of generation .   Continuing improvements in engineering and economics are enabling more of the renewable resources to be utilised . Fears regarding peak oil and climate change have driven the subject high up the political agenda and are also encouraging the use of various biofuels . Although the finances of many projects remain either speculative or dependent on market incentives , it is probable that there has been a significant , and in all likelihood long-term change , in the underpinning economics .   In addition to planned increases in large-scale generating capacity and microsystems using renewable sources , various related schemes to reduce carbon emissions are being researched . Although there is significant support from the public , private and community-led sectors , concerns about the effect of the technologies on the natural environment have been expressed . There is also an emerging political debate about the relationship between the siting , and the ownership and control of these widely distributed resources ."}
{"_id": "Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union", "title": "Renewable energy in the European Union", "headings": "", "text": "The countries of the European Union are the number two global leaders in the development and application of renewable energy . Promoting the use of renewable energy sources is important both to the reduction of the EU 's dependence on foreign energy imports , and in meeting targets to combat global warming ."}
{"_id": "Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States", "title": "Renewable energy in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Renewable energy in the United States accounted for 13.44 percent of the domestically produced electricity in 2015 , and 11.1 percent of total energy generation . As of 2016 , more than 260,000 people work in the solar industry and 43 states deploy net metering , where energy utilities buy back excess power generated by solar arrays .   Renewable energy reached a major milestone in the first quarter of 2011 , when it contributed 11.7 percent of total U.S. energy production ( 2.245 quadrillion BTU of energy ) , surpassing energy production from nuclear power ( 2.125 quadrillion BTU ) . 2011 was the first year since 1997 that renewables exceeded nuclear in US total energy production .   Hydroelectric power is currently the largest producer of renewable power in the U.S. . It produced around 6.14 % of the nation 's total electricity in 2015 which was 45.71 % of the total renewable power in the U.S. . The United States is the fourth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world after China , Canada and Brazil . The Grand Coulee Dam is the 5th largest hydroelectric power station in the world .   U.S. wind power installed capacity now exceeds 72,000 MW and supplies 4.1 % of the nation 's electricity . Texas is firmly established as the leader in wind power development , followed by Iowa and California . Since the U.S. pioneered the technology in 1981 with Solar One , several solar thermal power stations have also been built . The largest of these solar thermal power stations are the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility ( 392 MW ) , southwest of Las Vegas , and the SEGS group of plants in the Mojave Desert , with a total generating capacity of 354 MW . Large photovoltaic power plants in the USA include Solar Star ( 579 MW ) , near Rosamond , California , the Desert Sunlight Solar Farm , a 550 MW solar power plant in Riverside County , California and the Topaz Solar Farm , a 550 MW photovoltaic power plant , in San Luis Obispo County , California . The Geysers in Northern California is the largest complex of geothermal energy production in the world .   The development of renewable energy and energy efficiency marks `` a new era of energy exploration '' in the United States , according to President Barack Obama . In a joint address to the Congress on February 24 , 2009 , President Obama called for doubling renewable energy within the next three years . In his 2012 State of the Union address , President Barack Obama restated his commitment to renewable energy and mentioned the long-standing Interior Department commitment to permit 10,000 MW of renewable energy projects on public land in 2012 ."}
{"_id": "Republican_Party_(United_States)", "title": "Republican Party (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The Republican Party , commonly referred to as the GOP ( abbreviation for Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , the other being its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The party is named after republicanism , the dominant value during the American Revolution . Founded by anti-slavery activists , modernists , ex-Whigs , and ex-Free Soilers in 1854 , the Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932 .   There have been 19 Republican presidents , the most from any one party . The first was 16th president Abraham Lincoln , who served from 1861 to 1865 , when he was assassinated , and the most recent being 45th and current president Donald Trump , who took office on January 20 , 2017 .   The Republican Party 's current ideology is American conservatism , which contrasts with the Democrats ' more progressive platform ( also called modern liberalism ) . Further , its platform involves support for free market capitalism , free enterprise , fiscal conservatism , a strong national defense , deregulation , and restrictions on labor unions . In addition to advocating for conservative economic policies , the Republican Party is socially conservative , and seeks to uphold traditional values based largely on Judeo-Christian ethics . The GOP was strongly committed to protectionism and tariffs from its founding until the 1930s , when it was based in the industrial Northeast and Midwest . Since 1952 there has been a reversal against protectionism and the party 's core support since the 1990s comes chiefly from the South , the Great Plains , the Mountain States and rural districts in the North . as well as from conservative Catholics , Mormons , and Evangelicals nationwide .   As of 2017 , the Republican Party is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928 . In addition to holding the Presidency ( via Trump and Vice President Mike Pence ) , the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress , having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate . The party also holds a majority of governorships ( 33/50 ) and state legislatures ( full control of 32/50 , split control of six others ) ."}
{"_id": "Respiratory_system", "title": "Respiratory system", "headings": "", "text": "The respiratory system ( called also respiratory apparatus , ventilatory system ) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism . The respiratory system is involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment .   In air-breathing vertebrates like human beings , respiration takes place in the respiratory organs called lungs . The passage of air into the lungs to supply the body with oxygen is known as inhalation , and the passage of air out of the lungs to expel carbon dioxide is known as exhalation ; this process is collectively called breathing or ventilation . In humans and other mammals , the anatomical features of the respiratory system include trachea , bronchi , bronchioles , lungs , and diaphragm . Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged , by diffusion , between the gaseous external environment and the blood . This exchange process occurs in the alveoli ( air sacs ) in the lungs .   In fish and many invertebrates , respiration takes place through the gills . Other animals , such as insects , have respiratory systems with very simple anatomical features , and in amphibians even the skin plays a vital role in gas exchange . Plants also have respiratory systems but the directionality of gas exchange can be opposite to that in animals . The respiratory system in plants also includes anatomical features such as holes on the undersides of leaves known as stomata ."}
{"_id": "Retractions_in_academic_publishing", "title": "Retractions in academic publishing", "headings": "", "text": "In academic publishing, a retraction is the action by which a published paper in an academic journal is removed from the journal. Online journals typically remove the retracted article from online access."}
{"_id": "Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850", "title": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "headings": "", "text": "The retreat of glaciers since 1850 affects the availability of fresh water for irrigation and domestic use , mountain recreation , animals and plants that depend on glacier-melt , and , in the longer term , the level of the oceans . Studied by glaciologists , the temporal coincidence of glacier retreat with the measured increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases is often cited as an evidentiary underpinning of global warming . Mid-latitude mountain ranges such as the Himalayas , Alps , Rocky Mountains , Cascade Range , and the southern Andes , as well as isolated tropical summits such as Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa , are showing some of the largest proportionate glacial losses .   Glacier mass balance is the key determinant of the health of a glacier . If the amount of frozen precipitation in the accumulation zone exceeds the quantity of glacial ice lost due to melting or in the ablation zone a glacier will advance ; if the accumulation is less than the ablation , the glacier will retreat . Glaciers in retreat will have negative mass balances , and if they do not find an equilibrium between accumulation and ablation , will eventually disappear .   The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the present . Subsequently , until about 1940 , glaciers around the world retreated as the climate warmed substantially . Glacial retreat slowed and even reversed temporarily , in many cases , between 1950 and 1980 as global temperatures cooled slightly . Since 1980 , a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous , so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether , and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened . In locations such as the Andes of South America and Himalayas in Asia , the demise of glaciers in these regions has the potential to affect water supplies in those areas .   The retreat of mountain glaciers , notably in western North America , Asia , the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America , Africa and Indonesia , provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century . The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level , which would affect coastal regions ."}
{"_id": "Richard_Lindzen", "title": "Richard Lindzen", "headings": "", "text": "Richard Siegmund Lindzen ( born February 8 , 1940 ) is an American atmospheric physicist known for his work in the dynamics of the middle atmosphere , atmospheric tides , and ozone photochemistry . He has published more than 200 scientific papers and books . From 1983 until his retirement in 2013 , he was Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . He was a lead author of Chapter 7 , `` Physical Climate Processes and Feedbacks , '' of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's Third Assessment Report on climate change . He has criticized the scientific consensus about climate change and what he has called `` climate alarmism . ''"}
{"_id": "Richard_Tol", "title": "Richard Tol", "headings": "", "text": "Richard S. J. Tol ( born 2 December 1969 , Hoorn , the Netherlands ) is a professor of economics at the University of Sussex . He is also professor of the economics of climate change at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam . He is a member of the Academia Europaea ."}
{"_id": "Rick_Perry", "title": "Rick Perry", "headings": "", "text": "James Richard Perry ( born March 4 , 1950 ) is an American politician who is the 14th and current United States Secretary of Energy , serving in the Trump Administration . Prior to his cabinet position , Perry served as the 47th Governor of Texas from December 2000 to January 2015 . A Republican , he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Texas in 1998 and assumed the governorship in December 2000 when then-governor George W. Bush resigned to become President of the United States . Perry was the longest-serving governor in Texas history .   Perry was elected three times to full gubernatorial terms and is the fourth Texas governor ( after Allan Shivers , Price Daniel and John Connally ) to serve three terms . With a tenure in office of 14 years , 30 days , Perry was , at the time he left office , the second longest-serving current U.S. governor ( after Terry Branstad of Iowa ) . Perry ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 2012 and 2016 . On December 14 , 2016 , Donald Trump announced his intention to nominate the longtime Texas governor as his Secretary of Energy . On March 2 , 2017 , he was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 62 -- 37 vote ."}
{"_id": "Rick_Perry_2012_presidential_campaign", "title": "Rick Perry 2012 presidential campaign", "headings": "", "text": "The Rick Perry presidential campaign of 2012 began when Rick Perry, four-term Governor of Texas, announced via a spokesman on August 11, 2011, that he would be running for the 2012 Republican Party nomination for president of the United States.Perry was considered as a potential candidate since as early as the 2008 presidential election, initially denying he was interested in the office but later becoming more open-minded. He formally launched his campaign on August 13, 2011, in Charleston, South Carolina. While he was initially successful in fundraising and was largely considered a serious contender for the nomination, he struggled during the debates and his poll numbers began to decline. After finishing fifth with just over 10% of the vote in the Iowa caucuses on January 3, 2012, Perry considered dropping out of the presidential race but did not. After a poor showing in New Hampshire and with \"lagging\" poll numbers in South Carolina, Perry formally announced he was suspending his campaign on January 19, 2012."}
{"_id": "Rigour", "title": "Rigour", "headings": "", "text": "Rigour ( British English ) or rigor ( American English ; see spelling differences ) describes a condition of stiffness or strictness . Rigour frequently refers to a process of adhering absolutely to certain constraints , or the practice of maintaining strict consistency with certain predefined parameters . These constraints may be environmentally imposed , such as `` the rigours of famine '' ; logically imposed , such as mathematical proofs which must maintain consistent answers ; or socially imposed , such as the process of defining ethics and law ."}
{"_id": "Ringed_seal", "title": "Ringed seal", "headings": "", "text": "The ringed seal ( Pusa hispida or Phoca hispida ) , also known as the jar seal and as netsik or nattiq by the Inuit , is an earless seal ( family : Phocidae ) inhabiting the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions . The ringed seal is a relatively small seal , rarely greater than 1.5 m in length , with a distinctive patterning of dark spots surrounded by light grey rings , hence its common name . It is the most abundant and wide-ranging ice seal in the Northern Hemisphere : ranging throughout the Arctic Ocean , into the Bering Sea and Okhotsk Sea as far south as the northern coast of Japan in the Pacific , and throughout the North Atlantic coasts of Greenland and Scandinavia as far south as Newfoundland , and include two freshwater subspecies in northern Europe . Ringed seals are one of the primary prey of polar bears and have long been a component of the diet of indigenous people of the Arctic ."}
{"_id": "Rio_Grande", "title": "Rio Grande", "headings": "", "text": "The Rio Grande ( -LSB- ˈriːoʊ_ˈɡrænd -RSB- or -LSB- ˈriːoʊ_ˈɡrɑːndɛ -RSB- Río Bravo del Norte , -LSB- ˈri.o ˈβɾaβo ðel ˈnorte -RSB- or simply Río Bravo ) is one of the principal rivers in the southwest United States and northern Mexico ( the other being the Colorado River ) . The Rio Grande begins in south-central Colorado in the United States and flows to the Gulf of Mexico . Along the way , it forms part of the Mexico -- United States border . According to the International Boundary and Water Commission , its total length was 1896 mi in the late 1980s , though course shifts occasionally result in length changes . Depending on how it is measured , the Rio Grande is either the fourth - or fifth-longest river system in North America .   The river serves as part of the natural border between the U.S. state of Texas and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas . A very short stretch of the river serves as part of the boundary between the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico . Since the mid -- 20th century , heavy water consumption of farms and cities along with many large diversion dams on the river has left only 20 % of its natural discharge to flow to the Gulf . Near the river 's mouth , the heavily irrigated lower Rio Grande Valley is an important agricultural region . The Rio Grande is one of 19 Great Waters recognized by America 's Great Waters Coalition .   The Rio Grande 's watershed covers 182200 sqmi . Many endorheic basins are situated within , or adjacent to , the Rio Grande 's basin , and these are sometimes included in the river basin 's total area , increasing its size to about 336000 sqmi ."}
{"_id": "Rio_de_Janeiro", "title": "Rio de Janeiro", "headings": "", "text": "Rio de Janeiro ( -LSB- ˈriːoʊ_di_ʒəˈnɛəroʊ , _ - deɪ_ʒə - , _ - də_dʒə - -RSB- -LSB- ˈʁi.u d ( ʒi ) ʒɐˈnejɾu -RSB- ; River of January ) , or simply Rio , is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas . The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area , the second-most populous metropolitan area in Brazil and sixth-most populous in the Americas . Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 's third-most populous state . Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site , named `` Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea '' , by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape .   Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese , the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro , a domain of the Portuguese Empire . Later , in 1763 , it became the capital of the State of Brazil , a state of the Portuguese Empire . In 1808 , when the Portuguese Royal Court transferred itself from Portugal to Brazil , Rio de Janeiro became the chosen seat of the court of Queen Maria I of Portugal , who subsequently , in 1815 , under the leadership of her son , the Prince Regent , and future King João VI of Portugal , raised Brazil to the dignity of a kingdom , within the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil , and Algarves . Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 , when the War of Brazilian Independence began . This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies . Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy , the Empire of Brazil , until 1889 , and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to Brasília .   Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country , and 30th largest in the world in 2008 , estimated at about R$ 343 billion ( IBGE , 2008 ) ( nearly US$ 201 billion ) . It is headquarters to Brazilian oil , mining , and telecommunications companies , including two of the country 's major corporations -- Petrobras and Vale -- and Latin America 's largest telemedia conglomerate , Grupo Globo . The home of many universities and institutes , it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil , accounting for 17 % of national scientific output according to 2005 data .   Rio de Janeiro is one of the most visited cities in the Southern Hemisphere and is known for its natural settings , Carnival , samba , bossa nova , and balneario beaches such as Barra da Tijuca , Copacabana , Ipanema , and Leblon . In addition to the beaches , some of the most famous landmarks include the giant statue of Christ the Redeemer atop Corcovado mountain , named one of the New Seven Wonders of the World ; Sugarloaf Mountain with its cable car ; the Sambódromo ( Sambadrome ) , a permanent grandstand-lined parade avenue which is used during Carnival ; and Maracanã Stadium , one of the world 's largest football stadiums .   Rio de Janeiro was the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics and the 2016 Summer Paralympics , making the city the first South American and Portuguese-speaking city to host the events , and the third time the Olympics were held in a Southern Hemisphere city . The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup , and the XV Pan American Games .   The city is divided into 33 administrative regions ."}
{"_id": "Rise_of_the_Olympian", "title": "Rise of the Olympian", "headings": "", "text": "`` Rise of the Olympian '' is a Wonder Woman story arc written by Gail Simone with art by Aaron Lopresti ."}
{"_id": "Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire", "title": "Rise of the Ottoman Empire", "headings": "", "text": "The foundation and rise of the Ottoman Empire is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality in , and ended with the conquest of Constantinople on May 29 , 1453 . This period witnessed the foundation of a political entity ruled by the Ottoman Dynasty in the northwestern Anatolian region of Bithynia , and its transformation from a small principality on the Byzantine frontier into an empire spanning the Balkans and Anatolia . For this reason , this period in the empire 's history has been described as the Proto-Imperial Era . Throughout most of this period , the Ottomans were merely one of many competing states in the region , and relied upon the support of local warlords and vassals to maintain control over their realm . By the middle of the fifteenth century the Ottoman sultans were able to accumulate enough personal power and authority to establish a centralized imperial state , a process which was brought to fruition by Sultan Mehmed II ( r. 1451-1481 ) .   The cause of Ottoman success can not be attributed to any single factor , and they varied throughout the period as the Ottomans continually adapted to changing circumstances .   The earlier part of this period , the fourteenth century , is particularly difficult for historians to study due to the scarcity of sources . Not a single written document survives from the reign of Osman I , and very little survives from the rest of the century . The Ottomans , furthermore , did not begin to record their own history until the fifteenth century , more than a hundred years after many of the events they describe . It is thus a great challenge for historians to differentiate between fact and myth in analyzing the stories contained in these later chronicles , so much so that one historian has even declared it impossible , describing the earliest period of Ottoman history as a `` black hole . ''"}
{"_id": "Rise_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes", "title": "Rise of the Planet of the Apes", "headings": "", "text": "Rise of the Planet of the Apes is a 2011 American science fiction film directed by Rupert Wyatt and starring James Franco , Freida Pinto , John Lithgow , Brian Cox , Tom Felton , David Oyelowo , and Andy Serkis . Written by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver , it is 20th Century Fox 's reboot of the Planet of the Apes series , intended to act as an origin story for a new series of films . Its premise is similar to the fourth film in the original series , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) , but it is not a direct remake of that film .   Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on August 5 , 2011 , to critical and commercial success . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects . It was also nominated for five Saturn Awards including Best Director for Wyatt and Best Writing for Jaffa and Silver , winning Best Science Fiction Film , Best Supporting Actor for Serkis and Best Special Effects . Serkis ' performance as Caesar was widely acclaimed , earning him many nominations from many associations which do not usually recognize performance capture as traditional acting . A sequel to the film , Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 11 , 2014 , and a third film , War for the Planet of the Apes , is planned for a July 14 , 2017 release ."}
{"_id": "Risk", "title": "Risk", "headings": "", "text": "Risk is the potential of gaining or losing something of value . Values ( such as physical health , social status , emotional well-being , or financial wealth ) can be gained or lost when taking risk resulting from a given action or inaction , foreseen or unforeseen . Risk can also be defined as the intentional interaction with uncertainty . Uncertainty is a potential , unpredictable , and uncontrollable outcome ; risk is a consequence of action taken in spite of uncertainty .   Risk perception is the subjective judgment people make about the severity and probability of a risk , and may vary person to person . Any human endeavor carries some risk , but some are much riskier than others ."}
{"_id": "Risk_management", "title": "Risk management", "headings": "", "text": "Risk management is the identification , assessment , and prioritization of risks ( defined in ISO 31000 as the effect of uncertainty on objectives ) followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize , monitor , and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities . Risk management 's objective is to assure uncertainty does not deflect the endeavor from the business goals .   Risks can come from various sources including uncertainty in financial markets , threats from project failures ( at any phase in design , development , production , or sustainment life-cycles ) , legal liabilities , credit risk , accidents , natural causes and disasters , deliberate attack from an adversary , or events of uncertain or unpredictable root-cause . There are two types of events i.e. negative events can be classified as risks while positive events are classified as opportunities . Several risk management standards have been developed including the Project Management Institute , the National Institute of Standards and Technology , actuarial societies , and ISO standards . Methods , definitions and goals vary widely according to whether the risk management method is in the context of project management , security , engineering , industrial processes , financial portfolios , actuarial assessments , or public health and safety .   Strategies to manage threats ( uncertainties with negative consequences ) typically include avoiding the threat , reducing the negative effect or probability of the threat , transferring all or part of the threat to another party , and even retaining some or all of the potential or actual consequences of a particular threat , and the opposites for opportunities ( uncertain future states with benefits ) .   Certain aspects of many of the risk management standards have come under criticism for having no measurable improvement on risk ; whereas the confidence in estimates and decisions seem to increase . For example , it has been shown that one in six IT projects experience cost overruns of 200 % on average , and schedule overruns of 70 % ."}
{"_id": "River_Parrett", "title": "River Parrett", "headings": "", "text": "The River Parrett flows through the counties of Dorset and Somerset in South West England , from its source in the Thorney Mills springs in the hills around Chedington in Dorset . Flowing northwest through Somerset and the Somerset Levels to its mouth at Burnham-on-Sea , into the Bridgwater Bay nature reserve on the Bristol Channel , the Parrett and its tributaries drain an area of 1700 km2 -- about 50 per cent of Somerset 's land area , with a population of 300,000 .   The Parrett 's main tributaries include the Rivers Tone , Isle , and Yeo , and the River Cary via the King 's Sedgemoor Drain . The 37 mi long river is tidal for 19 mi up to Oath . The fall of the river between Langport and Bridgwater is only 1 ft/mi , so it is prone to frequent flooding in winter and during high tides . Many approaches have been tried since at least the medieval period to reduce the incidence and effect of floods and to drain the surrounding fields .   In Anglo-Saxon times the river formed a boundary between Wessex and Dumnonia . It later served the Port of Bridgwater , and enabled cargoes to be transported inland . The arrival of the railways led to a decline in commercial shipping , and the only working docks are at Dunball . Man 's influence on the river has left a legacy of bridges and industrial artefacts . The Parrett along with its connected waterways and network of drains supports an ecosystem that includes several rare species of flora and fauna . The River Parrett Trail has been established along the banks of the river ."}
{"_id": "River_Thames", "title": "River Thames", "headings": "", "text": "The River Thames ( -LSB- tɛmz -RSB- ) is a river that flows through southern England , most notably through London . At 215 mi , it is the longest river entirely in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom , after the River Severn . It also flows through Oxford ( where it is called Isis ) , Reading , Henley-on-Thames and Windsor . The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway , derived from its long tidal reach up to Teddington Lock . It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire , and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary . The Thames drains the whole of Greater London .   Its tidal section , reaching up to Teddington Lock , includes most of its London stretch and has a rise and fall of 7 m. Running through some of the driest parts of mainland Britain and heavily abstracted for drinking water , the Thames ' discharge is low considering its length and breadth : the Severn has a discharge almost twice as large on average despite having a smaller drainage basin . In Scotland , the Tay achieves more than double the average discharge from a drainage basin that is 60 % smaller .   Along its course are 45 navigation locks with accompanying weirs . Its catchment area covers a large part of South Eastern and a small part of Western England and the river is fed by 38 named tributaries . The river contains over 80 islands . With its waters varying from freshwater to almost seawater , the Thames supports a variety of wildlife and has a number of adjoining Sites of Special Scientific Interest , with the largest being in the remaining parts of the North Kent Marshes and covering 5449 ha .   In 2010 , the Thames won the largest environmental award in the world -- the $ 350,000 International Riverprize ."}
{"_id": "Rob_Portman", "title": "Rob Portman", "headings": "", "text": "Robert Jones Portman ( born December 19 , 1955 ) is an American lawyer and the junior United States Senator from Ohio , in office since 2011 . Previously he served as a congressman , as the 14th United States Trade Representative , and as the 35th Director of the Office of Management and Budget .   Born in Cincinnati , Ohio , Portman graduated from Dartmouth College and the University of Michigan Law School . He worked briefly in the White House during the George H. W. Bush administration before entering the U.S. House of Representatives , representing the eastern half of Greater Cincinnati and neighboring counties along the Ohio River , and serving six consecutive terms . Portman resigned from Congress to serve as U.S. Trade Representative from May 2005 to May 2006 . As Trade Representative , Portman is cited for initiating worldwide trade agreements between other countries and the United States , and pursuing claims against China and the European Union at the World Trade Organization . He later served in the George W. Bush administration from May 2006 to June 2007 as Director of the Office of Management and Budget , where he advocated a balanced budget . Portman is married and has three children .   A center-right member of the Republican Party , Portman was elected U.S. Senator in 2010 . He has been listed as a possible Republican vice presidential candidate in the past two presidential elections . In the Senate , Portman was a member of the Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction . Throughout his time in Congress , the Cabinet , and the Senate , Portman has visited over thirty countries , including Israel , China , and Iraq . In 2013 , Portman became the first incumbent statewide or national-level Republican to publicly support legal recognition of same-sex marriage since Lincoln Chafee in 2004 ."}
{"_id": "Rock_music", "title": "Rock music", "headings": "", "text": "Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as `` rock and roll '' in the United States in the early 1950s , and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later , particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States . It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll , a style which drew heavily on the African-American genres of blues and rhythm and blues , and from country music . Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as electric blues and folk , and incorporated influences from jazz , classical and other musical styles . Musically , rock has centered on the electric guitar , usually as part of a rock group with electric bass and drums and one or more singers . Typically , rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form , but the genre has become extremely diverse . Like pop music , lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political .   By the late 1960s `` classic rock '' period , a number of distinct rock music subgenres had emerged , including hybrids like blues rock , folk rock , country rock , raga rock , and jazz-rock , many of which contributed to the development of psychedelic rock , which was influenced by the countercultural psychedelic and hippie scene . New genres that emerged included progressive rock , which extended the artistic elements ; glam rock , which highlighted showmanship and visual style ; and the diverse and enduring subgenre of heavy metal , which emphasized volume , power , and speed . In the second half of the 1970s , punk rock reacted by producing stripped-down , energetic social and political critiques . Punk was an influence in the 1980s on new wave , post-punk and eventually alternative rock . From the 1990s alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break into the mainstream in the form of grunge , Britpop , and indie rock . Further fusion subgenres have since emerged , including pop punk , rap rock , and rap metal , as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock 's history , including the garage rock/post-punk and synth-pop revivals at the beginning of the 2000s ( decade ) .   Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements , leading to major subcultures including mods and rockers in the UK and the hippie counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s . Similarly , 1970s punk culture spawned the goth and emo subcultures . Inheriting the folk tradition of the protest song , rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in social attitudes to race , sex and drug use , and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult consumerism and conformity ."}
{"_id": "Roger_A._Pielke_Jr.", "title": "Roger A. Pielke Jr.", "headings": "", "text": "Roger A. Pielke Jr. ( born November 2 , 1968 ) is an American political scientist and professor and the director of the Sports Governance Center within the Department of Athletics at the Center for Science and Technology Policy Research at the University of Colorado Boulder .   He previously served in the Environmental Studies Program and was a Fellow of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences ( CIRES ) where he served as Director of the Center for Science and Technology Policy Research at the University of Colorado Boulder from 2001 to 2007 . Pielke was a visiting scholar at Oxford University 's Saïd Business School in the 2007-2008 academic year .   His interests include understanding the politicization of science ; decision making under uncertainty ; policy education for scientists in areas such as climate change , disaster mitigation , and world trade ; and research on the governance of sports organizations , including FIFA and the NCAA ."}
{"_id": "Ron_Johnson_(Wisconsin_politician)", "title": "Ron Johnson (Wisconsin politician)", "headings": "", "text": "Ronald Harold Johnson (born April 8, 1955) is an American businessman and politician serving as the senior United States Senator for Wisconsin. He is a member of the Republican Party. Johnson was first elected to the Senate in 2010, defeating Democratic incumbent Russ Feingold and re-elected in 2016, again defeating Feingold. Before politics, Johnson was chief executive officer of a polyester and plastics manufacturer founded by his brother-in-law."}
{"_id": "Ronald_Reagan", "title": "Ronald Reagan", "headings": "", "text": "Ronald Wilson Reagan ( -LSB- ˈrɒnəld_ˈwɪlsən_ˈreɪɡən -RSB- ) ( February 6 , 1911 -- June 5 , 2004 ) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989 . Before his presidency , he was the 33rd Governor of California , from 1967 to 1975 , after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader .   Raised in a poor family in small towns of northern Illinois , Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and worked as a sports announcer on several regional radio stations . After moving to Hollywood in 1937 , he became an actor and starred in a few major productions . Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild , the labor union for actors , where he worked to root out Communist influence . In the 1950s , he moved into television and was a motivational speaker at General Electric factories . Having been a lifelong Democrat , his views changed . He became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party . In 1964 , Reagan 's speech , `` A Time for Choosing '' , in support of Barry Goldwater 's foundering presidential campaign , earned him national attention as a new conservative spokesman . Building a network of supporters , he was elected Governor of California in 1966 . As governor , Reagan raised taxes , turned a state budget deficit to a surplus , challenged the protesters at the University of California , ordered National Guard troops in during a period of protest movements in 1969 , and was re-elected in 1970 . He twice ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the U.S. presidency in 1968 and 1976 ; four years later , he easily won the nomination outright , becoming the oldest elected U.S. president up to that time , defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter in 1980 .   Entering the presidency in 1981 , Reagan implemented sweeping new political and economic initiatives . His supply-side economic policies , dubbed `` Reaganomics '' , advocated tax rate reduction to spur economic growth , control of the money supply to curb inflation , economic deregulation , and reduction in government spending . In his first term he survived an assassination attempt , spurred the War on Drugs , and fought public sector labor . Over his two terms , the economy saw a reduction of inflation from 12.5 % to 4.4 % , and an average annual growth of real GDP of 3.4 ; while Reagan did enact cuts in domestic discretionary spending , tax cuts and increased military spending contributed to increased federal outlays overall , even after adjustment for inflation . During his re-election bid , Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was `` Morning in America '' , winning a landslide in 1984 with the largest electoral college victory in American history . Foreign affairs dominated his second term , including ending of the Cold War , the bombing of Libya , and the Iran -- Contra affair . Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an `` evil empire '' , and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate , President Reagan challenged Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to `` tear down this wall ! '' . He transitioned Cold War policy from détente to rollback , by escalating an arms race with the USSR while engaging in talks with Gorbachev , which culminated in the INF Treaty , shrinking both countries ' nuclear arsenals . Reagan 's presidency came during the decline of the Soviet Union and just ten months after the end of his term , the Berlin Wall fell , and on December 26 , 1991 , nearly three years after he left office , the Soviet Union collapsed .   Leaving office in 1989 , Reagan held an approval rating of sixty-eight percent , matching those of Franklin D. Roosevelt , and later Bill Clinton , as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era . He was the first president since Dwight D. Eisenhower to serve two full terms , after a succession of five prior presidents failed to do so . While having planned an active post-presidency , in 1994 Reagan disclosed his diagnosis with Alzheimer 's disease earlier that year , appearing publicly for the last time at the funeral of Richard Nixon ; he died ten years later in 2004 at the age of 93 ; Reagan had the second-longest life out of all the presidents ; the current longest lifespan of a president is held by Gerald Ford , who died two years after Reagan . An icon among Republicans , he is viewed favorably in historian rankings of U.S. presidents , and his tenure constituted a realignment toward conservative policies in the U.S."}
{"_id": "Ross_Ice_Shelf", "title": "Ross Ice Shelf", "headings": "", "text": "The Ross Ice Shelf is the largest ice shelf of Antarctica ( an area of roughly 487000 sqkm and about 800 km across : about the size of France ) . It is several hundred metres thick . The nearly vertical ice front to the open sea is more than 600 km long , and between 15 and high above the water surface . Ninety percent of the floating ice , however , is below the water surface .   Most of Ross Ice Shelf is in the Ross Dependency claimed by New Zealand . It floats in , and covers , a large southern portion of the Ross Sea and the entire Roosevelt Island located in the west of the Ross Sea .   The ice shelf is named after Captain Sir James Clark Ross , who discovered it on 28 January 1841 . It was originally called The Barrier , with various adjectives including Great Ice Barrier , as it prevented sailing further south . Ross mapped the ice front eastward to 160 ° W . In 1947 , the US Board on Geographic Names applied the name Ross Shelf Ice to this feature and published it in the original US Antarctic Gazetteer . In January 1953 the name was changed to Ross Ice Shelf ; that name was published in 1956 ."}
{"_id": "Ross_McKitrick", "title": "Ross McKitrick", "headings": "", "text": "Ross McKitrick is a Canadian economist specializing in environmental economics and policy analysis . He is a professor of economics at the University of Guelph , and a senior fellow of the Fraser Institute . He is a member of the academic advisory boards of the John Deutsch Institute , the Global Warming Policy Foundation , and the Cornwall Alliance for the Stewardship of Creation .   He has authored works about climate change issues , including co-authoring the book Taken By Storm : The Troubled Science , Policy and Politics of Global Warming in 2003 . McKitrick produced a series of videos and articles for the Friends of Science in which he argued that there is a `` pause '' in global warming that reveals flaws in current climate change models . The Friends of Science argue that the sun -- not human emissions of GHG -- is the main driver of climate change ."}
{"_id": "Rossby_wave", "title": "Rossby wave", "headings": "", "text": "Rossby waves , also known as planetary waves , are a natural phenomenon in the atmosphere and oceans of planets that largely owe their properties to rotation of the planet . Rossby waves are a subset of inertial waves .   Atmospheric Rossby waves on Earth are giant meanders in high-altitude winds that have a major influence on weather . These waves are associated with pressure systems and the jet stream . Oceanic Rossby waves move along the thermocline : the boundary between the warm upper layer and the cold deeper part of the ocean ."}
{"_id": "Roswell_UFO_incident", "title": "Roswell UFO incident", "headings": "", "text": "In mid-1947 , a United States Air Force balloon crashed at a ranch near Roswell , New Mexico . Following wide initial interest in the crashed `` flying disc '' , the US military stated that it was merely a conventional weather balloon . Interest subsequently waned until the late 1970s , when ufologists began promoting a variety of increasingly elaborate conspiracy theories , claiming that one or more alien spacecraft had crash-landed , and that the extraterrestrial occupants had been recovered by the military , who then engaged in a cover-up .   In the 1990s , the US military published two reports disclosing the true nature of the crashed object : a nuclear test surveillance balloon from Project Mogul . Nevertheless , the Roswell incident continues to be of interest in popular media , and conspiracy theories surrounding the event persist . Roswell has been described as `` the world 's most famous , most exhaustively investigated , and most thoroughly debunked UFO claim '' ."}
{"_id": "Roy_Spencer_(scientist)", "title": "Roy Spencer (scientist)", "headings": "", "text": "Roy Warren Spencer ( born December 20 , 1955 ) is a meteorologist , Principal Research Scientist at the University of Alabama in Huntsville , and the U.S. Science Team leader for the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer ( AMSR-E ) on NASA 's Aqua satellite . He has served as Senior Scientist for Climate Studies at NASA 's Marshall Space Flight Center .   He is known for his satellite-based temperature monitoring work , for which he was awarded the American Meteorological Society 's Special Award ."}
{"_id": "Runaway_greenhouse_effect", "title": "Runaway greenhouse effect", "headings": "", "text": "A runaway greenhouse effect is a process in which a net positive feedback between surface temperature and atmospheric opacity increases the strength of the greenhouse effect on a planet until its oceans boil away . An example of this is believed to have happened in the early history of Venus . On the Earth , the IPCC states that `` a ` runaway greenhouse effect ' -- analogous to -LSB- that of -RSB- Venus -- appears to have virtually no chance of being induced by anthropogenic activities . ''   Other large-scale climate changes are sometimes loosely called a `` runaway greenhouse effect '' although it is not an appropriate description . For example , it has been hypothesized that large releases of greenhouse gases may have occurred concurrently with the Permian -- Triassic extinction event or Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum . Other terms , such as `` abrupt climate change '' , or tipping points could be used when describing such scenarios ."}
{"_id": "Russia", "title": "Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Russia ( -LSB- ˈrʌʃə -RSB- -LSB- Россия , Rossiya , rɐˈsʲijə -RSB- ) , also officially the Russian Federation ( -LSB- Российская Федерация , r = Rossiyskaya Federatsiya , p = rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə -RSB- ) , is a country in Eurasia . At 17075200 km2 , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , and the ninth most populous , with over 144 million people at the end of March 2016 . The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern ; about 77 % of the population live in European Russia . Russia 's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world ; other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan .   Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe , Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms . From northwest to southeast , Russia shares land borders with Norway , Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland ( both with Kaliningrad Oblast ) , Belarus , Ukraine , Georgia , Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , China , Mongolia , and North Korea . It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait .   The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states ; most of the Rus ' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century . The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities , achieved independence from the Golden Horde , and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus ' . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east .   Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state . The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II , and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War . The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century , including the world 's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space . By the end of 1990 , the Soviet Union had the world 's second largest economy , largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , fifteen independent republics emerged from the USSR : Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Estonia , Georgia , Kyrgyzstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Moldova , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan ; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and sole successor state of the Soviet Union . It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic .   The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015 . Russia 's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world , making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally . The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction . Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower . It is permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , as well as a member of the G20 , the Council of Europe , the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) , the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( SCO ) , the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) , and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) , the Collective Security Treaty Organization ( CSTO ) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union ( EEU ) , along with Armenia , Belarus , Kazakhstan , and Kyrgyzstan ."}
{"_id": "Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections", "title": "Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections", "headings": "", "text": "United States intelligence agencies have concluded that there was Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections . In January 2017 , a published U.S. intelligence community assessment expressed `` high confidence '' that the Russian government favored Donald Trump over Hillary Clinton and that Russian President Vladimir Putin personally ordered an `` influence campaign '' to denigrate Clinton and to harm her electoral chances and potential presidency . The report concluded that Russia used disinformation , data thefts , leaks , and social media `` trolls '' in an effort to give an advantage to Trump over Clinton but did not target or compromise vote tallying . These conclusions were reaffirmed by the lead intelligence officials in the Trump administration in May 2017 . Intelligence allies of the U.S. in Europe had found communications between suspected Russian agents and the Trump campaign as early as 2015 . Some media organizations have referred to this interference as `` Kremlingate '' .   On October 7 , 2016 , the Office of the Director of National Intelligence ( DNI ) and the Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) jointly stated that Russia hacked the Democratic National Committee ( DNC ) servers and Clinton campaign chairman John Podesta 's personal email account and leaked their documents to WikiLeaks .  Several cybersecurity firms stated that the cyberattacks were committed by Russian intelligence groups Fancy Bear and Cozy Bear . In October 2016 , U.S. President Barack Obama directly warned Putin to stop interfering or face `` serious consequences '' . Russian officials initially issued categorical denials of any Russian involvement in any DNC hacks or leaks . In June 2017 , however , in a shift from Russia 's previous blanket denials , Putin suggested that private `` patriotically minded '' Russian hackers could have been responsible for cyberattacks , while continuing to deny government involvement . In January 2017 , Director of National Intelligence James Clapper testified that Russia 's alleged meddling in the 2016 presidential campaign went beyond hacking , and included disinformation such as the dissemination of fake news often promoted on social media . President-elect Trump initially rejected the reports of Russian interference and criticized the intelligence agencies , saying that Democrats were simply reacting to their election loss .   Investigations on Russian influence , including potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials , were started by the FBI , the Senate Intelligence Committee and the House Intelligence Committee . Six federal agencies have also been investigating possible links and financial ties between the Kremlin and Trump 's associates , including his son-in-law Jared Kushner and advisers Carter Page , Paul Manafort and Roger Stone . In December 2016 , Obama ordered a report on hacking efforts aimed at U.S. elections since 2008 . On December 29 , 2016 , the U.S. expelled 35 Russian diplomats , denied access to two Russia-owned compounds , and broadened existing sanctions on Russian entities and individuals . Russia did not retaliate .   On March 20 , 2017 , FBI director James Comey testified to the House Intelligence Committee that the FBI had been conducting a counter-intelligence investigation about Russian interference since July 2016 , including possible coordination between associates of Trump and Russia . On May 9 , 2017 , in a move that was widely criticized as an attempt to curtail the Russian investigation by the FBI , Trump dismissed Comey . On May 17 , 2017 , Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed former FBI Director Robert Mueller as special counsel in the FBI 's Russian investigation ."}
{"_id": "Sadovo", "title": "Sadovo", "headings": "", "text": "Sadovo is a small town in Sadovo Municipality , Plovdiv Province , central Bulgaria , and the administrative center of Plovdiv . The population is 2,600 .   The mayor of Sadovo is Dimitar Zdravkov ."}
{"_id": "Sahara", "title": "Sahara", "headings": "", "text": "The Sahara ( الصحراء الكبرى , , ` the Greatest Desert ' ) is the largest hot desert and the third largest desert in the world after Antarctica and the Arctic . Its area of 9200000 km2 is comparable to the area of the United States .   The desert comprises much of North Africa , excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast , the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb , and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan . It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west , where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains . To the south , it is bounded by the Sahel , a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa .   The Sahara can be divided into several regions including : the western Sahara , the central Ahaggar Mountains , the Tibesti Mountains , the Aïr Mountains , the Ténéré desert , and the Libyan Desert .   The name ` Sahara ' is derived from ( , pronounced -LSB- / / ˈSaHa : ra : -RSB- ) , the plural of the Arabic word for `` desert '' ."}
{"_id": "Sahel_drought", "title": "Sahel drought", "headings": "", "text": "The Sahel has long experienced a series of historic droughts , dating back to at least the 17th century . The Sahel region is a climate zone sandwiched between the African Savannah grasslands to the south and the Sahara desert to the north , across West and Central Africa . While the frequency of drought in the region is thought to have increased from the end of the 19th century , three long droughts have had dramatic environmental and societal effects upon the Sahel nations . Famine followed severe droughts in the 1910s , the 1940s , and the 1960s , 1970s and 1980s , although a partial recovery occurred from 1975-80 . The most recent drought occurred in 2012 .   While at least one particularly severe drought has been confirmed each century since the 17th century , the frequency and severity of recent Sahelian droughts stands out . Famine and dislocation on a massive scale -- from 1968 to 1974 and again in the early and mid-1980s -- was blamed on two spikes in the severity of the 1960-1980s drought period . From the late 1960s to early 1980s famine killed 100,000 people , left 750,000 dependent on food aid , and affected most of the Sahel 's 50 million people . The economies , agriculture , livestock and human populations of much of Mauritania , Mali , Chad , Niger and Burkina Faso ( known as Upper Volta during the time of the drought ) were severely impacted . As disruptive as the droughts of the late 20th century were , evidence of past droughts recorded in Ghanaian lake sediments suggest that multi-decadal megadroughts were common in West Africa over the past 3,000 years and that several droughts lasted far longer and were far more severe .   Since the 1980s , summer rainfall in the Sahel has been increasing ; this has been associated with an increase in vegetation , forming what has been called a ` greening ' of the Sahel . The observed increase in rainfall is accounted for by enhancements in the African easterly jet , which is known to induce wet anomalies . A 2011 study found that the positional shifts in the African easterly jet and African easterly waves accompanied the northward migration of the Sahel rainband ."}
{"_id": "Salt_marsh", "title": "Salt marsh", "headings": "", "text": "A salt marsh or saltmarsh , also known as a coastal salt marsh or a tidal marsh , is a coastal ecosystem in the upper coastal intertidal zone between land and open salt water or brackish water that is regularly flooded by the tides . It is dominated by dense stands of salt-tolerant plants such as herbs , grasses , or low shrubs . These plants are terrestrial in origin and are essential to the stability of the salt marsh in trapping and binding sediments . Salt marshes play a large role in the aquatic food web and the delivery of nutrients to coastal waters . They also support terrestrial animals and provide coastal protection ."}
{"_id": "Salt_pannes_and_pools", "title": "Salt pannes and pools", "headings": "", "text": "Salt pannes and pools are water retaining depressions located within salt and brackish marshes . Pools tend to retain water during the summer months between high tides , whereas pannes generally do not . Salt pannes generally start when a mat of organic debris ( known as wrack ) is deposited upon existing vegetation , killing it . This creates a slight depression in the surrounding vegetation which retains water for varying periods of time . Upon successive cycles of inundation and evaporation the panne develops an increased salinity greater than that of the larger body of water . This increased salinity dictates the type of flora and fauna able to grow within the panne . Salt pools are also secondary formations , though the exact mechanism ( s ) of formation are not well understood ; some have predicted they will increase in size and abundance in the future due to rising sea levels .   Salt pannes and pools are unique microhabitats dominated by various species of halophytes , benthic plants and varying estuarine marine life that vary considerably in composition due to a variety of factors :  Substrate type : affects the ability of the depression to hold water .  depth and diameter : affect water temperature and evaporation rate in the depression . A shallow and wide pool will evaporate at a greater rate than a pool of the same volume of water which is deeper and has a smaller surface area . Evaporation rate also affects salinity , the higher the evaporation rate the higher the salinity , with rates as high as a third greater than ocean water .  location within the intertidal zone , whether high marsh or low marsh and distance from the mean low tide mark which affects the length and duration of inundation until the depression is subject to evaporation as well as length of time until the rising tide replenishes the water volume .   These factors affect the types of species which can survive within the various types of salt pannes and pools .   Variants of salt pannes and pools :   Low salt marsh   Low salt marsh panne   Usually devoid of vegetation , that may be present include smooth cordgrass ( Spartina alterniflora ) , marine algae such as knotted wrack ( Ascophyllum nodosum ) and rockweeds ( Fucus spp . ) . The substrate is typically soft , silty mud .   High salt marsh   Arrow-grass ( forb ) panne  Briefly flooded , very shallow with a moderate amount of vegetation usually dominated by Arrow grass ( Triglochin maritimum ) , with the deeper sections possibly remaining unvegetated .   Smooth cord-grass ( short form ) panne  Shallow anaerobic depressions with poor drainage , poor water quality due to low nutrient levels and high concentrations of sulfides and similar compounds which inhibit plant growth . Short form ( 6-12 '' tall ) smooth cord-grass ( Spartina alterniflora ) is the dominant plant species . Typically found on the high salt marsh , but can occasionally be found on the upper margins of low salt marsh .   Salt marsh mosquito panne   Minimal vegetation often found on the upper half of the high salt marsh . It is typically deeper than forb and smooth cord-grass pannes . Usually flooded by the higher of the two spring tides , retains water for 2 -- 3 weeks later until drying out . The female eastern salt marsh mosquito ( Aedes sollicitans ) lays eggs on the exposed surface . The eggs lay dormant until the next time the panne floods .   Widgeon grass ( Ruppia maritima ) - marsh minnow deepwater pool  Pools on the high salt marsh that are semi-permanently and permanently flooded . They are able to sustain populations of Sheephead minnow ( Cyprinodon variegatus variegatus ) , Mummichogs , ( Fundulus heteroclitus ) , and other species of small fish which may become trapped in the pools and benthic species of vegetation . Occasioanally can be found at the upper edge of the low salt marsh ."}
{"_id": "San_Francisco", "title": "San Francisco", "headings": "", "text": "San Francisco ( initials SF ) ( -LSB- sæn_frənˈsɪskoʊ -RSB- , Spanish for Saint Francis ; Spanish : -LSB- san franˈsisko -RSB- ) , officially the City and County of San Francisco , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . Located at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula , San Francisco is about 47.9 sqmi in area , making it the smallest county -- and the only consolidated city-county -- within the state of California . With a density of about 18,581 people per square mile ( 7,174 people per km2 ) , San Francisco is the most densely settled large city ( population greater than 200,000 ) in California and the second-most densely populated major city in the United States after New York City . San Francisco is the fourth-most populous city in California , after Los Angeles , San Diego , and San Jose , and the 13th-most populous city in the United States -- with a census-estimated 2016 population of 870,887 . The city and its surrounding areas are known as the San Francisco Bay Area , and are a part of the larger OMB-designated San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland combined statistical area , the fifth most populous in the nation with an estimated population of 8.7 million .   San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi . The California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth , making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time . San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856 .  After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire , San Francisco was quickly rebuilt , hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later . In World War II , San Francisco was a major port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater . It then became the birthplace of the United Nations in 1945 . After the war , the confluence of returning servicemen , massive immigration , liberalizing attitudes , along with the rise of the `` hippie '' counterculture , the Sexual Revolution , the Peace Movement growing from opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War , and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement , cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States . Politically , the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines .   A popular tourist destination , San Francisco is known for its cool summers , fog , steep rolling hills , eclectic mix of architecture , and landmarks , including the Golden Gate Bridge , cable cars , the former Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary , Fisherman 's Wharf , and its Chinatown district . San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. , Gap Inc. , Salesforce.com , Dropbox , Reddit , Square , Inc. , Dolby , Airbnb , Weebly , Pacific Gas and Electric Company , Yelp , Pinterest , Twitter , Uber , Lyft , Mozilla , Wikimedia Foundation , Craigslist and Weather Underground . It has several nicknames , including `` The City by the Bay '' , `` Fog City '' , `` San Fran '' , and `` Frisco '' , as well as older ones like `` The City that Knows How '' , `` Baghdad by the Bay '' , `` The Paris of the West '' , or simply `` The City '' . , San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings ."}
{"_id": "San_Francisco_Bay", "title": "San Francisco Bay", "headings": "", "text": "San Francisco Bay is a shallow estuary in the U.S. state of California . It is surrounded by a contiguous region known as the San Francisco Bay Area ( often simply `` the Bay Area '' ) , dominated by the large cities San Francisco , Oakland , and San Jose .   San Francisco Bay drains water from approximately 40 percent of California . Water from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers , and from the Sierra Nevada mountains , flow into Suisun Bay , which then travels through the Carquinez Strait to meet with the Napa River at the entrance to San Pablo Bay , which connects at its south end to San Francisco Bay . It then connects to the Pacific Ocean via the Golden Gate strait . However , this entire group of interconnected bays is often called the San Francisco Bay .   The bay was designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance on February 2 , 2013 ."}
{"_id": "San_Joaquin_Valley", "title": "San Joaquin Valley", "headings": "", "text": "The San Joaquin Valley -LSB- ˌsæn_hwɑːˈkiːn -RSB- is the area of the Central Valley of the U.S. state of California that lies south of the Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta and is drained by the San Joaquin River . It comprises seven Northern California counties -- all of Kings County ; a majority of Fresno , Merced , Stanislaus counties ; segments of Madera and Tulare counties -- and all of Kern County , in Southern California . Although a majority of the valley is rural , it does contain urban cities such as Fresno , Bakersfield , Stockton , Modesto , Turlock , Porterville , Visalia , Merced , and Hanford ."}
{"_id": "Santa_Ana_winds", "title": "Santa Ana winds", "headings": "", "text": "The Santa Ana winds are strong , extremely dry down-slope winds that originate inland and affect coastal Southern California and northern Baja California . They originate from cool , dry high-pressure air masses in the Great Basin .   Santa Ana winds are known for the hot dry weather that they bring in the fall ( often the hottest of the year ) , but they can arise at other times of the year . They often bring the lowest relative humidities of the year to coastal Southern California . These low humidities , combined with the warm , compressionally-heated airmass , plus high wind speeds , create critical fire weather conditions . Known as `` devil winds '' , Santa Anas are infamous for fanning regional wildfires ."}
{"_id": "Sarah_Palin", "title": "Sarah Palin", "headings": "", "text": "Sarah Louise Palin ( -LSB- ˈpeɪlᵻn -RSB- née Heath ; born February 11 , 1964 ) is an American politician , commentator , and author who served as the ninth Governor of Alaska from 2006 until her resignation in 2009 . As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 2008 election alongside presidential nominee , Arizona Senator John McCain , she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major political party and the first Republican woman selected as a vice presidential candidate . Also , her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies .   She was elected to the Wasilla city council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996 . In 2003 , after an unsuccessful run for lieutenant governor , she was appointed chair of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission , responsible for overseeing the state 's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency . She was the youngest person and the first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska .   Since her resignation as Governor , she has endorsed and campaigned for the Tea Party movement as well as several candidates in multiple election cycles , prominently including Donald Trump for President in 2016 . From 2010 to 2015 , she provided political commentary for Fox News . On April 3 , 2014 , Palin premiered her TV show , Amazing America with Sarah Palin , on the Sportsman Channel , which ran until February 12 , 2015 . On July 27 , 2014 , Palin launched the online news network called the Sarah Palin Channel , which was closed on July 4 , 2015 ."}
{"_id": "Satellite_television", "title": "Satellite television", "headings": "", "text": "Satellite television is a service that delivers television programming to customers by relaying it from a communications satellite orbiting the Earth directly to the customer 's location . The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic antenna usually referred to as a satellite dish and a low-noise block downconverter .   A satellite receiver then decodes the desired television programme for viewing on a television set . Receivers can be external set-top boxes , or a built-in television tuner . Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services . It is the only television available in many remote geographic areas without terrestrial television or cable television service .   Modern systems signals are relayed from a communications satellite on the Ku band frequencies ( 12 -- 18 GHz ) requiring only a small dish less than a meter in diameter . The first satellite TV systems were an obsolete type now known as television receive-only . These systems received weaker analog signals transmitted in the C-band ( 4 -- 8 GHz ) from FSS type satellites , requiring the use of large 2-3 meter dishes . Consequently , these systems were nicknamed `` big dish '' systems , and were more expensive and less popular .   Early systems used analog signals , but modern ones use digital signals which allow transmission of the modern television standard high-definition television .   Different receivers are required for the two types . Some transmissions and channels are unencrypted and therefore free-to-air or free-to-view , while many other channels are transmitted with encryption ( pay television ) , requiring the customer to subscribe and pay a monthly fee to receive the programming ."}
{"_id": "Satellite_temperature_measurements", "title": "Satellite temperature measurements", "headings": "", "text": "The temperature of the atmosphere at various altitudes as well as sea and land surface temperatures can be inferred from satellite measurements . These measurements can be used to locate weather fronts , monitor the El Niño-Southern Oscillation , determine the strength of tropical cyclones , study urban heat islands and monitor the global climate . Wildfires , volcanos , and industrial hot spots can also be found via thermal imaging from weather satellites .   Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly . They measure radiances in various wavelength bands . Since 1978 microwave sounding units ( MSUs ) on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar orbiting satellites have measured the intensity of upwelling microwave radiation from atmospheric oxygen , which is related to the temperature of broad vertical layers of the atmosphere . Measurements of infrared radiation pertaining to sea surface temperature have been collected since 1967 .   Satellite datasets show that over the past four decades the troposphere has warmed and the stratosphere has cooled . Both of these trends are consistent with the influence of increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases ."}
{"_id": "Saturn", "title": "Saturn", "headings": "", "text": "Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System , after Jupiter . It is a gas giant with an average radius about nine times that of Earth . Although it has only one-eighth the average density of Earth , with its larger volume Saturn is just over 95 times more massive . Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture ; its astronomical symbol represents the god 's sickle .   Saturn 's interior is probably composed of a core of iron -- nickel and rock ( silicon and oxygen compounds ) . This core is surrounded by a deep layer of metallic hydrogen , an intermediate layer of liquid hydrogen and liquid helium , and finally outside the Frenkel line a gaseous outer layer . Saturn has a pale yellow hue due to ammonia crystals in its upper atmosphere . Electrical current within the metallic hydrogen layer is thought to give rise to Saturn 's planetary magnetic field , which is weaker than Earth 's , but has a magnetic moment 580 times that of Earth due to Saturn 's larger size . Saturn 's magnetic field strength is around one-twentieth of Jupiter 's . The outer atmosphere is generally bland and lacking in contrast , although long-lived features can appear . Wind speeds on Saturn can reach 1800 km/h , higher than on Jupiter , but not as high as those on Neptune .   Saturn has a prominent ring system that consists of nine continuous main rings and three discontinuous arcs and that is composed mostly of ice particles with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust . Sixty-two moons are known to orbit Saturn , of which fifty-three are officially named . This does not include the hundreds of moonlets comprising the rings . Titan , Saturn 's largest moon , and the second-largest in the Solar System , is larger than the planet Mercury , although less massive , and is the only moon in the Solar System to have a substantial atmosphere ."}
{"_id": "Saudi_Arabia", "title": "Saudi Arabia", "headings": "", "text": "Saudi Arabia ( -LSB- saʊ - -RSB- ) , officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ( KSA ) , is an Arab sovereign state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula .  With a land area of approximately , Saudi Arabia is geographically the fifth-largest state in Asia and second-largest state in the Arab world after Algeria . Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north , Kuwait to the northeast , Qatar , Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates to the east , Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south . It is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba . It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast and most of its terrain consists of arid desert and mountains .   The area of modern-day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of four distinct regions : Hejaz , Najd and parts of Eastern Arabia ( Al-Ahsa ) and Southern Arabia ( ` Asir ) . The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Ibn Saud . He united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh , the ancestral home of his family , the House of Saud . Saudi Arabia has since been an absolute monarchy , effectively a hereditary dictatorship governed along Islamic lines . The ultraconservative Wahhabi religious movement within Sunni Islam has been called `` the predominant feature of Saudi culture '' , with its global spread largely financed by the oil and gas trade . Saudi Arabia is sometimes called `` the Land of the Two Holy Mosques '' in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram ( in Mecca ) and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi ( in Medina ) , the two holiest places in Islam . The state has a total population of 28.7 million , of which 20 million are Saudi nationals and 8 million are foreigners . The state 's official language is Arabic .   Petroleum was discovered on 3 March 1938 and followed up by several other finds in the Eastern Province . Saudi Arabia has since become the world 's largest oil producer and exporter , controlling the world 's second largest oil reserves and the sixth largest gas reserves . The kingdom is categorized as a World Bank high-income economy with a high Human Development Index and is the only Arab country to be part of the G-20 major economies . However , the economy of Saudi Arabia is the least diversified in the Gulf Cooperation Council , lacking any significant service or production sector ( apart from the extraction of resources ) . The state has attracted criticism for its treatment of women and use of capital punishment . Saudi Arabia is a monarchical autocracy , has the fourth highest military expenditure in the world and SIPRI found that Saudi Arabia was the world 's second largest arms importer in 2010 -- 2014 . Saudi Arabia is considered a regional and middle power . In addition to the GCC , it is an active member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and OPEC ."}
{"_id": "Scarlet_fever", "title": "Scarlet fever", "headings": "", "text": "Scarlet fever can occur as a result of a group A Streptococcus ( group A strep ) infection . The signs and symptoms include a sore throat , fever , headaches , swollen lymph nodes , and a characteristic rash . The rash is red and feels like sandpaper and the tongue may be red and bumpy . It most commonly affects children between five and fifteen years of age .   Scarlet fever affects a small number of people who have either strep throat or streptococcal skin infections . The bacteria are usually spread by people coughing or sneezing . It can also be spread when a person touches an object that has the bacteria on it and then touches their mouth or nose . The characteristic rash is due to the erythrogenic toxin , a substance produced by some types of the bacterium . The diagnosis is typically confirmed by culturing the throat .   There is no vaccine . Prevention is by frequent handwashing , not sharing personal items , and staying away from other people when sick . The disease is treatable with antibiotics which prevents most complications . Outcomes with scarlet fever are typically good . Long-term complications as a result of scarlet fever include kidney disease , rheumatic heart disease , and arthritis . It was a leading cause of death in children in the early 20th century ."}
{"_id": "Scenario_planning", "title": "Scenario planning", "headings": "", "text": "Scenario planning , also called scenario thinking or scenario analysis , is a strategic planning method that some organizations use to make flexible long-term plans . It is in large part an adaptation and generalization of classic methods used by military intelligence .   The original method was that a group of analysts would generate simulation games for policy makers . The games combine known facts about the future , such as demographics , geography , military , political , industrial information , and mineral reserves , with key driving forces identified by considering social , technical , economic , environmental , and political ( STEEP ) trends .   In business applications , the emphasis on gaming the behavior of opponents was reduced ( shifting more toward a game against nature ) . At Royal Dutch/Shell for example , scenario planning was viewed as changing mindsets about the exogenous part of the world , prior to formulating specific strategies .   Scenario planning may involve aspects of systems thinking , specifically the recognition that many factors may combine in complex ways to create sometime surprising futures ( due to non-linear feedback loops ) . The method also allows the inclusion of factors that are difficult to formalize , such as novel insights about the future , deep shifts in values , unprecedented regulations or inventions . Systems thinking used in conjunction with scenario planning leads to plausible scenario story lines because the causal relationship between factors can be demonstrated . In these cases when scenario planning is integrated with a systems thinking approach to scenario development , it is sometimes referred to as dynamic scenarios ."}
{"_id": "Science", "title": "Science", "headings": "", "text": "Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe .   Contemporary science is typically subdivided into the natural sciences , which study the material universe ; the social sciences , which study people and societies ; and the formal sciences , which study logic and mathematics . The formal sciences are often excluded as they do not depend on empirical observations . Disciplines which use science , like engineering and medicine , may also be considered to be applied sciences .   From classical antiquity through the 19th century , science as a type of knowledge was more closely linked to philosophy than it is now , and in the Western world the term `` natural philosophy '' once encompassed fields of study that are today associated with science , such as astronomy , medicine , and physics . However , during the Islamic Golden Age foundations for the scientific method were laid by Ibn al-Haytham in his Book of Optics . While the classification of the material world by the ancient Indians and Greeks into air , earth , fire and water was more philosophical , medieval Middle Easterns used practical and experimental observation to classify materials .   In the 17th and 18th centuries , scientists increasingly sought to formulate knowledge in terms of physical laws . Over the course of the 19th century , the word `` science '' became increasingly associated with the scientific method itself as a disciplined way to study the natural world . It was during this time that scientific disciplines such as biology , chemistry , and physics reached their modern shapes . That same time period also included the origin of the terms `` scientist '' and `` scientific community '' , the founding of scientific institutions , and the increasing significance of their interactions with society and other aspects of culture ."}
{"_id": "Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics", "title": "Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics", "headings": "", "text": "Science , technology , engineering and mathematics ( STEM , previously SMET ) is a term that refers to the academic disciplines of science , technology , engineering and mathematics . The term is typically used when addressing education policy and curriculum choices in schools to improve competitiveness in science and technology development . It has implications for workforce development , national security concerns and immigration policy .   The acronym arose in common use shortly after an interagency meeting on science education held at the US National Science Foundation chaired by the then NSF director Rita Colwell . A director from the Office of Science division of Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists , Peter Faletra , suggested the change from the older acronym METS to STEM . Colwell , expressing some dislike for the older acronym , responded by suggesting NSF to institute the change . One of the first NSF projects to use the acronym was STEMTEC , the Science , Technology , Engineering and Math Teacher Education Collaborative at the University of Massachusetts Amherst , which was funded in 1998 ."}
{"_id": "Science_and_the_Catholic_Church", "title": "Science and the Catholic Church", "headings": "", "text": "The relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and science is a widely debated subject . Historically , the Church has often been a patron of sciences . It has been prolific in the foundation of schools , universities and hospitals , and many clergy have been active in the sciences . Historians of science such as Pierre Duhem credit medieval Catholic mathematicians and philosophers such as John Buridan , Nicole Oresme , and Roger Bacon as the founders of modern science . Duhem found `` the mechanics and physics , of which modern times are justifiably proud , to proceed by an uninterrupted series of scarcely perceptible improvements from doctrines professed in the heart of the medieval schools . '' Yet , the conflict thesis and other critiques emphasize historical or contemporary conflict between the Catholic Church and science , citing in particular the trial of Galileo as evidence . For its part , the Catholic Church teaches that science and the Christian faith are complementary , as can be seen from the Catechism of the Catholic Church which states in regards to faith and science :  Though faith is above reason , there can never be any real discrepancy between faith and reason . Since the same God who reveals mysteries and infuses faith has bestowed the light of reason on the human mind , God can not deny himself , nor can truth ever contradict truth . ... Consequently , methodical research in all branches of knowledge , provided it is carried out in a truly scientific manner and does not override moral laws , can never conflict with the faith , because the things of the world and the things of faith derive from the same God . The humble and persevering investigator of the secrets of nature is being led , as it were , by the hand of God in spite of himself , for it is God , the conserver of all things , who made them what they are .   Catholic scientists , both religious and lay , have led scientific discovery in many fields . From ancient times , Christian emphasis on practical charity gave rise to the development of systematic nursing and hospitals and the Church remains the single greatest private provider of medical care and research facilities in the world . Following the Fall of Rome , monasteries and convents remained bastions of scholarship in Western Europe and clergymen were the leading scholars of the age -- studying nature , mathematics , and the motion of the stars ( largely for religious purposes ) . During the Middle Ages , the Church founded Europe 's first universities , producing scholars like Robert Grosseteste , Albert the Great , Roger Bacon , and Thomas Aquinas , who helped establish the scientific method . During this period , the Church was also a great patron of engineering for the construction of elaborate cathedrals . Since the Renaissance , Catholic scientists have been credited as fathers of a diverse range of scientific fields : Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ( 1744-1829 ) prefigured the theory of evolution with Lamarckism , Friar Gregor Mendel ( 1822-1884 ) pioneered genetics , and Fr Georges Lemaitre ( 1894-1966 ) proposed the Big Bang cosmological model . The Jesuits have been particularly active , notably in astronomy . Church patronage of sciences continues through elite institutions like the Pontifical Academy of Sciences and Vatican Observatory .   This view of the Church as a patron of sciences is contested by some , who speak either of an historically varied relationship which has shifted , from active and even singular support , to bitter clashes ( with accusations of heresy ) -- or of an enduring intellectual conflict between religion and science . Enlightenment philosophers such as Voltaire were famously dismissive of the achievements of the Middle Ages . In the 19th century , the `` conflict thesis '' emerged to propose an intrinsic conflict or conflicts between the Church and science . The original historical usage of the term asserted that the Church has been in perpetual opposition to science . Later uses of the term denote the Church 's epistemological opposition to science . The thesis interprets the relationship between the Church and science as inevitably leading to public hostility , when religion aggressively challenges new scientific ideas as in the Galileo Affair . An alternative criticism is that the Church opposed particular scientific discoveries that it felt challenged its authority and power -- particularly through the Reformation and on through the Enlightenment . This thesis shifts the emphasis away from the perception of the fundamental incompatibility of religion per se and science-in-general to a critique of the structural reasons for the resistance of the Church as a political organisation .   The Church itself rejects the notion of innate conflict . The Vatican Council ( 1869/70 ) declared that `` Faith and reason are of mutual help to each other . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1912 proffers that `` The conflicts between science and the Church are not real , '' and states that belief in such conflicts are predicated on false assumptions . Pope St. John Paul II summarised the Catholic view of the relationship between faith and reason in the encyclical Fides et Ratio , saying that `` faith and reason are like two wings on which the human spirit rises to the contemplation of truth ; and God has placed in the human heart a desire to know the truth -- in a word , to know himself -- so that , by knowing and loving God , men and women may also come to the fullness of truth about themselves . '' The present Papal astronomer Brother Guy Consolmagno describes science as an `` act of worship '' and as `` a way of getting intimate with the Creator . ''"}
{"_id": "Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change", "title": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "headings": "", "text": "There is currently a strong scientific consensus that the Earth is warming and that this warming is mainly caused by human activities. This consensus is supported by various studies of scientists' opinions and by position statements of scientific organizations, many of which explicitly agree with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis reports.  Nearly all actively publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 2% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors."}
{"_id": "Scientific_journal", "title": "Scientific journal", "headings": "", "text": "In academic publishing , a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science , usually by reporting new research . There are thousands of scientific journals in publication , and many more have been published at various points in the past ( see list of scientific journals ) . Most journals are highly specialized , although some of the oldest journals such as Nature publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields . Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed , in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal 's standards of quality , and scientific validity . If the journal 's editor considers the paper appropriate , at least two researchers preferably from the same field check the paper for soundness of its scientific argument , and must agree to publish it . Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines , they are actually quite different . Issues of a scientific journal are rarely read casually , as one would read a magazine . The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method . If they are describing experiments or calculations , they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results . Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record .   The history of scientific journals dates from 1665 , when the French Journal des sçavans and the English Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society first began systematically publishing research results . Over a thousand , mostly ephemeral , were founded in the 18th century , and the number has increased rapidly after that .   Articles in scientific journals can be used in research and higher education . Scientific articles allow researchers to keep up to date with the developments of their field and direct their own research . An essential part of a scientific article is citation of earlier work . The impact of articles and journals is often assessed by counting citations ( citation impact ) . Some classes are partially devoted to the explication of classic articles , and seminar classes can consist of the presentation by each student of a classic or current paper . Schoolbooks and textbooks have been written usually only on established topics , while the latest research and more obscure topics are only accessible through scientific articles . In a scientific research group or academic department it is usual for the content of current scientific journals to be discussed in journal clubs . Academic credentials for promotion into academic ranks are established in large part by the number and impact of scientific articles published , and many doctoral programs allow for thesis by publication , where the candidate is required to publish a certain number of scientific articles .   The standards that a journal uses to determine publication can vary widely . Some journals , such as Nature , Science , PNAS , and Physical Review Letters , have a reputation of publishing articles that mark a fundamental breakthrough in their respective fields . In many fields , a formal or informal hierarchy of scientific journals exists ; the most prestigious journal in a field tends to be the most selective in terms of the articles it will select for publication , and usually will also have the highest impact factor . In some countries , journal rankings can be utilized for funding decisions and even evaluation of individual researchers , although they are poorly suited for that purpose .   It is also common for journals to have a regional focus , specializing in publishing papers from a particular country or other geographic region , like African Invertebrates .   Articles tend to be highly technical , representing the latest theoretical research and experimental results in the field of science covered by the journal . They are often incomprehensible to anyone except for researchers in the field and advanced students . In some subjects this is inevitable given the nature of the content . Usually , rigorous rules of scientific writing are enforced by the editors ; however , these rules may vary from journal to journal , especially between journals from different publishers . Articles are usually either original articles reporting completely new results or reviews of current literature . There are also scientific publications that bridge the gap between articles and books by publishing thematic volumes of chapters from different authors ."}
{"_id": "Scientific_method", "title": "Scientific method", "headings": "", "text": "The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena , acquiring new knowledge , or correcting and integrating previous knowledge . To be termed scientific , a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning . The Oxford Dictionaries Online define the scientific method as `` a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century , consisting in systematic observation , measurement , and experiment , and the formulation , testing , and modification of hypotheses '' . Experiments need to be designed to test hypotheses . The most important part of the scientific method is the experiment .   The scientific method is a continuous process , which usually begins with observations about the natural world . Human beings are naturally inquisitive , so they often come up with questions about things they see or hear and often develop ideas ( hypotheses ) about why things are the way they are . The best hypotheses lead to predictions that can be tested in various ways , including making further observations about nature . In general , the strongest tests of hypotheses come from carefully controlled and replicated experiments that gather empirical data . Depending on how well the tests match the predictions , the original hypothesis may require refinement , alteration , expansion or even rejection . If a particular hypothesis becomes very well supported a general theory may be developed .   Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another , identifiable features are frequently shared in common between them . The overall process of the scientific method involves making conjectures ( hypotheses ) , deriving predictions from them as logical consequences , and then carrying out experiments based on those predictions . A hypothesis is a conjecture , based on knowledge obtained while formulating the question . The hypothesis might be very specific or it might be broad . Scientists then test hypotheses by conducting experiments . Under modern interpretations , a scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable , implying that it is possible to identify a possible outcome of an experiment that conflicts with predictions deduced from the hypothesis ; otherwise , the hypothesis can not be meaningfully tested .   The purpose of an experiment is to determine whether observations agree with or conflict with the predictions derived from a hypothesis . Experiments can take place anywhere from a college lab to CERN 's Large Hadron Collider . There are difficulties in a formulaic statement of method , however . Though the scientific method is often presented as a fixed sequence of steps , it represents rather a set of general principles .  Not all steps take place in every scientific inquiry ( or to the same degree ) , and are not always in the same order . Some philosophers and scientists have argued that there is no scientific method , such as Lee Smolin and Paul Feyerabend ( in his Against Method ) . Nola and Sankey remark that `` For some , the whole idea of a theory of scientific method is yester-year 's debate '' ."}
{"_id": "Scientific_modelling", "title": "Scientific modelling", "headings": "", "text": "Scientific modelling is a scientific activity , the aim of which is to make a particular part or feature of the world easier to understand , define , quantify , visualize , or simulate by referencing it to existing and usually commonly accepted knowledge . It requires selecting and identifying relevant aspects of a situation in the real world and then using different types of models for different aims , such as conceptual models to better understand , operational models to operationalize , mathematical models to quantify , and graphical models to visualize the subject . Modelling is an essential and inseparable part of many scientific disciplines , each of which have their own ideas about specific types of modelling .   There is also an increasing attention to scientific modelling in fields such as science education , philosophy of science , systems theory , and knowledge visualization . There is growing collection of methods , techniques and meta-theory about all kinds of specialized scientific modelling ."}
{"_id": "Scientific_theory", "title": "Scientific theory", "headings": "", "text": "A scientific theory is an explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can , in accordance with the scientific method , be repeatedly tested , using a predefined protocol of observations and experiments . Established scientific theories have withstood rigorous scrutiny and are a comprehensive form of scientific knowledge .   It is important to note that the definition of a `` scientific theory '' ( often ambiguously contracted to `` theory '' for the sake of brevity , including in this page ) as used in the disciplines of science is significantly different from the common vernacular usage of the word `` theory '' . Per NAS 2008 : `` The formal scientific definition of theory is quite different from the everyday meaning of the word . It refers to a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence . '' In everyday non-scientific speech , `` theory '' can imply that something is an unsubstantiated and speculative guess , conjecture , idea , or , hypothesis ; such a usage is the opposite of the word `` theory '' in science . These different usages are comparable to the differing , and often opposing , usages of the term `` prediction '' in science versus `` prediction '' in vernacular speech , denoting a mere hope .   The strength of a scientific theory is related to the diversity of phenomena it can explain . As additional scientific evidence is gathered , a scientific theory may be rejected or modified if it does not fit the new empirical findings ; in such circumstances , a more accurate theory is then desired . In certain cases , the less-accurate unmodified scientific theory can still be treated as a theory if it is useful ( due to its sheer simplicity ) as an approximation under specific conditions ( e.g. , Newton 's laws of motion as an approximation to special relativity at velocities that are small relative to the speed of light ) .   Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions . They describe the causal elements responsible for a particular natural phenomenon , and are used to explain and predict aspects of the physical universe or specific areas of inquiry ( e.g. , electricity , chemistry , astronomy ) . Scientists use theories as a foundation to gain further scientific knowledge , as well as to accomplish goals such as inventing technology or curing disease .   As with other forms of scientific knowledge , scientific theories are both deductive and inductive in nature and aim for predictive power and explanatory capability .   Paleontologist , evolutionary biologist , and science historian Stephen Jay Gould said , `` ... facts and theories are different things , not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing certainty . Facts are the world ′ s data . Theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts . ''"}
{"_id": "Scotland", "title": "Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Scotland ( -LSB- ˈskɒt.lənd -RSB- Scots : -LSB- - scoˈskɔt.lənd -RSB- Alba -LSB- ˈal̪ˠapə -RSB- ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain . It shares a border with England to the south , and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south-west . In addition to the mainland , the country is made up of more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides .   The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became King of England and King of Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain itself entered into a political union with the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .   Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England .   In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . Scotland is represented in the United Kingdom Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs . Scotland is also a member of the British -- Irish Council , and sends five elected representatives to the British -- Irish Parliamentary Assembly ."}
{"_id": "Scott_Pruitt", "title": "Scott Pruitt", "headings": "", "text": "Edward Scott Pruitt ( born May 9 , 1968 ) is an American lawyer and Republican politician from the state of Oklahoma who is currently the 14th Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency . Nominated by President Donald Trump in December 2016 , Pruitt was confirmed by the Senate to lead the EPA on February 17 , 2017 .   Pruitt represented Tulsa and Wagoner Counties in the Oklahoma Senate from 1998 until 2006 . In 2006 , Pruitt narrowly lost to Oklahoma Speaker of the House Todd Hiett in a bid for the Republican nomination for Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma . In 2010 , Pruitt was elected Attorney General of Oklahoma . In that role , he was viewed as a proponent of federalism , supporting religious freedom laws and opposing abortion rights , same-sex marriage , the Affordable Care Act , and environmental regulations as a self-described `` leading advocate against the EPA 's activist agenda '' . He fought the agency 's efforts on climate and clear air in several lawsuits , often closely coordinating with the fossil fuel industry , which supported him with almost $ 300,000 in campaign contributions . In 2012 , Pruitt was elected as chairman of the Republican Attorneys General Association , and re-elected for a second term in February 2013 .   Pruitt rejects the scientific consensus that human activities are a primary contributor to climate change . He specifically rejects the stance of the scientific community , including US agencies NASA and NOAA , that carbon dioxide is the primary contributor ."}
{"_id": "Scuba_diving", "title": "Scuba diving", "headings": "", "text": "Scuba diving is a mode of underwater diving in which the scuba diver uses a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus ( scuba ) which is completely independent of surface supply , to breathe underwater . Unlike other modes of diving , which rely either on breath-hold or on breathing supplied under pressure from the surface , scuba divers carry their own source of breathing gas , usually compressed air , allowing them greater freedom of movement than with an air line or diver 's umbilical and longer underwater endurance than breath-hold . Open circuit scuba systems discharge the breathing gas into the environment as it is exhaled , and consist of one or more diving cylinders containing breathing gas at high pressure which is supplied to the diver through a diving regulator . They may include additional cylinders for decompression gas or emergency breathing gas . Closed-circuit or semi-closed circuit rebreather scuba systems allow recycling of exhaled gases . The volume of gas used is reduced compared to that of open circuit ; therefore , a smaller cylinder or cylinders , may be used for an equivalent dive duration . Rebreathers extend the time spent underwater compared to open circuit for the same gas consumption , they produce fewer bubbles and less noise than scuba which makes them attractive to covert military divers to avoid detection , scientific divers to avoid disturbing marine animals , and media divers to avoid bubble interference .   Scuba diving may be done recreationally or professionally in a number of applications , including scientific , military and public safety roles , but most commercial diving uses surface-supplied diving equipment when this is practicable . Scuba divers engaged in armed forces covert operations may be referred to as frogmen , combat divers or attack swimmers .   A scuba diver primarily moves underwater by using fins attached to the feet , but external propulsion can be provided by a diver propulsion vehicle , or a sled pulled from the surface . Other equipment includes a dive mask to improve underwater vision , a protective diving suit , equipment to control buoyancy , and equipment related to the specific circumstances and purpose of the dive . Scuba divers are trained in the procedures and skills appropriate to their level of certification by instructors affiliated to the diver certification organisations which issue these certifications . These include standard operating procedures for using the equipment and dealing with the general hazards of the underwater environment , and emergency procedures for self-help and assistance of a similarly equipped diver experiencing problems . A minimum level of fitness and health is required by most training organisations , but a higher level of fitness may be appropriate for some applications ."}
{"_id": "Sea", "title": "Sea", "headings": "", "text": "A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land . More broadly , `` the sea '' is the interconnected system of Earth 's salty , oceanic waters -- considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions . The sea moderates Earth 's climate and has important roles in the water cycle , carbon cycle , and nitrogen cycle . Although the sea has been traveled and explored since prehistory , the modern scientific study of the sea -- oceanography -- dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s . The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections -- including the International Hydrographic Organization 's four named oceans ( the Atlantic , Pacific , Indian , and Arctic ) and the Southern Ocean ; smaller , second-order sections , such as the Mediterranean , are known as seas .   Owing to the present state of continental drift , the Northern Hemisphere is now fairly equally divided between land and sea ( a ratio of about 2:3 ) but the South is overwhelmingly oceanic ( 1:4.7 ) . Salinity in the open ocean is generally in a narrow band around 3.5 % by mass , although this can vary in more landlocked waters , near the mouths of large rivers , or at great depths . About 85 % of the solids in the open sea are sodium chloride . Deep-sea currents are produced by differences in salinity and temperature . Surface currents are formed by the friction of waves produced by the wind and by tides , the changes in local sea level produced by the gravity of the Moon and Sun . The direction of all of these is governed by surface and submarine land masses and by the rotation of the Earth ( the Coriolis effect ) .   Former changes in sea levels have left continental shelves , shallow areas in the sea close to land . These nutrient-rich waters teem with life , which provide humans with substantial supplies of food -- mainly fish , but also shellfish , mammals , and seaweed -- which are both harvested in the wild and farmed . The most diverse areas surround great tropical coral reefs . Whaling in the deep sea was once common but whales ' dwindling numbers prompted international conservation efforts and finally a moratorium on most commercial hunting . Oceanography has established that not all life is restricted to the sunlit surface waters : even under enormous depths and pressures , nutrients streaming from hydrothermal vents support their own unique ecosystem . Life may have started there and aquatic microbial mats are generally credited with the oxygenation of Earth 's atmosphere ; both plants and animals first evolved in the sea .   The sea is an essential aspect of human trade , travel , mineral extraction , and power generation . This has also made it essential to warfare and left major cities exposed to earthquakes and volcanoes from nearby faults ; powerful tsunami waves ; and hurricanes , typhoons , and cyclones produced in the tropics . This importance and duality has affected human culture , from early sea gods to the epic poetry of Homer to the changes induced by the Columbian Exchange , from burial at sea to Basho 's haikus to hyperrealist marine art , and inspiring music ranging from the shanties in The Complaynt of Scotland to Rimsky-Korsakov 's `` The Sea and Sinbad 's Ship '' to A-mei 's `` Listen to the Sea '' . It is the scene of leisure activities including swimming , diving , surfing , and sailing . However , population growth , industrialization , and intensive farming have all contributed to present-day marine pollution . Atmospheric carbon dioxide is being absorbed in increasing amounts , lowering its pH in a process known as ocean acidification . The shared nature of the sea has made overfishing an increasing problem ."}
{"_id": "Sea-level_curve", "title": "Sea-level curve", "headings": "", "text": "The sea-level curve is the representation of the changes of the sea level throughout the geological history .   The first such curve is the Vail curve or Exxon curve . The names of the curve refer to the fact that in 1977 a team of Exxon geologists from Esso Production Research headed by Peter Vail published a monograph on global eustatic sea-level changes . Their sea-level curve was based on seismic and biostratigraphic data accumulated during petroleum exploration .   The Vail curve ( and the monograph itself ) was the subject of debate among geologists , because it was based on undisclosed commercially confidential stratigraphic data , and hence not independently verifiable . Because of this , there were later efforts to establish a sea-level curve based on non-commercial data .   In 1987 -- 1988 a revised eustatic sea-level curve for the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras was published , now known as the Haq sea-level curve , in reference to the Pakistani-American Oceanographer Bilal Haq ."}
{"_id": "SeaLifeBase", "title": "SeaLifeBase", "headings": "", "text": "SeaLifeBase is a global online database of information about marine life . It aims to provide key information on the taxonomy , distribution and ecology of all marine species in the world apart from finfish . SeaLifeBase is in partnership with the WorldFish Center in Malaysia and the UBC Fisheries Centre at the University of British Columbia . Daniel Pauly is the principal investigator and it is coordinated by Maria Lourdes D. Palomares . , it included descriptions of 74,000 species , 47,700 common names , 12,400 pictures , and references to 31,700 works in the scientific literature . SeaLifeBase complements FishBase , which provides parallel information for finfish ."}
{"_id": "Sea_ice", "title": "Sea ice", "headings": "", "text": "Sea ice arises as seawater freezes . Because ice is less dense than water , it floats on the ocean 's surface ( as does fresh water ice , which has an even lower density ) . Sea ice covers about 7 % of the Earth 's surface and about 12 % of the world 's oceans . Much of the world 's sea ice is enclosed within the polar ice packs in the Earth 's polar regions : the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean . Polar packs undergo a significant yearly cycling in surface extent , a natural process upon which depends the Arctic ecology , including the ocean 's ecosystems . Due to the action of winds , currents and temperature fluctuations , sea ice is very dynamic , leading to a wide variety of ice types and features . Sea ice may be contrasted with icebergs , which are chunks of ice shelves or glaciers that calve into the ocean . Depending on location , sea ice expanses may also incorporate icebergs ."}
{"_id": "Sea_level", "title": "Sea level", "headings": "", "text": "Mean sea level ( MSL ) ( abbreviated simply sea level ) is an average level of the surface of one or more of Earth 's oceans from which heights such as elevations may be measured . MSL is a type of vertical datuma standardised geodetic reference pointthat is used , for example , as a chart datum in cartography and marine navigation , or , in aviation , as the standard sea level at which atmospheric pressure is measured in order to calibrate altitude and , consequently , aircraft flight levels . A common and relatively straightforward mean sea-level standard is the midpoint between a mean low and mean high tide at a particular location .   Sea levels can be affected by many factors and are known to have varied greatly over geological time scales . The careful measurement of variations in MSL can offer insights into ongoing climate change , and sea level rise has been widely quoted as evidence of ongoing global warming .   The term above sea level generally refers to above mean sea level ( AMSL ) ."}
{"_id": "Sea_level_rise", "title": "Sea level rise", "headings": "", "text": "A sea level rise is an increase in the volume of water in the world 's oceans , resulting in an increase in global mean sea level . Sea level rise is usually attributed to global climate change by thermal expansion of the water in the oceans and by melting of Ice sheets and glaciers on land . Melting of floating ice shelves or icebergs at sea raises sea levels only slightly .   Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average . Local factors might include tectonic effects , subsidence of the land , tides , currents , storms , etc. .  Sea level rise is expected to continue for centuries . Because of the slow inertia , long response time for parts of the climate system , it has been estimated that we are already committed to a sea-level rise of approximately 2.3 m for each degree Celsius of temperature rise within the next 2,000 years . IPCC Summary for Policymakers , AR5 , 2014 , indicated that the global mean sea level rise will continue during the 21st century , very likely at a faster rate than observed from 1971 to 2010 . Projected rates and amounts vary . A January 2017 NOAA report suggests a range of GMSL rise of 0.3 -- 2.5 m possible during the 21st century .   Sea level rises can considerably influence human populations in coastal and island regions and natural environments like marine ecosystems ."}
{"_id": "Sea_surface_temperature", "title": "Sea surface temperature", "headings": "", "text": "Sea surface temperature ( SST ) is the water temperature close to the ocean 's surface . The exact meaning of surface varies according to the measurement method used , but it is between 1 mm and 20 m below the sea surface . Air masses in the Earth 's atmosphere are highly modified by sea surface temperatures within a short distance of the shore . Localized areas of heavy snow can form in bands downwind of warm water bodies within an otherwise cold air mass . Warm sea surface temperatures are known to be a cause of tropical cyclogenesis over the Earth 's oceans . Tropical cyclones can also cause a cool wake , due to turbulent mixing of the upper 30 m of the ocean . SST changes diurnally , like the air above it , but to a lesser degree . There is less SST variation on breezy days than on calm days . In addition , ocean currents such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ( AMO ) , can effect SST 's on multi-decadal time scales , a major impact results from the global thermohaline circulation , which affects average SST significantly throughout most of the world 's oceans .   Coastal SSTs can cause offshore winds to generate upwelling , which can significantly cool or warm nearby landmasses , but shallower waters over a continental shelf are often warmer . Onshore winds can cause a considerable warm-up even in areas where upwelling is fairly constant , such as the northwest coast of South America . Its values are important within numerical weather prediction as the SST influences the atmosphere above , such as in the formation of sea breezes and sea fog . It is also used to calibrate measurements from weather satellites ."}
{"_id": "Seagrass", "title": "Seagrass", "headings": "", "text": "Seagrasses are flowering plants ( angiosperms ) belonging to four families ( Posidoniaceae , Zosteraceae , Hydrocharitaceae and Cymodoceaceae ) , all in the order Alismatales ( in the class of monocotyledons ) , which grow in marine , fully saline environments . There are 12 genera with some 60 species known ."}
{"_id": "Seamount", "title": "Seamount", "headings": "", "text": "A seamount is a mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water 's surface ( sea level ) , and thus is not an island . Seamounts are typically formed from extinct volcanoes that rise abruptly and are usually found rising from the seafloor to 1000 - in height . They are defined by oceanographers as independent features that rise to at least 1000 m above the seafloor , characteristically of conical form . The peaks are often found hundreds to thousands of meters below the surface , and are therefore considered to be within the deep sea . During their evolution over geologic time , the largest seamounts may reach the sea surface where wave action erodes the summit to form a flat surface . After they have subsided and sunk below the sea surface such flat-top seamounts are called `` guyots '' or `` tablemounts ''   A total of 9,951 seamounts and 283 guyots , covering a total of 8,796,150 km2 have been mapped but only a few have been studied in detail by scientists . Seamounts and guyots are most abundant in the North Pacific Ocean , and follow a distinctive evolutionary pattern of eruption , build-up , subsidence and erosion . In recent years , several active seamounts have been observed , for example Loihi in the Hawaiian Islands .   Because of their abundance , seamounts are one of the most common marine ecosystems in the world . Interactions between seamounts and underwater currents , as well as their elevated position in the water , attract plankton , corals , fish , and marine mammals alike . Their aggregational effect has been noted by the commercial fishing industry , and many seamounts support extensive fisheries . There are ongoing concerns on the negative impact of fishing on seamount ecosystems , and well-documented cases of stock decline , for example with the orange roughy ( Hoplostethus atlanticus ) . 95 % of ecological damage is done by bottom trawling , which scrapes whole ecosystems off seamounts .   Because of their large numbers , many seamounts remain to be properly studied , and even mapped . Bathymetry and satellite altimetry are two technologies working to close the gap . There have been instances where naval vessels have collided with uncharted seamounts ; for example , Muirfield Seamount is named after the ship that struck it in 1973 . However , the greatest danger from seamounts are flank collapses ; as they get older , extrusions seeping in the seamounts put pressure on their sides , causing landslides that have the potential to generate massive tsunamis ."}
{"_id": "Sean_Solomon", "title": "Sean Solomon", "headings": "", "text": "Sean Carl Solomon ( born 1945 ) is the director of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University , where he is also the William B. Ransford Professor of Earth and Planetary Science . Before moving to Columbia in 2012 , he was the director of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institute in Washington , D.C. His research area is in geophysics , including the fields of planetary geology , seismology , marine geophysics , and geodynamics . Solomon is the principal investigator on the NASA MESSENGER mission to Mercury . He is also a team member on the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory mission and the Plume-Lithosphere Undersea Melt Experiment ( PLUME ) ."}
{"_id": "Season", "title": "Season", "headings": "", "text": "A season is a division of the year marked by changes in weather , ecology and hours of daylight . Seasons result from the yearly orbit of the Earth around the Sun and the tilt of the Earth 's rotational axis relative to the plane of the orbit . In temperate and polar regions , the seasons are marked by changes in the intensity of sunlight that reaches the Earth 's surface , variations of which may cause animals to go into hibernation or to migrate , and plants to be dormant .   During May , June , and July , the northern hemisphere is exposed to more direct sunlight because the hemisphere faces the sun . The same is true of the southern hemisphere in November , December , and January . It is the tilt of the Earth that causes the Sun to be higher in the sky during the summer months which increases the solar flux . However , due to seasonal lag , June , July , and August are the hottest months in the northern hemisphere and December , January , and February are the hottest months in the southern hemisphere .   In temperate and subpolar regions , four calendar-based seasons are generally recognized : spring , autumn or fall , and winter . Ecologists often use a six-season model for temperate climate regions : prevernal , vernal , estival , serotinal , autumnal , and hibernal . Many tropical regions have two seasons : the rainy , wet , or monsoon season and the dry season . Some have a third cool , mild , or harmattan season . Seasons often held special significance for agrarian societies , whose lives revolved around planting and harvest times , and the change of seasons was often attended by ritual .   In some parts of the world , some other `` seasons '' capture the timing of important ecological events such as hurricane season , tornado season , and wildfire season . The most historically important of these are the three seasons -- flood , growth , and low water -- which were previously defined by the former annual flooding of the Nile in Egypt ."}
{"_id": "Season_creep", "title": "Season creep", "headings": "", "text": "In phenology , season creep is observed changes in the timing of the seasons , such as earlier indications of spring widely observed in temperate areas across the Northern Hemisphere .  Phenological records analyzed by climate scientists have shown significant temporal trends in the observed time of seasonal events ,  from the end of the 20th century and continuing into the 21st century . In Europe , season creep has been associated with the arrival of spring moving up by approximately one week in a recent 30-year period .  Other studies have put the rate of season creep measured by plant phenology in the range of 2 -- 3 days per decade advancement in spring , and 0.3 -- 1.6 days per decade delay in autumn , over the past 30 -- 80 years .   Observable changes in nature related to season creep include birds laying their eggs earlier and buds appearing on some trees in late winter . In addition to advanced budding , flowering trees have been blooming earlier , for example the culturally important cherry blossoms in Japan ,  and Washington , D.C.  Northern hardwood forests have been trending toward leafing out sooner , and retaining their green canopies longer .  The agricultural growing season has also expanded by 10 -- 20 days over the last few decades .   The effects of season creep have been noted by non-scientists as well , including gardeners who have advanced their spring planting times ,  and experimented with plantings of less hardy warmer climate varieties of non-native plants . While summer growing seasons are expanding , winters are getting warmer and shorter , resulting in reduced winter ice cover on bodies of water ,  earlier ice-out ,  earlier melt water flows ,  and earlier spring lake level peaks .  Some spring events , or `` phenophases '' , have become intermittent or unobservable ; for example , bodies of water that once froze regularly most winters now freeze less frequently ,  and formerly migratory birds are now seen year-round in some areas ."}
{"_id": "Seattle", "title": "Seattle", "headings": "", "text": "Seattle ( -LSB- siˈætəl -RSB- ) is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County , Washington . With an estimated 704,352 residents , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America . In July 2013 , it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the Top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1 % . In July 2016 , Seattle was again the fastest-growing major U.S. city , with a 3.1 % annual growth rate . The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound ( an inlet of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about 100 mi south of the Canada -- United States border . A major gateway for trade with Asia , Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling .   The Seattle area was previously inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers . Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers , subsequently known as the Denny Party , arrived from Illinois via Portland , Oregon , on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13 , 1851 . The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named `` Seattle '' in 1852 , after Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes .   Logging was Seattle 's first major industry , but by the late-19th century , the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush . Growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company , which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing . The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s , with companies like Microsoft becoming established in the region . In 1994 , Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle . The stream of new software , biotechnology , and Internet companies led to an economic revival , which increased the city 's population by almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000 .   Seattle has a noteworthy musical history . From 1918 to 1951 , nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street , from the current Chinatown / International District , to the Central District . The jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles , Quincy Jones , Ernestine Anderson , and others . Seattle is also the birthplace of hip-hop sensation Neema , rock musician Jimi Hendrix , origin of the bands Nirvana , Pearl Jam , Soundgarden , Alice in Chains and the alternative rock subgenre grunge ."}
{"_id": "Seawall", "title": "Seawall", "headings": "", "text": "A seawall ( or sea wall ) is a form of coastal defense constructed where the sea , and associated coastal processes , impact directly upon the landforms of the coast . The purpose of a sea wall is to protect areas of human habitation , conservation and leisure activities from the action of tides , waves , or tsunamis . As a seawall is a static feature it will conflict with the dynamic nature of the coast and impede the exchange of sediment between land and sea .   The coast is generally a high-energy , dynamic environment with spatial variations over a wide range of timescales . The coast is exposed to erosion by rivers and winds as well as the sea , so that a combination of denudational processes will work against a sea wall .  Because of these persistent natural forces , sea walls need to be maintained ( and eventually replaced ) to maintain their effectiveness .   The many types of sea wall in use today reflect both the varying physical forces they are designed to withstand , and location specific aspects , such as local climate , coastal position , wave regime , and value of landform . Sea walls are hard engineering shore-based structures which protect the coast from erosion . But various environmental problems and issues may arise from the construction of a sea wall , including disrupting sediment movement and transport patterns . Combined with a high construction cost , this has led to an increasing use of other soft engineering coastal management options such as beach replenishment .   Sea walls may be constructed from various materials , most commonly reinforced concrete , boulders , steel , or gabions . Other possible construction materials are : vinyl , wood , aluminium , fibreglass composite , and large biodegrable sandbags made of jute and coir . In the UK , sea wall also refers to an earthen bank used to create a polder , or a dike construction ."}
{"_id": "Seawater", "title": "Seawater", "headings": "", "text": "Seawater , or salt water , is water from a sea or ocean . On average , seawater in the world 's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5 % ( 35 g/L , or 0.600 M ) This means that every kilogram ( roughly one litre by volume ) of seawater has approximately 35 g of dissolved salts ( predominantly sodium and chloride ions ) . Average density at the surface is 1.025 kg/L . Seawater is denser than both fresh water and pure water ( density 1.0 kg/L at 4 C ) because the dissolved salts increase the mass by a larger proportion than the volume . The freezing point of seawater decreases as salt concentration increases . At typical salinity , it freezes at about -2 C . The coldest seawater ever recorded ( in a liquid state ) was in 2010 , in a stream under an Antarctic glacier , and measured -2.6 C. Seawater pH is typically limited to a range between 7.5 and 8.4 . However , there is no universally accepted reference pH-scale for seawater and the difference between measurements based on different reference scales may be up to 0.14 units ."}
{"_id": "Second_Grinnell_expedition", "title": "Second Grinnell expedition", "headings": "", "text": "The Second Grinnell expedition of 1853–1855 was an American effort, financed by Henry Grinnell, to determine the fate of the Franklin's lost expedition. Led by Elisha Kent Kane, the team explored areas northwest of Greenland, now called Grinnell Land. While failing to determine the fate of Sir John Franklin, the expedition set a new record for northward penetration, delineated 960 miles (1,540 km) of unexplored coastline north of 82° latitude, and discovered the long-sought open Polar Sea. Kane collected valuable geographical, climate and magnetic observations before abandoning the brig Advance to the pack ice in 1855. While three members of the crew were lost, the epic journey of the survivors inspired the public as a vivid tale of Arctic survival."}
{"_id": "Second_law_of_thermodynamics", "title": "Second law of thermodynamics", "headings": "", "text": "The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can only increase over time . It can remain constant in ideal cases where the system is in a steady state ( equilibrium ) or undergoing a reversible process . The increase in entropy accounts for the irreversibility of natural processes , and the asymmetry between future and past .   Historically , the second law was an empirical finding that was accepted as an axiom of thermodynamic theory . Statistical thermodynamics , classical or quantum , explains the microscopic origin of the law .   The second law has been expressed in many ways . Its first formulation is credited to the French scientist Sadi Carnot in 1824 , who showed that there is an upper limit to the efficiency of conversion of heat to work in a heat engine ."}
{"_id": "Self-publishing", "title": "Self-publishing", "headings": "", "text": "Self-publishing is the publication of any book or other media by its author without the involvement of an established publisher . A self-published physical book is said to have been privately printed . The author is in control of the entire process including , for a book , the design of the cover and interior , formats , price , distribution , marketing , and public relations . The authors can do it all themselves or may outsource some or all the work to companies which offer these services .   Self-publishing is not limited to physical books . E-books , pamphlets , brochures , websites , and other media are commonly self-published ."}
{"_id": "Sensitivity_analysis", "title": "Sensitivity analysis", "headings": "", "text": "Sensitivity analysis is the study of how the uncertainty in the output of a mathematical model or system ( numerical or otherwise ) can be apportioned to different sources of uncertainty in its inputs . A related practice is uncertainty analysis , which has a greater focus on uncertainty quantification and propagation of uncertainty ; ideally , uncertainty and sensitivity analysis should be run in tandem .   The process of recalculating outcomes under alternative assumptions to determine the impact of a variable under sensitivity analysis can be useful for a range of purposes , including :  Testing the robustness of the results of a model or system in the presence of uncertainty .  Increased understanding of the relationships between input and output variables in a system or model .  Uncertainty reduction , through the identification of model inputs that cause significant uncertainty in the output and should therefore be the focus of attention in order to increase robustness ( perhaps by further research ) .  Searching for errors in the model ( by encountering unexpected relationships between inputs and outputs ) .  Model simplification -- fixing model inputs that have no effect on the output , or identifying and removing redundant parts of the model structure .  Enhancing communication from modelers to decision makers ( e.g. by making recommendations more credible , understandable , compelling or persuasive ) .  Finding regions in the space of input factors for which the model output is either maximum or minimum or meets some optimum criterion ( see optimization and Monte Carlo filtering ) .  In case of calibrating models with large number of parameters , a primary sensitivity test can ease the calibration stage by focusing on the sensitive parameters . Not knowing the sensitivity of parameters can result in time being uselessly spent on non-sensitive ones .  To seek to identify important connections between observations , model inputs , and predictions or forecasts , leading to the development of better models ."}
{"_id": "Sensor-based_sorting", "title": "Sensor-based sorting", "headings": "", "text": "Sensor-based sorting , is an umbrella term for all applications where particles are singularly detected by a sensor technique and rejected by an amplified mechanical , hydraulic or pneumatic process . The technique is generally applied in the three industries mining , recycling and food processing and used in the particle size range between 0.5 and . Since sensor-based sorting is a single particle separation technology , the throughput is proportional to the average particle size and weight fed onto the machine ."}
{"_id": "September_11_attacks", "title": "September 11 attacks", "headings": "", "text": "The September 11 attacks ( also referred to as 9/11 ) The expression `` 9/11 '' is pronounced `` nine eleven '' . The slash is not part of the pronunciation . The name is frequently used in British English as well as in American English , even though the dating conventions differ . were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday , September 11 , 2001 . The attacks killed 2,996 people , injured over 6,000 others , and caused at least $ 10 billion in property and infrastructure damage .   Four passenger airliners operated by two major U.S. passenger air carriers ( United Airlines and American Airlines ) -- all of which departed from airports in the northeastern United States bound for California -- were hijacked by 19 al-Qaeda terrorists . Two of the planes , American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 , were crashed into the North and South towers , respectively , of the World Trade Center complex in New York City . Within an hour and 42 minutes , both 110-story towers collapsed , with debris and the resulting fires causing partial or complete collapse of all other buildings in the World Trade Center complex , including the 47-story 7 World Trade Center tower , as well as significant damage to ten other large surrounding structures . A third plane , American Airlines Flight 77 , was crashed into the Pentagon ( the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense ) in Arlington County , Virginia , leading to a partial collapse of the building 's western side . The fourth plane , United Airlines Flight 93 , initially was steered toward Washington , D.C. , but crashed into a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville , Pennsylvania , after its passengers tried to overcome the hijackers . It was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States , with 343 and 72 killed respectively .   Suspicion for the attack quickly fell on al-Qaeda . The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban , which had harbored al-Qaeda . Many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks . Although al-Qaeda 's leader , Osama bin Laden , initially denied any involvement , in 2004 he claimed responsibility for the attacks . Al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U.S. support of Israel , the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia , and sanctions against Iraq as motives . Having evaded capture for almost a decade , bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U.S. Navy in May 2011 .   The destruction of the World Trade Center and nearby infrastructure caused serious damage to the economy of Lower Manhattan and had a significant effect on global markets , closing Wall Street until September 17 and the civilian airspace in the U.S. and Canada until September 13 . Many closings , evacuations , and cancellations followed , out of respect or fear of further attacks . Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002 , and the Pentagon was repaired within a year . On November 18 , 2006 , construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site . The building was officially opened on November 3 , 2014 . Numerous memorials have been constructed , including the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in New York City , the Pentagon Memorial in Arlington County , Virginia , and the Flight 93 National Memorial in a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville , Pennsylvania ."}
{"_id": "Series_and_parallel_circuits", "title": "Series and parallel circuits", "headings": "", "text": "Components of an electrical circuit or electronic circuit can be connected in many different ways . The two simplest of these are called series and parallel and occur frequently . Components connected in series are connected along a single path , so the same current flows through all of the components . Components connected in parallel are connected , so the same voltage is applied to each component .   A circuit composed solely of components connected in series is known as a series circuit ; likewise , one connected completely in parallel is known as a parallel circuit .   In a series circuit , the current through each of the components is the same , and the voltage across the circuit is the sum of the voltages across each component . In a parallel circuit , the voltage across each of the components is the same , and the total current is the sum of the currents through each component .   Consider a very simple circuit consisting of four light bulbs and one 6 V battery . If a wire joins the battery to one bulb , to the next bulb , to the next bulb , to the next bulb , then back to the battery , in one continuous loop , the bulbs are said to be in series . If each bulb is wired to the battery in a separate loop , the bulbs are said to be in parallel . If the four light bulbs are connected in series , there is same current through all of them , and the voltage drop is 1.5 V across each bulb , which may not be sufficient to make them glow . If the light bulbs are connected in parallel , the currents through the light bulbs combine to form the current in the battery , while the voltage drop is across each bulb and they all glow .   In a series circuit , every device must function for the circuit to be complete . One bulb burning out in a series circuit breaks the circuit . In parallel circuits , each light has its own circuit , so all but one light could be burned out , and the last one will still function ."}
{"_id": "Settlement_of_the_Americas", "title": "Settlement of the Americas", "headings": "", "text": "Available scientific evidence indicates that modern humans emerged from Africa over 100,000 years ago , yet did not arrive in the Americas until less than 20,000 years ago . Current understanding of the settlement of the Americas derives from advances in four interrelated disciplines : archaeology , Pleistocene geology , physical anthropology , and DNA analysis . While there is general agreement that the Americas were first settled from Asia , the pattern of migration , its timing , and the place ( s ) of origin in Asia of the peoples who migrated to the Americas remain unclear . In the 2000s , researchers sought to use familiar tools to validate or reject established theories , such as Clovis first . The archeological evidence suggests that the Paleo-Indians ' first dispersal into the Americas occurred near the end of the last glacial period or , more specifically , what is known as the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) , around 16,500 -- 13,000 years ago .   The settlement of the Americas is of intense interest to archaeologists and anthropologists . Modern biochemical techniques , as well as the accumulation of archaeological and geological evidence , have shed progressively more light on the subject ; however , significant questions remain unresolved ."}
{"_id": "Severe_weather", "title": "Severe weather", "headings": "", "text": "Severe weather refers to any dangerous meteorological phenomena with the potential to cause damage , serious social disruption , or loss of human life . Types of severe weather phenomena vary , depending on the latitude , altitude , topography , and atmospheric conditions . High winds , hail , excessive precipitation , and wildfires are forms and effects of severe weather , as are thunderstorms , downbursts , lightning , tornadoes , waterspouts , tropical cyclones , and extratropical cyclones . Regional and seasonal severe weather phenomena include blizzards , snowstorms , ice storms , and duststorms ."}
{"_id": "Seville", "title": "Seville", "headings": "", "text": "Seville ( -LSB- səˈvɪl -RSB- Sevilla -LSB- seˈβiʎa -RSB- , -LSB- seˈβi ʝa -RSB- ) is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville , Spain . It is situated on the plain of the river Guadalquivir . The inhabitants of the city are known as sevillanos ( feminine form : sevillanas ) or hispalenses , after the Roman name of the city , Hispalis . Seville has a municipal population of about 703,000 , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its Old Town , with an area of 4 km ² , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 km from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain . Seville is also the hottest major metropolitan area in the geographical Western Europe , with summer average high temperatures of above 35 ° C.   Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It later became known as Ishbiliya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz .   The 20th century in Seville saw the tribulations of the Spanish Civil War , decisive cultural milestones such as the Ibero-American Exposition of 1929 and Expo ' 92 , and the city 's election as the capital of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia ."}
{"_id": "Sewage_sludge", "title": "Sewage sludge", "headings": "", "text": "Sewage sludge refers to the residual , semi-solid material that is produced as a by-product during sewage treatment of industrial or municipal wastewater . The term septage is also referring to sludge from simple wastewater treatment but is connected to simple on-site sanitation systems , such as septic tanks .   When fresh sewage or wastewater enters a primary settling tank , approximately 50 % of the suspended solid matter will settle out in an hour and a half . This collection of solids is known as raw sludge or primary solids and is said to be `` fresh '' before anaerobic processes become active . The sludge will become putrescent in a short time once anaerobic bacteria take over , and must be removed from the sedimentation tank before this happens .   This is accomplished in one of two ways . In an Imhoff tank , fresh sludge is passed through a slot to the lower story or digestion chamber where it is decomposed by anaerobic bacteria , resulting in liquefaction and reduced volume of the sludge . After digesting for an extended period , the result is called `` digested '' sludge and may be disposed of by drying and then landfilling . More commonly with domestic sewage , the fresh sludge is continuously extracted from the tank mechanically and passed to separate sludge digestion tanks that operate at higher temperatures than the lower story of the Imhoff tank and , as a result , digest much more rapidly and efficiently .   Biosolids is a term often used in conjunction with reuse of sewage sludge after sewage sludge treatment . Biosolids can be defined as organic wastewater solids that can be reused after stabilization processes such as anaerobic digestion and composting . Opponents of sewage sludge reuse reject this term as a public relations term ."}
{"_id": "Sewage_sludge_treatment", "title": "Sewage sludge treatment", "headings": "", "text": "Sewage sludge treatment describes the processes used to manage and dispose of sewage sludge produced during sewage treatment . Sludge is mostly water with lesser amounts of solid material removed from liquid sewage . Primary sludge includes settleable solids removed during primary treatment in primary clarifiers . Secondary sludge separated in secondary clarifiers includes treated sewage sludge from secondary treatment bioreactors .   Sludge treatment is focused on reducing sludge weight and volume to reduce disposal costs , and on reducing potential health risks of disposal options . Water removal is the primary means of weight and volume reduction , while pathogen destruction is frequently accomplished through heating during thermophilic digestion , composting , or incineration . The choice of a sludge treatment method depends on the volume of sludge generated , and comparison of treatment costs required for available disposal options . Air-drying and composting may be attractive to rural communities , while limited land availability may make aerobic digestion and mechanical dewatering preferable for cities , and economies of scale may encourage energy recovery alternatives in metropolitan areas .   Energy may be recovered from sludge through methane gas production during anaerobic digestion or through incineration of dried sludge , but energy yield is often insufficient to evaporate sludge water content or to power blowers , pumps , or centrifuges required for dewatering . Coarse primary solids and secondary sewage sludge may include toxic chemicals removed from liquid sewage by sorption onto solid particles in clarifier sludge . Reducing sludge volume may increase the concentration of some of these toxic chemicals in the sludge ."}
{"_id": "Shale_gas", "title": "Shale gas", "headings": "", "text": "Shale gas is natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations . Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the United States since the start of this century , and interest has spread to potential gas shales in the rest of the world . In 2000 shale gas provided only 1 % of U.S. natural gas production ; by 2010 it was over 20 % and the U.S. government 's Energy Information Administration predicts that by 2035 , 46 % of the United States ' natural gas supply will come from shale gas .   Some analysts expect that shale gas will greatly expand worldwide energy supply . China is estimated to have the world 's largest shale gas reserves .   The Obama administration believed that increased shale gas development would help reduce greenhouse gas emissions . In 2012 , US carbon dioxide emissions dropped to a 20-year low .   A 2013 review by the United Kingdom Department of Energy and Climate Change noted that most studies of the subject have estimated that life-cycle greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions from shale gas are similar to those of conventional natural gas , and are much less than those from coal , usually about half the greenhouse gas emissions of coal ; the noted exception was a 2011 study by Howarth and others of Cornell University , which concluded that shale GHG emissions were as high as those of coal . More recent studies have also concluded that life-cycle shale gas GHG emissions are much less than those of coal , among them , studies by Natural Resources Canada ( 2012 ) , and a consortium formed by the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory with a number of universities ( 2012 ) .   Some 2011 studies pointed to high rates of decline of some shale gas wells as an indication that shale gas production may ultimately be much lower than is currently projected . But shale-gas discoveries are also opening up substantial new resources of tight oil / `` shale oil '' ."}
{"_id": "Shock_(circulatory)", "title": "Shock (circulatory)", "headings": "", "text": "Circulatory shock , commonly known as shock , is a life-threatening medical condition of low blood perfusion to tissues resulting in cellular injury and inadequate tissue function . The typical signs of shock are low blood pressure , rapid heart rate , signs of poor end-organ perfusion ( i.e. : low urine output , confusion , or loss of consciousness ) , and weak pulses .   The shock index ( SI ) , defined as heart rate divided by systolic blood pressure , is an accurate diagnostic measure that is more useful than hypotension and tachycardia in isolation . Under normal conditions , a number between 0.5 and 0.8 is typically seen . Should that number increase , so does suspicion of an underlying state of shock . Blood pressure alone may not be a reliable sign for shock , as there are times when a person is in circulatory shock but has a stable blood pressure .   Circulatory shock is not related to the emotional state of shock . Circulatory shock is a life-threatening medical emergency and one of the most common causes of death for critically ill people . Shock can have a variety of effects , all with similar outcomes , but all relate to a problem with the body 's circulatory system . For example , shock may lead to hypoxemia ( a lack of oxygen in arterial blood ) or cardiac and/or respiratory arrest .   One of the key dangers of shock is that it progresses by a positive feedback mechanism . Poor blood supply leads to cellular damage , which results in an inflammatory response to increase blood flow to the affected area . This is normally very useful to match up supply with tissue demand for nutrients . However , if enough tissue causes this , it will deprive vital nutrients from other parts of the body . Additionally , the ability of the circulatory system to meet this increase in demand causes saturation , a major result of which is that other parts of the body begin to respond in a similar way , thus exacerbating the problem . Due to this chain of events , immediate treatment of shock is critical to survival ."}
{"_id": "Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation", "title": "Shutdown of thermohaline circulation", "headings": "", "text": "A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is an effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation .   Data from 2010 NASA suggested that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation has not slowed down , but may have actually sped up slightly in the recent past . However , this has been superseded by a 2015 study that suggests ` that the Gulf Stream has weakened by 15-20 % '"}
{"_id": "Sierra_Madre_Occidental", "title": "Sierra Madre Occidental", "headings": "", "text": "The Sierra Madre Occidental is a major mountain range system of the North American Cordillera , that runs northwest -- southeast through Northwestern and Western Mexico , and along the Gulf of California . The Sierra Madre is part of the American Cordillera , a chain of mountain ranges ( cordillera ) that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western `` backbone '' of North America , Central America , South America and Antarctica ."}
{"_id": "Silurian", "title": "Silurian", "headings": "", "text": "The Silurian is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period , at million years ago ( Mya ) , to the beginning of the Devonian Period , Mya . As with other geologic periods , the rock beds that define the period 's start and end are well identified , but the exact dates are uncertain by several million years . The base of the Silurian is set at a major Ordovician-Silurian extinction event when 60 % of marine species were wiped out .   A significant evolutionary milestone during the Silurian was the diversification of jawed and bony fish . Multi-cellular life also began to appear on land in the form of small , bryophyte-like and vascular plants that grew beside lakes , streams , and coastlines , and terrestrial arthropods are also first found on land during the Silurian . However , terrestrial life would not greatly diversify and affect the landscape until the Devonian ."}
{"_id": "Sinking_of_MV_Sewol", "title": "Sinking of MV Sewol", "headings": "", "text": "The sinking of Sewol , also referred to as the Sewol Ferry Disaster , occurred on the morning of 16 April 2014 , en route from Incheon to Jeju in South Korea . The ferry capsized while carrying 476 people , mostly secondary school students from Danwon High School ( Ansan City ) . The 6,825-ton vessel sent a distress signal from about 2.7 km north off Byeongpungdo at 08:58 Korea Standard Time ( 23:58 UTC , 15 April 2014 ) . In total , 304 passengers and crew members died in the disaster . Of the approximately 172 survivors , more than half were rescued by fishing boats and other commercial vessels that arrived at the scene approximately 40 minutes after the South Korean coast guard .   The sinking of Sewol resulted in widespread social and political reaction within South Korea . Many criticized the actions of the captain and most of the crew . More criticized the ferry operator and the regulators who oversaw its operations . Additional criticism was directed at the South Korean government and media for its disaster response ( including the poor showing of the then Korean coastguard ) and attempts to downplay government culpability .   On 15 May 2014 , the captain and three crew members were charged with murder , while the other 11 members of the crew were indicted for abandoning the ship . An arrest warrant was also issued for Yoo Byung-eun , the owner of Chonghaejin Marine , which operated Sewol , but he could not be found despite a nationwide manhunt . On 22 July 2014 , police revealed that they had established that a dead man found in a field 415 kilometres south of Seoul was Yoo . Foul play was ruled out , but police say they have yet to establish the cause of Yoo 's death .   On the first anniversary of the disaster , as part of commemorations for the victims of the sinking of Sewol , 4,475 people held electronic candles to form the shape of the ferry in an attempt to set a Guinness World Record for the largest torchlight image ."}
{"_id": "Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania", "title": "Sinking of the RMS Lusitania", "headings": "", "text": "The sinking of the Cunard ocean liner RMS Lusitania occurred on Friday , 7 May 1915 during the First World War , as Germany waged submarine warfare against the United Kingdom who had implemented a naval blockade of Germany . The ship was identified and torpedoed by the German U-boat and sank in 18 minutes . The vessel went down 11 mi off the Old Head of Kinsale , Ireland , killing 1,198 and leaving 761 survivors . The sinking turned public opinion in many countries against Germany , contributed to the American entry into World War I and became an iconic symbol in military recruiting campaigns of why the war was being fought .   Lusitania had the misfortune to fall victim to torpedo attack relatively early in the First World War , before tactics for evading submarines were properly implemented or understood . The contemporary investigations in both the UK and the United States into the precise causes of the ship 's loss were obstructed by the needs of wartime secrecy and a propaganda campaign to ensure all blame fell upon Germany . Argument over whether the ship was a legitimate military target raged back and forth throughout the war as both sides made misleading claims about the ship . Before Lusitania sailed , the German embassy had placed warnings in American newspapers that the ship would be targeted as it was carrying war munitions . At the time she was sunk , she was carrying over 4 million rounds of small-arms ammunition ( .303 caliber ) , almost 5,000 shrapnel shell casings ( for a total of some fifty tons ) , and 3,240 brass percussion fuses , in addition to 1,266 passengers and a crew of 696 . Several attempts have been made over the years since the sinking to dive to the wreck seeking information about precisely how the ship sank , and argument continues to the present day ."}
{"_id": "Sinking_of_the_RMS_Titanic", "title": "Sinking of the RMS Titanic", "headings": "", "text": "The sinking of the RMS Titanic occurred on the night of 14 April through to the morning of 15 April 1912 in the North Atlantic Ocean , four days into the ship 's maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City . The largest passenger liner in service at the time , Titanic had an estimated 2,224 people on board when she struck an iceberg at around 23:40 ( ship 's time ) on Sunday , 14 April 1912 . Her sinking two hours and forty minutes later at 02:20 ( 05:18 GMT ) on Monday , 15 April resulted in the deaths of more than 1,500 people , which made it one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history .   Titanic received six warnings of sea ice on 14 April but was travelling near her maximum speed when her lookouts sighted the iceberg . Unable to turn quickly enough , the ship suffered a glancing blow that buckled her starboard ( right ) side and opened five of her sixteen compartments to the sea . Titanic had been designed to stay afloat with four of her forward compartments flooded but no more , and the crew soon realised that the ship would sink . They used distress flares and radio ( wireless ) messages to attract help as the passengers were put into lifeboats . In accordance with existing practice , Titanic 's lifeboat system was designed to ferry passengers to nearby rescue vessels , not to hold everyone on board simultaneously ; therefore with the ship sinking rapidly and help still hours away , there was no safe refuge for many of the passengers and crew . Compounding this , poor management of the evacuation meant many boats were launched before they were completely full .   Thus , when Titanic sank , over a thousand passengers and crew were still on board . Almost all those who jumped or fell into the water drowned within minutes due to the effects of hypothermia . arrived on the scene about an hour and a half after the sinking and rescued the last of the survivors by 09:15 on 15 April , some nine and a half hours after the collision . The disaster caused widespread outrage over the lack of lifeboats , lax regulations , and the unequal treatment of the three passenger classes during the evacuation . Subsequent inquiries recommended sweeping changes to maritime regulations , leading to the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) , which still governs maritime safety today ."}
{"_id": "Situation_awareness", "title": "Situation awareness", "headings": "", "text": "Situational awareness or situation awareness ( SA ) is the perception of environmental elements and events with respect to time or space , the comprehension of their meaning , and the projection of their status after some variable has changed , such as time , or some other variable , such as a predetermined event . It is also a field of study concerned with understanding of the environment critical to decision-makers in complex , dynamic areas from aviation , air traffic control , ship navigation , power plant operations , military command and control , and emergency services such as fire fighting and policing ; to more ordinary but nevertheless complex tasks such as driving an automobile or riding a bicycle .   Situation awareness involves being aware of what is happening in the vicinity to understand how information , events , and one 's own actions will impact goals and objectives , both immediately and in the near future . One with an adept sense of situation awareness generally has a high degree of knowledge with respect to inputs and outputs of a system , an innate `` feel '' for situations , people , and events that play out because of variables the subject can control . Lacking or inadequate situation awareness has been identified as one of the primary factors in accidents attributed to human error . Thus , situation awareness is especially important in work evironments where the information flow can be quite high and poor decisions may lead to serious consequences ( such as piloting an airplane , functioning as a soldier , or treating critically ill or injured patients ) .   As outlined below , three facets of SA have been in focus in research , namely SA States , SA Systems , and SA processes . SA States refers to the actual awareness of the situation . SA Systems refers to the distribution of SA in teams and between objects in the environment , and to the exchange of SA between system parts . SA Processes refers to the updating of SA States , and what guides the moment-to-moment change of SA .   Having complete , accurate , and up-to-the-minute SA is essential where technological and situational complexity on the human decision-maker are a concern . Situation awareness has been recognized as a critical , yet often elusive , foundation for successful decision-making across a broad range of complex and dynamic systems , including aviation , air traffic control , ship navigation , health care , emergency response , military command and control operations , and offshore oil and nuclear power plant management ."}
{"_id": "Six_degrees_of_separation", "title": "Six degrees of separation", "headings": "", "text": "Six degrees of separation is the idea that all living things and everything else in the world are six or fewer steps away from each other so that a chain of `` a friend of a friend '' statements can be made to connect any two people in a maximum of six steps . It was originally set out by Frigyes Karinthy in 1929 and popularized in an eponymous 1990 play written by John Guare ."}
{"_id": "Skepticism", "title": "Skepticism", "headings": "", "text": "Skepticism ( American English ) or scepticism ( British English ; see spelling differences ) is generally any questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief . It is often directed at domains , such as morality ( moral skepticism ) , religion ( skepticism about the existence of God ) , or knowledge ( skepticism about the possibility of knowledge , or of certainty ) . Formally , skepticism as a topic occurs in the context of philosophy , particularly epistemology , although it can be applied to any topic such as politics , religion , and pseudoscience .   Philosophical skepticism comes in various forms . Radical forms of skepticism deny that knowledge or rational belief is possible and urge us to suspend judgment on many or all controversial matters . More moderate forms of skepticism claim only that nothing can be known with certainty , or that we can know little or nothing about the `` big questions '' in life , such as whether God exists or whether there is an afterlife . Religious skepticism is `` doubt concerning basic religious principles ( such as immortality , providence , and revelation ) '' . Scientific skepticism concerns testing beliefs for reliability , by subjecting them to systematic investigation using the scientific method , to discover empirical evidence for them ."}
{"_id": "Smart_grid", "title": "Smart grid", "headings": "", "text": "A smart grid is an electrical grid which includes a variety of operational and energy measures including smart meters , smart appliances , renewable energy resources , and energy efficient resources . Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid .   Smart grid policy is organized in Europe as Smart Grid European Technology Platform . Policy in the United States is described in § 17381 .   Roll-out of smart grid technology also implies a fundamental re-engineering of the electricity services industry , although typical usage of the term is focused on the technical infrastructure ."}
{"_id": "Smog", "title": "Smog", "headings": "", "text": "Smog is a type of air pollutant . The word `` smog '' was coined in the early 20th century as a portmanteau of the words smoke and fog to refer to smoky fog , its opacity , and odour . The word was then intended to refer to what was sometimes known as pea soup fog , a familiar and serious problem in London from the 19th century to the mid 20th century . This kind of visible air pollution is composed of nitrogen oxides , sulfur oxides , ozone , smoke or particulates among others ( less visible pollutants include carbon monoxide , CFCs and radioactive sources ) . Human-made smog is derived from coal emissions , vehicular emissions , industrial emissions , forest and agricultural fires and photochemical reactions of these emissions .   Modern smog , as found for example in Los Angeles , is a type of air pollution derived from vehicular emission from internal combustion engines and industrial fumes that react in the atmosphere with sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog . In certain other cities , such as Delhi , smog severity is often aggravated by stubble burning in neighboring agricultural areas . The atmospheric pollution levels of Los Angeles , Beijing , Delhi , Mexico City , Tehran and other cities are increased by inversion that traps pollution close to the ground . It is usually highly toxic to humans and can cause severe sickness , shortened life or death ."}
{"_id": "Snow", "title": "Snow", "headings": "", "text": "Snow pertains to frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle , starting when it precipitates from clouds and accumulates on surfaces , then metamorphoses in place , and ultimately melts , slides or sublimates away . Snowstorms organize and develop by feeding on sources of atmospheric moisture and cold air . Snowflakes nucleate around particles in the atmosphere by attracting supercooled water droplets , which freeze in hexagonal-shaped crystals . Snowflakes take on a variety of shapes , basic among these are platelets , needles , columns and rime . As snow accumulates into a snowpack , it may blow into drifts . Over time , accumulated snow metamorphoses , by sintering , sublimation and freeze-thaw . Where the climate is cold enough for year-to-year accumulation , a glacier may form . Otherwise , snow typically melts seasonally , causing runoff into streams and rivers and recharging groundwater .   Major snow-prone areas include the polar regions , the upper half of the Northern Hemisphere and mountainous regions worldwide with sufficient moisture and cold temperatures . In the Southern Hemisphere , snow is confined primarily to mountainous areas , apart from Antarctica .   Snow affects such human activities as transportation : creating the need for keeping roadways , wings , and windows clear ; agriculture : providing water to crops and safeguarding livestock ; such sports as skiing , snowboarding , snowmachine travel ; and warfare : impairing target acquisition , degrading the performance of combatants and materiel , and impeding mobility . Snow affects ecosystems , as well , by providing an insulating layer during winter under which plants and animals are able to survive the cold ."}
{"_id": "Snowball_Earth", "title": "Snowball Earth", "headings": "", "text": "The Snowball Earth hypothesis proposes that Earth 's surface became entirely or nearly entirely frozen at least once , sometime earlier than 650 Mya ( million years ago ) . Proponents of the hypothesis argue that it best explains sedimentary deposits generally regarded as of glacial origin at tropical palaeolatitudes , and other enigmatic features in the geological record . Opponents of the hypothesis contest the implications of the geological evidence for global glaciation and the geophysical feasibility of an ice - or slush-covered ocean , and emphasize the difficulty of escaping an all-frozen condition . A number of unanswered questions remain , including whether the Earth was a full snowball , or a `` slushball '' with a thin equatorial band of open ( or seasonally open ) water .   The snowball Earth episodes occurred before the sudden radiation of multicellular bioforms , known as the Cambrian explosion . The most recent snowball episode may have triggered the evolution of multicellularity . Another , much earlier and longer snowball episode , the Huronian glaciation , which occurred 2400 to 2100 Mya , may have been triggered by the first appearance of oxygen in the atmosphere , the `` Great Oxygenation Event . ''"}
{"_id": "Sociology", "title": "Sociology", "headings": "", "text": "Sociology is the study of social behavior or society , including its origins , development , organization , networks , and institutions . It is a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order , disorder , and change . Many sociologists aim to conduct research that may be applied directly to social policy and welfare , while others focus primarily on refining the theoretical understanding of social processes . Subject matter ranges from the micro-sociology level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and the social structure .   The traditional focuses of sociology include social stratification , social class , social mobility , religion , secularization , law , sexuality and deviance . As all spheres of human activity are affected by the interplay between social structure and individual agency , sociology has gradually expanded its focus to further subjects , such as health , medical , military and penal institutions , the Internet , education , social capital and the role of social activity in the development of scientific knowledge .   The range of social scientific methods has also expanded . Social researchers draw upon a variety of qualitative and quantitative techniques . The linguistic and cultural turns of the mid-twentieth century led to increasingly interpretative , hermeneutic , and philosophic approaches towards the analysis of society . Conversely , the end of the 1990s and the beginning of 2000s have seen the rise of new analytically , mathematically and computationally rigorous techniques , such as agent-based modelling and social network analysis .   Social research informs politicians and policy makers , educators , planners , legislators , administrators , developers , business magnates , managers , social workers , non-governmental organizations , non-profit organizations , and people interested in resolving social issues in general . There is often a great deal of crossover between social research , market research , and other statistical fields ."}
{"_id": "Socompa", "title": "Socompa", "headings": "", "text": "Socompa is a large complex stratovolcano at the border of Argentina and Chile . It is best known for its large debris avalanche deposit , which is widely accepted as the best-preserved example of this type of deposit in the world , and also notable as the home of the world 's most elevated known microbial ecosystems .   The western rim of the volcano borders the Monturaqui Basin , which is draped with the aforementioned deposit . Escondida Mining currently has a network of roads throughout this area , from beneath which they pump ground water for use at the nearby copper mine . The southern margin of the deposit is bordered by the Antofagasta to Salta trans-Andean railway , although this is rarely used .   The volcano is difficult to reach - either from the north along dirt tracks south of the Miscanti Pass , or from the west via the Escondida copper mine . Both routes require a full-day 's driving and for any reasonable amount of time to be spent at Socompa would need significant planning ."}
{"_id": "Soil", "title": "Soil", "headings": "", "text": "Soil is a mixture of minerals , organic matter , gases , liquids , and countless organisms that together support life on Earth . Soil is a natural body called the pedosphere which has four important functions : it is a medium for plant growth ; it is a means of water storage , supply and purification ; it is a modifier of Earth 's atmosphere ; it is a habitat for organisms ; all of which , in turn , modify the soil .   Soil is called the Skin of the Earth and interfaces with the lithosphere , the hydrosphere , the atmosphere , and the biosphere . The term pedolith , used commonly to refer to the soil , literally translates ground stone . Soil consists of a solid phase of minerals ( the soil matrix ) and organic matter , as well as a porous phase that holds gases ( the soil atmosphere ) and water ( the soil solution ) . Accordingly , soils are often treated as a three-state system of solids , liquids , and gases .   Soil is a product of the influence of climate , relief ( elevation , orientation , and slope of terrain ) , organisms , and its parent materials ( original minerals ) interacting over time . Soil continually undergoes development by way of numerous physical , chemical and biological processes , which include weathering with associated erosion . Given its complexity and strong internal connectedness soil has been considered as an ecosystem by soil ecologists .   Most soils have a dry bulk density ( density of soil taking into account voids when dry ) between 1.1 and 1.6 g/cm3 , while the soil particle density is much higher , in the range of 2.6 to 2.7 g/cm3 . Little of the soil of planet Earth is older than the Pleistocene and none is older than the Cenozoic , although fossilized soils are preserved from as far back as the Archean .   Soil science has two basic branches of study : edaphology and pedology . Edaphology is concerned with the influence of soils on living things . Pedology is focused on the formation , description ( morphology ) , and classification of soils in their natural environment . In engineering terms , soil is referred to as regolith , or loose rock material that lies above the solid geology . Soil is commonly referred to as earth or dirt ; technically , the term dirt should be restricted to displaced soil .   As soil resources serve as a basis for food security , the international community advocates its sustainable and responsible use through different types of soil governance ."}
{"_id": "Soil_respiration", "title": "Soil respiration", "headings": "", "text": "Soil respiration refers to the production of carbon dioxide when soil organisms respire . This includes respiration of plant roots , the rhizosphere , microbes and fauna .   Soil respiration is a key ecosystem process that releases carbon from the soil in the form of CO2 . CO2 is acquired from the atmosphere and converted into organic compounds in the process of photosynthesis . Plants use these organic compounds to build structural components or respire them to release energy . When plant respiration occurs below-ground in the roots , it adds to soil respiration . Over time , plant structural components are consumed by heterotrophs . This heterotrophic consumption releases CO2 and when this CO2 is released by below-ground organisms , it is considered soil respiration .   The amount of soil respiration that occurs in an ecosystem is controlled by several factors . The temperature , moisture , nutrient content and level of oxygen in the soil can produce extremely disparate rates of respiration . These rates of respiration can be measured in a variety of methods . Other methods can be used to separate the source components , in this case the type of photosynthetic pathway ( C3/C4 ) , of the respired plant structures .   Soil respiration rates can be largely affected by human activity . This is because humans have the ability to and have been changing the various controlling factors of soil respiration for numerous years . Global climate change is composed of numerous changing factors including rising atmospheric CO2 , increasing temperature and shifting precipitation patterns . All of these factors can affect the rate of global soil respiration . Increased nitrogen fertilization by humans also has the potential to effect rates over the entire Earth .   Soil respiration and its rate across ecosystems is extremely important to understand . This is because soil respiration plays a large role in global carbon cycling as well as other nutrient cycles . The respiration of plant structures releases not only CO2 but also other nutrients in those structures , such as nitrogen . Soil respiration is also associated with positive feedbacks with global climate change . Positive feedbacks are when a change in a system produces response in the same direction of the change . Therefore , soil respiration rates can be effected by climate change and then respond by enhancing climate change ."}
{"_id": "Solar_System", "title": "Solar System", "headings": "", "text": "The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies . The International Astronomical Union , the authoritative body regarding astronomical nomenclature , specifies capitalizing the names of all individual astronomical objects , but uses mixed `` Solar System '' and `` solar system '' in their naming guidelines document . The name is commonly rendered in lower case ( `` solar system '' ) , as , for example , in the Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster 's 11th Collegiate Dictionary . is the gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it , either directly or indirectly.The natural satellites ( moons ) orbiting the Solar System 's planets are an example of the latter . Of those objects that orbit the Sun directly , the largest eight are the planets , Historically , several other bodies were once considered planets , including , from its discovery in 1930 until 2006 , Pluto . See Former planets . with the remainder being significantly smaller objects , such as dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies . Of the objects that orbit the Sun indirectly , the moons , two are larger than the smallest planet , Mercury.The two moons larger than Mercury are Ganymede , which orbits Jupiter , and Titan , which orbits Saturn . Although bigger than Mercury , both moons have less than half the mass of Mercury .   The Solar System formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud . The vast majority of the system 's mass is in the Sun , with the majority of the remaining mass contained in Jupiter . The four smaller inner planets , Mercury , Venus , Earth and Mars , are terrestrial planets , being primarily composed of rock and metal . The four outer planets are giant planets , being substantially more massive than the terrestrials . The two largest , Jupiter and Saturn , are gas giants , being composed mainly of hydrogen and helium ; the two outermost planets , Uranus and Neptune , are ice giants , being composed mostly of substances with relatively high melting points compared with hydrogen and helium , called volatiles , such as water , ammonia and methane . All planets have almost circular orbits that lie within a nearly flat disc called the ecliptic .   The Solar System also contains smaller objects . The asteroid belt , which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter , mostly contains objects composed , like the terrestrial planets , of rock and metal . Beyond Neptune 's orbit lie the Kuiper belt and scattered disc , which are populations of trans-Neptunian objects composed mostly of ices , and beyond them a newly discovered population of sednoids . Within these populations are several dozen to possibly tens of thousands of objects large enough that they have been rounded by their own gravity . Such objects are categorized as dwarf planets . Identified dwarf planets include the asteroid Ceres and the trans-Neptunian objects Pluto and Eris . In addition to these two regions , various other small-body populations , including comets , centaurs and interplanetary dust clouds , freely travel between regions . Six of the planets , at least four of the dwarf planets , and many of the smaller bodies are orbited by natural satellites , See List of natural satellites of the Solar System for the full list of natural satellites of the eight planets and first five dwarf planets usually termed `` moons '' after the Moon . Each of the outer planets is encircled by planetary rings of dust and other small objects .   The solar wind , a stream of charged particles flowing outwards from the Sun , creates a bubble-like region in the interstellar medium known as the heliosphere . The heliopause is the point at which pressure from the solar wind is equal to the opposing pressure of the interstellar medium ; it extends out to the edge of the scattered disc . The Oort cloud , which is thought to be the source for long-period comets , may also exist at a distance roughly a thousand times further than the heliosphere . The Solar System is located in the Orion Arm , 26,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way ."}
{"_id": "Solar_activity_and_climate", "title": "Solar activity and climate", "headings": "", "text": "Solar irradiance variation has been a main driver of climate change over geologic time , but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant ."}
{"_id": "Solar_cycle", "title": "Solar cycle", "headings": "", "text": "The solar cycle or solar magnetic activity cycle is the nearly periodic 11-year change in the Sun 's activity ( including changes in the levels of solar radiation and ejection of solar material ) and appearance ( changes in the number and size of sunspots , flares , and other manifestations ) .   They have been observed ( by changes in the sun 's appearance and by changes seen on Earth , such as auroras ) for centuries .   The changes on the sun cause effects in space , in the atmosphere , and on Earth 's surface . While it is the dominant variable in solar activity , aperiodic fluctuations also occur ."}
{"_id": "Solar_eclipse_of_August_21,_2017", "title": "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017", "headings": "", "text": "A total solar eclipse will take place on Monday , August 21 , 2017 . A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth . A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon 's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun 's , blocking all direct sunlight , turning day into darkness . Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth 's surface , with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometers wide .   This eclipse is the 22nd of the 77 members of Saros series 145 , the one that also produced the solar eclipse of August 11 , 1999 . Members of this series are increasing in duration . The longest eclipse in this series will occur on June 25 , 2522 and last for 7 minutes and 12 seconds ."}
{"_id": "Solar_energy", "title": "Solar energy", "headings": "", "text": "Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating , photovoltaics , solar thermal energy , solar architecture , molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis .   It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power . Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems , concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy . Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun , selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties , and designing spaces that naturally circulate air .   The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity . The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575 -- 49,837 exajoules ( EJ ) . This is several times larger than the total world energy consumption , which was 559.8 EJ in 2012 .   In 2011 , the International Energy Agency said that `` the development of affordable , inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits . It will increase countries ' energy security through reliance on an indigenous , inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource , enhance sustainability , reduce pollution , lower the costs of mitigating global warming , and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise . These advantages are global . Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments ; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared '' ."}
{"_id": "Solar_irradiance", "title": "Solar irradiance", "headings": "", "text": "Solar irradiance is the power per unit area received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of the measuring instrument . Irradiance may be measured in space or at the Earth 's surface after atmospheric absorption and scattering . It is measured perpendicular to the incoming sunlight . Total solar irradiance ( TSI ) , is a measure of the solar power over all wavelengths per unit area incident on the Earth 's upper atmosphere . The solar constant is a conventional measure of mean TSI at a distance of one astronomical Unit ( AU ) . Irradiance is a function of distance from the Sun , the solar cycle , and cross-cycle changes . Irradiance on Earth is also measured perpendicular to the incoming sunlight . Insolation is the power received on Earth per unit area on a horizontal surface . It depends on the height of the Sun above the horizon ."}
{"_id": "Solar_minimum", "title": "Solar minimum", "headings": "", "text": "Solar minimum is the period of least solar activity in the 11 year solar cycle of the sun . During this time , sunspot and solar flare activity diminishes , and often does not occur for days at a time . The date of the minimum is described by a smoothed average over 12 months of sunspot activity , so identifying the date of the solar minimum usually can only happen 6 months after the minimum takes place . Solar minima are not generally correlated with changes in climate but recent studies have shown a correlation with regional weather patterns .   Solar minimum is contrasted with the solar maximum , where there may be hundreds of sunspots ."}
{"_id": "Solar_panel", "title": "Solar panel", "headings": "", "text": "Solar panels absorb the sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity or heat .   A photovoltaic ( PV ) module is a packaged , connect assembly of typically 6x10 photovoltaic solar cells . Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications . Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions ( STC ) , and typically ranges from 100 to 365 Watts ( W ) . The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output an 8 % efficient 230 W module will have twice the area of a 16 % efficient 230 W module . There are a few commercially available solar modules that exceed efficiency of 22 % and reportedly also exceeding 24 % . A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power ; most installations contain multiple modules . A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of photovoltaic modules , an inverter , a battery pack for storage , interconnection wiring , and optionally a solar tracking mechanism .   The most common application of solar panels is solar water heating systems .   The price of solar power has continued to fall so that in many countries it is cheaper than ordinary fossil fuel electricity from the grid ( there is `` grid parity '' ) ."}
{"_id": "Solar_particle_event", "title": "Solar particle event", "headings": "", "text": "A solar proton event ( SPE ) , or `` proton storm '' , occurs when particles ( mostly protons ) emitted by the Sun become accelerated either close to the Sun during a flare or in interplanetary space by CME shocks . The events can include other nuclei such as helium ions and HZE ions . These particles cause multiple effects . They can penetrate the Earth 's magnetic field and cause ionization in the ionosphere . The effect is similar to auroral events , except that protons rather than electrons are involved . Energetic protons are a significant radiation hazard to spacecraft and astronauts ."}
{"_id": "Solar_phenomena", "title": "Solar phenomena", "headings": "", "text": "Solar phenomena are the natural phenomena occurring within the magnetically heated outer atmospheres in the Sun . These phenomena take many forms , including solar wind , radio wave flux , energy bursts such as solar flares , coronal mass ejection or solar eruptions , coronal heating and sunspots .   These phenomena are generated by a helical dynamo near the center of the Sun 's mass that generates strong magnetic fields and a chaotic dynamo near the surface that generates smaller magnetic field fluctuations .   The total sum of all solar fluctuations is referred to as solar variation . The collective effect of all solar variations within the Sun 's gravitational field is referred to as space weather . A major weather component is the solar wind , a stream of plasma released from the Sun 's upper atmosphere . It is responsible for the aurora , natural light displays in the sky in the Arctic and Antarctic . Space weather disturbances can cause solar storms on Earth , disrupting communications , as well as geomagnetic storms in Earth 's magnetosphere and sudden ionospheric disturbances in the ionosphere . Variations in solar intensity also affect Earth 's climate . These variations can explain events such as ice ages and the Great Oxygenation Event , while the Sun 's future expansion into a red giant will likely end life on Earth .   Solar activity and related events have been recorded since the 8th century BCE . Babylonians inscribed and possibly predicted solar eclipses , while the earliest extant report of sunspots dates back to the Chinese Book of Changes , . The first extant description of the solar corona was in 968 , while the earliest sunspot drawing was in 1128 and a solar prominence was described in 1185 in the Russian Chronicle of Novgorod . The invention of the telescope allowed major advances in understanding , allowing the first detailed observations in the 1600s . Solar spectroscopy began in the 1800s , from which properties of the solar atmosphere could be determined , while the creation of daguerreotypy led to the first solar photographs on 2 April 1845 . Photography assisted in the study of solar prominences , granulation and spectroscopy . Early in the 20th century , interest in astrophysics surged in America . A number of new observatories were built with solar telescopes around the world . The 1931 invention of the coronagraph allowed the corona to be studied in full daylight ."}
{"_id": "Solar_power", "title": "Solar power", "headings": "", "text": "Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics ( PV ) , or indirectly using concentrated solar power . Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect .   Photovoltaics were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and medium-sized applications , from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to remote homes powered by an off-grid rooftop PV system . Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s . The 392 MW Ivanpah installation is the largest concentrating solar power plant in the world , located in the Mojave Desert of California .   As the cost of solar electricity has fallen , the number of grid-connected solar PV systems has grown into the millions and utility-scale solar power stations with hundreds of megawatts are being built . Solar PV is rapidly becoming an inexpensive , low-carbon technology to harness renewable energy from the Sun . The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is the 850 MW Longyangxia Dam Solar Park , in Qinghai , China .   The International Energy Agency projected in 2014 that under its `` high renewables '' scenario , by 2050 , solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power would contribute about 16 and 11 percent , respectively , of the worldwide electricity consumption , and solar would be the world 's largest source of electricity . Most solar installations would be in China and India . Currently , as of 2016 , solar power provides just 1 % of total worldwide electricity production but growing 33 % per annum ."}
{"_id": "Solar_power_in_Florida", "title": "Solar power in Florida", "headings": "", "text": "Solar power in Florida has been increasing , as the cost of solar power systems using photovoltaics ( PV ) has decreased in recent years . In 2008 , Florida adopted a net metering rule that allows any electric utility customer generating up to 2 MW ( 2,000 kW ) of power to use net metering , which provides a retail rate credit for kilowatt-hours of electricity delivered to the utility , rolled over from month to month , and paid out in cash by the utility once a year at the avoided cost rate .   In 2006 , the State of Florida enacted the Florida Renewable Energy Technologies and Energy Efficiency Act , which provided consumers with rebates and tax credits for solar photovoltaic systems . The program was closed in 2010 . Later , the Florida Public Service Commission mandated that the state 's large utilities offer individual solar rebates . The program opened in 2011 and was closed in 2015 after the Commission deemed it to not be cost-effective for non-solar customers .   The federal Residential Energy Efficient Property Credit ( income tax credit on IRS Form 5695 ) for residential PV and solar thermal was extended in December 2015 to remain at 30 % of system cost ( parts and installation ) for systems put into service by the end of 2019 , then 26 % until the end of 2020 , and then 22 % until the end of 2021 . It applies to a taxpayer 's principal and/or second residences , but not to a property that is rented out . There is no maximum cap on the credit , and the credit can be applied toward the Alternative Minimum Tax , and any excess credit ( greater than that year 's tax liability ) can be rolled into the following year .   In 2009 , Florida Power & Light built the state 's first solar power plant , the FPL DeSoto Next Generation Solar Energy Center . At the time , the 25-MW plant was the largest of its kind . In 2010 , FPL built the world 's first hybrid solar-natural gas energy center .   Florida has low electricity costs compared with other states , which makes individual solar investment less attractive . Florida ranks ninth nationally in solar resource strength according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and tenth in solar generation by the Solar Energy Industries Association ."}
{"_id": "Solar_power_in_the_United_States", "title": "Solar power in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Solar power in the United States includes utility-scale solar power plants as well as local distributed generation , mostly from rooftop photovoltaics . As of the end of 2016 , the U.S. had 40 gigawatts ( GW ) of installed photovoltaic capacity , having almost doubled in capacity from the previous year . In the twelve months through March 2017 , utility scale solar power generated 38.3 terawatt-hours ( TWh ) , 0.94 % of total U.S. electricity . During the same time period total solar generation , including estimated distributed solar photovoltaic generation , was 59.8 TWh , 1.47 % of total U.S. electricity . In terms of total installed capacity , by year end 2015 the USA ranked 4th in the world behind China , Germany , and Japan . In 2016 , 39 % of all new electricity generation capacity in the country came from solar , more than any other source and ahead of natural gas ( 29 % ) . By 2015 , solar employment had overtaken oil and gas as well as coal employment in the U.S.   The United States conducted much early research in photovoltaics and concentrated solar power . The U.S. is among the top countries in the world in electricity generated by the Sun and several of the world 's largest utility-scale installations are located in the desert Southwest . The oldest solar power plant in the world is the 354-megawatt ( MW ) SEGS thermal power plant , in California . The Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System is a solar thermal power project in the California Mojave Desert , 40 miles ( 64 km ) southwest of Las Vegas , with a gross capacity of 392 MW . The 280 MW Solana Generating Station is a solar power plant near Gila Bend , Arizona , about 70 mi southwest of Phoenix , completed in 2013 . When commissioned it was the largest parabolic trough plant in the world and the first U.S. solar plant with molten salt thermal energy storage .   There are plans to build many other large solar plants in the United States . Many states have set individual renewable energy goals with solar power being included in various proportions . Governor Jerry Brown has signed legislation requiring California 's utilities to obtain 50 percent of their electricity from renewable energy sources by the end of 2030 ."}
{"_id": "Solar_water_heating", "title": "Solar water heating", "headings": "", "text": "Solar water heating ( SWH ) is the conversion of sunlight into heat for water heating using a solar thermal collector . A variety of configurations are available at varying cost to provide solutions in different climates and latitudes . SWHs are widely used for residential and some industrial applications .   A sun-facing collector heats a working fluid that passes into a storage system for later use . SWH are active ( pumped ) and passive ( convection-driven ) . They use water only , or both water and a working fluid . They are heated directly or via light-concentrating mirrors . They operate independently or as hybrids with electric or gas heaters . In large-scale installations , mirrors may concentrate sunlight onto a smaller collector .   The global solar thermal market is dominated by China , Europe , Japan and India , although Israel was one of the first countries to mandate installation of SWH in 1980 , leading to a flourishing industry ."}
{"_id": "Soldering", "title": "Soldering", "headings": "", "text": "Soldering ( AmE : -LSB- ˈsɒdərɪŋ -RSB- , BrE : -LSB- ˈsɒldərɪŋ -RSB- ) , is a process in which two or more items ( usually metal ) are joined together by melting and putting a filler metal ( solder ) into the joint , the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal . Soldering differs from welding in that soldering does not involve melting the work pieces . In brazing , the filler metal melts at a higher temperature , but the work piece metal does not melt . In the past , nearly all solders contained lead , but environmental and health concerns have increasingly dictated use of lead-free alloys for electronics and plumbing purposes ."}
{"_id": "Solubility", "title": "Solubility", "headings": "", "text": "Solubility is the property of a solid , liquid , or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid , liquid , or gaseous solvent . The solubility of a substance fundamentally depends on the physical and chemical properties of the solute and solvent as well as on temperature , pressure and the pH of the solution . The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is measured as the saturation concentration , where adding more solute does not increase the concentration of the solution and begins to precipitate the excess amount of solute . The solubility of a substance is an entirely different property from the rate of solution , which is how fast it dissolves .   Most often , the solvent is a liquid , which can be a pure substance or a mixture . One may also speak of solid solution , but rarely of solution in a gas ( see vapor -- liquid equilibrium instead ) .   The extent of solubility ranges widely , from infinitely soluble ( without limit ) ( fully miscible ) such as ethanol in water , to poorly soluble , such as silver chloride in water . The term insoluble is often applied to poorly or very poorly soluble compounds . A common threshold to describe something as insoluble is less than 0.1 g per 100 mL of solvent .   Under certain conditions , the equilibrium solubility can be exceeded to give a so-called supersaturated solution , which is metastable . Metastability of crystals can also lead to apparent differences in the amount of a chemical that dissolves depending on its crystalline form or particle size . A supersaturated solution generally crystallises when ` seed ' crystals are introduced and rapid equilibration occurs . Phenylsalicylate is one such simple observable substance when fully melted and then cooled below its fusion point .   Solubility is not to be confused with the ability to ` dissolve ' a substance , because the solution might also occur because of a chemical reaction . For example , zinc ` dissolves ' ( with effervescence ) in hydrochloric acid as a result of a chemical reaction releasing hydrogen gas in a displacement reaction . The zinc ions are soluble in the acid .   The smaller a particle is , the faster it dissolves although there are many factors to add to this generalization .   Crucially solubility applies to all areas of chemistry , geochemistry , inorganic , physical , organic and biochemistry . In all cases it will depend on the physical conditions ( temperature , pressure and concentration ) and the enthalpy and entropy directly relating to the solvents and solutes concerned .  By far the most common solvent in chemistry is water which is a solvent for most ionic compounds as well as a wide range of organic substances . This is a crucial factor in acidity/alkalinity and much environmental and geochemical work ."}
{"_id": "Soon_and_Baliunas_controversy", "title": "Soon and Baliunas controversy", "headings": "", "text": "The Soon and Baliunas controversy involved the publication in 2003 of a review study written by aerospace engineer Willie Soon and astronomer Sallie Baliunas in the journal Climate Research , which was quickly taken up by the G.W. Bush administration as a basis for amending the first Environmental Protection Agency Report on the Environment .   The paper was strongly criticized by numerous scientists for its methodology and for its misuse of data from previously published studies , prompting concerns about the peer review process of the paper . The controversy resulted in the resignation of half of the editors of the journal and in the admission by its publisher Otto Kinne that the paper should not have been published as it was ."}
{"_id": "Soot", "title": "Soot", "headings": "", "text": "Soot -LSB- ˈsʊt -RSB- is a mass of impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons . It is more properly restricted to the product of the gas-phase combustion process but is commonly extended to include the residual pyrolysed fuel particles such as coal , cenospheres , charred wood , and petroleum coke that may become airborne during pyrolysis and that are more properly identified as cokes or chars .   Soot causes cancer and lung disease , and is the second-biggest human cause of global warming ."}
{"_id": "Sound_reinforcement_system", "title": "Sound reinforcement system", "headings": "", "text": "A sound reinforcement system is the combination of microphones , signal processors , amplifiers , and loudspeakers in speaker cabinets all controlled by an audio mixing board that makes live or pre-recorded sounds louder and may also distribute those sounds to a larger or more distant audience . In many situations , a sound reinforcement system is also used to enhance or alter the sound of the sources on the stage , typically by using electronic effects , such as reverb , as opposed to simply amplifying the sources unaltered .   A sound reinforcement system for a rock concert in a stadium may be very complex , including hundreds of microphones , complex live sound mixing and signal processing systems , tens of thousands of watts of amplifier power , and multiple loudspeaker arrays , all overseen by a team of audio engineers and technicians . On the other hand , a sound reinforcement system can be as simple as a small public address ( PA ) system , consisting of , for example , a single microphone connected to a 100 watt amplified loudspeaker for a singer-guitarist playing in a small coffeehouse . In both cases , these systems reinforce sound to make it louder or distribute it to a wider audience .   Some audio engineers and others in the professional audio industry disagree over whether these audio systems should be called sound reinforcement ( SR ) systems or PA systems . Distinguishing between the two terms by technology and capability is common , while others distinguish by intended use ( e.g. , SR systems are for live event support and PA systems are for reproduction of speech and recorded music in buildings and institutions ) . In some regions or markets , the distinction between the two terms is important , though the terms are considered interchangeable in many professional circles ."}
{"_id": "South_Australia", "title": "South Australia", "headings": "", "text": "South Australia ( abbreviated as SA ) is a state in the southern central part of Australia . It covers some of the most arid parts of the country . With a total land area of 983482 km2 , it is the fourth-largest of Australia 's states and territories . It has a total of 1.7 million people , and its population is the most highly centralised of any state in Australia , with more than 75 percent of South Australians living in the capital , Adelaide , or its environs . Other population centres in the state are relatively small .   South Australia shares borders with all of the other mainland states , and with the Northern Territory ; it is bordered to the west by Western Australia , to the north by the Northern Territory , to the north-east by Queensland , to the east by New South Wales , to the south-east by Victoria , and to the south by the Great Australian Bight . The state comprises less than 8 percent of the Australian population and ranks fifth in population among the six states and two territories . The majority of its people reside in Adelaide . Most of the remainder are settled in fertile areas along the south-eastern coast and River Murray . The state 's colonial origins are unique in Australia as a freely settled , planned British province , rather than as a convict settlement . Official settlement began on 28 December 1836 , when the colony was proclaimed at the Old Gum Tree by Governor John Hindmarsh .   As with the rest of the continent , the region had been long occupied by Aboriginal peoples , who were organised into numerous tribes and languages . The first British settlement to be established was Kingscote , Kangaroo Island , on 26 July 1836 , five months before Adelaide was founded . The guiding principle behind settlement was that of systematic colonisation , a theory espoused by Edward Gibbon Wakefield that was later employed by the New Zealand Company . The goal was to establish the province as a centre of civilisation for free immigrants , promising civil liberties and religious tolerance . Although its history is marked by economic hardship , South Australia has remained politically innovative and culturally vibrant . Today , it is known for its fine wine and numerous cultural festivals . The state 's economy is dominated by the agricultural , manufacturing and mining industries . The state has an increasingly significant finance sector as well ."}
{"_id": "South_Pacific_convergence_zone", "title": "South Pacific convergence zone", "headings": "", "text": "The South Pacific Convergence Zone ( SPCZ ) , a reverse-oriented monsoon trough , is a band of low-level convergence , cloudiness and precipitation extending from the Western Pacific Warm Pool at the maritime continent south-eastwards towards French Polynesia and as far as the Cook Islands ( 160W , 20S ) . The SPCZ is a portion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) which lies in a band extending east-west near the Equator but can be more extratropical in nature , especially east of the International Date Line . It is considered the largest and most important piece of the ITCZ , and has the least dependence upon heating from a nearby landmass during the summer than any other portion of the monsoon trough . The SPCZ can affect the precipitation on Polynesian islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean , so it is important to understand how the SPCZ behaves with large-scale , global climate phenomenon , such as the ITCZ , El Niño -- Southern Oscillation , and the Interdecadal Pacific oscillation ( IPO ) , a portion of the Pacific decadal oscillation ."}
{"_id": "South_Pole", "title": "South Pole", "headings": "", "text": "The South Pole , also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole , is one of the two points where the Earth 's axis of rotation intersects its surface . It is the southernmost point on the surface of the Earth and lies on the opposite side of the Earth from the North Pole .   Situated on the continent of Antarctica , it is the site of the United States Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station , which was established in 1956 and has been permanently staffed since that year . The Geographic South Pole should not be confused with the South Magnetic Pole , which is defined based on the Earth 's magnetic field . The South Pole is at the center of the Southern Hemisphere ."}
{"_id": "Southern_Ocean", "title": "Southern Ocean", "headings": "", "text": "The Southern Ocean , also known as the Antarctic Ocean or the Austral Ocean , comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean , generally taken to be south of 60 ° S latitude and encircling Antarctica . As such , it is regarded as the fourth-largest of the five principal oceanic divisions : smaller than the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans but larger than the Arctic Ocean . This ocean zone is where cold , northward flowing waters from the Antarctic mix with warmer subantarctic waters .   By way of his voyages in the 1770s , Captain James Cook proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe . Since then , geographers have disagreed on the Southern Ocean 's northern boundary or even existence , considering the waters part of the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans , instead . This remains the current official policy of the International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) , since a 2000 revision of its definitions including the Southern Ocean as the waters south of the 60th parallel has not yet been adopted . Others regard the seasonally-fluctuating Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary ."}
{"_id": "Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster", "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster", "headings": "", "text": "On January 28 , 1986 , the NASA shuttle orbiter mission STS-51-L and the tenth flight of Space Shuttle Challenger ( OV-99 ) broke apart 73 seconds into its flight , killing all seven crew members , which consisted of five NASA astronauts and two payload specialists . The spacecraft disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean , off the coast of Cape Canaveral , Florida , at 11:39 EST ( 16:39 UTC ) . Disintegration of the vehicle began after an O-ring seal in its right solid rocket booster ( SRB ) failed at liftoff . The O-ring was not designed to fly under unusually cold conditions as in this launch . Its failure caused a breach in the SRB joint it sealed , allowing pressurized burning gas from within the solid rocket motor to reach the outside and impinge upon the adjacent SRB aft field joint attachment hardware and external fuel tank . This led to the separation of the right-hand SRB 's aft field joint attachment and the structural failure of the external tank . Aerodynamic forces broke up the orbiter .   The crew compartment and many other vehicle fragments were eventually recovered from the ocean floor after a lengthy search and recovery operation . The exact timing of the death of the crew is unknown ; several crew members are known to have survived the initial breakup of the spacecraft . The shuttle had no escape system , and the impact of the crew compartment with the ocean surface was too violent to be survivable .   The disaster resulted in a 32-month hiatus in the shuttle program and the formation of the Rogers Commission , a special commission appointed by United States President Ronald Reagan to investigate the accident . The Rogers Commission found NASA 's organizational culture and decision-making processes had been key contributing factors to the accident , with the agency violating its own safety rules . NASA managers had known since 1977 that contractor Morton Thiokol 's design of the SRBs contained a potentially catastrophic flaw in the O-rings , but they had failed to address this problem properly . NASA managers also disregarded warnings ( an example of `` go fever '' ) from engineers about the dangers of launching posed by the low temperatures of that morning , and failed to adequately report these technical concerns to their superiors .   As a result of the disaster , the Air Force decided to cancel its plans to use the Shuttle for classified military satellite launches from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California , deciding to use the Titan IV instead .   Approximately 17 percent of Americans witnessed the launch live because of the presence of Payload Specialist Christa McAuliffe , who would have been the first teacher in space . Media coverage of the accident was extensive : one study reported that 85 percent of Americans surveyed had heard the news within an hour of the accident . The Challenger '' disaster has been used as a case study in many discussions of engineering safety and workplace ethics ."}
{"_id": "Space_and_survival", "title": "Space and survival", "headings": "", "text": "Space and survival refers to the idea that the long-term survival of the human species and civilization requires proper use of the resources of outer space and the need for space colonization and space science . The concept posits that inaction could lead to human extinction . A related observation is that limited time and resources may be available for the colonization of space . Various scenarios for human survival have been discussed in science and popular culture , particularly humanity 's prospects after catastrophic events in the solar system and factors that could help or hinder survival .   The earliest appearance of a connection between space exploration and human survival appears in Louis J. Halle 's 1980 article in Foreign Affairs , in which he stated colonization of space will keep humanity safe should global nuclear warfare occur . This idea has received more attention in recent years as advancing technology makes cheap space travel more feasible ."}
{"_id": "Spain", "title": "Spain", "headings": "", "text": "Spain ( España -LSB- esˈpaɲa -RSB- ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( -LSB- Reino de España , links = no -RSB- ) , is a sovereign state located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe , with two large archipelagoes , the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands off the North African Atlantic coast , two cities Ceuta and Melilla in the North African mainland and several small islands in the Alboran Sea near the Moroccan coast . Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . It is the only European country to have a border with an African country ( Morocco ) and its African territory accounts for nearly 5 % of its population , mostly in the Canary Islands but also in Ceuta and Melilla .   With an area of 505990 km2 , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Bilbao and Málaga .   Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Span or Spania . In the Middle Ages , the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors . Spain emerged as a unified country in the 15th century , following the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs and the completion of the eight centuries-long reconquest , or Reconquista from the Moors in 1492 . In the early modern period , Spain became one of history 's first global colonial empires , leaving a vast cultural and linguistic legacy that includes over 500 million Spanish speakers , making Spanish the world 's second most spoken first language , after Mandarin Chinese .   Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a parliamentary government under a constitutional monarchy . It is a middle power and a major developed country with the world 's fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and sixteenth largest by purchasing power parity . It is a member of the United Nations ( UN ) , the European Union ( EU ) , the Eurozone , the Council of Europe ( CoE ) , the Organization of Ibero-American States ( OEI ) , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and many other international organisations ."}
{"_id": "Spanish_flu", "title": "Spanish flu", "headings": "", "text": "The Spanish flu, also known as the 1918 flu pandemic, was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. Lasting from February 1918 to April 1920, it infected 500 million people – about a third of the world's population at the time – in four successive waves. The death toll is typically estimated to have been somewhere between 17 million and 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in human history. The first observations of illness and mortality were documented in the United States (in Kansas and New York City, and months before, in December 1917, at Camp Greene, North Carolina), France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. To maintain morale, World War I censors minimized these early reports. Newspapers were free to report the epidemic's effects in neutral Spain, such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII, and these stories created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit. This gave rise to the name \"Spanish\" flu. Historical and epidemiological data are inadequate to identify with certainty the pandemic's geographic origin, with varying views as to its location."}
{"_id": "Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5_°C", "title": "Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C", "headings": "", "text": "The Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (SR15) was published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 8 October 2018. The report, approved in Incheon, South Korea, includes over 6,000 scientific references, and was prepared by 91 authors from 40 countries. In December 2015, the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference called for the report. The report was delivered at the United Nations' 48th session of the IPCC to \"deliver the authoritative, scientific guide for governments\" to deal with climate change.Its key finding is that meeting a 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) target is possible but would require \"deep emissions reductions\" and \"rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society.\" Furthermore, the report finds that \"limiting global warming to 1.5 °C compared with 2 °C would reduce challenging impacts on ecosystems, human health and well-being\" and that a 2 °C temperature increase would exacerbate extreme weather, rising sea levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice, coral bleaching, and loss of ecosystems, among other impacts. SR15 also has modelling that shows that, for global warming to be limited to 1.5 °C, \"Global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) would need to fall by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching 'net zero' around 2050.\" The reduction of emissions by 2030 and its associated changes and challenges, including rapid decarbonisation, was a key focus on much of the reporting which was repeated through the world."}
{"_id": "Species", "title": "Species", "headings": "", "text": "In biology , a species ( abbreviated sp. , with the plural form species abbreviated spp . ) is the basic unit of biological classification and a taxonomic rank . A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring , typically by sexual reproduction . While this definition is often adequate , looked at more closely it is problematic . For example , with hybridisation , in a species complex of hundreds of similar microspecies , or in a ring species , the boundaries between closely related species become unclear . Other ways of defining species include similarity of DNA , morphology , or ecological niche .   All species are given a two-part name , a `` binomial '' . The first part of a binomial is the genus to which the species belongs . The second part is called the specific name or the specific epithet ( in botany , also sometimes in zoology ) . For example , Boa constrictor is one of four species of the Boa genus .   Species were seen from the time of Aristotle until the 18th century as fixed kinds that could be arranged in a hierarchy , the great chain of being . In the 19th century , biologists grasped that species could evolve given sufficient time . Charles Darwin 's 1859 book The Origin of Species explained how species could arise by natural selection . Genes can sometimes be exchanged between species by horizontal gene transfer ; and species may become extinct for a variety of reasons ."}
{"_id": "Speleothem", "title": "Speleothem", "headings": "", "text": "Speleothems ( -LSB- pronˈspiːliːəθɛm -RSB- Ancient Greek : `` cave deposit '' ) -- commonly known as a cave formations -- are secondary mineral deposits formed in a cave . Speleothems typically form in limestone or dolostone solutional caves . The term `` speleothem '' as first introduced by Moore ( 1952 ) , is derived from the Greek words spēlaion `` cave '' + théma `` deposit '' . The definition of `` speleothem '' in most publications , specifically excludes secondary mineral deposits in mines , tunnels and on man-made structures . Hill and Forti more concisely defined `` secondary minerals '' which create speleothems in caves as ;  A `` secondary '' mineral is one which is derived by a physicochemical reaction from a primary mineral in bedrock or detritus and/or deposited because of a unique set of conditions in a cave ; i.e. , the cave environment has influenced the mineral 's deposition ."}
{"_id": "Sperm_whale", "title": "Sperm whale", "headings": "", "text": "The sperm whale ( Physeter macrocephalus ) , or cachalot , is the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator . It is the only living member of genus Physeter , and one of three extant species in the sperm whale family , along with the pygmy sperm whale and dwarf sperm whale of the genus Kogia .   The sperm whale is a pelagic mammal with a worldwide range , and will migrate seasonally for feeding and breeding . Females and young males live together in groups while mature males live solitary lives outside of the mating season . The females cooperate to protect and nurse their young . Females give birth every four to twenty years , and care for the calves for more than a decade . A mature sperm whale has few natural predators , although calves and weakened adults are sometimes killed by pods of orcas .   Mature males average 16 m in length but some may reach 20.5 m , with the head representing up to one-third of the animal 's length . Plunging to 2250 m , it is the second deepest diving mammal , following only the Cuvier 's beaked whale .   The sperm whale is a prominent user of echolocation and communication , with vocalization as loud as 230 decibels ( re 1 µPa at 1 m ) underwater . It has the largest brain of any animal on Earth , more than five times heavier than a human 's . Sperm whales can live for more than 60 years .   The spermaceti oil from which the whale derives its name was a prime target of the whaling industry , and was dominant for use in oil lamps , lubricants , and candles . Ambergris is a solid waxy waste product from its digestive system . It is still highly valued as a fixative in perfumes and other uses . It remains as flotsam from deceased whales , and is sought by beachcombers . The species is now protected by a whaling moratorium , and is currently listed as vulnerable by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) ."}
{"_id": "Spirit_(rover)", "title": "Spirit (rover)", "headings": "", "text": "Spirit , also known as MER-A ( Mars Exploration Rover -- A ) or MER-2 , is a robotic rover on Mars , active from 2004 to 2010 . It was one of two rovers of NASA 's ongoing Mars Exploration Rover Mission . It landed successfully on Mars at 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4 , 2004 , three weeks before its twin , Opportunity ( MER-B ) , landed on the other side of the planet . Its name was chosen through a NASA-sponsored student essay competition . The rover became stuck in late 2009 , and its last communication with Earth was sent on March 22 , 2010 .   The rover completed its planned 90-sol mission . Aided by cleaning events that resulted in more energy from its solar panels , Spirit went on to function effectively over twenty times longer than NASA planners expected . Spirit also logged 7.73 km of driving instead of the planned 600 m , allowing more extensive geological analysis of Martian rocks and planetary surface features . Initial scientific results from the first phase of the mission ( the 90-sol prime mission ) were published in a special issue of the journal Science .   On May 1 , 2009 ( 5 years , 3 months , 27 Earth days after landing ; 21.6 times the planned mission duration ) , Spirit became stuck in soft soil . This was not the first of the mission 's `` embedding events '' and for the following eight months NASA carefully analyzed the situation , running Earth-based theoretical and practical simulations , and finally programming the rover to make extrication drives in an attempt to free itself . These efforts continued until January 26 , 2010 when NASA officials announced that the rover was likely irrecoverably obstructed by its location in soft soil ,  though it continued to perform scientific research from its current location .   The rover continued in a stationary science platform role until communication with Spirit stopped on sol 2210 ( March 22 , 2010 ) . JPL continued to attempt to regain contact until May 24 , 2011 , when NASA announced that efforts to communicate with the unresponsive rover had ended , calling the mission complete . A formal farewell took place at NASA headquarters after the 2011 Memorial Day holiday and was televised on NASA TV .   The Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) , a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena , manages the  Mars Exploration Rover project for NASA 's Office of Space Science , Washington ."}
{"_id": "Sport_utility_vehicle", "title": "Sport utility vehicle", "headings": "", "text": "A sport utility vehicle or suburban utility vehicle ( SUV ) is a vehicle classified as a light truck , but operated as a family vehicle . SUV 's are similar to a large station wagon or estate car , though typically featuring tall interior packaging , high H-point seating , high center of gravity , high ground-clearance and especially four - or all-wheel-drive capability for on - or off-road ability . Some SUVs include the towing capacity of a pickup truck with the passenger-carrying space of a minivan or large sedan .   Popular in the late-1990s and early -- mid-2000s , SUVs sales temporarily declined due to high oil prices and a declining economy . The traditional truck-based SUV is gradually being supplanted by the crossover SUV , which uses an automobile platform for lighter weight and better fuel efficiency . By 2010 , SUV sales around the world were growing , in spite of high gas prices ."}
{"_id": "St._Louis", "title": "St. Louis", "headings": "", "text": "St. Louis '' ' ( -LSB- seɪnt_ˈluːɪs -RSB- ) is an independent city and major U.S. port in the state of Missouri , built along the western bank of the Mississippi River , on the border with Illinois . The city had an estimated 2016 population of 311,404 , and is the cultural and economic center of the Greater St. Louis area ( home to 2,916,447 people ) , making it the largest metropolitan area in Missouri and the 19th-largest in the United States .   Prior to European settlement , the area was a major regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River . In the 1870 Census , St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries . In 1904 , it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics .   The economy of metro St. Louis relies on service , manufacturing , trade , transportation of goods , and tourism . Its metro area is home to major corporations , including Anheuser-Busch , Express Scripts , Centene , Boeing Defense , Emerson , Energizer , Panera , Enterprise , Peabody Energy , Ameren , Ralcorp , Monsanto , Scottrade , Edward Jones , Go Jet , Purina and Sigma-Aldrich . This city has also become known for its growing medical , pharmaceutical and research presence . St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams : the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball and the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League . The city is commonly identified with the 630 ft tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis ."}
{"_id": "Star", "title": "Star", "headings": "", "text": "A star is a luminous sphere of plasma held together by its own gravity . The nearest star to Earth is the Sun . Many other stars are visible to the naked eye from Earth during the night , appearing as a multitude of fixed luminous points in the sky due to their immense distance from Earth . Historically , the most prominent stars were grouped into constellations and asterisms , the brightest of which gained proper names . Astronomers have assembled star catalogues that identify the known stars and provide standardized stellar designations . However , most of the stars in the Universe , including all stars outside our galaxy , the Milky Way , are invisible to the naked eye from Earth . Indeed , most are invisible from Earth even through the most powerful telescopes .   For at least a portion of its life , a star shines due to thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in its core , releasing energy that traverses the star 's interior and then radiates into outer space . Almost all naturally occurring elements heavier than helium are created by stellar nucleosynthesis during the star 's lifetime , and for some stars by supernova nucleosynthesis when it explodes . Near the end of its life , a star can also contain degenerate matter . Astronomers can determine the mass , age , metallicity ( chemical composition ) , and many other properties of a star by observing its motion through space , its luminosity , and spectrum respectively . The total mass of a star is the main factor that determines its evolution and eventual fate . Other characteristics of a star , including diameter and temperature , change over its life , while the star 's environment affects its rotation and movement . A plot of the temperature of many stars against their luminosities produces a plot known as a Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram ( H -- R diagram ) . Plotting a particular star on that diagram allows the age and evolutionary state of that star to be determined .   A star 's life begins with the gravitational collapse of a gaseous nebula of material composed primarily of hydrogen , along with helium and trace amounts of heavier elements . When the stellar core is sufficiently dense , hydrogen becomes steadily converted into helium through nuclear fusion , releasing energy in the process . The remainder of the star 's interior carries energy away from the core through a combination of radiative and convective heat transfer processes . The star 's internal pressure prevents it from collapsing further under its own gravity . A star with mass greater than 0.4 times the Sun 's will expand to become a red giant when the hydrogen fuel in its core is exhausted . In some cases , it will fuse heavier elements at the core or in shells around the core . As the star expands it throws a part of its mass , enriched with those heavier elements , into the interstellar environment , to be recycled later as new stars . Meanwhile , the core becomes a stellar remnant : a white dwarf , a neutron star , or if it is sufficiently massive a black hole .   Binary and multi-star systems consist of two or more stars that are gravitationally bound and generally move around each other in stable orbits . When two such stars have a relatively close orbit , their gravitational interaction can have a significant impact on their evolution . Stars can form part of a much larger gravitationally bound structure , such as a star cluster or a galaxy ."}
{"_id": "Statistical_hypothesis_testing", "title": "Statistical hypothesis testing", "headings": "", "text": "A statistical hypothesis , sometimes called confirmatory data analysis , is a hypothesis that is testable on the basis of observing a process that is modeled via a set of random variables . A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference . Commonly , two statistical data sets are compared , or a data set obtained by sampling is compared against a synthetic data set from an idealized model . A hypothesis is proposed for the statistical relationship between the two data sets , and this is compared as an alternative to an idealized null hypothesis that proposes no relationship between two data sets . The comparison is deemed statistically significant if the relationship between the data sets would be an unlikely realization of the null hypothesis according to a threshold probability -- the significance level . Hypothesis tests are used in determining what outcomes of a study would lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified level of significance . The process of distinguishing between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis is aided by identifying two conceptual types of errors ( type 1 & type 2 ) , and by specifying parametric limits on e.g. how much type 1 error will be permitted .   An alternative framework for statistical hypothesis testing is to specify a set of statistical models , one for each candidate hypothesis , and then use model selection techniques to choose the most appropriate model . The most common selection techniques are based on either Akaike information criterion or Bayes factor .   Confirmatory data analysis can be contrasted with exploratory data analysis , which may not have pre-specified hypotheses ."}
{"_id": "Steele_dossier", "title": "Steele dossier", "headings": "", "text": "The Steele dossier, also known as the Trump–Russia dossier, is a political opposition research report written from June to December 2016 containing allegations of misconduct, conspiracy, and co-operation between Donald Trump's presidential campaign and the government of Russia during the 2016 election. The Guardian has described the controversial opposition research as \"one of the most explosive documents in modern political history\". The dossier, leaked without permission, is an unfinished 35-page compilation of raw intelligence based on information from witting and unwitting anonymous sources known to the author, counterintelligence specialist Christopher Steele, a former head of the Russia Desk for British intelligence (MI6), written for the private investigative firm Fusion GPS. The dossier's 17 unredacted reports allege that Trump campaign members and Russian operatives had conspired to co-operate in Russia's election interference to benefit Trump. It also alleges that Russia sought to damage Hillary Clinton's candidacy, including sharing negative information about Clinton with the Trump campaign. The draft dossier was published in full by BuzzFeed News on January 10, 2017, noting that it was unverified. This was done without permission from Orbis Business Intelligence or Steele. Several mainstream media outlets criticized BuzzFeed's decision to publish the reports without verifying their allegations, while others defended its decision."}
{"_id": "Stephen_Harper", "title": "Stephen Harper", "headings": "", "text": "Stephen Joseph Harper ( born April 30 , 1959 ) is a Canadian entrepreneur and retired politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada , from February 6 , 2006 to November 4 , 2015 . He was the first prime minister to come from the modern Conservative Party of Canada , which was formed by a merger of the Progressive Conservative Party and the Canadian Alliance .   Harper was member of parliament for the riding of Calgary Heritage in Alberta from 2002 to 2016 ( previously known as Calgary Southwest from 2002 to 2015 ) . Earlier , from 1993 to 1997 , he was the MP for Calgary West , representing the Reform Party of Canada . He was one of the founding members of the Reform Party , but did not seek re-election in the 1997 federal election . Harper instead joined and later led the National Citizens Coalition , a conservative lobbyist group . In 2002 , he succeeded Stockwell Day as leader of the Canadian Alliance , the successor to the Reform Party and returned to parliament as Leader of the Opposition . In 2003 , he reached an agreement with Progressive Conservative leader Peter MacKay for the merger of their two parties to form the Conservative Party of Canada . He was elected as the party 's first leader , in March 2004 . Harper stepped down as MP on August 26 , 2016 .   The 2006 federal election resulted in a minority government led by the Conservative Party with Harper becoming the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada . By proportion of seats , this was Canada 's smallest minority government since Confederation . Despite this , it was the longest-serving minority government overall . In the 2008 federal election , the Conservative Party won a stronger minority , showing a small increase in the percentage of the popular vote and increased representation in the Canadian House of Commons , with 143 of 308 seats . The 40th Canadian Parliament was dissolved in March , 2011 , after a no-confidence vote that deemed the Cabinet to be in contempt of parliament . In the federal election that followed , the Conservatives won a majority government , the first since the 2000 federal election ; the party won 166 seats , an increase of 23 seats from the October 2008 election .   Though Harper won his seat of Calgary-Heritage in the October 19 , 2015 , federal election , the Conservative Party was defeated by the Liberal Party of Canada , led by Justin Trudeau , who was sworn-in as Harper 's successor on November 4 , 2015 . Harper resigned as party leader on October 19 , 2015 , and the Conservative Party caucus chose an interim leader , Rona Ambrose , on November 5 , 2015 , to serve until a leadership election . Harper moved back to Calgary , Alberta , and commuted to Ottawa as an opposition backbench member of parliament ."}
{"_id": "Stern_Review", "title": "Stern Review", "headings": "", "text": "The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change is a 700-page report released for the Government of the United Kingdom on 30 October 2006 by economist Nicholas Stern , chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics ( LSE ) and also chair of the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy ( CCCEP ) at Leeds University and LSE . The report discusses the effect of global warming on the world economy . Although not the first economic report on climate change , it is significant as the largest and most widely known and discussed report of its kind .   The Review states that climate change is the greatest and widest-ranging market failure ever seen , presenting a unique challenge for economics . The Review provides prescriptions including environmental taxes to minimise the economic and social disruptions . The Stern Review 's main conclusion is that the benefits of strong , early action on climate change far outweigh the costs of not acting . The Review points to the potential impacts of climate change on water resources , food production , health , and the environment . According to the Review , without action , the overall costs of climate change will be equivalent to losing at least 5 % of global gross domestic product ( GDP ) each year , now and forever . Including a wider range of risks and impacts could increase this to 20 % of GDP or more , also indefinitely . Stern believes that 5 -- 6 degrees of temperature increase is `` a real possibility . ''   The Review proposes that one percent of global GDP per annum is required to be invested to avoid the worst effects of climate change . In June 2008 , Stern increased the estimate for the annual cost of achieving stabilisation between 500 and 550 ppm CO2e to 2 % of GDP to account for faster than expected climate change .   There has been a mixed reaction to the Stern Review from economists . Several economists have been critical of the Review , for example , a paper by Byatt et al. ( 2006 ) describes the Review as `` deeply flawed '' . Some economists ( such as Brad DeLong and John Quiggin ) have supported the Review . Others have criticised aspects of Review 's analysis , but argued that some of its conclusions might still be justified based on other grounds , e.g. , see papers by Martin Weitzman ( 2007 ) and Dieter Helm ( 2008 ) ."}
{"_id": "Steve_McIntyre", "title": "Steve McIntyre", "headings": "", "text": "Steven McIntyre ( born c. 1947 ) is a Canadian mining exploration company director , a former minerals prospector and semi-retired mining consultant whose work has included statistical analysis . He is best known as the founder and editor of Climate Audit , a blog devoted to the analysis and discussion of climate data . He is most prominent as a critic of the temperature record of the past 1000 years and the data quality of NASA 's Goddard Institute for Space Studies . He is known in particular for his statistical critique , with economist Ross McKitrick , of the hockey stick graph which appears to show that the increase in late 20th century global temperatures is unprecedented in the past 1,000 years ."}
{"_id": "Stoma", "title": "Stoma", "headings": "", "text": "In botany , a stoma ( plural `` stomata '' ) , also called a stomate ( plural `` stomates '' ) ( from Greek στόμα , `` mouth '' ) , is a pore , found in the epidermis of leaves , stems , and other organs , that facilitates gas exchange . The pore is bordered by a pair of specialized parenchyma cells known as guard cells that are responsible for regulating the size of the stomatal opening .   The term is usually used collectively to refer to the entire stomatal complex , consisting of the paired guard cells and the pore itself , which is referred to as the stomatal aperture . Air enters the plant through these openings by gaseous diffusion , and contains carbon dioxide and oxygen , which are used in photosynthesis and respiration , respectively . Oxygen produced as a by-product of photosynthesis diffuses out to the atmosphere through these same openings . Also , water vapor diffuses through the stomata into the atmosphere in a process called transpiration .   Stomata are present in the sporophyte generation of all land plant groups except liverworts . In vascular plants the number , size and distribution of stomata varies widely . Dicotyledons usually have more stomata on the lower surface of the leaves than the upper surface . Monocotyledons such as onion , oat and maize may have about the same number of stomata on both leaf surfaces . In plants with floating leaves , stomata may be found only on the upper epidermis and submerged leaves may lack stomata entirely . Most tree species have stomata only on the lower leaf surface . Leaves with stomata on both the upper and lower leaf are called amphistomatous leaves ; leaves with stomata only on the lower surface are hypostomatous , and leaves with stomata only on the upper surface are epistomatous or hyperstomatous . Size varies across species , with end-to-end lengths ranging from 10 to 80 µm and width ranging from a few to 50 µm ."}
{"_id": "Storm", "title": "Storm", "headings": "", "text": "A storm is any disturbed state of an environment or astronomical body 's atmosphere especially affecting its surface , and strongly implying severe weather . It may be marked by significant disruptions to normal conditions such as strong wind , hail , thunder and lightning ( a thunderstorm ) , heavy precipitation ( snowstorm , rainstorm ) , heavy freezing rain ( ice storm ) , strong winds ( tropical cyclone , windstorm ) , or wind transporting some substance through the atmosphere as in a dust storm , blizzard , sandstorm , etc. .   Storms have the potential to harm lives and property via storm surge , heavy rain or snow causing flooding or road impassibility , lightning , wildfires , and vertical wind shear ; however , systems with significant rainfall and duration help alleviate drought in places they move through . Heavy snowfall can allow special recreational activities to take place which would not be possible otherwise , such as skiing and snowmobiling .   The English word comes from Proto-Germanic * sturmaz meaning `` noise , tumult '' ."}
{"_id": "Storm_surge", "title": "Storm surge", "headings": "", "text": "A storm surge is a coastal flood or tsunami-like phenomenon of rising water commonly associated with low pressure weather systems ( such as tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones ) , the severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path , and the timing of tides . Most casualties during tropical cyclones occur as the result of storm surges .   The two main meteorological factors contributing to a storm surge are a long fetch of winds spiraling inward toward the storm , and a low-pressure-induced dome of water drawn up under and trailing the storm 's center ."}
{"_id": "Stratosphere", "title": "Stratosphere", "headings": "", "text": "The stratosphere ( -LSB- ˈstrætəˌsfɪər , _ - toʊ - -RSB- ) is the second major layer of Earth 's atmosphere , just above the troposphere , and below the mesosphere . About 20 % of the atmosphere 's mass is contained in the stratosphere . The stratosphere is stratified in temperature , with warmer layers higher and cooler layers closer to the Earth . The increase of temperature with altitude is a result of the absorption of the Sun 's ultraviolet radiation by the ozone . This is in contrast to the troposphere , near the Earth 's surface , where temperatures decreases with altitude . The border between the troposphere and stratosphere , the tropopause , marks where this temperature inversion begins . Near the equator , the stratosphere starts at 18 km ; at mid latitudes , it starts at 10 - and ends at 50 km ; at the poles , it starts at about 8 km . Temperatures vary within the stratosphere with the seasons , in particular with the polar night ( winter ) . The greatest variation of temperature takes place over the poles in the lower stratosphere ; those variations are largely steady at lower latitudes and higher altitudes ."}
{"_id": "Subantarctic", "title": "Subantarctic", "headings": "", "text": "The Subantarctic is a region in the southern hemisphere , located immediately north of the Antarctic region . This translates roughly to a latitude of between 46 ° -- 60 ° south of the Equator . The subantarctic region includes many islands in the southern parts of the Indian Ocean , Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean , especially those situated north of the Antarctic Convergence . Subantarctic glaciers are , by definition , located on islands within the subantarctic region . All glaciers located on the continent of Antarctica are by definition considered to be Antarctic glaciers ."}
{"_id": "Sulfur_dioxide", "title": "Sulfur dioxide", "headings": "", "text": "Sulfur dioxide ( also sulphur dioxide ) is the chemical compound with the formula . At standard atmosphere , it is a toxic gas with a pungent , irritating smell . The triple point is 197.69 K and 1.67 kPa . It is released naturally by volcanic activity .   Sulfur dioxide was used by the Romans in winemaking when they discovered that burning sulfur candles inside empty wine vessels kept them fresh and free from vinegar smell ."}
{"_id": "Summit_Series", "title": "Summit Series", "headings": "", "text": "The Summit Series , or Super Series ( in Russian Суперсерия СССР -- Канада ; Superseriya SSSR -- Canada ) , known at the time simply as the Canada -- USSR Series , was an eight-game series of ice hockey between the Soviet Union and Canada , held in September 1972 . It was the first competition between the Soviet national team and a Canadian team represented by professional players of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , known as Team Canada . It was the first international ice hockey competition for Canada after Canada had withdrawn from international ice hockey competitions in a dispute with the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) . The series was organized with the intention to create a true best-on-best competition in the sport of ice hockey . The Soviets had become the dominant team in international competitions , which disallowed the professional players of Canada . Canada had had a long history of dominance of the sport prior to the Soviets ' rise .   The first four games of the series were held in Canada and the final four in Moscow . The Soviet Union surprised the Canadian team and most of the hockey media with an opening game victory , 7 -- 3 . Many sportswriters had predicted an overwhelming victory for Canada in the series . Canada won the next game 4 -- 1 ; the third game was a tie and the Soviets won game four to take a two games to one lead after the Canadian segment . The series resumed two weeks later in Moscow . The Soviets won game five to take a three games to one series lead . The Canadians won the final three games in Moscow to win the series four games to three , with one tie . The final game was won in dramatic fashion , with the Canadians overcoming a two-goal Soviet lead after two periods . The Canadians scored three in the third , the final one scored with 34 seconds left , by Paul Henderson .   The series was played during the Cold War , and intense feelings of nationalism were aroused in both Canada and the Soviet Union , as well as on the ice . The games introduced several talented Soviet players to North America , such as Alexander Yakushev , Valeri Kharlamov and goaltender Vladislav Tretiak ; the latter two are Hockey Hall of Fame inductees . Team Canada , the first NHL and professional all-star team formed for international play , was led by Phil Esposito , who led the series in scoring , as well as contributing in other roles . The Canadian line of Bobby Clarke , Ron Ellis and Henderson , which was not expected to start for the team , as none were yet stars , played a surprisingly large role in the Canadian win . The series was filled with controversy , starting with the exclusion of top Canadian player Bobby Hull and including disputes over officiating , dirty play on the part of both teams and the deliberate injury of Kharlamov by Clarke in game six ."}
{"_id": "Sun", "title": "Sun", "headings": "", "text": "The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System . It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma , with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process . It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth . Its diameter is about 109 times that of Earth , and its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth , accounting for about 99.86 % of the total mass of the Solar System .  About three quarters of the Sun 's mass consists of hydrogen ( ~ 73 % ) ; the rest is mostly helium ( ~ 25 % ) , with much smaller quantities of heavier elements , including oxygen , carbon , neon , and iron .   The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star ( G2V ) based on its spectral class . As such , it is informally referred to as a yellow dwarf . It formed approximately 4.6 billionAll numbers in this article are short scale . One billion is 109 , or 1,000,000,000 . years ago from the gravitational collapse of matter within a region of a large molecular cloud . Most of this matter gathered in the center , whereas the rest flattened into an orbiting disk that became the Solar System . The central mass became so hot and dense that it eventually initiated nuclear fusion in its core . It is thought that almost all stars form by this process .   The Sun is roughly middle-aged ; it has not changed dramatically for more than four billion years , and will remain fairly stable for more than another five billion years . After hydrogen fusion in its core has diminished to the point at which it is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium , the core of the Sun will experience a marked increase in density and temperature while its outer layers expand to eventually become a red giant . It is calculated that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of Mercury and Venus , and render Earth uninhabitable .   The enormous effect of the Sun on Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times , and the Sun has been regarded by some cultures as a deity . The synodic rotation of Earth and its orbit around the Sun are the basis of the solar calendar , which is the predominant calendar in use today ."}
{"_id": "Sunlight", "title": "Sunlight", "headings": "", "text": "Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun , in particular infrared , visible , and ultraviolet light . On Earth , sunlight is filtered through Earth 's atmosphere , and is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above the horizon . When the direct solar radiation is not blocked by clouds , it is experienced as sunshine , a combination of bright light and radiant heat . When it is blocked by clouds or reflects off other objects , it is experienced as diffused light . The World Meteorological Organization uses the term `` sunshine duration '' to mean the cumulative time during which an area receives direct irradiance from the Sun of at least 120 watts per square meter . Other sources indicate an `` Average over the entire earth '' of `` 164 Watts per square meter over a 24 hour day '' .   The ultraviolet radiation in sunlight has both positive and negative health effects , as it is both a principal source of vitamin D3 and a mutagen .   Sunlight takes about 8.3 minutes to reach Earth from the surface of the Sun . A photon starting at the center of the Sun and changing direction every time it encounters a charged particle would take between 10,000 and 170,000 years to get to the surface .   Sunlight is a key factor in photosynthesis , the process used by plants and other autotrophic organisms to convert light energy , normally from the Sun , into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms ' activities ."}
{"_id": "Sunspot", "title": "Sunspot", "headings": "", "text": "Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the Sun that appear as dark spots compared with surrounding regions . They are areas of reduced surface temperature caused by concentrations of magnetic field flux that inhibit convection . Sunspots usually appear in pairs of opposite magnetic polarity . Their number varies according to the approximately 11-year solar cycle .   Individual sunspots may endure anywhere from a few days to a few months , but eventually decay . Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the Sun with sizes ranging from 16 km to 160000 km in diameter . The larger variety are visible from Earth without the aid of a telescope . They may travel at relative speeds , or proper motions of a few hundred meters per second when they first emerge .   Indicating intense magnetic activity , sunspots accompany secondary phenomena such as coronal loops ( prominences ) and reconnection events . Most solar flares and coronal mass ejections originate in magnetically active regions around visible sunspot groupings . Similar phenomena indirectly observed on stars other than the sun are commonly called starspots and both light and dark spots have been measured ."}
{"_id": "Supercell", "title": "Supercell", "headings": "", "text": "A supercell is a thunderstorm characterized by the presence of a mesocyclone : a deep , persistently rotating updraft . For this reason , these storms are sometimes referred to as rotating thunderstorms . Of the four classifications of thunderstorms ( supercell , squall line , multi-cell , and single-cell ) , supercells are the overall least common and have the potential to be the most severe . Supercells are often isolated from other thunderstorms , and can dominate the local weather up to 32 km away .   Supercells are often put into three classification types : Classic , Low-precipitation ( LP ) , and High-precipitation ( HP ) . LP supercells are usually found in climates that are more arid , such as the high plains of the United States , and HP supercells are most often found in moist climates . Supercells can occur anywhere in the world under the right pre-existing weather conditions , but they are most common in the Great Plains of the United States in an area known as Tornado Alley and in the Tornado Corridor of Argentina , Uruguay and southern Brazil ."}
{"_id": "Supercontinent", "title": "Supercontinent", "headings": "", "text": "In geology , a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of Earth 's continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass . However , the definition of a supercontinent can be ambiguous . Many earth scientists use the term `` supercontinent '' to mean `` a clustering of nearly all continents '' . This definition leaves room for interpretation when labeling a continental body and is easier to apply to Precambrian times . Using the first definition provided here , Gondwana is not considered a supercontinent , because the landmasses of Baltica , Laurentia and Siberia also existed at the same time but physically separate from each other . The landmass of Pangaea is the collective name describing all of these continental masses when they were most recently in proximity to one another . This would classify Pangaea as a supercontinent . According to the modern definitions , a supercontinent does not exist today . Supercontinents have assembled and dispersed multiple times in the geologic past ( see table ) . The positions of continents have been accurately determined back to the early Jurassic . However , beyond , continental positions are much less certain ."}
{"_id": "Surveying", "title": "Surveying", "headings": "", "text": "Surveying or land surveying is the technique , profession , and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them . A land surveying professional is called a land surveyor . These points are usually on the surface of the Earth , and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership , locations like building corners or the surface location of subsurface features , or other purposes required by government or civil law , such as property sales .   Surveyors work with elements of geometry , trigonometry , regression analysis , physics , engineering , metrology , programming languages and the law . They use equipment like total stations , robotic total stations , GPS receivers , retroreflectors , 3D scanners , radios , handheld tablets , digital levels , subsurface locators , drones , GIS and surveying software .   Surveying has been an element in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history . The planning and execution of most forms of construction require it . It is also used in transport , communications , mapping , and the definition of legal boundaries for land ownership . It is an important tool for research in many other scientific disciplines ."}
{"_id": "Survivalism", "title": "Survivalism", "headings": "", "text": "Survivalism is a primarily American movement of individuals or groups ( called survivalists or preppers ) who are actively preparing for emergencies , including possible disruptions in social or political order , on scales from local to international . Survivalists often acquire emergency medical and self-defense training , stockpile food and water , prepare to become self-sufficient , and build structures ( e.g. , a survival retreat or an underground shelter ) that may help them survive a catastrophe .   Use of the term survivalist dates from 1976 . The terms prepper and prep #Verb are derived from the word prepare #Verb , and have grown in popularity since the 1990s , partly as a reaction to terrorists like Ted Kaczynski and Timothy McVeigh and stereotypes connected with them ."}
{"_id": "Sustainability", "title": "Sustainability", "headings": "", "text": "In ecology , sustainability ( from sustain and ability ) is the property of biological systems to remain diverse and productive indefinite #Adjective . Long-lived and healthy wetlands and forests are examples of sustainable biological systems . In more general terms , sustainability is the endurance of systems and processes . The organizing principle for sustainability is sustainable development , which includes the four interconnected domains : ecology , economics , politics and culture . Sustainability science is the study of sustainable development and environmental science .   Sustainability can also be defined as a socio-ecological process characterized by the pursuit of a common ideal .  An ideal is by definition unattainable in a given time and space . However , by persistently and dynamically approaching it , the process results in a sustainable system .   Healthy ecosystems and environments are necessary to the survival of humans and other organisms . Ways of reducing negative human impact are environmentally-friendly chemical engineering , environmental resources management and environmental protection . Information is gained from green chemistry , earth science , environmental science and conservation biology . Ecological economics studies the fields of academic research that aim to address human economies and natural ecosystems .   Moving towards sustainability is also a social challenge that entails international and national law , urban planning and transport , local and individual lifestyles and ethical consumerism . Ways of living more sustainably can take many forms from reorganizing living conditions ( e.g. , ecovillages , eco-municipalities and sustainable cities ) , reappraising economic sectors ( permaculture , green building , sustainable agriculture ) , or work practices ( sustainable architecture ) , using science to develop new technologies ( green technologies , renewable energy and sustainable fission and fusion power ) , or designing systems in a flexible and reversible manner , and adjusting individual lifestyles that conserve natural resources .   `` The term ` sustainability ' should be viewed as humanity 's target goal of human-ecosystem equilibrium ( homeostasis ) , while ` sustainable development ' refers to the holistic approach and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability . '' ( 305 ) Despite the increased popularity of the use of the term `` sustainability '' , the possibility that human societies will achieve environmental sustainability has been , and continues to be , questioned -- in light of environmental degradation , climate change , overconsumption , population growth and societies ' pursuit of unlimited economic growth in a closed system ."}
{"_id": "Sustainable_Development_Goals", "title": "Sustainable Development Goals", "headings": "", "text": "The Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ) , officially known as Transforming our world : the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a set of 17 `` Global Goals '' with 169 targets between them . Spearheaded by the United Nations through a deliberative process involving its 193 Member States , as well as global civil society , the goals are contained in paragraph 54 United Nations Resolution A/RES/70 / 1 of 25 September 2015 . The Resolution is a broader intergovernmental agreement that acts as the Post 2015 Development Agenda ( successor to the Millennium Development Goals ) . The SDGs build on the Principles agreed upon under Resolution A/RES/66 / 288 , popularly known as The Future We Want .   The SDGs were in large measure informed by the often quoted assertion by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon that `` we do n't have plan B because there is no planet B '' .   On 19 July 2014 , the UN General Assembly 's Open Working Group ( OWG ) on Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ) forwarded a proposal for the SDGs to the Assembly . The proposal contained 17 goals with 169 targets covering a broad range of sustainable development issues . These included ending poverty and hunger , improving health and education , making cities more sustainable , combating climate change , and protecting oceans and forests . On 5 December 2014 , the UN General Assembly accepted the Secretary-General 's Synthesis Report which stated that the agenda for the post-2015 SDG process would be based on the OWG proposals .   The Intergovernmental Negotiations on the Post 2015 Development Agenda ( IGN ) began in January 2015 and ended in August 2015 . Following the negotiations , a final document was adopted at the UN Sustainable Development Summit September 25 -- 27 , 2015 in New York , USA . The title of the agenda is Transforming our world : the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ."}
{"_id": "Sustainable_development", "title": "Sustainable development", "headings": "", "text": "Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depends . The desirable end result is a state of society where living conditions and resource use continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural systems .   While the modern concept of sustainable development is derived mostly from the 1987 Brundtland Report , it is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable forest management and twentieth century environmental concerns . As the concept developed , it has shifted to focus more on economic development , social development and environmental protection for future generations . It has been suggested that `` the term ` sustainability ' should be viewed as humanity 's target goal of human-ecosystem equilibrium ( homeostasis ) , while ` sustainable development ' refers to the holistic approach and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability '' .   The concept of sustainable development has been -- and still is -- subject to criticism . What , exactly , is to be sustained in sustainable development ? It has been argued that there is no such thing as a sustainable use of a non-renewable resource , since any positive rate of exploitation will eventually lead to the exhaustion of Earth 's finite stock ; this perspective renders the Industrial Revolution as a whole unsustainable . It has also been argued that the meaning of the concept has opportunistically been stretched from ` conservation management ' to ` economic development ' , and that the Brundtland Report promoted nothing but a business as usual strategy for world development , with an ambiguous and insubstantial concept attached as a public relations slogan ( see below ) ."}
{"_id": "Sustainable_energy", "title": "Sustainable energy", "headings": "", "text": "Sustainable energy is energy that is consumed at insignificant rates compared to its supply and with manageable collateral effects , especially environmental effects . Another common definition of sustainable energy is an energy system that serves the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs . The organizing principle for sustainability is sustainable development , which includes the four interconnected domains : ecology , economics , politics and culture . Sustainability science is the study of sustainable development and environmental science .   Technologies promote sustainable energy including renewable energy sources , such as hydroelectricity , solar energy , wind energy , wave power , geothermal energy , bioenergy , tidal power and also technologies designed to improve energy efficiency . Costs have fallen dramatically in recent years , and continue to fall . Most of these technologies are either economically competitive or close to being so . Increasingly , effective government policies support investor confidence and these markets are expanding . Considerable progress is being made in the energy transition from fossil fuels to ecologically sustainable systems , to the point where many studies support 100 % renewable energy ."}
{"_id": "Svante_Arrhenius", "title": "Svante Arrhenius", "headings": "", "text": "Svante August Arrhenius ( 19 February 1859 -- 2 October 1927 ) was a Nobel-Prize winning Swedish scientist , originally a physicist , but often referred to as a chemist , and one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry . He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903 , becoming the first Swedish Nobel laureate , and in 1905 became director of the Nobel Institute where he remained until his death . His lasting contributions to science are exemplified and memorialized by the Arrhenius equation , Arrhenius definition of an acid , lunar crater Arrhenius , the mountain of Arrheniusfjellet and the Arrhenius Labs at Stockholm University , all named after him . He was the first to use basic principles of physical chemistry to calculate estimates of the extent to which increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide increase Earth 's surface temperature through the Arrhenius effect , leading Keeling to conclude that human-caused carbon dioxide emissions are large enough to cause global warming ."}
{"_id": "Sweden", "title": "Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Sweden ( Konungariket Sverige ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund . At 450295 km2 , Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area , with a total population of 10.0 million . Sweden consequently has a low population density of 22 PD/km2 , with the highest concentration in the southern half of the country . Approximately 85 % of the population lives in urban areas .   Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times , emerging into history as the Geats/G ötar and Swedes/Svear and constituting the sea peoples known as the Norsemen . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence , that in spite of this still retains warm continental summers . Today , Sweden is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , with a monarch as head of state . The capital city is Stockholm , which is also the most populous city in the country . Legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag . Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister . Sweden is a unitary state , currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities .   Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages . In the 17th century , it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire , which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century . Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries , ending with the annexation of present-day Finland by Russia in 1809 . The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814 , when Norway was militarily forced into personal union . Since then , Sweden has been at peace , maintaining an official policy of neutrality in foreign affairs . The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905 , leading to Sweden 's current borders . Though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars , Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts , such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe .   After the end of the Cold War , Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 , but declined NATO membership , as well as Eurozone membership following a referendum . It is also a member of the United Nations , the Nordic Council , Council of Europe , the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens . It has the world 's eighth-highest per capita income and ranks highly in numerous metrics of national performance , including quality of life , health , education , protection of civil liberties , economic competitiveness , equality , prosperity and human development ."}
{"_id": "Sydney", "title": "Sydney", "headings": "", "text": "Sydney is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds the world 's largest natural harbour , and sprawls towards the Blue Mountains to the west . Residents of Sydney are known as `` Sydneysiders '' . Sydney is the location of the secondary official residences of the Governor-General of Australia and the Prime Minister of Australia , Admiralty House and Kirribilli House respectively .   The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years . The first British settlers , led by Captain Arthur Phillip , arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Since convict transportation ended in the mid-19th century , the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . As at June 2016 Sydney 's estimated population was 5,005,358 . In the , 34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas , representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world . There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home .   Despite being one of the most expensive cities in the world , the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranks Sydney tenth in the world in terms of quality of living , making it one of the most livable cities . It is classified as an Alpha + World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network , indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world . Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity , Sydney has an advanced market economy with strengths in finance , manufacturing and tourism . Its gross regional product was $ 337 billion in 2013 , the largest in Australia . There is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacific 's leading financial hubs .   In addition to hosting events such as the 2000 Summer Olympics , Sydney is amongst the top fifteen most-visited cities in the world , with millions of tourists coming each year to see the city 's landmarks . Its natural features include Sydney Harbour , the Royal National Park , and the Royal Botanic Garden . Man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House , Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors ."}
{"_id": "Syracuse,_New_York", "title": "Syracuse, New York", "headings": "", "text": "Syracuse ( -LSB- localˈsɛrəkjuːs -RSB- ) is a city in , and the county seat of , Onondaga County , New York , in the United States . It is the largest U.S. city with the name `` Syracuse '' , and is the fifth most populous city in the state of New York following New York City , Buffalo , Rochester , and Yonkers . At the 2010 census , the city population was 145,170 , and its metropolitan area had a population of 662,577 . It is the economic and educational hub of Central New York , a region with over a million inhabitants . Syracuse is also well-provided with convention sites , with a downtown convention complex . Syracuse was named after the original Greek city Syracuse ( Siracusa in Italian ) , a city on the eastern coast of the Italian island of Sicily .   The city has functioned as a major crossroads over the last two centuries , first between the Erie Canal and its branch canals , then of the railway network . Today , Syracuse is located at the intersection of Interstates 81 and 90 , and its airport is the largest in the region . Syracuse is home to Syracuse University , a major research university , as well as Le Moyne College , a nationally recognized liberal arts college . In 2010 , Forbes rated Syracuse 4th in the top 10 places in the U.S. to raise a family ."}
{"_id": "Taiga", "title": "Taiga", "headings": "", "text": "Taiga ( -LSB- ˈtaɪɡə -RSB- -LSB- тайга́ , p = tɐjˈɡa -RSB- from Turkic ) also known as boreal forest or snow forest , is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines , spruces and larches .   The taiga is the world 's largest biome apart from the oceans . In North America it covers most of inland Canada and Alaska as well as parts of the extreme northern continental United States ( northern Minnesota through the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to Upstate New York and northern New England ) , where it is known as the Northwoods or `` North woods '' . In Eurasia , it covers most of Sweden , Finland , much of Norway , some of the Scottish Highlands , some lowland/coastal areas of Iceland , much of Russia from Karelia in the west to the Pacific Ocean ( including much of Siberia ) , and areas of northern Kazakhstan , northern Mongolia , and northern Japan ( on the island of Hokkaidō ) . However , the main tree species , the length of the growing season and summer temperatures vary . For example , the taiga of North America mostly consists of spruces ; Scandinavian and Finnish taiga consists of a mix of spruce , pines and birch ; Russian taiga has spruces , pines and larches depending on the region , while the Eastern Siberian taiga is a vast larch forest .   A different use of the term taiga is often encountered in the English language , with `` boreal forest '' used in the United States and Canada to refer to only the more southerly part of the biome , while `` taiga '' is used to describe the more barren areas of the northernmost part of the biome approaching the tree line and the tundra biome . Hoffman ( 1958 ) discusses the origin of this differential use in North America and why it is an inappropriate differentiation of the Russian term . Although at high elevations taiga grades into alpine tundra through Krummholz , it is not exclusively an alpine biome ; and unlike subalpine forest , much of taiga is lowlands ."}
{"_id": "Tax", "title": "Tax", "headings": "", "text": "A tax ( from the Latin en : taxo #Latin ) is a financial charge or other levy imposed upon a taxpayer ( an individual or legal entity ) by a state or the functional equivalent of a state to fund various public expenditures . A failure to pay , or evasion of or resistance to taxation , is usually punishable by law . Taxes consist of direct or indirect taxes and may be paid in money or as its labour equivalent . Most countries have a tax system in place to pay for public/common/agreed national needs and government functions : some levy a flat percentage rate of taxation on personal annual income , some on a scale based on annual income amounts , and some countries impose almost no taxation at all , or a very low tax rate for a certain area of taxation . Some countries charge a tax both on corporate income and dividends ; this is often referred to as double taxation as the individual shareholder ( s ) receiving this payment from the company will also be levied some tax on that personal income ."}
{"_id": "Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China", "title": "Technological and industrial history of China", "headings": "", "text": "The technological and industrial history of China is extremely varied , and extensive . China 's industrial sector has shown great progress using most of its technology from the 1950s ."}
{"_id": "Ted_Cruz", "title": "Ted Cruz", "headings": "", "text": "Rafael Edward `` Ted '' Cruz -LSB- ˈkruːz -RSB- ( born December 22 , 1970 ) is an American politician and attorney , who has served as the junior United States Senator from Texas since 2013 . He was a candidate for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2016 election .   Cruz graduated from Princeton University , New Jersey , in 1992 , and from Harvard Law School , Massachusetts , in 1995 . From 1999 to 2003 , he served in various political appointee positions : the Director of the Office of Policy Planning at the Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) , an Associate Deputy Attorney General at the United States Department of Justice , and a Domestic Policy Advisor to George W. Bush on the 2000 George W. Bush Presidential campaign .   Cruz served as Solicitor General of Texas , from 2003 to 2008 , appointed by Texas Attorney General , Greg Abbott . He was the first Hispanic , and the longest-serving , Solicitor General in Texas history . From 2004 to 2009 , Cruz was an Adjunct Professor at the University of Texas School of Law in Austin , Texas , where he taught U.S. Supreme Court litigation .   Cruz ran for the Senate seat vacated by fellow Republican Kay Bailey Hutchison and , in July 2012 , defeated Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst during the Republican primary runoff , 57 -- 43 % . He defeated former State Representative Paul Sadler in the November 2012 general election , winning 56 -- 41 % . He is the first Hispanic American to serve as a U.S. Senator representing Texas , and is one of three senators of Cuban descent . He chairs the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Oversight , Federal Rights and Agency Activities , and is the Chairman of the Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Space , Science and Competitiveness . In November 2012 , he was appointed Vice-Chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee .   Cruz began campaigning for the Republican presidential nomination in March 2015 . During the primary campaign , his base of support was strongest with `` women , white evangelical Protestants , people over the age of 50 , and those who identified themselves as conservatives '' , though he had crossover appeal to other factions within his party , including libertarian conservatives and millennials .   Cruz 's victory in the February 2016 Iowa caucuses marked the first time a Hispanic person won a U.S. presidential caucus or primary . He eventually emerged as the main challenger to frontrunner Donald Trump . He suspended his campaign for president on May 3 , 2016 , after losing the Republican primary in Indiana to Trump ."}
{"_id": "Temperate_climate", "title": "Temperate climate", "headings": "", "text": "In geography , temperate or tepid latitudes of Earth lie between the tropics and the polar regions . The temperatures in these regions are generally relatively moderate , rather than extremely hot or cold , and the changes between summer and winter are also usually moderate ."}
{"_id": "Temperature", "title": "Temperature", "headings": "", "text": "A temperature is an objective comparative measurement of hot or cold . It is measured by a thermometer . Several scales and units exist for measuring temperature , the most common being Celsius ( denoted ° C ; formerly called centigrade ) , Fahrenheit ( denoted ° F ) , and , especially in science , Kelvin ( denoted K ) .   The coldest theoretical temperature is absolute zero , at which the thermal motion of atoms and molecules reaches its minimum -- classically , this would be a state of motionlessness , but quantum uncertainty dictates that the particles still possess a finite zero-point energy . Absolute zero is denoted as 0 K on the Kelvin scale , − 273.15 ° C on the Celsius scale , and − 459.67 ° F on the Fahrenheit scale .   The kinetic theory offers a valuable but limited account of the behavior of the materials of macroscopic bodies , especially of fluids . It indicates the absolute temperature as proportional to the average kinetic energy of the random microscopic motions of those of their constituent microscopic particles , such as electrons , atoms , and molecules , that move freely within the material .   Temperature is important in all fields of natural science including physics , geology , chemistry , atmospheric sciences , medicine and biology as well as most aspects of daily life ."}
{"_id": "Temperature_record_of_the_past_1000_years", "title": "Temperature record of the past 1000 years", "headings": "", "text": "For information on the description of the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age in various IPCC reports see MWP and LIA in IPCC reportsThe temperature record of the past 1,000 years is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale . Large-scale reconstructions covering part or all of the 1st millennium and 2nd millennium have shown that recent temperatures are exceptional : the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report of 2007 concluded that `` Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely '' the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . '' The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century . As of 2010 this broad pattern was supported by more than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , with variations in how flat the pre-20th-century `` shaft '' appears . Sparseness of proxy records results in considerable uncertainty for earlier periods .   Individual proxy records , such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology , are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap . Networks of such records are used to reconstruct past temperatures for regions : tree ring proxies have been used to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere extratropical temperatures ( within the tropics trees do not form rings ) but are confined to land areas and are scarce in the Southern Hemisphere which is largely ocean . Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions , incorporating proxies such as lake sediments , ice cores and corals which are found in different regions , and using statistical methods to relate these sparser proxies to the greater numbers of tree ring records . The `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method is widely used for large-scale multiproxy reconstructions of hemispheric or global average temperatures ; this is complemented by Climate Field Reconstruction ( CFR ) methods which show how climate patterns have developed over large spatial areas , making the reconstruction useful for investigating natural variability and long-term oscillations as well as for comparisons with patterns produced by climate models .   During the 1,900 years before the 20th century , it is likely that the next warmest period was from 950 to 1100 , with peaks at different times in different regions . This has been called the Medieval Warm Period , and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age . In the hockey stick controversy , contrarians have asserted that the Medieval Warm Period was warmer than at present , and have disputed the data and methods of climate reconstructions ."}
{"_id": "Temperatures_Rising", "title": "Temperatures Rising", "headings": "", "text": "Temperatures Rising is an American television sitcom that aired on the ABC network from September 12 , 1972 to August 29 , 1974 . During its 46-episode run , it was presented in three different formats and cast line-ups . The series was developed for the network by William Asher and Harry Ackerman for Ashmont Productions and Screen Gems . Set in a fictional Washington , D.C. hospital , the series featured James Whitmore as a no-nonsense chief of staff , forced to deal with the outlandish antics of a young intern ( Cleavon Little ) and three nurses ( Joan Van Ark , Reva Rose , and Nancy Fox ) .   For the first season , 26 episodes were produced and broadcast . In the second season , Whitmore was replaced in the lead role by comedian Paul Lynde , and Asher was replaced as producer by Duke Vincent and Bruce Johnson . The series was re-titled The New Temperatures Rising Show , and featured a new supporting cast : Sudie Bond , Barbara Cason , Jennifer Darling , Jeff Morrow , and John Dehner . Cleavon Little was the only returning member of the original cast . In this season , Lynde was presented as the penny-pinching chief of staff , with Bond as his nagging mother and owner of the hospital .   The New Temperatures Rising Show ran for 13 episodes before being placed on hiatus in January 1974 due to poor ratings . It returned in July in yet another incarnation . Asher returned as producer and restored the series to its original format -- albeit with Lynde continuing in the lead . Reverting to the original title of Temperatures Rising , Little remained in the show 's cast , accompanied by a new line-up of supporting players : Alice Ghostley , Barbara Rucker and , returning from the first season 's cast , Nancy Fox . Offered as a summer replacement on Thursday nights , the third version of the sitcom ran for seven episodes , after which it was cancelled permanently ."}
{"_id": "Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall", "title": "Tendency of the rate of profit to fall", "headings": "", "text": "The tendency of the rate of profit to fall ( TRPF ) is a hypothesis in economics and political economy , most famously expounded by Karl Marx in chapter 13 of Capital , Volume III . Although not accepted in 20th century mainstream economics , the existence of such a tendency was widely accepted in the 19th century . Economists as diverse as Adam Smith , John Stuart Mill , David Ricardo and Stanley Jevons referred explicitly to the TRPF as an empirical phenomenon . They differed in their explanation about why the TRPF might occur .   In his 1857 Grundrisse manuscript , Karl Marx called the tendency of the rate of profit to fall `` the most important law of political economy '' and sought to give a causal explanation for it , in terms of his theory of capital accumulation . The tendency is already foreshadowed in chapter 25 of Capital , Volume I ( on the `` general law of capital accumulation '' ) , but in Part 3 of the draft manuscript of Marx 's Capital , Volume III , edited posthumously for publication by Friedrich Engels , an extensive analysis is provided of the tendency . Marx regarded the TRPF as proof that capitalist production could not be an everlasting form of production , since , in the end , the profit principle itself would suffer a breakdown . However , because Marx never published any finished manuscript on the TRPF himself , because the tendency is hard to prove or disprove theoretically , and because it is hard to test and measure the rate of profit , Marx 's TRPF theory has been a topic of controversy for more than a century ."}
{"_id": "Terra_Nova_Expedition", "title": "Terra Nova Expedition", "headings": "", "text": "The Terra Nova Expedition , officially the British Antarctic Expedition , was an expedition to Antarctica which took place between 1910 and 1913 . It was led by Robert Falcon Scott and had various scientific and geographical objectives . Scott wished to continue the scientific work that he had begun when leading the Discovery Expedition to the Antarctic in 1901 -- 04 . He also wanted to be the first to reach the geographic South Pole . He and four companions attained the pole on 17 January 1912 , where they found that the Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen had preceded them by 34 days . Scott 's entire party died on the return journey from the pole ; some of their bodies , journals , and photographs were found by a search party eight months later .   The expedition , named after its supply ship , was a private venture , financed by public contributions augmented by a government grant . It had further backing from the Admiralty , which released experienced seamen to the expedition , and from the Royal Geographical Society . The expedition 's team of scientists carried out a comprehensive scientific programme , while other parties explored Victoria Land and the Western Mountains . An attempted landing and exploration of King Edward VII Land was unsuccessful . A journey to Cape Crozier in June and July 1911 was the first extended sledging journey in the depths of the Antarctic winter .   For many years after his death , Scott 's status as tragic hero was unchallenged , and few questions were asked about the causes of the disaster which overcame his polar party . In the final quarter of the 20th century the expedition came under closer scrutiny , and more critical views were expressed about its organization and management . The degree of Scott 's personal culpability , and more recently , the culpability of certain expedition members , remain controversial ."}
{"_id": "Terraforming_of_Mars", "title": "Terraforming of Mars", "headings": "", "text": "Terraforming of Mars is a process by which the surface and climate of Mars would be deliberately changed to make large areas of the environment hospitable to humans , thus making the colonization of Mars safer and sustainable ( see Planetary engineering ) .   There are a few proposed terraforming concepts , some of which present prohibitive economic and natural resource costs , and others that may be achievable with foreseeable technology ."}
{"_id": "Terraforming_of_Venus", "title": "Terraforming of Venus", "headings": "", "text": "The terraforming of Venus is the hypothetical process of engineering the global environment of the planet Venus in such a way as to make it suitable for human habitation . Terraforming Venus was first seriously proposed by the astronomer Carl Sagan in 1961 , although fictional treatments , such as The Big Rain by Poul Anderson , preceded it . Adjustments to the existing environment of Venus to support human life would require at least three major changes to the planet . These three changes are closely interrelated , because Venus 's extreme temperature is due to the greenhouse effect caused by its dense carbon-dioxide atmosphere :  Reducing Venus 's surface temperature of 462 C.  Eliminating most of the planet 's dense 9.2 MPa carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide atmosphere , via removal or conversion to some other form .  Addition of breathable oxygen to the atmosphere ."}
{"_id": "Terrestrial_television", "title": "Terrestrial television", "headings": "", "text": "Terrestrial television or broadcast television is a type of television broadcasting in which the television signal is transmitted by radio waves from the terrestrial ( Earth based ) transmitter of a television station to a TV receiver having an antenna . The term is more common in Europe , while in North America it is referred to as broadcast television or sometimes over-the-air television ( OTA ) . The term `` terrestrial '' is used to distinguish this type from the newer technologies of satellite television ( direct broadcast satellite or DBS television ) , in which the television signal is transmitted to the receiver from an overhead satellite , and cable television , in which the signal is carried to the receiver through a cable .   Terrestrial television was the first technology used for television broadcasting , with the first long-distance public television broadcast from Washington , D.C. , on 7 April 1927 . The BBC began broadcasting in 1929 and had a regular schedule of television programmes in 1930 . However , these early experimental systems had insufficient picture quality to attract the public , due to their mechanical scan technology , and television did n't become widespread until after World War II with the advent of electronic scan technology . The television broadcasting business followed the model of radio networks , with local television stations in cities and towns affiliated with television networks , either commercial ( in USA ) or government-controlled ( in Europe ) , which provided content . Television broadcasts were in black and white until the 1960s , when color television broadcasting began .   There was no other method of television delivery until the 1950s with the beginnings of cable television and community antenna television ( CATV ) . CATV was , initially , only a re-broadcast of over-the-air signals . With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 1980s , viewing of terrestrial television broadcasts has been in decline ; in 2013 , it was estimated that about 7 % of US households used an antenna . A slight increase in use began after the 2009 final conversion to digital terrestrial television broadcasts , which offer HDTV image quality as an alternative to CATV for cord cutters ."}
{"_id": "Texaco", "title": "Texaco", "headings": "", "text": "Texaco , Inc. ( `` The Texas Company '' ) is an American oil subsidiary of Chevron Corporation . Its flagship product is its fuel `` Texaco with Techron '' . It also owns the Havoline motor oil brand . Texaco was an independent company until its refining operations merged into Chevron Corporation in 2001 , at which time most of its station franchises were divested to the Shell Oil Company . It began as the Texas Fuel Company , founded in 1901 in Beaumont , Texas , by Joseph S. Cullinan , Thomas J. Donoghue , Walter Benona Sharp , and Arnold Schlaet upon the discovery of oil at Spindletop .   For many years , Texaco was the only company selling gasoline under the same brand name in all 50 US states , as well as Canada , making it the most truly national brand among its competitors . It was also one of the Seven Sisters which dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s . Its current logo features a white star in a red circle ( a reference to the lone star of Texas ) , leading to the long-running advertising jingles `` You can trust your car to the man who wears the star '' and `` Star of the American Road . '' The company was headquartered in Harrison , New York , near White Plains , prior to the merger with Chevron .   Texaco gasoline comes with Techron , an additive developed by Chevron , as of 2005 , replacing the previous CleanSystem3 . The Texaco brand is strong in the U.S. , Latin America and West Africa . It has a presence in Europe as well ; for example , it is a well-known retail brand in the UK , with around 1,100 Texaco-branded service stations ."}
{"_id": "Texas", "title": "Texas", "headings": "", "text": "Texas ( -LSB- ˈtɛksəs -RSB- , -LSB- localˈtɛksᵻz -RSB- Texas or Tejas -LSB- ˈtexas -RSB- ) is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population . Geographically located in the South Central region of the country , Texas shares borders with the U.S. states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , while the Gulf of Mexico is to the southeast .   Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas -- Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed `` The Lone Star State '' to signify its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The `` Lone Star '' can be found on the Texan state flag and on the Texan state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word `` Tejas , '' which means `` friends '' in the Caddo language .   Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes that resemble both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10 % of Texas ' land area is desert . Most of the population centers are located in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend .   The term `` six flags over Texas `` For example , as used by the large Grand Prairie -- based national and international amusement park operator Six Flags refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory . Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas . France held a short-lived colony . Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence , becoming an independent Republic . In 1845 , Texas joined the union as the 28th state . The state 's annexation set off a chain of events that led to the Mexican -- American War in 1846 . A slave state before the American Civil War , Texas declared its secession from the U.S. in early 1861 , and officially joined the Confederate States of America on March 2 of the same year . After the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government , Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation .   One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle . Due to its long history as a center of the industry , Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy . The state 's economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century , when oil discoveries initiated an economic boom in the state . With strong investments in universities , Texas developed a diversified economy and high tech industry in the mid-20th century . As of 2015 , it is second on the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with 54 . With a growing base of industry , the state leads in many industries , including agriculture , petrochemicals , energy , computers and electronics , aerospace , and biomedical sciences . Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product ."}
{"_id": "That_Hideous_Strength", "title": "That Hideous Strength", "headings": "", "text": "That Hideous Strength ( subtitled A Modern Fairy-Tale for Grown-Ups ) is a 1945 novel by C. S. Lewis , the final book in Lewis 's theological science fiction Space Trilogy . The events of this novel follow those of Out of the Silent Planet and Perelandra ( also titled Voyage to Venus ) and once again feature the philologist Elwin Ransom . Yet unlike the principal events of those two novels , the story takes place on Earth rather than in space or on other planets in the solar system . The story involves an ostensibly scientific institute , the N.I.C.E. , which is a front for sinister supernatural forces .   The novel was heavily influenced by the writing of Lewis 's friend and fellow Inkling Charles Williams , and is markedly dystopian in style . In the book 's preface Lewis acknowledges science-fiction writer Olaf Stapledon and his work : `` Mr. Stapledon is so rich in invention that he can well afford to lend , and I admire his invention ( though not his philosophy ) so much that I should feel no shame to borrow . ''   In the foreword , Lewis states that the novel 's point is the same as that in his non-fiction work The Abolition of Man , which argues that there are natural laws and objective values , which education should teach children to recognise .   The novel 's title is taken from a poem written by David Lyndsay in 1555 , Ane Dialog betuix Experience and ane Courteour , also known as The Monarche . The couplet in question , `` The shadow of that hyddeous strength , sax myle and more it is of length '' , refers to the Tower of Babel ."}
{"_id": "Thaumasia_quadrangle", "title": "Thaumasia quadrangle", "headings": "", "text": "The Thaumasia quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) Astrogeology Research Program . The Thaumasia quadrangle is also referred to as MC-25 ( Mars Chart-25 ) .  The name comes from Thaumas , the god of the clouds and celestial apparitions .   The Thaumasia quadrangle covers the area from 60 ° to 120 ° west longitude and 30 ° to 65 ° south latitude on Mars . The Thaumasia quadrangle contains many different regions or parts of many regions : Solis Planum , Icaria Planum , , Aonia Planum , Bosporus Planum , and Thaumasia Planum . One of the first major networks of stream channels , called Warrego Valles , were discovered here by early orbiters . Another sign of water is the presence of gullies carved into steep slopes ."}
{"_id": "The_Carpenters", "title": "The Carpenters", "headings": "", "text": "The Carpenters were an American vocal and instrumental duo consisting of siblings Karen and Richard Carpenter . Producing a distinctively soft musical style , they became one of the best-selling music artists of all time . During their 14-year career , the Carpenters recorded 11 albums , 31 singles , five television specials , and a short-lived television series . Their career ended in 1983 by Karen 's death from heart failure brought on by complications of anorexia . Extensive news coverage surrounding the circumstances of her death increased public awareness of eating disorders .   The duo 's brand of melodic pop produced a record-breaking run of hit recordings on the American Top 40 and Adult Contemporary charts , and they became leading sellers in the soft rock , easy listening and adult contemporary genres . The Carpenters had three No. 1 singles and five No. 2 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 and fifteen No. 1 hits on the Adult Contemporary chart . In addition , they had twelve top 10 singles . To date , the Carpenters ' album and single sales total more than 100 million units ."}
{"_id": "The_Daily_Caller", "title": "The Daily Caller", "headings": "", "text": "The Daily Caller is an American news and opinion website based in Washington , D.C. . It was founded by Tucker Carlson , a libertarian conservative political pundit , and Neil Patel , former adviser to former Vice President Dick Cheney . The site 's coverage includes politics , business , world news , entertainment , sports , education , technology , outdoors , and energy .   The Daily Caller launched on January 11 , 2010 as a more politically conservative news and commentary outlet and alternative to the liberal The Huffington Post , similarly featuring sections in broad range of subjects beyond politics . By late 2012 , The New York Times reported that the site had quadrupled its page view and total audience and had become profitable without ever buying an advertisement for itself .   Vince Coglianese has served as the publication 's editor-in-chief since Carlson left to focus on his television program Tucker Carlson Tonight ."}
{"_id": "The_Great_Global_Warming_Swindle", "title": "The Great Global Warming Swindle", "headings": "", "text": "The Great Global Warming Swindle is a polemical documentary film that suggests that the scientific opinion on climate change is influenced by funding and political factors , and questions whether scientific consensus on global warming exists . The program was formally criticised by Ofcom , the UK broadcasting regulatory agency , which upheld complaints of misrepresentation made by David King .   The film , made by British television producer Martin Durkin , presents scientists , economists , politicians , writers , and others who dispute the scientific consensus regarding anthropogenic global warming . The programme 's publicity materials assert that man-made global warming is `` a lie '' and `` the biggest scam of modern times . '' Its original working title was `` Apocalypse my arse '' , but the title The Great Global Warming Swindle was later adopted as an allusion to the 1980 mockumentary The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle about British punk band the Sex Pistols .   The UK 's Channel 4 premiered the documentary on 8 March 2007 . The channel described the film as `` a polemic that drew together the well-documented views of a number of respected scientists to reach the same conclusions . This is a controversial film but we feel that it is important that all sides of the debate are aired . '' According to Hamish Mykura , Channel 4 's head of documentaries , the film was commissioned `` to present the viewpoint of the small minority of scientists who do not believe global warming is caused by anthropogenic production of carbon dioxide . ''   Although the documentary was welcomed by global warming sceptics , it was criticised by scientific organisations and individual scientists ( including one of the scientists interviewed in the film and one whose research was used to support the film 's claims ) . The film 's critics argued that it had misused and fabricated data , relied on out-of-date research , employed misleading arguments , and misrepresented the position of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Later broadcasts corrected three errors in the original film ."}
{"_id": "The_New_York_Times", "title": "The New York Times", "headings": "", "text": "The New York Times ( sometimes abbreviated NYT and The Times ) is an American daily newspaper , founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18 , 1851 , by The New York Times Company . The New York Times has won 122 Pulitzer Prizes , more than any other newspaper .   The paper 's print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation , behind The Wall Street Journal , and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the United States . The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation . Following industry trends , its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million .   Nicknamed `` The Gray Lady '' , The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a national `` newspaper of record '' . It has been owned by the Ochs-Sulzberger family since 1896 ; Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. , the publisher of the Times and the chairman of the New York Times Company , is the fourth generation of the family to helm the paper . The New York Times international version , formerly the International Herald Tribune , is now called the New York Times International Edition .   The paper 's motto , `` All the News That 's Fit to Print '' , appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page . Since the mid-1970s , The New York Times has greatly expanded its layout and organization , adding special weekly sections on various topics supplementing the regular news , editorials , sports , and features . Since 2008 , The New York Times has been organized into the following sections : News , Editorials/Opinions-Columns/Op-Ed , New York ( metropolitan ) , Business , Sports of The Times , Arts , Science , Styles , Home , Travel , and other features .   On Sunday , The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review ( formerly the Week in Review ) , The New York Times Book Review , The New York Times Magazine and T : The New York Times Style Magazine ( T is published 13 times a year ) . The New York Times stayed with the broadsheet full page set-up ( as some others have changed into a tabloid lay-out ) and an eight-column format for several years , after most papers switched to six , and was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography , especially on the front page ."}
{"_id": "The_Rolling_Stones", "title": "The Rolling Stones", "headings": "", "text": "The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962 . The original line-up consisted of Brian Jones ( rhythm guitar , harmonica ) , Mick Jagger ( lead vocals ) , Keith Richards ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) , Bill Wyman ( bass ) , Charlie Watts ( drums ) , and Ian Stewart ( piano ) . Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985 . Jones left the band less than a month prior to his death in 1969 , having already been replaced by Mick Taylor , who remained until 1974 . After Taylor left the band , Ronnie Wood took his place in 1975 and has been on guitar in tandem with Richards ever since . Following Wyman 's departure in 1993 , Darryl Jones joined as their touring bassist . Other touring keyboardists for the band have been Nicky Hopkins ( 1967 -- 82 ) , Billy Preston ( through the mid-1970s ) and Chuck Leavell ( 1982-present ) . The band was first led by Jones , but after teaming as the band 's songwriters , Jagger and Richards assumed leadership while Jones dealt with legal and personal troubles .   The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the US in 1964 , and identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s . Rooted in blues and early rock and roll , the group began a short period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request ( 1967 ) . Subsequently , the group returned to its `` bluesy '' roots with Beggars Banquet ( 1968 ) which along with its follow-ups Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) , Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) and Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) is generally considered to be the band 's best work and is seen as their `` Golden Age '' . During this period , they were first introduced on stage as `` The World 's Greatest Rock and Roll Band '' . Musicologist Robert Palmer attributed the `` remarkable endurance '' of the Rolling Stones to being `` rooted in traditional verities , in rhythm-and-blues and soul music '' , while `` more ephemeral pop fashions have come and gone '' .   The band continued to release commercially successful records in the 1970s and sold many albums , including Some Girls ( 1978 ) and Tattoo You ( 1981 ) , which were their most popular albums worldwide . From 1983 to 1987 , tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split . However , they managed to patch up their friendship in 1987 . They separated temporarily to work on solo projects and experienced a comeback with Steel Wheels ( 1989 ) , which was followed by a large stadium and arena tour . Since the 1990s , new recorded material from the group has been less well-received and less frequent . Despite this , the Rolling Stones have continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit , with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s . By 2007 , the band had four of the top five highest-grossing concert tours of all time : Voodoo Lounge Tour ( 1994 -- 95 ) , Bridges to Babylon Tour ( 1997 -- 98 ) , Licks Tour ( 2002 -- 03 ) and A Bigger Bang Tour ( 2005 -- 07 ) .   The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2004 . Rolling Stone magazine ranked them fourth on the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' list and their estimated album sales are above 250 million . They have released 30 studio albums , 18 live albums and numerous compilations . Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) was their first of five consecutive No. 1 studio and live albums in the UK . Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) was the first of eight consecutive No. 1 studio albums in the US . In 2008 , the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists chart . In 2012 , the band celebrated its 50th anniversary ."}
{"_id": "The_Simpsons", "title": "The Simpsons", "headings": "", "text": "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture , society , television , and the human condition .   The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After a three-season run , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became an early hit for Fox , becoming the network 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989 -- 90 ) .   Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . Its 28th season began on September 25 , 2016 . It is the longest-running American sitcom and the longest-running American animated program , and , in 2009 , it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest-running American scripted primetime television series . The Simpsons Movie , a feature-length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $ 527 million . On November 4 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a twenty-ninth and thirtieth season of 22 episodes each , extending the show to 2019 .   The Simpsons received widespread critical acclaim throughout its first nine seasons , which are generally considered its `` Golden Age '' . Time named it the 20th century 's best television series , and Erik Adams of The A.V. Club named it `` television 's crowning achievement regardless of format '' . On January 14 , 2000 , the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series , including 31 Primetime Emmy Awards , 30 Annie Awards , and a Peabody Award . Homer 's exclamatory catchphrase `` D'oh ! '' has been adopted into the English language , while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms . Despite this , the show has also been criticized for what many perceive as a decline in quality over the years ."}
{"_id": "The_Sixth_Extinction:_An_Unnatural_History", "title": "The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History", "headings": "", "text": "The Sixth Extinction : An Unnatural History is a 2014 non-fiction book written by Elizabeth Kolbert and published by Henry Holt & Company . The book demonstrates that the Earth is in the midst of a modern , man-made , sixth extinction . In the book , Kolbert chronicles previous mass extinction events , and compares them to the accelerated , widespread extinctions during our present time . She also describes specific species extinguished by humans , as well as the ecologies surrounding prehistoric and near-present extinction events . The author received the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction for the book in 2015 .   The target audience is the general reader , and scientific descriptions are rendered in understandable prose . The clear writing blends explanations of her treks to remote areas with interviews of scientists , researchers , and guides , without advocating a position , and maintaining objectivity . Hence , the sixth mass extinction theme is applied to flora and fauna existing in diverse habitats , such as the Panamanian rainforest , the Great Barrier Reef , the Andes , Bikini Atoll , city zoos , and the author 's own backyard . The book also applies this theme to a number of other habitats and organisms throughout the world . After researching the current mainstream view of the relevant peer reviewed science , Kolbert estimates flora and fauna loss by the end of the 21st century to be between 20 % to 50 % `` of all living species on earth '' .   __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "The_Washington_Times", "title": "The Washington Times", "headings": "", "text": "The Washington Times is an American daily newspaper . It is published as a broadsheet at 3600 New York Avenue NE , Washington , D.C. . The paper covers general interest topics with a particular emphasis on American politics . Its slogan is `` America 's Newspaper '' .   One of the first broadsheets in the United States to adopt color photography , its daily edition is distributed throughout the District of Columbia and sections of Maryland and Virginia . A weekly tabloid edition aimed at a national audience is also published . A typical issue includes sections for world and national news , business , politics , editorials and opinion pieces , local news , sports , entertainment , and travel . Periodically , the paper publishes large , 30 -- 40 page special sections devoted to specific policy topics that include reports and commentary from a variety of experts on the subject .   Founded on May 17 , 1982 , by Unification Church leader Sun Myung Moon , the Times was owned by News World Communications , an international media conglomerate associated with the church until 2010 , in which Moon and a group of former executives purchased the paper . It is currently owned by diversified conglomerate Operations Holdings , which is a wholly owned subsidiary of the church ."}
{"_id": "The_Weather_Channel", "title": "The Weather Channel", "headings": "", "text": "The Weather Channel is an American basic cable and satellite television channel , owned by a consortium made up of The Blackstone Group , Bain Capital , and NBCUniversal . Its headquarters are located in Atlanta , Georgia .   Launched on May 2 , 1982 , the channel broadcasts weather forecasts and weather-related news and analysis , along with documentaries and entertainment programming related to weather . A sister network , Weatherscan , is a digital cable and satellite service that offers 24-hour automated local forecasts and radar imagery .   In addition to its programming on the cable channel , TWC also provided forecasts for terrestrial and satellite radio stations , newspapers and websites , and maintained an extensive online presence at weather.com and through a set of mobile applications for smartphones and tablet computers . These services are now administered by The Weather Channel 's former parent company , The Weather Company , which was sold to IBM in 2016 . The Weather Channel continues to license its brand assets and weather data from IBM .   , The Weather Channel was received by approximately 89.7 million American households that subscribe to a pay television service ( 77.1 % of U.S. households with at least one television set ) . As recently as February 2015 , the network was the most distributed cable network in the United States with 97.3 million subscribers ( or 83.6 % of US households ) . However , it was subsequently dropped by Verizon FiOS ( losing its approximately 5.5 million subscribers ) , giving the title of most distributed network to HLN . Actual viewership of the channel averaged 210,000 during 2013 and has been declining for several years ."}
{"_id": "The_Western_Journal", "title": "The Western Journal", "headings": "", "text": "The Western Journal, previously known as Western Journalism, is an American conservative news and political website based in Phoenix, Arizona. The site was founded by political consultant Floyd Brown in 2008."}
{"_id": "The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)", "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "headings": "", "text": "The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy comedy-drama film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , and the best-known and most commercially successful adaptation based on the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum . The film stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale . The co-stars are Ray Bolger , Jack Haley , Bert Lahr , Frank Morgan , Billie Burke , and Margaret Hamilton , with Charley Grapewin , Pat Walshe and Clara Blandick , Terry the dog ( billed as Toto ) , and the Singer Midgets as the Munchkins .   Notable for its use of Technicolor , fantasy storytelling , musical score , and unusual characters , over the years it has become an icon of American popular culture . It was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture , but lost to Gone with the Wind . It did win in two other categories , including Best Original Song for `` Over the Rainbow '' and Best Original Score by Herbert Stothart . However , the film was a box office disappointment on its initial release , earning only $ 3,017,000 on a $ 2,777,000 budget , despite receiving largely positive reviews . It was MGM 's most expensive production to date and did not completely recoup the studio 's investment nor turn a profit until theatrical re-releases starting in 1949 .   The 1956 broadcast television premiere of the film on the CBS network reintroduced the film to the wider public and eventually made the presentation an annual tradition , making it one of the best known films in movie history . The film was named the most-viewed motion picture on television syndication by the Library of Congress , which also included the film in its National Film Registry in its inaugural year in 1989 . Designation on the registry calls for efforts to preserve it for being `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' . It is also one of the few films on UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register .   The Wizard of Oz is often ranked on best-movie lists in critics ' and public polls . It is the source of many quotes referenced in contemporary popular culture . It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming ( who left production to take over direction on the troubled Gone with the Wind production ) . Noel Langley , Florence Ryerson , and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay , but uncredited contributions were made by others . The songs were written by Edgar `` Yip '' Harburg ( lyrics ) and Harold Arlen ( music ) . The musical score and the incidental music were composed by Stothart ."}
{"_id": "Theoretical_physics", "title": "Theoretical physics", "headings": "", "text": "Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize , explain and predict natural phenomena . This is in contrast to experimental physics , which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena .   The advancement of science depends in general on the interplay between experimental studies and theory . In some cases , theoretical physics adheres to standards of mathematical rigor while giving little weight to experiments and observations.There is some debate as to whether or not theoretical physics uses mathematics to build intuition and illustrativeness to extract physical insight ( especially when normal experience fails ) , rather than as a tool in formalizing theories . This links to the question of it using mathematics in a less formally rigorous , and more intuitive or heuristic way than , say , mathematical physics . For example , while developing special relativity , Albert Einstein was concerned with the Lorentz transformation which left Maxwell 's equations invariant , but was apparently uninterested in the Michelson -- Morley experiment on Earth 's drift through a luminiferous ether . Conversely , Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for explaining the photoelectric effect , previously an experimental result lacking a theoretical formulation ."}
{"_id": "Theory", "title": "Theory", "headings": "", "text": "A theory is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking , or the results of such thinking . Depending on the context , the results might , for example , include generalized explanations of how nature works . The word has its roots in ancient Greek , but in modern use it has taken on several different related meanings .   Theories guide the enterprise of finding facts rather than of reaching goals , and are neutral concerning alternatives among values . A theory can be a body of knowledge , which may or may not be associated with particular explanatory models . To theorize is to develop this body of knowledge .   As already in Aristotle 's definitions , theory is very often contrasted to `` practice '' ( from Greek praxis , πρᾶξις ) a Greek term for doing , which is opposed to theory because pure theory involves no doing apart from itself . A classical example of the distinction between `` theoretical '' and `` practical '' uses the discipline of medicine : medical theory involves trying to understand the causes and nature of health and sickness , while the practical side of medicine is trying to make people healthy . These two things are related but can be independent , because it is possible to research health and sickness without curing specific patients , and it is possible to cure a patient without knowing how the cure worked .   It is possible to distinguish between three types of theories . Explanatory theory , also known as descriptive or empirical , helps to explain why and under what conditions , certain situations take place . The second type is interpretive theory or constitutive theory and this imposes meaning on events and issues with the objective to understand , instead of explaining , the world . The last one is called normative theory , also referred to as prescriptive , which prescribes values and standards of conduct : that means dealing with how the world should be instead of what it is .   In modern science , the term `` theory '' refers to scientific theories , a well-confirmed type of explanation of nature , made in a way consistent with scientific method , and fulfilling the criteria required by modern science . Such theories are described in such a way that any scientist in the field is in a position to understand and either provide empirical support ( `` verify '' ) or empirically contradict ( `` falsify '' ) it . Scientific theories are the most reliable , rigorous , and comprehensive form of scientific knowledge , in contrast to more common uses of the word `` theory '' that imply that something is unproven or speculative ( which is better characterized by the word ` hypothesis ' ) . Scientific theories are distinguished from hypotheses , which are individual empirically testable conjectures , and from scientific laws , which are descriptive accounts of how nature behaves under certain conditions ."}
{"_id": "Thermal_energy_storage", "title": "Thermal energy storage", "headings": "", "text": "Thermal energy storage ( TES ) is achieved with greatly differing technologies that collectively accommodate a wide range of needs . It allows excess thermal energy to be collected for later use , hours , days or many months later , at individual building , multiuser building , district , town , or even regional scale depending on the specific technology . As examples : energy demand can be balanced between daytime and nighttime ; summer heat from solar collectors can be stored interseasonally for use in winter ; and cold obtained from winter air can be provided for summer air conditioning . Storage media include : water or ice-slush tanks ranging from small to massive , masses of native earth or bedrock accessed with heat exchangers in clusters of small-diameter boreholes ( sometimes quite deep ) ; deep aquifers contained between impermeable strata ; shallow , lined pits filled with gravel and water and top-insulated ; and eutectic , phase-change materials .   Other sources of thermal energy for storage include heat or cold produced with heat pumps from off-peak , lower cost electric power , a practice called peak shaving ; heat from combined heat and power ( CHP ) power plants ; heat produced by renewable electrical energy that exceeds grid demand and waste heat from industrial processes . Heat storage , both seasonal and short term , is considered an important means for cheaply balancing high shares of variable renewable electricity production and integration of electricity and heating sectors in energy systems almost or completely fed by renewable energy ."}
{"_id": "Thermodynamic_equilibrium", "title": "Thermodynamic equilibrium", "headings": "", "text": "Thermodynamic equilibrium is an axiomatic concept of thermodynamics . It is an internal state of a single thermodynamic system , or a relation between several thermodynamic systems connected by more or less permeable or impermeable walls . In thermodynamic equilibrium there are no net macroscopic flows of matter or of energy , either within a system or between systems . In a system in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium , no macroscopic change occurs . Systems in mutual thermodynamic equilibrium are simultaneously in mutual thermal , mechanical , chemical , and radiative equilibria . Systems can be in one kind of mutual equilibrium , though not in others . In thermodynamic equilibrium , all kinds of equilibrium hold at once and indefinitely , until disturbed by a thermodynamic operation . In a macroscopic equilibrium , almost or perfectly exactly balanced microscopic exchanges occur ; this is the physical explanation of the notion of macroscopic equilibrium .   A thermodynamic system in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium has a spatially uniform temperature . Its intensive properties , other than temperature , may be driven to spatial inhomogeneity by an unchanging long range force field imposed on it by its surroundings .   In non-equilibrium systems , by contrast , there are net flows of matter or energy . If such changes can be triggered to occur in a system in which they are not already occurring , it is said to be in a metastable equilibrium .   Though it is not a widely named law , it is an axiom of thermodynamics that there exist states of thermodynamic equilibrium . The second law of thermodynamics states that when a body of material starts from an equilibrium state , in which portions of it are held at different states by more or less permeable or impermeable partitions , and a thermodynamic operation removes or makes the partitions more permeable and it is isolated , then it spontaneously reaches its own new state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium , and this is accompanied by an increase in the sum of the entropies of the portions ."}
{"_id": "Thermodynamic_temperature", "title": "Thermodynamic temperature", "headings": "", "text": "Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature and is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics .   Thermodynamic temperature is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point . At this point , absolute zero , the particle constituents of matter have minimal motion and can become no colder . In the quantum-mechanical description , matter at absolute zero is in its ground state , which is its state of lowest energy . Thermodynamic temperature is often also called absolute temperature , for two reasons : one , proposed by Kelvin , that it does not depend on the properties of a particular material ; two that it refers to an absolute zero according to the properties of the ideal gas .   The International System of Units specifies a particular scale for thermodynamic temperature . It uses the kelvin scale for measurement and selects the triple point of water at 273.16 K as the fundamental fixing point . Other scales have been in use historically . The Rankine scale , using the degree Fahrenheit as its unit interval , is still in use as part of the English Engineering Units in the United States in some engineering fields . ITS-90 gives a practical means of estimating the thermodynamic temperature to a very high degree of accuracy .   Roughly , the temperature of a body at rest is a measure of the mean of the energy of the translational , vibrational and rotational motions of matter 's particle constituents , such as molecules , atoms , and subatomic particles . The full variety of these kinetic motions , along with potential energies of particles , and also occasionally certain other types of particle energy in equilibrium with these , make up the total internal energy of a substance . Internal energy is loosely called the heat energy or thermal energy in conditions when no work is done upon the substance by its surroundings , or by the substance upon the surroundings . Internal energy may be stored in a number of ways within a substance , each way constituting a `` degree of freedom '' . At equilibrium , each degree of freedom will have on average the same energy : where is the Boltzmann constant , unless that degree of freedom is in the quantum regime . The internal degrees of freedom ( rotation , vibration , etc. ) may be in the quantum regime at room temperature , but the translational degrees of freedom will be in the classical regime except at extremely low temperatures ( fractions of kelvins ) and it may be said that , for most situations , the thermodynamic temperature is specified by the average translational kinetic energy of the particles ."}
{"_id": "Thermodynamics", "title": "Thermodynamics", "headings": "", "text": "Thermodynamics is a branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work . The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics , irrespective of the composition or specific properties of the material or system in question . The laws of thermodynamics are explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics . Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering , especially physical chemistry , chemical engineering and mechanical engineering .   Historically , thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the efficiency of early steam engines , particularly through the work of French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot ( 1824 ) who believed that engine efficiency was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars . Scottish physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854 which stated , `` Thermo-dynamics is the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies , and the relation of heat to electrical agency . ''   The initial application of thermodynamics to mechanical heat engines was extended early on to the study of chemical compounds and chemical reactions . Chemical thermodynamics studies the nature of the role of entropy in the process of chemical reactions and has provided the bulk of expansion and knowledge of the field . Other formulations of thermodynamics emerged in the following decades . Statistical thermodynamics , or statistical mechanics , concerned itself with statistical predictions of the collective motion of particles from their microscopic behavior . In 1909 , Constantin Carathéodory presented a purely mathematical approach to the field in his axiomatic formulation of thermodynamics , a description often referred to as geometrical thermodynamics ."}
{"_id": "Thermohaline_circulation", "title": "Thermohaline circulation", "headings": "", "text": "Thermohaline circulation ( THC ) is a part of the large-scale ocean circulation that is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes . The adjective thermohaline derives from thermo - referring to temperature and referring to salt content , factors which together determine the density of sea water . Wind-driven surface currents ( such as the Gulf Stream ) travel polewards from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean , cooling en route , and eventually sinking at high latitudes ( forming North Atlantic Deep Water ) . This dense water then flows into the ocean basins . While the bulk of it upwells in the Southern Ocean , the oldest waters ( with a transit time of around 1000 years ) upwell in the North Pacific . Extensive mixing therefore takes place between the ocean basins , reducing differences between them and making the Earth 's oceans a global system . On their journey , the water masses transport both energy ( in the form of heat ) and matter ( solids , dissolved substances and gases ) around the globe . As such , the state of the circulation has a large impact on the climate of the Earth .   The thermohaline circulation is sometimes called the ocean conveyor belt , the great ocean conveyor , or the global conveyor belt . On occasion , it is used to refer to the meridional overturning circulation ( often abbreviated as MOC ) . The term MOC is more accurate and well defined , as it is difficult to separate the part of the circulation which is driven by temperature and salinity alone as opposed to other factors such as the wind and tidal forces . Moreover , temperature and salinity gradients can also lead to circulation effects that are not included in the MOC itself ."}
{"_id": "They", "title": "They", "headings": "", "text": "They is the third-person plural personal pronoun ( subjective case ) in Modern English . It can also be used with singular meaning , particularly in informal contexts , sometimes to avoid specifying the gender of the person referred to ."}
{"_id": "Thirty_Years'_War", "title": "Thirty Years' War", "headings": "", "text": "The Thirty Years ' War was a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648 . It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history , as well as the deadliest European religious war , resulting in eight million casualties .   Initially a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire , it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers . These states employed relatively large mercenary armies , and the war became less about religion and more of a continuation of the France -- Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence . In the 17th century , religious beliefs and practices were a much larger influence on an average European than they are today . During that era , almost everyone was vested on one side of the dispute or another , which was also closely tied to people 's ethnicities and loyalties , as religious beliefs affected ideas of the legitimacy of the political status of rulers .   The war was preceded by the election of the new Holy Roman Emperor , Ferdinand II , who tried to impose religious uniformity on his domains , forcing Roman Catholicism on its peoples . The northern Protestant states , angered by the violation of their rights to choose that had been granted in the Peace of Augsburg , banded together to form the Protestant Union . Ferdinand II was a devout Roman Catholic and relatively intolerant when compared to his predecessor , Rudolf II , who ruled from Protestant Prague . Ferdinand 's policies were considered strongly pro-Catholic .   These events caused widespread fears throughout northern and central Europe , and triggered the Protestant Bohemians living in the then relatively loose dominion of Habsburg Austria to revolt against their nominal ruler , Ferdinand II . After the so-called Prague Defenestration deposed the emperor 's representatives in Prague , the Protestant estates and Catholic Habsburgs started gathering allies for war . They ousted the Habsburgs and elected the Calvinist Frederick V , Elector of the Rhenish Palatinate as the new king of the Kingdom of Bohemia . Frederick took the offer without the support of the union . The southern states , mainly Roman Catholic , were angered by this . Led by Bavaria , these states formed the Catholic League to expel Frederick in support of the Emperor . The Empire soon crushed this perceived rebellion in the Battle of White Mountain , executing leading Czech aristocrats shortly after . The Protestant world condemned the Emperor 's action .   After the atrocities committed in Bohemia , Saxony finally gave its support to the union and decided to fight back . Sweden , at the time a major military power , soon intervened in 1630 under its king Gustavus Adolphus , transforming what had been simply the Emperor 's attempt to curb the Protestant states into a full-scale war in Europe . Spain , wishing to finally crush the Dutch rebels in the Netherlands and the Dutch Republic , intervened under the pretext of helping its dynastic Habsburg ally , Austria . No longer able to tolerate the encirclement of two major Habsburg powers on its borders , Catholic France entered the coalition on the side of the Protestants in order to counter the Habsburgs .   The Thirty Years ' War devastated entire regions , with famine and disease resulting in high mortality in the populations of the German and Italian states , the Crown of Bohemia , and the Southern Netherlands . Both mercenaries and soldiers in fighting armies traditionally looted or extorted tribute to get operating funds , which imposed severe hardships on the inhabitants of occupied territories . The war also bankrupted most of the combatant powers .   The Dutch Republic enjoyed contrasting fortune ; it ended its revolt against Spain in 1648 and subsequently enjoyed a time of great prosperity and development , known as the Dutch Golden Age , during which it became one of the world 's foremost economic and naval powers . The Thirty Years ' War ended with the treaties of Osnabrück and Münster , part of the wider Peace of Westphalia . The war altered the previous political order of European powers . The rise of Bourbon France , the curtailing of Habsburg ambition , and the ascendancy of Sweden as a great power created a new balance of power on the continent , with France emerging from the war strengthened and increasingly dominant in the latter part of the 17th century ."}
{"_id": "Thomas_Kuhn", "title": "Thomas Kuhn", "headings": "", "text": "Thomas Samuel Kuhn ( -LSB- ˈkuːn -RSB- July 18 , 1922 -- June 17 , 1996 ) was an American physicist , historian and philosopher of science whose controversial 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was influential in both academic and popular circles , introducing the term paradigm shift , which has since become an English-language idiom .   Kuhn made several notable claims concerning the progress of scientific knowledge : that scientific fields undergo periodic `` paradigm shifts '' rather than solely progressing in a linear and continuous way , and that these paradigm shifts open up new approaches to understanding what scientists would never have considered valid before ; and that the notion of scientific truth , at any given moment , can not be established solely by objective criteria but is defined by a consensus of a scientific community . Competing paradigms are frequently incommensurable ; that is , they are competing and irreconcilable accounts of reality . Thus , our comprehension of science can never rely wholly upon `` objectivity '' alone . Science must account for subjective perspectives as well , since all objective conclusions are ultimately founded upon the subjective conditioning/worldview of its researchers and participants ."}
{"_id": "Three_Mile_Island_accident", "title": "Three Mile Island accident", "headings": "", "text": "The Three Mile Island accident was caused by a nuclear meltdown that occurred on March 28 , 1979 , in reactor number 2 of Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station ( TMI-2 ) in Dauphin County , Pennsylvania , United States . It was the most significant accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant history . The incident was rated a five on the seven-point International Nuclear Event Scale : Accident With Wider Consequences .   The accident began with failures in the non-nuclear secondary system , followed by a stuck-open pilot-operated relief valve in the primary system , which allowed large amounts of nuclear reactor coolant to escape . The mechanical failures were compounded by the initial failure of plant operators to recognize the situation as a loss-of-coolant accident due to inadequate training and human factors , such as human-computer interaction design oversights relating to ambiguous control room indicators in the power plant 's user interface . In particular , a hidden indicator light led to an operator manually overriding the automatic emergency cooling system of the reactor because the operator mistakenly believed that there was too much coolant water present in the reactor and causing the steam pressure release .   The accident crystallized anti-nuclear safety concerns among activists and the general public , resulted in new regulations for the nuclear industry , and has been cited as a contributor to the decline of a new reactor construction program that was already underway in the 1970s . The partial meltdown resulted in the release of radioactive gases and radioactive iodine into the environment . Worries were expressed by anti-nuclear movement activists ; however , epidemiological studies analyzing the rate of cancer in and around the area since the accident , determined there was a small statistically non-significant increase in the rate and thus no causal connection linking the accident with these cancers has been substantiated . Cleanup started in August 1979 , and officially ended in December 1993 , with a total cleanup cost of about $ 1 billion ."}
{"_id": "Thunderstorm", "title": "Thunderstorm", "headings": "", "text": "A thunderstorm , also known as an electrical storm , lightning storm , or thundershower , is a storm characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth 's atmosphere , known as thunder . Thunderstorms occur in association with a type of cloud known as a cumulonimbus . They are usually accompanied by strong winds , heavy rain , and sometimes snow , sleet , hail , or , in contrast , no precipitation at all . Thunderstorms may line up in a series or become a rainband , known as a squall line . Strong or severe thunderstorms , known as supercells , rotate as do cyclones . While most thunderstorms move with the mean wind flow through the layer of the troposphere that they occupy , vertical wind shear sometimes causes a deviation in their course at a right angle to the wind shear direction .   Thunderstorms result from the rapid upward movement of warm , moist air , sometimes along a front . As the warm , moist air moves upward , it cools , condenses , and forms a cumulonimbus cloud that can reach heights of over 20 km . As the rising air reaches its dew point temperature , water vapor condenses into water droplets or ice , reducing pressure locally within the thunderstorm cell . Any precipitation falls the long distance through the clouds towards the Earth 's surface . As the droplets fall , they collide with other droplets and become larger . The falling droplets create a downdraft as it pulls cold air with it , and this cold air spreads out at the Earth 's surface , occasionally causing strong winds that are commonly associated with thunderstorms .   Thunderstorms can form and develop in any geographic location but most frequently within the mid-latitude , where warm , moist air from tropical latitudes collides with cooler air from polar latitudes . Thunderstorms are responsible for the development and formation of many severe weather phenomena . Thunderstorms , and the phenomena that occur along with them , pose great hazards . Damage that results from thunderstorms is mainly inflicted by downburst winds , large hailstones , and flash flooding caused by heavy precipitation . Stronger thunderstorm cells are capable of producing tornadoes and waterspouts .   There are four types of thunderstorms : single-cell , multi-cell cluster , multi-cell lines , and supercells . Supercell thunderstorms are the strongest and the most associated with severe weather phenomena . Mesoscale convective systems formed by favorable vertical wind shear within the tropics and subtropics can be responsible for the development of hurricanes . Dry thunderstorms , with no precipitation , can cause the outbreak of wildfires from the heat generated from the cloud-to-ground lightning that accompanies them . Several means are used to study thunderstorms : weather radar , weather stations , and video photography . Past civilizations held various myths concerning thunderstorms and their development as late as the 18th century . Beyond the Earth 's atmosphere , thunderstorms have also been observed on the planets of Jupiter , Saturn , Neptune , and , probably , Venus ."}
{"_id": "Tibetan_calendar", "title": "Tibetan calendar", "headings": "", "text": "The Tibetan calendar is a lunisolar calendar , that is , the Tibetan year is composed of either 12 or 13 lunar months , each beginning and ending with a new moon . A thirteenth month is added every two or three years , so that an average Tibetan year is equal to the solar year .   The Tibetan New Year celebration is Losar . According to almanacs the year starts with the third Hor month . There were many different traditions in Tibet to fix the beginning of the year . The dates of Mongolian calendar are all the same with it ."}
{"_id": "Tide", "title": "Tide", "headings": "", "text": "Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth .   The times and amplitude of tides at any given locale are influenced by the alignment of the Sun and Moon , by the pattern of tides in the deep ocean , by the amphidromic systems of the oceans , and the shape of the coastline and near-shore bathymetry ( see Timing ) . Some shorelines experience a semi-diurnal tide -- two nearly equal high and low tides each day . Other locations experience a diurnal tide -- only one high and low tide each day . A `` mixed tide '' -- two uneven tides a day , or one high and one low -- is also possible .   Tides vary on timescales ranging from hours to years due to a number of factors . To make accurate records , tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time . Gauges ignore variations caused by waves with periods shorter than minutes . These data are compared to the reference ( or datum ) level usually called mean sea level .   While tides are usually the largest source of short-term sea-level fluctuations , sea levels are also subject to forces such as wind and barometric pressure changes , resulting in storm surges , especially in shallow seas and near coasts .   Tidal phenomena are not limited to the oceans , but can occur in other systems whenever a gravitational field that varies in time and space is present . For example , the solid part of the Earth is affected by tides , though this is not as easily seen as the water tidal movements ."}
{"_id": "Tide_gauge", "title": "Tide gauge", "headings": "", "text": "A tide gauge ( also known as mareograph or marigraph , as well as sea-level recorder ) is a device for measuring the change in sea level relative to a datum .   Sensors continuously record the height of the water level with respect to a height reference surface close to the geoid . Water enters the device by the bottom pipe ( far end of the tube , see picture ) , and electronic sensors measure its height and send the data to a tiny computer .   Historical data are available for about 1,450 stations worldwide , of which about 950 provided updates to the global data center since January 2010 . At some places records cover centuries , for example in Amsterdam where data dating back to 1700 is available . When it comes to estimating the greater ocean picture , new modern tide gauges can often be improved upon by using satellite data .   Tide gauges are used to measure tides and quantify the size of tsunamis .  The measurements make it possible to derive the mean sea level . Using this method , sea level slopes up to several 0.1 m/1000 km and more have been detected .   A tsunami can be detected when the sea level begins to rise , although warnings from seismic activity can be more useful ."}
{"_id": "Tide_pool", "title": "Tide pool", "headings": "", "text": "Tide pools , or rock pools , are rocky pools on the sea shore which are filled with seawater . Many of these pools exist as separate pools only at low tide .   Many tide pools are habitats of especially adaptable animals that have engaged the attention of naturalists and marine biologists , as well as philosophical essayists : John Steinbeck wrote in The Log from the Sea of Cortez , `` It is advisable to look from the tide pool to the stars and then back to the tide pool . ''"}
{"_id": "Tincture_(heraldry)", "title": "Tincture (heraldry)", "headings": "", "text": "Tinctures constitute the limited palette of colours and patterns used in heraldry . The use of these tinctures dates back to the formative period of European heraldry , in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries , but the range of tinctures and the manner of depicting and describing them has evolved over time , as new variations and practices have developed . The need to define , depict , and correctly blazon the various tinctures is therefore one of the most important aspects of heraldic art and design ."}
{"_id": "Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system", "title": "Tipping points in the climate system", "headings": "", "text": "A tipping point in the climate system is a threshold that, when exceeded, can lead to large changes in the state of the system. Potential tipping points have been identified in the physical climate system, in impacted ecosystems, and sometimes in both. For instance, feedback from the global carbon cycle is a driver for the transition between glacial and interglacial periods, with orbital forcing providing the initial trigger. Earth's geologic temperature record includes many more examples of geologically rapid transitions between different climate states.Climate tipping points are of particular interest in reference to concerns about global warming in the modern era. Possible tipping point behaviour has been identified for the global mean surface temperature by studying self-reinforcing feedbacks and the past behavior of Earth's climate system. Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.Large-scale components of the Earth system that may pass a tipping point have been referred to as tipping elements. Tipping elements are found in the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, possibly causing tens of meters of sea level rise. These tipping points are not always abrupt. For example, at some level of temperature rise the melt of a large part of the Greenland ice sheet and/or West Antarctic Ice Sheet will become inevitable; but the ice sheet itself may persist for many centuries. Some tipping elements, like the collapse of ecosystems, are irreversible."}
{"_id": "Titan_(moon)", "title": "Titan (moon)", "headings": "", "text": "Titan is the largest moon of Saturn . It is the only moon known to have a dense atmosphere , and the only object in space other than Earth where clear evidence of stable bodies of surface liquid has been found .   Titan is the sixth ellipsoidal moon from Saturn . Frequently described as a planet-like moon , Titan is 50 % larger than Earth 's Moon , and it is 80 % more massive . It is the second-largest moon in the Solar System , after Jupiter 's moon Ganymede , and is larger than the smallest planet , Mercury , but only 40 % as massive . Discovered in 1655 by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens , Titan was the first known moon of Saturn , and the sixth known planetary satellite ( after Earth 's Moon and the four Galilean moons of Jupiter ) . Titan orbits Saturn at 20 Saturn radii . From Titan 's surface , Saturn subtends an arc of 5.09 degrees and would appear 11.4 times larger in the sky than the Moon from Earth .   Titan is primarily composed of water ice and rocky material . Much as with Venus before the Space Age , the dense opaque atmosphere prevented understanding of Titan 's surface until new information from the Cassini -- Huygens mission in 2004 , including the discovery of liquid hydrocarbon lakes in Titan 's polar regions . The geologically young surface is generally smooth , with few impact craters , although mountains and several possible cryovolcanoes have been found .   The atmosphere of Titan is largely nitrogen ; minor components lead to the formation of methane and ethane clouds and nitrogen-rich organic smog . The climate -- including wind and rain -- creates surface features similar to those of Earth , such as dunes , rivers , lakes , seas ( probably of liquid methane and ethane ) , and deltas , and is dominated by seasonal weather patterns as on Earth . With its liquids ( both surface and subsurface ) and robust nitrogen atmosphere , Titan 's methane cycle is analogous to Earth 's water cycle , at the much lower temperature of about 94 K."}
{"_id": "Tony_Abbott", "title": "Tony Abbott", "headings": "", "text": "Anthony John `` Tony '' Abbott ( born 4 November 1957 ) is an Australian politician who was the 28th Prime Minister of Australia , from 18 September 2013 to 15 September 2015 . Abbott was leader of the Liberal Party of Australia from 2009 to 2015 , and has been a member of parliament for Warringah since 1994 .   Abbott was born in London , to an Australian mother and a British father , and emigrated to Sydney , Australia , with his parents in 1960 . Prior to entering Parliament , Abbott took the degrees of Bachelor of Economics and Bachelor of Laws at the University of Sydney , then attended The Queen 's College , Oxford , as a Rhodes Scholar , graduating as a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy , Politics and Economics . He later proceeded by seniority to Master of Arts .   After graduating from Oxford , Abbott trained as a Roman Catholic seminarian , and later worked as a journalist , a manager , and a political adviser . In 1992 , he was appointed Director of Australians for Constitutional Monarchy , a position he held until his election to Parliament in 1994 . Abbott was first appointed to Cabinet following the 1998 election , as part of the Second Howard Ministry , becoming Minister for Employment , Workplace Relations and Small Business .   In 2003 , Abbott became Minister for Health and Ageing , retaining this position until the defeat of the Howard Government at the 2007 election . Initially serving in the Shadow Cabinets of Brendan Nelson and then Malcolm Turnbull , Abbott resigned from the front bench in November 2009 , in protest against Turnbull 's support for the Rudd Government 's proposed Emissions Trading Scheme ( ETS ) . Forcing a leadership ballot on the subject , Abbott defeated Turnbull by 42 votes to 41 , to become the Party 's leader and Leader of the Opposition .   Abbott led the Coalition at the 2010 election , which resulted in a hung parliament . Following negotiations , Labor formed a Government , with the support of one Greens MP and three Independent MPs . Abbott was re-elected as Liberal Leader unopposed . Abbott went on to lead the Coalition to victory in the 2013 election and was sworn in as the 28th Prime Minister of Australia on 18 September 2013 . On 14 September 2015 , Abbott was defeated in a vote for the Liberal leadership ( 54 votes to 44 ) by Malcolm Turnbull , who replaced Abbott as Prime Minister the following day ."}
{"_id": "Toy_Story", "title": "Toy Story", "headings": "", "text": "Toy Story is a 1995 American computer-animated buddy comedy adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The directorial debut of John Lasseter , Toy Story was the first feature-length computer-animated film and the first theatrical film produced by Pixar .   Taking place in a world where anthropomorphic toys pretend to be lifeless whenever humans are present , the film 's plot focuses on the relationship between Woody , an old-fashioned pullstring cowboy doll ( voiced by Tom Hanks ) , and Buzz Lightyear , an astronaut action figure ( voiced by Tim Allen ) , as they evolve from rivals competing for the affections of Andy , their owner , to friends who work together to be reunited with Andy as his family prepares to move to a new home . The screenplay was written by Joss Whedon , Andrew Stanton , Joel Cohen and Alec Sokolow , based on a story by Lasseter , Pete Docter , Stanton and Joe Ranft . The film features music by Randy Newman , and was executive-produced by Steve Jobs and Edwin Catmull .   Pixar , which produced short animated films to promote their computers , was approached by Disney to produce a computer-animated feature after the success of their short film Tin Toy ( 1988 ) , which is told from a small toy 's perspective . Lasseter , Stanton and Docter wrote early story treatments which were thrown out by Disney , as they wanted the film to be edgier . After disastrous story reels , production was halted and the script was re-written , better reflecting the tone and theme Pixar desired : that `` toys deeply want children to play with them , and that this desire drives their hopes , fears , and actions '' . The studio , then consisting of a relatively small number of employees , produced the film under minor financial constraints .   Released in theaters on November 22 , 1995 , Toy Story was the highest-grossing film on its opening weekend and earned over $ 373 million worldwide . The film was widely acclaimed by critics , who praised the animation 's technical innovation , the wit and thematic sophistication of the screenplay , and the performances of Hanks and Allen . It is now considered by many critics to be one of the best animated films ever made . The film received three Academy Award nominations , including Best Original Screenplay , Best Original Score , and Best Original Song for `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' , as well as winning a Special Achievement Academy Award . It was inducted into the National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' in 2005 , its first year of eligibility .   In addition to home media releases and theatrical re-releases , Toy Story-inspired material has run the gamut from toys , video games , theme park attractions , spin-offs , merchandise , and two sequels -- Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) -- both of which also garnered massive commercial success and critical acclaim , with a third sequel , Toy Story 4 , slated for a 2019 release ."}
{"_id": "Triage", "title": "Triage", "headings": "", "text": "Triage ( -LSB- ˈtriːɑːʒ -RSB- or / -LSB- triːˈɑːʒ -RSB- / ) is the process of determining the priority of patients ' treatments based on the severity of their condition . This rations patient treatment efficiently when resources are insufficient for all to be treated immediately . The term comes from the French verb trier , meaning to separate , sift or select . Triage may result in determining the order and priority of emergency treatment , the order and priority of emergency transport , or the transport destination for the patient .   Triage may also be used for patients arriving at the emergency department , or telephoning medical advice systems , among others . This article deals with the concept of triage as it occurs in medical emergencies , including the prehospital setting , disasters , and emergency room treatment .   The term triage may have originated during the Napoleonic Wars from the work of Dominique Jean Larrey . The term was used further during World War I by French doctors treating the battlefield wounded at the aid stations behind the front . Those responsible for the removal of the wounded from a battlefield or their care afterwards would divide the victims into three categories :  Those who are likely to live , regardless of what care they receive ;  Those who are unlikely to live , regardless of what care they receive ;  Those for whom immediate care might make a positive difference in outcome .   For many emergency medical services ( EMS ) systems , a similar model may sometimes still be applied . In the earliest stages of an incident , such as when one or two paramedics exist to twenty or more patients , practicality demands that the above , more `` primitive '' model will be used . However once a full response has occurred and many hands are available , paramedics will usually use the model included in their service policy and standing orders .   As medical technology has advanced , so have modern approaches to triage , which are increasingly based on scientific models . The categorizations of the victims are frequently the result of triage scores based on specific physiological assessment findings . Some models , such as the START model may be algorithm-based . As triage concepts become more sophisticated , triage guidance is also evolving into both software and hardware decision support products for use by caregivers in both hospitals and the field ."}
{"_id": "Triassic", "title": "Triassic", "headings": "", "text": "The Triassic ( -LSB- prontraɪˈæsɪk -RSB- ) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.9 million years from the end of the Permian Period million years ago ( Mya ) , to the beginning of the Jurassic Period Mya . The Triassic is the first period of the Mesozoic Era . Both the start and end of the period are marked by major extinction events .   The Triassic began in the wake of the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , which left the earth 's biosphere impoverished ; it would take well into the middle of this period for life to recover its former diversity . Therapsids and archosaurs were the chief terrestrial vertebrates during this time . A specialized subgroup of archosaurs , called dinosaurs , first appeared in the Late Triassic but did not become dominant until the succeeding Jurassic Period .   The first true mammals , themselves a specialized subgroup of Therapsids , also evolved during this period , as well as the first flying vertebrates , the pterosaurs , who like the dinosaurs were a specialized subgroup of archosaurs . The vast supercontinent of Pangaea existed until the mid-Triassic , after which it began to gradually rift into two separate landmasses , Laurasia to the north and Gondwana to the south .   The global climate during the Triassic was mostly hot and dry , with deserts spanning much of Pangaea 's interior . However , the climate shifted and became more humid as Pangaea began to drift apart . The end of the period was marked by yet another major mass extinction , the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event , that wiped out many groups and allowed dinosaurs to assume dominance in the Jurassic .   The Triassic was named in 1834 by Friedrich von Alberti , after the three distinct rock layers ( tri meaning `` three '' ) that are found throughout Germany and northwestern Europe -- red beds , capped by marine limestone , followed by a series of terrestrial mud - and sandstones -- called the `` Trias '' ."}
{"_id": "Triassic–Jurassic_extinction_event", "title": "Triassic–Jurassic extinction event", "headings": "", "text": "The Triassic -- Jurassic extinction event marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods , , and is one of the major extinction events of the Phanerozoic eon , profoundly affecting life on land and in the oceans . In the seas , a whole class ( conodonts ) and 34 % of marine genera disappeared . On land , all archosaurs other than crocodylomorphs ( Sphenosuchia and Crocodyliformes ) and Avemetatarsalia ( pterosaurs and dinosaurs ) , some remaining therapsids , and many of the large amphibians became extinct ."}
{"_id": "Triton_(moon)", "title": "Triton (moon)", "headings": "", "text": "Triton is the largest natural satellite of the planet Neptune . It was discovered on October 10 , 1846 , by English astronomer William Lassell . It is the only large moon in the Solar System with a retrograde orbit , an orbit in the opposite direction to its planet 's rotation . At 2700 km in diameter , it is the seventh-largest moon in the Solar System . Because of its retrograde orbit and composition similar to Pluto 's , Triton is thought to have been a dwarf planet captured from the Kuiper belt . Triton has a surface of mostly frozen nitrogen , a mostly water-ice crust , an icy mantle and a substantial core of rock and metal . The core makes up two-thirds of its total mass . Triton has a mean density of 2.061 g/cm3 and is composed of approximately 15 -- 35 % water ice .   Triton is one of the few moons in the Solar System known to be geologically active ( the others being Jupiter 's Io and Saturn 's Enceladus ) . As a consequence , its surface is relatively young with sparse impact craters , and a complex geological history revealed in intricate cryovolcanic and tectonic terrains . Part of its surface has geysers erupting sublimated nitrogen gas , contributing to a tenuous nitrogen atmosphere less than 1/70 ,000 the pressure of Earth 's atmosphere at sea level ."}
{"_id": "Trophic_cascade", "title": "Trophic cascade", "headings": "", "text": "Trophic cascades occur when predators in a food web suppress the abundance or alter the behavior of their prey , thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predation ( or herbivory if the intermediate trophic level is a herbivore ) . For example , if the abundance of large piscivorous fish is increased in a lake , the abundance of their prey , smaller fish that eat zooplankton , should decrease . The resulting increase in zooplankton should , in turn , cause the biomass of its prey , phytoplankton , to decrease .   The trophic cascade is an ecological concept which has stimulated new research in many areas of ecology . For example , it can be important for understanding the knock-on effects of removing top predators from food webs , as humans have done in many places through hunting and fishing .   A top-down cascade is a trophic cascade where the food chain or food web is disrupted by the removal of a top predator , or a third or fourth level consumer . On the other hand , a bottom-up cascade occurs when a primary producer , or primary consumer is removed , and there is a reduction of population size through the community ."}
{"_id": "Tropical_cyclone", "title": "Tropical cyclone", "headings": "", "text": "A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center , a closed low-level atmospheric circulation , strong winds , and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain . Depending on its location and strength , a tropical cyclone is referred to by names such as hurricane ( -LSB- ˈhʌrᵻkən -RSB- or -LSB- ˈhʌrᵻkeɪn -RSB- ) , typhoon -LSB- taɪ ` fuːn -RSB- , tropical storm , cyclonic storm , tropical depression , and simply cyclone . A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean , a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean , and a cyclone occurs in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean .   Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water . They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface , which ultimately recondenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation . This energy source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms , such as nor'easter s and European windstorms , which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts . The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of angular momentum imparted by the Earth 's rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation . As a result , they rarely form within 5 ° of the equator . Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and in diameter .   Tropical refers to the geographical origin of these systems , which form almost exclusively over tropical seas . Cyclone refers to their cyclonic nature , with wind blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect .   In addition to strong winds and rain , tropical cyclones are capable of generating high waves , damaging storm surge , and tornadoes . They typically weaken rapidly over land where they are cut off from their primary energy source . For this reason , coastal regions are particularly vulnerable to damage from a tropical cyclone as compared to inland regions . Heavy rains , however , can cause significant flooding inland , and storm surges can produce extensive coastal flooding up to 40 km from the coastline . Though their effects on human populations are often devastating , tropical cyclones can relieve drought conditions . They also carry heat energy away from the tropics and transport it toward temperate latitudes , which may play an important role in modulating regional and global climate ."}
{"_id": "Tropical_monsoon_climate", "title": "Tropical monsoon climate", "headings": "", "text": "A Tropical monsoon climate , occasionally known as a tropical wet climate or a tropical monsoon and trade-wind littoral climate , is a type of climate that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification category `` Am '' .   Tropical monsoon climates have monthly mean temperatures above 18 ° C in every month of the year and feature wet and dry seasons , as Tropical savanna climates do . Tropical monsoon climates however features its driest month seeing on average less than 60 mm but more than 100 -- -LSB- total annual precipitation -LCB- mm -RCB- / 25 -RSB- of precipitation . This latter fact is in direct contrast to a tropical savanna climate , whose driest month sees less than 60 mm of precipitation and also less than 100 -- -LSB- total annual precipitation -LCB- mm -RCB- / 25 -RSB- of precipitation . In essence , a tropical monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons . Additionally , a tropical monsoon climate tends to see less variance in temperatures during the course of the year than a tropical savanna climate . This climate has a driest month which nearly always occurs at or soon after the `` winter '' solstice for that side of the equator ."}
{"_id": "Tropical_rainforest", "title": "Tropical rainforest", "headings": "", "text": "Tropical rainforests occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season -- all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm -- and may also be referred to as lowland equatorial evergreen rainforest . True rainforests are typically found between 10 degrees north and south of the equator ( see map ) ; they are a sub-set of the tropical forest biome that occurs roughly within the 28 degree latitudes ( in the equatorial zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn ) . Within the World Wildlife Fund 's biome classification , tropical rainforests are a type of tropical moist broadleaf forest ( or tropical wet forest ) that also includes the more extensive tropical seasonal forests ."}
{"_id": "Tropical_savanna_climate", "title": "Tropical savanna climate", "headings": "", "text": "Tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate is a type of climate that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification categories `` Aw '' and `` As '' .  Tropical savanna climates have monthly mean temperatures above 18 ° C in every month of the year and typically a pronounced dry season , with the driest month having precipitation less than 60 mm and also less than 100 -- -LSB- total annual precipitation -LCB- mm -RCB- / 25 -RSB- of precipitation . This latter fact is in direct contrast to a tropical monsoon climate , whose driest month sees less than 60 mm of precipitation but has more than 100 -- -LSB- total annual precipitation -LCB- mm -RCB- / 25 -RSB- of precipitation . In essence , a tropical savanna climate tends to either see less rainfall than a tropical monsoon climate or have more pronounced dry seasons .   There are generally four types of tropical savanna climate :   1 . Distinct wet and dry seasons of relatively equal duration . Most of the region 's annual rainfall is experienced during the wet season and very little precipitation falls during the dry season .  2 . A lengthy dry season and a relatively short wet season . This version features seven or more dry season months and five or less wet season months . There are variations within this version :  On one extreme , the region receives just enough precipitation during the short wet season to preclude it from a semi-arid climate classification . This drier variation of the tropical savanna climate is typically found adjacent to regions with semi-arid climates .  On the other extreme , the climate features a lengthy dry season followed by a short but extremely rainy wet season . However , regions with this variation of the climate do not experience enough rainfall during the wet season to qualify as a tropical monsoon climate .  3 . A lengthy wet season and a relatively short dry season . This version features seven or more wet season months and five or less dry season months . This version 's precipitation pattern is similar to precipitation patterns observed in some tropical monsoon climates , but does not experience enough rainfall during the wet season to be classified as such .  4 . A dry season with a noticeable amount of rainfall followed by a rainy wet season . In essence , this version mimics the precipitation patterns more commonly found in a tropical monsoon climate , but do not receive enough precipitation during either the dry season or the year to be classified as such ."}
{"_id": "Tropical_year", "title": "Tropical year", "headings": "", "text": "A tropical year ( also known as a solar year ) , for general purposes , is the time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons , as seen from Earth ; for example , the time from vernal equinox to vernal equinox , or from summer solstice to summer solstice . Because of the precession of the equinoxes , the seasonal cycle does not remain exactly synchronized with the position of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun . As a consequence , the tropical year is about 20 minutes shorter than the time it takes Earth to complete one full orbit around the Sun as measured with respect to the fixed stars ( the sidereal year ) .   Since antiquity , astronomers have progressively refined the definition of the tropical year . The entry for `` year , tropical '' in the Astronomical Almanac Online Glossary 2015 states :   the period of time for the ecliptic longitude of the Sun to increase 360 degrees . Since the Sun 's ecliptic longitude is measured with respect to the equinox , the tropical year comprises a complete cycle of seasons , and its length is approximated in the long term by the civil ( Gregorian ) calendar . The mean tropical year is approximately 365 days , 5 hours , 48 minutes , 45 seconds .   An equivalent , more descriptive , definition is `` The natural basis for computing passing tropical years is the mean longitude of the Sun reckoned from the precessionally moving equinox ( the dynamical equinox or equinox of date ) . Whenever the longitude reaches a multiple of 360 degrees the mean Sun crosses the vernal equinox and a new tropical year begins '' . ( Borkowski 1991 , p. 122 )   The mean tropical year in 2000 was 365.24219 ephemeris days ; each ephemeris day lasting 86,400 SI seconds . This is 365.24217 mean solar days . ( Richards , 2013 , p. 587 )"}
{"_id": "Tropics", "title": "Tropics", "headings": "", "text": "The tropics are a region of the Earth surrounding the equator . They are delimited in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in  the Southern Hemisphere at S ; these latitudes correspond to the axial tilt of the Earth . The tropics are also referred to as the tropical zone and the torrid zone ( see geographical zone ) . The tropics include all the areas on the Earth where the Sun is at a point directly overhead at least once during the solar year ( which is a subsolar point ) .   The tropics are distinguished from the other climatic and biomatic regions of Earth , which are the middle latitudes and the polar regions on either side of the equatorial zone ."}
{"_id": "Troposphere", "title": "Troposphere", "headings": "", "text": "The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth 's atmosphere , and is also where nearly all weather takes place . It contains approximately 75 % of the atmosphere 's mass and 99 % of the total mass of water vapor and aerosols . The average depths of the troposphere are 20 km in the tropics , 17 km in the mid latitudes , and 7 km in the polar regions in winter . The lowest part of the troposphere , where friction with the Earth 's surface influences air flow , is the planetary boundary layer . This layer is typically a few hundred meters to 2 km deep depending on the landform and time of day . Atop the troposphere is the tropopause , which is the border between the troposphere and stratosphere . The tropopause is an inversion layer , where the air temperature ceases to decrease with height and remains constant through its thickness .   The word troposphere derives from the for `` turn , turn toward , trope '' and '' - sphere '' ( as in , the Earth ) , reflecting the fact that rotational turbulent mixing plays an important role in the troposphere 's structure and behaviour . Most of the phenomena associated with day-to-day weather occur in the troposphere ."}
{"_id": "Tsunami", "title": "Tsunami", "headings": "", "text": "A tsunami ( from 津波 , `` harbour wave '' ;  English pronunciation : -LSB- tsuːˈnɑːmi -RSB- ) or tidal wave , also known as a seismic sea wave , is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water , generally in an ocean or a large lake . Earthquakes , volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions ( including detonations of underwater nuclear devices ) , landslides , glacier calvings , meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami . Unlike normal ocean waves which are generated by wind , or tides which are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun , a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water .   Tsunami waves do not resemble normal undersea currents or sea waves , because their wavelength is far longer . Rather than appearing as a breaking wave , a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide , and for this reason they are often referred to as tidal waves , although this usage is not favoured by the scientific community because tsunamis are not tidal in nature . Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves with periods ranging from minutes to hours , arriving in a so-called `` internal wave train '' . Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events . Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas , their destructive power can be enormous and they can affect entire ocean basins ; the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with at least 230,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean .   Greek historian Thucydides suggested in his late-5th century BC History of the Peloponnesian War , that tsunamis were related to submarine earthquakes , but the understanding of a tsunami 's nature remained slim until the 20th century and much remains unknown . Major areas of current research include trying to determine why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do ; trying to accurately forecast the passage of tsunamis across the oceans ; and also to forecast how tsunami waves interact with specific shorelines ."}
{"_id": "Tucson,_Arizona", "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "headings": "", "text": "Tucson ( -LSB- ˈtuːsɒn -RSB- -LSB- tuːˈsɒn -RSB- ) is a city and the county seat of Pima County , Arizona , United States , and home to the University of Arizona . The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116 , while the 2015 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was 980,263 . The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area ( CSA ) , with a total population of 1,010,025 as of the 2010 Census . Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix , both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor . The city is located 108 mi southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi north of the U.S. -- Mexico border . Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 53rd largest metropolitan area in the United States .   Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city , Sahuarita south of the city , and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown . Communities in the vicinity of Tucson ( some within or overlapping the city limits ) include Casas Adobes , Catalina Foothills , Flowing Wells , Midvale Park , Tanque Verde , Tortolita , and Vail . Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast , Catalina and Oracle to the north , and Green Valley to the south .   The Spanish name of the city , Tucsón -LSB- tukˈson -RSB- , is derived from the O'odham Cuk Ṣon -LSB- - azctʃʊk ʂɔːn -RSB- , meaning '' ( at the ) base of the black -LSB- hill -RSB- '' , a reference to a basalt-covered hill now known as Sentinel Peak , also known as `` A '' Mountain . Tucson is sometimes referred to as `` The Old Pueblo '' ."}
{"_id": "Tundra", "title": "Tundra", "headings": "", "text": "In physical geography , tundra is a type of biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons . The term tundra comes through Russian тундра ( tûndra ) from the Kildin Sami word tūndâr `` uplands '' , `` treeless mountain tract '' . There are three types of tundra : Arctic tundra , alpine tundra , and Antarctic tundra . In tundra , the vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs , sedges and grasses , mosses , and lichens . Scattered trees grow in some tundra regions . The ecotone ( or ecological boundary region ) between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline ."}
{"_id": "Tuvalu", "title": "Tuvalu", "headings": "", "text": "Tuvalu ( -LSB- tᵿˈvɑːlu -RSB- or -LSB- ˈtuːvəˌluː -RSB- ) , formerly known as the Ellice Islands , is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean , about midway between Hawaii and Australia , lying east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands ( belonging to the Solomons ) , southeast of Nauru , south of Kiribati , west of Tokelau , northwest of Samoa and Wallis and Futuna and north of Fiji . It comprises three reef islands and six true atolls spread out between the latitude of 5 ° to 10 ° south and longitude of 176 ° to 180 ° , west of the International Date Line . Tuvalu has a population of 10,640 ( 2012 census ) . The total land area of the islands of Tuvalu is 26 km2 .   The first inhabitants of Tuvalu were Polynesians . The pattern of settlement that is believed to have occurred is that the Polynesians spread out from Samoa and Tonga into the Tuvaluan atolls , with Tuvalu providing a stepping stone to migration into the Polynesian Outlier communities in Melanesia and Micronesia .   In 1568 , Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to sail through the archipelago , sighting the island of Nui during his expedition in search of Terra Australis . In 1819 the island of Funafuti was named Ellice 's Island ; the name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay . The islands came under Britain 's sphere of influence in the late 19th century , when each of the Ellice Islands was declared a British Protectorate by Captain Gibson of between 9 and 16 October 1892 . The Ellice Islands were administered as British protectorate by a Resident Commissioner from 1892 to 1916 as part of the British Western Pacific Territories ( BWPT ) , and then as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony from 1916 to 1974 .   A referendum was held in December 1974 to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration . As a consequence of the referendum , the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony ceased to exist on 1 January 1976 and the separate British colonies of Kiribati and Tuvalu came into existence . Tuvalu became fully independent within the Commonwealth on 1 October 1978 . On 5 September 2000 Tuvalu became the 189th member of the United Nations ."}
{"_id": "Twitter", "title": "Twitter", "headings": "", "text": "Twitter ( -LSB- ˈtwɪtər -RSB- ) is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages , `` tweets '' , restricted to 140 characters . Registered users can post tweets , but those who are unregistered can only read them . Users access Twitter through its website interface , SMS or a mobile device app . Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco , California , United States , and has more than 25 offices around the world .   Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey , Noah Glass , Biz Stone , and Evan Williams and launched in July . The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity . In 2012 , more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day , and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day . In 2013 , it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has been described as `` the SMS of the Internet '' . As of 2016 , Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users . On the day of the 2016 U.S. presidential election , Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news , with 40 million election-related tweets sent by 10 p.m. ( Eastern Time ) that day ."}
{"_id": "Type_I_and_type_II_errors", "title": "Type I and type II errors", "headings": "", "text": "In statistical hypothesis testing , a type I error is the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis ( a `` false positive '' ) , while a type II error is incorrectly retaining a false null hypothesis ( a `` false negative '' ) . More simply stated , a type I error is detecting an effect that is not present , while a type II error is the failure to detect an effect that is present ."}
{"_id": "U.S._state_and_territory_temperature_extremes", "title": "U.S. state and territory temperature extremes", "headings": "", "text": "The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the 5 inhabited U.S. territories during the past two centuries, in both Fahrenheit and Celsius. If two dates have the same temperature record (e.g. record low of 40°F in 1911 in Aibonito and 1966 in San Sebastian in Puerto Rico), only the most recent date is shown."}
{"_id": "UAH_satellite_temperature_dataset", "title": "UAH satellite temperature dataset", "headings": "", "text": "The UAH satellite temperature dataset , developed at the University of Alabama in Huntsville , infers the temperature of various atmospheric layers from satellite measurements of radiance .   It was the first global temperature datasets developed from satellite information and has been used as a tool for research into surface and atmospheric temperature changes .  The dataset is published by John Christy et al. and formerly jointly with Roy Spencer ."}
{"_id": "Under_the_Volcano", "title": "Under the Volcano", "headings": "", "text": "Under the Volcano is a novel by English writer Malcolm Lowry ( 1909 -- 1957 ) published in 1947 . The novel tells the story of Geoffrey Firmin , an alcoholic British consul in the small Mexican town of Quauhnahuac , on the Day of the Dead , 2 November 1938 . The book takes its name from the two volcanoes that overshadow Quauhnahuac and the characters , Popocatepetl and Iztaccihuatl . Under the Volcano was Lowry 's second and last complete novel .   The novel was adapted for radio on Studio One in 1947 but had gone out of print by the time Lowry died . Its popularity restored , in 1984 it served as the basis of a film of the same name . In 1998 the Modern Library ranked Under the Volcano at number 11 on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century ."}
{"_id": "Underwater_diving", "title": "Underwater diving", "headings": "", "text": "Underwater diving is the practice of descending below the water 's surface to conduct underwater activities . In ambient pressure diving , the diver is exposed to the pressure of the surrounding water , and uses breathing apparatus for scuba diving or surface supplied diving , or when freediving , will breath-hold . The saturation diving technique reduces the risk of decompression sickness after long duration deep dives . Atmospheric diving suits may be used to isolate the diver from the effects of high ambient pressure . Although not usually considered to be diving , crewed submersibles can extend depth range , while remotely controlled or robotic diving machines can reduce the risk to human divers .   The diving environment exposes the diver to a wide range of hazards , and though the risks are largely controlled by appropriate diving skills , training , types of equipment and breathing gases used depending on the mode , depth and purpose of diving , it remains a relatively dangerous activity . Diving activities are restricted to relatively shallow depths ranging from around 40 m ( 130 ft. ) maximum for recreational Scuba diving to commercial saturation diving maximum around 534 metres ( 1,752 ft ) and 610 metres ( 2,000 ft ) wearing atmospheric diving suits . Diving is also restricted to conditions which are not excessively hazardous , though the level of risk acceptable to the diver can vary considerably . Occasionally diving may be done in liquids other than water .   Recreational diving , sometimes called sport diving or subaquatics , is a popular leisure activity . Technical diving is a form of recreational diving that achieves greater depths or endurance in more challenging conditions . Professional diving ( commercial diving , diving for scientific research purposes or diving for financial gain ) takes a range of diving activities to the underwater work site . Public safety diving is the underwater work done by law enforcement , fire rescue , and search & rescue/recovery dive teams , and may be done by professionals or volunteers . Military diving includes combat diving , clearance diving and ship 's husbandry diving . Underwater sports is a group of competitive sports using either free-diving , snorkeling or scuba technique , or a combination of these techniques . The term `` deep sea diving '' refers to underwater diving , usually with surface supplied equipment , and often refers specifically to the use of standard diving dress with the traditional copper helmet . `` Hard hat '' diving is any form of diving with a helmet , including the standard copper helmet , and other forms of free-flow and lightweight demand helmets ."}
{"_id": "Unemployment_in_the_United_States", "title": "Unemployment in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Unemployment in the United States discusses the causes and measures of U.S. unemployment and strategies for reducing it . Job creation and unemployment are affected by factors such as economic conditions , global competition , education , automation , and demographics . These factors can affect the number of workers , the duration of unemployment , and wage levels ."}
{"_id": "Unit_731", "title": "Unit 731", "headings": "", "text": "was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War ( 1937 -- 1945 ) of World War II . It was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes carried out by Japan . Unit 731 was based at the Pingfang district of Harbin , the largest city in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo ( now Northeast China ) .   It was officially known as the . Originally set up under the Kempeitai military police of the Empire of Japan , Unit 731 was taken over and commanded until the end of the war by General Shiro Ishii , an officer in the Kwantung Army . The facility itself was built between 1934 and 1939 and officially adopted the name `` Unit 731 '' in 1941 .   Some historians estimate that up to 250,000 men , women , and children -- from which at least 600 every year were provided by the Kempeitai -- were subjected to experimentation conducted by Unit 731 at the camp based in Pingfang alone , which does not include victims from other medical experimentation sites , such as Unit 100 .   Unit 731 veterans of Japan attest that most of the victims they experimented on were Chinese while a small percentage were Russian , Mongolian , Korean , and Allied POWs . Almost 70 % of the victims who died in the Pingfang camp were Chinese , including both civilian and military . Close to 30 % of the victims were Russian . Some others were South East Asians and Pacific Islanders , at the time colonies of the Empire of Japan , and a small number of Allied prisoners of war . The unit received generous support from the Japanese government up to the end of the war in 1945 .   Instead of being tried for war crimes , the researchers involved in Unit 731 were secretly given immunity by the U.S. in exchange for the data they gathered through human experimentation . Others that Soviet forces managed to arrest first were tried at the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials in 1949 . Americans did not try the researchers so that the information and experience gained in bio-weapons could be co-opted into the U.S. biological warfare program , as had happened with Nazi researchers in Operation Paperclip . On 6 May 1947 , Douglas MacArthur , as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces , wrote to Washington that `` additional data , possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as ` War Crimes ' evidence . '' Victim accounts were then largely ignored or dismissed in the West as communist propaganda ."}
{"_id": "United_Kingdom", "title": "United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a sovereign country in western Europe . Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland.Although Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state , two of its Overseas Territories also share land borders with other sovereign countries . Gibraltar shares a border with Spain , while the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia share borders with the Republic of Cyprus , the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the UN buffer zone separating the two Cypriot polities . Apart from this land border , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of 242500 km2 , the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe . It is also the 21st-most populous country , with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union ( EU ) .   The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance . The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 6 February 1952 . The capital of the United Kingdom and its largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million , the fourth-largest in Europe and second-largest in the European Union . Other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the conurbations centred on Birmingham , Leeds , Glasgow , Liverpool and Manchester . The United Kingdom consists of four countries -- England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . The last three have devolved administrations , each with varying powers , based in their capitals , Edinburgh , Cardiff and Belfast , respectively . The nearby Isle of Man , Bailiwick of Guernsey and Bailiwick of Jersey are not part of the United Kingdom , being Crown dependencies with the British Government responsible for defence and international representation .   The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time . Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain , which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 , leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed on 6 December 1921 to resolve the Irish War of Independence . When it took effect one year later , it established the Irish Free State as a separate dominion within the Commonwealth . The UK 's current name was adopted to reflect the change . There are fourteen British Overseas Territories . These are the remnants of the British Empire which , at its height in the 1920s , encompassed almost a quarter of the world 's land mass and was the largest empire in history . British influence can be observed in the language , culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies .   The United Kingdom is a developed country and has the world 's fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest economy by purchasing power parity . The UK is considered to have a high-income economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index , ranking 16th in the world . It was the world 's first industrialised country and the world 's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries . The UK remains a great power with considerable economic , cultural , military , scientific and political influence internationally . It is a recognised nuclear weapons state and is seventh in military expenditure in the world . The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 . It has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor , the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , since 1973 . However , on 23 June 2016 , a national referendum on the UK 's membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave , and its exit from the EU is currently being negotiated . The UK is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the Council of Europe , the G7 finance ministers , the G7 forum , the G20 , NATO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) ."}
{"_id": "United_Kingdom_enterprise_law", "title": "United Kingdom enterprise law", "headings": "", "text": "United Kingdom enterprise law concerns the ownership , regulation and potentially competition in the provision of public services , private or mutual companies in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "United_Nations", "title": "United Nations", "headings": "", "text": "The United Nations ( UN ) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation and to create and maintain international order . A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations , the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict . At its founding , the UN had 51 member states ; there are now 193 . The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan , New York City , and experiences extraterritoriality . Further main offices are situated in Geneva , Nairobi , and Vienna . The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states . Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security , promoting human rights , fostering social and economic development , protecting the environment , and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine , natural disaster , and armed conflict . The UN is the largest , most familiar , most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organisation in the world .   The UN Charter was drafted at a conference between April -- June 1945 in San Francisco , and was signed on 26 June 1945 at the conclusion of the conference ; this charter took effect 24 October 1945 , and the UN began operation . The UN 's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies . The organization participated in major actions in Korea and the Congo , as well as approving the creation of the state of Israel in 1947 . The organization 's membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization in the 1960s , and by the 1970s its budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping . After the end of the Cold War , the UN took on major military and peacekeeping missions across the world with varying degrees of success .   The UN has six principal organs : the General Assembly ( the main deliberative assembly ) ; the Security Council ( for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security ) ; the Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ; for promoting international economic and social co-operation and development ) ; the Secretariat ( for providing studies , information , and facilities needed by the UN ) ; the International Court of Justice ( the primary judicial organ ) ; and the UN Trusteeship Council ( inactive since 1994 ) . UN System agencies include the World Bank Group , the World Health Organization , the World Food Programme , UNESCO , and UNICEF . The UN 's most prominent officer is the Secretary-General , an office held by Portuguese António Guterres since 2017 . Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UN 's work .   The organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001 , and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize . Other evaluations of the UN 's effectiveness have been mixed . Some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development , while others have called the organization ineffective , corrupt , or biased ."}
{"_id": "United_Nations_Development_Programme", "title": "United Nations Development Programme", "headings": "", "text": "The United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) is the United Nations ' global development network .   Headquartered in New York City , UNDP advocates for change and connects countries to knowledge , experience and resources to help people build a better life . It provides expert advice , training and grants support to developing countries , with increasing emphasis on assistance to the least developed countries .   The status of UNDP is that of an executive board within the United Nations General Assembly . The UNDP Administrator is the third highest-ranking official of the United Nations after the United Nations Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General .   To accomplish the MDGs and encourage global development , UNDP focuses on poverty reduction , HIV/AIDS , democratic governance , energy and environment , social development , and crisis prevention and recovery . UNDP also encourages the protection of human rights and the empowerment of women in all of its programmes . The UNDP Human Development Report Office also publishes an annual Human Development Report ( since 1990 ) to measure and analyse developmental progress . In addition to a global Report , UNDP publishes regional , national , and local Human Development Reports .   UNDP is funded entirely by voluntary contributions from member nations . The organization operates in 177 countries , where it works with local governments to meet development challenges and develop local capacity . Additionally , the UNDP works internationally to help countries achieve the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) . Currently , the UNDP is one of the main UN agencies involved in the development of the Post-2015 Development Agenda .   UNDP works with nations on their own solutions to global and national development challenges . As they develop local capacity , they draw on the people of UNDP and its wide range of partners ."}
{"_id": "United_Nations_Environment_Programme", "title": "United Nations Environment Programme", "headings": "", "text": "The United Nations Environment Programme ( UN Environment ) is an agency of United Nations and coordinates its environmental activities , assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices . It was founded by Maurice Strong , its first director , as a result of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment ( Stockholm Conference ) in June 1972 and has its headquarters in the Gigiri neighbourhood of Nairobi , Kenya . UN Environment also has six regional offices and various country offices .   UN Environment has overall responsibility for environmental problems among United Nations agencies but international talks on specialized issues , such as addressing global warming or combating desertification , are overseen by other UN organizations , like the Bonn-based Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification . UN Environment activities cover a wide range of issues regarding the atmosphere , marine and terrestrial ecosystems , environmental governance and green economy . It has played a significant role in developing international environmental conventions , promoting environmental science and information and illustrating the way those can be implemented in conjunction with policy , working on the development and implementation of policy with national governments , regional institutions in conjunction with environmental non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) . UN Environment has also been active in funding and implementing environment related development projects .   UN Environment has aided in the formulation of guidelines and treaties on issues such as the international trade in potentially harmful chemicals , transboundary air pollution , and contamination of international waterways .   The World Meteorological Organization and UN Environment established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) in 1988 . UN Environment is also one of several Implementing Agencies for the Global Environment Facility ( GEF ) and the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol , and it is also a member of the United Nations Development Group . The International Cyanide Management Code , a program of best practice for the chemical 's use at gold mining operations , was developed under UN Environment 's aegis ."}
{"_id": "United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change", "title": "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "headings": "", "text": "The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) is an international environmental treaty adopted on May 9 , 1992 and opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992 . It then entered into force on 21 March 1994 , after a sufficient number of countries had ratified it . The UNFCCC objective is to `` stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system '' . The framework sets no binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms . Instead , the framework outlines how specific international treaties ( called `` protocols '' or `` Agreements '' ) may be negotiated to specify further action towards the objective of the UNFCCC .   Initially an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee ( INC ) produced the text of the Framework Convention during its meeting in New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992 . The UNFCCC was adopted on 9 May 1992 , and opened for signature on 4 June 1992 . The UNFCCC has 197 parties as of December 2015 . The convention enjoys broad legitimacy , largely due to its nearly universal membership .   The parties to the convention have met annually from 1995 in Conferences of the Parties ( COP ) to assess progress in dealing with climate change . In 1997 , the Kyoto Protocol was concluded and established legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in the period 2008-2012 . The 2010 Cancún agreements state that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 ° C ( 3.6 ° F ) relative to the pre-industrial level . The Protocol was amended in 2012 to encompass the period 2013-2020 in the Doha Amendment , which - as of December 2015 - had not entered into force . In 2015 the Paris Agreement was adopted , governing emission reductions from 2020 on through commitments of countries in ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions . The Paris Agreement entered into force on November 4th , 2016 .   One of the first tasks set by the UNFCCC was for signatory nations to establish national greenhouse gas inventories of greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions and removals , which were used to create the 1990 benchmark levels for accession of Annex I countries to the Kyoto Protocol and for the commitment of those countries to GHG reductions . Updated inventories must be submitted annually by Annex I countries .   The UNFCCC is also the name of the United Nations Secretariat charged with supporting the operation of the Convention , with offices in Haus Carstanjen , and the UN Campus ( known as Langer Eugen ) Bonn , Germany . From 2010 to 2016 the head of the secretariat was Christiana Figueres . In July 2016 , Patricia Espinosa from Mexico succeeded Figueres . The Secretariat , augmented through the parallel efforts of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , aims to gain consensus through meetings and the discussion of various strategies ."}
{"_id": "United_Nations_Ocean_Conference", "title": "United Nations Ocean Conference", "headings": "", "text": "The 2017 United Nations Ocean Conference was a United Nations conference that took place on June 5th-9th 2017 which sought to mobilize action for the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans, seas and marine resources.The Earth's waters are said to be \"under threat as never before\", with pollution, overfishing, and the effects of climate change severely damaging the health of our oceans. For instance as oceans are warming and becoming more acidic, biodiversity is becoming reduced and changing currents will cause more frequent storms and droughts. Every year around 8 million metric tons of plastic waste leak into the ocean and make it into the circular ocean currents. This causes contamination of sediments at the sea-bottom and causes plastic waste to be embedded in the aquatic food chain. It could lead to oceans containing more plastics than fish by 2050 if nothing is done. Key habitats such as coral reefs are at risk and noise pollution are a threat to whales, dolphins, and other species. Furthermore almost 90 percent of fish stocks are overfished or fully exploited which cost more than $80 billion a year in lost revenues.UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated that decisive, coordinated global action can solve the problems created by Humanity. Peter Thomson, President of the UN General Assembly, highlighted the conference's significance, saying \"if we want a secure future for our species on this planet, we have to act now on the health of the ocean and on climate change\".The conference sought to find ways and urge for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14. Its theme is \"Our oceans, our future: partnering for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14\". It also asked governments, UN bodies, and civil society groups to make voluntary commitments for action to improve the health of the oceans with over 1,000 commitments − such as on managing protected areas − being made."}
{"_id": "United_Nations_in_popular_culture", "title": "United Nations in popular culture", "headings": "", "text": "Popular culture references to the United Nations have been made in several media , including film , books , video games , and others . In many instances , the United Nations ( or a fictional agency thereof ) will figure in a storyline . In the case of science fiction , for example , the humans are united under one government that is descended directly from the UN ."}
{"_id": "United_States", "title": "United States", "headings": "", "text": "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a constitutional federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions .  Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea . Nine time zones are covered . The geography , climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse .   At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) and with over 324 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth-largest country by total area , third-largest by land area , and the third-most populous . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , and is home to the world 's largest immigrant population . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city is New York City ; nine other major metropolitan areas -- each with at least 4.5 million inhabitants and the largest having more than 13 million people -- are Los Angeles , Chicago , Dallas , Houston , Philadelphia , Miami , Atlanta , Boston , and San Francisco .   Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 . On July 4 , 1776 , during the course of the American Revolutionary War , the colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence . The war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain , representing the first successful war of independence against a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , after the Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , were felt to have provided inadequate federal powers . The first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties .   The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , displacing Native American tribes , acquiring new territories , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the end of legal slavery in the country . By the end of that century , the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The U.S. is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations .   The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP . Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , Americans hold nearly 40 % of the total wealth in the world . The United States ranks among the highest in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy , the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world . Accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP and a third of global military spending , the United States is the world 's foremost economic and military power . The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally , and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations ."}
{"_id": "United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security", "title": "United States Department of Homeland Security", "headings": "", "text": "The United States Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) is a cabinet department of the United States federal government with responsibilities in public security , roughly comparable to the interior or home ministries of other countries . Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism , border security , immigration and customs , cyber security , and disaster prevention and management . It was created in response to the September 11 attacks .   In fiscal year 2017 , it was allocated a net discretionary budget of $ 40.6 billion . With more than 240,000 employees , DHS is the third largest Cabinet department , after the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs . Homeland security policy is coordinated at the White House by the Homeland Security Council . Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Departments of Health and Human Services , Justice , and Energy .   __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency", "title": "United States Environmental Protection Agency", "headings": "", "text": "The United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA or sometimes USEPA ) is an agency of the Federal government of the United States which was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress . President Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of EPA and it began operation on December 2 , 1970 , after Nixon signed an executive order . The order establishing the EPA was ratified by committee hearings in the House and Senate . The agency is led by its Administrator , who is appointed by the President and approved by Congress . The current Administrator is Scott Pruitt . The EPA is not a Cabinet department , but the Administrator is normally given cabinet rank .   The EPA has its headquarters in Washington , D.C. , regional offices for each of the agency 's ten regions , and 27 laboratories . The agency conducts environmental assessment , research , and education . It has the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of environmental laws , in consultation with state , tribal , and local governments . It delegates some permitting , monitoring , and enforcement responsibility to U.S. states and the federally recognized tribes . EPA enforcement powers include fines , sanctions , and other measures . The agency also works with industries and all levels of government in a wide variety of voluntary pollution prevention programs and energy conservation efforts .   In 2016 , the agency had 15,376 full-time employees . More than half of EPA 's employees are engineers , scientists , and environmental protection specialists ; other employees include legal , public affairs , financial , and information technologists . In 2017 the Trump administration proposed a 31 % cut to the EPA 's budget to $ 5.7 billion from $ 8.1 billion and to eliminate a quarter of the agency jobs ."}
{"_id": "United_States_Forest_Service", "title": "United States Forest Service", "headings": "", "text": "The United States Forest Service ( USFS ) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that administers the nation 's 154 national forests and 20 national grasslands , which encompass 193 e6acre . Major divisions of the agency include the National Forest System , State and Private Forestry , Business Operations , and the Research and Development branch . Managing approximately 25 % of federal lands , it is the only major national land agency that is outside the U.S. Department of the Interior ."}
{"_id": "United_States_federal_budget", "title": "United States federal budget", "headings": "", "text": "The United States federal budget comprises the spending and revenues of the US federal government . The budget is the financial representation of the priorities of the government , reflecting historical debates and competing economic philosophies . The government primarily spends on healthcare , retirement , and defense programs . The non-partisan Congressional Budget Office provides extensive analysis of the budget and its economic effects . It has reported that the U.S. is facing a series of long-term financial challenges , as the country ages and healthcare costs continue growing faster than the economy ."}
{"_id": "United_States_labor_law", "title": "United States labor law", "headings": "", "text": "United States labor law sets the rights and duties for employees , labor unions , and employers in the United States . Labor law 's basic aim is to remedy the `` inequality of bargaining power '' between employees and employers , especially employers `` organized in the corporate or other forms of ownership association '' . Over the 20th century , federal law created a series of minimum social and economic rights , and encouraged state laws to go beyond the minimum to favor employees . The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 requires a federal minimum wage , currently $ 7.25 but higher in 28 states , and discourages unhealthy working weeks over 40 hours through time-and-a-half overtime pay . Unlike every other democratic country , there are no federal or state laws requiring paid holidays or paid family leave : the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 creates a limited right to 12 weeks of unpaid leave in larger employers . There is no automatic right to an occupational pension beyond federally guaranteed social security , but the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 requires standards of prudent management and good governance if employers agree to provide pensions , health plans or other benefits . The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 requires employees have a safe system of work . A contract of employment can always improve standards beyond the minimum statutory rights . To get fair terms beyond the statutory minimum , and improve upon individual contracts , employees must organize a labor union for collective bargaining . The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 creates rights for most employees to organize a labor union , without any detriment through unfair labor practices . Under the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 , labor union governance follows democratic principles . In any workplace where a majority of employees support a union , employing entities have a duty to bargain in good faith . Unions can take collective action to defend their interests , including withdrawing their labor on strike . There are not yet general rights to directly participate in enterprise governance , but many employees and unions have experimented with securing representation on corporate boards .   Since the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , all employing entities and labor unions have a duty to treat employees equally , without discrimination based on `` race , color , religion , sex , or national origin . '' There are separate rules for sex discrimination in pay under the Equal Pay Act of 1963 . Additional groups with `` protected status '' were added by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 . There is no federal law banning all sexual orientation or identity discrimination , but 22 states had passed laws by 2016 . These equality laws generally prevent discrimination in hiring , terms of employment , and make discharge because of a protected characteristic unlawful . There is not a federal law against unjust discharge , and most states also have no law with full protection against wrongful termination of employment . Job security rights in the US are not weaker than in all other industrialized countries . On the other hand , collective agreements made by labor unions and many individual contracts often require people are only discharged for a `` just cause '' . The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 requires employing entities give 60 days notice if more than 50 or one third of the workforce may lose their jobs . Federal law has sought to reach full employment through monetary policy and spending on infrastructure . Trade policy has increasingly attempted to put labor rights in international agreements , to ensure that open markets in a global economy do not lead to more unemployment in the United States of America ."}
{"_id": "United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Paris_Agreement", "title": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", "headings": "", "text": "On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation, and begin negotiations to re-enter the agreement \"on terms that are fair to the United States, its businesses, its workers, its people, its taxpayers,\" or form a new agreement. In withdrawing from the agreement, Trump stated that \"The Paris accord will undermine (the U.S.) economy,\" and \"puts (the U.S.) at a permanent disadvantage.\" Trump stated that the withdrawal would be in accordance with his America First policy. In accordance with Article 28 of the Paris Agreement, a country cannot give notice of withdrawal from the agreement before three years of its start date in the relevant country, which was on November 4, 2016 in the case of the United States. The White House later clarified that the U.S. will abide by the four-year exit process. On November 4, 2019, the administration gave a formal notice of intention to withdraw, which takes 12 months to take effect.  Until the withdrawal took effect, the United States was obligated to maintain its commitments under the Agreement, such as the requirement to continue reporting its emissions to the United Nations. The withdrawal took effect on November 4, 2020, one day after the 2020 U.S. presidential election.While celebrated by some members of the Republican Party, international reactions to the withdrawal were overwhelmingly negative from across the political spectrum, and the decision received substantial criticism from religious organizations, businesses, political leaders of all parties, environmentalists, and scientists and citizens from the United States and internationally.Following Trump's announcement, the governors of several U.S. states formed the United States Climate Alliance to continue to advance the objectives of the Paris Agreement at the state level despite the federal withdrawal. As of July 1, 2019, 24 states, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico have joined the alliance, and similar commitments have also been expressed by other state governors, mayors, and businesses.Trump's withdrawal from the Paris agreement will impact other countries by reducing its financial aid to the Green Climate fund. The termination of the $3 billion U.S. funding will ultimately impact climate change research and decrease society's chance of reaching the Paris Agreement goals, as well as omit U.S. contributions to the future IPCC reports. Trump's decision will also affect the carbon emission space as well as the carbon price. The U.S.'s withdrawal will also mean that the spot to take over the global climate regime will be obtainable for China and the EU.President-elect Joe Biden vowed to rejoin the Paris Agreement on his first day in office."}
{"_id": "University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst", "title": "University of Massachusetts Amherst", "headings": "", "text": "The University of Massachusetts Amherst ( abbreviated UMass Amherst and colloquially referred to as UMass or Massachusetts ) is a public research and land-grant university in Amherst , Massachusetts , United States , and the flagship of the University of Massachusetts system . With approximately 1,300 faculty members and more than 29,000 students , UMass Amherst is the largest public university in New England and is ranked as tied for the 27th best public university in the nation .   The university offers bachelor 's degrees , master 's degrees , and doctoral degrees in 111 undergraduate , 75 master 's and 47 doctoral programs in nine schools and colleges . The main campus is situated north of downtown Amherst . In a 2009 article for MSN.com , Amherst was ranked first in Best College Towns in the United States . In 2012 , U.S. News and World Report ranked Amherst among the Top 10 Great College Towns in America . It is also a member of the Five College Consortium .   The University of Massachusetts Amherst is categorized as a Research University with Highest research activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . In fiscal year 2014 , UMass Amherst had research expenditures exceeding $ 200 million .   UMass Amherst sports teams are called the Minutemen and Minutewomen , the colors being maroon , black , and white ; the school mascot is Sam the Minuteman . All teams participate in NCAA Division I . The university is a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference , while playing ice hockey in Hockey East and football as an FBS Independent ."}
{"_id": "University_of_Oxford", "title": "University of Oxford", "headings": "", "text": "The University of Oxford ( informally Oxford University or simply Oxford ) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford , England . It has no known date of foundation , but there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096 , making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world 's second-oldest university in continuous operation . It is one of the world 's most prestigious universities . It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris . After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209 , some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge . The two `` ancient universities '' are frequently jointly referred to as `` Oxbridge '' .   The university is made up of a variety of institutions , including 38 constituent colleges and a full range of academic departments which are organised into four divisions . All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university , each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities . Being a city university , it does not have a main campus ; instead , its buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre . Most undergraduate teaching at Oxford is organised around weekly tutorials at the colleges and halls , supported by classes , lectures and laboratory work provided by university faculties and departments .   Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship , one of the world 's oldest and most prestigious scholarships , which has brought graduate students to study at the university for more than a century . The university operates the world 's oldest university museum , as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain . Oxford has educated many notable alumni , including 28 Nobel laureates , 27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom , and many heads of state and government around the world ."}
{"_id": "Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Satellite", "title": "Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite", "headings": "", "text": "The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite ( UARS ) was a NASA-operated orbital observatory whose mission was to study the Earth 's atmosphere , particularly the protective ozone layer . The 5900 kg satellite was deployed from Space Shuttle Discovery during the STS-48 mission on 15 September 1991 . It entered Earth orbit at an operational altitude of 600 km , with an orbital inclination of 57 degrees .   The original mission duration was to be only three years , but was extended several times . When the mission finally ended in June 2005 due to funding cuts , 14 years after the satellite 's launch , six of its ten instruments were still operational . A final orbit-lowering burn was performed in early December 2005 to prepare the satellite for deorbit . On 26 October 2010 , the International Space Station performed a debris-avoidance maneuver in response to a conjunction with UARS .   The decommissioned satellite re-entered Earth 's atmosphere on 24 September 2011 . Considerable media attention surrounded the event , largely due to NASA 's predictions that substantial parts of the satellite might reach the ground , potentially endangering inhabited areas . However , the satellite ultimately impacted in a remote area of the Pacific Ocean ."}
{"_id": "Uppsala", "title": "Uppsala", "headings": "", "text": "Uppsala ( -LSB- ² ɵpːsɑːla -RSB- ; older spelling Upsala ) is the capital of Uppsala County and the fourth largest city of Sweden , after Stockholm , Gothenburg and Malmö . It had 149,245 inhabitants in 2015 .   Located 71 km north of the capital Stockholm , it is also the seat of Uppsala Municipality . Since 1164 , Uppsala has been the ecclesiastical centre of Sweden , being the seat of the Archbishop of the Church of Sweden . Uppsala is home to Scandinavia 's largest cathedral -- Uppsala Cathedral . Founded in 1477 , Uppsala University is the oldest centre of higher education in Scandinavia . Among many achievements , the Celsius scale for temperature was invented there ."}
{"_id": "Uptick_rule", "title": "Uptick rule", "headings": "", "text": "The uptick rule is a trading restriction that states that short selling a stock is only allowed on an uptick . For the rule to be satisfied , the short must be either at a price above the last traded price of the security , or at the last traded price when the most recent movement between traded prices was upward ( i.e. the security has traded below the last-traded price more recently than above that price ) .   The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) defined the rule , and summarized it :  `` Rule 10a-1 ( a ) ( 1 ) provided that , subject to certain exceptions , a listed security may be sold short ( A ) at a price above the price at which the immediately preceding sale was effected ( plus tick ) , or ( B ) at the last sale price if it is higher than the last different price ( zero-plus tick ) . Short sales were not permitted on minus ticks or zero-minus ticks , subject to narrow exceptions . ''   The rule went into effect in 1938 and was removed when Rule 201 Regulation SHO became effective in 2007 . In 2009 , the reintroduction of the uptick rule was widely debated , and proposals for a form of its reintroduction by the SEC went into a public comment period on 2009-04-08 . A modified form of the rule was adopted on 2010-02-24 ."}
{"_id": "Uranus", "title": "Uranus", "headings": "", "text": "Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun . It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the Solar System . Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune , and both have different bulk chemical composition from that of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn . For this reason , scientists often classify Uranus and Neptune as `` ice giants '' to distinguish them from the gas giants . Uranus 's atmosphere is similar to Jupiter 's and Saturn 's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium , but it contains more `` ices '' such as water , ammonia , and methane , along with traces of other hydrocarbons . It is the coldest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System , with a minimum temperature of 49 K , and has a complex , layered cloud structure with water thought to make up the lowest clouds and methane the uppermost layer of clouds . The interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock .   Uranus is the only planet whose name is derived from a figure from Greek mythology , from the Latinised version of the Greek god of the sky Ouranos . Like the other giant planets , Uranus has a ring system , a magnetosphere , and numerous moons . The Uranian system has a unique configuration among those of the planets because its axis of rotation is tilted sideways , nearly into the plane of its solar orbit . Its north and south poles , therefore , lie where most other planets have their equators . In 1986 , images from Voyager 2 showed Uranus as an almost featureless planet in visible light , without the cloud bands or storms associated with the other giant planets . Observations from Earth have shown seasonal change and increased weather activity as Uranus approached its equinox in 2007 . Wind speeds can reach 250 m/s ."}
{"_id": "Urban_heat_island", "title": "Urban heat island", "headings": "", "text": "An urban heat island ( UHI ) is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities . The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day , and is most apparent when winds are weak . UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter . The main cause of the urban heat island effect is from the modification of land surfaces . Waste heat generated by energy usage is a secondary contributor . As a population center grows , it tends to expand its area and increase its average temperature . The less-used term heat island refers to any area , populated or not , which is consistently hotter than the surrounding area .   Monthly rainfall is greater downwind of cities , partially due to the UHI . Increases in heat within urban centers increases the length of growing seasons , and decreases the occurrence of weak tornadoes . The UHI decreases air quality by increasing the production of pollutants such as ozone , and decreases water quality as warmer waters flow into area streams and put stress on their ecosystems .   Not all cities have a distinct urban heat island . Mitigation of the urban heat island effect can be accomplished through the use of green roofs and the use of lighter-colored surfaces in urban areas , which reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat .   There are concerns raised about possible contribution from urban heat islands to global warming . Research on China and India indicates that urban heat island effect contributes to climate warming by about 30 % . On the other hand , one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that the urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends . Many studies reveal increases in the severity of the effect with the progress of climate change ."}
{"_id": "Urbanization", "title": "Urbanization", "headings": "", "text": "Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas , `` the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas '' , and the ways in which each society adapts to the change . It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in central areas . The United Nations projected that half of the world 's population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008 . It is predicted that by 2050 about 64 % of the developing world and 86 % of the developed world will be urbanized . That is equivalent to approximately 3 billion urbanites by 2050 , much of which will occur in Africa and Asia . Notably , the United Nations has also recently projected that nearly all global population growth from 2017 to 2030 will be absorbed by cities , about 1.1 billion new urbanites over the next 13 years .   Urbanization is relevant to a range of disciplines , including geography , sociology , economics , urban planning and public health . The phenomenon has been closely linked to modernization , industrialization and the sociological process of rationalization . Urbanization can be seen as a specific condition at a set time ( e.g. the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns ) or as an increase in that condition over time . So urbanization can be quantified either in terms of , say , the level of urban development relative to the overall population , or as the rate at which the urban proportion of the population is increasing . Urbanization creates enormous social , economic and environmental changes , which provide an opportunity for sustainability with the `` potential to use resources more efficiently , to create more sustainable land use and to protect the biodiversity of natural ecosystems . ''   Urbanization is not merely a modern phenomenon , but a rapid and historic transformation of human social roots on a global scale , whereby predominantly rural culture is being rapidly replaced by predominantly urban culture . The first major change in settlement patterns was the accumulation of hunter-gatherers into villages many thousand years ago . Village culture is characterized by common bloodlines , intimate relationships and communal behavior whereas urban culture is characterized by distant bloodlines , unfamiliar relations and competitive behavior . This unprecedented movement of people is forecast to continue and intensify during the next few decades , mushrooming cities to sizes unthinkable only a century ago .   Today , in Asia the urban agglomerations of Osaka , Karachi , Jakarta , Mumbai , Shanghai , Manila , Seoul and Beijing are each already home to over 20 million people , while Delhi and Tokyo are forecast to approach or exceed 40 million people each within the coming decade . Outside Asia , Mexico City , São Paulo , London , New York City , Istanbul , Lagos and Cairo are , or soon will be , home to over 10 million people ."}
{"_id": "Uruguay", "title": "Uruguay", "headings": "", "text": "Uruguay ( -LSB- ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ -RSB- -LSB- uɾuˈɣwai̯ -RSB- ) , officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( República Oriental del Uruguay ) , is a sovereign State in the southeastern region of South America . It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east , with the Río de la Plata ( River of Silver ) to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast . Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.42 million people , of whom 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city , Montevideo . With an area of approximately 176000 km2 , Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America , only larger in size than Suriname .   Uruguay was inhabited by the Charrúa people for approximately 4000 years before the Portuguese established Colonia del Sacramento , one of the oldest European settlements in the region , in 1680 . Montevideo was founded as a military stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century , signifying the competing claims over the region . Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828 , following a four-way struggle between Spain , Portugal , Argentina and Brazil . It remained subject to foreign influence and intervention throughout the 19th century , with the military playing a recurring role in domestic politics until the late 20th century . Modern Uruguay is a democratic constitutional republic , with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government .   Uruguay is ranked first in Latin America in democracy , peace , lack of corruption , e-government , and is first in South America when it comes to press freedom , size of the middle class and prosperity . On a per-capita basis , Uruguay contributes more troops to United Nations peace-keeping missions than any other country . It ranks second in the region on economic freedom , income equality , per-capita income and inflows of FDI . Uruguay is the third-best country on the continent in terms of HDI , GDP growth , innovation and infrastructure . It is regarded as a high-income country ( top group ) by the UN . Uruguay is also the third-best ranked in the world in e-Participation .  Uruguay is an important global exporter of combed wool , rice , soybeans , frozen beef , malt and milk . Nearly 95 % of Uruguay 's electricity comes from renewable energy , mostly hydroelectric facilities and wind parks .   The Economist named Uruguay `` country of the year '' in 2013 , acknowledging the innovative policy of legalizing the production , sale and consumption of cannabis . Same-sex marriage and abortion are also legal , leading Uruguay to be regarded as one of the most progressive nations in the world , and one of the most socially developed , outstanding regionally , and ranking highly on global measures of personal rights , tolerance , and inclusion issues ."}
{"_id": "Usage_share_of_operating_systems", "title": "Usage share of operating systems", "headings": "", "text": "The usage share of operating systems is the percentage of the operating systems used in computing devices ( approximately market share , also discussed in the article ) .   There are `` three big personal computing platforms '' , two of which claim over 1.4 billion users , Android and Windows . The third `` platform '' or strictly two ( or three ) platformsApple 's iOS and macOS combined , have over 1 billion users . Historically Windows running on desktop computers was dominant ( Macintosh computers were previously the more popular desktop computers , and those followed the mainframe computer-era ) , for a 25 year period from the early 1990s to 2016 . From late 2016 the mobile era took over , with the desktop computers ' market share ( measured by web usage ; including macOS ) was down to 45.22 % in January 2017 , an `` end of an era '' was declared by StatCounter for Windows ( and the desktop in general ) as no longer most popular , since smartphones alone , ( excluding tablets ) , because of Android , have majority use globally .   Different categories of computers use a wide variety of operating systems ( OS ) . Windows gained majority usage share in the 1990s , on desktops ( the computer platform then taking over ) , eventually described as `` dominant '' ( and still has a majority as a `` desktop OS '' ) but is not dominant across all platforms ( while latest version runs on all platforms ) . On smartphones , Android is dominant by any metric ; its installed base is 1.8 billion , which tops Windows on PCs . No operating system has a clear majority across all platforms or all regions ; as judged by web usea proxy for all useAndroid has surpassed Windows , when counted across all platforms and regions . Android is the highest ranked OS in most countries of the world ( even a few in Europe , such as Poland with majority use ) ; leading to it ( with some help from other mobile operating systems such as Apple 's ) eventually , in late 2016 , making the world smartphone-majority . Android alone explains that to a large degree , smartphones alone have majority use , where Android is dominant . Android has over half the usage share across platforms ( even with it not used much on desktops ) in the two biggest continents ( and most populous with 76 % combined ) , Africa and Asia . For brief periods , countries on other continents , such as the United States , have lost desktops-majority share ; that has also happened for South America .   Since 2013 , devices running Android have been selling more than Windows , iOS and macOS devices combined . That made Android the most popular operating system that runs on smartphones , while iOS is more used on tablets . Most desktop and laptop computers use Microsoft Windows , while virtually all supercomputers ( and for over a decade back ) use Linux . In the servers category , there is more diversity , with Linux and Windows Server most popular , and many fewer mainframes . Data about operating system share is difficult to obtain , since in most categories there are few reliable primary sources or agreed methodologies for its collection ."}
{"_id": "Valencia", "title": "Valencia", "headings": "", "text": "Valencia ( -LSB- vəˈlɛnsiə -RSB- -LSB- baˈlenθja -RSB- ) , officially València ( -LSB- vaˈlensia -RSB- ) , is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona , with around 800,000 inhabitants in the administrative centre . Its urban area extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 1.5 -- 1.6 million people . Valencia is Spain 's third largest metropolitan area , with a population ranging from 1.7 to 2.5 million . The Port of Valencia is the 5th busiest container port in Europe and the busiest container port on the Mediterranean Sea . The city is ranked at Gamma in the Globalization and World Cities Research Network .   Valencia was founded as a Roman colony by the consul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus in 138 BC , and called Valentia Edetanorum . In 714 Moroccan and Arab Moors occupied the city , introducing their language , religion and customs ; they implemented improved irrigation systems and the cultivation of new crops as well , being capital of the Taifa of Valencia . In 1238 the Christian king James I of Aragon reconquered the city and divided the land among the nobles who helped him conquer it , as witnessed in the Llibre del Repartiment . He also created a new law for the city , the Furs of Valencia , which were extended to the rest of the Kingdom of Valencia . In the 18th century Philip V of Spain abolished the privileges as punishment to the kingdom of Valencia for aligning with the Habsburg side in the War of the Spanish Succession . Valencia was the capital of Spain when Joseph Bonaparte moved the Court there in the summer of 1812 . It also served as capital between 1936 and 1937 , during the Second Spanish Republic .   The city is situated on the banks of the Turia , on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula , fronting the Gulf of Valencia on the Mediterranean Sea . Its historic centre is one of the largest in Spain , with approximately 169 hectares ; this heritage of ancient monuments , views and cultural attractions makes Valencia one of the country 's most popular tourist destinations .   Valencia is integrated into an industrial area on the Costa del Azahar ( Orange Blossom Coast ) . Valencia 's main festival is the Falles . The traditional Spanish dish , paella , originated in Valencia ."}
{"_id": "Valero_Energy", "title": "Valero Energy", "headings": "", "text": "Valero Energy Corporation is a Fortune 500 international manufacturer and marketer of transportation fuels , other petrochemical products , and power . It is headquartered in San Antonio , Texas , United States . The company owns and operates 16 refineries throughout the United States , Canada , United Kingdom , and the Caribbean with a combined throughput capacity of approximately 3 Moilbbl per day , 11 ethanol plants with a combined production capacity of 1.2 e9USgal per year , and a 50-megawatt wind farm . Before the 2013 spinoff of CST Brands , Valero was one of the United States ' largest retail operators with approximately 6,800 retail and branded wholesale outlets in the United States , Canada , United Kingdom , and the Caribbean under the Valero , Diamond Shamrock , Shamrock , Ultramar , Beacon , and Texaco brands ."}
{"_id": "Variable_renewable_energy", "title": "Variable renewable energy", "headings": "", "text": "Variable renewable energy ( VRE ) is a renewable energy source that is non-dispatchable due to its fluctuating nature , like wind power and solar power , as opposed to a controllable renewable energy source such as hydroelectricity , or biomass , or a relatively constant source such as geothermal power or run-of-the-river hydroelectricity ."}
{"_id": "Variable_star", "title": "Variable star", "headings": "", "text": "A variable star is a star whose brightness as seen from Earth ( its apparent magnitude ) fluctuates .   This variation may be caused by a change in emitted light or by something partly blocking the light , so variable stars are classified as either :  Intrinsic variables , whose luminosity actually changes ; for example , because the star periodically swells and shrinks .  Extrinsic variables , whose apparent changes in brightness are due to changes in the amount of their light that can reach Earth ; for example , because the star has an orbiting companion that sometimes eclipses it .   Many , possibly most , stars have at least some variation in luminosity : the energy output of our Sun , for example , varies by about 0.1 % over an 11-year solar cycle ."}
{"_id": "Veganism", "title": "Veganism", "headings": "", "text": "Veganism is both the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products , particularly in diet , and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals . A follower of either the diet or the philosophy is known as a vegan ( pronounced ) .   Distinctions are sometimes made between several categories of veganism . Dietary vegans ( or strict vegetarians ) refrain from consuming animal products , not only meat but also eggs , dairy products and other animal-derived substances . The term ethical vegan is often applied to those who not only follow a vegan diet but extend the philosophy into other areas of their lives , and oppose the use of animals for any purpose . Another term is environmental veganism , which refers to the avoidance of animal products on the premise that the harvesting or industrial farming of animals is environmentally damaging and unsustainable .   Donald Watson coined the term vegan in 1944 when he co-founded the Vegan Society in England . At first he used it to mean `` non-dairy vegetarian '' , but from 1951 the society defined it as `` the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals '' . Interest in veganism increased in the 2010s . More vegan stores opened , and vegan options became increasingly available in supermarkets and restaurants in many countries .   Vegan diets tend to be higher in dietary fibre , magnesium , folic acid , vitamin C , vitamin E , iron and phytochemicals , and lower in dietary energy , saturated fat , cholesterol , long-chain omega-3 fatty acids , vitamin D , calcium , zinc and vitamin B12 . Well-planned vegan diets can reduce the risk of some types of chronic disease , including heart disease . They are regarded as appropriate for all stages of the life-cycle by the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics . The German Society for Nutrition cautions against vegan diets for children , and during pregnancy and lactation . Because uncontaminated plant foods do not provide vitamin B12 ( which is produced by microorganisms such as bacteria ) , researchers agree that vegans should eat B12-fortified foods or take a supplement ."}
{"_id": "Vegetarianism", "title": "Vegetarianism", "headings": "", "text": "Vegetarianism -LSB- vɛdʒɪˈtɛəriənɪzəm -RSB- is the practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat ( red meat , poultry , seafood , and the flesh of any other animal ) , and may also include abstention from by-products of animal slaughter .   Vegetarianism may be adopted for various reasons . Many people object to eating meat out of respect for sentient life . Such ethical motivations have been codified under various religious beliefs , as well as animal rights advocacy . Other motivations for vegetarianism are health-related , political , environmental , cultural , aesthetic , economic , or personal preference . There are variations of the diet as well : an ovo-lacto vegetarian diet includes both eggs and dairy products , an ovo-vegetarian diet includes eggs but not dairy products , and a lacto-vegetarian diet includes dairy products but not eggs . A vegan diet excludes all animal products , including eggs and dairy . Some vegans also avoid other animal products such as beeswax , leather or silk clothing , and goose-fat shoe polish .   Packaged and processed foods , such as cakes , cookies , candies , chocolate , yogurt , and marshmallows , often contain unfamiliar animal ingredients , so may be a special concern for vegetarians due to the likelihood of such additions . Often , prior to purchase or consumption , vegetarians will scrutinize products for animal-derived ingredients . Vegetarians ' feelings vary with regard to these ingredients . For example , while some vegetarians may be unaware of animal-derived rennet 's role in the production of cheese , and may therefore unknowingly consume the product , other vegetarians may not take issue with its consumption .   Semi-vegetarian diets consist largely of vegetarian foods but may include fish or poultry , or sometimes other meats , on an infrequent basis . Those with diets containing fish or poultry may define meat only as mammalian flesh and may identify with vegetarianism . A pescetarian diet has been described as `` fish but no other meat '' . The common use association between such diets and vegetarianism has led vegetarian groups such as the Vegetarian Society to state that diets containing these ingredients are not vegetarian , because fish and birds are also animals ."}
{"_id": "Venus", "title": "Venus", "headings": "", "text": "Venus is the second planet from the Sun , orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days . It has the longest rotation period ( 243 days ) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets . It has no natural satellites . It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty . It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon , reaching an apparent magnitude of − 4.6 , bright enough to cast shadows at night and , though rare , occasionally be visible in broad daylight . Because Venus orbits within Earth 's orbit it is an inferior planet and never appears to venture far from the Sun ; its maximum angular distance from the Sun ( elongation ) is 47.8 ° .   Venus is a terrestrial planet and is sometimes called Earth 's `` sister planet '' because of their similar size , mass , proximity to the Sun , and bulk composition . It is radically different from Earth in other respects . It has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets , consisting of more than 96 % carbon dioxide . The atmospheric pressure at the planet 's surface is 92 times that of Earth , or roughly the pressure found 900 m underwater on Earth . Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System , with a mean surface temperature of 735 K , even though Mercury is closer to the Sun . Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid , preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light . It may have had water oceans in the past , but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect . The water has probably photodissociated , and the free hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind because of the lack of a planetary magnetic field . Venus 's surface is a dry desertscape interspersed with slab-like rocks and is periodically resurfaced by volcanism .   As one of the brightest objects in the sky , Venus has been a major fixture in human culture for as long as records have existed . It has been made sacred to gods of many cultures , and has been a prime inspiration for writers and poets as the `` morning star '' and `` evening star '' . Venus was the first planet to have its motions plotted across the sky , as early as the second millennium BC .   As the closest planet to Earth , Venus has been a prime target for early interplanetary exploration . It was the first planet beyond Earth visited by a spacecraft ( Mariner 2 in 1962 ) , and the first to be successfully landed on ( by Venera 7 in 1970 ) . Venus 's thick clouds render observation of its surface impossible in visible light , and the first detailed maps did not emerge until the arrival of the Magellan orbiter in 1991 . Plans have been proposed for rovers or more complex missions , but they are hindered by Venus 's hostile surface conditions ."}
{"_id": "Vermont", "title": "Vermont", "headings": "", "text": "Vermont ( -LSB- vərˈmɒnt , _ vɜr - -RSB- ) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders the other U.S. states of Massachusetts to the south , New Hampshire to the east , New York to the west , and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north . Lake Champlain forms half of Vermont 's western border with the state of New York and the Green Mountains run north-south the length of the state .   Vermont is the 2nd-least populous of the U.S. states , ahead of Wyoming in population . The capital is Montpelier , the least populous state capital in the U.S. . The most populous municipality , Burlington , is the least populous city in the U.S. to be the most populous within a state . As of 2015 , Vermont was the leading producer of maple syrup in the U.S. . It was ranked as the safest state in the country in 2016 .   For thousands of years indigenous peoples , including the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and Mohawk , occupied much of the territory that is now Vermont and was later claimed by France 's colony of New France . France ceded the territory to Great Britain after being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years ' War . For many years , the nearby colonies , especially the provinces of New Hampshire and New York , disputed control of the area ( then called the New Hampshire Grants ) . Settlers who held land titles granted by New York were opposed by the Green Mountain Boys militia , which supported the many settlers whose claims were based on grants from New Hampshire .   Ultimately , those settlers prevailed in creating an independent state , the Vermont Republic . Founded in 1777 during the American Revolutionary War , the republic lasted for 14 years . Aside from the original 13 states that were formerly colonies , Vermont is one of only four U.S. states that were previously sovereign states ( along with California , Hawaii , and Texas ) . Vermont was also the first state to join the U.S. as its 14th member state after the original 13 . While still an independent republic , Vermont was the first of any future U.S. state to partially abolish slavery ."}
{"_id": "Vertical_farming", "title": "Vertical farming", "headings": "", "text": "Vertical farming is the practice of producing food and medicine in vertically stacked layers , vertically inclined surfaces and/or integrated in other structures ( such as in a skyscraper , used warehouse , or shipping container ) . The modern ideas of vertical farming use indoor farming techniques and controlled-environment agriculture ( CEA ) technology , where all environmental factors can be controlled . These facilities utilize artificial control of light , environmental control ( humidity , temperature , gases ... ) and fertigation . Some vertical farms use techniques similar to greenhouses , where natural sunlight can be augmented with artificial lighting and metal reflectors ."}
{"_id": "Vienna", "title": "Vienna", "headings": "", "text": "Vienna ( -LSB- viˈɛnə -RSB- Wien , -LSB- viːn -RSB- ) is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's primary city , with a population of about 1.8 million ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of Austria 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations and OPEC . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site .   Apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be `` The City of Dreams '' because it was home to the world 's first psycho-analyst -- Sigmund Freud . The city 's roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city , and then the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . It is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre , from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century . The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles , including Baroque castles and gardens , and the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings , monuments and parks .   Vienna is known for its high quality of life . In a 2005 study of 127 world cities , the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first ( in a tie with Vancouver , Canada and San Francisco , USA ) for the world 's most liveable cities . Between 2011 and 2015 , Vienna was ranked second , behind Melbourne , Australia .  For eight consecutive years ( 2009 -- 2016 ) , the human-resource-consulting firm Mercer ranked Vienna first in its annual `` Quality of Living '' survey of hundreds of cities around the world , a title the city still held in 2016 . Monocle 's 2015 `` Quality of Life Survey '' ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world `` to make a base within . ''   The UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013 .  The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008 , and sixth globally ( out of 256 cities ) in the 2014 Innovation Cities Index , which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas : culture , infrastructure , and markets . Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners .   Between 2005 and 2010 , Vienna was the world 's number-one destination for international congresses and conventions . It attracts over 6.8 million tourists a year ."}
{"_id": "Vietnam", "title": "Vietnam", "headings": "", "text": "Vietnam ( ˌ ; -LSB- vîət nāːm -RSB- ) , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam ( SRV ; , is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia . With an estimated 92.7 million inhabitants , it is the world 's 14th-most-populous country , and the ninth-most-populous Asian country . Vietnam is bordered by China to the north , Laos to the northwest , Cambodia to the southwest , Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest , and the Philippines , Malaysia and Indonesia across the South China Sea to the east and southeast . Its capital city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976 , with Ho Chi Minh City as a historical city as well .   The northern part of Vietnam was part of Imperial China for over a millennium , from 111 BC to AD 939 . An independent Vietnamese state was formed in 939 , following a Vietnamese victory in the Battle of Bạch Đằng River . Successive Vietnamese imperial dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia , until the Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century . Following a Japanese occupation in the 1940s , the Vietnamese fought French rule in the First Indochina War , eventually expelling the French in 1954 . Thereafter , Vietnam was divided politically into two rival states , North Vietnam ( officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ) , and South Vietnam ( officially the Republic of Vietnam ) . Conflict between the two sides intensified in what is known as the Vietnam War . The war ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975 .   Vietnam was then unified under a communist government but remained impoverished and politically isolated . In 1986 , the government initiated a series of economic and political reforms which began Vietnam 's path towards integration into the world economy . By 2000 , it had established diplomatic relations with all nations . Since 2000 , Vietnam 's economic growth rate has been among the highest in the world , and , in 2011 , it had the highest Global Growth Generators Index among 11 major economies . Its successful economic reforms resulted in its joining the World Trade Organization in 2007 . It is also a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie . Vietnam remains one of the world 's four remaining one-party socialist states officially espousing communism ."}
{"_id": "Vietnam_War", "title": "Vietnam War", "headings": "", "text": "The Vietnam War ( Chiến tranh Việt Nam ) , also known as the Second Indochina War , and known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America ( Kháng chiến chống Mỹ ) or simply the American War , was a war that occurred in Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975 . It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam . The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union , China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States , South Korea , Australia , Thailand and other anti-communist allies . The war is therefore considered a Cold War-era proxy war .   The Viet Cong ( also known as the National Liberation Front , or NLF ) , a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North , fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region , while the People 's Army of Vietnam , also known as the North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) , engaged in more conventional warfare , at times committing large units to battle . As the war continued , the military actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role and engagement of the NVA grew . U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations , involving ground forces , artillery , and airstrikes . In the course of the war , the U.S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam .   The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam . They viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States . The U.S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam . This was part of the domino theory of a wider containment policy , with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism worldwide .   Beginning in 1950 , American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina.The Military Assistance Advisory Group , Indochina ( with an authorized strength of 128 men ) was set up in September 1950 with a mission to oversee the use and distribution of US military equipment by the French and their allies . U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s , with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962 . U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident , in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft , which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution , which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence . Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965 . Operations crossed international borders : bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968 , the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive . The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government , but became the turning point in the war , as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government 's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam .   Gradual withdrawal of U.S. ground forces began as part of `` Vietnamization '' , which aimed to end American involvement in the war while transferring the task of fighting the communists to the South Vietnamese themselves . Despite the Paris Peace Accord , which was signed by all parties in January 1973 , the fighting continued . In the U.S. and the Western world , a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture . The war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs , and altered North -- South relations .   Direct U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973 . The capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war , and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year . The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities ( see Vietnam War casualties ) . Estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million . Some 240,000 -- 300,000 Cambodians , 20,000 -- 62,000 Laotians , and 58,220 U.S. service members also died in the conflict , and a further 1,626 remain missing in action ."}
{"_id": "Vine", "title": "Vine", "headings": "", "text": "A vine ( Latin vīnea `` grapevine '' , `` vineyard '' , from vīnum `` wine '' ) in the narrowest sense is the grapevine ( Vitis ) , but more generally it can refer to any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent ( that is , climbing ) stems , lianas or runners . The word also can refer to such stems or runners themselves , for instance when used in wicker work .   In the United Kingdom , the term `` vine '' applies almost exclusively to the grapevine . The term `` climber '' is used for all climbing plants ."}
{"_id": "Violence", "title": "Violence", "headings": "", "text": "Violence is defined by the World Health Organization as `` the intentional use of physical force or power , threatened or actual , against oneself , another person , or against a group or community , which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury , death , psychological harm , maldevelopment , or deprivation '' , although the group acknowledges that the inclusion of `` the use of power '' in its definition expands on the conventional understanding of the word . This definition involves intentionality with the committing of the act itself , irrespective of the outcome it produces . However , generally , anything that is excited in an injurious or damaging way may be described as violent even if not meant to be violence ( by a person and against a person ) .   Globally , violence resulted in the deaths of an estimated 1.28 million people in 2013 up from 1.13 million in 1990 . Of the deaths in 2013 , roughly 842,000 were attributed to self-harm ( suicide ) , 405,000 to interpersonal violence , and 31,000 to collective violence ( war ) and legal intervention . In Africa , out of every 100,000 people , each year an estimated 60.9 die a violent death . Corlin , past president of the American Medical Association said : `` The United States leads the world -- in the rate at which its children die from firearms . '' He concluded : `` Gun violence is a threat to the public health of our country . '' For each single death due to violence , there are dozens of hospitalizations , hundreds of emergency department visits , and thousands of doctors ' appointments . Furthermore , violence often has lifelong consequences for physical and mental health and social functioning and can slow economic and social development .   In 2013 , assault by firearm was the leading cause of death due to interpersonal violence , with 180,000 such deaths estimated to have occurred . The same year , assault by sharp object resulted in roughly 114,000 deaths , with a remaining 110,000 deaths from personal violence being attributed to other causes .   Violence in many forms is preventable . There is a strong relationship between levels of violence and modifiable factors such as concentrated poverty , income and gender inequality , the harmful use of alcohol , and the absence of safe , stable , and nurturing relationships between children and parents . Strategies addressing the underlying causes of violence can be effective in preventing violence ."}
{"_id": "Virial_expansion", "title": "Virial expansion", "headings": "", "text": "The classical virial expansion expresses the pressure of a many-particle system in equilibrium as a power series in the number density .  The virial expansion , introduced in 1901 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes , is a generalization of the ideal gas law . He wrote that for a gas containing atoms  or molecules ,   where is the pressure , is the Boltzmann constant , is the absolute temperature , and  is the number density of the  gas .  Note that for a gas containing a fraction of ( Avogadro 's number ) molecules , truncation of the virial expansion after the  first term leads to , which is the ideal gas law .   Writing , the virial expansion can be written as   .   The virial coefficients are characteristic of the interactions between the particles in the system and in general depend on the temperature . Virial expansion can also be applied to aqueous ionic solutions , as shown by Harold Friedman ."}
{"_id": "Viscosity", "title": "Viscosity", "headings": "", "text": "The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress . For liquids , it corresponds to the informal concept of `` thickness '' ; for example , honey has a much higher viscosity than water .   Viscosity is a property of the fluid which opposes the relative motion between the two surfaces of the fluid in a fluid that are moving at different velocities . When the fluid is forced through a tube , the particles which compose the fluid generally move more quickly near the tube 's axis and more slowly near its walls ; therefore some stress ( such as a pressure difference between the two ends of the tube ) is needed to overcome the friction between particle layers to keep the fluid moving . For a given velocity pattern , the stress required is proportional to the fluid 's viscosity .   A fluid that has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal or inviscid fluid . Zero viscosity is observed only at very low temperatures in superfluids . Otherwise , all fluids have positive viscosity , and are technically said to be viscous or viscid . In common parlance , however , a liquid is said to be viscous if its viscosity is substantially greater than that of water , and may be described as mobile if the viscosity is noticeably less than water . A fluid with a relatively high viscosity , such as pitch , may appear to be a solid ."}
{"_id": "Volcanism", "title": "Volcanism", "headings": "", "text": "Volcanism is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock ( magma ) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon , where lava , pyroclastics and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent . It includes all phenomena resulting from and causing magma within the crust or mantle of the body , to rise through the crust and form volcanic rocks on the surface ."}
{"_id": "Volcano", "title": "Volcano", "headings": "", "text": "A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object , such as Earth , that allows hot lava , volcanic ash , and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface .   Earth 's volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major , rigid tectonic plates that float on a hotter , softer layer in its mantle . Therefore , on Earth , volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging , and most are found underwater . For example , a mid-oceanic ridge , such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart ; the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together . Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust 's , e.g. , in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Rio Grande Rift in North America . This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of `` plate hypothesis '' volcanism . Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as mantle plumes . These so-called `` hotspots '' , for example Hawaii , are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the core -- mantle boundary , 3,000 km deep in the Earth . Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another .   Erupting volcanoes can pose many hazards , not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption . One such hazard is that volcanic ash can be a threat to aircraft , in particular those with jet engines where ash particles can be melted by the high operating temperature ; the melted particles then adhere to the turbine blades and alter their shape , disrupting the operation of the turbine . Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth 's lower atmosphere ( or troposphere ) ; however , they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth , thereby warming the upper atmosphere ( or stratosphere ) . Historically , so-called volcanic winters have caused catastrophic famines ."}
{"_id": "WSEE-TV", "title": "WSEE-TV", "headings": "", "text": "WSEE-TV is the CBS-affiliated television station for Northwestern Pennsylvania that is licensed to Erie . It broadcasts a high definition digital signal on UHF channel 16 ( or virtual channel 35.1 via PSIP ) from a transmitter on Old Waterford Road in Greene Township . The station can also be seen on Spectrum channel 5 and in high definition on digital channel 1005 . Owned by Lilly Broadcasting , WSEE-TV operates the area 's NBC affiliate WICU-TV ( owned by SJL Broadcasting ) through a shared services agreement ( SSA ) and the two outlets share studios on State Street in Erie . Until 2017 , WSEE was also seen over-the-air in standard definition on WICU-TV 's third digital subchannel on VHF channel 12.3 from the same Greene Township transmitter ."}
{"_id": "Wallace_Smith_Broecker", "title": "Wallace Smith Broecker", "headings": "", "text": "Wallace Smith Broecker ( born November 29 , 1931 in Chicago ) is the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University , a scientist at Columbia 's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a sustainability fellow at Arizona State University . He developed the idea of a global `` conveyor belt '' linking the circulation of the global ocean and made major contributions to the science of the carbon cycle and the use of chemical tracers and isotope dating in oceanography . Broecker has received the Crafoord Prize and the Vetlesen Prize ."}
{"_id": "Walter_Munk", "title": "Walter Munk", "headings": "", "text": "Walter Heinrich Munk ( born October 19 , 1917 ) is an American physical oceanographer . He is professor of geophysics emeritus and holds the Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations Oceanography Chair at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla , California ."}
{"_id": "Waste_heat", "title": "Waste heat", "headings": "", "text": "Waste heat is by necessity produced both by machines that do work and in other processes that use energy , for example in a refrigerator warming the room air or a combustion engine releasing heat into the environment . The need for many systems to reject heat as a by-product of their operation is fundamental to the laws of thermodynamics . Waste heat has lower utility ( or in thermodynamics lexicon a lower exergy or higher entropy ) than the original energy source . Sources of waste heat include all manner of human activities , natural systems , and all organisms .   Instead of being `` wasted '' by release into the ambient environment , sometimes waste heat ( or cold ) can be utilized by another process ( such as using hot engine coolant to heat a vehicle ) , or a portion of heat that would otherwise be wasted can be reused in the same process if make-up heat is added to the system ( as with heat recovery ventilation in a building ) .   Thermal energy storage , which includes technologies both for short - and long-term retention of heat or cold , can create or improve the utility of waste heat ( or cold ) . One example is waste heat from air conditioning machinery stored in a buffer tank to aid in night time heating . Another is seasonal thermal energy storage ( STES ) at a foundry in Sweden . The heat is stored in the bedrock surrounding a cluster of heat exchanger equipped boreholes , and is used for space heating in an adjacent factory as needed , even months later . An example of using STES to utilize natural waste heat is the Drake Landing Solar Community in Alberta , Canada , which , by using a cluster of boreholes in bedrock for interseasonal heat storage , obtains 97 percent of its year-round heat from solar thermal collectors on the garage roofs . Another STES application is storing winter cold underground , for summer air conditioning .   On a biological scale , all organisms reject waste heat as part of their metabolic processes , and will die if the ambient temperature is too high to allow this .   Anthropogenic waste heat is thought by some to contribute to the urban heat island effect . The biggest point sources of waste heat originate from machines ( such as electrical generators or industrial processes , such as steel or glass production ) and heat loss through building envelopes . The burning of transport fuels is a major contribution to waste heat ."}
{"_id": "Water", "title": "Water", "headings": "", "text": "Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth 's streams , lakes , and oceans , and the fluids of most living organisms . Its chemical formula is H2O , meaning that its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms , that are connected by covalent bonds . Water strictly refers to the liquid state of that substance , that prevails at standard ambient temperature and pressure ; but it often refers also to its solid state ( ice ) or its gaseous state ( steam or water vapor ) . It also occurs in nature as snow , glaciers , ice packs and icebergs , clouds , fog , dew , aquifers , and atmospheric humidity .   Water covers 71 % of the Earth 's surface . It is vital for all known forms of life . On Earth , 96.5 % of the planet 's crust water is found in seas and oceans , 1.7 % in groundwater , 1.7 % in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland , a small fraction in other large water bodies , and 0.001 % in the air as vapor , clouds ( formed of ice and liquid water suspended in air ) , and precipitation . Only 2.5 % of this water is freshwater , and 98.8 % of that water is in ice ( excepting ice in clouds ) and groundwater . Less than 0.3 % of all freshwater is in rivers , lakes , and the atmosphere , and an even smaller amount of the Earth 's freshwater ( 0.003 % ) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products . A greater quantity of water is found in the earth 's interior .   Water on Earth moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation and transpiration ( evapotranspiration ) , condensation , precipitation , and runoff , usually reaching the sea . Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land . Large amounts of water are also chemically combined or adsorbed in hydrated minerals .   Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other lifeforms even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients . Access to safe drinking water has improved over the last decades in almost every part of the world , but approximately one billion people still lack access to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation . There is a clear correlation between access to safe water and gross domestic product per capita . However , some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability . A report , issued in November 2009 , suggests that by 2030 , in some developing regions of the world , water demand will exceed supply by 50 % .   Water plays an important role in the world economy . Approximately 70 % of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture . Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world . Much of long-distance trade of commodities ( such as oil and natural gas ) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas , rivers , lakes , and canals . Large quantities of water , ice , and steam are used for cooling and heating , in industry and homes . Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances ; as such it is widely used in industrial processes , and in cooking and washing . Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment , such as swimming , pleasure boating , boat racing , surfing , sport fishing , and diving ."}
{"_id": "Water_cycle", "title": "Water cycle", "headings": "", "text": "The water cycle , also known as the hydrological cycle or the hydrologic cycle , describes the continuous movement of water on , above and below the surface of the Earth . The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice , fresh water , saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables . The water moves from one reservoir to another , such as from river to ocean , or from the ocean to the atmosphere , by the physical processes of evaporation , condensation , precipitation , infiltration , surface runoff , and subsurface flow . In doing so , the water goes through different forms : liquid , solid ( ice ) and vapor .   The water cycle involves the exchange of energy , which leads to temperature changes . For instance , when water evaporates , it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment . When it condenses , it releases energy and warms the environment . These heat exchanges influence climate .   The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater . The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe . It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth , through processes including erosion and sedimentation . The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems on the planet ."}
{"_id": "Water_heating", "title": "Water heating", "headings": "", "text": "Water heating is a thermodynamic process that uses an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature . Typical domestic uses of hot water include cooking , cleaning , bathing , and space heating . In industry , hot water and water heated to steam have many uses .   Domestically , water is traditionally heated in vessels known as water heaters , kettles , cauldrons , pots , or coppers . These metal vessels that heat a batch of water do not produce a continual supply of heated water at a preset temperature . Rarely , hot water occurs naturally , usually from natural hot springs . The temperature varies with the consumption rate , becoming cooler as flow increases .   Appliances that provide a continual supply of hot water are called water heaters , hot water heaters , hot water tanks , boilers , heat exchangers , geysers , or calorifiers . These names depend on region , and whether they heat potable or non-potable water , are in domestic or industrial use , and their energy source . In domestic installations , potable water heated for uses other than space heating is also called domestic hot water ( DHW ) .   Fossil fuels ( natural gas , liquefied petroleum gas , oil ) , or solid fuels are commonly used for heating water . These may be consumed directly or may produce electricity that , in turn , heats water . Electricity to heat water may also come from any other electrical source , such as nuclear power or renewable energy . Alternative energy such as solar energy , heat pumps , hot water heat recycling , and geothermal heating can also heat water , often in combination with backup systems powered by fossil fuels or electricity .   Densely populated urban areas of some countries provide district heating of hot water . This is especially the case in Scandinavia and Finland . District heating systems supply energy for water heating and space heating from waste heat from industries , power plants , incinerators , geothermal heating , and central solar heating . Actual heating of tap water is performed in heat exchangers at the consumers ' premises . Generally the consumer has no in-building backup system , due to the expected high availability of district heating systems ."}
{"_id": "Water_on_Mars", "title": "Water on Mars", "headings": "", "text": "Almost all water on Mars today exists as ice , though it also exists in small quantities as vapor in the atmosphere and occasionally as low-volume liquid brines in shallow Martian soil . The only place where water ice is visible at the surface is at the north polar ice cap . Abundant water ice is also present beneath the permanent carbon dioxide ice cap at the Martian south pole and in the shallow subsurface at more temperate latitudes . More than five million cubic kilometers of ice have been identified at or near the surface of modern Mars , enough to cover the whole planet to a depth of 35 meters . Even more ice is likely to be locked away in the deep subsurface .   Some liquid water may occur transiently on the Martian surface today , but only under certain conditions . No large standing bodies of liquid water exist , because the atmospheric pressure at the surface averages just 600 Pa -- about 0.6 % of Earth 's mean sea level pressure -- and because the global average temperature is far too low ( 210 K ) , leading to either rapid evaporation ( sublimation ) or rapid freezing . Before about 3.8 billion years ago , Mars may have had a denser atmosphere and higher surface temperatures , allowing vast amounts of liquid water on the surface , possibly including a large ocean that may have covered one-third of the planet . Water has also apparently flowed across the surface for short periods at various intervals more recently in Mars ' history . On December 9 , 2013 , NASA reported that , based on evidence from the Curiosity rover studying Aeolis Palus , Gale Crater contained an ancient freshwater lake that could have been a hospitable environment for microbial life .   Many lines of evidence indicate that water is abundant on Mars and has played a significant role in the planet 's geologic history . The present-day inventory of water on Mars can be estimated from spacecraft imagery , remote sensing techniques ( spectroscopic measurements , radar , etc. ) , and surface investigations from landers and rovers . Geologic evidence of past water includes enormous outflow channels carved by floods , ancient river valley networks , deltas , and lakebeds ; and the detection of rocks and minerals on the surface that could only have formed in liquid water . Numerous geomorphic features suggest the presence of ground ice ( permafrost ) and the movement of ice in glaciers , both in the recent past and present . Gullies and slope lineae along cliffs and crater walls suggest that flowing water continues to shape the surface of Mars , although to a far lesser degree than in the ancient past .   Although the surface of Mars was periodically wet and could have been hospitable to microbial life billions of years ago , the current environment at the surface is dry and subfreezing , probably presenting an insurmountable obstacle for living organisms . In addition , Mars lacks a thick atmosphere , ozone layer , and magnetic field , allowing solar and cosmic radiation to strike the surface unimpeded . The damaging effects of ionizing radiation on cellular structure is another one of the prime limiting factors on the survival of life on the surface . Therefore , the best potential locations for discovering life on Mars may be in subsurface environments . On November 22 , 2016 , NASA reported finding a large amount of underground ice on the planet Mars -- the volume of water detected is equivalent to the volume of water in Lake Superior .   Understanding water on Mars is vital to assess the planet 's potential for harboring life and for providing usable resources for future human exploration . For this reason , ` Follow the Water ' was the science theme of NASA 's Mars Exploration Program ( MEP ) in the first decade of the 21st century . Discoveries by the 2001 Mars Odyssey , Mars Exploration Rovers ( MERs ) , Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ( MRO ) , and Mars Phoenix lander have been instrumental in answering key questions about water 's abundance and distribution on Mars . The ESA 's Mars Express orbiter has also provided essential data in this quest . The Mars Odyssey , Mars Express , MER Opportunity rover , MRO , and Mars Science Lander Curiosity rover are still sending back data from Mars , and discoveries continue to be made ."}
{"_id": "Water_pollution", "title": "Water pollution", "headings": "", "text": "Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies ( e.g. lakes , rivers , oceans , aquifers and groundwater ) . This form of environmental degradation occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds .   Water pollution affects the entire biosphere -- plants and organisms living in these bodies of water . In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and population , but also to the natural biological communities ."}
{"_id": "Water_scarcity", "title": "Water scarcity", "headings": "", "text": "Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet water needs within a region . It affects every continent and around 2.8 billion people around the world at least one month out of every year . More than 1.2 billion people lack access to clean drinking water .   Water scarcity involves water shortage , water stress or deficits , and water crisis . The relatively new concept of water stress is difficulty in obtaining sources of fresh water for use during a period of time ; it may result in further depletion and deterioration of available water resources . Water shortages may be caused by climate change , such as altered weather-patterns ( including droughts or floods ) , increased pollution , and increased human demand and overuse of water . The term water crisis labels a situation where the available potable , unpolluted water within a region is less than that region 's demand . Two converging phenomena drive water scarcity : growing freshwater use and depletion of usable freshwater resources .   Water scarcity can result from two mechanisms :   physical ( absolute ) water scarcity  economic water scarcity   Physical water scarcity results from inadequate natural water resources to supply a region 's demand , and economic water scarcity results from poor management of the sufficient available water resources . According to the United Nations Development Programme , the latter is found more often to be the cause of countries or regions experiencing water scarcity , as most countries or regions have enough water to meet household , industrial , agricultural , and environmental needs , but lack the means to provide it in an accessible manner .   Many countries and governments aim to reduce water scarcity . The UN recognizes the importance of reducing the number of people without sustainable access to clean water and sanitation . The Millennium Development Goals within the United Nations Millennium Declaration aimed by 2015 to `` halve the proportion of people who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water . ''"}
{"_id": "Water_vapor", "title": "Water vapor", "headings": "", "text": "Water vapor , water vapour or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of water . It is one state of water within the hydrosphere . Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation or boiling of liquid water or from the sublimation of ice . Unlike other forms of water , water vapor is invisible . Under typical atmospheric conditions , water vapor is continuously generated by evaporation and removed by condensation . It is lighter than air and triggers convection currents that can lead to clouds .   Being a component of Earth 's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle , it is particularly abundant in Earth 's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane . Use of water vapor , as steam , has been important to humans for cooking and as a major component in energy production and transport systems since the industrial revolution .   Water vapor is a relatively common atmospheric constituent , present even in the solar atmosphere as well as every planet in the Solar System and many astronomical objects including natural satellites , comets and even large asteroids . Likewise the detection of extrasolar water vapor would indicate a similar distribution in other planetary systems . Water vapor is significant in that it can be indirect evidence supporting the presence of extraterrestrial liquid water in the case of some planetary mass objects ."}
{"_id": "Waterplace_Park", "title": "Waterplace Park", "headings": "", "text": "Waterplace Park is an urban park situated along the Woonasquatucket River in downtown Providence , Rhode Island . Finished in 1994 , Waterplace Park is connected to 3/4 mile of cobblestone-paved pedestrian walkways along the waterfront known as Riverwalk . Venice-styled Pedestrian bridges cross the river . Most of Riverwalk is below street level and automotive traffic . Waterplace Park and Riverwalk together are host to Providence 's popular summertime Waterfire events , a series of bonfires lit on the river accompanied by classical and world music ."}
{"_id": "Watts_Up_With_That?", "title": "Watts Up With That?", "headings": "", "text": "Watts Up With That ? ( or WUWT ) is a blog promoting climate change denial that was created by Anthony Watts in 2006 .   The blog predominantly discusses climate issues with a focus on anthropogenic climate change , generally accommodating beliefs that are in opposition to the scientific consensus on climate change . Contributors include Christopher Monckton and Fred Singer as guest authors . In November 2009 , the blog was one of the first websites to publish emails and documents from the Climatic Research Unit controversy , and a driving force behind its coverage .   In the early months of 2010 , it was reported the site might be `` the most read climate blog in the world , '' and in 2013 Michael E. Mann referred to it as the leading climate change denial blog ."}
{"_id": "Wayback_Machine", "title": "Wayback Machine", "headings": "", "text": "The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive , a nonprofit organization , based in San Francisco , California , United States . The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001 . It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat , and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet . The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time , which the archive calls a `` three dimensional index '' .   Since 1996 , the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes . It revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version . Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the site 's URL into a search box . The intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down . The overall vision of the machine 's creators is to archive the entire Internet .   The name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the `` WABAC machine '' ( pronounced way-back ) , a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show , an animated cartoon . In one of the animated cartoon 's component segments , Peabody 's Improbable History , the characters routinely used the machine to witness , participate in , and , more often than not , alter famous events in history ."}
{"_id": "We_Are_the_World", "title": "We Are the World", "headings": "", "text": "`` We Are the World '' is a song and charity single originally recorded by the supergroup United Support of Artists ( USA ) for Africa in 1985 . It was written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie ( with arrangements by Michael Omartian ) and produced by Quincy Jones for the album We Are the World . With sales in excess of 20 million copies , it is one of the fewer than 30 all-time physical singles to have sold at least 10 million copies worldwide .   Following Band Aid 's 1984 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' project in the United Kingdom , an idea for the creation of an American benefit single for African famine relief came from activist Harry Belafonte , who , along with fundraiser Ken Kragen , was instrumental in bringing the vision to reality . Several musicians were contacted by the pair , before Jackson and Richie were assigned the task of writing the song . The duo completed the writing of `` We Are the World '' seven weeks after the release of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' , and one night before the song 's first recording session , on January 21 , 1985 . The historic event brought together some of the most famous artists in the music industry at the time .   The song was released on March 7 , 1985 , as the only single from the album . A worldwide commercial success , it topped music charts throughout the world and became the fastest-selling American pop single in history . The first ever single to be certified multi-platinum , `` We Are the World '' received a Quadruple Platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America .   Awarded numerous honors -- including three Grammy Awards , one American Music Award , and a People 's Choice Award -- the song was promoted with a critically received music video , a home video , a special edition magazine , a simulcast , and several books , posters , and shirts . The promotion and merchandise aided the success of `` We Are the World '' and raised over $ 63 million ( equivalent to $ million today ) for humanitarian aid in Africa and the US .   Following the devastation caused by the magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake in Haiti on January 12 , 2010 , a remake of the song by another all-star cast of singers was recorded on February 1 , 2010 . Entitled `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' , it was released as a single on February 12 , 2010 , and proceeds from the record aided survivors in the impoverished country ."}
{"_id": "We_Belong_Together", "title": "We Belong Together", "headings": "", "text": "`` We Belong Together '' is a song by American singer Mariah Carey from her tenth studio album , The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . The song was released on March 29 , 2005 , through Island Records , as the second single from the album . `` We Belong Together '' was written by Carey , Jermaine Dupri , Manuel Seal , and Johntá Austin , and produced by the former three . As the song samples lyrics from Bobby Womack 's `` If You Think You 're Lonely Now '' ( 1981 ) and the Deele 's `` Two Occasions '' ( 1987 ) , several other songwriters are credited . `` We Belong Together '' is built on a simple piano arrangement with an understated backbeat . The lyrics chronicle a woman 's desperation for her former lover to return .   Following her decline in popularity between 2001 and 2005 , critics dubbed the song her musical comeback , as many had considered her career over . `` We Belong Together '' earned her several music industry awards and nominations throughout 2005 -- 06 . The song broke chart records in the United States and became Carey 's sixteenth topper on the US Billboard Hot 100 . After staying at number one for fourteen non-consecutive weeks , it was placed as the second longest running number one song in US chart history , behind Carey 's own `` One Sweet Day , '' collaboration with Boyz II Men ( 1995 ) . Billboard listed it as the `` song of the decade '' and the ninth most popular song of all time . Additionally , it broke several airplay records , gathering both the largest one-day and one-week audiences in history . `` We Belong Together '' also topped the charts in Australia and reached the top two in Canada , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom .   The song 's music video was filmed as a two-part story with `` It 's Like That '' , which featured Carey at her bachelorette party . The video for `` We Belong Together '' is a continuation focusing on Carey 's wedding to an older and powerful man and ends with the singer eloping with her ex-lover . Rumors arose of the video 's connection to her 1993 marriage to Tommy Mottola . Carey performed the song on several award shows and television appearances around the world , namely MTV Movie Awards , MTV Video Music Awards , Macy 's Fourth of July Parade , The Oprah Winfrey Show and the 48th Grammy Awards . In Europe the song was performed at the Live 8 charity concert , the Fashion Rocks in Monaco , and the German Bambi Awards . Carey performed the song on both her Adventures of Mimi and Angels Advocate Tours ."}
{"_id": "We_Found_Love", "title": "We Found Love", "headings": "", "text": "`` We Found Love '' is a song recorded by Bajan singer Rihanna from her sixth studio album , Talk That Talk ( 2011 ) . It was written and produced by , and features Scottish DJ Calvin Harris ; the song was also featured on his third album 18 Months ( 2012 ) . `` We Found Love '' premiered on September 22 , 2011 , on the Capital FM radio station in the United Kingdom , and was made available to download on the same day as the lead single from Talk That Talk . `` We Found Love '' is an uptempo electro house song , with elements of techno and Europop . The song 's lyrics speak of a couple who `` found love in a hopeless place '' .   `` We Found Love '' was met with mixed reviews from music critics , who praised the song 's composition and Rihanna 's vocal performance ; however , some critics felt that the lyrical content was sparse and came second to Harris ' production . The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 for ten non-consecutive weeks , becoming the longest running number-one single of 2011 . The single also surpassed `` Umbrella '' and became Rihanna 's longest running number one single . It was the singer 's eleventh song to top the Hot 100 , placing her in third place among female recording artists amassing the most number one singles . `` We Found Love '' topped the charts in twenty-five other countries including Canada , Ireland , New Zealand , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . According to Billboard it is the 24th most successful single of all time in the US . As of 2015 , the single has sold 10.5 million copies worldwide , thus being one of the best selling singles of all time . This was the first of multiple collaborations by Rihanna and Harris , including `` Where Have You Been '' and `` This Is What You Came For '' .   The song 's accompanying music video , directed by Melina Matsoukas , depicts the singer as a drug-abusing thrill-seeker in a relationship that quickly spirals downward into addiction and violence . The video received a mixed response from critics , as they noted that it profoundly alludes to ex-boyfriend Chris Brown 's assault on Rihanna , two years prior . It attracted criticism from political commentators , who questioned the video for its suggestive sexual nature . However , the video won a Grammy for `` Best Short Form Music Video '' at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards and `` Video of the Year '' at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards . The song has been performed on both the UK and US versions of The X Factor , as well as at the 2012 Grammy Awards and the 2012 BRIT Awards . Multiple recording artists have covered `` We Found Love '' including alternative rock band Coldplay and English singer Jessie J . The song also used for the trailer of 2012 comedy-drama film Magic Mike , in the TV series Sherlock , and in the film American Honey"}
{"_id": "Weather", "title": "Weather", "headings": "", "text": "Weather is the state of the atmosphere , to the degree that it is hot or cold , wet or dry , calm or stormy , clear or cloudy . Most weather phenomena occur in the lowest level of the atmosphere , the troposphere , just below the stratosphere . Weather refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity , whereas climate is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time . When used without qualification , `` weather '' is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth .   Weather is driven by air pressure , temperature and moisture differences between one place and another . These differences can occur due to the sun 's angle at any particular spot , which varies with latitude . The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the largest scale atmospheric circulations : the Hadley Cell , the Ferrel Cell , the Polar Cell , and the jet stream . Weather systems in the mid-latitudes , such as extratropical cyclones , are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow . Because the Earth 's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane , sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year . On Earth 's surface , temperatures usually range ± 40 ° C ( − 40 ° F to 100 ° F ) annually . Over thousands of years , changes in Earth 's orbit can affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth , thus influencing long-term climate and global climate change .   Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences . Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes as most atmospheric heating is due to contact with the Earth 's surface while radiative losses to space are mostly constant . Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location . The Earth 's weather system is a chaotic system ; as a result , small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole . Human attempts to control the weather have occurred throughout history , and there is evidence that human activities such as agriculture and industry have modified weather patterns .   Studying how the weather works on other planets has been helpful in understanding how weather works on Earth . A famous landmark in the Solar System , Jupiter 's Great Red Spot , is an anticyclonic storm known to have existed for at least 300 years . However , weather is not limited to planetary bodies . A star 's corona is constantly being lost to space , creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System . The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind ."}
{"_id": "Weather_buoy", "title": "Weather buoy", "headings": "", "text": "Weather buoys are instruments which collect weather and ocean data within the world 's oceans , as well as aid during emergency response to chemical spills , legal proceedings , and engineering design . Moored buoys have been in use since 1951 , while drifting buoys have been used since 1979 . Moored buoys are connected with the ocean bottom using either chains , nylon , or buoyant polypropylene . With the decline of the weather ship , they have taken a more primary role in measuring conditions over the open seas since the 1970s . During the 1980s and 1990s , a network of buoys in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean helped study the El Niño-Southern Oscillation . Moored weather buoys range from 1.5 m to 12 m in diameter , while drifting buoys are smaller , with diameters of 30 cm to 40 cm . Drifting buoys are the dominant form of weather buoy in sheer number , with 1250 located worldwide . Wind data from buoys has smaller error than that from ships . There are differences in the values of sea surface temperature measurements between the two platforms as well , relating to the depth of the measurement and whether or not the water is heated by the ship which measures the quantity ."}
{"_id": "Weather_forecasting", "title": "Weather forecasting", "headings": "", "text": "Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a given location . Human beings have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia , and formally since the nineteenth century . Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about the current state of the atmosphere at a given place and using scientific understanding of atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will change .   Once an all-human endeavor based mainly upon changes in barometric pressure , current weather conditions , and sky condition , weather forecasting now relies on computer-based models that take many atmospheric factors into account . Human input is still required to pick the best possible forecast model to base the forecast upon , which involves pattern recognition skills , teleconnections , knowledge of model performance , and knowledge of model biases . The inaccuracy of forecasting is due to the chaotic nature of the atmosphere , the massive computational power required to solve the equations that describe the atmosphere , the error involved in measuring the initial conditions , and an incomplete understanding of atmospheric processes . Hence , forecasts become less accurate as the difference between current time and the time for which the forecast is being made ( the range of the forecast ) increases . The use of ensembles and model consensus help narrow the error and pick the most likely outcome .   There are a variety of end uses to weather forecasts . Weather warnings are important forecasts because they are used to protect life and property . Forecasts based on temperature and precipitation are important to agriculture , and therefore to traders within commodity markets . Temperature forecasts are used by utility companies to estimate demand over coming days . On an everyday basis , people use weather forecasts to determine what to wear on a given day . Since outdoor activities are severely curtailed by heavy rain , snow and wind chill , forecasts can be used to plan activities around these events , and to plan ahead and survive them . In 2014 , the US spent $ 5.1 billion on weather forecasting ."}
{"_id": "Weather_station", "title": "Weather station", "headings": "", "text": "A weather station is a facility , either on land or sea , with instruments and equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate . The measurements taken include temperature , atmospheric pressure , humidity , wind speed , wind direction , and precipitation amounts . Wind measurements are taken with as few other obstructions as possible , while temperature and humidity measurements are kept free from direct solar radiation , or insolation . Manual observations are taken at least once daily , while automated measurements are taken at least once an hour . Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys , which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature ( SST ) , wave height , and wave period . Drifting weather buoys outnumber their moored versions by a significant amount ."}
{"_id": "Web_of_Science", "title": "Web of Science", "headings": "", "text": "Web of Science ( previously known as Web of Knowledge ) is an online subscription-based scientific citation indexing service originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI ) , now maintained by Clarivate Analytics ( previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of Thomson Reuters ) , that provides a comprehensive citation search . It gives access to multiple databases that reference cross-disciplinary research , which allows for in-depth exploration of specialized sub-fields within an academic or scientific discipline ."}
{"_id": "Weichselian_glaciation", "title": "Weichselian glaciation", "headings": "", "text": "The last glacial period and its associated glaciation is known in Northern Europe as the Weichselian glaciation , Weichselian ice age ( Weichsel-Eiszeit ) , Vistulian glaciation , Weichsel or , less commonly , the Weichsel glaciation , Weichselian cold period ( Weichsel-Kaltzeit ) , Weichselian glacial ( Weichsel-Glazial ) , Weichselian Stage or , rarely , the Weichselian complex ( Weichsel-Komplex ) . In the Alpine region it corresponds to the Würm glaciation . It was characterized by a large ice sheet that spread out from the Scandinavian Mountains and extended as far as the east coast of Schleswig-Holstein , the March of Brandenburg and Northwest Russia .   In Northern Europe it was the youngest of the glacials of the Pleistocene ice age . The preceding warm period in this region was the Eemian interglacial . The last cold period began about 115,000 years ago and ended 11,700 years ago . Its end corresponds with the end of the Pleistocene epoch and start of the Holocene ."}
{"_id": "West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet", "title": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet", "headings": "", "text": "The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet ( WAIS ) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West ( or Lesser ) Antarctica , the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains which lies in the Western Hemisphere . The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet , meaning that its bed lies well below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves . The WAIS is bounded by the Ross Ice Shelf , the Ronne Ice Shelf , and outlet glaciers that drain into the Amundsen Sea .   It is estimated that the volume of the Antarctic ice sheet is about 25.4 million km3 ( 6.1 million cu mi ) , and the WAIS contains just under 10 % of this , or 2.2 million km3 ( 530,000 cu mi ) . The weight of the ice has caused the underlying rock to sink by between 0.5 and 1 kilometres ( 0.31 -- 0.62 mi ) in a process known as isostatic depression .   Under the force of its own weight , the ice sheet deforms and flows . The interior ice flows slowly over rough bedrock . In some circumstances , ice can flow faster in ice streams , separated by slow-flowing ice ridges . The inter-stream ridges are frozen to the bed while the bed beneath the ice streams consists of water-saturated sediments . Many of these sediments were deposited before the ice sheet occupied the region , when much of West Antarctica was covered by the ocean . The rapid ice-stream flow is a non-linear process still not fully understood ; streams can start and stop for unclear reasons .   When ice reaches the coast , it either calves or continues to flow outward onto the water . The result is a large , floating ice shelf affixed to the continent ."}
{"_id": "West_Antarctica", "title": "West Antarctica", "headings": "", "text": "West Antarctica , or Lesser Antarctica , one of the two major regions of Antarctica , is the part of that continent that lies within the Western Hemisphere , and includes the Antarctic Peninsula . It is separated from East Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains and is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet . It lies between the Ross Sea ( partly covered by the Ross Ice Shelf ) , and the Weddell Sea ( largely covered by the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf ) . It may be considered a giant peninsula stretching from the South Pole towards the tip of South America .   West Antarctica is largely covered by the Antarctic ice sheet , but there have been signs that climate change is having some effect and that this ice sheet may have started to shrink slightly . The coasts of the Antarctic Peninsula are the only parts of West Antarctica that become ( in summer ) ice-free . These constitute the Marielandia Antarctic tundra and have the warmest climate in Antarctica . The rocks are clad in mosses and lichens that can cope with the intense cold of winter and the short growing-season ."}
{"_id": "West_Coast_of_the_United_States", "title": "West Coast of the United States", "headings": "", "text": "The West Coast or Pacific Coast is the coastline along which the contiguous Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean . As a region , this term most often refers to the coastal states of California , Oregon and Washington . More specifically , it refers to an area defined on the east by the Cascade Range , Sierra Nevada and Mojave Desert , and on the west by the Pacific Ocean . The U.S. Census groups the five states of California , Oregon , Washington , Alaska , and Hawaii together as the Pacific States division ."}
{"_id": "West_Side_Highway", "title": "West Side Highway", "headings": "", "text": "The West Side Highway ( officially the Joe DiMaggio Highway ) is a mostly surface section of New York State Route 9A ( NY 9A ) that runs from West 72nd Street along the Hudson River to the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City . It replaced the West Side Elevated Highway , built between 1929 and 1951 , which was shut down in 1973 due to neglect and lack of maintenance , and was dismantled by 1989 . The term `` West Side Highway '' is often mistakenly used , particularly by the news media traffic reporters , to include the roadway north of 72nd Street which is properly known as the Henry Hudson Parkway .   The current highway was complete by 2001 , but required some reconstruction due to damage sustained in the 9/11 attacks . It uses the surface streets that existed before the elevated highway was built : West Street , Eleventh Avenue and Twelfth Avenue . A short section of 12th Avenue still runs between 125th and 138th Streets , under the Riverside Drive Viaduct . Eleventh Avenue is a separate street north of 22nd Street . The portion between West 42nd Street and Canal Street is part of the Lincoln Highway ."}
{"_id": "West_Virginia", "title": "West Virginia", "headings": "", "text": "West Virginia -LSB- wɛst_vərˈdʒɪnjə -RSB- is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States . It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Ohio to the northwest , Pennsylvania to the north ( and , slightly , east ) , and Maryland to the northeast . West Virginia is the 9th smallest by area , is ranked 38th in population , and has the second lowest household income of the 50 United States . The capital and largest city is Charleston .   West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions of 1861 , in which delegates from some Unionist counties of northwestern Virginia decided to break away from Virginia during the American Civil War , although they included many secessionist counties in the new state . West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20 , 1863 , and was a key Civil War border state . West Virginia was the only state to form by separating from a Confederate state , the first to separate from any state since Maine separated from Massachusetts , and was one of two states formed during the American Civil War ( the other being Nevada ) .   The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States . The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio , with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area , while Bluefield is less than 70 mi from North Carolina . Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky , while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area , in between the states of Maryland and Virginia . The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions , including the Mid-Atlantic , the Upland South , and the Southeastern United States . It is the only state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission ; the area is commonly defined as `` Appalachia '' .   The state is noted for its mountains and rolling hills , its historically significant logging and coal mining industries , and its political and labor history . It is one of the most densely karstic areas in the world , making it a choice area for recreational caving and scientific research . The karst lands contribute to much of the state 's cool trout waters . It is also known for a wide range of outdoor recreational opportunities , including skiing , whitewater rafting , fishing , hiking , backpacking , mountain biking , rock climbing , and hunting ."}
{"_id": "Western_United_States", "title": "Western United States", "headings": "", "text": "The Western United States , commonly referred to as the American West , the Far West , or simply the West , traditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost states of the United States . Because European settlement in the U.S. expanded westward after its founding , the meaning of the West has evolved over time . Prior to about 1800 , the crest of the Appalachian Mountains was seen as the western frontier .   Since then , the frontier generally moved westward and eventually lands west of the Mississippi River came to be referred to as the West . Though no consensus exists , even among experts , for the definition of the West as a region , the U.S. Census Bureau 's definition of the 13 westernmost states includes the Rocky Mountains and the Great Basin to the West Coast , and the outlying states of Hawaii and Alaska .   The West contains several major biomes . It is known for arid to semi-arid plateaus and plains , particularly in the American Southwest -- forested mountains , including the major ranges of the American Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains -- the massive coastal shoreline of the American Pacific Coast -- and the rainforests of the Pacific Northwest ."}
{"_id": "Wetland", "title": "Wetland", "headings": "", "text": "A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water , either permanently or seasonally , such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem . The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants , adapted to the unique hydric soil . Wetlands play a number of roles in the environment , principally water purification , flood control , carbon sink and shoreline stability . Wetlands are also considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems , serving as home to a wide range of plant and animal life .   Wetlands occur naturally on every continent except Antarctica , the largest including the Amazon River basin , the West Siberian Plain , and the Pantanal in South America . The water found in wetlands can be freshwater , brackish , or saltwater . The main wetland types include swamps , marshes , bogs , and fens ; and sub-types include mangrove , carr , pocosin , and varzea .   The UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment determined that environmental degradation is more prominent within wetland systems than any other ecosystem on Earth . International conservation efforts are being used in conjunction with the development of rapid assessment tools to inform people about wetland issues .   Constructed wetlands can be used to treat municipal and industrial wastewater as well as stormwater runoff . They may also play a role in water-sensitive urban design ."}
{"_id": "White-tailed_deer", "title": "White-tailed deer", "headings": "", "text": "The white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) , also known as the whitetail , is a medium-sized deer native to the United States , Canada , Mexico , Central America , and South America as far south as Peru and Bolivia . It has also been introduced to New Zealand , Cuba , Jamaica , Hispaniola , Puerto Rico , Bahamas , Lesser Antilles , and some countries in Europe , such as Finland , the Czech Republic , and Serbia . In the Americas , it is the most widely distributed wild ungulate .   In North America , the species is widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains , but elsewhere , it is mostly replaced by the black-tailed or mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ) . In western North America , it is found in aspen parklands and deciduous river bottomlands within the central and northern Great Plains , and in mixed deciduous riparian corridors , river valley bottomlands , and lower foothills of the northern Rocky Mountain regions from South Dakota and Wyoming to northeastern British Columbia , including the Montana Valley and Foothill grasslands .   The conversion of land adjacent to the northern Rockies into agriculture use and partial clear-cutting of coniferous trees ( resulting in widespread deciduous vegetation ) has been favorable to the white-tailed deer and has pushed its distribution to as far north as Fort St. John , British Columbia . Populations of deer around the Great Lakes have also expanded their range northwards , due to conversion of land to agricultural uses favoring more deciduous vegetation , and local caribou and moose populations . The westernmost population of the species , known as the Columbian white-tailed deer , once was widespread in the mixed forests along the Willamette and Cowlitz River valleys of western Oregon and southwestern Washington , but today its numbers have been considerably reduced , and it is classified as near-threatened ."}
{"_id": "Why_We_Love_Dogs,_Eat_Pigs,_and_Wear_Cows", "title": "Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows", "headings": "", "text": "Why We Love Dogs , Eat Pigs , and Wear Cows : An Introduction to Carnism ( 2009 ) is a book by American social psychologist Melanie Joy about the belief system and psychology of meat eating , or `` carnism '' . Joy coined the term carnism in 2001 and developed it in her doctoral dissertation in 2003 . Carnism is a subset of speciesism , and contrasts with ethical veganism , the moral commitment to abstain from consuming or using meat and other animal products ."}
{"_id": "Wide-body_aircraft", "title": "Wide-body aircraft", "headings": "", "text": "A wide-body aircraft is a jet airliner having a fuselage wide enough to accommodate two passenger aisles , also known as twin-aisle aircraft , with seven or more seats abreast . The typical fuselage diameter is 5 to . In the typical wide-body economy cabin , passengers are seated seven to ten abreast , allowing a total capacity of 200 to 850 passengers . The largest wide-body aircraft are over 6 m wide , and can accommodate up to eleven passengers abreast in high-density configurations .   By comparison , a typical narrow-body airliner has a diameter of 3 to , with a single aisle , and seats between two and six people abreast .   Wide-body aircraft were originally designed for a combination of efficiency and passenger comfort and to increase the amount of cargo space . However , airlines quickly gave in to economic factors , and reduced the extra passenger space in order to maximize revenue and profits .   Wide-body aircraft are also used for the transport of commercial freight and cargo and other special uses , described further below .   The biggest wide-body aircraft are known as jumbo jets due to their very large size ; examples include the Boeing 747 ( `` jumbo jet '' ) , Airbus A380 ( `` superjumbo jet '' ) , and upcoming Boeing 777X ( `` mini jumbo jet '' ) . The phrase , `` jumbo jet '' , derives from Jumbo , a famous circus elephant in the 19th century .   7-abreast aircraft seats typically 160 to 260 passengers , 8-abreast 250 to 380 , 9 and 10-abreast 350 to 480 ."}
{"_id": "Wikipedia", "title": "Wikipedia", "headings": "", "text": "Wikipedia ( -LSB- wɪkiˈpiːdiə -RSB- ) is a free online encyclopedia with the aim to allow anyone to edit articles . Wikipedia is the largest and most popular general reference work on the Internet and is ranked among the ten most popular websites . Wikipedia is owned by the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation .   Wikipedia was launched on January 15 , 2001 , by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger . Sanger coined Wikipedia , a portmanteau of wiki and encyclopedia . There was only the English language version initially , but it quickly developed similar versions in other languages , which differ in content and in editing practices . With articles , the English Wikipedia is the largest of the more than 290 Wikipedia encyclopedias . Overall , Wikipedia consists of more than 40 million articles in more than 250 different languages and , , it had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors each month .   As of March 2017 , Wikipedia has about forty thousand high-quality articles known as Featured Articles and Good Articles that cover vital topics . In 2005 , Nature published a peer review comparing 42 science articles from Encyclopædia Britannica and Wikipedia , and found that Wikipedia 's level of accuracy approached Encyclopædia Britannicas . Criticism of Wikipedia includes claims that it exhibits systemic bias , presents a mixture of `` truths , half truths , and some falsehoods '' , and that , in controversial topics , it is subject to manipulation and spin ."}
{"_id": "Wild_fisheries", "title": "Wild fisheries", "headings": "", "text": "A fishery is an area with an associated fish or aquatic population which is harvested for its commercial value . Fisheries can be marine ( saltwater ) or freshwater . They can also be wild or farmed .   Wild fisheries are sometimes called capture fisheries . The aquatic life they support is not controlled in any meaningful way and needs to be `` captured '' or fished . Wild fisheries exist primarily in the oceans , and particularly around coasts and continental shelves . They also exist in lakes and rivers . Issues with wild fisheries are overfishing and pollution . Significant wild fisheries have collapsed or are in danger of collapsing , due to overfishing and pollution . Overall , production from the world 's wild fisheries has levelled out , and may be starting to decline .   As a contrast to wild fisheries , farmed fisheries can operate in sheltered coastal waters , in rivers , lakes and ponds , or in enclosed bodies of water such as tanks . Farmed fisheries are technological in nature , and revolve around developments in aquaculture . Farmed fisheries are expanding , and Chinese aquaculture in particular is making many advances . Nevertheless , the majority of fish consumed by humans continues to be sourced from wild fisheries . As of the early 21st century , fish is humanity 's only significant wild food source ."}
{"_id": "Wildfire", "title": "Wildfire", "headings": "", "text": "A wildfire or wildland fire is a fire in an area of combustible vegetation that occurs in the countryside or rural area . Depending on the type of vegetation where it occurs , a wildfire can also be classified more specifically as a brush fire , bush fire , desert fire , forest fire , grass fire , hill fire , peat fire , vegetation fire , or veld fire . Fossil charcoal indicates that wildfires began soon after the appearance of terrestrial plants 420 million years ago . Wildfire 's occurrence throughout the history of terrestrial life invites conjecture that fire must have had pronounced evolutionary effects on most ecosystems ' flora and fauna . Earth is an intrinsically flammable planet owing to its cover of carbon-rich vegetation , seasonally dry climates , atmospheric oxygen , and widespread lightning and volcano ignitions .   Wildfires can be characterized in terms of the cause of ignition , their physical properties , the combustible material present , and the effect of weather on the fire . Wildfires can cause damage to property and human life , but they have many beneficial effects on native vegetation , animals , and ecosystems that have evolved with fire . Many plant species depend on the effects of fire for growth and reproduction . However , wildfire in ecosystems where wildfire is uncommon or where non-native vegetation has encroached may have negative ecological effects . Wildfire behaviour and severity result from the combination of factors such as available fuels , physical setting , and weather . Analyses of historical meteorological data and national fire records in western North America show the primacy of climate in driving large regional fires via wet periods that create substantial fuels or drought and warming that extend conducive fire weather .   Strategies of wildfire prevention , detection , and suppression have varied over the years . One common and inexpensive technique is controlled burning : permitting or even igniting smaller fires to minimize the amount of flammable material available for a potential wildfire . Vegetation may be burned periodically to maintain high species diversity and frequent burning of surface fuels limits fuel accumulation . Wildland fire use is the cheapest and most ecologically appropriate policy for many forests . Fuels may also be removed by logging , but fuels treatments and thinning have no effect on severe fire behavior . Wildfire itself is reportedly `` the most effective treatment for reducing a fire 's rate of spread , fireline intensity , flame length , and heat per unit of area '' according to Jan Van Wagtendonk , a biologist at the Yellowstone Field Station . Building codes in fire-prone areas typically require that structures be built of flame-resistant materials and a defensible space be maintained by clearing flammable materials within a prescribed distance from the structure ."}
{"_id": "Wildlife", "title": "Wildlife", "headings": "", "text": "Wildlife traditionally refers to undomesticated animal species , but has come to include all plants , fungi , and other organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans .   Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems . Deserts , forests , rain forests , plains , grasslands and other areas including the most developed urban areas , all have distinct forms of wildlife . While the term in popular culture usually refers to animals that are untouched by human factors , most scientists agree that much wildlife is affected by human activities .   Humans have historically tended to separate civilization from wildlife in a number of ways including the legal , social , and moral sense . Some animals , however , have adapted to suburban environments . This includes such animals as domesticated cats , dogs , mice , and gerbils . Some religions declare certain animals to be sacred , and in modern times concern for the natural environment has provoked activists to protest against the exploitation of wildlife for human benefit or entertainment .   The global wildlife population has decreased by 52 percent between 1970 and 2014 , according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund ."}
{"_id": "Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe", "title": "Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe", "headings": "", "text": "The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) , originally known as the Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( MAP ) , was a spacecraft operating from 2001 to 2010 which measured temperature differences across the sky in the cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) -- the radiant heat remaining from the Big Bang . Headed by Professor Charles L. Bennett of Johns Hopkins University , the mission was developed in a joint partnership between the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and Princeton University . The WMAP spacecraft was launched on June 30 , 2001 from Florida . The WMAP mission succeeded the COBE space mission and was the second medium-class ( MIDEX ) spacecraft in the NASA Explorers program . In 2003 , MAP was renamed WMAP in honor of cosmologist David Todd Wilkinson ( 1935 -- 2002 ) , who had been a member of the mission 's science team . After 9 years of operations , WMAP was switched off in 2010 , following the launch of the more advanced Planck spacecraft by ESA in 2009 .   WMAP 's measurements played a key role in establishing the current Standard Model of Cosmology : the Lambda-CDM model . The WMAP data are very well fit by a universe that is dominated by dark energy in the form of a cosmological constant . Other cosmological data are also consistent , and together tightly constrain the Model . In the Lambda-CDM model of the universe , the age of the universe is billion years . The WMAP mission 's determination of the age of the universe to better than 1 % precision . The current expansion rate of the universe is ( see Hubble constant ) of . The content of the universe presently consists of ordinary baryonic matter ; cold dark matter ( CDM ) that neither emits nor absorbs light ; and of dark energy in the form of a cosmological constant that accelerates the expansion of the universe . Less than 1 % of the current contents of the universe is in neutrinos , but WMAP 's measurements have found , for the first time in 2008 , that the data prefers the existence of a cosmic neutrino background with an effective number of neutrino species of . The contents point to a Euclidean flat geometry , with curvature of . The WMAP measurements also support the cosmic inflation paradigm in several ways , including the flatness measurement .   The mission has won various awards : according to Science magazine , the WMAP was the Breakthrough of the Year for 2003 . This mission 's results papers were first and second in the `` Super Hot Papers in Science Since 2003 '' list . Of the all-time most referenced papers in physics and astronomy in the INSPIRE-HEP database , only three have been published since 2000 , and all three are WMAP publications . Bennett , Lyman A. Page , Jr. , and David N. Spergel , the latter both of Princeton University , shared the 2010 Shaw Prize in astronomy for their work on WMAP . Bennett and the WMAP science team were awarded the 2012 Gruber Prize in cosmology .   As of October 2010 , the WMAP spacecraft is derelict in a heliocentric graveyard orbit after 9 years of operations . All WMAP data are released to the public and have been subject to careful scrutiny . The final official data release was the nine-year release in 2012 .   Some aspects of the data are statistically unusual for the Standard Model of Cosmology . For example , the largest angular-scale measurement , the quadrupole moment , is somewhat smaller than the Model would predict , but this discrepancy is not highly significant . A large cold spot and other features of the data are more statistically significant , and research continues into these ."}
{"_id": "William_Nordhaus", "title": "William Nordhaus", "headings": "", "text": "William Dawbney `` Bill '' Nordhaus ( born May 31 , 1941 ) is an economist and Sterling Professor of Economics at Yale University , best known for his work in economic modeling and climate change ."}
{"_id": "Wind", "title": "Wind", "headings": "", "text": "Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale . On the surface of the Earth , wind consists of the bulk movement of air . In outer space , solar wind is the movement of gases or charged particles from the Sun through space , while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical elements from a planet 's atmosphere into space . Winds are commonly classified by their spatial scale , their speed , the types of forces that cause them , the regions in which they occur , and their effect . The strongest observed winds on a planet in the Solar System occur on Neptune and Saturn . Winds have various aspects , an important one being its velocity ( wind speed ) ; another the density of the gas involved ; another its energy content or wind energy .   In meteorology , winds are often referred to according to their strength , and the direction from which the wind is blowing . Short bursts of high speed wind are termed gusts . Strong winds of intermediate duration ( around one minute ) are termed squalls . Long-duration winds have various names associated with their average strength , such as breeze , gale , storm , and hurricane . Wind occurs on a range of scales , from thunderstorm flows lasting tens of minutes , to local breezes generated by heating of land surfaces and lasting a few hours , to global winds resulting from the difference in absorption of solar energy between the climate zones on Earth . The two main causes of large-scale atmospheric circulation are the differential heating between the equator and the poles , and the rotation of the planet ( Coriolis effect ) . Within the tropics , thermal low circulations over terrain and high plateaus can drive monsoon circulations . In coastal areas the sea breeze/land breeze cycle can define local winds ; in areas that have variable terrain , mountain and valley breezes can dominate local winds .   In human civilization , wind has inspired mythology , influenced the events of history , expanded the range of transport and warfare , and provided a power source for mechanical work , electricity and recreation . Wind powers the voyages of sailing ships across Earth 's oceans . Hot air balloons use the wind to take short trips , and powered flight uses it to increase lift and reduce fuel consumption . Areas of wind shear caused by various weather phenomena can lead to dangerous situations for aircraft . When winds become strong , trees and man-made structures are damaged or destroyed .   Winds can shape landforms , via a variety of aeolian processes such as the formation of fertile soils , such as loess , and by erosion . Dust from large deserts can be moved great distances from its source region by the prevailing winds ; winds that are accelerated by rough topography and associated with dust outbreaks have been assigned regional names in various parts of the world because of their significant effects on those regions . Wind also affects the spread of wildfires . Winds can disperse seeds from various plants , enabling the survival and dispersal of those plant species , as well as flying insect populations . When combined with cold temperatures , wind has a negative impact on livestock . Wind affects animals ' food stores , as well as their hunting and defensive strategies ."}
{"_id": "Wind_farm", "title": "Wind farm", "headings": "", "text": "A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location used to produce electricity . A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines and cover an extended area of hundreds of square miles , but the land between the turbines may be used for agricultural or other purposes . A wind farm can also be located offshore .   Many of the largest operational onshore wind farms are located in China , the United States and Germany . For example , the largest wind farm in the world , Gansu Wind Farm in China has a capacity of over 6,000 MW as of 2012 , with a goal of 20,000 MW by 2020 . As of April 2013 , the 630 MW London Array in the UK is the largest offshore wind farm in the world .   There are many large wind farms under construction , including Fosen Vind ( 1000 MW ) , Sinus Holding Wind Farm ( 700 MW ) , Lincs Wind Farm ( 270 MW ) , Lower Snake River Wind Project ( 343 MW ) , Macarthur Wind Farm ( 420 MW ) ."}
{"_id": "Wind_power", "title": "Wind power", "headings": "", "text": "Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electric power . Wind power , as an alternative to burning fossil fuels , is plentiful , renewable , widely distributed , clean , produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation , consumes no water , and uses little land . The net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those of nonrenewable power sources .   Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network . Onshore wind is an inexpensive source of electric power , competitive with or in many places cheaper than coal or gas plants . Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land , and offshore farms have less visual impact , but construction and maintenance costs are considerably higher . Small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide electric power to isolated off-grid locations .   Wind power gives variable power which is very consistent from year to year but which has significant variation over shorter time scales . It is therefore used in conjunction with other electric power sources to give a reliable supply . As the proportion of wind power in a region increases , a need to upgrade the grid , and a lowered ability to supplant conventional production can occur . Power management techniques such as having excess capacity , geographically distributed turbines , dispatchable backing sources , sufficient hydroelectric power , exporting and importing power to neighboring areas , using vehicle-to-grid strategies or reducing demand when wind production is low , can in many cases overcome these problems . In addition , weather forecasting permits the electric power network to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur .   As of 2015 , Denmark generates 40 % of its electric power from wind , and at least 83 other countries around the world are using wind power to supply their electric power grids . In 2014 global wind power capacity expanded 16 % to 369,553 MW . Yearly wind energy production is also growing rapidly and has reached around 4 % of worldwide electric power usage , 11.4 % in the EU ."}
{"_id": "Wind_power_in_the_United_States", "title": "Wind power in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Wind power in the United States is a branch of the energy industry that has expanded quickly over the latest several years . For calendar year 2016 , wind power in the United States amounted to 226.5 terawatt-hours , or 5.55 % of all generated electrical energy .   As of January 2017 , the U.S. nameplate generating capacity for wind power was 82,183 megawatts ( MW ) . This capacity is exceeded only by China and the European Union . Thus far , wind power 's largest growth in capacity was in 2012 , when 11,895 MW of wind power was installed , representing 26.5 % of new power capacity .   In 2016 , Nebraska became the eighteenth state to have installed over 1,000 MW of wind power capacity .  Texas , with over 20,000 MW of capacity , had the most installed wind power capacity of any U.S. state at the end of 2016 . Texas also had more under construction than any other state currently has installed . The state generating the highest percentage of energy from wind power is Iowa . North Dakota has the most per capita wind generation . The Alta Wind Energy Center in California is the largest wind farm in the United States with a capacity of 1548 MW . GE Energy is the largest domestic wind turbine manufacturer ."}
{"_id": "Wind_turbine", "title": "Wind turbine", "headings": "", "text": "A wind turbine is a device that converts the wind 's kinetic energy into electrical power .   Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis types . The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power for boats or caravans or to power traffic warning signs . Slightly larger turbines can be used for making contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid . Arrays of large turbines , known as wind farms , are becoming an increasingly important source of intermittent renewable energy and are used by many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels ."}
{"_id": "Windmill", "title": "Windmill", "headings": "", "text": "A windmill is a mill that converts the energy of wind into rotational energy by means of vanes called sails or blades . Centuries ago , windmills usually were used to mill grain ( gristmills ) , pump water ( windpumps ) , or both . The majority of modern windmills take the form of wind turbines used to generate electricity , or windpumps used to pump water , either for land drainage or to extract groundwater ."}
{"_id": "Winter", "title": "Winter", "headings": "", "text": "Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate climates , between autumn and spring . Winter is caused by the axis of the Earth in that hemisphere being oriented away from the Sun . Different cultures define different dates as the start of winter , and some use a definition based on weather . When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere , it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere , and vice versa . In many regions , winter is associated with snow and freezing temperatures . The moment of winter solstice is when the sun 's elevation with respect to the North or South Pole is at its most negative value ( that is , the sun is at its farthest below the horizon as measured from the pole ) , meaning this day will have the shortest day and the longest night . The earliest sunset and latest sunrise dates outside the polar regions differ from the date of the winter solstice , however , and these depend on latitude , due to the variation in the solar day throughout the year caused by the Earth 's elliptical orbit ( see earliest and latest sunrise and sunset ) ."}
{"_id": "Winter_1985_cold_wave", "title": "Winter 1985 cold wave", "headings": "", "text": "The Winter 1985 cold wave was a meteorological event , the result of the shifting of the polar vortex further south than is normally seen . Blocked from its normal movement , polar air from the north pushed into nearly every section of the eastern half of the United States and Canada , shattering record lows in a number of areas . The event was preceded by unusually warm weather in the eastern U.S. in December 1984 , suggesting that there was a build-up of cold air that was suddenly released from the Arctic , a meteorological event known as a Mobile Polar High , a weather process identified by Professor Marcel Leroux ."}
{"_id": "Winter_storm", "title": "Winter storm", "headings": "", "text": "A winter storm is an event in which varieties of precipitation are formed that only occur at low temperatures , such as snow or sleet , or a rainstorm where ground temperatures are low enough to allow ice to form ( i.e. freezing rain ) . In temperate continental climates , these storms are not necessarily restricted to the winter season , but may occur in the late autumn and early spring as well . Very rarely , they may form in summer , though it would have to be an abnormally cold summer , such as the summer of 1816 in the Northeast United States of America ."}
{"_id": "Winter_storm_naming_in_the_United_States", "title": "Winter storm naming in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Winter storm naming in the United States has been used since the mid 1700s in various ways to describe historical winter storms . These names have been coined from days of the year that the storm impacted , to noteworthy structures such as a theatre the storm had destroyed . In recent years winter storm naming has become controversial with the Weather Channel , and various media coming up with their own names for winter storms . It has been argued by meteorologists that winter storms can reform more than once , making the process of naming them both difficult and redundant . On the other side of the argument those in favor of naming storms argue that the names help people with preparation . Entities from the United States government which includes the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , and the National Weather Service ( NWS ) have also weighed in stating that they would not be naming winter storms , and have asked others to refrain from doing so . Despite the request though , the issue with naming winter storms continues to come up yearly with various names dubbed by the media ."}
{"_id": "Wisconsin", "title": "Wisconsin", "headings": "", "text": "Wisconsin ( -LSB- wᵻˈskɒnsᵻn -RSB- ) is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States , in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions . It is bordered by Minnesota to the west , Iowa to the southwest , Illinois to the south , Lake Michigan to the east , Michigan to the northeast , and Lake Superior to the north . Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous . The state capital is Madison , and its largest city is Milwaukee , which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan . The state is divided into 72 counties .   Wisconsin 's geography is diverse , with the Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupying the western part of the state and lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan . Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline .   Wisconsin is known as `` America 's Dairyland '' because it is one of the nation 's leading dairy producers , particularly famous for its cheese . Manufacturing , especially paper products , information technology ( IT ) , and tourism are also major contributors to the state 's economy ."}
{"_id": "Woodbridge_Township,_New_Jersey", "title": "Woodbridge Township, New Jersey", "headings": "", "text": "Woodbridge Township is a township in Middlesex County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the township had a total population of 99,585 , reflecting an increase of 2,382 ( +2.5 % ) from the 97,203 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 4,117 ( +4.4 % ) from the 93,086 counted in the 1990 Census . Woodbridge was the sixth-most-populous municipality in New Jersey in 2010 , the same ranking it held a decade earlier .   According to Joshua Coffin , the early settlers included `` Captain John Pike , the ancestor of General Zebulon Montgomery Pike , who was killed at the battle of Queenstown in 1813 ; Thomas Bloomfield , the ancestor of Joseph Bloomfield , some years governor of New Jersey , for whom the township of Bloomfield , New Jersey is named ; John Bishop , senior and junior ; Jonathan Haynes ; Henry Jaques ; George March ; Stephen Kent ; Abraham Toppan , junior ; Elisha Ilsley ; Hugh March ; John Bloomfield ; Samuel Moore ; Nathaniel Webster ; John Ilsley ; and others . '' Woodbridge was the site of the first gristmill in New Jersey . The mill was built by Jonathan Singletary Dunham ( married to Mary Bloomfield , relative of Joseph Bloomfield ) ."}
{"_id": "World_Bank", "title": "World Bank", "headings": "", "text": "The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital programs . It comprises two institutions : the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) , and the International Development Association ( IDA ) . The World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group , which is part of the United Nations system .   The World Bank 's stated official goal is the reduction of poverty . However , according to its Articles of Agreement , all its decisions must be guided by a commitment to the promotion of foreign investment and international trade and to the facilitation of capital investment ."}
{"_id": "World_War_I", "title": "World War I", "headings": "", "text": "World War I ( WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War , the Great War , or the War to End All Wars , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . More than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history . Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war ( including the victims of a number of genocides ) , a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication , and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare . It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history , and paved the way for major political changes , including revolutions in many of the nations involved and to WWII twenty-one years later .   The war drew in all the world 's economic great powers , assembled in two opposing alliances : the Allies ( based on the Triple Entente of the Russian Empire , the French Third Republic , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ) versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary . Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and Austria-Hungary , it did not join the Central Powers , as Austria-Hungary had taken the offensive against the terms of the alliance . These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war : Italy , Japan and the United States joined the Allies , while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers .   The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary , by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 . This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia , and entangled international alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked . Within weeks , the major powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world .   On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July , the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia . Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise , and when this was refused , declared war on Russia on 1 August . Being outnumbered on the eastern front , Russia urged its Triple Entente ally France to open up a second front in the west . Back in 1870 , the Franco-Prussian war had ended the Second French Empire and ceded the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to a unified Germany . Bitterness over their defeat and the determinance to retake Alsace-Lorraine made the acceptance of Russia 's plea for help an easy choice so France began full mobilisation on 1 August and on 3 August , Germany declared war on France . The border between France and Germany was heavily fortified on both sides so according to the Schlieffen Plan , Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France from the north , leading the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 4 August due to their violation of Belgian neutrality . After the German march on Paris was halted in the Battle of the Marne , what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition , with a trench line that changed little until 1917 . On the Eastern Front , the Russian army led a successful campaign against the Austro-Hungarians , but the Germans stopped its invasion of East Prussia in the battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes . In November 1914 , the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers , opening fronts in the Caucasus , Mesopotamia and the Sinai . In 1915 , Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers ; Romania joined the Allies in 1916 , as did the United States in 1917 .   The Russian government collapsed in March 1917 , and a revolution in November followed by a further military defeat brought the Russians to terms with the Central Powers via the Treaty of Brest Litovsk , which granted the Germans a significant victory . After a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918 , the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives . On 4 November 1918 , the Austro-Hungarian empire agreed to an armistice , and Germany , which had its own trouble with revolutionaries , agreed to an armistice on 11 November 1918 , ending the war in victory for the Allies .   By the end of the war or soon after , the German Empire , Russian Empire , Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ceased to exist . National borders were redrawn , with several independent nations restored or created , and Germany 's colonies were parceled out among the victors . During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , the Big Four ( Britain , France , the United States and Italy ) imposed their terms in a series of treaties . The League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict . This effort failed , and economic depression , renewed nationalism , weakened successor states , and feelings of humiliation ( particularly in Germany ) eventually contributed to the start of World War II ."}
{"_id": "World_energy_consumption", "title": "World energy consumption", "headings": "", "text": "World energy consumption is the total energy used by the entire human civilization . Typically measured per year , it involves all energy harnessed from every energy source applied towards humanity 's endeavours across every single industrial and technological sector , across every country . It does not include energy from food , and the extent to which direct biomass burning has been accounted for is poorly documented . Being the power source metric of civilization , World Energy Consumption has deep implications for humanity 's socio-economic-political sphere .   Institutions such as the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , the U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) , and the European Environment Agency record and publish energy data periodically . Improved data and understanding of World Energy Consumption may reveal systemic trends and patterns , which could help frame current energy issues and encourage movement towards collectively useful solutions .   Closely related to energy consumption is the concept of total primary energy supply ( TPES ) , which - on a global level - is the sum of energy production minus storage changes . Since changes of energy storage over the year are minor , TPES values can be used as an estimator for energy consumption . However , TPES ignores conversion efficiency , overstating forms of energy with poor conversion efficiency ( e.g. coal , gas and nuclear ) and understating forms already accounted for in converted forms ( e.g. photovoltaic or hydroelectricity ) . The IEA estimates that , in 2013 , total primary energy supply ( TPES ) was 1.575 × 1017 Wh ( = 157.5 PWh , 5.67 × 1020 joules , or 13,541 Mtoe ) . From 2000 -- 2012 coal was the source of energy with the largest growth . The use of oil and natural gas also had considerable growth , followed by hydropower and renewable energy . Renewable energy grew at a rate faster than any other time in history during this period . The demand for nuclear energy decreased , in part due to nuclear disasters ( e.g. Three Mile Island 1979 , Chernobyl 1986 , and Fukushima 2011 ) .   In 2011 , expenditures on energy totalled over 6 trillion USD , or about 10 % of the world gross domestic product ( GDP ) . Europe spends close to one-quarter of the world 's energy expenditures , North America close to 20 % , and Japan 6 % ."}
{"_id": "Year", "title": "Year", "headings": "", "text": "A year is the orbital period of the Earth moving in its orbit around the Sun . Due to the Earth 's axial tilt , the course of a year sees the passing of the seasons , marked by changes in weather , the hours of daylight , and , consequently , vegetation and soil fertility . In temperate and subpolar regions around the globe , four seasons are generally recognized : spring , summer , autumn and winter . In tropical and subtropical regions several geographical sectors do not present defined seasons ; but in the seasonal tropics , the annual wet and dry seasons are recognized and tracked .   A calendar year is an approximation of the number of days of the Earth 's orbital period as counted in a given calendar . The Gregorian , or modern , calendar , presents its calendar year to be either a common year of 365 days or a leap year of 366 days , as do the Julian calendars ; see below . For the Gregorian calendar the average length of the calendar year ( the mean year ) across the complete leap cycle of 400 years is 365.2425 days . The ISO standard ISO 80000-3 , Annex C , supports the symbol `` a '' ( for Latin annus ) to represent a year of either 365 or 366 days . In English , the abbreviations `` y '' and `` yr '' are commonly used .   In astronomy , the Julian year is a unit of time ; it is defined as 365.25 days of exactly seconds ( SI base unit ) , totalling exactly seconds in the Julian astronomical year .   The word `` year '' is also used for periods loosely associated with , but not identical to , the calendar or astronomical year , such as the seasonal year , the fiscal year , the academic year , etc. . Similarly , `` year '' can mean the orbital period of any planet : for example , a Martian year or a Venusian year are examples of the time a planet takes to transit one complete orbit . The term can also be used in reference to any long period or cycle , such as the Great Year ."}
{"_id": "Year_Without_a_Summer", "title": "Year Without a Summer", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1816 is known as the Year Without a Summer ( also the Poverty Year , the Summer that Never Was , Year There Was No Summer , and Eighteen Hundred and Froze to Death ) because of severe climate abnormalities that caused average global temperatures to decrease by 0.4 -- 0.7 ° C ( 0.7 -- 1.3 ° F ) . This resulted in major food shortages across the Northern Hemisphere .   Evidence suggests that the anomaly was predominantly a volcanic winter event caused by the massive 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in the Dutch East Indies ( the largest eruption in at least 1,300 years after the extreme weather events of 535 -- 536 ) , perhaps plus the 1814 eruption of Mayon in the Philippines . The Earth had already been in a centuries-long period of global cooling that started in the 14th century . Known today as the Little Ice Age , it had already caused considerable agricultural distress in Europe . The Little Ice Age 's existing cooling was aggravated by the eruption of Tambora , which occurred during its concluding decades ."}
{"_id": "Years_of_Living_Dangerously", "title": "Years of Living Dangerously", "headings": "", "text": "Years of Living Dangerously is an American documentary television series focusing on global warming . The first season , of nine weekly episodes , premiered in the US on April 13 , 2014 , on Showtime . It won an Emmy Award as Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series . The second season , consisting of eight episodes , aired on the National Geographic Channel , beginning on October 30 , 2016 , with broader international distribution than the first season . Executive producers included James Cameron , Arnold Schwarzenegger , Robert Palumbo , and series creators Joel Bach and David Gelber ( formerly of 60 Minutes ) . Joseph Romm and Heidi Cullen were the chief science advisors .   The weekly episodes featured celebrity hosts with a history of environmental activism and well-known journalists with a background in environmental reportage . These `` correspondents '' traveled the world and throughout the U.S. to interview experts and ordinary people affected by , and seeking solutions to , the effects of global warming . They acted as reporters and proxies for the audience , asking questions to find out people 's opinions and to discover the scientific evidence . The final episode of season one featured an interview of President Barack Obama . Executive producers for season one were Cameron , Schwarzenegger , clean energy investor and environmental activist Daniel Abbasi , Jerry Weintraub , Bach and Gelber .   Episodes explored the effects of rising sea levels , historic droughts and flooding , water scarcity , ocean acidification , deforestation and the rapidly increasing extinction rate of species , but also focused on `` solutions that individuals , communities , companies and even governments can use to address worldwide climate change '' , including cheaper solar and wind energy , advancing battery technology and electric cars . Hosts included Cameron , Schwarzenegger , Harrison Ford , Ian Somerhalder , America Ferrera , David Letterman , Gisele Bündchen , Jack Black , Matt Damon , Jessica Alba , Sigourney Weaver , and various other actors and journalists .   Schwarzenegger reflected on how the series tries to make the issue of climate change resonate with the public : `` I think the environmental movement only can be successful if we are simple and clear and make it a human story . We will tell human stories in this project . The scientists would never get the kind of attention that someone in show business gets . '' Cameron elaborated : `` We did n't use our celebrities as talking head experts , because they 're not climate experts . They were concerned , intelligent , curious citizens who were out to find answers . They were functioning as journalists . '' Newsweek said that the celebrity hosts `` lend sparks to an issue that sends most viewers for the exits '' ."}
{"_id": "Younger_Dryas", "title": "Younger Dryas", "headings": "", "text": "The Younger Dryas is a geological period from c. 12,900 to c. 11,700 calendar years ago ( BP ) . It is named after an indicator genus , the alpine-tundra wildflower Dryas octopetala . Leaves of Dryas octopetala are occasionally abundant in the Late Glacial , often minerogenic-rich , like the lake sediments of Scandinavian lakes . The Younger Dryas saw a sharp decline in temperature over most of the northern hemisphere , at the end of the Pleistocene epoch , immediately before the current warmer Holocene . It was the most recent and longest of several interruptions to the gradual warming of the Earth 's climate since the severe Last Glacial Maximum , c. 27,000 to 24,000 calendar years BP . The change was relatively sudden , taking place in decades , and resulted in a decline of 2 to 6 degrees Celsius , advances of glaciers and drier conditions , over much of the temperate northern hemisphere . It is thought to have been caused by a decline in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation , which transports warm water from the equator towards the North Pole , and which in turn is thought to have been caused by an influx of fresh cold water from North America into the Atlantic . The Younger Dryas was a period of climatic change , but the effects were complex and variable . In the southern hemisphere , and some areas of the north such as southeastern North America , there was a slight warming .   The presence of a distinct cold period at the end of the Late Glacial interval has been known for a long time . Paleobotanical and lithostratigraphic studies of Swedish and Danish bog and lake sites , e.g. the Allerød clay pit in Denmark , first recognized and described the Younger Dryas .   The Younger Dryas is the youngest and longest of three stadials that resulted from typically abrupt climatic changes that took place over the last 16,000 calendar years . Within the Blytt-Sernander classification of north European climatic phases , the prefix ` Younger ' refers to the recognition that this original ` Dryas ' period was preceded by a warmer stage , the Allerød oscillation , which in turn was preceded by the Older Dryas around 14,000 calendar years BP . This is not securely dated , and estimates vary by 400 years , but it is generally accepted that it lasted around 200 years . In northern Scotland the glaciers were thicker and more extensive than during the Younger Dryas . The Older Dryas , in turn , is preceded by another warmer stage , the Bølling oscillation that separates it from a third and even older stadial . This stadial is often , but not always , known as the Oldest Dryas . The Oldest Dryas occurred approximately 1,770 calendar years before the Younger Dryas and lasted about 400 calendar years . According to the GISP2 ice core from Greenland , the Oldest Dryas occurred between about 15,070 and 14,670 calendar years BP .   In Ireland , the Younger Dryas has also been known as the Nahanagan Stadial , while in Great Britain it has been called the Loch Lomond Stadial . In the Greenland Summit ice core chronology , the Younger Dryas corresponds to Greenland Stadial 1 ( GS-1 ) . The preceding Allerød warm period ( interstadial ) is subdivided into three events : Greenland Interstadial-1c to 1a ( GI-1c to GI-1a ) ."}
{"_id": "ZFS", "title": "ZFS", "headings": "", "text": "ZFS is a combined file system and logical volume manager designed by Sun Microsystems . The features of ZFS include protection against data corruption , support for high storage capacities , efficient data compression , integration of the concepts of filesystem and volume management , snapshots and copy-on-write clones , continuous integrity checking and automatic repair , RAID-Z and native NFSv4 ACLs .   The ZFS name is registered as a trademark of Oracle Corporation ; although it was briefly given the retrofitted expanded name `` Zettabyte File System '' , it is no longer considered an initialism .  Originally , ZFS was proprietary , closed-source software developed internally by Sun as part of Solaris , with a team led by the CTO of Sun 's storage business unit and Sun Fellow , Jeff Bonwick .  In 2005 , the bulk of Solaris , including ZFS , was licensed as open-source software under the Common Development and Distribution License ( CDDL ) , as the OpenSolaris project . ZFS became a standard feature of Solaris 10 in June 2006 .   In 2010 , Oracle stopped the releasing of source code for new OpenSolaris and ZFS development , effectively forking their closed-source development from the open-source branch . In response , OpenZFS was created as a new open-source development umbrella project , aiming at bringing together individuals and companies that use the ZFS filesystem in an open-source manner ."}
{"_id": "Zero-energy_building", "title": "Zero-energy building", "headings": "", "text": "A zero-energy building , also known as a zero net energy ( ZNE ) building , net-zero energy building ( NZEB ) , or net zero building , is a building with zero net energy consumption , meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site , or in other definitions by renewable energy sources elsewhere . These buildings consequently contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings . They do at times consume non-renewable energy and produce greenhouse gases , but at other times reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas production elsewhere by the same amount . A similar concept approved and implemented by the European Union and other agreeing countries is nearly Zero Energy Building ( nZEB ) , with the goal of having all buildings in the region under nZEB standards by 2020 .   Most zero net energy buildings get half or more of their energy from the grid , and return the same amount at other times . Buildings that produce a surplus of energy over the year may be called `` energy-plus buildings '' and buildings that consume slightly more energy than they produce are called `` near-zero energy buildings '' or `` ultra-low energy houses '' .   Traditional buildings consume 40 % of the total fossil fuel energy in the US and European Union and are significant contributors of greenhouse gases . The zero net energy consumption principle is viewed as a means to reduce carbon emissions and reduce dependence on fossil fuels and although zero-energy buildings remain uncommon even in developed countries , they are gaining importance and popularity .   Most zero-energy buildings use the electrical grid for energy storage but some are independent of the grid . Energy is usually harvested on-site through energy producing technologies like solar and wind , while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient HVAC and lighting technologies . The zero-energy goal is becoming more practical as the costs of alternative energy technologies decrease and the costs of traditional fossil fuels increase .   The development of modern zero-energy buildings became possible not only through the progress made in new energy and construction technologies and techniques , but it has also been significantly improved by academic research , which collects precise energy performance data on traditional and experimental buildings and provides performance parameters for advanced computer models to predict the efficacy of engineering designs . Zero-energy buildings can be part of a smart grid . Some advantages of these buildings are as follows :  Integration of renewable energy resources  Integration of plug-in electric vehicles  Implementation of zero-energy concepts   The net zero concept is applicable to a wide range of resources due to the many options for producing and conserving resources in buildings ( e.g. energy , water , waste ) . Energy is the first resource to be targeted because it is highly managed , expected to continually become more efficient , and the ability to distribute and allocate it will improve disaster resiliency ."}
{"_id": "Zika_fever", "title": "Zika fever", "headings": "", "text": "Zika fever , also known as Zika virus disease or simply Zika , is an infectious disease caused by the Zika virus . Most cases have no symptoms , but when present they are usually mild and can resemble dengue fever . Symptoms may include fever , red eyes , joint pain , headache , and a maculopapular rash . Symptoms generally last less than seven days . It has not caused any reported deaths during the initial infection . Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other brain malformations in some babies . Infections in adults have been linked to Guillain -- Barré syndrome ( GBS ) .   Zika fever is mainly spread via the bite of mosquitoes of the Aedes type . It can also be sexually transmitted and potentially spread by blood transfusions . Infections in pregnant women can spread to the baby . Diagnosis is by testing the blood , urine , or saliva for the presence of the virus 's RNA when the person is sick , or the blood for antibodies after symptoms are present more than a week .   Prevention involves decreasing mosquito bites in areas where the disease occurs and proper use of condoms . Efforts to prevent bites include the use of insect repellent , covering much of the body with clothing , mosquito nets , and getting rid of standing water where mosquitoes reproduce . There is no effective vaccine . Health officials recommended that women in areas affected by the 2015 -- 16 Zika outbreak consider putting off pregnancy and that pregnant women not travel to these areas . While there is no specific treatment , paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) may help with the symptoms . Admission to hospital is rarely necessary .   The virus that causes the disease was first isolated in Africa in 1947 . The first documented outbreak among people occurred in 2007 in the Federated States of Micronesia . An outbreak started in Brazil in 2015 , and spread to the Americas , Pacific , Asia , and Africa . This led to the World Health Organization declared it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in February 2016 . The emergency was lifted in November 2016 , but 84 countries still reported cases as of March 2017 ."}
{"_id": "Zika_virus", "title": "Zika virus", "headings": "", "text": "Zika virus ( ZIKV ) is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae . It is spread by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes , such as A. aegypti and A. albopictus . Its name comes from the Zika Forest of Uganda , where the virus was first isolated in 1947 . Zika virus is related to the dengue , yellow fever , Japanese encephalitis , and West Nile viruses . Since the 1950s , it has been known to occur within a narrow equatorial belt from Africa to Asia . From 2007 to , the virus spread eastward , across the Pacific Ocean to the Americas , leading to the 2015 -- 16 Zika virus epidemic .   The infection , known as Zika fever or Zika virus disease , often causes no or only mild symptoms , similar to a very mild form of dengue fever . While there is no specific treatment , paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) and rest may help with the symptoms . , the illness can not be prevented by medications or vaccines . Zika can spread from a pregnant woman to her baby . This can result in microcephaly , severe brain malformations , and other birth defects . Zika infections in adults may result rarely in Guillain -- Barré syndrome .   In January 2016 , the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) issued travel guidance on affected countries , including the use of enhanced precautions , and guidelines for pregnant women including considering postponing travel . Other governments or health agencies also issued similar travel warnings , while Colombia , the Dominican Republic , Puerto Rico , Ecuador , El Salvador , and Jamaica advised women to postpone getting pregnant until more is known about the risks . Zika is pronounced -LSB- ˈziːkə -RSB- or -LSB- ˈzɪkə -RSB- ."}
{"_id": "1928_in_association_football", "title": "1928 in association football", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the football ( soccer ) events of the year 1928 throughout the world ."}
{"_id": "1986_NBA_Finals", "title": "1986 NBA Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 NBA Finals was the championship round of the 1985 -- 86 NBA season . It pitted the Eastern Conference champion Boston Celtics against the Western Conference champion Houston Rockets , in a rematch of the 1981 Finals ( only Allen Leavell and Robert Reid remained from the Rockets ' 1981 team ) . The Celtics defeated the Rockets four games to two to win their 16th NBA championship . The championship would be the Celtics ' last until the 2008 NBA Finals . Larry Bird was named the Finals MVP .   On another note , this series marked the first time the `` NBA Finals '' branding was officially used , as they dropped the `` NBA World Championship Series '' branding which had been in use since the beginning of the league , though it had been unofficially called the `` NBA Finals '' for years .   Until the 2011 series , this was the last time the NBA Finals had started before June . Since game three , all NBA Finals games have been played in June . Starting with the following year , the NBA Finals would be held exclusively in the month of June . It was also the last NBA Finals series to schedule a game on a Monday until 1999 and also the last NBA Finals game to be played on Memorial Day .   CBS Sports used Dick Stockton and Tom Heinsohn as the play-by-play man and color commentator respectively . Meanwhile , Brent Musburger was the host and Pat O'Brien ( the Rockets ' sideline ) and Lesley Visser ( the Celtics ' sideline ) were the sideline reporters ."}
{"_id": "1901_Villanova_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1901 Villanova Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 Villanova Wildcats football team represented the Villanova University during the 1901 college football season . The Wildcats team captain was John J. Egan ."}
{"_id": "1992_Northwestern_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1992 Northwestern Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Northwestern Wildcats team represented Northwestern University during the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their first year under head coach Gary Barnett , the Wildcats compiled a 3 -- 8 record ( 3 -- 5 against Big Ten Conference opponents ) and finished in ninth place in the Big Ten Conference .   The team 's offensive leaders were quarterback Len Williams with 2,110 passing yards , Dennis Lundy with 688 rushing yards , and Lee Gissendaner with 846 receiving yards . Gissendaner was also selected by the Associated Press as a first-team wide receiver on the 1992 All-Big Ten Conference football team ."}
{"_id": "1897_Princeton_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1897 Princeton Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1897 college football season . The team finished with a 10 -- 1 record . The Tigers won their first ten games by a combined score of 339 to 0 , but then lost the last game of the season by a 6 -- 0 score against Yale . Two Princeton players , halfback Addison Kelly and end Garrett Cochran , were consensus first-team honorees on the 1897 College Football All-America Team ."}
{"_id": "1536_in_philosophy", "title": "1536 in philosophy", "headings": "", "text": "1536 in philosophy"}
{"_id": "...Di_terra", "title": "...Di terra", "headings": "", "text": "... di terra is the eighth studio album by Italian progressive rock band Banco ( previously called Banco del Mutuo Soccorso ) . It 's an entirely instrumental work , recorded together with Orchestra dell ` Unione Musicisti di Roma . The album title , which translates to `` of earth , '' is based on a poem by Francesco Di Giacomo , and every song title is a line from the poem ."}
{"_id": "1967–68_MJHL_season", "title": "1967–68 MJHL season", "headings": "", "text": "On March 14 , 1968 , at home in St. James , the St. James Canadians corralled the Manitoba Junior Hockey League championship , and on March 26 , in Selkirk , the Canadians captured the Turnbull Cup defeating the Central Manitoba Junior Hockey League champions Selkirk Steelers ."}
{"_id": "1941_in_paleontology", "title": "1941 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1998_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1998 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship of 1998 ( known for sponsorship reasons as the Guinness Hurling Championship 1998 ) was the 112th staging of Ireland 's premier hurling competition . Offaly won the championship , beating Kilkenny 2-16 to 1-13 in the final at Croke Park , Dublin ."}
{"_id": "1942_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season", "title": "1942 Pittsburgh Steelers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 Pittsburgh Steelers season marked the club 's tenth anniversary as a member of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team improved on their previous season result of 1 -- 9 -- 1 with a record of 7 -- 4 -- 0 , which was good enough for 2nd place in the NFL East . This was the franchise 's first ever winning record .   For the second straight year , the team held training camp in Hershey , Pennsylvania ."}
{"_id": "1936_Argentine_Primera_División", "title": "1936 Argentine Primera División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 Argentine Primera División was the 45 ° season of top-flight football in Argentina . Two regular championships were disputed that year , `` Copa de Honor '' ( won by San Lorenzo de Almagro ) and `` Copa Campeonato '' ( won by River Plate ) .   At the end of the season , both champions , River and San Lorenzo , played a single match for the `` Copa de Oro '' trophy . River Plate won the match , that would be recognised as an additional league title ."}
{"_id": "1937_New_York_Giants_season", "title": "1937 New York Giants season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 New York Giants season was the thirteenth season for the club in the National Football League ( NFL ) ."}
{"_id": "1924_Argentine_Primera_División", "title": "1924 Argentine Primera División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 Argentine Primera División was the 33 ° season of top-flight football in Argentina . The AFA season began on April 13 and ended on January 4 , 1925 ; while the AAmF began on April 6 and ended on February 15 , 1925 ."}
{"_id": "1978_RTHK_Top_10_Gold_Songs_Awards", "title": "1978 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards ( Chinese : 1978年度十大中文金曲得獎 ) was held in 1978 for the 1977 music season ."}
{"_id": "1958_Copa_del_Generalísimo", "title": "1958 Copa del Generalísimo", "headings": "", "text": "The Copa del Generalísimo 1958 is the 56th staging of the Spanish Cup . The competition began on May 18 , 1958 , and concluded on June 29 , 1958 , with the final ."}
{"_id": "1891_Scottish_Cup_Final", "title": "1891 Scottish Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1891 Scottish Cup Final was played on 7 February 1891 at the second Hampden Park ( now known as Cathkin Park ) in Glasgow and was the final of the 18th season of the Scottish Cup . Hearts and Dumbarton contested the match . Hearts won the match 1 -- 0 , thanks to a 15th-minute goal from Willie Mason ."}
{"_id": "1934_Rose_Bowl", "title": "1934 Rose Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Rose Bowl , played on January 1 , 1934 , was an American football bowl game . It was the 20th Rose Bowl Game . The Columbia Lions defeated the Stanford Indians ( now Cardinal ) 7-0 . Cliff Montgomery , the Columbia quarterback , was named the Rose Bowl Player Of The Game when the award was created in 1953 and selections were made retroactively . At 35,000 , it has the lowest attendance in the Rose Bowl game since the Rose Bowl Stadium was built in 1922 . This was one of the few rainy New Year 's Day celebrations in Pasadena , California . Rain three days before had turned the Rose Bowl stadium into a small lake ."}
{"_id": "1997_WCHA_Men's_Ice_Hockey_Tournament", "title": "1997 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 WCHA Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 38th conference playoff in league history and 45th season where a WCHA champion was crowned . The tournament was played between March 7 and March 15 , 1997 . First round games were played at home team campus sites while all ` Final Five ' matches were held at the Civic Center in St. Paul , Minnesota . By winning the tournament , North Dakota was awarded the Broadmoor Trophy and received the WCHA 's automatic bid to the 1997 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament ."}
{"_id": "(I'm_Not_Your)_Steppin'_Stone", "title": "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( I 'm Not Your ) Steppin ' Stone '' is a rock song by Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart . It was first recorded by Paul Revere & the Raiders and appeared on their album Midnight Ride , released in May 1966 .   The song is simple musically , with a repeating verse chord progression of E major , G major , A major and C major , and a repeating bridge in cut time of E major , G major , A major , and G major ."}
{"_id": "1970_Peach_Bowl", "title": "1970 Peach Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Peach Bowl was a college football bowl game between the Arizona State Sun Devils and the North Carolina Tar Heels ."}
{"_id": "1903–04_Kentucky_Wildcats_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1903–04 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1903 -- 04 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team competed on behalf of the University of Kentucky during the 1903-1904 season . During the season , Kentucky would continue to struggle under the leadership of senior Claire Saint John . The Wildcats would only win one game against the Cincinnati Bearcats men 's basketball and lose all four games to Kentucky University and Georgetown College ."}
{"_id": "122nd_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry", "title": "122nd New York Volunteer Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 122nd New York Volunteer Infantry known as the `` Onondagas '' , was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1953_All-Big_Seven_Conference_football_team", "title": "1953 All-Big Seven Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 All-Big Seven Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Big Seven Conference teams for the 1953 college football season . The selectors for the 1953 season included the Associated Press ( AP ) and the United Press ( UP ) . Players selected as first-team honorees by both the AP and UP are displayed in bold ."}
{"_id": "1998_in_Libya", "title": "1998 in Libya", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1998 in Libya ."}
{"_id": "1951_Baylor_Bears_football_team", "title": "1951 Baylor Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 Baylor Bears football team represented Baylor University in the 1951 NCAA college football season . The Bears finished with an 8-2-1 record and were ranked # 9 in the final AP poll . Four players - Larry Isbell ( Quarterback ) , Stanley Williams ( End ) , Bill Athey ( Guard ) and Ken Casner ( Tackle ) - were awarded All-American Status . They lost to the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team in the Orange Bowl on January 1 , 1952 ."}
{"_id": "13th_parallel_north", "title": "13th parallel north", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 13 degrees north of the Earth 's equatorial plane . It crosses Africa , Asia , the Indian Ocean , the Pacific Ocean , Central America , the Caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean .   At this latitude the sun is visible for 12 hours , 53 minutes during the summer solstice and 11 hours , 22 minutes during the winter solstice ."}
{"_id": "1992_Phoenix_Cardinals_season", "title": "1992 Phoenix Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Phoenix Cardinals season was the 73rd season the team was in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team matched their previous output of 4 -- 12 . The Cardinals failed to qualify to the playoffs for the tenth straight season .   Two of the Cardinals ' victories came at the expense of playoff-bound teams . Phoenix defeated the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins in week five , and in week nine , the Cards toppled the 49ers , who finished the regular season with the NFL 's best record of 14 -- 2 ."}
{"_id": "1969–70_DDR-Oberliga", "title": "1969–70 DDR-Oberliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 -- 70 DDR-Oberliga was the 21st season of the DDR-Oberliga , the first tier of league football in East Germany .   The league was contested by fourteen teams . FC Carl Zeiss Jena won the championship , the club 's last of three East German championships .   Otto Skrowny of BSG Chemie Leipzig was the league 's top scorer with 12 goals , the lowest total of any top scorer in the history of the league , while Roland Ducke of FC Carl Zeiss Jena won the seasons East German Footballer of the year award .   The 452 goals scored during the season marked the lowest total in the history of the DDR-Oberliga , as did the 2.48 goal average per game .   On the strength of the 1969 -- 70 title Jena qualified for the 1970 -- 71 European Cup where the club was knocked out by Red Star Belgrade in the quarter finals . Second-placed club FC Vorwärts Berlin qualified for the 1970 -- 71 European Cup Winners ' Cup as the seasons FDGB-Pokal winner and was knocked out by PSV Eindhoven in the quarter finals . Third-placed Dynamo Dresden qualified for the 1970 -- 71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup where it was knocked out in the second round by Leeds United .   The 1969 -- 70 season marked the half-way point for the DDR-Oberliga , with 21 seasons played and another 21 to come . Of the champions of the first 21 seasons only Dynamo Dresden won a championship in the second 21 which were dominated by Dresden , 1 . FC Magdeburg and Berliner FC Dynamo ."}
{"_id": "1997_Ameritech_Cup_–_Doubles", "title": "1997 Ameritech Cup – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Lisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs were the defending champions but lost in the first round to Katrina Adams and Debbie Graham .   Alexandra Fusai and Nathalie Tauziat won in the final 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 against Lindsay Davenport and Monica Seles ."}
{"_id": "11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)", "title": "11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held during 27 March - 2 April 1922 in Moscow . The congress elected the 11th Central Committee .   During the 11th Congress , Leon Trotsky attacked Sergey Ivanovich Gusev and Mikhail Frunze over Red Army policies , specifically matters of discipline , political doctrine , and relations with the peasantry . Trotsky lost the debate , which resulted in a discrediting of civilian critics of the Red Army . As a result , civilians were increasingly locked out of military-related resolutions following the 11th Congress .   The most far-reaching event was the appointment of Joseph Stalin as the party 's first General Secretary . Bukharin and Rykov were promoted to the Politburo . Both were allies of Stalin against the left wing of the party who wanted the NEP ended ."}
{"_id": "1996_in_machinima", "title": "1996 in machinima", "headings": "", "text": "The following is a list of notable machinima-related events in the year 1996 . These include the release of id Software 's first-person shooter computer game Quake . This game was used to create the first machinima works later that year ."}
{"_id": "1994_NHL_Entry_Draft", "title": "1994 NHL Entry Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 NHL Entry Draft was held at the Hartford Civic Center ( now XL Center ) on June 28 -- 29 , 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1859_in_Argentina", "title": "1859 in Argentina", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1859 in Argentina ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Hong_Kong_First_Division_League", "title": "1998–99 Hong Kong First Division League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 Hong Kong First Division League season is the 87th since its establishment . The first match was played on 30 August 1998 with Instant-Dict drew South China 2 -- 2 . However , as there was a suspended player played in Instant-Dict 's squad , the team was penalised by losing 0 -- 3 ."}
{"_id": "1992_Soviet_Cup_Final", "title": "1992 Soviet Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Soviet Cup Final was a football match that took place at the Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow , on 10 May 1992 . The country Soviet Union as well as all its government and public organizations such as the Football Federation of USSR were abandoned . Therefore , the game was administered by the Russian Football Union .   The match was the 51st Soviet Cup Final and it was contested by FC Spartak Moscow and PFC CSKA Moscow . The Soviet Cup winner Spartak qualified for the Cup Winners ' Cup first round for the Russian Federation . Spartak played their 15th Cup Final winning on 10 occasions including this one . CSKA came to the final as the defending champions and it was their eighth Cup Final and for the third time they were defeated at this stage ."}
{"_id": "1739_in_Scotland", "title": "1739 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1739 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_UEFA_Champions_League_knockout_stage", "title": "1998–99 UEFA Champions League knockout stage", "headings": "", "text": "The knockout stage of the 1998 -- 99 UEFA Champions League began on 3 March 1999 and ended with the final at the Camp Nou in Barcelona on 26 May 1999 . The eight teams from each of the six groups in the group stage competed in the knockout stage . For the quarter-finals , each group winner was randomly drawn against the runner-up from another group . The four quarter-final winners were then drawn together for the semi-finals , the winners of which contested the final .   Each quarter-final and semi-final was played over two legs , with each team playing one leg at home ; the team that scored the most goals over the two legs qualified for the following round . In the event that the two teams scored the same number of goals over the two legs , the team that scored more goals away from home qualified for the next round ; if both teams scored the same number of away goals , matches would go to extra time and then penalties if the teams could not be separated after extra time ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Division_1_season_(Swedish_ice_hockey)", "title": "1993–94 Division 1 season (Swedish ice hockey)", "headings": "", "text": "1993-94 was the 19th season that Division 1 operated as the second tier of ice hockey in Sweden , below the top-flight Elitserien ( now the SHL ) ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_Detroit_Red_Wings_season", "title": "1952–53 Detroit Red Wings season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1998–99_FAW_Premier_Cup", "title": "1998–99 FAW Premier Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 FAW Premier Cup was the second season of the tournament since its founding in 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Luxembourg_Championship_season", "title": "1999–2000 Luxembourg Championship season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999-00 Luxembourg Championship season was the fourth season of Luxembourg 's hockey league . Three teams participated in the league regular season . The top team from the regular season , Lokomotiv Luxembourg , qualified for the final to play Tornado Luxembourg ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Northern_Premier_League", "title": "1995–96 Northern Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Northern Premier League season was the 28th in the history of the Northern Premier League , a football competition in England . Teams were divided into two divisions ; the Premier and the First . It was known as the Unibond League for sponsorship reasons ."}
{"_id": "1948_Coupe_de_France_Final", "title": "1948 Coupe de France Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir , Colombes on May 10 , 1948 , that saw Lille OSC defeat RC Lens 3 -- 2 thanks to goals by Roger Vandooren and Jean Baratte ( 2 ) ."}
{"_id": "1985_Amstel_Gold_Race", "title": "1985 Amstel Gold Race", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Amstel Gold Race was the 20th edition of the annual road bicycle race `` Amstel Gold Race '' , held on Sunday April 27 , 1985 , in the Dutch province of Limburg . The race stretched 242 kilometres , with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Meerssen . There were a total of 146 competitors , and 25 cyclists finished the race ."}
{"_id": "1994_Calgary_Stampeders_season", "title": "1994 Calgary Stampeders season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Calgary Stampeders '' ' finished in 1st place in the West Division with a 15 -- 3 record . They appeared in the West Final but lost to the eventual Grey Cup champions BC Lions ."}
{"_id": "1964–65_Mersin_İdmanyurdu_season", "title": "1964–65 Mersin İdmanyurdu season", "headings": "", "text": "Mersin İdmanyurdu ( also Mersin İdman Yurdu , Mersin İY , or MİY ) Sports Club ; located in Mersin , east Mediterranean coast of Turkey in 1964-1965 . The 1964 -- 65 season was the 2nd season of Mersin İdmanyurdu football team in Second League , the second level division in Turkey . The team finished 1964 -- 65 Second League at third place . The team also participated in 1964 -- 65 Turkish Cup ( Türkiye Kupası ) and was eliminated at third round .   The club name was Çukurova İdmanyurdu due to sponsorship reasons . The president of the club was Mehmet Karamehmet . Head coach was İlhan Taşucu . The season started with Spor-Toto Cup games in August 1964 and ended with the last round game on 3 April 1965 . The most appeared player was Hüseyin İlgin , while top goalscorer was Alp Sümeralp ."}
{"_id": "1988_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_triple_jump", "title": "1988 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's triple jump", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's triple jump event at the 1988 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 6 March ."}
{"_id": "1907_in_Brazil", "title": "1907 in Brazil", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1907 in Brazil ."}
{"_id": "1971_Myers_Brothers_250", "title": "1971 Myers Brothers 250", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Myers Brothers 250 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series event that took place on August 6 , 1971 , at Bowman Gray Stadium in the American community of Winston-Salem , North Carolina ."}
{"_id": "1988–89_United_States_network_television_schedule_(late_night)", "title": "1988–89 United States network television schedule (late night)", "headings": "", "text": "These are the late night Monday-Friday schedules on all three networks for each calendar season beginning September 1988 . All times are Eastern/Pacific .   Talk/variety shows are highlighted in yellow , network news programs in gold , and local news & programs are highlighted in white background ."}
{"_id": "1969_Texas_Longhorns_football_team", "title": "1969 Texas Longhorns football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1969 college football season . The Longhorns won all of their games to finish 11 -- 0 and win their second consensus national championship in school history . The first title was six seasons earlier , in 1963 .   The 1969 team is the last all-white team to be named consensus national champions with the onset of racial integration . Julius Whittier , the first African-American player in Texas football history , was enrolled at UT as a Freshman , but not eligible to play due to NCAA rules barring freshmen from playing varsity football and basketball ."}
{"_id": "1717_in_France", "title": "1717 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1717 in France"}
{"_id": "140th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)", "title": "140th Infantry Regiment (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 140th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army , Missouri Army National Guard . It is one of the few US Army regiments that trace its heritage to historic regiments of the Confederate States Army , the 6th Missouri Infantry . They continued to serve through the Spanish -- American War , World War I , and World War II before its deactivation in 1963 ."}
{"_id": "1933_Chicago_Cubs_season", "title": "1933 Chicago Cubs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 Chicago Cubs season was the 62nd season of the Chicago Cubs franchise , the 58th in the National League and the 18th at Wrigley Field . The Cubs finished third in the National League with a record of 86 -- 68 ."}
{"_id": "19383_Rolling_Stones", "title": "19383 Rolling Stones", "headings": "", "text": "19383 Rolling Stones ( 1998 BZ32 ) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on January 29 , 1998 , by the OCA-DLR Asteroid Survey at Caussols . It has been named in honor of the English musical group The Rolling Stones .   The asteroid 's name is unusual in that it is expressed as two words , instead of `` Rollingstones '' which is the format used by most other minor planets named for individuals or groups ( although the asteroid named after Pink Floyd is also expressed as two words ) ."}
{"_id": "1644_in_Spain", "title": "1644 in Spain", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1935_in_country_music", "title": "1935 in country music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1935 ."}
{"_id": "100th_Air_Refueling_Wing", "title": "100th Air Refueling Wing", "headings": "", "text": "The 100th Air Refueling Wing ( 100 ARW ) is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Third Air Force , United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa . It is stationed at RAF Mildenhall , England . It is also the host wing at RAF Mildenhall .   The 100 ARW is the only permanent U.S. air refueling wing in the European theater .   During World War II , its predecessor unit , the 100th Bombardment Group ( Heavy ) , was an Eighth Air Force B-17 Flying Fortress unit in England , stationed at RAF Thorpe Abbotts . Flying over 300 combat missions , the group earned two Distinguished Unit Citations ( Regensburg , 17 August 1943 ; Berlin , 4/6/8 March 1944 ) . The group suffered tremendous losses in combat , with 177 Aircraft MIA , flying its last mission on 20 April 1945 .   One of the wing 's honors is that it is the only modern USAF operational wing allowed to display on its assigned aircraft the tail code ( Square-D ) of its World War II predecessor ."}
{"_id": "1989_Taipei_Women's_Championship_–_Doubles", "title": "1989 Taipei Women's Championship – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Patty Fendick and Ann Henricksson were the defending doubles tennis champions at the 1989 Taipei Women 's Championship , but only Henricksson competed that year , with Beth Herr . They lost in the first round to Cecilia Dahlman and Nana Miyagi .   Maria Lindström and Heather Ludloff won the final 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 against Dahlman and Miyagi ."}
{"_id": "1989–90_S.S._Lazio_season", "title": "1989–90 S.S. Lazio season", "headings": "", "text": "S.S. Lazio finished 9th in Serie A this season ."}
{"_id": "1890_Yale_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1890 Yale Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1890 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1890 college football season . The Bulldogs finished with a 13 -- 1 record under third-year head coach Walter Camp , who became known as the `` Father of American Football '' . The 1890 team recorded 12 shutouts and outscored its opponents by a combined score of 486 to 18 . Its only loss was to rival Harvard by a 12 -- 6 score .   Three Yale players ( halfback Thomas McClung , guard Pudge Heffelfinger , and tackle William Rhodes ) were consensus picks for the 1890 College Football All-America Team . All three have also been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame"}
{"_id": "1972–73_Chicago_Black_Hawks_season", "title": "1972–73 Chicago Black Hawks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 -- 73 Chicago Black Hawks season was the Hawks ' 47th season in the NHL , and the club was coming off their third consecutive first-place finish in 1971 -- 72 , as they finished on top of the West Division with a 46 -- 17 -- 15 record , tying a club record with 107 points . The Hawks swept the Pittsburgh Penguins in the NHL quarter-finals before they were swept by the New York Rangers in the semi-finals .   During the off-season , the Black Hawks lost Bobby Hull to the Winnipeg Jets in the newly created World Hockey Association , who signed him to the first $ 1 million contract in hockey history . The NHL also expanded once again , as the New York Islanders would join the East Division , while the Atlanta Flames would be placed in the West .   Chicago , dealing with the lost of Hull , got off to a quick start of the season , winning their first four games , before sliding into a slump that saw their record fall to 7 -- 7 -- 2 . The club would break out of their slump , and win 14 of their next 18 games , and take hold of the top spot in the West Division . The Hawks then cruised to their fourth straight first-place finish , as they had a record of 42 -- 27 -- 9 , earning 93 points , which was their lowest point total since missing the playoffs in the 1968 -- 69 season .   Offensively , the Black Hawks were led by Jim Pappin , who had a career season , scoring 41 goals and 92 points . Pit Martin also stepped up , earning 61 assists and 90 points , while Dennis Hull scored 39 goals and 90 points . Stan Mikita had a very solid year , earning 83 points despite missing 21 games due to injuries . Bill White lead the defense , registering 47 points , while Pat Stapleton scored 10 goals and 31 points . Rookie Phil Russell had a team high 156 penalty minutes , and had a +31 rating , which tied him with Mikita for the team lead .   In goal , Tony Esposito led the club with 32 victories and a 2.51 GAA , along with four shutouts while appearing in 56 games . Backup goaltender Gary Smith won 10 games while having a 3.54 GAA .   The Hawks opened the playoffs against the St. Louis Blues , who had a record of 32 -- 34 -- 12 , earning 76 points , while placing fourth in the West Division . The series opened with two games at Chicago Stadium , and the Black Hawks easily defeated the Blues in the series opener , winning 7 -- 1 , before shutting out St. Louis 1 -- 0 in the second game to take an early series lead . The series shifted to the St. Louis Arena for the next two games , however , Chicago took a 3 -- 0 series lead , winning 5 -- 2 in the third game , but the Blues avoided the sweep , winning 5 -- 3 in the fourth game . Chicago returned home for the fifth game , and easily took care of St. Louis , thumping the Blues 6 -- 1 to win the series .   Chicago 's next opponent was the New York Rangers , who had finished the season with a 47 -- 23 -- 8 record , earning 102 points , and a third-place finish in the East Division . The Rangers defeated the defending Stanley Cup champions , the Boston Bruins in their first playoff series . Since the Black Hawks won their division , they were given home ice advantage in the series . The series opened up with two games at Chicago Stadium , but it was the Rangers who struck first , winning the series opener by a 4 -- 1 score . The Black Hawks rebounded in the second game , holding off New York for a 5 -- 4 victory to even the series . The series moved to Madison Square Garden for the next two games , and it would be the Hawks who took control of the series , defeating the Rangers 2 -- 1 and 3 -- 1 to take a 3 -- 1 series lead back to Chicago for the fifth game . The Black Hawks stayed hot , and easily beat the Rangers 4 -- 1 to win the series and advance to the Stanley Cup finals for the second time in three years .   The Hawks opponent in the 1973 Stanley Cup finals was the Montreal Canadiens , who were the best team in the league during the regular season , as they had a 52 -- 10 -- 16 record , earning 120 points . The Canadiens had defeated the Buffalo Sabres and Philadelphia Flyers to earn a spot in the finals . The series opened at the Montreal Forum , and the powerful Canadiens easily won the first game by an 8 -- 3 score , followed by a 4 -- 1 win in the second game to take a 2 -- 0 series lead . The finals shifted to Chicago Stadium for the next two games , and the Hawks cut into the Canadiens series lead with a 7 -- 4 victory in the third game . Montreal rebounded in the fourth game though , shutting out Chicago 4 -- 0 to take a 3 -- 1 series lead . The fifth game returned to Montreal , however , the Black Hawks stayed alive with a wild 8 -- 7 victory , cutting the Canadiens lead to 3 -- 2 in the series . In the sixth game back in Chicago , Montreal would rebound , defeating the Hawks 6 -- 4 to win the Stanley Cup ."}
{"_id": "1998_Croatia_Open_Umag", "title": "1998 Croatia Open Umag", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Croatia Open Umag was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Umag , Croatia that was part of the International Series of the 1998 ATP Tour . The tournament was held from July 27 through August 2 , 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1944_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_football_team", "title": "1944 Illinois Fighting Illini football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1944 Big Ten Conference football season . In their third year under head coach Ray Eliot , the Illini compiled a 5 -- 3 -- 1 record , were ranked # 15 in the final AP Poll , and finished in sixth place in the Big Ten Conference . The team lost three games to teams ranked in the top 10 in the AP Poll : # 9-ranked Notre Dame ( 7 -- 13 ) ; # 8-ranked Michigan ( 0 -- 14 ) ; and # 2-ranked Ohio State ( 12 -- 26 ) . Halfback Buddy Young was selected as the team 's most valuable player ."}
{"_id": "1996_Romanian_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1996 Romanian Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Mark Keil and Jeff Tarango were the defending champions but only Tarango competed that year with David Ekerot .   Ekerot and Tarango won in the final 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 against David Adams and Menno Oosting ."}
{"_id": "1789_Dobrovolsky", "title": "1789 Dobrovolsky", "headings": "", "text": "1789 Dobrovolsky , provisional designation , is a Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 8 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 19 August 1966 , by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula .   The asteroid is a member of the Flora family , a large group of stony S-type asteroids in the inner main-belt . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8 -- 2.6 AU once every 3 years and 3 months ( 1,203 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 2 ° with respect to the ecliptic . First identified as at Johannesburg , the body 's first used observation was taken at Nice Observatory in 1943 , when Dobrovolsky was identified as , extending its observation arc by 23 years prior to its official discovery observation .   The so-far best rated rotational light-curve of Dobrovolsky was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian A. Skiff in March 2011 . It gave a rotation period of 4.812 hours with a brightness variation of 0.13 magnitude . Other light-curves were obtained by Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist ( in 1973 ) and at the Palomar Transient Factory ( in 2014 ) , giving a period of 5.8 , 4.800 and 4.8111 hours , respectively . A international study from February 2016 , published a modeled period of 4.811096 hours .   According to the survey carried out by NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , Dobrovolsky measures 7.92 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.185 ( best result ) , while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 -- derived from 8 Flora , the largest member and namesake of its family -- and calculates a diameter of 9.85 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.2 .   This minor planet was named in honor of Ukrainian -- Soviet cosmonaut Georgiy Timofeyevich Dobrovolsky , commander of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft , who died on 30 June 1971 during the vehicle 's return to Earth after completing the flight program of the first manned orbital station , Salyut . The subsequently numbered minor planets 1790 Volkov and 1791 Patsayev were named in honour of his dead crew members . The names of all three cosmonauts are also engraved on the plaque next to the sculpture of the Fallen Astronaut on the Moon , which was placed there during the Apollo 15 mission , containing the names of eight American astronauts and six Soviet cosmonauts , who had all died in service . Naming citation was published before November 1977 ."}
{"_id": "1928–29_Maltese_Premier_League", "title": "1928–29 Maltese Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Maltese Premier League in season 1928/1929 ."}
{"_id": "1909_St._Louis_Cardinals_season", "title": "1909 St. Louis Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team 's 28th season in St. Louis , Missouri and the 18th season in the National League . The Cardinals went 54 -- 98 during the season and finished 7th in the National League ."}
{"_id": "1991_Arab_Athletics_Championships", "title": "1991 Arab Athletics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Arab Athletics Championships was the seventh edition of the international athletics competition between Arab countries . It took place in Latakia , Syria from 1 -- 4 October . A total of 39 athletics events were contested , 23 for men and 16 for women .   The marathon race was held on a short course in Latakia , and was ultimately dropped at the following edition . The men 's 50 kilometres race walk ( introduced in 1987 ) was removed from the programme , while the women 's 100 metres hurdles was not held due to a lack of entries . The women 's 10,000 metres and marathon , which were held in 1989 , did not return on this occasion ."}
{"_id": "153298_Paulmyers", "title": "153298 Paulmyers", "headings": "", "text": "153298 Paulmyers is an asteroid discovered on March 29 , 2001 by David Healy at Junk Bond Observatory . It is named after biologist and prominent blogger PZ Myers ."}
{"_id": "1905_in_poetry", "title": "1905 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1995_Waldbaum's_Hamlet_Cup_–_Doubles", "title": "1995 Waldbaum's Hamlet Cup – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Waldbaum 's Hamlet Cup was a men 's tennis tournament played on Hard courts in Long Island , United that was part of the International Series of the 1995 ATP Tour . It was the tenth edition of the tournament and was held from 21 -- 27 August 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1961_U.S._National_Championships_(tennis)", "title": "1961 U.S. National Championships (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 U.S. National Championships ( now known as the US Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club , Forest Hills in New York , United States . The tournament ran from 1 September until 10 September . It was the 81st staging of the U.S. National Championships , and the fourth Grand Slam tennis event of 1961 ."}
{"_id": "1987_Football_League_Cup_Final", "title": "1987 Football League Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Football League Cup Final was a football match played on 5 April 1987 between Arsenal and Liverpool . The match , played in front of 96,000 spectators at Wembley Stadium , was won by Arsenal 2 -- 1 . Ian Rush opened the scoring for Liverpool , before Charlie Nicholas equalised , turning in a cross in a crowded penalty area . Nicholas was credited with scoring the winning goal in the second half from a Perry Groves cross . His off-target shot deflected off Ronnie Whelan and was diverted past Liverpool goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar 's outstretched hand .   Arsenal also finished fourth in the First Division , but were unable to compete in the 1987 -- 88 UEFA Cup as UEFA voted for the ban in English clubs in European competitions to continue for a third season .   Ian Rush 's consolation goal was his first goal to be scored on the losing side in any competition . It ended Liverpool 's 144-match unbeaten streak in matches he had scored in ."}
{"_id": "1949_Chicago_Bears_season", "title": "1949 Chicago Bears season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 Chicago Bears season was their 30th regular season completed in the National Football League . The club posted a competitive 9 -- 3 record under head coach George Halas , but the team finished in second place in the NFL Western Division for a third time missing out on a chance to add more league titles to their trophy case ."}
{"_id": "1975_Giro_d'Italia", "title": "1975 Giro d'Italia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Giro d'Italia was the 59th running of the Giro d'Italia , one of cycling 's Grand Tours races . The Giro started in Milan , on 17 May , with a set of split stages and concluded with a summit finish to the Passo dello Stelvio , on 7 June , with another split stage , consisting of an individual time trial and a mass-start stage . A total of 90 riders from nine teams entered the 22-stage race , that was won by Italian Fausto Bertoglio of the Jolly Ceramica team . The second and third places were taken by Spaniard Francisco Galdós and Italian Felice Gimondi , respectively .   Amongst the other classifications that the race awarded , Brooklyn 's Roger De Vlaeminck won the points classification and Andrés Oliva and Francisco Galdós of KAS won the mountains classification . Brooklyn finished as the winners of the team points classification ."}
{"_id": "1990_Big_South_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1990 Big South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Big South Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament took place from March 1 -- 3 , 1990 at the Winthrop Coliseum in Rock Hill , South Carolina . For the first time in their school history , the Coastal Carolina Chanticleers won the tournament , led by head coach Russ Bergman ."}
{"_id": "1925_European_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1925 European Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 European Figure Skating Championships were the European Figure Skating Championships of the 1924-1925 season . Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU Member Nations competed for the title of European Champion . Skaters competed in the discipline of men 's singles .   In 1925 , the European Championships were held in Triberg , Germany ."}
{"_id": "15th_Air_Defense_Division", "title": "15th Air Defense Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 15th Air Defense Division ( Serbo-Croatian : 15 . divizija protivvazdušne odbrane / 15 . дивизија противваздушне одбране ) was an air defense division established in 1964 5th Air Defense Zone ( Serbo-Croatian : 5 . zona protivvazdušne odbrane / 5 . зона противваздушне одбране ) ."}
{"_id": "1950_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_javelin_throw", "title": "1950 European Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's javelin throw at the 1950 European Athletics Championships was held in Bruxelles , Belgium , at Stade du Heysel on 26 and 27 August 1950 ."}
{"_id": "1911_in_Australia", "title": "1911 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1910 in Australia ,  other events of 1911 ,  1912 in Australia and the  Timeline of Australian history ."}
{"_id": "1987_Jade_Solid_Gold_Best_Ten_Music_Awards_Presentation", "title": "1987 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation ( Chinese : 1987年度十大勁歌金曲頒獎典禮 ) was held on January 1988 . It is part of the Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation series held in Hong Kong ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Golden_State_Warriors_season", "title": "1998–99 Golden State Warriors season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 NBA season was the Warriors ' 53rd season in the National Basketball Association , and 37th in the San Francisco Bay Area . In the 1998 NBA draft , the Warriors selected Vince Carter out of the University of North Carolina with the fifth pick , but soon traded him to the Toronto Raptors for his college teammate Antawn Jamison . They also acquired John Starks , Chris Mills and Terry Cummings from the New York Knicks during the offseason . After losing their first five games , the Warriors started to show signs of improvement in a lockout shortened season . Despite playing 32 games fewer , they won two more games than the previous year , finishing sixth in the Pacific Division with a 21 -- 29 record . Following the season , Bimbo Coles was traded to the Atlanta Hawks , Muggsy Bogues signed as a free agent with the Toronto Raptors , and Tony Delk signed with the Sacramento Kings ."}
{"_id": "1946_Cincinnati_Reds_season", "title": "1946 Cincinnati Reds season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball . The team finished sixth in the National League with a record of 67 -- 87 , 30 games behind the St. Louis Cardinals ."}
{"_id": "1988_Argentina_rugby_union_tour_of_France", "title": "1988 Argentina rugby union tour of France", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Argentina rugby union tour of France was a series of eight matches played by the Argentina national rugby union team in October and November 1988 ."}
{"_id": "1897_Navy_Midshipmen_football_team", "title": "1897 Navy Midshipmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1897 college football season . In their first season under head coach Bill Armstrong , the Midshipmen compiled an 8 -- 1 record , shut out seven opponents , and outscored all opponents by a combined score of 111 to 34 . The Army -- Navy Game was canceled due to Presidential cabinet order ."}
{"_id": "1985_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1985 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "John McEnroe was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Kevin Curren . Curren also defeated Jimmy Connors in the semifinal and became the first player ever to defeat both Connors and McEnroe in the same Grand Slam tournament .   Boris Becker won the final 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 against Curren becoming the first unseeded player and the first German to win the Wimbledon singles title as well as the youngest ever male Grand Slam singles champion at 17 years , 227 days . This record would eventually be broken by Michael Chang at the 1989 French Open ."}
{"_id": "1907_Romanian_Peasants'_revolt", "title": "1907 Romanian Peasants' revolt", "headings": "", "text": "The 1907 Romanian Peasants ' revolt took place between 21 February and 5 April 1907 . It started in northern Moldavia and , after three weeks in which it was localized in that area , it quickly spread , reaching Wallachia , including as far as Oltenia . The main cause was discontent of the peasants about the inequity of land ownership , which was in the hands of just a few large landowners .   Following the fall of the Conservative Party government on March 12 , the new Liberal government crushed the revolt violently with the help of the Romanian Army , killing thousands of peasants in the process ."}
{"_id": "1993_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Women's_10,000_metres", "title": "1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 10,000 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 10,000 metres event featured at the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart , Germany . There were a total number of 42 participating athletes , with two qualifying heats and the final being held on 21 August 1993 ."}
{"_id": "150th_Division", "title": "150th Division", "headings": "", "text": "In military terms , 150th Division or 150th Infantry Division may refer to :   150th Division ( People 's Republic of China )  150th Rifle Division ( Soviet Union )"}
{"_id": "1786_in_sports", "title": "1786 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1786 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1848_Marlborough_earthquake", "title": "1848 Marlborough earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1848 Marlborough earthquake was a magnitude 7.4 ( ML ) earthquake that occurred at 1:40 a.m. on 16 October 1848 and whose epicenter was in the Marlborough region of the South Island of New Zealand .   In Wellington the shaking lasted for about two minutes and caused widespread damage , especially to brick or stone structures . Most of the buildings damaged in the earthquake were rebuilt in wood and this contributed to the relatively low level of damage and loss of life in the more powerful Wairarapa earthquake that hit Wellington seven years later ."}
{"_id": "1963_European_Cup_Final", "title": "1963 European Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 European Cup Final was a football match between Milan and Benfica , held at Wembley Stadium , London , on 22 May 1963 . Milan won the match 2 -- 1 , winning the European Cup for the first time ."}
{"_id": "1985_Boston_Red_Sox_season", "title": "1985 Boston Red Sox season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Boston Red Sox season was the 85th season in the franchise 's Major League Baseball history . The Red Sox finished fifth in the American League East with a record of 81 wins and 81 losses , 18 1/2 games behind the Toronto Blue Jays ."}
{"_id": "1996_US_Open_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1996 US Open – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Steffi Graf successfully defended her tile , defeating Monica Seles 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Women 's Singles title at the 1996 US Open . It was a rematch of the 1995 US Open final , where Graf defeated Seles in three sets . It also marked the final time Seles and Graf would play each other at the US Open . The 1996 U.S Open proved to be the last for Gabriela Sabatini , as she retired later that year . Sabatini was twice a finalist at the U.S Open . In the 1988 US Open final , Sabatini lost to Graf in three sets . Two years later , at the 1990 US Open , Sabatini defeated Graf in two sets to win her only Grand Slam title ."}
{"_id": "1919_in_Afghanistan", "title": "1919 in Afghanistan", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1930–31_Irish_League", "title": "1930–31 Irish League", "headings": "", "text": "The Irish League in season 1930 -- 31 comprised 14 teams , with Glentoran winning the championship ."}
{"_id": "1972_Belgian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1972 Belgian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Nivelles on 4 June 1972 . It was the fifth race of the 1972 Formula One season . The 85-lap race was won by Lotus driver Emerson Fittipaldi after he started from pole position . François Cevert finished second for the Tyrrell team and McLaren driver Denny Hulme came in third ."}
{"_id": "1140", "title": "1140", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1140 ( MCXL ) was a leap year starting on Monday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1967–68_Indiana_State_Sycamores_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1967–68 Indiana State Sycamores men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 -- 68 Indiana State Sycamores men 's basketball team represented Indiana State University during the 1968 NCAA Men 's Division II Basketball Tournament . The Sycamores won 19 games in the regular season and were led by Jerry Newsom . He led the Sycamores to the national title game versus a George Tinsley-led Kentucky Wesleyan team , and ended the season as National Runner-Up with a record of 23 -- 8 ."}
{"_id": "1993_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships_–_Women's_triple_jump", "title": "1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's triple jump", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's triple jump event at the 1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 13 and 14 March ."}
{"_id": "15-hydroxyicosatetraenoate_dehydrogenase", "title": "15-hydroxyicosatetraenoate dehydrogenase", "headings": "", "text": "In enzymology , a 15-hydroxyicosatetraenoate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   ( 15S ) -15 - hydroxy-5 ,8,11 - cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate + NAD ( P ) + 15-oxo-5 ,8,11 - cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate + NAD ( P ) H + H +   The 3 substrates of this enzyme are 15-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid ( i.e. 15 ( S ) -15 - hydroxy-5 ,8,11 - cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate ) , NAD + , and NADP + , whereas its 4 products are 15-oxo-5 ,8,11 - cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate , NADH , NADPH , and H + .   This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases , specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD + or NADP + as acceptor . The systematic name of this enzyme class is ( 15S ) -15 - hydroxy-5 ,8,11 - cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate : NAD ( P ) + 15-oxidoreductase . This enzyme is also called 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoate dehydrogenase . This enzyme participates in arachidonic acid metabolism ."}
{"_id": "110th_meridian_east", "title": "110th meridian east", "headings": "", "text": "The meridian 110 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Indian Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 110th meridian east forms a great circle with the 70th meridian west ."}
{"_id": "1817_in_Ireland", "title": "1817 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1817 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "15_Sagittarii", "title": "15 Sagittarii", "headings": "", "text": "15 Sagittarii ( 15 Sgr ) is a multiple star in Sagittarius . The primary is an O9 .7 supergiant ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_FC_Basel_season", "title": "1983–84 FC Basel season", "headings": "", "text": "The Fussball Club Basel 1893 1983 -- 84 season was their 90th season since the club was founded . It was their 38th consecutive season in the top flight of Swiss football after they won promotion during the season 1945 -- 46 . They played their home games in the St. Jakob Stadium . Urs Gribi was their newly appointed chairman , he replaced Roland Rasi who stood down at the AGM after just one year chairmanship ."}
{"_id": "1992_Spengler_Cup", "title": "1992 Spengler Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Spengler Cup was held in Davos , Switzerland , between December 26 , 1992 , and December 31 , 1992 . All matches were played at HC Davos 's home arena , Eisstadion Davos . The final was won 6-5 by Team Canada over Färjestad BK ."}
{"_id": "1992_Maceió_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1992 Maceió Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Tomás Carbonell won in the final 7 -- 6 ( 14 -- 12 ) , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 against Christian Miniussi ."}
{"_id": "1949–50_Michigan_Wolverines_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1949–50 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 -- 50 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team represented the University of Michigan in intercollegiate basketball during the 1949 -- 50 season . The team finished the season in a tie for sixth place in the Big Ten Conference with an overall record of 11 -- 11 and 4 -- 8 against conference opponents .   Ernie McCoy was in his second year as the team 's head coach . Mack Supronowicz was the team 's leading scorer with 278 points in 22 games for an average of 12.6 points per game . Chuck Murray was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "127th_New_York_State_Legislature", "title": "127th New York State Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The 127th New York State Legislature , consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly , met from January 6 to April 15 , 1904 , during the fourth year of Benjamin B. Odell , Jr. 's governorship , in Albany ."}
{"_id": "1962_in_art", "title": "1962 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1944_in_sports", "title": "1944 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1944 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport .   Note -- many sporting events did not take place because of World War II"}
{"_id": "1999_Mercedes_Cup", "title": "1999 Mercedes Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Mercedes Cup was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Tennis Club Weissenhof in Stuttgart in Germany and was part of the Championship Series of the 1999 ATP Tour . The tournament ran from July 19 through July 25 , 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1981_Pacific_Conference_Games", "title": "1981 Pacific Conference Games", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Pacific Conference Games was the fourth edition of the international athletics competition between five Pacific coast nations : Australia , Canada , Japan , New Zealand and the United States . This was the first occasion that athletes from beyond the Pacific grouping were allowed to compete at the tournament . A total of 21 men 's and 16 women 's athletics events were contested . Combined track and field events were included for the first time , in the form of the men 's decathlon and the women 's pentathlon . The women 's 3000 metres was also a new addition to the programme .   It was held at Queen Elizabeth II Stadium on 31 January and 1 February in Christchurch , New Zealand . The host stadium was built for and hosted 1974 British Commonwealth Games .   The competition had mandatory drug testing and two gold medallist were banned from the sport by the International Amateur Athletic Federation ( IAAF ) after anabolic steroids were detected in their urine . Ben Plucknett , an American who broke the men 's discus world record twice that year , was stripped of his win in that event and later tried to sue the IAAF . Four-time Olympic champion Al Oerter stated that Plucknett had been made an example of due to his record breaking . Another American Olympian John Powell -- who was consequently elevated to the Pacific Conference discus gold -- criticised the fact that bans came top-down from the federation , rather than being seen before a judge or jury .   Australia 's Gael Mulhall similarly had her shot put and discus titles removed for the same doping violation . Mulhall considered a legal appeal and team mate Bev Francis ( who was promoted to the shot put gold ) criticised the testing procedure , which had no team officials or doctors present . Ultimately Mulhall accepted a reduced 18-month ban , but did not publicly confirm whether she had taken steroids or not . Mulhall was criticised by Australian officials and members of the public as a drug cheat . She argued that testing was not of a reliable standard given the gravity of the sanctions and damage to her reputation , as well as saying that athletes needed more information on drugs and their effects ."}
{"_id": "1938_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_hammer_throw", "title": "1938 European Athletics Championships – Men's hammer throw", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's hammer throw at the 1938 European Athletics Championships was held in Paris , France , at Stade Olympique de Colombes on 4 September 1938 ."}
{"_id": "1979_Chattanooga_Moccasins_football_team", "title": "1979 Chattanooga Moccasins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Chattanooga Moccasins football team represented the University of Chattanooga during the 1979 NCAA Division I-A football season ."}
{"_id": "1989_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_shot_put", "title": "1989 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's shot put", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's shot put event at the 1989 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 18 February ."}
{"_id": "1979_Los_Angeles_Rams_season", "title": "1979 Los Angeles Rams season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Los Angeles Rams season was the team 's 42nd year with the National Football League and the 34th season in Los Angeles . It was the final season for the franchise in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum until 2016 , as late owner Carroll Rosenbloom previously announced the Rams would move to Anaheim Stadium for the 1980 season .   The Rams won their seventh-consecutive NFC West title in 1979 , and went to the Super Bowl for the first time . It was the team 's only Super Bowl appearance while based in Los Angeles , and their first appearance in a league championship game since 1955 . It would be the Rams ' last division title for six seasons .   The 1979 Rams were the first team in NFL history to have a less than a +50 point differential and make it to the Super Bowl . ( The Rams scored only 14 points more than their opponents in 1979 . ) Thirty two years later , the New York Giants , also with a 9 -- 7 record , became the first team to reach the Super Bowl with a negative point differential ( − 6 ) ; unlike the 1979 Rams , the Giants won the big game . The 2008 Arizona Cardinals also reached the Super Bowl , but lost in the final moments of XLIII ."}
{"_id": "1991_Athens_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1991 Athens Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Mark Koevermans was the defending champion , but lost in the quarterfinals this year .   Sergi Bruguera won the tournament , beating Jordi Arrese in the final , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 ."}
{"_id": "148th_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment", "title": "148th Indiana Infantry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 148th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between February 25 and September 5 , 1865 , during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1991_Allan_Cup", "title": "1991 Allan Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Allan Cup was the Canadian national senior ice hockey championship for the 1990-91 Senior `` AAA '' season . The event was hosted by the Thunder Bay Twins in Thunder Bay , Ontario . The 1991 tournament marked the 83rd time that the Allan Cup has been awarded ."}
{"_id": "107_BC", "title": "107 BC", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 107 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar . At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ravilla and Marius ( or , less frequently , year 647 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 107 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years ."}
{"_id": "1899–1900_Netherlands_Football_League_Championship", "title": "1899–1900 Netherlands Football League Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The Netherlands Football League Championship 1899/1900 was contested by thirteen teams participating in two divisions . The national champion would be determined by a play-off featuring the winners of the eastern and western football division of the Netherlands . HVV Den Haag won this year 's championship by beating Victoria Wageningen 1-0 in a decision match ."}
{"_id": "1901_in_Colombia", "title": "1901 in Colombia", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1901 in Colombia ."}
{"_id": "1958_Duke_Blue_Devils_football_team", "title": "1958 Duke Blue Devils football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Duke Blue Devils football team represented the Duke Blue Devils of Duke University during the 1958 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1923_Detroit_Titans_football_team", "title": "1923 Detroit Titans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 Detroit Titans football team represented the University of Detroit in the 1923 college football season . Detroit outscored its opponents by a combined total of 140 to 39 and finished with a 4 -- 3 -- 2 record in their first year under head coach Germany Schulz ."}
{"_id": "1989_Detroit_Drive_season", "title": "1989 Detroit Drive season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Detroit Drive season was the second season for the Drive . They finished 3 -- 1 and won ArenaBowl III ."}
{"_id": "1981–82_Football_League", "title": "1981–82 Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 -- 1982 season was the 83rd completed season ( 84th overall ) of The Football League ."}
{"_id": "13_Voices", "title": "13 Voices", "headings": "", "text": "13 Voices is the sixth studio album by Canadian rock band Sum 41 , released on October 7 , 2016 through Hopeless Records . It is Sum 41 's first album as a five-piece with a new lineup , as it features both Tom Thacker and returning co-founding member Dave Baksh on lead guitar and backing vocals . On May 11 , 2016 , the band announced that they had signed to Hopeless Records to release the crowd-funded project ."}
{"_id": "1995_Rugby_World_Cup_–_Asia_qualification", "title": "1995 Rugby World Cup – Asia qualification", "headings": "", "text": "For the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa , Asia was granted one qualifying place , which was allocated to the winner of the 1994 ARFU Asian Rugby Championship played in Kuala Lumpur .     Category : Rugby World Cup Asian qualifiers  Rugby World Cup - Asia Qualification , 1995  World cup qual"}
{"_id": "1899_Virginia_Cavaliers_football_team", "title": "1899 Virginia Cavaliers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1899 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia during the 1899 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1311_in_Scotland", "title": "1311 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1311 in the Kingdom of Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1996_Dausa_blast", "title": "1996 Dausa blast", "headings": "", "text": "In 1996 a bomb blast in a bus killed 14 people near Dausa in Rajasthan on 22 May . The blast took place near Samleti village on the Jaipur-Agra highway killing 14 and injuring 37 . The blast happened a day after Lajpat Nagar blast . All the accused in the blast were linked to Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front ."}
{"_id": "1998_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race", "title": "1998 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race was the 54th annual running of the `` blue water classic '' Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race . It was hosted by the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia based in Sydney , New South Wales . It was the most disastrous in the race 's history , with the loss of six lives and five yachts .   The 1998 race , like every other edition , began on Sydney Harbour , at noon on Boxing Day ( 26 December 1998 ) , before heading south for 630 nautical miles ( 1,171 km ) through the Tasman Sea , past Bass Strait , into Storm Bay and up the Derwent River , to cross the finish line in Hobart , Tasmania ."}
{"_id": "1922_Tour_de_France", "title": "1922 Tour de France", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 Tour de France was the 16th edition of the Tour de France , taking place from 25 June to 23 July . The 1922 Tour consisted of 15 stages covering a total of 5375 km . The race was won by the Belgian Firmin Lambot . It was the second time Lambot had won the overall Tour de France title ; he had previously won the 1919 Tour de France .   The first part of the race showcased the tactics of Robert Jacquinot , and some action from Eugène Christophe . During the Pyrenees stages , the climber Jean Alavoine became the leader after three consecutive stage wins : Bayonne , Luchon , and Perpignan . Lambot was 48 minutes behind Christophe at one point , but then plowed ahead to his win in Paris .   Alavoine 's success appeared to be written in stone as they raced through the southern part of the race . This was especially true when he increased his lead to more than 22 minutes in Briancon .  On the stage to Geneva the frigid weather and several mechanical issues bore down on Alavoine . Thus it was not Lambot who attacked , but Heusghem ( who had been second for the last two years ) . It appeared that this was going to be his shining Tour , however his bicycle broke on the ride to Metz . Heusghem made a prohibited bike change to stay in race for first . However , this defied the rules during this time , and he was docked one hour by race officials , dropping him to fourth overall . This is when Lambot noticed his change and took over in Dunkerque . Amidst all this Lambot took his second win of the Tour de France at the age of 36 , becoming the first to win the Tour de France without winning a stage ."}
{"_id": "1962–63_New_York_Rangers_season", "title": "1962–63 New York Rangers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 -- 63 New York Rangers season was the 37th season for the team in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . New York finished in fifth place in the NHL with 56 points and did not qualify for the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1778_in_Norway", "title": "1778 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1778 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1975_Caribbean_Series", "title": "1975 Caribbean Series", "headings": "", "text": "The XVIII edition of the Caribbean Series ( Serie del Caribe ) was played in . It was held from February 1 through February 6 with the champions teams from the Dominican Republic , Águilas Cibaeñas ; Mexico , Naranjeros de Hermosillo ; Puerto Rico , Vaqueros de Bayamón and Venezuela , Tigres de Aragua . The format consisted of 12 games , each team facing the other teams twice , and was played at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan , Puerto Rico . For the first time in Series history , the designated hitter was adopted following the implementation of this rule by the American League during the 1973 MLB season ."}
{"_id": "1957_Colorado_Buffaloes_football_team", "title": "1957 Colorado Buffaloes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 Colorado Buffaloes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1957 college football season . Head coach Dallas Ward led the team to a 3 -- 3 mark in the Big Seven and 6 -- 3 -- 1 overall ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Aberdeen_F.C._season", "title": "1992–93 Aberdeen F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Aberdeen F.C. competed in the Scottish Premier Division , Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup in the 1992 -- 93 season . The club led by Willie Miller in his first full season as manager finished second in the league and lost to Rangers in both cup finals . It was also the first time since season 1976-77 that the Dons had not played in European competition after finishing 6th in the league the previous season ."}
{"_id": "1920_Army_Cadets_football_team", "title": "1920 Army Cadets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1920 college football season . In their sixth season under head coach Charles Dudley Daly , the Cadets compiled a 7 -- 2 record , shut out five of their nine opponents , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 314 to 47 . In the annual Army -- Navy Game , the Cadets lost to the Midshipmen by a 7 to 0 score . The Cadets also defeated Lebanon Valley College by a 53 to 0 score and Bowdoin College by a 90 to 0 score .   Two Army players were recognized on the 1920 College Football All-America Team . Fullback Walter French was selected as a first-team All-American by Football World magazine and as a second-team All-American by Walter Camp and the United Press . Guard Fritz Breidster was selected as a second-team All-American by Walter Eckersall and a third-team player by Walter Camp ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1976–77 Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 -- 77 Notre Dame Fighting Irish men 's basketball team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1976 -- 77 NCAA men 's basketball season ."}
{"_id": "10th_arrondissement", "title": "10th arrondissement", "headings": "", "text": "10th arrondissement may refer to ,  10th arrondissement of Paris  10th arrondissement of Marseille  10th arrondissement of the Littoral Department , Benin   Category : Arrondissement name disambiguation pages"}
{"_id": "1999_in_Northern_Ireland", "title": "1999 in Northern Ireland", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1135_in_Norway", "title": "1135 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1135 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1980_US_Open_–_Men's_Doubles", "title": "1980 US Open – Men's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The Men 's Doubles tournament at the 1980 US Open was held from August 26 to September 7 , 1980 , on the outdoor hard courts at the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City , United States . Bob Lutz and Stan Smith won the title , defeating John McEnroe and Peter Fleming in the final ."}
{"_id": "1987_Canada_Cup_rosters", "title": "1987 Canada Cup rosters", "headings": "", "text": "Below are the national team rosters for the 1987 Canada Cup ice hockey tournament ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_Edmonton_Oilers_season", "title": "1976–77 Edmonton Oilers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 -- 77 Edmonton Oilers season was the Oilers ' fifth season of operation . The Oilers placed fourth to qualify for the playoffs , losing in the first round ."}
{"_id": "160th_Street_(BMT_Jamaica_Line)", "title": "160th Street (BMT Jamaica Line)", "headings": "", "text": "160th Street was a station on the demolished section of the BMT Jamaica Line . It had three tracks and two side platforms . This station was built as part of the Dual Contracts . It opened on July 3 , 1918 , thirteen years after the closing of New York Avenue Station along the Atlantic Avenue Rapid Transit line , and closed on September 10 , 1977 , with the Q49 bus replacing it until December 11 , 1988 . During its early years , it had connections to five different trolley companies ; the New York and Long Island Traction Company , the Long Island Electric Railway , the Manhattan and Queens Traction Company , the New York and Queens County Railway , and the Brooklyn and Queens Transit Corporation and its predecessors . The next stop to the north was 168th Street . The next stop to the south was Sutphin Boulevard . It was closed in anticipation of the Archer Avenue Subway , and due to political pressure in the area .   This station along with the 168th Street and Sutphin Boulevard stations was demolished in 1979 . Nine years after that , the transportation needs in the vicinity of 160th Street were compensated with the opening of the Jamaica Center -- Parsons/Archer subway station a block west that serves as its replacement station . Between the closing of the el station and the opening of the subway terminal , the existing Parsons Boulevard station , four blocks to the north on Hillside Avenue served as a temporary substitute ."}
{"_id": "1936–37_Lebanese_Premier_League", "title": "1936–37 Lebanese Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Lebanese Premier League in the 1936/1937 season ."}
{"_id": "1980_Family_Circle_Cup", "title": "1980 Family Circle Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Family Circle Cup was a women 's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Sea Pines Plantation on Hilton Head Island , South Carolina in the United States . The event was part of the AAA category of the 1980 Colgate Series . It was the eighth edition of the tournament and was held from April 7 through April 13 , 1980 . First-seeded and defending champion Tracy Austin won the singles title and earned $ 30,000 first-prize money ."}
{"_id": "1945_Chicago_Bears_season", "title": "1945 Chicago Bears season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 Chicago Bears season was their 26th regular season completed in the National Football League . The club posted a dismal 3 -- 7 record under temporary co-coaches Hunk Anderson and Luke Johnsos . With the end of World War II , Halas would make his return to the coaching ranks next year so this was the end of the only co-coaching tenure in franchise history ."}
{"_id": "1987_American_Racing_Series_season", "title": "1987 American Racing Series season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 American Racing Series Championship consisted of 10 races . Didier Theys won three races on his way to the championship ."}
{"_id": "1st_Battalion,_Georgia_Cavalry", "title": "1st Battalion, Georgia Cavalry", "headings": "", "text": "1st Battalion , Georgia Cavalry was a battalion of cavalry that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War .   It was first organized with five companies during the late fall of 1861 , composed of men who had enlisted for 6 months ' service . Reorganized after the term of enlistment had expired , the 1st Battalion served along the Georgia coast until January 1863 , then merged into the 5th Georgia Cavalry Regiment . Lieutenant Colonel Charles Spalding was the regimental commander . Karlos Krane created the official regimental flag for the Union ."}
{"_id": "1977_Atlanta_Braves_season", "title": "1977 Atlanta Braves season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Atlanta Braves season was the 107th season for the franchise and their 12th in Atlanta . The team finished in last place in the six-team National League West with a record of 61 -- 101 , 37 games behind the Los Angeles Dodgers ."}
{"_id": "1254", "title": "1254", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1254 ( MCCLIV ) was a common year starting on Thursday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1952_in_Australian_literature", "title": "1952 in Australian literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1952 .   For an overview of world literature see 1952 in literature .   See also :  1951 in Australian literature ,  1952 in Australia ,  1953 in Australian literature ."}
{"_id": "1911_Les_Avants_Ice_Hockey_Tournament", "title": "1911 Les Avants Ice Hockey Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 Les Avants Tournament was an international ice hockey tournament held in Les Avants , Switzerland from January 13 -- 15 , 1911 . Five teams participated in the tournament , which was won by the Oxford Canadians ."}
{"_id": "17_December_2016_Istanbul_explosions", "title": "17 December 2016 Istanbul explosions", "headings": "", "text": "On December 17 , 2016 , at around 21:30 ( UTC +3 ) four masked people attacked the Peoples ' Democratic Party ( HDP ) office in the Beylikdüzü district of Istanbul , located at a shopping mall . The attackers managed to overcome the security personnel and started a fire , which caused the explosions of the two gas tubes inside the building . One police officer and a security guard sustained minor injuries . In the same night , shots were fired by unidentified assailants at the HDP headquarters in Darıca , Kocaeli Province . Attacks towards other HDP offices across the country have also been reported in Izmir , Canakkale , Hatay , Ankara , and Erzincan ."}
{"_id": "1997_USISL_D-3_Pro_League", "title": "1997 USISL D-3 Pro League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 USISL D-3 Pro League was the 11th season of third-division soccer in the United States , and was the first season of now-defunct USISL D-3 Pro League ."}
{"_id": "1933_Utah_Utes_football_team", "title": "1933 Utah Utes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 Utah Utes football team represented the University of Utah during the 1933 college football season ."}
{"_id": "19th_Street_Bridge", "title": "19th Street Bridge", "headings": "", "text": "19th Street Bridge is a two-span through Pratt truss road bridge in Denver , Colorado , over the South Platte River , now used for pedestrians . It was built in 1888 to replace a wooden structure and carried automobile traffic until 1986 . The bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places ."}
{"_id": "119_Althaea", "title": "119 Althaea", "headings": "", "text": "119 Althaea is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer J. C. Watson on April 3 , 1872 , and named after Althaea , the mother of Meleager in Greek mythology . Two occultations by Althaea were observed in 2002 , only a month apart .   Based upon its spectrum , this is classified as an S-type asteroid . Photometric observations made in 1988 at the Félix Aguilar Observatory produced a light curve with a period of 11.484 ± 0.010 hours with a brightness variation of 0.365 ± 0.010 in magnitude ."}
{"_id": "1797_in_Norway", "title": "1797 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1494_AM", "title": "1494 AM", "headings": "", "text": "The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1494 kHz :"}
{"_id": "1967_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_–_Men's_Slalom", "title": "1967 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's Slalom", "headings": "", "text": "Men 's Slalom World Cup 1966/1967"}
{"_id": "1892_in_Norway", "title": "1892 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1892 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "125th_Ohio_General_Assembly", "title": "125th Ohio General Assembly", "headings": "", "text": "The One Hundred Twenty-fifth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 2003 and 2004 . In this General Assembly , both the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives were controlled by the Republican Party . In the Senate , there were 22 Republicans and 11 Democrats . In the House , there were 63 Republicans and 36 Democrats . It is also the first General Assembly to use redistricted legislative districts after the 2000 Census ."}
{"_id": "1994_NatWest_Trophy", "title": "1994 NatWest Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 NatWest Trophy was the 14th NatWest Trophy . It was an English limited overs county cricket tournament which was held between 21 June and 3 September 1994 . The tournament was won by Worcestershire County Cricket Club who defeated Warwickshire County Cricket Club by 8 wickets in the final at Lord 's ."}
{"_id": "13th_Golden_Raspberry_Awards", "title": "13th Golden Raspberry Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 28 , 1993 , at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel to recognize the worst the movie industry had to offer in 1992 . Shining Through and Stop ! Or My Mom Will Shoot each won three Razzies , though the latter was n't nominated for Worst Picture . The list of nominees follows with recipients denoted in bold . Just like Bill Cosby , Tom Selleck do not attend his award and later accepted it on The Chevy Chase Show ."}
{"_id": "1988_Individual_Speedway_Junior_World_Championship", "title": "1988 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship"}
{"_id": "1947_Washington_Senators_season", "title": "1947 Washington Senators season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Washington Senators won 64 games , lost 90 , and finished in seventh place in the American League . They were managed by Ossie Bluege and played home games at Griffith Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1974_South_Australian_Tennis_Championships", "title": "1974 South Australian Tennis Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 South Australian Tennis Championships was an Association of Tennis Professionals tournament held in Adelaide , Australia that started on 27 October 1974 ."}
{"_id": "1642_in_Denmark", "title": "1642 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1642 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1910_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team", "title": "1910 Ole Miss Rebels football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 1910 college football season . Earl Kinnebrew was All-Southern ."}
{"_id": "1977_World_Championship_for_Makes", "title": "1977 World Championship for Makes", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 World Championship for Makes season featured the sixth FIA World Championship for Makes . This was a motor racing series for Group 5 Special Production Cars , Group 3 & 4 Grand Touring Cars and Group 1 & 2 Touring Cars which ran from 5 February to 23 October 1977 and comprised nine races ."}
{"_id": "1942_Pulitzer_Prize", "title": "1942 Pulitzer Prize", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1942 ."}
{"_id": "1844_in_Wales", "title": "1844 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1844 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1992_in_athletics_(track_and_field)", "title": "1992 in athletics (track and field)", "headings": "", "text": "This page contains an overview of the year 1992 in athletics ."}
{"_id": "1767_in_Russia", "title": "1767 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1767 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1933_International_Lawn_Tennis_Challenge", "title": "1933 International Lawn Tennis Challenge", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the 28th edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup . 24 teams would enter the Europe Zone ; while 9 would enter the Americas Zone , 4 in North America and 5 in South America . Due to the large number of entries in Europe , 1933 saw the beginning of a `` Qualifying Round '' system , where losing teams in the 1st , 2nd , and Quarterfinal rounds would play-off against each other for four spots in the next year 's main draw .   The United States defeated Argentina in the American Zone . Great Britain defeated the Americans in the Inter-Zonal play-off , and defeated France in the Challenge Round , ending France 's six-year run . The final was played at Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France on 28 -- 30 July ."}
{"_id": "1984_TAM_–_Transportes_Aéreos_Regionais_Bandeirante_accident", "title": "1984 TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais Bandeirante accident", "headings": "", "text": "On 28 June 1984 an Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante operated by TAM -- Transportes Aéreos Regionais crashed in Brazil with eighteen people on board . There were no survivors ."}
{"_id": "1959–60_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season", "title": "1959–60 Toronto Maple Leafs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 -- 60 Toronto Maple Leafs season saw the Maple Leafs finish in second place in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) with a record of 35 wins , 26 losses , and 9 ties for 79 points . They defeated the Detroit Red Wings in six games in the Semi-finals before being swept by their arch-rivals , the Montreal Canadiens , in the Stanley Cup Finals ."}
{"_id": "1984_San_Diego_Padres_season", "title": "1984 San Diego Padres season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 San Diego Padres season was the 16th season in franchise history . San Diego won the National League ( NL ) championship and advanced to the World Series , which they lost to the Detroit Tigers four games to one . The Padres were led by manager Dick Williams and third-year player Tony Gwynn , who won the NL batting title and finished third in voting for the NL Most Valuable Player Award .   In their first 15 seasons , the Padres had an overall won -- lost record of 995 -- 1372 for a .420 winning percentage , and finished with a winning record just once . They had never finished higher than fourth in the NL West division , and eight times they had finished in last place . However , they were coming off consecutive 81 -- 81 seasons in Williams ' two years as San Diego 's manager . They won the NL West in 1984 with a 92 -- 70 record , and set a then-franchise record in attendance , drawing nearly two million fans ( 1,985,895 ) . They defeated the Chicago Cubs in the National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) , three games to two , becoming the first NL team to win the pennant after being down 2 -- 0 . Steve Garvey was named the NLCS Most Valuable Player ."}
{"_id": "1971_Monaco_Grand_Prix", "title": "1971 Monaco Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on May 23 , 1971 . It was the third round of the 1971 Formula One season and the 200th World Championship Grand Prix held since the championship began in . This was the last race on the original Monaco circuit , as a dedicated pit lane was created along the harbor before Tabac in 1972 .   Events of the race are captured in the documentary film Weekend of a Champion in which Roman Polanski shadows Jackie Stewart ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_Oxford_United_F.C._season", "title": "1985–86 Oxford United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1985 -- 86 English football season , Oxford United competed in the Football League First Division , after promotion from the Second Division the previous season . They secured survival with an 18th-place finish , and won the League Cup , the first major trophy win of their history ."}
{"_id": "1983_Italian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1983 Italian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monza on 11 September 1983 . The race , contested over 52 laps , was the thirteenth race of the 1983 Formula One season and was won by Nelson Piquet , driving a Brabham-BMW , with René Arnoux second in a Ferrari and Eddie Cheever third in a Renault . Drivers ' Championship leader Alain Prost retired with a turbo failure midway through the race , allowing Piquet and Arnoux to close to within five and two points of him respectively in the championship .   The race saw the occurrence of an unusual incident in the pit lane . After completing a pit stop , Niki Lauda 's McLaren-TAG stalled in front of the Brabham garage . The Brabham crew , who were preparing for Piquet 's stop , were joined by team owner and FOCA chief executive Bernie Ecclestone in giving Lauda a push start , to get him back into the race and to clear the area for Piquet . However , the Austrian driver retired shortly after with an electrical failure .   Another incident occurred at the end of the race , when the tifosi ran onto the track to celebrate Arnoux 's second place with the cars still going round . Nigel Mansell , running seventh in his Lotus-Renault , slowed down to avoid running over any of the spectators , only to be overtaken by Bruno Giacomelli 's Toleman-Hart . Infuriated , Mansell drove the wrong way into the pit lane ."}
{"_id": "1974_Montreal_Alouettes_season", "title": "1974 Montreal Alouettes season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Montreal Alouettes finished the season in 1st place in the East Division with a 9 -- 5 -- 2 record and won the Grey Cup.They defeated their rival Edmonton Eskimos , in the first of five Grey Cups between the two in the 1970s . Sonny Wade came off the bench to lead his team to another Grey Cup on a rain soaked field ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_New_York_Rangers_season", "title": "1965–66 New York Rangers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 -- 66 New York Rangers season was the 40th season for the team in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Rangers posted an 18 -- 41 -- 11 record in the regular season , finished in last place in the NHL and did not make the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1978_Pulitzer_Prize", "title": "1978 Pulitzer Prize", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1978 ."}
{"_id": "1596_in_Scotland", "title": "1596 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1596 in the Kingdom of Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1957_Lamar_Tech_Cardinals_football_team", "title": "1957 Lamar Tech Cardinals football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 Lamar Tech Cardinals football team competed at the NCAA College Division level as a member of the Lone Star Conference . The Cardinals finished the season as Lone Star Conference champions with an 8 -- 0 -- 2 record overall and a 5 -- 0 -- 2 conference record ."}
{"_id": "1966_Green_Bay_Packers_season", "title": "1966 Green Bay Packers season", "headings": "", "text": "The Green Bay Packers season was their 47th in the National Football League . The defending NFL champions had a league-best regular season record of 12 -- 2 , led by eighth-year head coach Vince Lombardi and quarterback Bart Starr , in his eleventh NFL season .   The Packers beat the Dallas Cowboys in the NFL championship game , the Packers ' second consecutive NFL title , fourth under Lombardi , and tenth for the franchise . Two weeks later , the Packers recorded a 35 -- 10 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs in the inaugural AFL-NFL Championship Game , retroactively known as Super Bowl I.   Quarterback Starr was named the league 's most valuable player ( MVP ) in 1966 . Said Cold Hard Football Facts about Starr 's 1966 season , `` Starr , always underappreciated , was at his classic assassin-like best in 1966 , his lone MVP season . He led the league in completion percentage , yards per attempt and passer rating , while his 4.7-to-1 -LSB- touchdown-to-interception -RSB- ratio remains one of the very best in history . Starr , as always , cranked out great performances when he absolutely had to : the 1966 Packers , for example , were the worst rushing team in football , with a meager average of 3.5 -LSB- yards-per-attempt -RSB- on the ground , despite the reputation Lombardi 's Packers still carry with them today as a dominant running team . '' Cold Hard Football Facts also notes that 1966 Packers had the best passer rating differential ( offensive passer rating minus opponents passer rating ) , +56.0 , in the Super Bowl Era .   In 2007 , the 1966 Packers were ranked as the 6th greatest Super Bowl champions on the NFL Network 's documentary series America 's Game : The Super Bowl Champions ."}
{"_id": "1971_FIM_Motocross_World_Championship", "title": "1971 FIM Motocross World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 FIM Motocross World Championship was the 15th F.I.M. Motocross Racing World Championship season ."}
{"_id": "1983_European_Athletics_Junior_Championships", "title": "1983 European Athletics Junior Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 European Athletics Junior Championships was the seventh edition of the biennial athletics competition for European athletes aged under twenty . It was held in Schwechat , Austria ."}
{"_id": "107mm_M1938_mortar", "title": "107mm M1938 mortar", "headings": "", "text": "The Soviet 107mm M1938 mortar was a scaled-down version of the 120mm M1938 mortar intended for use by mountain troops and light enough to be towed by animals on a trolley ."}
{"_id": "1932_Mestaruussarja_–_Finnish_League_Championship", "title": "1932 Mestaruussarja – Finnish League Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 season was the third completed season of Finnish Football League Championship , known as the Mestaruussarja ."}
{"_id": "1527_Malmquista", "title": "1527 Malmquista", "headings": "", "text": "1527 Malmquista , provisional designation , is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 10 kilometers in diameter .   It was discovered on 18 October 1939 , by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland . It was named for the Swedish astronomer Gunnar Malmquist ."}
{"_id": "1943_Argentine_Film_Critics_Association_Awards", "title": "1943 Argentine Film Critics Association Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 Argentine Film Critics Association Awards ceremony was held in Buenos Aires on 10 January 1943 to honour the best films and contributors to Argentine cinema in 1942 . This was the first time the awards had been presented ."}
{"_id": "1981_in_Canada", "title": "1981 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1981 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1992_German_Grand_Prix", "title": "1992 German Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Hockenheimring in Hockenheim , Germany on 26 July 1992 . The 45-lap race was the tenth round of the 1992 Formula One season and was won by Williams driver ( and polesitter ) Nigel Mansell . Ayrton Senna finished the race in second place for the McLaren team whilst Michael Schumacher took the final podium spot in his Benetton ."}
{"_id": "1964_Long_Beach_State_49ers_football_team", "title": "1964 Long Beach State 49ers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Long Beach State 49ers football team represented California State College , Long Beach California State University , Long Beach was officially known as California State College , Long Beach , from 1964 -- 1971 . In common usage it is also sometimes known as Long Beach State . See : Cal State Long Beach during the 1964 College Division football season . The 49ers competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) .   The team was led by head coach Don Reed , in his seventh year , and they played their home games at Veterans Stadium adjacent to the campus of Long Beach City College in Long Beach , California . They finished the season with a record of eight wins and two losses ( 8 -- 2 , 3 -- 2 CCAA ) . Their only two losses came against teams then-ranked No. 2 in the AP Small-College Football Poll ."}
{"_id": "1913_Yorkshire_Cup", "title": "1913 Yorkshire Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 Yorkshire Cup was the ninth occasion on which the Yorkshire Cup competition , a Rugby league tournament , was held . This season there were no junior/amateur clubs taking part , no new entants and no `` leavers '' and so the total of entries remained the same at thirteen . This in turn resulted in three byes in the first round .   This year saw a previous two-time winner , Huddersfield taking the trophy by beating Bradford Northern by the score of 19-3 in the final . The match was played at Thrum Hall , Halifax , now in West Yorkshire . The attendance was 12,000 and receipts were # 430 . This was Huddersfield 's fourth appearance in what would be seven appearances in eight consecutive finals between 1909 and 1919 ( which included four successive victories and six in total ) , and who knows , but for the intervention of the First World War and suspension of the competition , it may have been more . It was also the first of the four consecutive wins ."}
{"_id": "1991_PBA_All-Star_Game", "title": "1991 PBA All-Star Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 PBA All-Star Game is the annual All-Star Weekend of the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) . The All-Star game was held on May 26 , 1991 , at The ULTRA in Pasig , coinciding the league 's 1991 season .   Two additional games were held from May 30 and June 2 , with the two all-star teams competing with the Chinese national basketball team ."}
{"_id": "1951_Buenos_Aires_Grand_Prix_(I)", "title": "1951 Buenos Aires Grand Prix (I)", "headings": "", "text": "The first of three 1951 Buenos Aires Grand Prix ( official name : V Gran Premio del General Juan Perón y de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires ) was a Formula Libre Grand Prix motor race that took place on February 18 , 1951 , at the Costanero Norte street circuit in Buenos Aires , Argentina ."}
{"_id": "1931_Monaco_Grand_Prix", "title": "1931 Monaco Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 Monaco Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at the Circuit de Monaco on 19 April 1931 .   With 16 Bugattis in a field of 23 cars , the event was close to being a single-make race . Among the 16 were four factory-team Type 51s driven by the Monegasque Louis Chiron , the Italian Achille Varzi and the French Albert Divo and Guy Bouriat . The real challenge came from the Maserati 8C 2500 's driven by Rene Dreyfus , the Italian Luigi Fagioli and Clemente Bondietti . Rudolf Caracciola with his huge Mercedes SSKL ( Super Sport Short Light-Weight ) was uncompetitive as his larger car performed poorly around the tight Monaco track .   The race was between the blue cars from Molsheim and the red ones from Modena . When the start flag dropped it was Rene Dreyfus in his red Maserati who led into St. Devote , only to be passed by ` Williams ' on the hill to the Casino , but his lead was short lived as the Brit was sidelined by a broken valve spring , and his race was over . Achille Varzi and Caracciola started closing on Dreyfus and Varzi managed to overtake the Frenchman on the 7th lap . Caracciola struggled with a slipping clutch that gave in on lap 53 .   Starting slowly , Louis Chiron eventually displayed his talents ; gaining back ground with a new lap record time . He caught up with all his opponents and left them behind . Chiron , a native of Monaco , finished the race some 5 minutes ahead of Luigi Fagioli .   Jean Bugatti could n't control his joy and jumped over the parapet of the bleachers and fell into Louis Chiron 's arms . For the Monegasque , this Monaco Grand Prix victory really confirmed his reputation ."}
{"_id": "1972_Qir_earthquake", "title": "1972 Qir earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Qir earthquake occurred at 05:37 local time ( 02:06 UTC ) on April 10 , 1972 . It had a magnitude of 6.7 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum perceived intensity of IX ( Violent ) on the Mercalli intensity scale . The epicentre was in the province of Fars in southern Iran . The earthquake caused the destruction of Qir and serious damage to towns and villages in the surrounding area . The estimated number of deaths is 5,374 , with a further 1,710 injured ."}
{"_id": "1913_Columbus_Panhandles_season", "title": "1913 Columbus Panhandles season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 Columbus Panhandles season was their eighth season in existence . The team played in the Ohio League and posted a 3-4-2 record ."}
{"_id": "1931–32_Scottish_Division_Two", "title": "1931–32 Scottish Division Two", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 -- 32 Scottish Second Division was won by East Stirlingshire who , along with second placed St Johnstone , were promoted to the First Division . Edinburgh City finished bottom ."}
{"_id": "1975_TAA_Formula_Ford_Driver_to_Europe_Series", "title": "1975 TAA Formula Ford Driver to Europe Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 TAA Formula Ford Driver to Europe Series was an Australian motor racing competition open to Formula Ford racing cars .  It was the sixth annual Australian national series for Formula Fords .   The series was won by Paul Bernasconi driving a Mawer 004 ."}
{"_id": "1931–32_Newport_County_A.F.C._season", "title": "1931–32 Newport County A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 -- 32 season saw Newport County return to the Southern League following their failure to be re-elected to the Football League . However , after this one season hiatus they were re-elected for the 1932 -- 33 season ."}
{"_id": "1750", "title": "1750", "headings": "", "text": "Various sources , including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , use the year 1750 as a baseline year for the end of the pre-industrial era ."}
{"_id": "1977_U.S._Clay_Court_Championships_–_Men's_Doubles", "title": "1977 U.S. Clay Court Championships – Men's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Brian Gottfried and Raúl Ramírez were the defending champions , but they played in the Buckeye Classic this year .  Patricio Cornejo and Jaime Fillol claimed the title following victory over Dick Crealy and Cliff Letcher in the final . Crealy and Letcher were denied their prize money because their late appearance had caused the final to be delayed ."}
{"_id": "1998_in_Fighting_Network_Rings", "title": "1998 in Fighting Network Rings", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1998 is the fourth year in the history of Fighting Network Rings , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Japan . In 1998 Fighting Network Rings held nine events beginning with , Rings : Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final ."}
{"_id": "1954–55_La_Liga", "title": "1954–55 La Liga", "headings": "", "text": "La Liga 1954 -- 55 season was the 24th since its establishment ."}
{"_id": "1st_CCNN_Division_\"Dio_lo_Vuole\"", "title": "1st CCNN Division \"Dio lo Vuole\"", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st División `` Dio lo Vuole '' ( `` God wills it '' ) , was one of the three Italian Blackshirts Divisions sent to Spain during the Spanish Civil War to make up the `` Corpo Truppe Volontarie '' ( Corps of Volunteer Troops ) , or CTV .   1st División `` Dio lo vuole '' - Bgd . Gen. Edmondo Rossi  1st Group of Banderas - Lt. Coronel Aristide Frezza .  533 Bandera `` Aquila ''  ? Bandera `` Leone ''  524 Bandera `` Carroccio '' - Mayor Luigi Giulani  Support Battery 65/17  Engineers Section  2nd Group of Banderas - Colonel Constantino Salvi  235 Bandera `` Indomita '' - Seniore Alberto Montanardi  Bandera `` Folgore '' - 1st Seniore Michele Olivas  Bandera `` Falco '' - Seniore Arnaldo Rocchi  Support Battery 65/17 `` Centauro ''  Engineers Section  3rd Grupo de Banderas - Coronel Mario Mazza .  640 bis Bandera `` Lupi '' -  524 Bandera `` Uragano ''  635 Bandera `` Tempesta ''  Support Battery 65/17  Engineers Section  `` Carabinieri '' Section  Intendencia Section  Sanitation Section  Truck Unit   The Blackshirt ( Camicie Nere , or CCNN ) Divisions contained regular soldiers and volunteer militia from the National Fascist Party . The CCNN divisions were semi-motorised ."}
{"_id": "1928_in_Norway", "title": "1928 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1928 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Ukrainian_Amateur_Cup", "title": "1998–99 Ukrainian Amateur Cup", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1960_U.S._National_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1960 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Neale Fraser defeated Rod Laver 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 10 -- 8 in the final to win the Men 's Singles tennis title at the 1960 U.S. National Championships ."}
{"_id": "1891_Kentucky_State_College_Blue_and_Yellow_football_team", "title": "1891 Kentucky State College Blue and Yellow football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1891 Kentucky State College Blue and Yellow football team represented Kentucky State College during the 1891 college football season . The team lost a single match to Centre , the first instance of this rivalry . The 1891 team 's colors were blue and light yellow , decided before the Centre -- Kentucky game on December 19 . A student asked `` What color blue ? '' and varsity letterman Richard C. Stoll pulled off his necktie , and held it up . This is still held as the origin of Kentucky 's shade of blue . The next year light yellow was dropped and changed to white ."}
{"_id": "(I_Don't_Want_to_Love_You_But)_You_Got_Me_Anyway", "title": "(I Don't Want to Love You But) You Got Me Anyway", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( I Do n't Want to Love You But ) You Got Me Anyway '' was a 1973 single written by Ian Sutherland of the Sutherland Brothers . Released in the US on Island Records catalog # -1217 , it performed better in the US than in their native UK , reaching No. 20 on the Cashbox pop chart and slightly lower on the Billboard Hot 100 .   The song is featured on the Rhino Entertainment records compilation , Have A Nice Day ."}
{"_id": "1997_Advanta_Championships_of_Philadelphia", "title": "1997 Advanta Championships of Philadelphia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Advanta Championships of Philadelphia was a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Philadelphia Civic Center in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in the United States that was part of Tier II of the 1997 WTA Tour . It was the 15th edition of the tournament and was held from November 10 through November 16 , 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1918_Army_Cadets_football_team", "title": "1918 Army Cadets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1918 college football season . In their first and only season under head coach Hugh Mitchell , the Cadets compiled a 1 -- 0 record . In the only game played by the Cadets in 1918 , they defeated a team from Mitchel Army Air Service in New York ."}
{"_id": "1986_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_rankings", "title": "1986 NCAA Division I-AA football rankings", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 NCAA Division I-AA football rankings are from the NCAA Division I-AA football committee . This is for the 1986 season ."}
{"_id": "1990_Great_Britain_Lions_tour", "title": "1990 Great Britain Lions tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Great Britain Lions tour was a rugby league tour by the Great Britain team which took place from May to July 1990 ."}
{"_id": "1901_USC_Methodists_football_team", "title": "1901 USC Methodists football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 USC Methodists football team was an American football team that represented the University of Southern California during the 1901 college football season . The team competed as an independent without a head coach , compiling a 0 -- 1 record ."}
{"_id": "1946_Bulgarian_Cup", "title": "1946 Bulgarian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 Bulgarian Cup was the 6th season of the Bulgarian Cup ( in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army ) . Levski Sofia won the competition , beating Chernolomets Popovo 4 -- 1 in the final at the Yunak Stadium in Sofia ."}
{"_id": "1915–16_Southern_New_England_Soccer_League_season", "title": "1915–16 Southern New England Soccer League season", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Southern New England Soccer League in season 1915-16 ."}
{"_id": "1936_Army_Cadets_football_team", "title": "1936 Army Cadets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1936 college football season . In their fourth year under head coach Garrison H. Davidson , the Cadets compiled a 6 -- 3 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 238 to 71 . In the annual Army -- Navy Game , the Cadets lost to the Midshipmen by a 7 to 0 score . The Cadets ' other two losses came against Colgate and Notre Dame .   No Army players were recognized on the 1936 College Football All-America Team ."}
{"_id": "19_(film)", "title": "19 (film)", "headings": "", "text": "is a 2001 Japanese drama film directed by Kazushi Watanabe . It was released on July 14 , 2001 ."}
{"_id": "1973_Whitbread_Awards", "title": "1973 Whitbread Awards", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1945–46_SM-sarja_season", "title": "1945–46 SM-sarja season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 -- 46 SM-sarja season was the 15th season of the SM-sarja , the top level of ice hockey in Finland . Nine teams participated in the league , and Ilves Tampere won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1625_El_Salvador_earthquake", "title": "1625 El Salvador earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1625 El Salvador earthquake struck El Salvador in 1625 . Described as a `` violent earthquake that caused serious damage '' , it affected the city of San Salvador , and left it in ruins . Surrounding pueblos were also affected ."}
{"_id": "174th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)", "title": "174th Infantry Regiment (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 174th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army , New York Army National Guard . It traces its heritage back to the American Civil War , where it was called the 74th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment . The 174th saw service in the Civil War , and along the Mexico -- United States border . It was deactivated in 1945 ."}
{"_id": "1706_in_poetry", "title": "1706 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "17_X_Infinity", "title": "17 X Infinity", "headings": "", "text": "17 X Infinity is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Groff Conklin . It was first published in paperback by Dell in August 1963 and reprinted in April 1969 . The first British edition was issued by Mayflower-Dell in 1964 and reprinted in 1965 .   The book collects seventeen novelettes and short stories , plus one poem , by various authors , together with an introduction by the editor . The stories were previously published from 1909-1962 in various science fiction and other magazines ."}
{"_id": "1988_in_aviation", "title": "1988 in aviation", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of aviation-related events from 1988 :"}
{"_id": "1910_Washington_football_team", "title": "1910 Washington football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 Washington football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1910 college football season . In its third season under coach Gil Dobie , the team compiled a 6 -- 0 record , shut out five of six opponents , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 150 to 8 . Huber Grimm was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1991_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_javelin_throw", "title": "1991 World Championships in Athletics – Men's javelin throw", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Men 's Javelin Throw event at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo , Japan . There were a total of 41 participating athletes , with the final held on Monday August 26 , 1991 . All results were made with rough surfaced javelin . The qualification mark was set at 82.00 metres ."}
{"_id": "1982–83_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup", "title": "1982–83 FIS Cross-Country World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 -- 83 FIS Cross-Country World Cup ' started in Val di Sole , Italy on 12 December 1982 and finished in Labrador City , Canada on 27 March 1983 . Alexander Zavyalov of the Soviet Union won the overall men 's cup , and Marja-Liisa Hämäläinen of Finland won the women 's ."}
{"_id": "1932_Úrvalsdeild", "title": "1932 Úrvalsdeild", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Úrvalsdeild in the 1932 season ."}
{"_id": "1968–69_Houston_Mavericks_season", "title": "1968–69 Houston Mavericks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 -- 69 Houston Mavericks season was the second and final season of the Mavericks in the American Basketball Association . By this point , attendance were at all-time lows at home for the Mavericks , who trudged to finish dead last in a much improved Division , 18 games behind the 4th place Dallas Chaparrals . T.C. Morrow announced to the league that he would not put any more money into the team midway through the year , and the league stepped in to make sure the team did not fold midway through , making trades and such . In January 1969 , Jim Gardner agreed to buy the team for $ 650,000 to move them to North Carolina , which would occur after the season . One bright spot was their performance on January 17 , 1969 , when the team made 36 of 36 free throws in a 130 -- 118 victory over the New York Nets . April 2 , 1969 was the final game in Houston , with a reported attendance of 89 , though the Mavericks beat the New York Nets 149 -- 132 . The next night , in their final ever game ( versus the Dallas Chaparrals ) , they lost 136 -- 144 . The team lived on in Carolina , playing as a regional team . Houston would not have a pro basketball team until 1971 , with the Houston Rockets ."}
{"_id": "1970_in_Scotland", "title": "1970 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1970 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1000Memories", "title": "1000Memories", "headings": "", "text": "1000Memories was a website that let people organize , share and discover old photos and memories and to set up family trees . It was shut down in late 2013 after an acquisition by Ancestry.com ."}
{"_id": "1932_in_Sweden", "title": "1932 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1932 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1503_in_Scotland", "title": "1503 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1503 in the Kingdom of Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1924_Rose_Bowl", "title": "1924 Rose Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 Rose Bowl was a postseason American college football bowl game played between the independent Navy Midshipmen and the Washington Huskies , a member of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) . The game took place on January 1 , 1924 , at the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena , California , closing the 1923 college football season . The game opened in front of approximately 40,000 people and ended in a 1414 tie . It was the first post-season bowl game for both teams . The 1924 game was the tenth edition of the Rose Bowl , which had first been played in 1902 . Following the inaugural game 's blowout score , football was replaced with chariot races until 1916 . The Rose Bowl stadium had been constructed in 1923 , making this edition the second game played in the arena .   The game 's organizers had previously selected a team from the East Coast and the West Coast , and asked the Washington Huskies to represent the West Coast . Washington requested that the Navy Midshipmen be their opponents , and Navy accepted . Washington selected Navy in favor of several teams from the east which had amassed better records . Both teams had suffered only a single loss during the season , but Washington had won eight games compared with Navy 's five , although Navy had also amassed two ties . Predictions gave Washington a slight advantage in the game due to the weight difference between the teams : the Washington players were on average 10 lb heavier than those of Navy .   The game kicked off in the afternoon ; heavy rain showers had fallen the day before , causing a slight delay . The first quarter was scoreless , but Navy scored a touchdown on the first play of the second quarter . Washington answered Navy with a 23-yard touchdown run on the next drive . Near the end of the second quarter , Navy scored a touchdown on a two-yard run , giving them a 147 halftime lead . The third quarter was a defensive stalemate as neither team scored . Navy fumbled the ball on their own ten-yard line late in the quarter . Four plays afterward , Washington tied the game on a 12-yard touchdown pass . Navy threw an interception at midfield , and Washington drove down to the Navy 20-yard line before attempting a game-winning field goal . The kick missed and the game ended shortly afterwards .   For his performance in the game , Navy quarterback Ira McKee was named the Most Valuable Player . Navy led in nearly every statistical aspect of the contest . Washington returned to the Rose Bowl at the end of the 1925 season , falling to the Alabama Crimson Tide 2019 . Navy did not participate in another bowl game until 1955 , when their squad , nicknamed the `` team named desire '' , upset the Ole Miss Rebels in the Sugar Bowl . Since the 1924 Rose Bowl , Navy and Washington have met five more times ; the Huskies won three of the games ."}
{"_id": "1993_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_–_Men's_Downhill", "title": "1993 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's Downhill", "headings": "", "text": "Men 's Downhill World Cup 1992/1993"}
{"_id": "1999_Canoe_Slalom_World_Cup", "title": "1999 Canoe Slalom World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Canoe Slalom World Cup was a series of five races in 4 canoeing and kayaking categories organized by the International Canoe Federation ( ICF ) . It was the 12th edition . The series consisted of 4 regular world cup races and the world cup final ."}
{"_id": "1953–54_DDR-Oberliga_(ice_hockey)_season", "title": "1953–54 DDR-Oberliga (ice hockey) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953-54 DDR-Oberliga season was the sixth season of the DDR-Oberliga , the top level of ice hockey in East Germany . Six teams participated in the league , and SG Dynamo Weißwasser won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1966_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team", "title": "1966 Penn State Nittany Lions football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented Penn State University during the 1966 college football season . It was Joe Paterno 's first season as head coach of Penn State ."}
{"_id": "1995_Palo_Verde,_Arizona_derailment", "title": "1995 Palo Verde, Arizona derailment", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Palo Verde derailment took place on October 9 , 1995 , when Amtrak 's Sunset Limited was derailed by saboteurs near Palo Verde , Arizona on Southern Pacific Railroad tracks . The two locomotives and eight of the twelve cars derailed , four of them falling 30 feet ( 9 m ) off a trestle bridge into a dry river bed . Mitchell Bates , a sleeping car attendant , was killed . Seventy-eight people were injured , 12 of them seriously ."}
{"_id": "1218_in_poetry", "title": "1218 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1983_in_television", "title": "1983 in television", "headings": "", "text": "For 1983 in television , see :   1983 in Albanian television  1983 in American television  1983 in Australian television  1983 in Belgian television  1983 in Brazilian television  1983 in British television  1983 in Canadian television  1983 in Croatian television  1983 in Czech television  1983 in Danish television  1983 in French television  1983 in German television  1983 in Irish television  1983 in Israeli television  1983 in Japanese television  1983 in Scottish television"}
{"_id": "1972_Israeli_Bangkok_Embassy_hostage_crisis", "title": "1972 Israeli Bangkok Embassy hostage crisis", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Israeli Bangkok embassy hostage crisis occurred on 28 December 1972 . It was a raid by a squad of Palestinian militants , belonging to the Black September militant organization , on the Israeli embassy building in Bangkok in which the militants held six Israeli embassy staff hostage . After 19 hours of negotiations , the hijackers agreed to abandon the embassy in exchange for safe conduct to Egypt ."}
{"_id": "104.7_FM", "title": "104.7 FM", "headings": "", "text": "The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 104.7 MHz :"}
{"_id": "1991–92_Michigan_Wolverines_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1991–92 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team represented the University of Michigan in intercollegiate college basketball during the 1991 -- 92 season . The team played its home games in the Crisler Arena in Ann Arbor , Michigan , and was a member of the Big Ten Conference . Under the direction of head coach Steve Fisher , the team finished tied for third in the Big Ten Conference . The team earned an invitation to the 1992 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament where it was national runner up . Although the team compiled a 25-9 record during the season , the National Collegiate Athletic Association has adjusted the team 's record to 24-8 due to the University of Michigan basketball scandal . The team was ranked for the entire eighteen weeks of Associated Press Top Twenty-Five Poll , starting the season ranked twentieth , rising as high as number eleven and ending ranked fifteenth , and it ended the season ranked seventeenth in the final USA Today/CNN Poll . The team had a 6 -- 6 record against ranked opponents , including the following victories : January 9 , 1992 , against the number sixteen ranked Iowa Hawkeyes 80-77 ( overtime ) at Carver -- Hawkeye Arena in Iowa City , Iowa , January 29 against the number thirteen ranked Michigan State Spartans 89-79 ( overtime ) at the Breslin Student Events Center in East Lansing , Michigan , March 8 against the number two ranked Indiana Hoosiers 68-60 at Crisler Arena , March 27 the number eleven ranked 75-72 in the 1992 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament at Rupp Arena , March 29 the number three ranked Ohio State Buckeyes 75-71 at Rupp Arena in Lexington , Kentucky , and April 4 against the number twelve ranked Cincinnati Bearcats 76-72 at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis .   The team had rotating captains on a game-by-game basis , and Chris Webber earned team MVP . The team 's leading scorers were Jalen Rose ( 597 points ) , Chris Webber ( 528 points ) , and Juwan Howard ( 377 points ) . The leading rebounders were Webber ( 340 ) , Howard ( 212 ) , and Rose ( 146 ) .   During the season , the team won the Big Ten Conference statistical championships in rebounding and rebounding margin with at 38.2 average and 5.8 average margin in conference games , respectively . Chris Webber became the first freshman to lead the Big Ten in rebounds with a 9.8 average in 18 conference games and 10.0 average in 34 overall games . However , his 340 rebounds in 34 games fell short of Phil Hubbard 's school freshman single-season record of 352 rebounds set as a member of the 1975 -- 76 team that still stands as the school record .   Jalen Rose set the current school record for points scored by a freshman 597 . Rose also set the school single-season record for minutes played with 1132 minutes . The following season , four players surpassed this total .   The team set the school record for single-season team blocks with 182 in 34 games , surpassing the 1986 teams total of 146 in 33 games . The following season the team would rebreak the record .   The Wolverines 25-9 record was an improvement on the previous years record of 14-15 . Due to the success of the Fab Five , athletic royalties increased from 2 million dollars in 1990 ( $ million today ) to 4.4 million dollars ( $ million ) in 1992 .   The team , coached by Steve Fisher , is best remembered for the entry of a remarkably talented freshman class , known as the Fab Five , that would become the starting lineup :  Center : Juwan Howard  Power forward : Chris Webber  Small forward : Ray Jackson  Shooting guard : Jimmy King  Point guard : Jalen Rose   Reserve point guard Rob Pelinka would go on to greater fame as an agent for numerous NBA stars , most notably Kobe Bryant .   Although the Wolverines would make the NCAA title game that season , losing to defending national champion Duke , they vacated their Final Four appearance in the wake of a major scandal involving many years of improper payments from a major booster to several former players , among them Webber ."}
{"_id": "1920–21_Luxembourg_National_Division", "title": "1920–21 Luxembourg National Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Luxembourg National Division in season 1920/1921 ."}
{"_id": "1958_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(UEFA_–_Group_1)", "title": "1958 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA – Group 1)", "headings": "", "text": "The three teams in this group played against each other on a home-and-away basis . The group winner England qualified for the sixth FIFA World Cup held in Sweden ."}
{"_id": "10th_Anniversary_Show", "title": "10th Anniversary Show", "headings": "", "text": "10th Anniversary Show may refer to :   EMLL 10th Anniversary Show  10th Anniversary Show : Young Wolves Rising"}
{"_id": "1949_Cal_Poly_Mustangs_football_team", "title": "1949 Cal Poly Mustangs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic State UniversityThe official name of Cal Poly is California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo . However , it has been more commonly known as either Cal Poly San Luis Obispo or just Cal Poly since 1947 . See : Cal Poly during the 1949 College Division football season . Cal Poly competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) .   The team was led by second-year head coach Chuck Pavelko and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo , California . They finished the season with a record of four wins and six losses ( 4 -- 6 , 1 -- 3 CCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1915–16_University_of_Virginia_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1915–16 University of Virginia men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 -- 16 University of Virginia men 's basketball team represented the University of Virginia during the 1915 -- 16 NCAA men 's basketball season . The team was led by eleventh-year head coach Henry Lannigan , and played their home games at Fayerweather Gymnasium in Charlottesville , Virginia . Now known as the Virginia Cavaliers , the team did not have an official nickname prior to 1923 ."}
{"_id": "1986_Tour_de_France", "title": "1986 Tour de France", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Tour de France was the 73rd running of the Tour de France , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . The Tour consisted of 23 stages , beginning with a prologue in Boulogne-Billancourt , Paris , on 4 July , and concluded on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 27 July . This year had the first American cycling team , , in Tour 's history . The race was organised by the Amaury Sport Organisation , was shown on television in 72 countries , with the total viewers estimated at one billion .   Following the success of Bernard Hinault in the previous edition , the team was heavily favored . Hinault promised to return Greg LeMond 's support to win the 1985 Tour , however , continuing attacks cast doubt on Hinault 's sincerity . He claimed that his tactics were simply to wear down LeMond 's ( and his ) opponents and that he ultimately knew that LeMond would be the winner because of time losses earlier in the race . Regardless of his true motives , this tactic worked well , and rivals Laurent Fignon of and 's Urs Zimmermann were put on the defensive from the first day . Fignon quit the race due to injuries aggravated by stress .   The ascent of the legendary Alpe d'Huez gave spectators a spectacular stage in which Hinault made a suicidal solo attack to demoralize the opposition , to be matched only by LeMond at the top . In a gesture of respect , the two riders reached the top hand-in-hand , beaming smiles , and LeMond let Hinault finish first to claim the stage . However , within hours LeMond and Hinault were interviewed together on joint television , where Hinault stated that the race was not over , seemingly betraying his teammate LeMond . He went on to say that they would let the final time trial determine the winner .   The race was won by LeMond , the first from an English-speaking country , with a winning margin of three minutes and ten seconds over Hinault , and Zimmermann completed the podium , ten minutes and 54 seconds down on Hinault . In the race 's other classifications , Hinault won the mountains classification , rider Eric Vanderaerden the points classification , 's Andrew Hampsten won the young rider classification , with finishing at the head of the team classification by one hour 51 minutes , after placing four riders inside the final overall top ten placings .   This would be the final Tour for legendary Dutch rider Joop Zoetemelk . He started and finished 16 Tours , a record , of these Tours he finished in the top 5 eleven times and won the 1980 Tour de France ."}
{"_id": "1968_Intercontinental_Cup", "title": "1968 Intercontinental Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Intercontinental Cup was a football tie held over two legs in 1968 between the winners of the 1967 -- 68 European Cup , Manchester United , and Estudiantes de La Plata , winners of the 1968 Copa Libertadores .   The first leg was held on 25 September 1968 at the Estadio Alberto J. Armando , home of Boca Juniors , as Estudiantes ' ground was deemed unsuitable . Nevertheless , Estudiantes won the first leg 1 -- 0 , the winning goal awarded to Marcos Conigliaro in the 27th minute .   Old Trafford hosted the return leg three weeks later on 16 October 1968 . The match finished up as a 1 -- 1 draw , granting Estudiantes their first Intercontinental Cup title . Juan Ramón Verón opened the scoring in the 6th minute , but Willie Morgan equalised in the 90th minute .   Players were sent off in both legs of the tie , Nobby Stiles being dismissed for Manchester United in the 79th minute of the first leg . The second leg was marred by violence , and resulted in George Best and José Hugo Medina being sent off as a result of a large scuffle towards the end of the match ."}
{"_id": "1973_Astro-Bluebonnet_Bowl", "title": "1973 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl , part of the 1973 bowl game season , took place on December 29 , 1973 , at the Houston Astrodome in Houston , Texas . The competing teams were the Tulane Green Wave and Houston Cougars , with each competing as a football independent . Houston won the game 47 -- 7 ."}
{"_id": ".22_Long_Rifle", "title": ".22 Long Rifle", "headings": "", "text": "The .22 Long Rifle rimfire ( metric designation : 5.6 × 15mmR ) cartridge is a long-established variety of ammunition , and in terms of units sold is still by far the most common in the world today .   The cartridge is often referred to simply as .22 LR ( `` twenty-two - -LSB- ˈɛl -RSB- - -LSB- ˈɑr -RSB- '' ) and various rifles , pistols , revolvers , submachine guns and even some smoothbore shotguns have been manufactured in this caliber ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Slovak_Superliga", "title": "1999–2000 Slovak Superliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 Slovak Superliga ( known as the Mars superliga for sponsorship reasons ) was the seventh season of first-tier football league in Slovakia , since its establishment in 1993 . This season started on 24 July 1999 and ended on 17 May 2000 . ŠK Slovan Bratislava are the defending champions ."}
{"_id": "1993_Tajik_League", "title": "1993 Tajik League", "headings": "", "text": "Tajik League is the top division of the Tajikistan Football Federation , it was created in 1992 . These are the statistics of the Tajik League in the 1993 season ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Cypriot_Third_Division", "title": "1999–2000 Cypriot Third Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 Cypriot Third Division was the 29th season of the Cypriot third-level football league . THOI Lakatamia won their 2nd title ."}
{"_id": "1870_Open_Championship", "title": "1870 Open Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1870 Open Championship was a golf competition held at Prestwick Golf Club , Ayrshire , Scotland . It was the 11th Open Championship and the last to be contested for the Challenge Belt . Tom Morris , Jr. won the championship by 12 shots from Bob Kirk and Davie Strath . By winning for a third successive time Tom Morris , Jr. gained permanent possession of the Challenge Belt .   The contest took place the day after the autumn meeting of the club . A published notice for the benefit of prospective entrants to the tournament read , `` On Thurs the 15th Sept. the CHAMPION BELT , given by the Prestwick Golf Club , and open to all Members of Established Golf Clubs and Professionals , will be competed for '' .   Tommy Morris 's first round of 47 ( 3-5-3-5-6-3-3-3-4-3-4-5 ) was two shots better than his previous record round in 1868 . This gave him a five shot lead over Bob Kirk . After a second round 51 he held a five shot lead over Davie Strath . A final 51 extended his lead to 12 shots . His final score of 149 was 5 shots better than the previous record set in 1868 . There were 20 starters but only 17 returned scores .   Morris returned to St Andrews by train , late on Saturday evening . A `` great multitude '' were there to meet him and he was carried , shoulder high , to Mr. Leslie 's Golf Hotel , where his health was drunk ."}
{"_id": "1968_FA_Cup_Final", "title": "1968 FA Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 FA Cup Final was contested by West Bromwich Albion and Everton at Wembley . West Brom won by a single goal , scored by Jeff Astle three minutes into extra time . The goal meant that Astle had scored in every round of that season 's competition .   The 1968 Cup final was the first final to be televised live in colour . Both teams wore away strips , with Everton wearing bright amber shirts and blue shorts and West Bromwich Albion in white shirts and shorts with red socks .   The first substitute to be used in an FA Cup final was Dennis Clarke for West Bromwich Albion .   Albion won the cup for the fifth time and in doing so qualified for the 1968 -- 69 European Cup Winners ' Cup .   The referee was Leo Callaghan from Merthyr Tydfil in South Wales ."}
{"_id": "1289_in_Italy", "title": "1289 in Italy", "headings": "", "text": "An incomplete list of events in 1289 in Italy :   Battle of Campaldino  The Battle of Campaldino was a battle between the Guelphs and Ghibellines on 11 June 1289 .  Battle of Colle Val d'Elsa  The Battle of Colle Val d'Elsa took place between 16 and 17 June 1289 at Colle di Val d'Elsa between the Ghibellines troops of Siena and the Guelph troops of Charles of Anjou and Florence , represented by fewer than 200 knights controlled by Neri de'Bardi ."}
{"_id": "1977_British_Saloon_Car_Championship", "title": "1977 British Saloon Car Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 British Saloon Car Championship was the 20th season of the championship . Bernard Unett won his third drivers title with a Chrysler Avenger GT ."}
{"_id": "1998_Bhutan_A-Division", "title": "1998 Bhutan A-Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 season of the Bhutanese A-Division was the fourth recorded season of top-flight football in Bhutan . The league was won by Druk Pol , their third title in a row and the first time a Bhutanese team had achieved a hat-trick of titles ."}
{"_id": "1984_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_400_metres", "title": "1984 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 400 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 400 metres event at the 1984 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 3 and 4 March ."}
{"_id": "1958–59_FA_Cup", "title": "1958–59 FA Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 -- 59 FA Cup was the 78th staging of the world 's oldest football cup competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the FA Cup . Nottingham Forest won the competition for the second and , as of 2017 , final time , beating Luton Town 2 -- 1 in the final at Wembley . The match was Luton Town 's only appearance in a Cup Final to date .   Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round , which was always a Saturday . Some matches , however , might be rescheduled for other days if there were clashes with games for other competitions or the weather was inclement . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played , a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week . If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held until a winner was determined . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay , a 30-minute period of extra time would be played .   The competition saw the remarkable progress of Norwich City F.C. , then a Division Three ( South ) team , to the semi-finals , defeating Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur along the way , before losing in a replay to Luton Town . The `` 59 Cup Run '' takes a notable place in Norwich 's club history ."}
{"_id": "1997_NASCAR_Busch_Series", "title": "1997 NASCAR Busch Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 NASCAR Busch Series season began February 15 and ended November 9 . Randy LaJoie of BACE Motorsports won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1794_in_Sweden", "title": "1794 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1794 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1955_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season", "title": "1955 Pittsburgh Steelers season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "13th_People's_Choice_Awards", "title": "13th People's Choice Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th People 's Choice Awards , honoring the best in popular culture for 1986 , were held in 1987 . They were broadcast on CBS ."}
{"_id": "1905_SAFA_season", "title": "1905 SAFA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 South Australian Football Association season was the 29th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia ."}
{"_id": "1934–35_Newport_County_A.F.C._season", "title": "1934–35 Newport County A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 -- 35 season was Newport County 's third consecutive season in the Third Division South and their 14th in the Football League . The season started with three straight wins and the club found itself top of the table after the first match . However with 18 defeats in the last half of the season County were forced to into the re-election process for the fourth time , but were comfortably re-elected ."}
{"_id": "1962_African_Cup_of_Nations_squads", "title": "1962 African Cup of Nations squads", "headings": "", "text": "Below is a list of squads used in the 1962 African Cup of Nations ."}
{"_id": "1988_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_4_×_100_metres_relay", "title": "1988 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 4x100 metres relay event at the 1988 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Sudbury , Ontario , Canada , at Laurentian University Stadium on 30 and 31 July ."}
{"_id": "1139", "title": "1139", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1139 ( MCXXXIX ) was a common year starting on Sunday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1952_NCAA_Track_and_Field_Championships", "title": "1952 NCAA Track and Field Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 NCAA Track and Field Championships were contested at the 31st annual NCAA-hosted track meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men 's collegiate track and field events in the United States . This year 's meet was hosted by the University of California at Edwards Stadium in Berkeley .   USC won their fourth consecutive team national championship , netting the 16th team title in program history ."}
{"_id": "1973_NCAA_Division_I_football_rankings", "title": "1973 NCAA Division I football rankings", "headings": "", "text": "Two human polls comprised the 1973 National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I football rankings . Unlike most sports , college football 's governing body , the NCAA , does not bestow a national championship , instead that title is bestowed by one or more different polling agencies . There are two main weekly polls that begin in the preseason -- the AP Poll and the Coaches ' Poll ."}
{"_id": "1945–46_Western_Football_League", "title": "1945–46 Western Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 -- 46 season was the 44th in the history of the Western Football League .   This was the first season of the Western League since it was suspended at the end of the 1939 -- 40 season due to World War II . The champions for the fifth time in their history were Bristol Rovers Reserves . For the following season , more clubs joined and the league was once again divided into two divisions ."}
{"_id": "1959_BC_Lions_season", "title": "1959 BC Lions season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 BC Lions finished the season in third place in the West Division with a 9 -- 7 record and made the playoffs for the first time in franchise history .  After hiring new coach Wayne Robinson and signing University of Iowa stars Randy Duncan ( # 1 overall pick in NFL Draft ) and Willie Fleming , the Lions were a much different team compared to the one a year before .   The battle for a playoff spot came down to the last game of the season against the Calgary Stampeders , with both clubs holding 8 -- 7 records , the loser would be out of the playoffs . The Lions won the game 10 -- 8 and secured the first playoff spot in franchise history as well as the first home playoff game ( the first in a two-game series ) . The Lions season would come to an end in the combined 61 -- 15 West Semi-Finals loss to Edmonton , but the foundation had been laid for future success ."}
{"_id": "1987_Wellington_500", "title": "1987 Wellington 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Nissan Mobil 500 was the tenth round of the inaugural World Touring Car Championship . The race was held for cars eligible for Group A touring car regulations . It was held on October 26 , 1987 , at the Wellington Street Circuit in the docks area of Wellington , New Zealand ."}
{"_id": "1991_Supercopa_Libertadores", "title": "1991 Supercopa Libertadores", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Supercopa Libertadores was the fourth season of the Supercopa Libertadores , a club football tournament for past Copa Libertadores winners . The tournament was won by Cruzeiro , who beat River Plate 3 -- 2 on aggregate in the final .   As the new reigning Copa Libertadores champions , Chilean side Colo-Colo were admitted into the competition .   Former Copa Libertadores winners Atlético Nacional did not take part ."}
{"_id": "12_Angry_Viewers", "title": "12 Angry Viewers", "headings": "", "text": "12 Angry Viewers was a television show in the United States on MTV which aired from 1997 to 1998 . The title is a play of title of the movie 12 Angry Men . Its first host was Jancee Dunn , with Ananda Lewis replacing her later on ."}
{"_id": "1974_Wisconsin_Badgers_football_team", "title": "1974 Wisconsin Badgers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin -- Madison in the 1974 Big Ten Conference football season ."}
{"_id": "1951_Mokotów_Prison_execution", "title": "1951 Mokotów Prison execution", "headings": "", "text": "On March 1 , 1951 , the Soviet-controlled communist Polish secret police , Urząd Bezpieczeństwa ( UB ) , carried out an execution of seven members of the 4th Headquarters of anti-Communist organization Wolność i Niezawisłość ( WiN ) in the Mokotów Prison in Warsaw . All executed were members of WiN , who during World War II took active part in anti-Nazi resistance .   The executed men were : Łukasz Ciepliński , Karol Chmiel , Adam Lazarowicz , Józef Rzepka , Józef Batory , Mieczysław Kawalec and Franciszek Błażej . All of the men were apprehended in late 1947 and early 1948 , and almost all came from the Rzeszów area . They were personally chosen to take part in anti-communist resistance by Ciepliński , commanding officer of the WiN 's 4th Headquarters , who chose them because of their moral fortitude and their unbroken spirits .   The interrogations conducted by Communist investigators that ensued were particularly brutal . All seven were tortured and severely beaten ; Cieplinski 's legs and hands were broken , and he had to be carried for meals in a blanket . A staged trial that took place on October 5 , 1950 , was led by a group of ruthless military prosecutors from the Warsaw Military District - Colonel Aleksander Warecki ( real name Warenhaupt , who served as the presiding judge ) , Major Zbigniew Furtak , Major Zbigniew Trylinski and Lt. Col. Jerzy Tramer , who served as the Public Prosecutor .   The accused were not given an opportunity to refute charges brought against them , despite the fact that on several occasions Ciepliński had stated that he was tortured and that his confessions were extracted with the use of torture . The Communist judges disregarded his testimony . The courtroom was filled with UB functionaries . With approval of the presiding chief judge Warecki , the prosecutors publicly mocked the accused . The newspaper articles which covered the case ran stories that the accused men were `` Traitors , spies and American servants -LSB- who -RSB- will be prosecuted '' .   The accused accepted their sentences with calmness , as they had anticipated the outcome of the trial to result in their deaths . With the court ruling of five consecutive death sentences , the first of the seven men to be executed was Łukasz Ciepliński . Colonel Warecki stated afterwards that all seven were collaborating with Nazi occupiers and had betrayed Poland . After the trial , the men were moved to the Mokotów Prison , where they spent the next 137 days awaiting their execution .   Appeals for clemency sent to then Communist Poland 's president Bolesław Bierut remained unanswered , and the condemned men prepared themselves for death . Realizing that his tormentors would dispose of his body , Ciepliński decided to swallow a small portrait of the Virgin Mary , which he had worn on his neck . During this time , the condemned men shared the same large cell with other 80 anti-Communist fighters , among them Zygmunt Szendzielarz . According to the surviving witnesses , the WiN members supported and helped each other , tending particularly to Ciepliński and Błażej , both of whom suffered the most during brutal interrogations .   In the letter to his wife Jadwiga smuggled out of the prison shortly before his death , Ciepliński wrote :   `` My time is near . When they will be leading me out of my cell to die , my last words to my friends will be : I am happy that I will be murdered as a Catholic for my faith , as a Pole for my country , and as a human being -LSB- I will die -RSB- for justice and truth -LSB- ... -RSB- My last farewell will be only to you . I believe that the Holy Mother will take my soul -LSB- ... -RSB- and I will continue to serve Her and report to her about the tragedy of the Polish Nation - murdered by one -LSB- nation -RSB- and abandoned by the others . ''   Shortly before the execution , which took place in the old boiler-room of the prison , Karol Chmiel tried to escape by running along the courtyard and screaming `` They are murdering us . '' He was captured on a pile of coal . Even though he had been promised that his letters would be mailed to his sons ; the promise was never kept .   All seven men were shot on March 1 , 1951 , at five - to ten-minute intervals . They were executed with a single shot to the back of the head , the standard Communist execution method and consistent with the executions at Katyn Forest . The executions began at approximately 8 p.m. , with Ciepliński being shot first , followed by Batory at 8:05 , Chmiel at 8:15 , Kawalec at 8:20 , Lazarowicz at 8:25 , Blazej at 8:35 , and Rzepka at 8:45 . Two of the executed men , that is Ciepliński and Rzepka , were previously awarded Poland 's highest military decoration for valor , the Cross of the Virtuti Militari . The firing squad consisted of a single man , the notorious Piotr Śmietański , nicknamed by the prisoners the `` Butcher of the Mokotow Prison . '' Piotr Smietanski is believed to have emigrated to Israel in 1968 .   The burial place of the seven WiN soldiers executed by the Communist regime remains unknown to this day . The 1950 court ruling rendered by the Communist court was overturned in 1992 by the Warsaw Military Court and the seven convicted and executed men were acquitted on all counts . In the 1992 court ruling it is stated that the executed WiN soldiers `` Fought and Died for Free , and Sovereign Poland . ''"}
{"_id": "1967_Houston_Oilers_season", "title": "1967 Houston Oilers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Houston Oilers season was their eighth in the American Football League . The team improved on their previous output of 3 -- 11 , winning nine games . They qualified for the playoffs for the first time in five seasons ."}
{"_id": "1986_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_shot_put", "title": "1986 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's shot put", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's shot put event at the 1986 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Athens , Greece , at Olympic Stadium on 18 and 19 July . A 7257g ( senior implement ) shot was used ."}
{"_id": "1983_Atlanta_Braves_season", "title": "1983 Atlanta Braves season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1958_Kansas_City_Athletics_season", "title": "1958 Kansas City Athletics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Kansas City Athletics season was the team 's fourth in Kansas City and the 58th in the American League . The season involved the A 's finishing 7th in the American League with a record of 73 wins and 81 losses , 19 games behind the World Champion New York Yankees ."}
{"_id": "1945–46_FA_Cup_qualifying_rounds", "title": "1945–46 FA Cup qualifying rounds", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 -- 46 FA Cup was the 65th season of the world 's oldest football knockout competition ; the Football Association Challenge Cup , or FA Cup for short . The large number of clubs entering the tournament from lower down the English football league system meant that the competition started with a number of preliminary and qualifying rounds . The 25 victorious teams from the Fourth Round Qualifying progressed to the First Round Proper ."}
{"_id": "1988_Rye_Brook_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1988 Rye Brook Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Peter Lundgren was the defending champion , but did not participate this year .   Milan Šrejber won the title , defeating Ramesh Krishnan 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1997_Wismilak_International_–_Singles", "title": "1997 Wismilak International – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Shi-Ting Wang was the defending champion but lost in the first round to Maria Vento .   Dominique Van Roost won in the final 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 against Lenka Němečková ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Nationalliga_A", "title": "1998–99 Nationalliga A", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swiss National League A in the 1998 -- 99 football season ."}
{"_id": "1999_Firestone_Firehawk_500K", "title": "1999 Firestone Firehawk 500K", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Firestone Firehawk 500K was the second round of the 1999 CART FedEx Champ Car World Series season , held on April 9 , 1999 , on the Twin Ring Motegi in Motegi , Tochigi , Japan ."}
{"_id": "1537_in_art", "title": "1537 in art", "headings": "", "text": "A summary of the events , works and notable births and deaths relating to 1537 in art ."}
{"_id": "100_Landscapes_of_Japan", "title": "100 Landscapes of Japan", "headings": "", "text": "100 Landscapes of Japan may refer to :  100 Landscapes of Japan ( Heisei era )  100 Landscapes of Japan ( Shōwa era )"}
{"_id": "16_Cook_Street", "title": "16 Cook Street", "headings": "", "text": "16 Cook Street , Liverpool is the world 's second glass curtain walled building . Designed by Peter Ellis in 1866 , it is a Grade II * Listed Building .   Built two years after Oriel Chambers on Water Street , the architect 's best-known work , it shows the development of Ellis ' style . Its floor to ceiling glass allows light to penetrate deep into the building , contrasting strongly with the adjacent structures . It has been suggested that American architect John Root was influenced by the construction of both buildings , having studied in Liverpool at the time of their construction .   Both 16 Cook Street and Oriel Chambers were featured in the ITV ( Granada / Tyne Tees ) television programme Grundy 's Northern Pride , looking at John Grundy 's favourite buildings in the north of England , aired on 9 January 2007 ."}
{"_id": "1999_FINA_Synchronised_Swimming_World_Cup", "title": "1999 FINA Synchronised Swimming World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 9th FINA Synchronised Swimming World Cup was held September 8 -- 12 , 1999 in Seoul , Korea . It featured swimmers from 12 nations , swimming in three events : Solo , Duet and Team ."}
{"_id": "1997_Kansas_State_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1997 Kansas State Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1997 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team 's head football coach was Bill Snyder . The Wildcats played their home games in KSU Stadium . 1997 saw the Wildcats finish with a record of 11 -- 1 , and a 7 -- 1 record in Big 12 Conference play . The season ended with a win over Donovan McNabb 's Syracuse Orangemen in the 1997 Fiesta Bowl ."}
{"_id": "1994_World_Series_of_Poker", "title": "1994 World Series of Poker", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) was a series of poker tournaments held at Binion 's Horseshoe ."}
{"_id": "1953_Pacific_typhoon_season", "title": "1953 Pacific typhoon season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds ; it ran year-round in 1954 , but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean .   The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean , north of the equator and west of the international date line . Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes ; see 1953 Pacific hurricane season . Tropical Storms formed in the entire west Pacific basin were assigned a name by the Fleet Weather Center on Guam ."}
{"_id": "1505_in_literature", "title": "1505 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents a list of literary events and publications during 1505 ."}
{"_id": "1957_Big_Ten_Conference_football_season", "title": "1957 Big Ten Conference football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 Big Ten Conference football season was the 62nd season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference ( also known as the Western Conference ) and was a part of the 1957 college football season .   The 1957 Ohio State Buckeyes football team , under head coach Woody Hayes , won the conference championship with a 9 -- 1 record , was ranked No. 1 in the final Coaches ' Poll , and defeated Oregon in the 1958 Rose Bowl . The Buckeyes were ranked No. 2 in the final AP Poll , but were also declared national champion by the FWAA poll . Ohio State back Don Clark led the conference with 737 rushing yards . Guard Aurealius Thomas was a first-team All-American .   The 1957 Michigan State Spartans football team , under head coach Duffy Daugherty , compiled an 8 -- 1 record and was ranked No. 3 in the final AP and UPI polls . Michigan State back Walt Kowalczyk and center Dan Currie were selected as consensus first-team All-Americans . Kowalczyk led the conference with 54 points scored , and Currie was selected as the team 's most valuable player .   The 1957 Iowa Hawkeyes football team , under head coach Forest Evashevski , finished third in the Big Ten with a 7 -- 1 -- 1 record and was ranked No. 8 in the final AP Poll . Iowa tackle Alex Karras was a consensus first-team All-American and won the Outland Trophy as the best interior lineman in college football . Quarterback Randy Duncan led the Big Ten with 1,124 passing yards and 1,183 total yards .   Michigan halfback Jim Pace won the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the conference 's most valuable player ."}
{"_id": "1997_British_Speedway_Championship", "title": "1997 British Speedway Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 British Speedway Championship was the 1997 edition of the British Speedway Championship . The Final took place on 1 June at Brandon in Coventry , England . The Championship was won by Mark Loram , who won took the title after winning a run-off with rival Chris Louis . Sean Wilson finished third , taking the final place on the podium ."}
{"_id": "1997_in_Afghanistan", "title": "1997 in Afghanistan", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1997 in Afghanistan ."}
{"_id": "1992_Canadian_Open_(tennis)", "title": "1992 Canadian Open (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Canadian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts . It was the 103rd edition of the Canada Masters , and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1992 ATP Tour , and of the Tier I Series of the 1992 WTA Tour . The men 's event took place at the National Tennis Centre in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , from July 20 through July 26 , 1992 , and the women 's event at the Uniprix Stadium in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , from August 17 through August 23 , 1992 ."}
{"_id": "1983_Buffalo_Bills_season", "title": "1983 Buffalo Bills season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Buffalo Bills season was the 24th season for the club and its 14th in the National Football League ( NFL ) . It was the first of three seasons for head coach Kay Stephenson . Bills running back Joe Cribbs was both the Bills ' leading rusher ( 1131 yards ) , and the team 's leader in receptions and receiving yards ( 57 catches for 524 yards ) . The team looked to improve on its 4-5 record from 1982 . With the NFL schedule back to 16 games , the Bills were a more competitive team during 1983 . The team started 5-2 through its first 7 games . However , they would struggle the rest of the way , as they went 3-6 in its final 9 games en route to a mediocre 8-8 season . This season also saw the Bills beat the Dolphins in Miami for the first time since 1966 , Miami 's inaugural season ."}
{"_id": "1564_in_France", "title": "1564 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1564 in France"}
{"_id": "1988–89_New_Jersey_Nets_season", "title": "1988–89 New Jersey Nets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 -- 89 NBA season was the Nets ' 13th season in the NBA ."}
{"_id": "1DegreeBio", "title": "1DegreeBio", "headings": "", "text": "1DegreeBio is a search engine for life scientists to identify available products from over 100 suppliers . The website offers in-depth product information , cited publications details , validations , and community reviews ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Guildford_Flames_season", "title": "1993–94 Guildford Flames season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993-94 season , was the Guildford Flames second year of Ice Hockey . They competed in the British League Division One South . They played in front of the fifth best average home attendance ( 1,977 ) in Britain .   The Guildford Flames made history when Great Britain netminder Gillian Barton dress as a back-up netminder . Although she did n't ice she became the first female to be on a British League men 's team ."}
{"_id": "1924_St._Louis_Cardinals_season", "title": "1924 St. Louis Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team 's 43rd season in St. Louis , Missouri and its 33rd season in the National League . The Cardinals went 65 -- 89 during the season and finished 6th in the National League ."}
{"_id": "1831_in_Canada", "title": "1831 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1831 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1969–70_British_Home_Championship", "title": "1969–70 British Home Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969-70 British Home Championship Home Nations international football tournament was a heavily contested series which contradicted the common view that it would be little more than a warm-up for the English team prior to the 1970 FIFA World Cup , at which they were to defend the title they had won on home soil four years earlier . They had won the two previous tournaments and were considered much stronger than the other three home nations , none of whom had qualified for the finals in Mexico . The English however struggled in their opening fixture , drawing with the Welsh away , and although they subsequently beat the Irish , were unable to overcome the Scots . Scotland had a good opening to the campaign , but drew their last two games , whilst Wales salvaged parity following a victory over Ireland in their final fixture . Since goal difference was not at this time used to determine position , England , Wales and Scotland shared the trophy . Had modern scoring techniques been in place , England would have won , followed by the Welsh and the Scots ."}
{"_id": "1981_Summer_Universiade", "title": "1981 Summer Universiade", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Summer Universiade , also known as the XI Summer Universiade , took place in Bucharest , Romania . The events were watched by 200,000 spectators ."}
{"_id": "1987_Tour_de_France", "title": "1987 Tour de France", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Tour de France was the 74th edition of the Tour de France , taking place from 1 to 26 July . It consisted of 25 stages over 4231 km . It was the closest three-way finish in the Tour until the 2007 Tour de France , and was won by Stephen Roche , the first and so far only Irishman to do so .   The winner of the 1986 Tour de France , Greg LeMond was unable to defend his title following a shooting accident in April .   Following Stage 1 , Poland 's Lech Piasecki became the first rider from the Eastern Bloc to lead the Tour de France . He was one of eight different men to wear yellow , a new record for the Tour ."}
{"_id": "1939_in_Japan", "title": "1939 in Japan", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1939 in Japan ."}
{"_id": "13th_arrondissement_of_Paris", "title": "13th arrondissement of Paris", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th arrondissement of Paris ( also known as `` arrondissement des Gobelins '' ( meaning district of tapestries ) ) is one of the 20 arrondissements ( administrative districts ) of the capital city of France .   Situated on the Left Bank of the River Seine , it is home to Paris 's principal Asian community , the Quartier Asiatique , located in the southeast of the arrondissement in an area that contains many high-rise apartment buildings . The neighborhood features a high concentration of ethnic Chinese and Vietnamese businesses . The current mayor is Jérôme Coumet ( Socialist ) , who was re-elected by the arrondissement council on 29 March 2008 after the list which he headed gained 70 % of the votes cast in the second round of the French municipal elections , 2008 .   The 13th arrondissement also hosts the Bibliothèque François Mitterrand and the newly built business district of Paris Rive Gauche ."}
{"_id": "1165_Imprinetta", "title": "1165 Imprinetta", "headings": "", "text": "1165 Imprinetta is a main belt asteroid orbiting the Sun . Approximately 49 kilometers in diameter , it makes a revolution around the Sun once every 6 years . It completes one rotation once every 8 hours . It was discovered by Hendrik van Gent at Johannesburg , South Africa on April 24 , 1930 . Its provisional designation was 1930 HM ."}
{"_id": "1984_San_Francisco_Giants_season", "title": "1984 San Francisco Giants season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 San Francisco Giants season was the Giants ' 102nd season in Major League Baseball , their 27th season in San Francisco since their move from New York following the 1957 season , and their 25th at Candlestick Park . The team finished in sixth place in the National League West with an 66-96 record , 26 games behind the San Diego Padres ."}
{"_id": "16th_Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards", "title": "16th Screen Actors Guild Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards , honoring the best achievements in film and television performances for the year 2009 , were presented on January 23 , 2010 at the Shrine Exposition Center in Los Angeles , California for the fourteenth consecutive year . It was broadcast live simultaneously by TNT and TBS .   The nominees were announced on December 17 , 2009 by Michelle Monaghan and Chris O'Donnell at Los Angeles ' Pacific Design Center 's Silver Screen Theater ."}
{"_id": "1639_Amatrice_earthquake", "title": "1639 Amatrice earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1639 Amatrice earthquake occurred on 7 October 1639 near Amatrice , in the upper valley of the river Tronto , at the time part of the Kingdom of Naples , now Italy ."}
{"_id": "1990_in_Israel", "title": "1990 in Israel", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1990 in Israel ."}
{"_id": "1995_World_Rowing_Championships", "title": "1995 World Rowing Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 World Rowing Championships were World Rowing Championships that were held from 20 to 28 August at Lake Kaukajärvi , Tampere , Finland ."}
{"_id": "1969–70_Scottish_Football_League", "title": "1969–70 Scottish Football League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Scottish Football League in season 1969/1970 ."}
{"_id": "1890_Chicago_Colts_season", "title": "1890 Chicago Colts season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1890 Chicago Colts season was the 19th season of the Chicago Colts franchise , the 15th in the National League and the 6th at the first West Side Park . The Colts finished second in the National League with a record of 83 -- 53 ."}
{"_id": "1974_Texas_Longhorns_football_team", "title": "1974 Texas Longhorns football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1974 NCAA Division I football season ."}
{"_id": "1973_Delaware_Fightin'_Blue_Hens_football_team", "title": "1973 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Delaware Fightin ' Blue Hens football team represented the University Of Delaware during the 1973 NCAA Division II football season as an independent . The Hens completed the 85th season of Delaware football , and their first as members of the reorganized NCAA Division II . The Hens played their home games in at Delaware Stadium in Newark , Delaware . The 1973 team came off an undefeated 10 -- 0 record from the previous season . The 1973 team was led by coach Tubby Raymond . The team finished the regular season with a 8 -- 3 record and made the inaugural NCAA Division II playoffs . However , the Hens lost to 17 -- 8 in the first round , the Boardwalk Bowl ."}
{"_id": "1955_The_Citadel_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1955 The Citadel Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel , The Military College of South Carolina in the 1955 college football season . John Sauer served as head coach for the first season . The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Conference and played home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1997_Daytona_500", "title": "1997 Daytona 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Daytona 500 , the 39th running of the event , was held on February 16 at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach , Florida . Consisted of 200 laps and 500 miles , it was the first race of the 1997 Winston Cup season . Mike Skinner , driving the # 31 car for Richard Childress Racing , won the pole and Jeff Gordon , driving the # 24 Chevrolet for Hendrick Motorsports , won the race . The race was broadcast on television by CBS ."}
{"_id": "1915_to_1918_English_cricket_seasons", "title": "1915 to 1918 English cricket seasons", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 to 1918 English cricket seasons were all but wiped out by the First World War .   The 1914 English cricket season ended prematurely after the outbreak of the war and it was not until the 1919 season that normal first-class fixtures could resume .   However , cricket did not fade away during the war : it was played in schools and universities , on the streets and by the soldiers and airmen on active service , whilst John Wisden 's Cricketers ' Almanac continued to publish every spring ."}
{"_id": "1987_VFL_draft", "title": "1987 VFL draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 VFL draft was the second draft to provide recruitment opportunities to clubs participating in Australian rules football 's elite Victorian Football League . Held after the end of the 1987 season , it consisted only of the national draft itself ."}
{"_id": "1969_Australian_Open_–_Women's_Doubles", "title": "1969 Australian Open – Women's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Margaret Court and Judy Tegart Dalton defeated Rosie Casals and Billie Jean King 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Women 's Doubles title at the 1969 Australian Open ."}
{"_id": "1910s_in_film", "title": "1910s in film", "headings": "", "text": "The decade of the 1910s in film involved some significant films ."}
{"_id": "1961–62_Boston_Celtics_season", "title": "1961–62 Boston Celtics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961-62 NBA season was the Celtics ' 16th season in the NBA . The Celtics finished the season by winning their fifth NBA Championship ."}
{"_id": "1983_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup_Final", "title": "1983 FIBA European Champions Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1967_Ohio_Bobcats_football_team", "title": "1967 Ohio Bobcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Ohio Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Ohio University in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1967 college football season . In their tenth season under head coach Bill Hess , the Bobcats tied for the MAC championship , compiled a 6 -- 4 record ( 5 -- 1 against MAC opponents ) , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 210 to 152 .   The team 's statistical leaders included Dick Conley with 841 rushing yards , Cleve Bryant with 1,157 passing yards , and Todd Snyder with 629 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1893_Hampden–Sydney_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1893 Hampden–Sydney Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1893 Hampden -- Sydney football team represented Hampden -- Sydney College during the 1893 college football season . The 1893 team played just one game , falling 6 -- 12 at home to Randolph -- Macon in the first ever playing of the The Game ."}
{"_id": "1593_in_Ireland", "title": "1593 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1593 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "168th_Aviation_Regiment_(United_States)", "title": "168th Aviation Regiment (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 168th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the United States Army ."}
{"_id": "1877_in_Russia", "title": "1877 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1877 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1967_Little_League_World_Series", "title": "1967 Little League World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The Little League World Series took place between August 22 and August 26 in Williamsport , Pennsylvania . The West Tokyo Little League of West Tokyo , Japan defeated the North Roseland Little League of Chicago , Illinois in the championship game of the 21st Little League World Series ."}
{"_id": "1969_in_Norwegian_music", "title": "1969 in Norwegian music", "headings": "", "text": "The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1969 in Norwegian music ."}
{"_id": "1973_Fresno_State_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1973 Fresno State Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented California State University , FresnoFresno State College was renamed California State University , Fresno in 1972 , but is still commonly called Fresno State . See : Fresno State during the 1973 NCAA Division I football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association.The Big West Conference was known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association from its founding in 1969 through 1987 . See : Big West Conference The team was led by head coach J. R. Boone , in his first year , and they played their home games at Ratcliffe Stadium on the campus of Fresno City College in Fresno , California . They finished the season with a record of two wins and nine losses ( 2 -- 9 , 1 -- 3 PCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_DEL_season", "title": "1996–97 DEL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 Deutsche Eishockey Liga season was the 3rd season of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga ( German Ice Hockey League ) .   Adler Mannheim became the DEL Champion , winning a German title for the second time in their history . Both the Ratinger Löwen and Wedemark Scorpions earned their keep in the league playing against 1st League EHC Neuwied and TSV Erding .   The Bosman ruling , a 1995 decision of the European Court of Justice regarding the movement of labor in soccer , had profound influence on the league . The old Bundesliga had national character : German clubs competing for the German title with mostly German players . After the ruling European Union players were excluded from the `` foreign '' player quota . Within a year , the DEL teams employed 97 EU players and lowered their costs significantly , enabling the smaller teams to compete more effectively . The frequent player moves were not viewed positively by the fans .   Another visible change for the fans was the change in corporate sponsorship . The Krombacher Brewery ended their agreement with the league , resulting in a change in the league logo design . The league would not have a corporate sponsor again until 2003 , when the German Yellow Pages ( Gelbe Seiten ) signed two consecutive 3-year agreements ."}
{"_id": "1992_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Women's_400_metres", "title": "1992 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 400 metres event at the 1992 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held in Palasport di Genova on 29 February and 1 March ."}
{"_id": "1962–63_Cincinnati_Bearcats_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1962–63 Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 -- 63 Cincinnati Bearcats men 's basketball team represented University of Cincinnati . The team 's head coach was Ed Jucker ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_Slough_Jets_season", "title": "1986–87 Slough Jets season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1983_in_British_television", "title": "1983 in British television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of British television related events from 1983 ."}
{"_id": "1999_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Women's_heptathlon", "title": "1999 World Championships in Athletics – Women's heptathlon", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Women 's Heptathlon competition at the 1999 World Championships in Seville , Spain . There were a total number of 22 participating athletes , including four non-finishers . The competition started on Saturday 21 August 1999 and ended on Sunday 22 August 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1992_Federation_Cup_Americas_Zone_–_Pool_C", "title": "1992 Federation Cup Americas Zone – Pool C", "headings": "", "text": "Group C of the 1992 Federation Cup Americas Zone was one of four pools in the Americas zone of the 1992 Federation Cup . Four teams competed in a round robin competition , with the top two teams advancing to the knockout stage . ."}
{"_id": "1993_Northern_Transvaal_Currie_Cup_season", "title": "1993 Northern Transvaal Currie Cup season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1960_Houston_Oilers_season", "title": "1960 Houston Oilers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 Houston Oilers season was the team 's inaugural season . Head Coach Lou Rymkus led the Oilers to the AFL Eastern Division title , with a 10 -- 4 record . It was also the first American Football League season . It ended with a 24 -- 16 victory in the AFL championship game at home over the Los Angeles Chargers ( 10 -- 4 ) ."}
{"_id": "\"Sinopliosaurus\"_fusuiensis", "title": "\"Sinopliosaurus\" fusuiensis", "headings": "", "text": "`` Sinopliosaurus '' fusuiensis is a spinosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Napan Formation of Guangxi Province , southern China , known only from teeth . The teeth came from an animal similar to Siamosaurus ."}
{"_id": "1997_Estoril_Open_–_Men's_Doubles", "title": "1997 Estoril Open – Men's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Tomás Carbonell and Francisco Roig were the defending champions , but did not participate this year .   Gustavo Kuerten and Fernando Meligeni won in the final 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , against Andrea Gaudenzi and Filippo Messori ."}
{"_id": "1998_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships", "title": "1998 IAAF World Cross Country Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 IAAF World Cross Country Championships took place on March 21/22 , 1998 . The races were held at the Menara district in Marrakech , Morocco . Reports of the event were given in the New York Times , in the Herald , and for the IAAF .   Complete results for senior men , for senior men 's teams , for men 's short race , for men 's short race teams , for junior men , for junior men 's teams , senior women , for senior women 's teams , for women 's short race , for women 's short race teams , for junior women , for junior women 's teams , medallists , and the results of British athletes who took part were published ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_British_Collegiate_American_Football_League", "title": "1991–92 British Collegiate American Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 BCAFL was the seventh full season of the British Collegiate American Football League , organised by the British Students American Football Association ."}
{"_id": "1981_in_Wales", "title": "1981 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1981 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1992_Caribbean_Series", "title": "1992 Caribbean Series", "headings": "", "text": "The XXXIV edition of the Caribbean Series ( Serie del Caribe ) was played in . It was held from February 2 through February 9 with the champions teams from the Dominican Republic , Leones del Escogido ; Mexico , Naranjeros de Hermosillo ; Puerto Rico , Indios de Mayagüez , and Venezuela , Águilas del Zulia . The format consisted of 12 games , each team facing the other teams twice , and was played at Héctor Espino Baseball Stadium in Hermosillo , Mexico ."}
{"_id": "1970_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_–_Men's_Downhill", "title": "1970 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's Downhill", "headings": "", "text": "Men 's Downhill World Cup 1969/1970"}
{"_id": "1959_in_British_television", "title": "1959 in British television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of British television related events from 1959 ."}
{"_id": "1440_AM", "title": "1440 AM", "headings": "", "text": "The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1440 kHz : 1440 AM is a regional broadcast frequency ."}
{"_id": "1._FC_Bamberg", "title": "1. FC Bamberg", "headings": "", "text": "The 1 . FC Bamberg was a German association football club from the town of Bamberg , Bavaria .   In 2006 , the club merged with TSV Eintracht Bamberg to form 1 . FC Eintracht Bamberg . 1 . FC Eintracht went bankrupt in 2010 and a new club was formed , FC Eintracht Bamberg 2010 .   1 . FC had spent a number of seasons at top level in German football but , by the time of the merger , had fallen to an existence in the fifth and sixth division of German football . The new club briefly rose to tier-four Regionalliga Süd , dropped back to the Bayernliga before rising to the new Regionalliga Bayern again ."}
{"_id": "1993_Skate_Canada_International", "title": "1993 Skate Canada International", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Skate Canada International was held in Ottawa , Ontario on November 4 -- 7 . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing ."}
{"_id": "1428_Mombasa", "title": "1428 Mombasa", "headings": "", "text": "1428 Mombasa , provisional designation , is a dark asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt , approximately 56 kilometers in diameter .   It was discovered on 5 July 1937 , by English-born South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory , South Africa , and later named after Mombasa , Kenya ."}
{"_id": "1893–94_Rangers_F.C._season", "title": "1893–94 Rangers F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1893 -- 94 season was the fourth season of competitive football by Rangers ."}
{"_id": "1901_Chicago_Orphans_season", "title": "1901 Chicago Orphans season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 Chicago Orphans season was the 30th season of the Chicago Orphans franchise , the 26th in the National League and the 9th at West Side Park . The Orphans finished sixth in the National League with a record of 53 -- 86 . The team was also known as the Remnants , due to many Orphans players leaving at the end of the 1900 season to join the upstart American League ."}
{"_id": "16-cell_honeycomb_honeycomb", "title": "16-cell honeycomb honeycomb", "headings": "", "text": "In the geometry of hyperbolic 5-space , the 16-cell honeycomb honeycomb is one of five paracompact regular space-filling tessellations ( or honeycombs ) . It is called paracompact because it has infinite vertex figures , with all vertices as ideal points at infinity . With Schläfli symbol -LCB- 3,3,4,3,3 -RCB- , it has three 16-cell honeycombs around each cell . It is self-dual ."}
{"_id": "12th_Politburo_and_the_12th_Secretariat_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)", "title": "12th Politburo and the 12th Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Politburo and 12th Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ) were elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee , in the immediate aftermath of the 12th Congress ."}
{"_id": "1987_Ming_Court_Affair", "title": "1987 Ming Court Affair", "headings": "", "text": "The Ming Court Affair was a political coup in Sarawak , Malaysia that began in 1983 , developed into a full-blown political crisis during 1987 state election , and ended after the Sarawak Malaysian People 's Association ( PERMAS ) was dissolved in 1991 . This political crisis mainly involved in the dispute between Abdul Rahman Ya ` kub ( former Sarawak chief minister ) and his nephew Abdul Taib Mahmud ( chief minister of Sarawak ) over the control of the state government and Sarawak 's natural resources ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Tunisian_Ligue_Professionnelle_1", "title": "1998–99 Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 season was the 73rd season of top-tier football in Tunisia ."}
{"_id": "1974_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team", "title": "1974 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1974 NCAA Division I football season . It was Ara Parseghian 's final season as head coach ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_UEFA_Champions_League_second_group_stage", "title": "1999–2000 UEFA Champions League second group stage", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 UEFA Champions League second group stage matches took place between 23 November 1999 and 22 March 2000 . The second group stage featured the eight group winners and eight group runners-up from the first group stage . Each team was drawn into one of four groups , each of which featured three other clubs . All four teams in the group played home and away matches against each other to determine the winner and runner-up in the group .   At the completion of the second group stage , the top two teams in each group advanced to the quarter-finals , while the other two teams were eliminated from European competition ."}
{"_id": "1999_Campeonato_da_1ª_Divisão_do_Futebol", "title": "1999 Campeonato da 1ª Divisão do Futebol", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Campeonato da 1ª Divisão do Futebol in the 1999 season ."}
{"_id": "12th_Battalion,_CEF", "title": "12th Battalion, CEF", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Battalion , CEF , an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force , was authorized on 10 August 1914 and embarked for Britain on 30 September 1914 , where it was redesignated the 12th Reserve Infantry Battalion , CEF on 29 April 1915 , to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field . The battalion was reduced during the summer of 1916 and ultimately dissolved . Its residual strength was absorbed on 4 January 1917 into a new 12th Reserve Battalion , upon re-organization of the reserve units of the Canadian Infantry . The battalion was officially disbanded on 30 August 1920 .   The 12th Battalion formed part of the Canadian Training Depot at Tidworth Camp .   The 12th Battalion , CEF , had two Officers Commanding and two acting Officers Commanding :   Lt.-Col . H.F. McLeod , 22 September 1914 - 6 Jul 1916  Lt.-Col . F.A. Howard , 2 June 1915 - 15 September 1915 ( acting )  Maj. H.G. Deedes , 7 July 1916 - 18 September 1916 ( acting )  Lt.-Col . R. Pellatt , 19 September 1916 - 4 January 1917   The 12th Battalion was awarded the battle honour `` THE GREAT WAR 1914-17 . '' .   The 12th Battalion , CEF , is perpetuated by The Royal New Brunswick Regiment and The Royal Rifles of Canada , the latter currently on the Supplementary Order of Battle ."}
{"_id": "1971_Pau_Grand_Prix", "title": "1971 Pau Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Pau Grand Prix was a Formula Two motor race held on 25 April 1971 at the Pau circuit , in Pau , Pyrénées-Atlantiques , France . The Grand Prix was won by Reine Wisell , driving the Lotus 69C . Jean-Pierre Jabouille finished second and Jean-Pierre Jaussaud third ."}
{"_id": "1940_Boston_Bees_season", "title": "1940 Boston Bees season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 Boston Bees season was a season in Major League Baseball . The Bees finished seventh in the National League with a record of 65 wins and 87 losses ."}
{"_id": "1981_Detroit_Lions_season", "title": "1981 Detroit Lions season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Detroit Lions season was their 52nd in the league . The team failed to improve upon their previous season 's record of 9 -- 7 , winning eight games . The Lions started off the first four games even at 2-2 . In the fourth game of the season , starting quarterback Gary Danielson suffered a dislocated wrist , which ended his season . Backup quarterback Jeff Komlo finished the game and was named the starter for the next week . In the next two games , Komlo struggled . The Lions lost both of those games . Head Coach Monte Clark made the decision to give third-string quarterback Eric Hipple start on a Monday Night game against the Chicago Bears . In front of approximately 71,000 fans , Clark 's gamble paid off as the Lions defeated the Bears 48-17 .   Star halfback Billy Sims continued to play solid football , amassing 1,888 total yards in total offense while scoring a team-high 14 touchdowns . The Lions had a chance to win the division on the last day against Tampa Bay , but lost and finished in second place in the NFC Central with an 8 -- 8 record . The team missed the playoffs for the eleventh straight season ."}
{"_id": "1903_Montana_football_team", "title": "1903 Montana football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1903 Montana football team represented the University of Montana in the 1903 college football season . They were led by first-year head coach H. B. Conibear , and finished the season with a record of two wins and five losses ( 2 -- 5 ) ."}
{"_id": "1980_Djurgårdens_IF_season", "title": "1980 Djurgårdens IF season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 season was Djurgårdens IF 's 80th in existence , their 35th season in Allsvenskan and their 19th consecutive season in the league . They were competing in Allsvenskan , 1979 -- 80 Svenska Cupen , and 1980 -- 81 Svenska Cupen ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Stanford_Cardinal_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1998–99 Stanford Cardinal men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 Stanford Cardinal men 's basketball team represented Stanford University in the 1998 -- 99 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The team finished 1st in the conference ."}
{"_id": "1997_IBF_World_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1997 IBF World Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th IBF World Championships ( Badminton ) were held in Glasgow , Scotland , between 24 May and 1 June 1997 . Following the results of the women 's singles ."}
{"_id": "1985_Wales_v_Scotland_football_match", "title": "1985 Wales v Scotland football match", "headings": "", "text": "On 10 September 1985 , the Welsh and Scottish national teams played each other during the qualifying stages of the 1986 FIFA World Cup at Ninian Park , the home of Cardiff City . The game was both teams ' final match of the qualifying tournament , and both were still able to gain a place at the finals in Mexico ; Wales needed to win the game , while Scotland knew that a draw would be enough .   The game was played against the backdrop of escalating football hooliganism ; English clubs had been banned from European competition as a result of the Heysel Stadium disaster , and fears were being raised , notably by Scotland 's manager Jock Stein , that the British government , led by Margaret Thatcher , was seeking to lead a `` crackdown '' on football supporters generally , and that trouble at the highly charged game at Ninian Park would give them an excuse to extend this from just England to the other Home Nations .   Despite Scotland having the advantage in the group , thanks to a superior goal difference , they went into the game as underdogs due to a number of their senior players being unavailable due to either injury or suspension , and because they had lost to Wales in the return fixture at Hampden Park in Glasgow the previous March . Despite this , Scotland achieved the draw they needed to go to the next stage of qualifying , while at the same time virtually eliminating Wales from the competition .   Scotland 's celebrations at gaining the point they needed from the game were marred by the collapse of Jock Stein moments before the final whistle , and his subsequent death in the treatment room of the stadium ."}
{"_id": "1901–02_Northern_Football_League", "title": "1901–02 Northern Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 -- 02 Northern Football League season was the thirteenth in the history of the Northern Football League , a football competition in Northern England ."}
{"_id": "1991_Halloween_blizzard", "title": "1991 Halloween blizzard", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Halloween blizzard was a period of heavy snowfall and ice accumulation that affected parts of the Upper Midwest of the United States , from October 31 to November 3 , 1991 . Over the last week of October 1991 a large storm system over the Atlantic Ocean ( 1991 Perfect Storm ) blocked most of the weather patterns over the eastern half of the United States , and in turn moisture from the Gulf of Mexico was funneled straight northward over the affected region . By the time the precipitation stopped falling many cities in the eastern half of Minnesota and northwestern Wisconsin had witnessed record early-season snowfall accumulations , while parts of southern Minnesota and northern Iowa were crippled by a large ice storm . Arctic air that was pulled southward behind the storm had combined with the heavy snow pack to produce many record low temperatures . Between the blizzard and the ice storm 22 people were killed and over 100 were injured ."}
{"_id": "1962_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_800_metres", "title": "1962 European Athletics Championships – Men's 800 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 800 metres at the 1962 European Athletics Championships was held in Beograd , then Yugoslavia , at JNA Stadium on 13 , 14 , and 15 September 1962 ."}
{"_id": "1901_Boston_Americans_season", "title": "1901 Boston Americans season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 Boston Americans season was the first season for the professional baseball franchise that later became known as the Boston Red Sox , and the first season of play for the American League ( AL ) . It resulted in the Americans finishing second in the AL with a record of 79 wins and 57 losses , four games behind the Chicago White Stockings .   The team was managed by Jimmy Collins and played its home games at Huntington Avenue Grounds ."}
{"_id": "1897_Washington_Agricultural_football_team", "title": "1897 Washington Agricultural football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 Washington Agricultural football team was an American football team that represented Washington Agricultural College during the 1897 college football season . The team competed as an independent under head coach Robert Gailey and compiled a record of 2 -- 0 ."}
{"_id": "1941_Oregon_Webfoots_football_team", "title": "1941 Oregon Webfoots football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon in the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) during the 1941 college football season . In their fourth season under head coach Tex Oliver , the Webfoots compiled a 5 -- 5 record ( 4 -- 4 against PCC opponents ) , finished in fifth place in the PCC , and were outscored by their opponents , 184 to 136 . The team played its home games at Hayward Field in Eugene , Oregon ."}
{"_id": "1956_Navy_Midshipmen_football_team", "title": "1956 Navy Midshipmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy ( USNA ) during the 1956 college football season . Navy competed as an independent with no conference affiliation . The team was led by seventh-year head coach Eddie Erdelatz ."}
{"_id": "1989_Tokyo_Indoor", "title": "1989 Tokyo Indoor", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Tokyo Indoor also known as `` Seiko Super Tennis '' was a tennis tournament played on Indoor Carpet Courts in Tokyo in Japan that was part of the 1989 Nabisco Grand Prix . The tournament was held from October 18 through October 23 , 1989 . It was a major tournament of the Grand Prix tennis circuit and matches were the best of three sets ."}
{"_id": "1999_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season", "title": "1999 Pittsburgh Steelers season", "headings": "", "text": "The Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise 's 67th season as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League .   For the second consecutive season the Steelers have failed to make the playoffs after starting off the season by winning 5 of their first 8 games . Losing seven of the remaining eight dropped Pittsburgh to 6 -- 10 for the year , their worst record under Bill Cowher ."}
{"_id": "15_William_New_York", "title": "15 William New York", "headings": "", "text": "15 William New York , formerly known as the William Beaver House , is a 47-floor residential skyscraper , which is located at 15 William Street on the corner of Beaver Street in the Financial District of Manhattan , New York City . It opened in 2008 . It was designed by the New York firm of Tsao & McKown and built by André Balazs Properties . The building is 528 ft high , and includes 320 units .   Noted for its brick exterior with yellow and dark grey panels between the windows , giving rise to the nickname `` Post-It Note Building '' the building was voted , in a non-scientific poll taken in September 2011 , as `` Manhattan 's Ugliest Condo Tower '' . While originally intended to be entirely condominiums , 209 of the building 's units were converted to rental in February 2011 due to sluggish sales .   In September 2007 , one of the three penthouses was sold for 4.7 million dollars , the highest price per square foot ever in the Financial District . More recently , the building has seen its rental units nearly sell out , although occasional resident complaints , such as about credit card fees , still occur .   In 2015 , 15 William was featured in a series of articles in Domino Magazine where designers redecorated several apartments throughout the building ."}
{"_id": "1934_Detroit_Lions_season", "title": "1934 Detroit Lions season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Detroit Lions season was the fifth season in franchise history . It was the first season the team played in Detroit ; the franchise had previously played in Portsmouth , Ohio , as the Portsmouth Spartans . They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the second consecutive season .   In Week Eight of the season against the Pittsburgh Pirates , the Lions set a single-game NFL record by rushing for 426 yards as a team in a 40 -- 7 win ."}
{"_id": "1944_Washington_Huskies_football_team", "title": "1944 Washington Huskies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1944 college football season . In its third season under head coach Ralph Welch , the team compiled a 5 -- 3 record , finished in second place in the Pacific Coast Conference , and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 293 to 132 . Jim McCurdy was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1999_Chicago_Bears_season", "title": "1999 Chicago Bears season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Chicago Bears season was their 80th regular season completed in the National Football League ( NFL ) . On January 24 , Dick Jauron was named head coach . The club posted a 6 -- 10 record under Jauron , who replaced Dave Wannstedt .   Quarterbacks Shane Matthews ( 1,645 ) , Cade McNown ( 1,465 ) and Jim Miller ( 1,242 ) combined for 4,352 passing yards during the season , the most in franchise history ."}
{"_id": "1983_National_Soccer_League", "title": "1983 National Soccer League", "headings": "", "text": "The National Soccer League 1983 season was the seventh season of the National Soccer League in Australia . The champions were St George , winning the title on the last day of the season from Sydney City SC ."}
{"_id": "1972_Rothmans_International_Tennis_Tournament", "title": "1972 Rothmans International Tennis Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Rothmans International Tennis Tournament was a men 's professional tennis tournament held on indoor carpet courts in the Royal Albert Hall in London , England . It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from 18-22 January 1972 . It was an non-tour event , i.e. not part of either the 1972 Grand Prix or 1972 World Championship Tennis circuit . Cliff Richey won the singles title and $ 6,960 in prize money after defeating Clark Graebner in a three-hour-and-six-minute final ."}
{"_id": "+1_Records", "title": "+1 Records", "headings": "", "text": "+1 Records was founded in 2008 as part of the music management company +1 Music . In 2014 , +1 Records became an official label partner of Lyor Cohens 300 Entertainment . +1 Records is owned by Jonny Kaps and Nathaniel Hays ."}
{"_id": "1969_EuroHockey_Club_Champions_Cup", "title": "1969 EuroHockey Club Champions Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 EuroHockey Club Champions Cup was the first unofficial edition of Europe 's premier field hockey club competition . It took place in Brussels as a group stage won by CD Terrassa ."}
{"_id": "1876_Victorian_football_season", "title": "1876 Victorian football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1876 Victorian football season was an Australian rules football competition played during the winter of 1876 . The season consisted of matches between metropolitan and provincial football clubs in the colony of Victoria . The premier metropolitan club was Melbourne , and the premier provincial club was Barwon .   This was the final season of decentralised administration of football in Victoria ; the Victorian Football Association was formed the following year to provide a committee-based approach to the administration of the sport ."}
{"_id": "1981_Family_Circle_Cup", "title": "1981 Family Circle Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Family Circle Cup was a women 's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Sea Pines Racquet Club on Hilton Head Island , South Carolina in the United States that was part of the 1981 Avon Championships World Championship Series . It was the ninth edition of the tournament and was held from April 7 through April 12 , 1981 . First-seeded Chris Evert won the singles title and earned $ 30,000 first-prize money ."}
{"_id": "1795_in_music", "title": "1795 in music", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1932–33_NHL_season", "title": "1932–33 NHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 -- 33 NHL season was the 16th season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Nine teams each played 48 games . The New York Rangers beat the Toronto Maple Leafs three games to one for the Stanley Cup ."}
{"_id": "152mm_SpGH_DANA", "title": "152mm SpGH DANA", "headings": "", "text": "The DANA ( the name being derived from `` dělo automobilní nabíjené automaticky '' ( gun on truck loaded automatically ) ) is a wheeled self-propelled artillery piece . It is also known as the Samohybná Kanónová Húfnica vzor 77 ( ShKH vz . 77 ) ( self-propelled gun howitzer model 77 ) ; and was designed by Konštrukta Trenčín and built by ZTS Dubnica nad Váhom in the former Czechoslovakia ( now Slovakia ) . Introduced in the 1970s it was the first wheeled 152 mm self-propelled artillery gun to enter service . It is based on a modified 8x8 Tatra 813 chassis with excellent cross-country mobility . Currently it is in service with the Czech Republic , Libya , Poland , Georgia and Slovakia .   Wheeled vehicles have the advantage of being cheaper to build and easier to maintain with greater mobility . Tire pressure can be regulated to allow good mobility off-road and there is power-assisted steering on the front four wheels . It lowers 3 hydraulic stabilizers into the ground prior to firing , and has a roof mounted crane to assist with ammunition loading .   The crew of the DANA consists of the driver ( operates the hydraulic stabilizers ) and commander sitting in the front cabin , the gunner ( aims the gun and opens fire ) and loader operator ( selects the appropriate amount of powder charges ) are on the left side of the turret , the ammo handler ( sets the shells ' primers ) is on the right side turret ."}
{"_id": "1992_New_Orleans_Night_season", "title": "1992 New Orleans Night season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 New Orleans Night season was the 2nd season for the franchise . They went 4 -- 6 in 1991 and looked to make the playoffs in 1992 , but they went 0 -- 10 and missed the playoffs . Their 0 -- 10 season was the 3rd winless season in Arena Football League history ; the last team to do it before the Night was the 1991 Columbus Thunderbolts . They were disbanded after the season ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Georgetown_Hoyas_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1995–96 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball team represented Georgetown University in the 1995 -- 96 NCAA Division I basketball season . John Thompson , Jr. , coached them in his 24th season as head coach . They played their home games at USAir Arena in Landover , Maryland . They were members of the Big East 7 Division of the Big East Conference , were the regular-season champions of the Big East 7 Division , and finished the season with a record of 29-8 , 13-5 in Big East play . Their record earned them a bye in the first round of the 1996 Big East Men 's Basketball Tournament , and they advanced to the tournament final before losing to Connecticut . They were awarded a No. 2 seed in the East Regional of the 1996 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament -- Georgetowns 17th NCAA Tournament appearance in 18 years -- and advanced to the East Regional Final before losing to No. 1 seed Massachusetts . They were ranked No. 4 in the seasons final Associated Press Poll and No. 7 in the postseason Coaches ' Poll ."}
{"_id": "1996_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Women's_60_metres", "title": "1996 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 60 metres event at the 1996 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held in Stockholm Globe Arena on 8 -- 9 March ."}
{"_id": "1902_Goliad,_Texas,_tornado", "title": "1902 Goliad, Texas, tornado", "headings": "", "text": "The 1902 Goliad , Texas , tornado was a F4 tornado that struck the town of Goliad , Texas , on Sunday , May 18 , 1902 . A total of 114 people died , 250 were injured , and $ 125,000 damage occurred . Inflation adjusted puts it at $ 3.4 million ."}
{"_id": "1973_French_Open", "title": "1973 French Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France . The tournament ran from 21 May until 3 June . It was the 72nd staging of the French Open , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1973 ."}
{"_id": "1979_IAAF_World_Race_Walking_Cup", "title": "1979 IAAF World Race Walking Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 IAAF World Race Walking Cup was held in Eschborn , Federal Republic of Germany , on September 29 -- 30 , 1979 . The event was also known as IAAF Race Walking World Cup . The women 's 5 km race was now officially introduced into the competition with the women 's teams competing for the Eschborn Cup .   Complete results were published ."}
{"_id": "16th_European_Film_Awards", "title": "16th European Film Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th European Film Awards were presented on December 6 , 2003 in Berlin , Germany . The winners were selected by the members of the European Film Academy ."}
{"_id": "1985_Australian_GT_Championship", "title": "1985 Australian GT Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Australian GT Championship was the eighth Australian GT Championship and the fourth to be decided over a series of races . It was open to GT Cars complying with CAMS Group D regulations with Group B Sports Sedans and superseded Group C touring cars competing by invitation . The title was contested over six rounds from 24 March to 25 August 1985 .   This was the final season before the series would be cancelled . It would later be resurrected in 2005 ."}
{"_id": "1937–38_Football_League", "title": "1937–38 Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 -- 1938 season was the 46th season of The Football League ."}
{"_id": "1945_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 59th staging of Ireland 's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition .   Cork were the winners , getting their first title for thirty-four years ."}
{"_id": "1941–42_Fort_Wayne_Pistons_season", "title": "1941–42 Fort Wayne Pistons season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 -- 42 Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons season was the first season of the franchise in the National Basketball League ."}
{"_id": "1984_Talladega_500", "title": "1984 Talladega 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 Talladega 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series racing event held at Talladega Superspeedway on July 29 , 1984 .   Although the race was plagued with the uncomfortably hot summer temperatures typically found in the Southern United States during late July , there were no thunderstorms sighted near the race track . It was the 19th of 30 races for the 1984 Winston Cup Grand National season and was telecast live flag to flag on the CBS television network . Cale Yarborough , the winner of that season 's Daytona 500 , Winston 500 earlier that season at Talladega , and Van Scoy Diamond 500 at Pocono , won the pole at a speed of 202.474 mph . Bill Elliott timed second ."}
{"_id": "122nd", "title": "122nd", "headings": "", "text": "122nd may refer to :   122nd ( Muskoka ) Battalion , CEF , a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War  122nd Delaware General Assembly , a meeting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives  122nd Fighter Squadron , an active unit of the Louisiana Air National Guard which flies the F-15A Eagle  122nd meridian east , a line of longitude 122 ° east of Greenwich  122nd meridian west , a line of longitude 122 ° west of Greenwich  122nd Ohio Infantry , an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War  122nd Rajputana Infantry , an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army  122nd Regiment of Foot ( 1762 ) , an infantry regiment of the British Army , formed in 1762 and disbanded in 1764  122nd Regiment of Foot ( 1794 ) , an infantry regiment of the British Army , formed in 1794 and disbanded in 1796  122nd Street ( Manhattan ) , a cross street in the New York City borough of Manhattan running thirteen blocks from east to west  East 122nd Avenue , a MAX light rail station in Portland , Oregon  Ohio 122nd General Assembly , the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1997 and 1998  Polish 122nd Fighter Escadrille one of the fighter units of the Polish Army in 1939"}
{"_id": "1707_in_India", "title": "1707 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1707 in India ."}
{"_id": "1968_in_Afghanistan", "title": "1968 in Afghanistan", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  See also : 1967 in Afghanistan and 1969 in Afghanistan .   In domestic affairs the year is marked by a thorough overhaul of the judicial system by the new Supreme Court ; this involves reorganizing the powers and functions of the lower courts in line with the requirements of the constitution . In economic affairs the policies laid down in 1967 for encouraging investors in the private sector by substantial inducements - tax holidays , free import of capital goods , and protective tariffs -- are continued . Government investment is again directed to the completion of projects begun under the second development plan and to the encouragement of heavy industry . The emphasis is again on consolidation rather than on beginning new projects , and on the gradual replacement of foreign aid by increased exploitation of national resources ."}
{"_id": "1927_Chicago_Bears_season", "title": "1927 Chicago Bears season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1933_All-Pacific_Coast_football_team", "title": "1933 All-Pacific Coast football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 All-Pacific Coast football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Pacific Coast teams for the 1933 college football season . The organizations selecting teams in 1933 included the Associated Press ( AP ) , the Newspaper Enterprise Association , and the United Press ( UP ) ."}
{"_id": "1927_Indianapolis_500", "title": "1927 Indianapolis 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 15th International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Monday , May 30 , 1927 .   First-time starter George Souders wins by eight laps , the largest margin since 1913 . Souders becomes the first driver to win the full-500 mile race solo , with neither help from a relief driver , nor accompanied by a riding mechanic ."}
{"_id": "12_Hits_from_Hell", "title": "12 Hits from Hell", "headings": "", "text": "12 Hits From Hell is a cancelled studio album by the Misfits . It was recorded in 1980 but went unreleased . Caroline Records attempted to release it in 2001 , but band members Glenn Danzig and Jerry Only called off production and the album was scrapped ."}
{"_id": "1998_Caribbean_Series", "title": "1998 Caribbean Series", "headings": "", "text": "The XL edition of the Caribbean Series ( Serie del Caribe ) was held from February 5 through February 10 of with the champion baseball teams of the Dominican Republic , Águilas Cibaeñas ; Mexico , Venados de Mazatlán ; Puerto Rico , Indios de Mayagüez , and Venezuela , Cardenales de Lara . The format consisted of 12 games , each team facing the other teams twice , and the games were played at Estadio Alfonso Chico Carrasquel in Puerto la Cruz , Anzoátegui , Venezuela ."}
{"_id": "1915_California_Golden_Bears_football_team", "title": "1915 California Golden Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley during the 1915 college football season . The team competed as an independent under head coach James Schaeffer and compiled a record of 8 -- 5 . This was Cal 's first season of football since 1915 and final season as an independent ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Croatian_Ice_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1995–96 Croatian Ice Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Croatian Ice Hockey League season was the fifth season of the Croatian Ice Hockey League , the top level of ice hockey in Croatia . Four teams participated in the league , and Zagreb have won the championship ."}
{"_id": "(101869)_1999_MM", "title": "(101869) 1999 MM", "headings": "", "text": "is an eccentric , sub-kilometer sized asteroid , classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group . It was discovered on 20 June 1999 , by the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search ( LONEOS ) at its U.S. Anderson Mesa Station in Flagstaff , Arizona . The first observation was made by Catalina Sky Survey just 8 days before its official discovery ."}
{"_id": "(I've_Just_Begun)_Having_My_Fun", "title": "(I've Just Begun) Having My Fun", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( I 've Just Begun ) Having My Fun '' is a song by American recording artist Britney Spears , taken from her first greatest hits album Greatest Hits : My Prerogative ( 2004 ) . The song was produced by Bloodshy & Avant and originally recorded for In the Zone . It was released as a digital download on August 17 , 2004 , prior to the album 's release . The track has drawn comparisons to No Doubt 's single `` Hella Good '' as well as 1970s American funk bands . Lyrically , the songs refers to having a good time at a party . '' ( I 've Just Begun ) Having My Fun '' received mixed reviews from critics , some naming it one of the best songs in the compilation , while others dismissed its lyrical content . The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 2011 film Bridesmaids ."}
{"_id": "1963_in_British_television", "title": "1963 in British television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of British television related events from 1963 ."}
{"_id": "1968_Tour_of_Flanders", "title": "1968 Tour of Flanders", "headings": "", "text": "The 52nd Tour of Flanders cycling classic was held on Saturday , 30 March 1968 . The race was won by Belgian sprinter Walter Godefroot ahead of Guido Reybrouck , who was being led out by Eddy Merckx . After the race , Reybrouck tested positive for doping and Rudi Altig was promoted to second place . 82 of 175 riders finished ."}
{"_id": "1958_English_cricket_season", "title": "1958 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 English cricket season saw Surrey captain Peter May top the batting averages for the third time and his team win the County Championship for a record seventh successive title . New Zealand toured England to compete in a test series which England won 4-0 ."}
{"_id": "1999_California_500", "title": "1999 California 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 California 500 Presented by NAPA was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race held on May 2 , 1999 at California Speedway in Fontana , California . Contested at 250 laps on the 2 mile ( 3.23 km ) speedway , it was the 10th race of the 1999 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season . Jeff Gordon of Hendrick Motorsports won the race ."}
{"_id": "100_mm_anti-tank_gun_M1977", "title": "100 mm anti-tank gun M1977", "headings": "", "text": "The A407 100mm anti-tank gun M1977 is a Romanian rifled 100-mm anti-tank gun which serves as the main towed anti-tank gun of the Romanian Land Forces from 1975 until present . Versions of the M1977 gun were installed on main battle tanks ( TR-77 and TR-85 ) and ship turrets ."}
{"_id": "1993_ATP_Tour", "title": "1993 ATP Tour", "headings": "", "text": "The IBM Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) Tour is the elite tour for professional men 's tennis organized by the ATP tour . The IBM ATP Tour includes the Grand Slam tournaments ( organized by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) ) , the ATP Championship Series , Single Week , the ATP Championship Series , the ATP World Series , the ATP World Team Cup , the Davis Cup ( organized by the ITF ) , the ATP Tour World Championships and the Grand Slam Cup ( organized by the ITF ) ."}
{"_id": "1615_in_Sweden", "title": "1615 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1615 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1884_Washington_Nationals_(UA)_season", "title": "1884 Washington Nationals (UA) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1884 Washington Nationals finished with a 47 -- 65 record in the Union Association , finishing in seventh place . This was the only season the team existed , and indeed the only season the Union Association existed ."}
{"_id": "1906_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team", "title": "1906 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1906 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1906 college football season . In their second year under head coach Bennie Owen , the Sooners compiled a 5 -- 2 -- 2 record , and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 124 to 36 . This was the second year that the Sooners defeated the Oklahoma A&M Aggies ."}
{"_id": "1912_Atlantic_hurricane_season", "title": "1912 Atlantic hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1912 Atlantic hurricane season featured the first major hurricane -- Category 3 or higher on the modern day Saffir -- Simpson scale -- in the month of November . There were eleven tropical cyclones , seven of which became tropical storms ; four of those strengthened into hurricanes , and one reached major hurricane intensity . The season 's first cyclone developed on April 4 , while the final dissipated on November 21 . The season 's most intense and most devastating tropical cyclone was the final storm , known as the Jamaica hurricane . It produced heavy rainfall on Jamaica , leading to at least 100 fatalities and about $ 1.5 million ( 1912 USD ) in damage . The storm was also blamed for five deaths in Cuba .   Other tropical cyclones that left notable impact include the fourth and sixth hurricanes . The former brought rough seas and storm surge to portions of the Gulf Coast of the United States , leaving locally severe damage , particularly in Mobile , Alabama , and Pensacola , Florida , totaling about $ 39,000 . One fatality occurred after a barge capsized . The sixth hurricane brought rough seas and heavy precipitation to northeastern Mexico and south Texas , with flooding reported inland . The storm left 15 deaths and about $ 28,000 in damage . Overall , the tropical cyclones of this season collectively caused at least 122 fatalities and just under $ 1.6 million in damage .   The season 's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 57 . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs ."}
{"_id": "1961_Thomas_Cup", "title": "1961 Thomas Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The Thomas Cup competition is an international team tournament for supremacy in men 's badminton ( Its female counterpart is the Uber Cup ) . Beginning in 1948-1949 it was held every three years until 1982 and thereafter every two years . Nineteen teams , eighteen of them starting from four regional qualifying zones , Asia , Australasia , Europe , and Pan America , contested for the Thomas Cup during the 1960-1961 season . Zone winners then played-off in Jakarta , Indonesia for the right to face defending champion Indonesia ( exempt from all earlier ties ) , in a conclusive challenge round . For a more detailed description of the Thomas Cup format , see Wikipedia 's general article on the Thomas Cup ."}
{"_id": "1934–35_Primera_Fuerza_season", "title": "1934–35 Primera Fuerza season", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of México Primera División Primera Fuerza in season 1934-35 ."}
{"_id": "114_BC", "title": "114 BC", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 114 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar . At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Balbus and Cato ( or , less frequently , year 640 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 114 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years ."}
{"_id": "1970–71_Stoke_City_F.C._season", "title": "1970–71 Stoke City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 -- 71 season was Stoke City 's 64th season in the Football League and the 40th in the First Division .   Stoke had a successful season making it to the semi-final of the FA Cup for only the second time in their history . Stoke made it through seven matches before facing Arsenal , where after building a 2 -- 0 lead at Hillsborough Stoke let slip in the final few minutes and Arsenal levelled at 2 -- 2 . In the replay the `` Gunners '' won 2 -- 0 at Villa Park . In the league Stoke finished in a mid-table position of 13th with 37 points , Stoke did record a famous win over Arsenal beating the eventual league champions 5 -- 0 in September ."}
{"_id": "1995_Calgary_Stampeders_season", "title": "1995 Calgary Stampeders season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Calgary Stampeders '' ' finished in first place in the North Division with a 15 -- 3 record . They appeared in the 83rd Grey Cup but lost to the Baltimore Stallions . That Grey Cup game marked the only time an American-based team won the Grey Cup ."}
{"_id": "100_Series_Shinkansen", "title": "100 Series Shinkansen", "headings": "", "text": "The was a Japanese Shinkansen high-speed train type which operated between 1984 and 2012 on the Tokaido Shinkansen and Sanyo Shinkansen high-speed lines . They were introduced after the 200 series trains , but their numbering is such because in the days of Japanese National Railways ( JNR ) , Shinkansen types running east of Tokyo were given even numbers and those west of Tokyo odd numbers , hence they were given the next odd number in line after 0 , 100 . The last remaining examples of the type were withdrawn from service following the last runs on 16 March 2012 ."}
{"_id": "1893_in_sports", "title": "1893 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1893 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1912_in_Brazilian_football", "title": "1912 in Brazilian football", "headings": "", "text": "The following article presents a summary of the 1912 football ( soccer ) season in Brazil , the 11th season of competitive football in the country ."}
{"_id": "1986_BYU_Cougars_football_team", "title": "1986 BYU Cougars football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 BYU Cougars football team represented Brigham Young University during the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season ."}
{"_id": "1896_in_France", "title": "1896 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1896 in France ."}
{"_id": "1942_Montenegro_offensive", "title": "1942 Montenegro offensive", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 Montenegro offensive was an Italian-led counter-insurgency operation of World War II , which targeted the Yugoslav Partisans in the Italian governorate of Montenegro and the eastern Herzegovina region of the Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) . It was carried out from mid-May to June 1942 , with Chetnik forces taking part on the Italian side . The offensive followed the conclusion of the joint German-Italian Operation Trio in eastern Bosnia . Together these two operations comprise what was known as the Third Enemy Offensive ( Treća neprijateljska ofenziva ) in Yugoslav historiography .   The offensive resulted in the expulsion of almost all Partisans from Montenegro and eastern Herzegovina ."}
{"_id": "1964–65_Brentford_F.C._season", "title": "1964–65 Brentford F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1964 -- 65 English football season , Brentford competed in the Football League Third Division . Despite topping the table between September and October 1964 , the worst away record in the division and a change of managers in January 1965 derailed the club 's promotion charge ."}
{"_id": "1903–04_Football_League", "title": "1903–04 Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1903 -- 1904 season was the 16th season of The Football League ."}
{"_id": "1917_California_Golden_Bears_football_team", "title": "1917 California Golden Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley in the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) during the 1917 college football season . In their second year under head coach Andy Smith , the team compiled a 5 -- 5 -- 1 record ( 2 -- 1 against PCC opponents ) , finished in second place in the PCC , and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 149 to 104 ."}
{"_id": "1969_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_football_team", "title": "1969 Illinois Fighting Illini football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1969 Big Ten Conference football season . In their third year under head coach Jim Valek , the Illini compiled a 0 -- 10 record and finished in last place in the Big Ten Conference .   The team 's offensive leaders were quarterback Steve Livas with 705 passing yards , running back Dave Jackson with 465 rushing yards , and wide receiver Doug Dieken with 486 receiving yards . Dieken was selected as the team 's most valuable player .   Guard Doug Redmann was selected by the Newspaper Enterprise Association as a second-team player on the 1969 College Football All-America Team ."}
{"_id": "146th_Ohio_Infantry", "title": "146th Ohio Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 146th Ohio Volunteer Infantry ( or 146th OVI ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1971–72_Blackpool_F.C._season", "title": "1971–72 Blackpool F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 -- 72 season was Blackpool F.C. 's 64th season ( 61st consecutive ) in the Football League . They competed in the 22-team Division Two , then the second tier of English football , finishing sixth .   Blackpool 's defence of the Anglo-Italian Cup ended in the final against A.S. Roma at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome . The home side won 3 -- 1 .   Mickey Burns was the club 's top scorer for the second consecutive season , with twenty goals ( seventeen in the league and three in the League Cup ) ."}
{"_id": "1983_Australian_Open", "title": "1983 Australian Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne in Victoria in Australia . It was the 72nd edition of the Australian Open and was held from 29 November through 11 December 1983 ."}
{"_id": "1934–35_Magyar_Kupa", "title": "1934–35 Magyar Kupa", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 -- 35 Magyar Kupa ( English : Hungarian Cup ) was the 17th season of Hungary 's annual knock-out cup football competition ."}
{"_id": "1765_in_Russia", "title": "1765 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1765 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1965_Oregon_Webfoots_football_team", "title": "1965 Oregon Webfoots football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Oregon Webfoots football team represented University of Oregon in the 1965 college football season as a member of the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) . The Webfoots were led by head coach Len Casanova in his fifteenth season and finished with a record of four wins , five losses and one tie ( 4 -- 5 -- 1 overall , 0 -- 5 in the SWC ) ."}
{"_id": "1961_Ndola_United_Nations_DC-6_crash", "title": "1961 Ndola United Nations DC-6 crash", "headings": "", "text": "The Ndola United Nations DC-6 crash happened on 18 September 1961 . Dag Hammarskjöld , the second Secretary-General of the United Nations and 15 others died . Hammarskjöld 's death occurred in Northern Rhodesia while en route to cease-fire negotiations ."}
{"_id": "1987_British_Speedway_Championship", "title": "1987 British Speedway Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 British Speedway Championship was the 1987 edition of the British Speedway Championship . The Final took place on 31 May at Brandon in Coventry , England . The Championship was won by Kelvin Tatum , with 1986 champion Neil Evitts in second place and Simon Wigg in third ."}
{"_id": "1952_in_the_Soviet_Union", "title": "1952 in the Soviet Union", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1952 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ."}
{"_id": "1908_NCAA_Men's_Basketball_All-Americans", "title": "1908 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 College Basketball All-American team , as chosen by the Helms Foundation . The player highlighted by gold indicates that he was chosen as the Helms Foundation Player of the Year ."}
{"_id": "1703_in_Denmark", "title": "1703 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1703 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1981_Texas_Rangers_season", "title": "1981 Texas Rangers season", "headings": "", "text": "The Texas Rangers 1981 season involved the Rangers finishing 2nd in the American League West with a record of 57 wins and 48 losses . The season was suspended for 50 days due to the infamous 1981 players strike and the league chose as its playoff teams , the division winners from the first and second halves of the season , respectively ."}
{"_id": "(418993)_2009_MS9", "title": "(418993) 2009 MS9", "headings": "", "text": ", provisionally known as , is a centaur roughly 30 -- 60 km in diameter . It has a highly inclined orbit and a barycentric semi-major axis ( average distance from the Sun ) of ~ 353 AU .   has a well determined orbit and has been assigned a minor planet number . Objects such may be the origin of Halley-type comets .   It came to perihelion in February 2013 at a distance of 11 AU from the Sun ( outside the orbit of Saturn ) . , it is 12 AU from the Sun .   It will not be 50 AU from the Sun until 2047 . After leaving the planetary region of the Solar System , will have a barycentric aphelion of 696 AU with an orbital period of 6640 years .   In a 10 million year integration of the orbit , the nominal ( best-fit ) orbit and both 3-sigma clones remain outside 8.3 AU ( qmin ) from the Sun ."}
{"_id": "1906_Cincinnati_Reds_season", "title": "1906 Cincinnati Reds season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1906 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball . The team finished sixth in the National League with a record of 64 -- 87 , 51 1/2 games behind the Chicago Cubs ."}
{"_id": "1921_Tulane_Green_Wave_football_team", "title": "1921 Tulane Green Wave football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 Tulane Green Wave football team represented Tulane University during the 1921 college football season . John M. Legendre threw touchdown passes of 64 and 60 yards against Detroit ."}
{"_id": "1956–57_Brentford_F.C._season", "title": "1956–57 Brentford F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1956 -- 57 English football season , Brentford competed in the Football League Third Division South . Despite topping the table early in the season , a poor run of form dropped the club to the lower reaches of mid-table by February 1957 . A strong final two months of the season lifted the Bees to an 8th-place finish ."}
{"_id": "1924_Michigan_Agricultural_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1924 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team represented Michigan Agricultural College ( MAC ) in the 1924 college football season . In their second year under head coach Ralph H. Young , the Aggies compiled a 5 -- 3 record and outscored their opponents 210 to 48 ."}
{"_id": "1956_Lady_Wigram_Trophy", "title": "1956 Lady Wigram Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Lady Wigram Trophy was a motor race held at the Wigram Airfield Circuit on 21 January 1956 . It was the fifth Lady Wigram Trophy to be held and was won by Peter Whitehead in the Ferrari 500/750S . This was Whitehead 's second Lady Wigram Trophy victory in succession and was another international podium lockout with Tony Gaze once again finishing second and Leslie Marr finishing third ."}
{"_id": "1994_Detroit_Lions_season", "title": "1994 Detroit Lions season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Detroit Lions season was the 65th season in franchise history . It marked the Lions second consecutive playoff appearance . Despite the signing of Scott Mitchell from Miami in the offseason , the Lions would end up making the playoffs with Dave Krieg as the starting quarterback . For the second consecutive year , the Lions lost in the playoffs to the Green Bay Packers ."}
{"_id": "1898_California_Golden_Bears_football_team", "title": "1898 California Golden Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1898 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley during the 1898 college football season . The team competed as an independent under head coach Garrett Cochran and compiled a record of 8 -- 0 -- 2 ."}
{"_id": "1992_CONCACAF_U-17_Tournament", "title": "1992 CONCACAF U-17 Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 CONCACAF U-16 Tournament was a North American international association football tournament , it determined the 1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship entrants from the CONCACAF region . The 1992 edition of the competition was held in Cuba ."}
{"_id": "1929_All-Southwest_Conference_football_team", "title": "1929 All-Southwest Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 All-Southwest Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Southwest Conference teams for the 1929 college football season . The selectors for the 1929 season included the Associated Press ( AP ) ."}
{"_id": "0O", "title": "0O", "headings": "", "text": "0O ( zero O ) or 0-O may refer to :   0o , 0_o , and 0 . o , an emoticon that may refer to shocked , disturbed , or confused  0-O , abbreviation for 0-operand Instruction set  0o , or zero object , a mathematics term for a simultaneously Initial and terminal object  0O , also ZO , an abbreviation for zero order ; see List of zero terms  Zero-order hold , model of the practical signal reconstruction done by a conventional digital-to-analog converter  Zero-order reactions , a Rate equation for chemical reactions where rate is independent of reactant concentration  Zero order kinetics , a Rate equation for chemical reactions where rate is independent of reactant concentration  Zeroth-order approximation , or 0th order ; see Orders of approximation  Zeroth-order logic , first-order logic without quantifiers  0o , a prefix used in some programming languages to denote octal ( base 8 ) integer literals"}
{"_id": "1928_in_Chile", "title": "1928 in Chile", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1928 in Chile ."}
{"_id": "1975_Norwegian_First_Division", "title": "1975 Norwegian First Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Norwegian First Division in season 1975 ."}
{"_id": "140_(number)", "title": "140 (number)", "headings": "", "text": "140 ( one hundred -LSB- and -RSB- forty ) is the natural number following 139 and preceding 141 ."}
{"_id": "1979_Paris_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1979 Paris Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Bruce Manson and Andrew Pattison were the defending champions but did not compete that year .   Jean-Louis Haillet and Gilles Moretton won in the final 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 against John Lloyd and Tony Lloyd ."}
{"_id": "1969_National_League_Championship_Series", "title": "1969 National League Championship Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 National League Championship Series was a best-of-five match-up between the East Division champion New York Mets and the West Division champion Atlanta Braves . The Mets defeated the Braves three games to none , becoming the first team ever to sweep a best-of-five postseason series in baseball . They did not sweep a playoff series again until 2006 as they swept the Los Angeles Dodgers in the National League Division Series in three games .   At that time , the New York Mets became the fastest expansion team to win a National League Pennant with only seven years of existence . 28 years later in 1997 , the Florida Marlins would break that record by reaching and winning the World Series with only five years of existence . Four years after the Marlins , the Arizona Diamondbacks would break that by reaching and winning the World Series in just their fourth year .   Nolan Ryan played for the Mets at the time , but he did not play until Game 3 , which was the first playoff victory of his career .   The Braves finally avenged their 1969 loss 30 years later , by beating the Mets in that year 's NLCS four games to two ."}
{"_id": "1900_Tulane_Olive_and_Blue_football_team", "title": "1900 Tulane Olive and Blue football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1900 Tulane Olive and Blue football team represented the Tulane University during the 1900 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season ."}
{"_id": "1944_Coupe_de_France_Final", "title": "1944 Coupe de France Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Parc des Princes , Paris on May 7 , 1944 , that saw EF Nancy-Lorraine defeat EF Reims-Champagne 4 -- 0 thanks to goals by Marcel Parmeggiani , Marcel Poblomme ( 2 ) and Michel Jacques ."}
{"_id": "1978_Lamar_Cardinals_football_team", "title": "1978 Lamar Cardinals football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Lamar Cardinals football team represented Lamar University in the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Southland Conference . NCAA Division I split into Division I-A , the current Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , and Division I-AA , the current Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , for football in 1978 . Lamar and the Southland Conference opted to compete at the Division I-A level . The Cardinals played their home games at Cardinal Stadium now named Provost Umphrey Stadium in Beaumont , Texas . Lamar finished the 1978 season with a 2 -- 8 -- 1 overall record and a 0 -- 5 conference record . The 1978 season marked Bob Frederick 's final season as Lamar 's head football coach ."}
{"_id": "'Nzuddi", "title": "'Nzuddi", "headings": "", "text": "` Nzuddi are traditional cookies , typical of the Italian provinces of Messina and Catania . They are spherical , slightly flattened , golden-colored cookies , made of flour , sugar , almonds , cinnamon , egg whites and ammonia .   Historically , the cookies were made for the feast of Our Lady of the Letter , Saint Patron of the city of Messina , on June 3 . These cakes were originally prepared in the monastery of the Vincentian Sisters , and the name ` nzuddi derives from the abbreviation of the name `` Vincenzo '' ( Vincent ) in Sicilian language ."}
{"_id": "125th_Regiment_of_Foot", "title": "125th Regiment of Foot", "headings": "", "text": "The 125th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army , created in 1794 and disbanded in 1796 . It was raised at Stamford under the colonelcy of Newton Treen ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_FA_Cup", "title": "1999–2000 FA Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 FA Cup was the 119th staging of the world 's oldest cup competition , the Football Association Cup or FA Cup . Both the semi-finals and final of the competition were played at Wembley Stadium for the last time before reconstruction work began . The competition culminated with the FA Cup Final between Chelsea and Aston Villa . The game was won by a goal from Chelsea 's Roberto Di Matteo , giving them a 1-0 victory .   The previous season 's winners , Manchester United , withdrew from the 1999 -- 2000 competition due to their participation in the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship in South America , to take place in early 2000 , thus becoming the first FA Cup winners not to defend their title . Despite this being at the request of the Football Association ( FA ) , they received criticism from journalists and television pundits . To keep the competition running smoothly , the FA chose to draw one team from among those lower-division teams defeated in the second round to progress as `` lucky losers '' to the third . Darlington were the team drawn .   The main competition started in November 1999 for clubs from the Football League and Premiership . For details on the preliminary and qualifying rounds of the FA Cup see FA Cup Archives ."}
{"_id": "1993_European_Cup_(athletics)", "title": "1993 European Cup (athletics)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 European Cup was the 14th edition of the European Cup of athletics .   The Super League Finals were held in Rome , Italy ."}
{"_id": "1905_Tempe_Normal_Owls_football_team", "title": "1905 Tempe Normal Owls football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 Tempe Normal Owls football team was an American football team that represented Tempe Normal School ( later renamed Arizona State University ) as an independent during the 1905 college football season . In their seventh season under head coach Frederick M. Irish , the Owls compiled a 0 -- 3 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 28 to 8 . The team lost games to the Phoenix Indian School ( 8 -- 17 ) , Phoenix High School ( 0 -- 5 ) , and Tempe High School ( 0 -- 6 ) ."}
{"_id": "1976_Winter_Paralympics", "title": "1976 Winter Paralympics", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Winter Paralympic Games ( Swedish : Paralympiska vinterspelen 1976 ) were the first Winter Paralympics . They were held in Örnsköldsvik , Sweden , from 21 to 28 February 1976 . The disabilities included in this Paralympics were blindness and amputees . Sixteen countries took part with 53 athletes . There were competitions in Alpine and Nordic skiing for amputee and visually impaired athletes , and a demonstration event in ice sledge racing .   Originally known as the 1st Winter Olympic Games for the Disabled ."}
{"_id": "1989_Toray_Pan_Pacific_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1989 Toray Pan Pacific Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Pam Shriver and Helena Suková were the defending champions but did not compete that year .   Katrina Adams and Zina Garrison won in the final 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 against Mary Joe Fernández and Claudia Kohde-Kilsch ."}
{"_id": "1506_in_poetry", "title": "1506 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1995_Meath_Intermediate_Football_Championship", "title": "1995 Meath Intermediate Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Meath Intermediate Football Championship is the 69th edition of the Meath GAA 's premier club Gaelic football tournament for intermediate graded teams in County Meath , Ireland . The tournament consists of 17 teams . The championship starts with a group stage and then progresses to a knock out stage .   This was St. Brigid 's Ballinacree 's debut in the middle grade as they were promoted from the J.F.C. after claiming the 1994 Meath Junior Football Championship title .   On 24 September 1995 , Simonstown Gaels claimed their 1st Intermediate championship title when they defeated Castletown 0-16 to 2-9 in the final at Pairc Tailteann ."}
{"_id": "1942_Peru_earthquake", "title": "1942 Peru earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 Peru earthquake occurred on August 24 at and was located near the border of the departments of Ica and Arequipa , Peru . It had a magnitude of Mw 8.2 or Ms 8.4 ."}
{"_id": "12_Golden_Ducks", "title": "12 Golden Ducks", "headings": "", "text": "12 Golden Ducks is a 2015 Hong Kong comedy film directed by Matt Chow and starring Sandra Ng . It 's scheduled for release on 19 February 2015 .   Like the previous 3 prostitution-themed comedy films starring Ng , i.e. Golden Chicken ( 2002 ) , Golden Chicken 2 ( 2003 ) and Golden Chicken 3 ( 2014 ) , it was released on Chinese New Year ."}
{"_id": "1964_in_Cape_Verde", "title": "1964 in Cape Verde", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1964 in Cape Verde ."}
{"_id": "1881_in_Australia", "title": "1881 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1999_Arena_Football_League_season", "title": "1999 Arena Football League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Arena Football League season was the 13th season of the Arena Football League . It was succeeded by 2000 . The league champions were the Albany Firebirds , who defeated the Orlando Predators in ArenaBowl XIII ."}
{"_id": "1992_Santa_Clara_Broncos_football_team", "title": "1992 Santa Clara Broncos football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Santa Clara Broncos football team represented Santa Clara University during the 1992 NCAA Division II football season . Santa Clara competed in the last year of the Western Football Conference ( WFC ) . The WFC folded in part because of a new NCAA rule that prohibited member institutions who competed at the Division I ( D-I ) level in other sports to compete at the Division II ( D-II ) level in football . Rather than move to Division I for football , Santa Clara decided to drop the football program entirely after the 1992 season .   The 1992 Broncos were led by eighth-year head coach Terry Malley . They played home games at Buck Shaw Stadium in Santa Clara , California . Santa Clara finished the season with a record of four wins and six losses ( 4 -- 6 , 1 -- 3 WFC ) . The Broncos were outscored by their opponents 245 -- 334 for the season . In eight years at the helm , Terry Malley compiled a 47 -- 39 -- 1 record , with a winning percentage of .546 ."}
{"_id": "1966_in_British_music", "title": "1966 in British music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a summary of 1966 in music in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1991_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships", "title": "1991 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 26th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Indianapolis , United States , in the Hoosier Dome from September 6 to 15 , 1991 . This was the last championships at which the Soviet Union competed ."}
{"_id": "1926_in_Sweden", "title": "1926 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1926 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1961_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1961 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Reigning champion Maria Bueno ( BRA ) did not defend her title , as she was suffering from jaundice . Seventh-seeded Angela Mortimer ( GBR ) defeated sixth-seeded Christine Truman ( GBR ) 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 in the final to win the Ladies ' Singles tennis title at the 1961 Wimbledon Championships . It was the last all-British final to date .   The tournament was also notable on the first Grand Slam appearance of future World No. 1 Billie Jean Moffit ( later King ) ."}
{"_id": ".africa", "title": ".africa", "headings": "", "text": ". Africa is the Internet generic Top-Level Domain ( gTLD ) for the African and Pan African communities and users wherever they may reside . The . africa gTLD serves as a regional domain for individuals and entities based in and out of Africa ."}
{"_id": "146th_Airlift_Wing", "title": "146th Airlift Wing", "headings": "", "text": "The 146th Airlift Wing ( 146 AW ) is a unit of the California Air National Guard , stationed at Channel Islands Air National Guard Station , Oxnard , California . If activated to federal service , the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command .   The 115th Airlift Squadron assigned to the Wings 146th Operations Group , is a descendant organization of the 115th Observation Squadron , established on 16 June 1924 . It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II . It is the oldest unit in the California Air National Guard , having almost 90 years of service to the state and nation ."}
{"_id": "1993_WTA_Tour", "title": "1993 WTA Tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 WTA Tour , also known by its sponsored name Kraft General Foods World Tour , was the elite tour for professional women 's tennis organised by the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) . The WTA Tour included the four Grand Slam tournaments , the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tier I , Tier II , Tier III and Tier IV events . ITF tournaments are not part of the WTA Tour , although they award points for the WTA World Ranking ."}
{"_id": "1997_European_Athletics_U23_Championships_–_Men's_4_×_400_metres_relay", "title": "1997 European Athletics U23 Championships – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 4 x 400 metres relay event at the 1997 European Athletics U23 Championships was held in Turku , Finland , on 12 and 13 July 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1996_FIVB_Women's_World_Olympic_Qualification_Tournament", "title": "1996 FIVB Women's World Olympic Qualification Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Women 's Volleyball Olympic Qualifier was played by eight countries to determine the last three competing teams for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , Georgia . The tournament was held in Tokyo , Japan from May 26 to June 2 , 1996 . The top-three teams advance to the Olympic Games with one berth guaranteed for an Asian country ."}
{"_id": "1966_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_400_metres_hurdles", "title": "1966 European Athletics Championships – Men's 400 metres hurdles", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 400 metres hurdles at the 1966 European Athletics Championships was held in Budapest , Hungary , at Népstadion on 31 August , 1 and 2 September 1966 ."}
{"_id": "1955_in_India", "title": "1955 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1955 in the Republic of India ."}
{"_id": "12th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)", "title": "12th Marine Regiment (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Marine Regiment '' ' is an artillery regiment of the United States Marine Corps based at Camp Smedley Butler , Okinawa , Japan . Nicknamed `` Thunder and Steel , '' the regiment falls under the command of the 3rd Marine Division ."}
{"_id": "1988_in_the_Soviet_Union", "title": "1988 in the Soviet Union", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1965_Gator_Bowl", "title": "1965 Gator Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Gator Bowl may refer to :   1965 Gator Bowl ( January ) , January 2 , 1965 , game between the Florida State Seminoles and the Oklahoma Sooners  1965 Gator Bowl ( December ) , December 31 , 1965 , game between the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets and the Texas Tech Red Raiders"}
{"_id": "10's_Collection_March", "title": "10's Collection March", "headings": "", "text": "is the eighth single by Japanese band Antic Cafe . The initial track is featured on the Magnya Carta album . The song peaked at No. 42 on the Japanese singles chart ."}
{"_id": "1956_in_Estonian_television", "title": "1956 in Estonian television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Estonian television related events from 1956 ."}
{"_id": "1980_Toyota_Tamaraws_season", "title": "1980 Toyota Tamaraws season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Toyota Tamaraws season was the sixth season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) ."}
{"_id": "101_People_Who_Are_Really_Screwing_America", "title": "101 People Who Are Really Screwing America", "headings": "", "text": "101 People Who Are Really Screwing America ( and Bernard Goldberg is only # 73 ) is a non-fiction book by Jack Huberman . It was published in 2006 by Nation Books . The book is a liberal response to Bernard Goldberg 's book 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America , and includes criticism of Republican politicians including George W. Bush , Dick Cheney , Donald Rumsfeld , and Rick Santorum . The book received positive reception in Publishers Weekly and The Nation . Reference & Research Book News called the book `` the liberal polemical riposte '' of 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America .   The book includes quotes attributed to American radio host and conservative political commentator Rush Limbaugh , without providing a date or details about the quotes . When Limbaugh was in dealings to purchase a portion of the American football team , the St. Louis Rams in 2009 , the quotes were reported in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Limbaugh disputed the quotes . The author of the book and its publisher both declined to comment to Associated Press . Legal analysts told Fox News Channel that Limbaugh could have a case for a libel lawsuit ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_FC_Barcelona_season", "title": "1996–97 FC Barcelona season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1975_Air_Canada_Silver_Broom", "title": "1975 Air Canada Silver Broom", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Air Canada Silver Broom was held at the Perth Ice Rink in Perth , Scotland from March 17 -- 23 , 1975 ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Nottingham_Forest_F.C._season", "title": "1991–92 Nottingham Forest F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1991 -- 92 English football season , Nottingham Forest F.C. competed in the Football League First Division ."}
{"_id": "1st_Caucasus_Cossack_Division_(Russian_Empire)", "title": "1st Caucasus Cossack Division (Russian Empire)", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1884_Chicago_White_Stockings_season", "title": "1884 Chicago White Stockings season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1884 Chicago White Stockings season was the 13th season of the Chicago White Stockings franchise , the 9th in the National League and the 7th at Lakefront Park . The White Stockings finished fifth in the National League with a record of 62 -- 50 . White Stocking 3rd baseman , Ned Williamson set the then major league single season home run record with 27 home runs ."}
{"_id": "1960_All_England_Badminton_Championships", "title": "1960 All England Badminton Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 All England Championships was a badminton tournament held at Wembley , London , England from 16 -- 20 March 1960 .   The ladies champion Heather Ward moved to South Africa and did not defend her title ."}
{"_id": "1985_VFL_season", "title": "1985 VFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Victorian Football League season was the 89th season of the elite Australian rules football competition . This season commenced in March 1985 and concluded on 28 September 1985 with Essendon winning their second consecutive Premiership in a third consecutive Grand Final against Hawthorn ."}
{"_id": "1999_Pulitzer_Prize", "title": "1999 Pulitzer Prize", "headings": "", "text": "The Pulitzer Prizes for 1999 were announced on April 12 , 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1921_Detroit_Junior_College_football_team", "title": "1921 Detroit Junior College football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 Detroit Junior College football team represented Detroit Junior College ( later renamed Wayne State University ) as an independent during the 1921 college football season . In their fourth year under head coach David L. Holmes , the Detroit team compiled a 6 -- 0 -- 2 record , did not allow any of its opponents to score , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 165 to 0 . The team defeated Assumption College ( 26 -- 0 ) , Baldwin-Wallace ( 28 -- 0 ) , Michigan State Normal ( 3 -- 0 ) , Olivet College ( 26 -- 0 ) , Grand Rapids Junior College ( 39 -- 0 ) , and Toledo ( 13 -- 0 ) , and played Alma College ( 0 -- 0 ) and Central Michigan ( 0 -- 0 ) to scoreless ties . The Central Michigan game was played on Thanksgiving Day at Grindley Field in Detroit . Hazen Dever was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1976_Wayne_State_Tartars_football_team", "title": "1976 Wayne State Tartars football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Wayne State Tartars football team represented Wayne State University as a member of the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( GLIAC ) during the 1976 NCAA Division II football season . In their third year under head coach Dick Lowry , the Tartars compiled an 8 -- 2 record ( 3 -- 2 against GLIAC opponents ) and finished in a tie for second place in the conference . The season included victories over Howard ( 31 -- 14 ) , Northwood ( 29 -- 0 ) , Valparaiso ( 16 -- 9 ) , Hillsdale ( 41 -- 20 ) , Evansville ( 35 -- 28 ) , Saginaw Valley ( 31 -- 14 ) , Youngstown State ( 28 -- 0 ) , and Ashland ( 31 -- 28 ) , and losses to Ferris State ( 20 -- 12 ) and Grand Valley ( 3 -- 0 ) ."}
{"_id": "1996_Colorado_Rockies_season", "title": "1996 Colorado Rockies season", "headings": "", "text": "The Colorado Rockies ' 1996 season was the 4th for the Rockies . Managed by Don Baylor , they played home games at Coors Field and finished with a record of 83-79 , third in the NL West ."}
{"_id": "154th_Regiment", "title": "154th Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "154th Regiment may refer to :   154th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment , a unit of the Union ( North ) Army during the American Civil War  154th Indiana Infantry Regiment , a unit of the Union ( North ) Army during the American Civil War  154th Ohio Infantry , a unit of the Union ( North ) Army during the American Civil War  154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment , a unit of the Confederate States ( South ) Army during the American Civil War  154th Infantry Regiment ( `` Third Arkansas '' ) , a regiment of the United States Army during World War I  154th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps , a short-lived regiment of the British Army during World War II  154th ( Lowland ) Transport Regiment , a unit of the United Kingdom Territorial Army , formed in 1967"}
{"_id": "1993_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game", "title": "1993 Major League Baseball All-Star Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 64th playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball . The game was held on July 13 , 1993 , at Oriole Park at Camden Yards in Baltimore , Maryland , the home of the Baltimore Orioles of the American League . The game resulted in the American League defeating the National League 9-3 ."}
{"_id": "1996_\"M\"_Electronika_Cup_–_Singles", "title": "1996 \"M\" Electronika Cup – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Sabine Appelmans was the defending champion but did not compete that year .   Gloria Pizzichini won in the final 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 against Silvija Talaja ."}
{"_id": "1934_PGA_Championship", "title": "1934 PGA Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 PGA Championship was the 17th PGA Championship , held July 24 -- 29 at Park Country Club in Williamsville , New York , a suburb northeast of Buffalo . Then a match play championship , Paul Runyan won the first of his two PGA Championship titles , defeating Craig Wood in 38 holes .   Defending champion Gene Sarazen lost 4 & 3 in the second round to Al Watrous ."}
{"_id": "1987_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team", "title": "1987 Alabama Crimson Tide football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Alabama Crimson Tide football team ( variously `` Alabama '' , `` UA '' , `` Bama '' or `` The Tide '' ) represented the University of Alabama in the 1987 NCAA Division I-A football season . It was the Crimson Tide 's 95th overall and 54th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team was led by head coach Bill Curry , in his first year , and played their home games at Legion Field in Birmingham , Alabama . They finished the season with a record of seven wins and five losses ( 7 -- 5 overall , 4 -- 3 in the SEC ) and with a loss in the Hall of Fame Bowl to Michigan .   Due to a major renovation project that resulted in the completion of the western upper deck , Alabama played all of their home games at Legion Field instead of splitting them with Bryant -- Denny Stadium for the 1987 season ."}
{"_id": "1625_The_NORC", "title": "1625 The NORC", "headings": "", "text": "1625 The NORC , provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , approximately 55 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 1 September 1953 , by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle , Belgium .   The NORC is a C-type asteroid . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.5 -- 3.9 AU once every 5 years and 8 months ( 2,083 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 16 ° with respect to the ecliptic . The asteroid was first identified as at Heidelberg Observatory in 1914 . Its observation arc begins 24 years prior to its official discovery observation , when it was identified as at Uccle .   Between 2009 and 2014 , five rotational light-curve were obtained of The NORC from photometric observations taken by René Roy , David Higgins and the Palomar Transient Factory . The light-curves gave a rotation period between 12.94 and 18.820 hours with a change in brightness of 0.06 to 0.33 in magnitude . The best rated result with a period of 13.959 hours ( Δmag 0.16 ) was obtained by Australian amateur astronomer David Higgins .   According to the surveys carried out by Japanese Akari satellite and NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , The NORC measures between 44.66 and 75.11 kilometers in diameter , and its surface has an albedo of 0.023 and 0.065 . The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 47.60 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.34 .   It was named after NORC , IBM 's first-generation vacuum tube computer built in the 1950s ( also see List of vacuum tube computers and ) . NORC , or Naval Ordnance Research Calculator , was the fastest , most powerful electronic computer of its time . Under the direction of Wallace J. Eckert , after whom the asteroid 1750 Eckert is named , NORC performed a vast amount of orbital calculations for minor planet . Naming citation was published before November 1977 ."}
{"_id": "1999_Estonian_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1999 Estonian Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Estonian Figure Skating Championships ( Eesti Meistrivõistlused 1999 ) were the Estonian Figure Skating Championships of the 1999 figure skating season . Skaters competed in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies singles , pair skating and ice dancing on the senior and junior levels for the title of national champion of Estonia .   The 1999 championships were held in Tallinn , Estonia from February 19 to February 21 , 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1960–61_Scottish_Division_One", "title": "1960–61 Scottish Division One", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 -- 61 Scottish Division One was won by Rangers , who finished one point ahead of nearest rival Kilmarnock . Clyde and Ayr United finished 17th and 18th respectively and were relegated to the 1961-62 Second Division ."}
{"_id": "1968_German_Grand_Prix", "title": "1968 German Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Nürburgring on 4 August 1968 . It was the eighth round of the 1968 Formula One season . The race was held in extremely wet and foggy conditions , and British driver Jackie Stewart , racing with a broken wrist , won the race by a margin of four minutes in what is widely considered to be one of the greatest victories in the history of Formula One .   The race is also notable for Dan Gurney 's choice of a full face helmet , making him the first driver to do so in Grand Prix racing ."}
{"_id": "1956_in_science", "title": "1956 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1956 in science and technology involved some significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "%s", "title": "%s", "headings": "", "text": "% s may refer to format specifiers for variable interpolation in C standard and other libraries :"}
{"_id": "17_Again_(film)", "title": "17 Again (film)", "headings": "", "text": "17 Again is a 2009 American comedy film directed by Burr Steers . The film follows 37-year-old Mike ( Matthew Perry ) who becomes a 17-year-old boy ( Zac Efron ) after a chance accident . The film also features Leslie Mann , Thomas Lennon and Michelle Trachtenberg in supporting roles . The film was released in the United States on April 17 , 2009 ."}
{"_id": "1999_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships", "title": "1999 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships were held at Osaka Municipal Central Gymnasium in Osaka , Japan from October 12 -- 17 , 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1248_in_Italy", "title": "1248 in Italy", "headings": "", "text": "An incomplete list of events in Italy in 1248 :"}
{"_id": "1915_in_Ireland", "title": "1915 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1917_college_football_season", "title": "1917 college football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 NCAA football season had no clear-cut champion , with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing Georgia Tech as national champions , the South 's first . Pittsburgh , Ohio State , Texas A&M , Williams , and Washington State were also undefeated , and one-loss Navy was strong .   Tech coach John Heisman challenged Pitt coach Pop Warner to a postseason contest to determine a national champion , but as such a match did not occur until the next season , Tech was named national champion . The Golden Tornado was invited to play a 4 -- 3 Oregon team in the Rose Bowl , but by then many players had joined the war effort .   In the second week of play , Georgia Tech beat Penn 41 -- 0 . Bernie McCarty called it `` Strupper 's finest hour , coming through against powerful Penn in the contest that shocked the East . '' By comparison , Pitt defeated Penn 14 -- 6 ."}
{"_id": "16th_Legislative_Assembly_of_Puerto_Rico", "title": "16th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico will meet from January 2 , 2009 , to January 1 , 2013 . All members of the House of Representatives and the Senate were elected in the General Elections of 2008 . The House and the Senate both have a majority of members from the New Progressive Party ."}
{"_id": "1934_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_marathon", "title": "1934 European Athletics Championships – Men's marathon", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's marathon at the 1934 European Athletics Championships was held in Turin , Italy , on 9 September 1934 ."}
{"_id": "1934_Kansas_State_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1934 Kansas State Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1934 college football season . The 1934 team went undefeated in the Big Six Conference , and won the conference championship . It was the first major conference championship in school history , and the first since the team won the Kansas Intercollegiate Athletic Association title in 1912 . It would be another 69 years until the Wildcats would win their next conference title , the Big 12 championship in 2003 .   The Kansas State team was led by future Hall-of-Fame coach Lynn `` Pappy '' Waldorf , who would depart from the school following his one championship season . At the conclusion of the season , tackle George Maddox was named a first-team All-American player by several organizations ( including the All-America Board ) , becoming the third player in team history to be so honored . The Wildcats scored 149 points and gave up 89 points"}
{"_id": "129th_(Wentworth)_Battalion,_CEF", "title": "129th (Wentworth) Battalion, CEF", "headings": "", "text": "The 129th ( Wentworth ) Battalion , CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Dundas , Ontario , the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Wentworth County . After sailing to England in August 1916 , the battalion was absorbed into the 123rd and 124th Battalions , CEF and the 12th Reserve Battalion in October 1916 . The 129th ( Wentworth ) Battalion , CEF had one Officer Commanding : Lieut-Col . W. E. S. Knowles .   The 129th Battalion is perpetuated by The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry ( Wentworth Regiment ) ."}
{"_id": "1988_Livingston_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1988 Livingston Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Gary Donnelly and Greg Holmes were the defending champions , but did not participate this year .   Grant Connell and Glenn Michibata won the title , defeating Marc Flur and Sammy Giammalva , Jr. 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1988–89_Honduran_Liga_Nacional", "title": "1988–89 Honduran Liga Nacional", "headings": "", "text": "Following are the results of the 1988 -- 89 Honduran Liga Nacional . The Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional de Honduras ( Honduran Professional National Football League ) is the first and highest division of football in Honduras ."}
{"_id": "1946_Memorial_Cup", "title": "1946 Memorial Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 Memorial Cup final was the 28th junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association . The George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions Toronto St. Michael 's Majors of the Ontario Hockey Association in Eastern Canada competed against the Abbott Cup champions Winnipeg Monarchs of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League in Western Canada . In a best-of-seven series , held at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto , Ontario , Winnipeg won their 3rd Memorial Cup , defeating St. Michael 's 4 games to 3 ."}
{"_id": "109_BC", "title": "109 BC", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 109 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar . At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Numidicus and Silanus ( or , less frequently , year 645 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 109 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years ."}
{"_id": "1999_Nottingham_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1999 Nottingham Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Cédric Pioline defeated Kevin Ullyett 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 in the final to secure the title ."}
{"_id": "1999_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Boys'_Singles", "title": "1999 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Roger Federer was the defending champion , but did not complete in the Juniors this year .   Austrian Jürgen Melzer defeated Danish first seed Kristian Pless in the final , 7 -- 6 ( 9 -- 7 ) , 6 -- 3 ."}
{"_id": "1979_American_League_Championship_Series", "title": "1979 American League Championship Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 American League Championship Series was a best-of-five series that pitted the East Division champion Baltimore Orioles against the West Division champion California Angels , who were making their first postseason appearance . The Orioles won the Series three games to one and would go on to lose to the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1979 World Series .   This was the only ALCS between 1971 and 1981 that did not feature either the Oakland Athletics or the Kansas City Royals ."}
{"_id": "1780s_BC", "title": "1780s BC", "headings": "", "text": "The 1780s BC was a decade lasting from January 1 , 1789 BC to December 31 , 1780 BC ."}
{"_id": "1983_Fila_Europa_Cup", "title": "1983 Fila Europa Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Fila Europa Cup was a women 's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Hamburg , West Germany that was part of the 1983 Virginia Slims World Championship Series . The tournament was held from 4 July through 10 July 1983 ."}
{"_id": "1977_Aviateca_Convair_240_crash", "title": "1977 Aviateca Convair 240 crash", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Aviateca Convair 240 airplane crash was a scheduled Aviateca passenger flight that crashed near Guatemala City , Guatemala on April 27 , 1977 , killing all 28 on board ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_Duke_Blue_Devils_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1979–80 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 -- 80 Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team represented Duke University during the 1979-80 college basketball season ."}
{"_id": "1899_Currie_Cup", "title": "1899 Currie Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1899 Currie Cup was the sixth edition of the Currie Cup , the premier domestic rugby union competition in South Africa .   The tournament was won by for the first time , who won three of their matches in the competition and drew the fourth .   However , the winner of the first five tournaments , , did not participate in the 1899 event due to the impending Anglo-Boer War , nor did . Only , , and Rhodesia took part ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Slovenian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1992–93 Slovenian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 Slovenian Ice Hockey League was the second season of the Slovenian Hockey League .   At the end of the regular season the playoffs were held . Jesenice were the winners ."}
{"_id": "1972_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup_of_National_Teams", "title": "1972 FIBA Intercontinental Cup of National Teams", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 FIBA Intercontinental Cup of National Teams was a special edition tournament of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup . It took place at Ginásio do Ibirapuera , São Paulo , Brazil ."}
{"_id": "1999_TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_team", "title": "1999 TCU Horned Frogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University ( TCU ) in the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Horned Frogs finished the season 8 -- 4 overall and 5 -- 2 in conference to share the Western Athletic Conference championship with Hawaii and Fresno State . The team was coached by Dennis Franchione . The offense scored 362 points while the defense allowed 213 points . The Frogs played their home games in Amon G. Carter Stadium , which is located on campus in Fort Worth , Texas ."}
{"_id": "1390s_in_poetry", "title": "1390s in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_Football_League_Cup", "title": "1979–80 Football League Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 -- 80 Football League Cup was the 20th season of the Football League Cup , a knockout competition for England 's top 92 football clubs . The winners qualified for the 1980 -- 81 UEFA Cup , if not already qualified for European competition .   Wolverhampton Wanderers won the competition by defeating the reigning holders and European champions Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 in the final on 15 March 1980 . This was their second League Cup success , after winning in 1974 ."}
{"_id": "1862_in_paleontology", "title": "1862 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1211_in_Ireland", "title": "1211 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1211 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_FIRA_Nations_Cup", "title": "1965–66 FIRA Nations Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The Nations Cup 1965 -- 66 was the sixth edition of a European rugby union championship for national teams and was the first with this name .  After the 1954 European Cup , the FIRA did not organize any championship . During the 1964 general assembly in The Hague , it was decided to organize a tournament as a league championship . The teams would be divided in two divisions , with a process of promotion and relegation . The first edition was played between 1965 -- 66 .  Normally Italy , France and Romania played against each other regularly in `` test match '' so it was easy to arrange this kind of tournament ."}
{"_id": "12th_Delaware_General_Assembly", "title": "12th Delaware General Assembly", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government , consisting of the Delaware Legislative Council and the Delaware House of Assembly . Elections were held the first day of October and terms began on the twentieth day of October . It met in Dover , Delaware , convening October 20 , 1787 , and was the second year of the administration of President Thomas Collins .   The apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three councilors and seven assemblymen for each of the three counties . Population of the county did not affect the number of delegates ."}
{"_id": "1960s_in_motorsport", "title": "1960s in motorsport", "headings": "", "text": "This article documents the events that occurred in motorsports in the 1960s ."}
{"_id": "1965_Pittsburgh_Panthers_football_team", "title": "1965 Pittsburgh Panthers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1965 college football season . The team compiled a 3 -- 7 record under head coach John Michelosen . The team 's statistical leaders included Kenny Lucas with 1,921 passing yards and Barry McKnight with 406 rushing yards ."}
{"_id": "1460s_in_Denmark", "title": "1460s in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1460s in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1948_VFL_season", "title": "1948 VFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Victorian Football League season was the 52nd season of the elite Australian rules football competition ."}
{"_id": "1998_Texas_Rangers_season", "title": "1998 Texas Rangers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Texas Rangers season involved the Rangers finishing 1st in the American League west with a record of 88 wins and 74 losses . It would be the team 's second post-season appearance , but the team would be swept 3-0 by the New York Yankees ."}
{"_id": "1913_Mississippi_College_Collegians_football_team", "title": "1913 Mississippi College Collegians football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 Mississippi College Collegians football team represented Mississippi College in the 1913 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season ."}
{"_id": "1999_Acura_Classic", "title": "1999 Acura Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Acura Classic was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts . It was part of the 1999 WTA Tour . It took place in Los Angeles , California , United States , from August 9 through August 15 , 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1994_Dunhill_Cup", "title": "1994 Dunhill Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Dunhill Cup was the 10th Dunhill Cup . It was a team tournament featuring 16 countries , each represented by three players . The Cup was played 6 -- 9 October 1994 at the Old Course at St Andrews in Scotland . The sponsor was the Alfred Dunhill company . The Canadian team of Dave Barr , Rick Gibson , Ray Stewart beat the American team of Fred Couples , Tom Kite , and Curtis Strange in the final . They were the first unseeded team to win the Dunhill Cup ."}
{"_id": "1949_SANFL_season", "title": "1949 SANFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 South Australian National Football League season was the 70th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia ."}
{"_id": "10_from_6", "title": "10 from 6", "headings": "", "text": "10 from 6 is a compilation album released by British supergroup Bad Company in December 1985 on Atlantic Records label . All the songs on the album were previously released on Swan Song Records , a record label begun by Led Zeppelin in 1974 . The title refers to the album 's 10 songs taken from the six albums Bad Company had recorded to that time , though no songs from Burnin ' Sky appear in the album ."}
{"_id": "1978–79_New_York_Islanders_season", "title": "1978–79 New York Islanders season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 -- 79 New York Islanders season was the seventh season for the franchise in the National Hockey League . The New York Islanders finished first overall by one point over the defending Stanley Cup champions Montreal Canadiens in the regular season standings ."}
{"_id": "1942–43_South_African_cricket_season", "title": "1942–43 South African cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 -- 43 South African cricket season saw only two first-class game . South Africa was involved in the Second World War and with the war came austerity and cricket matches played for the Currie Cup were considered too frivolous to be played in a country at war . There were only three first-class games played in South Africa during it . The two games played in 1942-43 ."}
{"_id": "1838_San_Andreas_earthquake", "title": "1838 San Andreas earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1838 San Andreas earthquake is believed to be a rupture along the northern part of the San Andreas Fault in June 1838 . It affected approximately 100 km ( 62 miles ) of the fault , from the San Francisco Peninsula to the Santa Cruz Mountains . It was a strong earthquake , with an estimated moment magnitude of 6.8 to 7.2 , making it one of the largest known earthquakes in California . The region was lightly populated at the time , although structural damage was reported in San Francisco , Oakland , and Monterey . It is unknown whether there were fatalities . Based on geological sampling , the fault created approximately 1.5 meters ( 3.3 feet ) of slip .   For years , another large earthquake was said to have occurred two years earlier in June 1836 along the Hayward fault , however this is now believed to be referring to the 1838 San Andreas earthquake . There is no evidence a large earthquake hit the region in 1836 ."}
{"_id": "1898_in_Japan", "title": "1898 in Japan", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1898 in Japan ."}
{"_id": "1985_Great_Taste_Coffee_Makers_season", "title": "1985 Great Taste Coffee Makers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Great Taste Coffee Makers season was the 11th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) ."}
{"_id": "1987_College_Football_All-America_Team", "title": "1987 College Football All-America Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1987 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) recognizes five selectors as `` official '' for the 1987 season . They are : ( 1 ) the American Football Coaches Association ( AFCA ) ; ( 2 ) the Associated Press ( AP ) selected based on the votes of sports writers at AP newspapers ; ( 3 ) the Football Writers Association of America ( FWAA ) ; ( 4 ) the United Press International ( UPI ) selected based on the votes of sports writers at UPI newspapers ; and ( 5 ) the Walter Camp Football Foundation ( WC ) . Other notable selectors included Football News the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) , Scripps Howard ( SH ) , and The Sporting News ( TSN ) ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_1._Slovenská_národná_hokejová_liga_season", "title": "1992–93 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 1 . Slovenská národná hokejová liga season was the 24th and last season of the 1 . Slovenská národná hokejová liga , the second level of ice hockey in Czechoslovakia alongside the 1 . Česká národní hokejová liga . 12 teams participated in the league , and AC Nitra won the championship . The top six teams in the league were promoted to the Slovak Extraliga for the following season , while the bottom six teams joined the Slovak 1 . Liga"}
{"_id": "1997_Copa_CONMEBOL_Finals", "title": "1997 Copa CONMEBOL Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Copa CONMEBOL Finals were the final two-legged tie that decided the 1997 Copa CONMEBOL , the sixth edition of Copa CONMEBOL . The finals were contested in two-legged home-and-away format between Argentina 's Lanús and Atlético Mineiro from Brazil . The matches were held at the Estadio Ciudad de Lanús , in Lanús , and at the  Mineirão , in Belo Horizonte .   It was Lanús 's second appearance in the finals of the Copa CONMEBOL , being the defending champions , while Atlético Mineiro reached the finals for the third time . Atlético Mineiro won the tie 5 -- 2 to claim its second title in the competition ."}
{"_id": "1_Timothy_2", "title": "1 Timothy 2", "headings": "", "text": "1 Timothy 2 is the second chapter of the First Epistle to Timothy in the New Testament of the Christian Bible . It is authored by Paul the Apostle ."}
{"_id": "11th_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)", "title": "11th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Armoured Brigade was an armoured brigade of the British Army raised during the Second World War . The brigade was a 1st Line Territorial Army formation , consisting of three infantry battalions converted into armoured regiments ."}
{"_id": "1985_Polar_Sea_controversy", "title": "1985 Polar Sea controversy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Polar Sea controversy was a diplomatic event triggered by plans for the navigation of through the Northwest passage from Greenland to Alaska without formal authorization from the Canadian government . It was the United States ' position that the Northwest Passage was an international strait open to shipping and it sought only to notify Canada rather than ask for permission .   Publication of the plans enraged the Canadian public opinion as it was regarded as a breach and disregard of sovereignty and prompted the government to take preventive measures in defending Canada 's arctic territories . The U.S. never recognized Canada 's claim over the Northwest passage but nevertheless , the two countries reached an agreement two years later which stipulated that in the future , the U.S. would ask permission before navigating the disputed waters .   Canada 's sovereignty over the region 's waters was still a contentious issue as of 2010 and is likely to become of increasing importance as climate change in the Arctic has the potential to render those waters more accessible to commercial ships and the thawing of the sea ice of making oil drilling easier ."}
{"_id": "1984–85_Scottish_Second_Division", "title": "1984–85 Scottish Second Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 -- 85 Scottish Second Division was won by Montrose who , along with second placed Alloa Athletic , were promoted to the First Division . Arbroath finished bottom ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_Celtic_F.C._season", "title": "1983–84 Celtic F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1983 -- 84 Scottish football season , Celtic competed in the Scottish Premier Division ."}
{"_id": "1949_County_Championship", "title": "1949 County Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 County Championship was the 50th officially organised running of the County Championship .   The Championship was shared for the first time in its history between Middlesex County Cricket Club and Yorkshire County Cricket Club ."}
{"_id": "1904–05_Burslem_Port_Vale_F.C._season", "title": "1904–05 Burslem Port Vale F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 -- 05 season was Burslem Port Vale 's seventh consecutive season ( 11th overall ) of football in the Football League . A poor season , the club had to apply ( successfully ) for re-election . The club had to continue their policy of selling their best players to survive .   An extremely poor defence saw some embarrassing scorelines away from home , and the lack of a consistent goalscorer was also a cause for concern ."}
{"_id": "15th_Genie_Awards", "title": "15th Genie Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 15th Genie Awards were held in 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_FK_Sarajevo_season", "title": "1995–96 FK Sarajevo season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1916–17_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1916–17 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1916 -- 17 Illinois Fighting Illini men 's basketball team represented the University of Illinois ."}
{"_id": "1835_in_sports", "title": "1835 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1835 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Liechtenstein_Cup", "title": "1997–98 Liechtenstein Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The Liechtenstein Football Cup is Liechtenstein 's premier football competition , and has been organised annually by the Liechtenstein Football Association ( LFV ) since 1946 . The winner qualifies to take part in the UEFA Europa League ."}
{"_id": "13th_Combat_Sustainment_Support_Battalion_(United_States)", "title": "13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "13th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion ( CSSB ) is a modular , corps-level support organization responsible for providing multifunctional logistics support to maneuver , fires , and effects organizations as well as multifunctional logistics assistance to other support organizations . The 13th CSSB was formerly stationed at Fort Benning , Georgia , and was a subordinate unit of the 3rd Sustainment Brigade . The battalion was deactivated in October 2011 at Ft Benning and reflagged from the former 80th Ordnance Battalion at Joint Base Lewis/McChord . The battalion is now subordinate to the 42d Military Police Brigade of the 593rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command ."}
{"_id": "1940_Coupe_de_France_Final", "title": "1940 Coupe de France Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 -- 40 Coupe de France football competition concluded with a final at the Parc des Princes stadium in Paris on May 5 , 1940 , between RC Paris , the winners of the previous competition , and Olympique de Marseille , winners of the 1937 -- 1938 competition . The closing stages of the competition were held against a backdrop of war against Germany , with the invasion of France imminent by the day of the final .   Paris had used 20 different players during their progression to the final , highlighting the difficulty in forming a consistent team during war-time . Only the team 's captain , 20-year-old René Roulier played in every cup tie .   Both teams contained a number of naturalised players in their squads , Paris with five : goalkeeper Hiden , midfielder Jordan and centre forward Hiltl of Austria ; and wingers Mathé and Weiskopf from Hungary . For their part , Marseille included a `` stateless '' Austrian in the form of their winger , Donnerfeld ( Austria having annexed by Germany in the Anschluss of 1938 ) , together with a naturalised former German , centre forward Heiss , and a Hungarian , centre forward Eisenhoffer , a 40-year-old veteran .   The game itself was an aggressive affair , with a player on each side dismiised from the field of play . Having taken the lead in the 16th minute through Emmanuel Aznar , Marseille conceded two goals , on the 25th minute to Paris captain Roulier , and on 70 minutes , to Mathé ; Marseille claimed that both Paris goals were offside ."}
{"_id": "1986_in_aviation", "title": "1986 in aviation", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of aviation-related events from 1986 :"}
{"_id": "1982_Whitbread_Awards", "title": "1982 Whitbread Awards", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1950–51_MJHL_season", "title": "1950–51 MJHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 -- 51 Manitoba Junior Hockey League season saw the Winnipeg Monarchs win the league championship ."}
{"_id": "1867_in_India", "title": "1867 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1867 in India . The british set india 's financial year from 1 april to 31 march . In 2016 government of india constituted Shankar acharya committee to examine feasibility and desirability of having new fiscal year ( 1 January-31 December )"}
{"_id": "1960_Missouri_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1960 Missouri Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Big Eight Conference ( Big 8 ) during the 1960 college football season . The team compiled an 11 -- 0 record ( 7 -- 0 against Big 8 opponents ) , won the Big 8 championship , defeated Navy in the 1961 Orange Bowl , was ranked No. 5 in the final AP Poll , and outscored opponents by a combined total of 295 to 93 . Dan Devine was the head coach for the third of 13 seasons . The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Columbia , Missouri .   The 1960 season included one of the most famous games in the history of Missouri vs. Kansas rivalry . Kansas used an ineligible player , Bert Coan , in the game , and the win was officially awarded to Missouri , bringing its record to 11 -- 0 instead of 10 -- 1 .   The team 's statistical leaders included Mel West with 650 rushing yards and 650 yards of total offense , Ron Taylor with 302 passing yards , Danny LaRose with 151 receiving yards , and Donnie Smith with 78 point scored ."}
{"_id": "1844_in_art", "title": "1844 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1844 in art ."}
{"_id": "1992_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_10,000_metres_walk", "title": "1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's 10,000 metres walk", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 10,000 metres walk event at the 1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Seoul , Korea , at Olympic Stadium on 16 September ."}
{"_id": "1977_New_York_Mets_season", "title": "1977 New York Mets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 New York Mets season was the 16th regular season for the Mets , who played home games at Shea Stadium . Initially led by manager Joe Frazier followed by Joe Torre , the team had a 64 -- 98 and finished in last place for the first time since 1967 , and for the first time since divisional play was introduced in 1969 ."}
{"_id": "1978_in_British_music", "title": "1978 in British music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a summary of 1978 in music in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": ".500_Maximum", "title": ".500 Maximum", "headings": "", "text": "The .500 Maximum , also known as .500 Linebaugh Maximum and .500 Linebaugh Long , is a revolver cartridge developed by John Linebaugh . Only a small number of custom made 5-shot single action revolvers , such as the BMF .500 Maximum manufactured by Gary Reeder Custom Guns , the Ruger Bowen .500 Maximum manufactured by Bowen Classic Arms Corporation and revolvers manufactured by John Linebaugh or Jack Huntington , are being chambered for this round , with a barrel length of up to 6.5 '' with no muzzle brake or ports ."}
{"_id": "1968–69_Seattle_SuperSonics_season", "title": "1968–69 Seattle SuperSonics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 -- 69 Seattle SuperSonics season was the second season of the Seattle franchise in the NBA . The Sonics finished the regular season with a 30 -- 52 record in 6th place on the Western Division . During the offseason , Seattle trade their top scorer Walt Hazzard to the Atlanta Hawks to bring three-times All-Star Lenny Wilkens , who would serve as head coach of the team the following year ."}
{"_id": "1905_Cincinnati_Reds_season", "title": "1905 Cincinnati Reds season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball . The team finished fifth in the National League with a record of 79 wins and 74 losses , 26 games behind the New York Giants ."}
{"_id": "10G-EPON", "title": "10G-EPON", "headings": "", "text": "The 10 Gbit/s Ethernet Passive Optical Network standard , better known as 10G-EPON allows computer network connections over telecommunication provider infrastructure . The standard supports two configurations : symmetric , operating at 10 Gbit/s data rate in both directions , and asymmetric , operating at 10 Gbit/s in the downstream ( provider to customer ) direction and 1 Gbit/s in the upstream direction . It was ratified as IEEE 802.3 av standard in 2009 ."}
{"_id": "1954_Auburn_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1954 Auburn Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1954 college football season . It was the Tigers ' 63rd overall and 22nd season as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team was led by head coach Ralph `` Shug '' Jordan , in his fourth year , and played their home games at Cliff Hare Stadium in Auburn and Legion Field in Birmingham , Alabama . They finished with a record of eight wins and three losses ( 8 -- 3 overall , 3 -- 3 in the SEC ) and with a victory over Baylor in the Gator Bowl ."}
{"_id": "1992_European_Seniors_Tour", "title": "1992 European Seniors Tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 European Seniors Tour was the inaugural season of the European Seniors Tour , the professional golf tour for men aged 50 and above operated by the PGA European Tour ."}
{"_id": "19:19", "title": "19:19", "headings": "", "text": "'' ' 19:19 '' is the seventh episode of the second season of the American crime-thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on November 7 , 1997 . The episode was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong , and directed by Thomas J. Wright . `` 19:19 '' featured guest appearances by Kristen Cloke and Christian Hoff .   Millennium Group offender profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) investigates the abduction of a bus full of schoolchildren , requiring the help of fellow Group members Peter Watts ( Terry O'Quinn ) and Lara Means ( Cloke ) as he tracks a man preparing for a third world war .   `` 19:19 '' featured several minor guest stars who would later return to the series , as well as the second appearance by recurring actor Cloke . The episode was viewed by approximately 5.98 million households in its initial broadcast , and received a mixed response from television critics ."}
{"_id": "1994_San_Jose_State_Spartans_football_team", "title": "1994 San Jose State Spartans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 San Jose State Spartans football team represented San Jose State University during the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Big West Conference . The team was led by head coach John Ralston , in his second year as head coach at San Jose State . They played their home games at Spartan Stadium in San Jose , California . The Spartans finished the 1994 season with a record of three wins and eight losses ( 3 -- 8 , 3 -- 3 Big West ) ."}
{"_id": "100_(number)", "title": "100 (number)", "headings": "", "text": "100 or one hundred ( Roman numeral : ) is the natural number following 99 and preceding 101 .   In medieval contexts , it may be described as the short hundred or five score in order to differentiate the English and Germanic use of `` hundred '' to describe the long hundred of six score or 120 ."}
{"_id": "1998_Qatar_Crown_Prince_Cup", "title": "1998 Qatar Crown Prince Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Qatar Crown Prince Cup was the 4th edition of this cup tournament in men 's football ( soccer ) . It was played by the top 4 teams of the Q-League .   Al-Sadd were crowned champions for the first time ."}
{"_id": "1978_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_long_jump", "title": "1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's long jump", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's long jump at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Praha , then Czechoslovakia , at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 29 and 30 August 1978 ."}
{"_id": "1990_Deutsche_Tourenwagen_Meisterschaft", "title": "1990 Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft was the seventh season of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft ( German Touring Car Championship ) . The season had twelve rounds with two races each ."}
{"_id": "1990_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_–_CAF_Second_Round", "title": "1990 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF Second Round", "headings": "", "text": "The CAF Second Round was the second stage of qualification for the 1990 FIFA World Cup in the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) zone .   The eight teams advancing from the first round were joined by the eight highest ranked African nations : Algeria , Cameroon , Côte d'Ivoire , Egypt , Kenya , Morocco , Nigeria and Zaire ."}
{"_id": "1968_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1968 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Rod Laver defeated Tony Roche 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 in the final to win the Gentlemen 's Singles title at the 1968 Wimbledon Championships . It was Laver 's third Wimbledon title , and his seventh grand slam overall . This was the first year when professional tennis players were allowed to compete at the Wimbledon Championships . Previously only amateur tennis players could compete .   John Newcombe was the defending champion , but was defeated in the fourth round by Arthur Ashe ."}
{"_id": "1834_in_South_Africa", "title": "1834 in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __"}
{"_id": "1997_reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada", "title": "1997 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada", "headings": "", "text": "The table below lists the reasons delivered from the bench by the Supreme Court of Canada during 1997 . The table illustrates what reasons were filed by each justice in each case , and which justices joined each reason . This list , however , does not include reasons on motions ."}
{"_id": "1996_Georgia_Southern_Eagles_football_team", "title": "1996 Georgia Southern Eagles football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Georgia Southern Eagles football team represented the Georgia Southern Eagles of Georgia Southern University during the 1996 NCAA Division I-AA football season . The Eagles played their home games at Paulson Stadium in Statesboro , Georgia . The team was coached by Frank Ellwood , in his first and only year as head coach for the Eagles ."}
{"_id": "1961_CFL_season", "title": "1961 CFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Canadian Football League season is considered to be the eighth season in modern-day Canadian football , although it is officially the fourth Canadian Football League season ."}
{"_id": "1951_in_fine_arts_of_the_Soviet_Union", "title": "1951 in fine arts of the Soviet Union", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1951 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts ."}
{"_id": "1716_in_piracy", "title": "1716 in piracy", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1715 in piracy ,  other events of 1716 ,  1717 in piracy and the  list of ` years of Piracy ' ."}
{"_id": "1996_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race", "title": "1996 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race , sponsored by Telstra , was the 52nd annual running of the `` blue water classic '' Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race . As in past editions of the race , it was hosted by the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia based in Sydney , New South Wales . As with previous Sydney to Hobart Yacht Races , the 1996 edition began on Sydney Harbour , at noon on Boxing Day ( 26 December 1996 ) , before heading south for 630 nautical miles ( 1,170 km ) through the Tasman Sea , past Bass Strait , into Storm Bay and up the River Derwent , to cross the finish line in Hobart , Tasmania .   The 1996 fleet comprised 95 starters of which 78 completed the race and 17 yachts retired ."}
{"_id": "16th_Reserve_Division_(German_Empire)", "title": "16th Reserve Division (German Empire)", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Reserve Division ( 16 . Reserve-Division ) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I . The division was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 as part of VIII Reserve Corps . The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I . The division was recruited primarily in the Prussian Rhine Province . At the beginning of the war , it formed the VIII Reserve Corps with the 15th Reserve Division . This was the unit in which Adolf Hitler served from 1914-1918 ."}
{"_id": "1962–63_United_States_network_television_schedule_(weekday)", "title": "1962–63 United States network television schedule (weekday)", "headings": "", "text": "These are the daytime Monday -- Friday schedules on all three networks for each calendar season beginning September 1962 . All times are Eastern/Pacific .   Talk/Variety shows are highlighted in yellow , Local News & Programs are highlighted in white , Reruns of Prime Time Shows are orange , Game Shows are pink , Soap Operas are chartreuse , News Programs are gold and all others are light blue . Debut Shows are shown in Bold Letters ."}
{"_id": "1983_OFC_U-17_Championship", "title": "1983 OFC U-17 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 OFC U-17 Championship , was the OFC Under 17 Qualifying Tournament , the biennial football championship of Oceania ( OFC ) . It was the 1st edition of the tournament and was held in Auckland , New Zealand from 3 to 10 December 1983 . New Zealand qualified for the 1985 FIFA U-16 World Championship , in China ."}
{"_id": "1892_in_baseball", "title": "1892 in baseball", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1933_Western_State_Hilltoppers_football_team", "title": "1933 Western State Hilltoppers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 Western State Hilltoppers football team represented Western State Normal School ( later renamed Western Michigan University ) as an independent during the 1933 college football season . In their fifth season under head coach Mike Gary , the Hilltoppers compiled a 3 -- 3 -- 1 record and outscored their opponents , 66 to 64 . Center Maurice Tingstad was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1974_Iowa_Hawkeyes_football_team", "title": "1974 Iowa Hawkeyes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1974 Big Ten Conference football season . This was Bob Commings ' first year as head coach of the Hawkeyes ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Israel_State_Cup", "title": "1997–98 Israel State Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 Israel State Cup ( גביע המדינה , Gvia HaMedina ) was the 59th season of Israel 's nationwide football cup competition and the 44th after the Israeli Declaration of Independence .   The competition was won by Maccabi Haifa who had beaten Hapoel Jerusalem 2 -- 0 in the final .   By winning , Maccabi Haifa qualified to the 1998 -- 99 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , entering in the qualifying round ."}
{"_id": "1970–71_in_Scottish_football", "title": "1970–71 in Scottish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 -- 71 season was the 98th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 74th season of Scottish league football ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Philadelphia_76ers_season", "title": "1992–93 Philadelphia 76ers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 NBA season was the 76ers 44th season in the National Basketball Association , and 30th season in Philadelphia . During the offseason , the Sixers acquired Jeff Hornacek , Andrew Lang and Tim Perry from the Phoenix Suns . The Sixers got off to a bad start losing 11 of their first 14 games . The team also suffered two defeats that were greater than 50 points ( at Kings 154 -- 98 on Jan. 2 , and at Sonics 149 -- 93 on Mar. 6 ) . As the NBA in the 1990s emphasized more defensive play , head coach Doug Moe tried to implement an up-tempo attack offense similar to his Nuggets teams of the 1980s , which failed miserably . With the team holding a 19 -- 37 record in early March , he was fired and replaced with Fred Carter .   On March 28 , during a nationally televised broadcast game between the Suns and the Sixers , former 76ers forward Charles Barkley received a standing ovation from his former home fans at The Spectrum . When the Sixers team was introduced , the crowd booed loudly at them . The Suns went on to win 110 -- 100 . Late in the season , the Sixers signed free agent Thomas Jordan , who played in the final four games of the season averaging 11.0 points , 4.8 rebounds and 1.3 blocks per game . The Sixers finished sixth in the Atlantic Division with a 26 -- 56 record . Top draft pick Clarence Weatherspoon made the All-Rookie Second Team .   Following the season , Hersey Hawkins was traded to the Charlotte Hornets , Armen Gilliam and Ron Anderson both signed as free agents with the New Jersey Nets , Lang signed with the Atlanta Hawks , Manute Bol signed with the Miami Heat , and Jordan was released and returned to playing overseas , ending his short lived stint in the NBA ."}
{"_id": "1915_North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_football_team", "title": "1915 North Carolina Tar Heels football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 North Carolina Tar Heels football team was an American football team that represented the University of North Carolina in the 1915 college football season . The team compiled a 4 -- 3 -- 1 record and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 105 to 98 ."}
{"_id": "1966–67_1re_série_season", "title": "1966–67 1re série season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 -- 67 1re série season was the 46th season of the 1re série , the top level of ice hockey in France . Chamonix Hockey Club won their 23rd league title ."}
{"_id": "1978–79_Scottish_Second_Division", "title": "1978–79 Scottish Second Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 -- 79 Scottish Second Division was won by Berwick Rangers who , along with second placed Dunfermline Athletic , were promoted to the First Division . Meadowbank Thistle finished bottom ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_NFL_playoffs", "title": "1986–87 NFL playoffs", "headings": "", "text": "The National Football League playoffs for the 1986 season began on December 28 , 1986 . The postseason tournament concluded with the New York Giants defeating the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXI , 39 -- 20 , on January 25 , 1987 , at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California ."}
{"_id": "1728_in_France", "title": "1728 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1728 in France ."}
{"_id": "1874–75_FA_Cup", "title": "1874–75 FA Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1874 -- 75 FA Cup was the fourth season of England 's oldest football tournament , the Football Association Challenge Cup or `` FA Cup '' . 29 teams entered , one more than the previous season , although four of the 29 never played a match . The final was contested by Royal Engineers -- playing in their third final in the four seasons of the FA Cup -- and Old Etonians -- playing in their first final . On their way to the final , Royal Engineers knocked out Cambridge University in the Second Round and holders Oxford University in the Semi-finals , while Old Etonians only managed to score more than one goal in one match : their second replay against Swifts , which they won 3 -- 0 . The biggest win of the competition was recorded by two-time FA Cup winners Wanderers , who beat Farningham 16 -- 0 in the First Round .   In the final , played on 13 March 1875 , Old Etonians forced a replay against Royal Engineers , with the two sides playing out a 1 -- 1 draw . The replay was played three days later , when goals from Henry Renny-Tailyour and William Stafford secured a 2 -- 0 win for Royal Engineers ."}
{"_id": "1994_Topper_South_American_Open_(tennis)", "title": "1994 Topper South American Open (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 ATP Buenos Aires was an Association of Tennis Professionals tennis tournament held in Buenos Aires , Argentina and played on outdoor clay courts . It was the 23rd edition of the tournament and was held from November 7 to November 14 ."}
{"_id": "1916_in_India", "title": "1916 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1916 in India ."}
{"_id": "1923_Yorkshire_Cup", "title": "1923 Yorkshire Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 Yorkshire Cup was the sixteenth occasion on which the Yorkshire Cup competition had been held . This year , for the fourth consecutive year , produced another new name was inscribed on the trophy . Hull F.C. ( previously three times beaten finalists ) won the trophy by beating Huddersfield by the score of 10-4 in the final . The match was played at Headingley , Leeds , now in West Yorkshire . The attendance was 23,300 and receipts were # 1,728 ."}
{"_id": "1991_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_1500_metres", "title": "1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 1500 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 1500 metres event at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8 and 9 March ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_Stoke_City_F.C._season", "title": "1963–64 Stoke City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 season was Stoke City 's 57th season in the Football League and the 33rd in the First Division .   With the club now on a high after gaining promotion back to England 's top tier manager Tony Waddington wasted no time in bringing in new signings to make sure relegation was avoided . He broke the transfer record and despite some concern during the season Stoke stayed up comfortably in 17th position . Stoke enjoyed success in the League Cup reaching the final against Leicester City before losing 4 -- 3 over two legs ."}
{"_id": "1974_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_triple_jump", "title": "1974 European Athletics Championships – Men's triple jump", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's triple jump at the 1974 European Athletics Championships was held in Roma , Italy , at Stadio Olimpico on 8 September 1974 ."}
{"_id": "16.6_(Before_the_Devil_Knows_You're_Dead)", "title": "16.6 (Before the Devil Knows You're Dead)", "headings": "", "text": "16.6 ( Before the Devil Knows You 're Dead ) is the eighth studio album by the German heavy metal band Primal Fear . It is the first album by the band not featuring long-time guitarist Stefan Leibing and the first album featuring new guitarist Magnus Karlsson . The band says of the album that it `` includes a lot of the vibe of our very first albums '' and also `` a lot of fresh and new elements '' ."}
{"_id": "1976_Rothmans_International_Series", "title": "1976 Rothmans International Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Rothmans International Series was an Australian motor racing competition open to single seater racing cars complying with Australian Formula 1 . The series , which was the first Rothmans International Series , was won by Vern Schuppan , driving a Lola T332 Chevrolet ."}
{"_id": "1929_College_Football_All-America_Team", "title": "1929 College Football All-America Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1929 . The seven selectors recognized by the NCAA as `` official '' for the 1929 season are ( 1 ) Collier 's Weekly , as selected by Grantland Rice , ( 2 ) the Associated Press , ( 3 ) the United Press , ( 4 ) the All-America Board , ( 5 ) the International News Service ( INS ) , ( 6 ) the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) , and ( 7 ) the North American Newspaper Alliance ( NANA ) ."}
{"_id": "1980_Lancashire_Cup", "title": "1980 Lancashire Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Rugby League Lancashire Cup competition   1980 was the sixty-eighth occasion on which the Lancashire Cup completion had been held .   Warrington won the trophy by beating Wigan by the score of 26-10  The match was played at Knowsley Road , Eccleston , St Helens , Merseyside , ( historically in the county of Lancashire ) . The attendance was 6,279 and receipts were # 8,629.00"}
{"_id": "121st_Fighter_Aviation_Squadron", "title": "121st Fighter Aviation Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 121st Fighter Aviation Squadron ( Serbo-Croatian : 121 . lovačka avijacijska eskadrila / 121 . ловачка авијацијска ескадрила ) was an aviation squadron of Yugoslav Air Force established in April , 1961 as part of 83rd Fighter Aviation Regiment at Zemunik military airport .   It was equipped with US-made North American F-86E Sabre jet fighter aircraft .   In 1963 the 83rd Fighter Aviation Regiment with its both squadrons ( 120th and 121st Fighter Aviation Squadron ) has been dislocated from Zemunik to Titograd military airport .   By the end of year 1964 the 83rd Fighter Aviation Regiment has been disbanded . The 121st Fighter Aviation Squadron was also disbanded . Its personnel and equipment were attached to 120th Fighter Aviation Squadron ."}
{"_id": "1997_FIA_GT_Zeltweg_4_Hours", "title": "1997 FIA GT Zeltweg 4 Hours", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 FIA GT Zeltweg 4 Hours was the sixth race of the 1997 FIA GT Championship season . It was run at the redesigned A1-Ring , Austria on August 3 , 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1979_Atlantic_hurricane_season", "title": "1979 Atlantic hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Atlantic hurricane season was the first season to include both male and female names , as well as the common six-year rotating lists of tropical cyclone names . The season officially began on June 1 , and lasted until November 30 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . It was slightly below average , with nine systems reaching tropical storm intensity . The first system , an unnumbered tropical depression , developed north of Puerto Rico on June 9 . Two days later , Tropical Depression One formed and produced severe flooding in Jamaica , with 40 deaths and about $ 27 million ( 1979 USD ) in damage . Tropical Storm Ana caused minimal impact in the Lesser Antilles . Hurricane Bob spawned tornadoes and produced minor wind damage along the Gulf Coast of the United States , primarily in Louisiana , while the remnants caused flooding , especially in Indiana . Tropical Storm Claudette caused extensive flooding , due to torrential rainfall . There were two deaths and damaged totaled $ 750 million .   The most intense tropical cyclone of the season was Hurricane David . It moved across the Lesser Antilles in late August , with the worst hit islands being Dominica and Martinique . The storm then strengthened further and struck Dominican Republic as a Category 5 hurricane . David was the strongest and deadliest tropical cyclone to make landfall in that country since 1930 . In Dominican Republic alone , the system caused approximately 1,000 death and $ 1 billion in damage . Later , David brought wind damage , tornadoes , and flooding to portions of the East Coast of the United States . Overall , the storm resulted in 2,068 deaths and $ 1.54 billion in damage . Hurricane Frederic brought destruction to the Gulf Coast of the United States , especially in Alabama and Mississippi . With $ 2.3 billion in damage , Frederic was the costliest hurricane in the history of the United States , until Hurricane Alicia in 1983 .   Tropical Storm Elena brought flooding to the Greater Houston area , with five deaths and about $ 10 million in damage . However , little impact was reported elsewhere . Hurricane Henri remained offshore in the Gulf of Mexico and disrupted efforts to stop the Ixtoc I oil spill . Henri also caused flooding in portions of Mexico . In mid and late-September , a tropical depression caused flooding in the Southern United States , especially Texas . Four deaths were reported , two in Texas and two in Kentucky . Toward the end of October , a brief subtropical storm struck Newfoundland , but left little impact . Other than Tropical Depression One and the tropical depression that brought flooding to the Southern United States in mid and late-September , none of the other depressions caused significant effects of land . Collectively , the tropical cyclones of the season resulted in $ 4.63 billion in damage and at least 2,136 deaths . Pacific Storm Blanca originated in the basin ."}
{"_id": "1963_Tampa_Spartans_football_team", "title": "1963 Tampa Spartans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Tampa Spartans football team represented the University of Tampa in the 1963 college football season . It was the Spartans ' 27th season and competed as a member of the NAIA . The team was led by head coach Fred Pancoast , in his second year , and played their home games at Phillips Field in Tampa , Florida . They finished with a record of four wins , five losses and one tie ( 4 -- 5 -- 1 ) . Pancoast resigned as the Spartans ' head coach on January 20 , 1964 , to take the position of ends coach at Florida ."}
{"_id": "1978_Macdonald_Brier", "title": "1978 Macdonald Brier", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Macdonald Brier , Canada 's national men 's curling championship was held March 5 -- 10 at the Pacific Coliseum in Vancouver ."}
{"_id": "1975_Five_Nations_Championship", "title": "1975 Five Nations Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Five Nations Championship was the forty-sixth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship . Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations , this was the eighty-first series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship . Ten matches were played between 18 January and 15 March . It was contested by England , France , Ireland , Scotland , and Wales . The championship was won by Wales , the team 's eighteenth title ( excluding another nine shared championships ) .   The game between Scotland and Wales at the Murrayfield Stadium in Edinburgh on 1 March attracted a World Record rugby attendance of 104,000 fans . This record would not be broken until a Bledisloe Cup game between Australia and New Zealand attracted 107,042 to the Sydney Olympic Stadium in 1999 . The attendance at Murrayfield remains the Championship 's record crowd , the record attendance in Europe and the third highest rugby attendance in history . With Scotland winning 12-10 it was the only loss for the Welsh during the 1975 Five Nations ."}
{"_id": "1913_Colorado_Silver_and_Gold_football_team", "title": "1913 Colorado Silver and Gold football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 Colorado Silver and Gold football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1913 college football season . Head coach Fred Folsom led the team to a 3 -- 0 -- 1 mark in the RMFAC and 5 -- 1 -- 1 overall . The team lost to Oklahoma on Thanksgiving Day ."}
{"_id": "1998_Uganda_Cup", "title": "1998 Uganda Cup", "headings": "", "text": "Uganda Cup 1998 was the 24th season of the main Ugandan football Cup ."}
{"_id": "1989–90_DDR-Oberliga", "title": "1989–90 DDR-Oberliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 -- 90 DDR-Oberliga was the 41st season of the DDR-Oberliga , the first tier of league football in East Germany . It was the last season of the league under the name of DDR-Oberliga as it played as the NOFV-Oberliga in the following season . East Germany saw great political change during the 1989 -- 90 season with the opening of borders in October 1989 , free elections in March 1990 and the eventual German reunification later in the year .   The league was contested by fourteen teams . Dynamo Dresden won the championship , the club 's last out of eight East German championships .   Torsten Gütschow of Dynamo Dresden was the league 's top scorer with 18 goals , while Ulf Kirsten , also of Dynamo Dresden , took out the seasons East German Footballer of the year award .   On the strength of the 1989 -- 90 title Dynamo Dresden qualified for the 1990 -- 91 European Cup where the club was knocked out by Red Star Belgrade in the quarter finals . Second-placed FC Karl-Marx-Stadt qualified for the 1990 -- 91 UEFA Cup where it was knocked out by Borussia Dortmund in the first round while third-placed 1 . FC Magdeburg lost to Girondins de Bordeaux in the second round . With Dynamo Dresden having won the double the losing cup finalist , Dynamo Schwerin , playing in the tier two DDR-Liga , took part in the 1990 -- 91 European Cup Winners ' Cup where it was knocked out in the first round by FK Austria Wien .   During the season Berliner FC Dynamo was renamed to FC Berlin , BSG Wismut Aue was renamed to FC Wismut Aue and BSG Stahl Eisenhüttenstadt became Eisenhüttenstädter FC Stahl while further name changes followed in the off-season . As another sign of the changes in East Germany players were , for the first time , allowed to transfer to western clubs during the 1989 -- 90 seasons . Andreas Thom was the first , leaving BFC Dynamo for Bayer 04 Leverkusen in February 1990 , followed by others which , while financially lucrative , left DDR-Oberliga clubs like Dynamo weakened ."}
{"_id": "1993_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_(25_m)_–_Women's_400_metre_freestyle", "title": "1993 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 400 metre freestyle", "headings": "", "text": "The finals and the qualifying heats of the Women 's 400 metres Freestyle event at the 1993 FINA Short Course World Championships were held in Palma de Mallorca , Spain ."}
{"_id": "1978_African_Cup_of_Nations_qualification", "title": "1978 African Cup of Nations qualification", "headings": "", "text": "This page details the qualification of the 1978 African Cup of Nations"}
{"_id": "1,1'-Azobis-1,2,3-triazole", "title": "1,1'-Azobis-1,2,3-triazole", "headings": "", "text": "1,1 ′ - Azobis-1 ,2,3 - triazole is a moderately explosive but comparatively stable chemical compound which contains a long continuous chain of nitrogen atoms , with an unbroken chain of eight nitrogen atoms cyclised into two 1,2,3-triazole rings . It is stable up to 194 ° C . The compound exhibits cis -- trans isomerism at the central azo group : the trans isomer is more stable and is yellow , while the cis isomer is less stable and is blue . The two rings are aromatic and form a conjugated system with the azo linkage . This chromophore allows the trans compound to be isomerised to the cis when treated with an appropriate wavelength of ultraviolet light ."}
{"_id": "1996_AFC_U-17_Championship", "title": "1996 AFC U-17 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "1996 AFC U-17 Championship"}
{"_id": "112th_Cavalry_Regiment", "title": "112th Cavalry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 112th Cavalry Regiment was a Texas National Guard regiment that served in several Pacific campaigns during World War II ."}
{"_id": ".ph", "title": ".ph", "headings": "", "text": ". ph is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for the Philippines ."}
{"_id": "10_Days_in_a_Madhouse", "title": "10 Days in a Madhouse", "headings": "", "text": "10 days in a Madhouse is a 2015 American biographical film about the experiences of undercover journalist Nellie Bly where , as a reporter working for Joseph Pulitzer , she got herself committed to Blackwell 's Island Asylum to report on atrocities . The production was written and directed by Timothy Hines with consultation from one of Bly 's modern biographers , Brooke Kroeger . The film draws from Bly 's exposé Ten Days in a Mad-House , which led to significant reforms in the treatment of mental health patients in her time . The cast includes Caroline Barry , Christopher Lambert , Kelly Le Brock , Julia Chantrey and Alexandra Callas . This film has garnered extreme controversy for breach of contract . Christopher Lambert , the male lead , was the only actor compensated in full for his work on the feminist film , while the female cast members remain unpaid as of 2017 . Reviews for 10 Days in a Madhouse are predominantly negative . Audiences often cite poor directing , editing , and high school production grade performances ."}
{"_id": "1683_in_Sweden", "title": "1683 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1683 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1600", "title": "1600", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __"}
{"_id": "1979–80_League_of_Ireland", "title": "1979–80 League of Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of League of Ireland in the 1979 -- 80 season ."}
{"_id": "1947_All-Ireland_Senior_Camogie_Championship", "title": "1947 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship was the high point of the 1947 season in Camogie . The championship was won by Antrim who defeated Dublin by a three-point margin in the final . The semi-final between Dublin and Galway ranks alongside the disputed semi-final of 1966 between Dublin and Tipperary as the most controversial in camogie history ."}
{"_id": "1949_AAA_Championship_Car_season", "title": "1949 AAA Championship Car season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 AAA Championship Car season consisted of 14 races , beginning in Arlington , Texas on April 24 and concluding in Del Mar , California on November 6 . There were also two non-championship events . The AAA National Champion was Johnnie Parsons , and the Indianapolis 500 winner was Bill Holland . The season was marred by George Metzler 's death at Indianapolis in practice , Bill Sheffler 's death at Trenton also in practice , and Rex Mays 's death in the final race at Del Mar. ."}
{"_id": "186th_Aero_Squadron", "title": "186th Aero Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 186th Aero Squadron was an Air Service , United States Army unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.   The squadron was assigned as an Army Observation Squadron , performing long-range , strategic reconnaissance over the entire length of the United States First Army sector of the Western Front in France . After the 1918 Armistice with Germany , the squadron was assigned to the United States Third Army , VII Corps Observation Group at Trier Airfield , Germany as part of the Allied Occupation of the Rhineland .   The squadron was demobilized in Germany during July 1919 and its members returned to the United States . There is no modern United States Air Force unit that shares its lineage and history ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Scottish_Inter-District_Championship", "title": "1991–92 Scottish Inter-District Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 rugby union Scottish Inter-District Championship was a curtailed championship .   Unusually 6 teams competed in this year 's tournament . Glasgow District , Edinburgh District , South , North and Midlands and the Anglo Scots were joined by a SRU Presidents XV side .   Each team played only 2 matches . No winner was declared ."}
{"_id": "1998_Direct_Line_International_Championships_–_Doubles", "title": "1998 Direct Line International Championships – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Mariaan de Swardt and Jana Novotná won in the final 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 against Arantxa Sánchez Vicario and Natasha Zvereva ."}
{"_id": "155th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)", "title": "155th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)", "headings": "", "text": "The was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army . Its call sign was the . It was formed 28 February 1945 in Zentsūji , Kagawa as a square division . It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th ."}
{"_id": "1747_in_Norway", "title": "1747 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1747 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup", "title": "1976–77 FIBA European Champions Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 -- 77 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 20th edition of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at the Pionir Hall , in Belgrade , Yugoslavia , on April 7 , 1977 . Maccabi Elite defeated Mobilgirgi Varèse , by a result of 78 -- 77 . This year saw a competition system change , as FIBA opted to replace classic knock-out round qualifications with a group stage ."}
{"_id": "10.000_Watts_of_Artificial_Pleasures", "title": "10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures", "headings": "", "text": "10,000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures ( often stylized as 10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures ) is the debut EP album , as well as the very first project by Italian industrial rock band Dope Stars Inc. . It was released periodically throughout 2003 . Being self-produced and distributed , the band created a street team to sell copies of the album in order to get the attention of labels for future projects . Copies of the EP sold out quickly and boosted the band 's reputation into gaining a record deal with Trisol Music Group ."}
{"_id": "1917_Bath_Riots", "title": "1917 Bath Riots", "headings": "", "text": "1917 Bath Riots occurred in January 1917 at the Santa Fe Bridge between El Paso , Texas and Juárez , Mexico . The riots lasted from January 28 to January 30 and were sparked by new immigration policies at the El Paso -- Juárez Immigration and Naturalization Service office , requiring Mexicans crossing the border to take de-lousing baths and be vaccinated . Reports of nude photography of women bathers and fear of potential fire from the kerosene baths led Carmelita Torres to refuse to submit to the procedure . Denied a refund of her transport fare , she began yelling at the officials and convinced other riders to join her . After three days , the discontent subsided , but the disinfections of Mexicans at the U.S. border continued for forty years ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Soviet_Cup", "title": "1991–92 Soviet Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991-92 Soviet Cup was the last edition of an already non-existing political entity , the Soviet Union . In the spring of 1992 , all three remaining Ukrainian clubs withdrew from the competition leaving only Russian and Central Asian clubs to contest the main trophy . Because of that only one game was played during the competition 's quarterfinals , while a club from Tajikistan , Pamir Dushanbe , advanced to the semifinals where it was eliminated .   The winner of the competition , Spartak Moscow , qualified for the continental tournament representing Russia ."}
{"_id": "1999_NCAA_Rifle_Championships", "title": "1999 NCAA Rifle Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 NCAA Rifle Championships were contested at the 20th annual NCAA-sanctioned competition to determine the team and individual national champions of co-ed collegiate rifle shooting in the United States . The championship was hosted by Norwich University in Northfield , Vermont .   Alaska topped the team standings , finishing 108 points ( 6,276 -- 6,168 ) points ahead of Navy . This was the Nanooks ' second team title .   First the first time since 1980 , one shooter , Kelly Mansfield ( Alaska ) , captured the individual national championship for both the smallbore and air rifle events ."}
{"_id": "1997_Brisbane_Broncos_season", "title": "1997 Brisbane Broncos season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Brisbane Broncos season was the tenth in the history of the Brisbane Broncos club . This season was unique in that they participated in the Australian Super League 's 1997 Telstra Cup premiership and 1997 World Club Championship , winning both competitions ."}
{"_id": "1951_Florida_Gators_football_team", "title": "1951 Florida Gators football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1951 college football season . The season was Bob Woodruff 's second as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team . The highlights of the season included two intersectional victories over the Wyoming Cowboys ( 13 -- 0 ) and the Loyola Lions ( 40 -- 7 ) , and two Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) victories over the Vanderbilt Commodores ( 33 -- 13 ) during Florida 's homecoming and the Alabama Crimson Tide ( 30 -- 21 ) in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . For the second year in a row , Woodruff 's 1951 Florida Gators finished 5 -- 5 overall and 2 -- 4 in the SEC , placing ninth among twelve conference teams ."}
{"_id": "1879_Chicago_White_Stockings_season", "title": "1879 Chicago White Stockings season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1879 Chicago White Stockings season was the 8th season of the Chicago White Stockings franchise , the 4th in the National League and the 2nd at Lakefront Park . The White Stockings finished fourth in the National League with a record of 46 -- 33 ."}
{"_id": "1970_ECAC_Hockey_Men's_Ice_Hockey_Tournament", "title": "1970 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 ECAC Hockey Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 9th tournament in league history . It was played between March 10 and March 14 , 1970 . Quarterfinal games were played at home team campus sites , while the ` final four ' games were played at the Boston Garden in Boston , Massachusetts . By reaching the championship game both , Cornell and Clarkson received invitations to participate in the 1970 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament ."}
{"_id": "1988_Australian_Sports_Car_Championship", "title": "1988 Australian Sports Car Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Australian Sports Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing competition open to Group 2A Sports Cars ( including Clubman cars at the sole discretion of CAMS ) , FISA C1 cars ( up to 6 litres ) , FISA C2 cars ( up to 5 litres ) and Sports Sedans . The title , which was the 20th Australian Sports Car Championship , was contested over a four round series and was won by Alan Nolan , driving a Nola Chevrolet .   As of 2014 this is the final Australian Sports Car Championship contested ."}
{"_id": "1945_in_film", "title": "1945 in film", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1945 in film involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "141st_Air_Refueling_Wing", "title": "141st Air Refueling Wing", "headings": "", "text": "The 141st Air Refueling Wing ( 141 ARW ) is a unit of the Washington Air National Guard , stationed at Fairchild Air Force Base , Spokane , Washington . If activated to federal service , the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command .   The 116th Air Refueling Squadron assigned to the Wings 141st Operations Group , is a descendant organization of the World War I 116th Aero Squadron , established on 28 August 1917 . It was reformed on 6 August 1924 , as the 116th Observation Squadron , and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Sunderland_A.F.C._season", "title": "1994–95 Sunderland A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1994 -- 95 English football season , Sunderland A.F.C. competed in the Football League First Division ."}
{"_id": "19th_Michigan_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment", "title": "19th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th Regiment Michigan Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1987_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships_–_Senior_men's_race", "title": "1987 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race", "headings": "", "text": "The Senior men 's race at the 1987 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Warszawa , Poland , at the Służewiec Racecourse on March 22 , 1987 . A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald and in the Evening Times .   Complete results , medallists ,  and the results of British athletes were published ."}
{"_id": "'A'_You're_Adorable", "title": "'A' You're Adorable", "headings": "", "text": "A ' You 're Adorable '' is a popular song with music by Sid Lippman and lyrics by Buddy Kaye and Fred Wise , published in 1948 .   The biggest hit version was recorded by Perry Como , with The Fontane Sisters on March 1 , 1949 . This recording was released on single records as follows :  In the United States , by RCA Victor , on 78 rpm ( catalog number 20-3381-B ) and 45 rpm ( catalog number 47-2899 ) , in 1949 , with the flip side `` When Is Sometime ? '' This record reached # 1 on the US chart on April 9 , 1949 .  In the United Kingdom , by HMV , on 78 rpm ( catalog number BD-1250 ) in June 1949 , with the flip side `` Forever and Ever ''  In Japan , by Victor Entertainment , on 78 rpm ( catalog number S-2 ) , with the flip side `` Bali Ha'i ''  In Australia , by His Master 's Voice , on 78 rpm ( catalog number E.A. 3850 ) , with the flip side `` My Melancholy Baby ''   Another recording by Jo Stafford and Gordon MacRae was also very popular . The recording was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 15393 . The flip side was `` Need You . '' The recording first appeared on the Billboard charts on March 25 , 1949 , lasting 13 weeks and peaking at position # 4 .   Another recording by the Tony Pastor orchestra also charted . The recording was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 38449 . The recording first appeared on the Billboard charts on May 6 , 1949 , lasting 2 weeks and peaking at position # 22 .   The song formed the basis for a Morecambe and Wise sketch , where Eric Morecambe started with `` A you 're adorable , B you 're so beautiful '' and then randomly chose letters such as J , Q or Z to fox Ernie Wise .   The song was used in a Star Trek : The Next Generation DVD extra , where Patrick Stewart , as Jean-Luc Picard , sang the song with slightly altered lyrics .   The song was also performed by an Anything Muppet on Sesame Street to his girlfriend , who was then scared off by Cookie Monster .  ` A ' , You 're Adorable is a song from the video Baby Animal Songs"}
{"_id": "1761_in_Sweden", "title": "1761 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1761 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1903–04_Connecticut_Aggies_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1903–04 Connecticut Aggies men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1903 -- 04 Connecticut Aggies men 's basketball team represented Connecticut Agricultural College , now the University of Connecticut , in the 1903 -- 04 collegiate men 's basketball season . The Aggies completed the season with a 6 -- 3 record against mostly local high schools . The Aggies were members of the Athletic League of New England State Colleges ."}
{"_id": "1936_Home_Nations_Championship", "title": "1936 Home Nations Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 Home Nations Championship was the thirty-second series of the rugby union Home Nations Championship . Including the previous incarnations as the Five Nations , and prior to that , the Home Nations , this was the forty-ninth series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship . Six matches were played between 18 January and 21 March . It was contested by England , Ireland , Scotland and Wales ."}
{"_id": "103rd_Heavy_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery", "title": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery", "headings": "", "text": "The 103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment ( 103rd HAA Rgt ) was an air defence unit of the British Army 's Royal Artillery during World War II . It saw action during the Liverpool Blitz , landed on D-Day and served throughout the subsequent campaign in North West Europe and defended the cities of Belgium against V-1 flying bombs ."}
{"_id": "1970_Dutch_Open_(tennis)", "title": "1970 Dutch Open (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Dutch Open was a men 's tennis tournament staged in Hilversum , Netherlands . The tournament was played on outdoor clay courts and was held from August 3 to August 9 , 1970 . It was the 14th edition of the tournament and Tom Okker won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1971_ICF_Canoe_Slalom_World_Championships", "title": "1971 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Meran , Italy under the auspices of International Canoe Federation for the second time . The mixed C-2 team event was discontinued following the 1969 championships . Meran hosted the championships previously in 1953 , tying a record set both by Geneva , Switzerland ( 1949 , 1959 ) and by Spittal , Austria ( 1963 , 1965 ) ."}
{"_id": "1991_AFL_draft", "title": "1991 AFL draft", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1856_in_paleontology", "title": "1856 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1993_Men's_African_Volleyball_Championship", "title": "1993 Men's African Volleyball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Men 's African Volleyball Championship was in Algiers , Algeria , with 10 teams participating in the continental championship ."}
{"_id": "1934_Grand_Prix_season", "title": "1934 Grand Prix season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Grand Prix season was the final year of a two-year hiatus for the European Championship . Achille Varzi proved to be the most successful driver , winning six Grands Prix . Alfa Romeo 's cars proved difficult to beat , winning 18 of the season 's 35 Grands Prix ."}
{"_id": "1921_St._Louis_Cardinals_season", "title": "1921 St. Louis Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team 's 40th season in St. Louis , Missouri and the 30th season in the National League . The Cardinals went 87 -- 66 during the season and finished 3rd in the National League ."}
{"_id": "18th_Japan_Record_Awards", "title": "18th Japan Record Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th Annual Japan Record Awards took place at the Imperial Garden Theater in Chiyoda , Tokyo , on December 31 , 1976 , starting at 7:00 PM JST . The primary ceremonies were televised in Japan on TBS ."}
{"_id": "171st_Aviation_Squadron_(Australia)", "title": "171st Aviation Squadron (Australia)", "headings": "", "text": "The 171st Aviation Squadron ( 171 Avn Sqn ) is an Australian Army helicopter squadron equipped with S70A Black Hawk helicopters and provides support to the Special Operations Command . The squadron is based at Luscombe Airfield , Holsworthy Barracks , Sydney and forms part of the 6th Aviation Regiment ."}
{"_id": "1919_Stanley_Cup_playoffs", "title": "1919 Stanley Cup playoffs", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 Stanley Cup playoffs were played from February 22 to March 29 , when the National Hockey League ( NHL ) champion Montreal Canadiens defeated the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) champion Seattle Metropolitans for the Stanley Cup . The finals ended with no champion because the series was suspended after five games due to the Spanish flu outbreak . It was the only time in the history of the Stanley Cup that it was not awarded due to a no-decision after playoffs were held ."}
{"_id": "1998_Papua_New_Guinea_earthquake", "title": "1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake occurred on July 17 with a moment magnitude of 7.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII ( Severe ) . The event occurred on a reverse fault near the north coast region of Papua New Guinea , 25 km from the coast near Aitape , and caused a large undersea landslide which caused a tsunami that hit the coast , killing between at least 2,183 and 2,700 people and injuring thousands ."}
{"_id": "1963_Western_North_Carolina_500", "title": "1963 Western North Carolina 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Western North Carolina 500 was a NASCAR Grand National Series ( now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ) event that was held on August 11 , 1969 , at Asheville-Weaverville Speedway in Weaverville , North Carolina .   The transition to purpose-built racecars began in the early 1960s and occurred gradually over that decade . Changes made to the sport by the late 1960s brought an end to the `` strictly stock '' vehicles of the 1950s ; most of the cars were trailered to events or hauled in by trucks ."}
{"_id": "1954–55_Serie_A_(ice_hockey)_season", "title": "1954–55 Serie A (ice hockey) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954-55 Serie A season was the 22nd season of the Serie A , the top level of ice hockey in Italy . Eight teams participated in the league , and HC Milan Inter won the championship ."}
{"_id": "132_BC", "title": "132 BC", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 132 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar . At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Laenas and Rupilius ( or , less frequently , year 622 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 132 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years ."}
{"_id": "17th_Satellite_Awards", "title": "17th Satellite Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th Satellite Awards , honoring the year 's outstanding performers , films , television shows , DVDs , and interactive media , were presented by the International Press Academy at the Hyatt Regency Century Plaza in Los Angeles on December 16 , 2012 .   The film Silver Linings Playbook won the most awards with five , including Best Film . The most television awards went to Homeland and The Big Bang Theory , with each winning three ."}
{"_id": "1904_World_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1904 World Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual event sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion .   The 1904 competition took place from February 23rd to 24th in Berlin , German Empire ."}
{"_id": "1899_California_Golden_Bears_football_team", "title": "1899 California Golden Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1899 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley during the 1899 college football season . The team competed as an independent under head coach Garrett Cochran and compiled a record of 7 -- 1 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "169th_meridian", "title": "169th meridian", "headings": "", "text": "169th meridian may refer to :   169th meridian east , a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian  169th meridian west , a line of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian"}
{"_id": "1984_South_American_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics", "title": "1984 South American Junior Championships in Athletics", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th South American Junior Championships in Athletics were held in Caracas , Venezuela from October 4 -- 7 , 1984 ."}
{"_id": "1991_Saint_Louis_Billikens_men's_soccer_team", "title": "1991 Saint Louis Billikens men's soccer team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Saint Louis Billikens men 's soccer team represented Saint Louis University during the 1991 NCAA Division I men 's soccer season . The Billikens played their first season in the now-defunct Great Midwest Conference , where they were the inaugural regular-season and tournament champions . Saint Louis earned an automatic bid to the 1991 NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Tournament , where they had their best NCAA tournament appearance since 1974 . Saint Louis reached the College Cup before losing to the eventual national champions , Virginia .   Saint Louis were led by future United States men 's national soccer team striker Brian McBride , who led Saint Louis with 20 goals throughout the season . McBride later had a professional career playing with Columbus Crew and Chicago Fire in Major League Soccer as well as with Fulham in the Premier League . Additionally , the 1991 team contained future professionals players and coaches : Mike Sorber , Shane Battelle , Steve Kuntz and Rory Dames ."}
{"_id": "1936_Cordele–Greensboro_tornado_outbreak", "title": "1936 Cordele–Greensboro tornado outbreak", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 Cordele -- Greensboro tornado outbreak was a tornado outbreak that affected the Southeastern United States during April 1936 . The Greensboro , North Carolina , and Cordele , Georgia , tornadoes were the deadliest spawned during the April 1 -- 2 outbreak , which developed in three waves of tornadic activity over 14 hours , associated with the same storm system .   On the evening of April 2 , 1936 , the Greensboro tornado left a long path of F4 damage across the south side of Greensboro , passing through the south side of downtown . The storm began its path near High Point Road at Elam Street and continued east along Lee Street to east of Bennett College . This storm left $ 2 million in damage in Greensboro ( 1936 USD ) . It was responsible for 14 deaths and 144 injuries , standing as the second deadliest tornado in the history of North Carolina after a February 1884 tornado that caused 23 deaths along a path from Rockingham to Lillington .   Later in the week , a second outbreak would spawn devastating tornadoes in Waynesboro , Tennessee , Tupelo , Mississippi , and Gainesville , Georgia ."}
{"_id": "1908_FA_Charity_Shield", "title": "1908 FA Charity Shield", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 FA Charity Shield was the first Charity Shield , a football match contested by the winners of the previous season 's Football League and Southern League competitions . It was intended as a replacement for the Sheriff of London Charity Shield , after The Football Association declined to provide a professional club to the organisers of that event for the annual amateurs vs. professionals match . The new match was subsequently arranged to take place at Chelsea F.C. 's home ground , Stamford Bridge . Following the conclusion of the respective leagues , 1907 -- 08 Football League winners Manchester United were scheduled to play against 1907 -- 08 Southern League champions Queens Park Rangers .   The first match was played on a very damp pitch in poor weather and ended in a 1 -- 1 draw between the two sides , with the QPR goalkeeper Charlie Shaw also saving a penalty struck by George Stacey . Following the match it was thought that the two sides would share the honours , but instead at the suggestion of Arthur Kinnaird , 11th Lord Kinnaird , the match was replayed in late August . It was once again played at Stamford Bridge and the two teams fielded most of the same players with only a few exceptions . On this occasion the weather was far improved and the attendance by spectators was far higher with 50,000 fans attending . Manchester United won the game by four goals , and between the two matches more than # 1000 was raised for charity ."}
{"_id": "1976_Spanish_Grand_Prix", "title": "1976 Spanish Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Spanish Grand Prix ( formally the XXII Gran Premio de España ) was a Formula One motor race held at the Circuito del Jarama in Madrid , Spain on 2 May 1976 . The race was the fourth round of the 1976 Formula One season . The race was the 22nd Spanish Grand Prix and the sixth to be held at Jarama . The race was held over 75 laps of the 3.404-kilometre circuit for a total race distance of 255 kilometres .   Initially the declared winner was Austrian Ferrari driver Niki Lauda driving a Ferrari 312T2 extending his Drivers ' Championship lead to 23 points after first across the line James Hunt had his McLaren M23 disqualified in post-race scrutineering . Swedish driver Gunnar Nilsson took his Lotus 77 to second place with Carlos Reutemann finishing third in his Brabham BT44B .   McLaren appealed the disqualification and in July the appeal was upheld and Hunt re-instated as winner of the Spanish Grand Prix ."}
{"_id": "1956_Iowa_Hawkeyes_football_team", "title": "1956 Iowa Hawkeyes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Iowa Hawkeyes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Iowa in the 1956 Big Ten Conference football season . The Hawkeyes were champions of the Big Ten Conference and beat the Oregon State Beavers in the 1957 Rose Bowl , a rematch of a regular season game .   The team 's statistical leaders included quarterback Ken Ploen with 386 passing yards , Ploen with 487 rushing yards , Ploen with 873 total yards , and Jim Gibbons with 255 receiving yards . Tackle Alex Karras was selected as a first-team All-American ."}
{"_id": "10_cm_Feldhaubitze_M_99", "title": "10 cm Feldhaubitze M 99", "headings": "", "text": "The 10 cm Feldhaubitze M 99 was a howitzer used by Austria-Hungary during World War I.   It had a bronze barrel and lacked a modern recoil system , using only an ineffective spring-mounted spade brake , and was virtually obsolescent on its introduction . Nonetheless , it was the standard field howitzer for the Austrian Army at the outbreak of the war .   It donated its barrel to the 10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 99 , although few of those were made , being largely replaced by a version of the standard Feldhaubitze M 99 with a narrow , 1.3 m carriage for use on mountain paths . The axle seats were deleted from these narrow carriages in the interest of saving weight ."}
{"_id": "-stan", "title": "-stan", "headings": "", "text": "The suffix - stan ( -LSB- - ) is Persian for `` place of '' or `` country '' .  It appears in the names of many regions , especially in Central and South Asia , but also in the Caucasus and Russia ; areas where significant amounts of Persian culture were spread or adopted .  The suffix is also used more generally , as in Persian , and Urdu rigestân `` place of sand , desert '' , Pakistan `` land of the pure '' , Hindustan `` land of the Indus river '' , golestan `` place of flowers , garden '' , and in Bengali koborstan `` graveyard/cemetery '' etc. ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_Cypriot_Third_Division", "title": "1983–84 Cypriot Third Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 -- 84 Cypriot Third Division was the 13th season of the Cypriot third-level football league . Adonis Idaliou won their 2nd title ."}
{"_id": "1938_Paris–Roubaix", "title": "1938 Paris–Roubaix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 Paris -- Roubaix was the 39th edition of the Paris -- Roubaix , a classic one-day cycle race in France . The single day event was held on 17 April 1938 and stretched 255 km from Paris to its end in a velodrome in Roubaix . The winner was Lucien Storme from Belgium ."}
{"_id": "1951_ICF_Canoe_Slalom_World_Championships", "title": "1951 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Steyr , Austria under the auspices of International Canoe Federation ."}
{"_id": "154th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)", "title": "154th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)", "headings": "", "text": "The was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army . Its call sign was the . It was formed 28 February 1945 in Hiroshima as a square division . It was a part of the 16 simultaneously created divisions batch numbering from 140th to 160th ."}
{"_id": "1975–76_New_York_Islanders_season", "title": "1975–76 New York Islanders season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 -- 76 New York Islanders season was the fourth season for the franchise in the National Hockey League ."}
{"_id": "1972_Summer_Paralympics_medal_table", "title": "1972 Summer Paralympics medal table", "headings": "", "text": "The 21st International Stoke Mandeville Games , later known as the 1972 Summer Paralympics ( also known as the XXI World Games for the Paralysed ) was an international multi-sport event held in Heidelberg , West Germany , from August 2 to 11 , 1972 , in which athletes with physical disabilities competed against one another . The German Disabled Sports Association planned to stage the Games in Munich following the 1972 Olympic Games , however the Olympic village in Munich was designated to be closed and converted into private apartments . The organisers tried to arrange for alternative accommodation for the athletes but when this was not possible the city of Heidelberg stepped in with an invite to stage the Games at the University of Heidelberg 's Institute for Physical Training .   In total 575 medals were awarded in 187 events in 10 different sports . Of the 42 competing National Paralympic Committees ( NPCs ) 31 won at least one medal . The host nation won the most gold medals , with 28 , and the United States won the most total medals with 74 . Rhodesia competed at these Games , winning 12 medals , but did not take part at the 1972 Summer Olympics after their invitation was withdrawn by the International Olympic Committee , four days before the opening ceremony , in response to African countries ' protests against the Rhodesian regime . This medal table ranks the competing NPCs by the number of gold medals won by their athletes .   Notable gold medallists included Canadian Eugene Reimer , who set a world record in discus with a throw of 29.91 metres and also won a gold medal in the pentathlon and silver in the 4 × 60 metres wheelchair relay . A crowd of 4,000 watched the United States defeat defending champions Israel 59 -- 58 to take the gold medal in men 's wheelchair basketball . Zipora Rubin-Rosenbaum of Israel won a gold medal in the women 's javelin throw 5 event , with a new world record of 18.50 metres , and also won a silver medal in the shot put ."}
{"_id": "1994_KAL_Cup_Korea_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1994 KAL Cup Korea Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Jan Apell and Peter Nyborg were the defending champions , but did not participate this year .   Stéphane Simian and Kenny Thorne won the title , defeating Kent Kinnear and Sébastien Lareau 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1981_Brixton_riot", "title": "1981 Brixton riot", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Brixton riot , or Brixton Rising , was a confrontation between the Metropolitan Police and protesters in Lambeth , South London , England , between 10 and 12 April 1981 . The main riot on 11 April , dubbed `` Bloody Saturday '' by Time magazine , resulted in almost 280 injuries to police and 45 injuries to members of the public ; over a hundred vehicles were burned , including 56 police vehicles ; and almost 150 buildings were damaged , with thirty burned . There were 82 arrests . Reports suggested that up to 5,000 people were involved ."}
{"_id": "1937_National_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1937 National Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 National Challenge Cup was the annual open cup held by the United States Football Association now known as the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup ."}
{"_id": "1966_Le_Mans_6_Hour_Race", "title": "1966 Le Mans 6 Hour Race", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 Le Mans 6 Hour Race was an endurance race for Sports Cars , Improved Production Touring Cars and Series Production Touring Cars . It was held at the Caversham Circuit in Western Australia on 6 June 1966 over a six-hour duration . The race , which was the twelfth Six Hour Le Mans race , was won by Ron Thorp driving an AC Cobra 289 ."}
{"_id": "1984_in_Estonian_television", "title": "1984 in Estonian television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Estonian television related events from 1984 ."}
{"_id": "1907_Cincinnati_Reds_season", "title": "1907 Cincinnati Reds season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1907 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball . The team finished sixth in the National League with a record of 66 -- 87 , 41 1/2 games behind the Chicago Cubs ."}
{"_id": "1979_Women's_World_Team_Squash_Championships", "title": "1979 Women's World Team Squash Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Women 's World Team Squash Championships were held in England and took place from March 15 until March 20 , 1979 ."}
{"_id": "109th_Pennsylvania_Infantry", "title": "109th Pennsylvania Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 109th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry ( aka `` Curtin Light Guards '' ) was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1980_Peter_Jackson_Classic", "title": "1980 Peter Jackson Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Peter Jackson Classic was contested from August 7 -- 10 at St. George 's Golf and Country Club . It was the 8th edition of the Peter Jackson Classic , and the second edition as a major championship on the LPGA Tour .   This event was won by Pat Bradley ."}
{"_id": "1934_Santa_Barbara_State_Roadrunners_football_team", "title": "1934 Santa Barbara State Roadrunners football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Santa Barbara State Roadrunners football team represented Santa Barbara StateUC Santa Barbara was known as Santa Barbara State College from 1921 -- 1943 . See : UC Santa Barbara during the 1934 college football season .   Santa Barbara State competed in the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( SCIAC ) . The Roadrunners were led by first-year head coach Theodore `` Spud '' Harder and played home games at Peabody Stadium in Santa Barbara , California . They finished the season with a record of two wins , five losses and one tie ( 2 -- 5 -- 1 , 0 -- 4 SCIAC ) . Overall , the team was outscored by its opponents 31 -- 91 for the season . The Roadrunners were shutout four times , and failed to score more than a touchdown in 7 of the 8 games ."}
{"_id": "1986_Copa_Libertadores_Finals", "title": "1986 Copa Libertadores Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Copa Libertadores Final was a two-legged football match-up to determine the 1986 Copa Libertadores champion ."}
{"_id": "1982–83_Georgetown_Hoyas_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1982–83 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 -- 83 Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball team represented Georgetown University in the 1982 -- 83 NCAA Division I basketball season . John Thompson , Jr. , coached them in his 11th season as head coach . They played their home games at the Capital Centre in Landover , Maryland . They were members of the Big East Conference and finished the season with a record of 22-10 overall , 11-5 in Big East play . They lost to Syracuse in the quarterfinals of the 1983 Big East Tournament and advanced to the second round of the 1983 NCAA Tournament before losing to Memphis State ."}
{"_id": "1969_Can-Am_season", "title": "1969 Can-Am season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Canadian-American Challenge Cup was the fourth season of the Can-Am auto racing series . It consisted of FIA Group 7 racing cars running two-hour sprint events . It began June 1 , 1969 , and ended November 9 , 1969 , after eleven rounds .   This was the first season of Can-Am following the demise of the similar United States Road Racing Championship . With several USRRC events choosing to continue on under Can-Am , the series schedule was greatly expanded beyond its normal six event season . This also meant that the season was run over a greater period of time , rather than just being run in the autumn .   The season was swept by McLaren , whose founder Bruce McLaren won the championship over teammate and fellow New Zealander Denny Hulme . McLaren won six races to Hulme 's five , winning the championship by a mere five points ."}
{"_id": "1997_in_professional_wrestling", "title": "1997 in professional wrestling", "headings": "", "text": "1997 in professional wrestling describes the year 's events in the world of professional wrestling ."}
{"_id": "1983_Pro_Bowl", "title": "1983 Pro Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Pro Bowl was the NFL 's 33rd annual all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1982 season . The game was played on Sunday , February 6 , 1983 , at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu , Hawaii before a crowd of 47,207 . The final score was NFC 20 , AFC 19 .   Walt Michaels of the New York Jets led the AFC team against an NFC team coached by Dallas Cowboys head coach Tom Landry . The referee was Fred Silva .   Dan Fouts of the San Diego Chargers and John Jefferson of the Green Bay Packers were named the game 's Most Valuable Players . A late touchdown pass from Danny White of the Dallas Cowboys to Jefferson provided the NFC margin of victory .   Players on the winning NFC team received $ 10,000 apiece while the AFC participants each took home $ 5,000 which were double the payouts of the previous year ."}
{"_id": ".uucp", "title": ".uucp", "headings": "", "text": "The name uucp was a pseudo-domain-style suffix used in the 1980s when identifying a hostname not connected directly to the Internet , but possibly reachable through other inter-network gateways . The suffix was appended to a UUCP bang path separated with a dot , e.g. , host1!host2!host3.uucp .  The suffix prevented messages from being routed via the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ) in mail exchangers , and it indicated that the hostname preceding it was reachable by UUCP networking . It was not a top-level domain in the Domain Name System ( DNS ) root .   As UUCP hosts were not always uniquely named , and there was no official global table listing them , although the UUCP Mapping Project was an informal effort to create such a list , actual access to one ( e.g. , for routing e-mail to it ) required the use of a full bang path , which did not follow domain-name-style syntax , unless the particular software being used had been programmed to recognize particular hostnames in a domain style and route to them .   Category : Pseudo-top-level domains  Category :1985 introductions   sv : Toppdomän #Generiska toppdomäner"}
{"_id": "1931_Brooklyn_Dodgers_(NFL)_season", "title": "1931 Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 Brooklyn Dodgers season was their second in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous season 's output of 7 -- 4 -- 1 , winning only two games . They were shut out in eight of their fourteen games and finished ninth in the league ."}
{"_id": "1983_in_Denmark", "title": "1983 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1983 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1826", "title": "1826", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "'Ara", "title": "'Ara", "headings": "", "text": "` Ara is a village in the Haifa District in northern Israel , located in the Wadi Ara valley . Since 1985 ` Ara has been part of the Ar ` ara local council . It is north of highway 65 , between Ar ` ara and Kfar Qara . Its population of 4,600 ( as of 2004 ) is almost entirely Muslim ."}
{"_id": "1998_Jesse_pipeline_explosion", "title": "1998 Jesse pipeline explosion", "headings": "", "text": "On October 18 , 1998 , a pipeline explosion occurred in the community of Jesse ( geographical coordinates ) , 290 km southeast of Lagos , Nigeria . The cause of the blast has been debated . The Nigerian government stated the explosion took place after scavengers intentionally ruptured the pipeline with their tools and ignited the blaze ; however , others have stated the pipeline ruptured due to a lack of maintenance and neglect with a cigarette igniting the fire . With 1,082 deaths attributed to the blast , the 1998 Jesse explosion has the distinction of being the most deadly pipeline explosion to have occurred in Nigeria .   Located in the Niger Delta , the ruptured pipeline was owned by the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation ( NNPC ) , and served as a link between an oil refinery in the southeastern town of Warri , 340 km southeast of Lagos , and Kaduna , 610 km north of Warri . After igniting on October 18 , the fire burned until a firefighting company from the United States was able to extinguish the blaze on October 23 with a nitrogen-rich foam . During a visit on October 19 , Nigerian President Abdulsalami Abubakar promised to provide the necessary support to give aid in addition to develop solutions to prevent these types of tragedies from occurring again .   Weeks after the explosion , the death toll continued to rise as many of those with injuries died while in hospitals , while others fled care as a result of fearing arrest by the Nigerian government on suspicion of igniting the blaze . Due to the intensity of the blaze , many victims were too badly burned to be identified , and as a result over 300 bodies were buried in mass graves ."}
{"_id": "1952_Arizona_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1952 Arizona Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona in the Border Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( BIAA ) during the 1952 college football season . In their first season under head coach Warren B. Woodson , the Wildcats compiled a 6 -- 4 record ( 3 -- 2 against BIAA opponents ) and outscored their opponents , 285 to 155 . The team captains were Jim Donarski and Dick Christiansen . The team played its home games in Arizona Stadium in Tucson , Arizona ."}
{"_id": "1904_Harvard_Crimson_football_team", "title": "1904 Harvard Crimson football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1903 college football season . The Crimson finished with a 7-2-1 record under first-year head coach Edgar Wrightington . Walter Camp selected only one Harvard player , halfback Daniel Hurley , as a first-team selection to his 1904 College Football All-America Team ."}
{"_id": "1971_Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup_Final", "title": "1971 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final was the final of the thirteenth and last Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . It was played on 28 May and 3 June 1971 between Juventus F.C. of Italy and Leeds United A.F.C. of England . Leeds won the tie 3 -- 3 on away goals .   The game that was originally scheduled to be the first leg game , on 26 May was abandoned after 51 minutes of play with a score of 0 -- 0 due to heavy rain and waterlogged pitch ."}
{"_id": "1969_New_Year_Honours", "title": "1969 New Year Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The New Year Honours 1969 were appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries . They were announced in supplements to the London Gazette of 20 December 1968 to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 1969 . At this time honours for Australians were awarded both in the United Kingdom honours , on the advice of the premiers of Australian states , and also in a separate Australia honours list .   The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour , and arranged by honour , with classes ( Knight , Knight Grand Cross , etc. ) and then divisions ( Military , Civil , etc. ) as appropriate ."}
{"_id": "1948_Olympics", "title": "1948 Olympics", "headings": "", "text": "1948 Olympics may refer to :   The 1948 Winter Olympics , which were held in St. Moritz , Switzerland  The 1948 Summer Olympics , which were held in London , England"}
{"_id": "1923_Oorang_Indians_season", "title": "1923 Oorang Indians season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 Oorang Indians season was their second and final season in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous league record of 3 -- 6 , winning only one NFL game . They finished eighteenth in the league ."}
{"_id": "1993_bombing_of_RSS_office_in_Chennai", "title": "1993 bombing of RSS office in Chennai", "headings": "", "text": "1993 bombing of RSS office in Chennai refers to the bombing of head office of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in Chennai in Tamil Nadu on 8 August 1993 . The bombings left eleven people dead and seven others injured .   The special CBI court tried eighteen of the accused under the now-defunct TADA . They had been earlier given life imprisonment by a TADA court in Chennai for their  involvement in the blast on 6 August 1993 at the RSS office in Chennai ."}
{"_id": "1990_AFL_finals_series", "title": "1990 AFL finals series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 finals series was the first finals series to be played under the newly renamed Australian Football League . The series was scheduled to occur over four weekends in September 1990 , culminating with the 94th AFL/VFL Grand Final at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 29 September 1990 . However , after Collingwood and West Coast drew in the Qualifying Final , the series was extended to five weeks , ending on 6 October . Collingwood would eventually go on to win the 1990 Premiership , breaking a famous 32-year drought marked by numerous Grand Final losses ."}
{"_id": "1940_in_baseball", "title": "1940 in baseball", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1999_Women's_EuroHockey_Nations_Championship", "title": "1999 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Women 's EuroHockey Nations Championship was the fifth edition of the EuroHockey Nations Championship field hockey championship for women . It was held in Cologne , Germany from August 18 to August 29 , 1999 . In the final the defending champion Netherlands defeated Germany to clinch its fourth title , and qualified for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia ."}
{"_id": "1997_Atlantic_hurricane_season", "title": "1997 Atlantic hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Atlantic hurricane season was a below average season and is the most recent season to feature no tropical cyclones in August -- typically one of the most active months . The season officially began on June 1 , and lasted until November 30 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . The 1997 season was inactive , with only seven named storms forming , with an additional tropical depression and an unnumbered subtropical storm . It was the first time since the 1961 season that there were no active tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin during the entire month of August . A strong El Niño is credited with reducing the number of storms in the Atlantic , while increasing the number of storms in the Eastern and Western Pacific basin to 19 and 29 storms , respectively . As is common in El Niño years , tropical cyclogenesis was suppressed in the tropical latitudes , with only two becoming tropical storms south of 25 ° N.   The first system , an operationally unnoticed subtropical storm , developed north of The Bahamas on June 1 and dissipated by the following day without impact . Tropical Storm Ana developed offshore South Carolina on June 30 and dissipated on July 4 , after causing minor affects in North Carolina . Hurricane Bill was a short-lived storm between that lasted from July 11 to July 13 and produced light rainfall in Newfoundland . As Bill as dissipating , Tropical Storm Claudette developed and caused rough seas in North Carolina . The most devastating storm was Hurricane Danny , which caused extensive flooding , particularly in southern Alabama . Danny resulted in 9 fatalities and about $ 100 million ( 1997 USD ) in damage . The outerbands of Hurricane Erika brought rough seas and gusty winds to the Lesser Antilles , causing two deaths and $ 10 million in losses . The precursor to Tropical Storm Grace caused minor flooding in Puerto Rico . Tropical Depression Five and Tropical Storms Fabian did not impact land . Collectively , the storms of the 1997 Atlantic hurricane season resulted in 12 fatalities and approximately $ 111.46 million in damage ."}
{"_id": "1988–89_Liga_Alef", "title": "1988–89 Liga Alef", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 -- 89 Liga Alef season saw Hapoel Tirat HaCarmel ( champions of the North Division ) and Hapoel Rishon LeZion ( champions of the South Division ) win their regional divisions and promotion to Liga Artzit . The confirmation of Hapoel Tirat HaCarmel 's promotion was delayed as the final round match between Maccabi Ahi Nazareth ( who could overtake Hapoel Tirat HaCarmel ) and Beitar Nahariya was abandoned . The IFA disciplinary committee ruled that Ahi Nazareth were responsible to the abandonment and set the match result to 2 -- 0 to Beitar Nahariya .   At the bottom , Hapoel Tira , Hapoel Kiryat Ata ( from the North division ) , Hapoel Ramla and Hapoel Beit Shemesh ( from the South division ) relegated to Liga Bet ."}
{"_id": "1968_Coupe_de_France_Final", "title": "1968 Coupe de France Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir , Colombes on May 12 , 1968 , that saw AS Saint-Étienne defeat FC Girondins de Bordeaux 2 -- 1 thanks to goals by Rachid Mekloufi ."}
{"_id": "14th_César_Awards", "title": "14th César Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th César Awards ceremony , presented by the Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma , honoured the best French films of 1988 and took place on 4 March 1989 at the Théâtre de l'Empire in Paris . The ceremony was chaired by Peter Ustinov and hosted by Pierre Tchernia . Camille Claudel won the award for Best Film ."}
{"_id": "10603", "title": "10603", "headings": "", "text": "10603 wire is an electrical hook up wire that meets military specifications . The wire has come into high demand in recent years because of its exceptional features and widespread usability .   10603 wire is an HTXE military wire and meets Army Drawing 12293251 . The hook up wire is a special purpose wire with double insulation . The wire is often used in ground vehicles and meets U.S. Army requirements for armored vehicles . 10603 wire has good fuel and oil resistance .   Often requested parts include 10603-10 , 10603-8 , 10603-4 , 10603-2 , 10603-1 , 10603-0 and 10603-00 .   Colors and color code designators for 10603 hook up wire will usually be in accordance with MIL-STD-681 , a standard that sets up identification coding systems for insulated hook up wire used in electrical equipment by the Departments of the Army , Navy and Air Force ."}
{"_id": "1907_Oklahoma_A&M_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1907 Oklahoma A&M Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1907 Oklahoma A&M Aggies football team represented Oklahoma A&M College in the 1907 college football season . This was the seventh year of football at A&M and the first under Ed Parry . The Aggies played their home games in Stillwater , Oklahoma . They finished the season 1 -- 3 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1978_Caribbean_Series", "title": "1978 Caribbean Series", "headings": "", "text": "The XXI edition of the Caribbean Series ( Serie del Caribe ) was played in . It was held from February 4 through February 9 with the champions teams from the Dominican Republic , Águilas Cibaeñas ; Mexico , Tomateros de Culiacán ; Puerto Rico , Indios de Mayagüez and Venezuela , Leones del Caracas . The format consisted of 12 games , each team facing the other teams twice , and the games were played at Estadio Teodoro Mariscal in Mazatlán , México ."}
{"_id": "1994_NCAA_Division_II_football_season", "title": "1994 NCAA Division II football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 NCAA Division II football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division II level , began on September 3 , 1994 , and concluded with the NCAA Division II Football Championship on December 10 , 1994 , at Braly Municipal Stadium in Florence , Alabama , hosted by the University of North Alabama .   North Alabama defeated Texas A&M -- Kingsville in the championship game , 16 -- 10 , to win their second consecutive Division II national title .   The Harlon Hill Trophy was awarded to Chris Hatcher , quarterback from Valdosta State ."}
{"_id": "1997_in_Norwegian_television", "title": "1997 in Norwegian television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Norwegian television related events from 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1983_New_Zealand_NBL_season", "title": "1983 New Zealand NBL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 New Zealand National Basketball League season was the second running of the competition . The bottom two ranked teams from the league 's inaugural season , Hamilton and Palmerston North , were demoted to the Conference Basketball League ( CBL ) , while 1982 CBL champions , Wellington and Napier ( both future powerhouse teams ) , were promoted to the NBL for the 1983 season . Auckland won the championship in 1983 to claim their second league title , while first-timers Wellington , led by guard Kenny McFadden , finished runners-up ."}
{"_id": "1999_Arab_Athletics_Championships", "title": "1999 Arab Athletics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Arab Athletics Championships was the eleventh edition of the international athletics competition between Arab countries . It took place in Beirut , Lebanon from 21 -- 24 October . A total of 41 events were contested , 22 for men and 19 for women . The men 's and women 's racewalk events were not held due to lack or participation , as was the women 's heptathlon . Only Egypt , Lebanon and Syria participated in the women 's events ."}
{"_id": "15th_PMPC_Star_Awards_for_Television", "title": "15th PMPC Star Awards for Television", "headings": "", "text": "PMPC Star Awards for TV annually recognizes outstanding television programmes in the Philippines . In 2001 , the winners were as follows :"}
{"_id": "1979_in_South_Korea", "title": "1979 in South Korea", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1979 in South Korea ."}
{"_id": "1898_AHAC_season", "title": "1898 AHAC season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1898 Amateur Hockey Association of Canada season was the twelfth and final season of the league . Each team played 8 games , and Montreal Victorias were again first with an 8 -- 0 record , to retain the Stanley Cup . This was their fourth-straight league championship . The league would dissolve prior to the next season ."}
{"_id": "1986_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_4_×_400_metres_relay", "title": "1986 European Athletics Championships – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 4 x 400 metres relay event at the 1986 European Athletics Championships was held in Stuttgart , then West Germany , at Neckarstadion on 30 and 31 August 1986 ."}
{"_id": "1932_in_the_Soviet_Union", "title": "1932 in the Soviet Union", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1932 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ."}
{"_id": "1937_in_India", "title": "1937 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1937 in India ."}
{"_id": "1900_Villanova_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1900 Villanova Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1900 Villanova Wildcats football team represented the Villanova University during the 1900 college football season . The Wildcats team captain was John Powers ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Iraq_FA_First_Division", "title": "1972–73 Iraq FA First Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 -- 73 Iraq FA First Division was the 18th season of what is now known as the League of the Institutes ( the top division of Iraqi football from 1948 to 1974 ) , open to teams from Baghdad ; it began on 16 October 1972 . Due to scheduling difficulties , the season had to be cut short during the second half of the season . The Iraq Football Association decided to discount all the matches from the second half of the league , to create a league table for the first half of the season only , which was 7 games in total , and thus crowned Al-Tayaran , who won all of their first seven games , the champions for their fourth league title ."}
{"_id": "1996_SEABA_Under-18_Championship", "title": "1996 SEABA Under-18 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 SEABA Under-18 Championship was the qualifying tournament for Southeast Asia Basketball Association at the 1996 ABC Under-18 Championship . This was the maiden tournament for SEABA Under-18 Championship and was held in Santa Cruz , Laguna , Philippines from July 27 to 30 . The games were scheduled to open on July 26 but was postponed due to floods caused by Typhoon Gloria ( Gloring ) .   The Philippines swept all of their assignments en route to their maiden title by thrashing Singapore in the finals , 93 -- 64 . Both finalists joined 1996 ABC Under-18 Championship hosts Malaysia and Thailand to represent SEABA subzone ."}
{"_id": "1984_UEFA_European_Under-16_Championship_qualifying", "title": "1984 UEFA European Under-16 Championship qualifying", "headings": "", "text": "This page describes the qualifying procedure for the 1984 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship . 27 teams were divided into 8 groups of two , three and four teams each . The eight winners advanced to the quarterfinals , consisting in two-legged rounds . The four winners of the quarterfinals advanced to the final tournament ."}
{"_id": "1980_New_Zealand_National_Soccer_League", "title": "1980 New Zealand National Soccer League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 New Zealand National Soccer League was the 11th season of a nationwide round-robin club competition in New Zealand football . Mount Wellington became the first club to win back-to-back titles and also the first club to win the league four times , though their winning margin was significantly smaller than in 1979 ."}
{"_id": "1973–74_La_Liga", "title": "1973–74 La Liga", "headings": "", "text": "La Liga 1973-74 season was the 43rd since its establishment . The season started on September 1 , 1973 , and finished on May 20 , 1974 . It consisted of the following clubs :"}
{"_id": "1939_Pittsburgh_Pirates_(NFL)_season", "title": "1939 Pittsburgh Pirates (NFL) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 Pittsburgh Pirates season is the franchise 's seventh season as a professional football club in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Pirates brought John McNally back for his third year , however , after finishing with a 2 -- 9 record , Owner Art Rooney provided him with support by signing Walt Kiesling during the offseason . Despite this , the Pirates experienced their worst season yet , placing last in the league with a 1 -- 9 -- 1 record . The team just barely tallied a number in the win column , but during Week 11 , they beat the Philadelphia Eagles . It was their first win at home in 9 games at Forbes Field ( Week 10 , 1937 ) ."}
{"_id": "1902_in_Spain", "title": "1902 in Spain", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1902 in Spain ."}
{"_id": "1974_Sandown_250", "title": "1974 Sandown 250", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Sandown 250 was an endurance race for Group C Touring Cars . Entries were divided into four classes :   Class A : Up to 1300 cc  Class B : 1301 - 2000 cc  Class C : 2001 - 3000 cc  Class D : Over 3000 cc   The event was held at the Sandown Park circuit in Victoria on 8 September 1974 over a race distance of 130 laps ( 251 miles , 404 km ) .   The race was the second round of the 1974 Australian Manufacturers ' Championship ."}
{"_id": "1977–78_CHL_season", "title": "1977–78 CHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 -- 78 CHL season was the 15th season of the Central Hockey League , a North American minor professional league . Six teams participated in the regular season , and the Fort Worth Texans won the league title ."}
{"_id": "1892_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1892 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "'76_(film)", "title": "'76 (film)", "headings": "", "text": "' 76 , formerly Lions of ' 76 , is a 2016 Nigerian historical fiction drama film produced by Adonaijah Owiriwa and Izu Ojukwu and directed by Izu Ojukwu . It stars Ramsey Nouah , Chidi Mokeme , Rita Dominic and Ibinabo Fiberesima .   Set six years after the civil war , a young officer from the Middle Belt gets into a romantic relationship with an O-level student from the South-eastern region . However , their relationship is strained by constant military postings . The soldier gets accused of being involved in the 1976 unsuccessful military coup and assassination of General Murtala Mohammed , and the heavily pregnant wife , gets entangled in an emotional dilemma .   The historical account in '76 went through a seven-month approval period at the Nigerian Military before filming started . The film which is set in the '70s was shot in Ibadan , Oyo . The film has been in production for about five years ."}
{"_id": "1934_New_York_Giants_season", "title": "1934 New York Giants season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 New York Giants season was the tenth season for the club in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Giants denied the Bears a perfect season as the Giants went on to win what would become known as the `` Sneakers Game '' ."}
{"_id": "1989–90_Swindon_Town_F.C._season", "title": "1989–90 Swindon Town F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 -- 90 season was Swindon Town 's third season in the Division Two since their relegation from the second tier of English football in 1987 . Alongside the league campaign , Swindon Town also competed in the FA Cup , League Cup and the Full Members Cup ."}
{"_id": "1922_Emperor's_Cup", "title": "1922 Emperor's Cup", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Emperor 's Cup in the 1922 season ."}
{"_id": "1918_Kansas_State_Farmers_football_team", "title": "1918 Kansas State Farmers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 Kansas State Farmers football team represented Kansas State Agricultural College in the 1918 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1972_New_Zealand_Grand_Prix", "title": "1972 New Zealand Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 New Zealand Grand Prix was a race held at the Pukekohe Park Raceway on 8 January 1972 . The race had 20 starters .   It was the 18th New Zealand Grand Prix , and doubled as the first round of the 1972 Tasman Series . Australian Frank Gardner won his first NZGP in his McLaren Formula 5000 ahead of British Grand Prix motorcycle racing champion Mike Hailwood . The first New Zealand driver to finish was Robbie Francevic in the McLaren Formula 5000 who came in 9th place .   The race saw the death of Bryan Faloon who died after an accident on the back straight with Graeme Lawrence in the closing laps of the race ."}
{"_id": "1916–17_Nantou_earthquakes", "title": "1916–17 Nantou earthquakes", "headings": "", "text": "The 1916 -- 17 Nantou earthquakes affected central Taiwan in 1916 and 1917 , causing heavy damage in sparsely populated Nanto Chō ( modern-day Nantou County ) and claiming 71 lives . The strongest quake registered at 6.8 ML and besides the loss of life caused widespread damage to agricultural and forestry industries in central Taiwan ."}
{"_id": "1923_Pacific_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1923 Pacific Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 Pacific Tigers football team represented the College of the Pacific ( COP ) University of the Pacific ( UOP ) was known as College of the Pacific from 1911 -- 1961 . See : University of the Pacific during the 1923 college football season .   COP competed in the California Coast Conference ( CCC ) from 1922 to 1923 . The 1923 team was led by third-year head coach Erwin Righter , and played home games at a field on campus in Stockton , California . The team finished undefeated , with seven wins and no losses ( 7 -- 0 , 4 -- 0 CCC ) . Overall , the Tigers dominated their opponents , outscoring them 171 -- 12 for the season , including five shutouts in the seven games .   At the end of the season , the champion of the CCC North Division ( Pacific ) was to meet the champion of the CCC South Division ( Fresno State ) for the conference championship . However , the two teams could not agree on a site and the game was never played ."}
{"_id": "1973_Copa_Libertadores_Finals", "title": "1973 Copa Libertadores Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Copa Libertadores Finals was the final two-legged tie to determine the 1973 Copa Libertadores champion . It was contested by Argentine club Independiente and Chilean club Colo-Colo . The first leg of the tie was played on May 22 at Avellaneda ' home field , with the second leg played on May 29 at Santiago de Chile ' .   Independiente won the series after winning a tie-breaking playoff 2-1 at Montevideo 's Estadio Centenario ."}
{"_id": "1999_Salt_Lake_City_tornado", "title": "1999 Salt Lake City tornado", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Salt Lake City tornado was a very rare tornado that occurred in Salt Lake City , Utah on August 11 , 1999 , during an unusually strong summer monsoon season . It was among the most notable tornadoes to hit west of the Great Plains in the 20th century and the second tornado to hit in Utah that resulted in a fatality ( the other occurring in 1884 ) . This was the sixth significant tornado in Utah since June 1963 ."}
{"_id": "150_000_000", "title": "150 000 000", "headings": "", "text": "150 000 000 ( in Russian : Sto pyatdesyat millionov ) is a poem by Vladimir Mayakovsky written in 1919 -- 1920 and first published in April 1921 by GIZ ( Gosizdat ) Publishers , originally anonymously . The poem , hailing the 150-million-strong Russian people 's mission in starting the world revolution ( represented here as an allegorical battle of Russian Ivan and the American president Woodrow Wilson , the embodiment of the capitalist evil ) failed to impress the Soviet revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin who apparently saw in it little but a pretentious Futuristic experiment ."}
{"_id": "1981_Big_Sky_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1981 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Big Sky Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 7 -- 8 at the Kibbie Dome at the University of Idaho in Moscow , Idaho .   Top-seeded defeated in the championship game , 70 -- 64 , to clinch their first Big Sky men 's basketball tournament .   The Vandals , in turn , received an automatic bid to the 1981 NCAA Tournament , their first Division I tournament appearance . Idaho , however , ultimately lost to Pittsburgh in the First Round ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Czech_2._Liga", "title": "1995–96 Czech 2. Liga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Czech 2 . Liga was the third season of the 2 . česká fotbalová liga , the second tier of the Czech football league ."}
{"_id": "1951_in_North_Korea", "title": "1951 in North Korea", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1951 in North Korea ."}
{"_id": "...Saturday_Night,_'Round_Ten", "title": "...Saturday Night, 'Round Ten", "headings": "", "text": "... Saturday Night , ` Round Ten is a live album by the Australian rock band , You Am I , released in 1999 .   The performances are taken from three sets the band played in a warehouse in Richmond , Victoria . `` Round Ten '' was released as a radio only single . A recording of `` The Cream And The Crock '' from the same gigs was released as a B-side to the Internet-only single `` Who Put the Devil in You '' . A cover version of the MC5 song , `` Ramblin ' Rose '' , is included as an unlisted hidden track at the end of the album .   This was the first album with Davey Lane as a member of the band ."}
{"_id": "1985_NCAA_Division_I_Field_Hockey_Championship", "title": "1985 NCAA Division I Field Hockey Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 NCAA Division I Field Hockey Championship was the fifth women 's collegiate field hockey tournament organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association , to determine the top college field hockey team in the United States . The Connecticut Huskies won their second championship , defeating the three-time defending champions , the Old Dominion Lady Monarchs , in the final . The championship rounds were held at Foreman Field in Norfolk , Virginia ."}
{"_id": "1836_in_architecture", "title": "1836 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1836 in architecture involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "19_Kids_and_Counting", "title": "19 Kids and Counting", "headings": "", "text": "19 Kids and Counting ( formerly 17 Kids and Counting and 18 Kids and Counting ) was an American reality television show that aired on the cable channel TLC for seven years , until its cancellation in 2015 . The show featured the Duggar family : parents Jim Bob and Michelle Duggar and their nineteen children -- nine girls and ten boys , all of whose names begin with the letter `` J. '' During the life of the show , three children were born , three children were married and four grandchildren were born .   The reality show focused on the life of the Duggar family who are devout Baptists . and frequently discussed values of purity , modesty , and faith in God . The Duggars avoid birth control saying they have decided to allow God to determine the number of children they have . All of the children are homeschooled , and access to entertainment such as movies and television is limited . They practice chaperoned courtship , in which a couple acquaints itself only in a group setting . The values presented on the show have been associated with the Quiverfull movement , which has been described as promoting strict family conformity , male hierarchies , and subservient roles for women . The Duggars have stated they are not associated with the Quiverfull movement .   The series began on September 29 , 2008 and concluded on May 19 , 2015 . The show was TLC 's most popular , averaging 2.3 million viewers per new episode in Season 10 , and scoring in the Nielsen `` Cable Top 25 . ''   On May 22 , 2015 , TLC suspended the series when the Duggars ' eldest son , Josh , publicly apologized for having `` acted inexcusably '' following reports that he molested five girls , including some of his sisters , by fondling them . These events occurred in 2002 and 2003 , when he was 14 to 15 years of age , and prior to the beginning of the show . On July 16 , 2015 , TLC announced that the show was officially canceled and would not resume production . A spin-off show , Counting On , aired in December 2015 and the fourth season will premiere June 12 , 2017 ."}
{"_id": "1991_in_radio", "title": "1991 in radio", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1991 saw a number of significant events in radio broadcasting history ."}
{"_id": "1996_Summer_Paralympics", "title": "1996 Summer Paralympics", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Paralympic Games in Atlanta , USA were held from August 16 to 25 . It was the first Paralympics to get mass media sponsorship , and had a budget of USD $ 81 million .   It was the first Paralympic Games where International Sports Federation for Persons with an Intellectual Disability athletes were given full medal status ."}
{"_id": "1937_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1937 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 51st staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887 . The championship began on 16 May 1937 and ended on 5 September 1937 .   Limerick entered the championship as defending champions , however , they were defeated in the provincial stages . Tipperary won the title following a 3 -- 11 to 0 -- 3 victory over Kilkenny in the final ."}
{"_id": "1980_Meath_Intermediate_Football_Championship", "title": "1980 Meath Intermediate Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Meath Intermediate Football Championship is the 54th edition of the Meath GAA 's premier club Gaelic football tournament for intermediate graded teams in County Meath , Ireland . The tournament consists of 21 teams . The championship starts with a group stage and then progresses to a knock out stage .   This was Ballivor , Martry Harps , Moylagh 's return the Intermediate grade since 8 , 6 and 4 years in the Senior grade respectively .   St. Mary 's Donore were promoted after claiming the 1979 Meath Junior Football Championship title .   Ballinlough and Skryne ` B ' were regraded to the 1981 J.F.C. at the end of the campaign .   On 19 October 1980 , Nobber claimed their 1st Intermediate championship title when they defeated Martry Harps 1-8 to 0-8 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1557_in_Ireland", "title": "1557 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1557 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1704_in_art", "title": "1704 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1704 in art ."}
{"_id": "1620_L_Street", "title": "1620 L Street", "headings": "", "text": "1620 L Street is a high-rise building in Washington , D.C. . The building rises 12 floors and 157 ft in height . The building was designed by architectural firm Smith , Segreti , Tepper , McMahon & Harned and was completed in 1989 . As of July 2008 , the structure stands as the 24th-tallest building in the city , tied in rank with 1111 19th Street , 1333 H Street , 1000 Connecticut Avenue , the Republic Building , 1010 Mass , the Army and Navy Club Building and the The Watergate Hotel and Office Building . 1620 L Street is an example of postmodern architecture , and has a glass and granite facade . It is composed almost entirely of office space , with 512000 sqft of commercial area ; the three basement levels are used as parking space , containing a 126-spot parking garage . The street level floor is used for commercial retailing ."}
{"_id": "1438", "title": "1438", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1438 ( MCDXXXVIII ) was a common year starting on Wednesday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1972_Hong_Kong_rainstorm_disasters", "title": "1972 Hong Kong rainstorm disasters", "headings": "", "text": "A series of major landslides occurred in Hong Kong in June 1972 . Several apartment complexes and houses were wiped out , and at least 148 people lost their lives . The landslides had been caused by waterlogged soils in the area , a result of Typhoon Rose bringing unusually heavy rainfall in August 1971 as well as heavy rainstorms hitting Hong Kong on the days preceding the landslides ."}
{"_id": "1987_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team", "title": "1987 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1987 NCAA Division I-A football season . Oklahoma  was a member of the Big Eight Conference played its home games in Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium , where it has played its home games since 1923 . The team posted an 11 -- 1 overall record and a 7 -- 0 conference record to the Conference title outright under head coach Barry Switzer who took the helm in 1973 . This was Switzer 's twelfth conference title , fourth consecutive conference title and eighth undefeated conference record in fifteen seasons .   The team was led by All-Americans Rickey Dixon ( who won the Jim Thorpe Award ) , Mark Hutson , Keith Jackson , Danté Jones , and Darrell Reed After going undefeated in its eleven regular season games , it earned a trip to the Orange Bowl for an appearance against the Miami Hurricanes . During the season , it faced three ranked opponents ( In order , # 12 Oklahoma State , # 1 Nebraska , and # 2 Miami ) . Both of its last two games were # 1 vs. # 2 matches with the last being a national title game in which it endured its only loss to the resulting national champion Hurricanes . The game marked the third Miami victory over Oklahoma in three seasons to former Switzer assistant coach Jimmy Johnson .   Jamelle Holieway led the team in rushing for the second season with 807 yards and in passing for the third of four times with 548 yards , Jackson led the team in receiving for the third straight season with 403 yards , Placekicker R. D. Lashar led the team in scoring with 91 points , Reed posted 8 quarterback sacks , Jones led the team with 125 tackles and Dixon posted 9 interceptions . Dixon established the current school record total of 9 single-season interceptions . He set the school record for single-season interception return yards with 232 that season and the career record with 303 , which was broken by Derrick Strait in 2003 ."}
{"_id": "184th_Ordnance_Battalion_(EOD)", "title": "184th Ordnance Battalion (EOD)", "headings": "", "text": "The 184th Ordnance Battalion ( EOD ) accomplish the explosive ordnance disposal ( EOD ) support activity . The EOD battalion operates under United States Army Forces Command ( 52nd Ordnance Group ( EOD ) ) command and control with several companies ( EOD ) strategically located within each control area . Installations and MACOMs do not have a direct area support EOD responsibility ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_Houston_Rockets_season", "title": "1985–86 Houston Rockets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 -- 86 Houston Rockets season saw the Rockets lose the NBA Finals ."}
{"_id": "1946_NCAA_Men's_Basketball_All-Americans", "title": "1946 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans", "headings": "", "text": "The consensus 1946 College Basketball All-American team , as determined by aggregating the results of four major All-American teams . To earn `` consensus '' status , a player must win honors from a majority of the following teams : the Helms Athletic Foundation , Converse , The Sporting News , and True Magazine ."}
{"_id": "12th_IIFA_Awards", "title": "12th IIFA Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 2011 IIFA Awards , officially the 12th International Indian Film Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the International Indian Film Academy honoured the best films of 2010 and took place between June 23 -- 25 , 2011 . The official ceremony took place on June 25 , 2011 , at the Rogers Centre in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . During the ceremony , IIFA Awards were awarded in 24 competitive categories . The ceremony was televised in India and internationally on Star Plus . Actors Boman Irani and Ritesh Deshmukh co-hosted the ceremony for the fourth time .   In related events , the IIFA Music and Fashion Extravaganza took place on June 24 , 2011 at the Ricoh Coliseum . The event was hosted by Karan Johar ( Best Director winner ) and Anushka Sharma ( Best Performance in a Leading Role Female winner ) . During the event , all technical awards and one musical award were presented to the winners .   Dabangg won ten awards , three of which were popular awards : ( Best Picture , Best Performance in a Negative Role and Female Debutant Star . ) Both Band Baaja Baaraat and Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai won ten awards . Other multiple winners included Guzaarish with six awards and I Hate Luv Storys , Robot and Udaan , with three awards each . In addition , Housefull and Love Sex aur Dhokha , each received one award ."}
{"_id": "1982_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_football_team", "title": "1982 Illinois Fighting Illini football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign during the 1982 Big Ten Conference football season . In their third year under head coach Mike White , the Illini compiled a 6 -- 5 record , finished in fourth place in the Big Ten Conference , and lost to Alabama in the 1982 Liberty Bowl .   The team 's offensive leaders were quarterback Tony Eason with 3,248 passing yards , running back Dwight Beverly with 390 rushing yards , and wide receiver Mike Martin with 941 receiving yards . Eason was selected as the team 's most valuable player ."}
{"_id": "1893_in_Sweden", "title": "1893 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1893 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1906_in_Swedish_football", "title": "1906 in Swedish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1906 season in Swedish football , starting January 1906 and ending December 1906 :"}
{"_id": "1994–95_USISL_indoor", "title": "1994–95 USISL indoor", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 United Systems of Independent Soccer Leagues indoor season was an American soccer season run by the United Systems of Independent Soccer Leagues during the winter of 1994 to 1995 ."}
{"_id": "1781_in_poetry", "title": "1781 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1981_State_of_Origin_game", "title": "1981 State of Origin game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 State of Origin game was the second such match between arch rivals Queensland and New South Wales to be played under State of Origin selection rules . Again it was played as the third game of an already-decided 3-game series . New South Wales ' victories in the first two games under the `` state of residency '' selection rules were , however , the last matches of this kind to ever be played as the following year the Origin concept was fully embraced .   The match featured a stunning comeback by the Maroons , an all-in-brawl , a 95-metre try by Eric Grothe , Sr. and the second consecutive man-of-the-match performance from Queensland three-quarter back , Chris Close ."}
{"_id": "1940–41_National_Hurling_League", "title": "1940–41 National Hurling League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940-41 National Hurling League was the 14th edition of the National Hurling League , which ran from 6 October 1940 to 30 March 1941 .   The ten participating teams were Clare , Cork , Dublin , Galway , Kilkenny , Laois , Limerick , Tipperary , Waterford and Westmeath who were divided into two divisions of five teams . The participants agreed to play a four game format whereby each team would play each of their four rivals once with two points awarded for a win and one point awarded for a drawn game . The two teams with the most points in each division at the completion of the season would play a final , with the winners being declared National Hurling League champions .   Cork defeated Dublin by 4-11 to 2-7 in the final .   Cork also won the All-Ireland Championship in 1941 , the fifth time that a team completed the league-championship double ."}
{"_id": "1984–85_Indiana_Hoosiers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1984–85 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 -- 85 Indiana Hoosiers men 's basketball team represented Indiana University . Their head coach was Bobby Knight , who was in his 14th year . The team played its home games in Assembly Hall in Bloomington , Indiana , and was a member of the Big Ten Conference .   The Hoosiers finished the regular season with an overall record of 19 -- 14 and a conference record of 7 -- 11 , finishing 7th in the Big Ten Conference . Missing out on the NCAA Tournament , IU was invited to participate in the 1985 NIT ; IU advanced to the championship game , but they lost to the UCLA Bruins ."}
{"_id": "1970_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team", "title": "1970 Michigan Wolverines football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1970 Big Ten Conference football season . The team 's head coach was Bo Schembechler . The Wolverines played their home games at Michigan Stadium .0 .   Michigan entered the season knowing it could not play in a bowl game due to two Big Ten rules in place . First , no Big Ten team could play in any bowl except the Rose Bowl , a rule which would not be repealed until 1975 . Second , no team could represent the Big Ten in the Rose Bowl in consecutive seasons . That rule was repealed for the 1972 season ."}
{"_id": "1965_FIVB_Volleyball_Men's_World_Cup", "title": "1965 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 FIVB Volleyball Men 's World Cup , a volleyball competition , was held in Poland . It was the first ever Men 's World Cup ."}
{"_id": "1942–43_Aberdeen_F.C._season", "title": "1942–43 Aberdeen F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1932_Brooklyn_Dodgers_(NFL)_season", "title": "1932 Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 Brooklyn Dodgers season was their third in the league . The team improved on their previous season 's output of 2 -- 12 , winning three games . They failed to qualify for the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1_a_Minute", "title": "1 a Minute", "headings": "", "text": "1 a Minute is a docu-drama film written and directed by Indian American actress Namrata Singh Gujral , and is based on her own life and the lives of other women who suffered from cancer ."}
{"_id": "1939_in_association_football", "title": "1939 in association football", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the football ( soccer ) events of the year 1939 throughout the world ."}
{"_id": "1974_in_Australian_literature", "title": "1974 in Australian literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1974 .   For an overview of world literature see 1974 in literature .   See also :  1973 in Australian literature ,  1974 in Australia ,  1975 in Australian literature ."}
{"_id": "1997_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships", "title": "1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 6th IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics were held at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris , France from March 7 to March 9 , 1997 . It was the first athletic championships to introduce women 's pole vault . There were a total number of 712 participating athletes from 118 countries ."}
{"_id": "1960–61_Liverpool_F.C._season", "title": "1960–61 Liverpool F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "In Liverpool F.C. seventh season in Division Two and Bill Shankly 's second season as manager and first full season at the club . The rebuilding of the club continued with them ending third in the table and being knocked out early in the FA Cup and the newly formed Football League Cup ."}
{"_id": "1995_in_jazz", "title": "1995 in jazz", "headings": "", "text": "This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1995 ."}
{"_id": "1982_St._Louis_Cardinals_(NFL)_season", "title": "1982 St. Louis Cardinals (NFL) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team 's 63rd year with the National Football League and the 23rd season in St. Louis . It was the Cardinals first postseason appearance since 1975 , and their last before the team 's 1988 move to Arizona , as well as the last NFL postseason appearance for any St. Louis franchise until the Rams ' Super Bowl championship season of 1999 . The '82 Football Cardinals were 5 -- 4 during the regular-season .   This season would be the last season the Cardinals won a playoff game until 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1801_Hollis_Street", "title": "1801 Hollis Street", "headings": "", "text": "1801 Hollis Street is an office building in downtown Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada home to many prominent businesses . It was built in 1985 and is one of the tallest buildings in Halifax , standing at 87 metres , with 22 floors . It is located near the waterfront , in a major financial district .   The building was originally known as the Central Trust Tower , but was re-branded as `` 1801 '' when the trust company closed in 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1930_in_Spain", "title": "1930 in Spain", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1930 in Spain ."}
{"_id": "1967_Penang_Hartal_riot", "title": "1967 Penang Hartal riot", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Penang Hartal riot ( Hartal Pulau Pinang 1967 ) happened on November 24 1967 in response to the devaluation of the Malayan dollar against the British pound sterling and the newly established Malaysian dollar ."}
{"_id": "1993_Detroit_Drive_season", "title": "1993 Detroit Drive season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Detroit Drive season was the sixth season for the Drive , and the last for the franchise in Detroit , Michigan . They finished 11 -- 1 and were defeated in ArenaBowl VII ."}
{"_id": "(RS)-norcoclaurine_6-O-methyltransferase", "title": "(RS)-norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase", "headings": "", "text": "In enzymology , a ( RS ) - norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   S-adenosyl-L-methionine + ( RS ) - norcoclaurine S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ( RS ) - coclaurine   Thus , the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and ( R , S ) - norcoclaurine , whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and ( R , S ) - coclaurine .   This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases , specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases . The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine : ( RS ) - norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase . This enzyme participates in alkaloid biosynthesis i."}
{"_id": "1999_Cupa_României_Final", "title": "1999 Cupa României Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Cupa României Final was the 61st final of Romania 's most prestigious cup competition . The final was played at the Stadionul Naţional in Bucharest on 16 June 1999 and was contested between Divizia A sides Steaua Bucureşti and Rapid Bucureşti . The cup was won by Steaua on penalties ."}
{"_id": "1736_Floirac", "title": "1736 Floirac", "headings": "", "text": "1736 Floirac , provisional designation , is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 8.7 kilometer in diameter . It was discovered on 6 September 1967 , by French astronomer Guy Soulié at Bordeaux Observatory in southwestern France .   The stony asteroid is a member of the Flora family . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8 -- 2.6 AU once every 3 years and 4 months ( 1,215 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 5 ° with respect to the ecliptic .   It has a rotation period of 6.8 hours and an albedo in the range of 0.25 -- 0.30 , based on several different observations .   This minor planet was named by the discoverer for Floirac , a French town in the Département Gironde , near Bordeaux , where the discovering observatory is located . Naming citation was published before November 1977 ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_Israel_State_Cup", "title": "1965–66 Israel State Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 -- 66 Israel State Cup ( גביע המדינה , Gvia HaMedina ) was the 27th season of Israel 's nationwide football cup competition and the 12th after the Israeli Declaration of Independence .   A rule change was instituted this season , so that in the event of a tie at the end of 90 minutes and extra time , there will be a penalty shoot-out , instead of a replay . The first two penalty shoot-outs of the competition occurred on the first round , played on 18 September 1965 , with Hapoel Shefayim besting Hapoel Givat Haim 4 -- 3 , and with Hapoel Sha'ar HaNegev winning over Hapoel Ramat David with the same result .   The quarter-finals , semi-finals and the final itself were all played within one week , between 1 June 1966 and 8 June 1966 . Hapoel Haifa and Shimshon Tel Aviv met at the final , the former winning 2 -- 1 to claim its second cup ."}
{"_id": "1950–51_New_York_Rangers_season", "title": "1950–51 New York Rangers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 -- 51 New York Rangers season was the 25th season for the team in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Rangers finished with a 20 -- 29 -- 21 record in the regular season . They ended the season in fifth place with 61 points , and did not make the NHL playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1965_Indiana_Hoosiers_football_team", "title": "1965 Indiana Hoosiers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented the Indiana Hoosiers in the 1965 Big Ten Conference football season . They participated as members of the Big Ten Conference . The Hoosiers played their home games at Seventeenth Street Stadium in Bloomington , Indiana . The team was coached by John Pont , in his first year as head coach of the Hoosiers ."}
{"_id": "1971_San_Diego_Padres_season", "title": "1971 San Diego Padres season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1913_in_Portugal", "title": "1913 in Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1913 in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1955_Moomba_TT", "title": "1955 Moomba TT", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 Moomba TT was a motor race staged at the Albert Park Circuit in Victoria , Australia on 26 March 1955 .  The race , which featured a Le Mans start , was open to ` Sports Cars Open and Closed ' , competing with restricted fuel .  It was staged as part of the Argus Moomba Motor Car Races , the meeting being sponsored by the Argus newspaper and organised by the Light Car Club of Australia in collaboration with the Albert Park Trust and the Moomba Festival Committee .   The race was won by Doug Whiteford ( Triumph TR2 ) from Haig Hurst ( Austin-Healey ) and EJ Brotherton ( Austin-Healey ) ."}
{"_id": "1872_in_art", "title": "1872 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1872 in art ."}
{"_id": "1901–02_Michigan_State_Spartans_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1901–02 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 -- 02 Michigan State Spartans men 's basketball team represents Michigan State University for the 1900 -- 01 college men 's basketball season . The head coach was George Denman coaching the team his first season . The Spartans team captain was James Cooper ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Arkansas_Razorbacks_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1994–95 Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 Arkansas Razorbacks men 's basketball team represented the University of Arkansas . The Head Coach was Nolan Richardson . The team played its home games in the Bud Walton Arena , and was a member of the Southeast Conference ."}
{"_id": "1816_in_Scotland", "title": "1816 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1816 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1nce_Again", "title": "1nce Again", "headings": "", "text": "`` 1nce Again '' is a song by A Tribe Called Quest , released as the first single from their fourth album Beats , Rhymes and Life . It contains samples of `` I 'm Your Pal '' by Gary Burton and `` Untitled '' by Cannonball Adderley , while the chorus is sung by Tammy Lucas . The song was the first ATCQ single to feature production by the late Jay Dee , a member of The Ummah . The chorus is a recreation of the chorus of `` Check the Rhime '' , a previous single from the group 's second album The Low End Theory . It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group in 1997 ."}
{"_id": "14th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade", "title": "14th Indian Infantry Brigade", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the Indian Army during World War II . The brigade was formed at Attock in October 1940 , and assigned to the 7th Indian Infantry Division . In April 1942 , the brigade was renumbered as the 114th Indian Infantry Brigade . The brigade fought in the Burma Campaign with the 7th Indian Division and later the 26th Indian Infantry Division ."}
{"_id": "1931_SMU_Mustangs_football_team", "title": "1931 SMU Mustangs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 SMU Mustangs football team represented Southern Methodist University during the 1931 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1955_New_Zealand_Grand_Prix", "title": "1955 New Zealand Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 New Zealand Grand Prix was a motor race held at the Ardmore Circuit on 8 January 1955 ."}
{"_id": "1923_in_Southern_Rhodesia", "title": "1923 in Southern Rhodesia", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1922 in Zimbabwe ,  other events of 1923 ,  1924 in Zimbabwe and  Years in Zimbabwe ."}
{"_id": "1969_American_League_Championship_Series", "title": "1969 American League Championship Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 American League Championship Series was the first ALCS held after Major League Baseball adopted the two-division format that season . It featured the Baltimore Orioles vs. the Minnesota Twins , with the Orioles winning the series 3 -- 0 and advancing to the 1969 World Series , where they would lose to the New York Mets in five games . The Orioles and Twins would meet again the following year , with similar results .   This was the first of three straight appearances in the ALCS for the Orioles ."}
{"_id": "1987_Benson_&_Hedges_Championships", "title": "1987 Benson & Hedges Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Benson & Hedges Championships was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Wembley Arena in London in England that was part of the 1987 Nabisco Grand Prix . The tournament was held from 10 to 15 November 1987 ."}
{"_id": "1988_K_League", "title": "1988 K League", "headings": "", "text": "The Korea Professional Football League 1988 was the sixth season of K League in South Korea . A total of five teams participated in the league , all of them were professional teams . The season began on 26 March 1988 and ended on 12 November 1988 . The season was operated in single stage , every team played each other six times ."}
{"_id": "1957_Caribbean_Series", "title": "1957 Caribbean Series", "headings": "", "text": "The IX edition of the Caribbean Series ( Serie del Caribe ) was played in 1957 . It was held from February 9 through February 14 , featuring the champion baseball teams of Cuba , Tigres de Marianao ; Panama , Cerveza Balboa ; Puerto Rico , Indios de Mayagüez , and Venezuela , Leones del Caracas . The format consisted of 12 games , each team facing the other teams twice . The games were played at Estadio del Cerro in Havana , the Cuban capital . The first pitch was thrown by Ford Frick , by then the Commissioner of Major League Baseball ."}
{"_id": "14-inch_M1920_railway_gun", "title": "14-inch M1920 railway gun", "headings": "", "text": "The 14-inch M1920 railway gun was the last large caliber railway gun to be deployed by the United States Army . It was an upgrade of the US Navy 14 '' / 50 caliber railway gun ."}
{"_id": "1993_Coca-Cola_600", "title": "1993 Coca-Cola 600", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Coca-Cola 600 , the 34th running of the event , was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race held on May 30 , 1993 at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Charlotte , North Carolina . Contested at 400 laps on the 1.5 mile ( 2.4 km ) speedway , it was the 11th race of the 1993 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season . Dale Earnhardt of Richard Childress Racing won the race .   For the first time , the race was moved to a late afternoon start , and ended under the lights . The race was no longer to be held at the same time as the Indianapolis 500 ."}
{"_id": "1973–74_Czechoslovak_First_League", "title": "1973–74 Czechoslovak First League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Czechoslovak First League in the 1973/1974 season ."}
{"_id": "1986_NSL_Cup", "title": "1986 NSL Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 NSL Cup was the tenth season of the NSL Cup , which was the main national association football knockout cup competition in Australia . 32 teams from around Australia entered the competition ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_British_Home_Championship", "title": "1965–66 British Home Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965-6 6 British Home Championship was a cause of great excitement as it supplied spectators and commentators a view of England prior to their contesting the football 1966 FIFA World Cup on home soil at which they were one of the favorites . None of the other Home Nations had qualified for the World Cup and so were determined to spoil England 's preparation , leading to some very dramatic and heavily contested matches , particularly England 's final game in Glasgow .   The England team began with a subdued goalless draw with the Welsh side whilst Northern Ireland national football team beat Scotland 3 -- 2 in a close fought game at home . Both England and Scotland improved in their second games , England beating a tough Irish side at home 2 -- 1 , whilst the Scots put four goals past the struggling Welsh . Wales suffered further in their final match of the series , losing 1 -- 4 at home to the Irish , who claimed a surprise second place in the tournament . England and Scotland then played a thrilling game in Glasgow , which England finally won 4 -- 3 to take the title of British Champions , a title they would add to at the World Cup three months later ."}
{"_id": "1851_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "1851 in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1851 in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1933–34_Panhellenic_Championship", "title": "1933–34 Panhellenic Championship", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Panhellenic Championship in the 1933 -- 34 season ."}
{"_id": "1962_Gator_Bowl", "title": "1962 Gator Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Gator Bowl was a post-season college football bowl game between the Penn State Nittany Lions of the Big Ten Conference and the Gators of the University of Florida representing the SEC . Florida upset Penn State 17 -- 7 . To inspire the underdog Gators against a northern foe , the Confederate Battle Flag was worn on their helmets ."}
{"_id": "1988–89_Courage_League_National_Division_Two", "title": "1988–89 Courage League National Division Two", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 -- 89 Courage League National Division Two was the second full season of rugby union within the second tier of the English league system , currently known as the RFU Championship . Each team played one match against each of the other teams in the league , playing a total of eleven matches . For the first time matches were played on fixed Saturdays . Joining the ten teams that remained in the division were Coventry and Sale who finished 11th and 12th respectively in last seasons Courage League Division One .   Saracens , the champions , were promoted to the Courage League National Division One for season 1989 -- 90 along with the runners -- up Bedford . Bottom team London Welsh and London Scottish who finished 11th were relegated to Courage League National Division Three for season 1989 -- 90 . They were replaced by Plymouth Albion and Rugby ."}
{"_id": "1719_in_Wales", "title": "1719 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1719 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1934_in_China", "title": "1934 in China", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1934 in China ."}
{"_id": "1929_in_Portugal", "title": "1929 in Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1929 in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1911_Michoacán_earthquake", "title": "1911 Michoacán earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 Michoacán earthquake occurred on June 7 at 11:02 UTC . However , other sources indicated that this earthquake occurred at 04:26 local time . The epicenter was located near the coast of Michoacán , Mexico . The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.6 on the moment magnitude scale . 45 people were reported dead . In Mexico City , 119 houses were destroyed . Cracks were reported in Palacio Nacional , Escuela Normal para Maestros , Escuela Preparatoria , Inspección de Policía , and Instituto Geológico . Ciudad Guzmán , the seat of Zapotlán el Grande , Jalisco , suffered great damage .   The earthquake occurred hours before the revolutionary Francisco I. Madero entered Mexico City in the same day , and it was also known as `` temblor maderista '' .   On June 7 , 2011 , a ceremony was held in Ciudad Guzmán commemorating the centenary of this earthquake .   This earthquake was a megathrust earthquake along the Middle America Trench ( MAT ) , a major subduction zone ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_AFC_Ajax_season", "title": "1995–96 AFC Ajax season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1995 -- 96 Dutch football season , AFC Ajax competed in the Eredivisie ."}
{"_id": "1893_New_Year_Honours", "title": "1893 New Year Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The New Year Honours 1893 were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by members of the British Empire . They were published on 2 January 1893 .   The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour , and arranged by honour , with classes ( Knight , Knight Grand Cross , etc. ) and then divisions ( Military , Civil , etc. ) as appropriate ."}
{"_id": "1487", "title": "1487", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1487 ( MCDLXXXVII ) was a common year starting on Monday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1965_Arizona_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1965 Arizona Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona in the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) during the 1965 college football season . In their seventh season under head coach Jim LaRue , the Wildcats compiled a 3 -- 7 record ( 1 -- 4 against WAC opponents ) , finished in last place in the WAC , and were outscored by their opponents , 172 to 77 . The team captains were Tom Malloy , Woody King , and Jim Pazerski . The team played its home games in Arizona Stadium in Tucson , Arizona .   The team 's statistical leaders included Phil Albert with 559 passing yards , Brad Hubbert with 526 rushing yards , and Tim Plodinec with 191 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1888_in_Canada", "title": "1888 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1888 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1991_Independence_Bowl", "title": "1991 Independence Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Independence Bowl was a post-season college football bowl game between the Arkansas Razorbacks and the Georgia Bulldogs . Georgia defeated Arkansas , 24 -- 15 ."}
{"_id": "1972_Brownlow_Medal", "title": "1972 Brownlow Medal", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Brownlow Medal was the 45th year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) home and away season . Len Thompson of the Collingwood Football Club won the medal by polling twenty-five votes during the 1972 VFL season ."}
{"_id": "11_Puppis", "title": "11 Puppis", "headings": "", "text": "11 Puppis ( 11 Pup ) is a class F7/8II ( yellow-white bright giant ) star in the constellation Puppis . Its apparent magnitude is 4.20 and it is approximately 522 light years away based on parallax ."}
{"_id": "1985_All-SEC_football_team", "title": "1985 All-SEC football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 All-SEC football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) chosen by various selectors for the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season ."}
{"_id": "1840s_in_Zimbabwe", "title": "1840s in Zimbabwe", "headings": "", "text": "Dr. David Livingstone , exploring the interior of Africa , arrived at Lake Ngami in present-day Botswana on 3 August 1849 ."}
{"_id": "1895–96_Northern_Football_League", "title": "1895–96 Northern Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1895 -- 96 Northern Football League season was the seventh in the history of the Northern Football League , a football competition in Northern England ."}
{"_id": "1_vs._100_(2008_video_game)", "title": "1 vs. 100 (2008 video game)", "headings": "", "text": "1 vs. 100 is the Nintendo DS adaptation of the game show of the same name , in which a single contestant competes against an audience `` mob '' of 100 . The game was released on July 3 , 2008 ."}
{"_id": "1964_Cupa_României_Final", "title": "1964 Cupa României Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Cupa României Final was the 26th final of Romania 's most prestigious football cup competition . It was disputed between Dinamo București and Steaua București , and was won by Dinamo București after a game with 8 goals . It was the 2nd cup for Dinamo București ."}
{"_id": "1943–44_Army_Cadets_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1943–44 Army Cadets men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 -- 44 Army Cadets men 's basketball team represented the United States Military Academy ( known as `` Army '' for their sports teams ) during the 1943 -- 44 intercollegiate basketball season in the United States . The head coach was Ed Kelleher , coaching in his first season with the Cadets . The team finished the season with a 15 -- 0 record and was retroactively named the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Premo-Porretta Power Poll . The Helms and NCAA Division I Tournament champions were the same except for 1939 , 1940 , 1944 , and 1954 when Oregon , Indiana , Utah , and La Salle respectively won the tournament .   Dale Hall was named a consensus All-American as well as the Sporting News National Player of the Year ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Regionalliga", "title": "1997–98 Regionalliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 Regionalliga was the fourth season of the Regionalliga as the third tier of German football . The league was organised in four regional divisions , Nord , Nordost , West-Südwest and Süd .   Hannover 96 , Tennis Borussia Berlin , Rot-Weiß Oberhausen and SSV Ulm 1846 were promoted to the 2 . Bundesliga ."}
{"_id": "1993_Japan_rugby_union_tour_of_Argentina", "title": "1993 Japan rugby union tour of Argentina", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Japan rugby union tour of Argentina was a series of matches played in May 1993 in Argentina by Japan national rugby union team ."}
{"_id": "1990_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(AFC)", "title": "1990 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)", "headings": "", "text": "The Asian Football Confederation was allocated two assured qualifying berths for the 1990 FIFA World Cup . 26 teams were in the running for these spots ; Bahrain , India , Maldives and South Yemen withdrew without playing a qualifying match .   Asia 's two automatic qualifying berths were taken by Korea Republic and the United Arab Emirates ."}
{"_id": "1994_Birthday_Honours", "title": "1994 Birthday Honours", "headings": "", "text": "Queen 's Birthday Honours are announced on or around the date of the Queen 's Official Birthday . Publication dates vary from year to year . Most are published in supplements to the London Gazette and many are formally conferred by the monarch ( or her representative ) some time after the date of the announcement , particularly for those service people on active duty .   The 1994 Queen 's Birthday honours lists were announced on 10 June 1994 for the United Kingdom , New Zealand , Grenada , Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands , Tuvalu and Belize . The list for Australia was announced separately on 13 June .   Recipients of awards are shown below as they were styled before their new honours ."}
{"_id": "1912_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1912 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 General Election , the first contested by the Reform Party , left parliament in an indeterminate state , with Reform holding 38 seats , Liberal 36 , Labour 1 and with 5 independents .   Liberal , who had been in government for the past 21 years , claimed that Reform did not have a mandate , since many of their seats were the smaller rural electorates , and the Liberals proceeded to form a government under Joseph Ward as per the previous two parliaments .   Such were the loyalties of the independent members that votes were often deadlocked and dependent upon the casting vote of the Speaker . As a result , Joseph Ward resigned on 28 March , to be succeeded by agriculture minister Thomas Mackenzie . However , the government was defeated on the next occasion that parliament met , and the first Reform Government was formed under William Massey in July ."}
{"_id": "1973_Swedish_football_Division_2", "title": "1973 Swedish football Division 2", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swedish football Division 2 in season 1973 ."}
{"_id": "1935_FA_Cup_Final", "title": "1935 FA Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 FA Cup Final was contested by Sheffield Wednesday and West Bromwich Albion at Wembley . Sheffield Wednesday won 4 -- 2 , with goals scored by Jack Palethorpe , Mark Hooper and Ellis Rimmer ( 2 ) . Wally Boyes and Teddy Sandford scored West Brom 's goals ."}
{"_id": "1947_Polish_Football_Championship", "title": "1947 Polish Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "1947 Polish Football Championship - the championship was decided in a series of tournaments ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Scottish_Cup", "title": "1972–73 Scottish Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 -- 73 Scottish Cup was the 88th staging of Scotland 's most prestigious football knockout competition . The Cup was won by Rangers who defeated Celtic in the final ."}
{"_id": "1932_Navy_Midshipmen_football_team", "title": "1932 Navy Midshipmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1932 college football season . In their second season under head coach Edgar Miller , the Midshipmen compiled a 2 -- 6 record and were outscored by opponents by a combined score of 80 to 67 ."}
{"_id": "1984", "title": "1984", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1989–90_Irish_League_Cup", "title": "1989–90 Irish League Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 -- 90 Irish League Cup ( known as the Roadferry Freight League Cup for sponsorship reasons ) was the fourth edition of Northern Ireland 's secondary football knock-out cup competition . It concluded on 19 December 1989 with the final .   Glentoran were the defending champions after defeating arch-rivals Linfield 2 -- 1 in the previous final . This season they went out at the quarter-final stage with a defeat to Portadown . Glenavon were the eventual winners , becoming the fourth different winner of the competition in its first four seasons . They defeated Newry Town 3 -- 1 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1928_U.S._National_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1928 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Henri Cochet defeated Frank Hunter 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 in the final to win the Men 's Singles tennis title at the 1928 U.S. National Championships . It was Cochet 's first U.S. Championships title and his fourth Grand Slam title overall ."}
{"_id": "1782_in_India", "title": "1782 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1782 in India ."}
{"_id": "1946_Oakland_general_strike", "title": "1946 Oakland general strike", "headings": "", "text": "The Oakland general strike took place on December 3 , 1946 , in Oakland , California . The strike followed an earlier strike by 400 female employees of Hastings and Kahn 's , who had walked out in the fall of 1946 because of the resistance Oakland 's retail merchants had to unionization ."}
{"_id": "1997_UCI_Road_World_Cup", "title": "1997 UCI Road World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 UCI Road World Cup was the ninth edition of the UCI Road World Cup . It was won by Italian classics specialist Michele Bartoli of the team ."}
{"_id": "1990s_in_sociology", "title": "1990s in sociology", "headings": "", "text": "The following events related to sociology occurred in the 1990s ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_Denver_Nuggets_season", "title": "1985–86 Denver Nuggets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 -- 86 NBA season was the Nuggets ' 10th season in the NBA and 19th season as a franchise ."}
{"_id": "1524_Joensuu", "title": "1524 Joensuu", "headings": "", "text": "1524 Joensuu , provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , approximately 42 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 18 September 1939 , by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland , and named for the town of Joensuu ."}
{"_id": "1987–88_Liga_Leumit", "title": "1987–88 Liga Leumit", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 -- 88 Liga Leumit season saw the league experiment with a split-league system . After the first two rounds ( 26 matches ) , the league split , with the top eight clubs forming a Championship group and the bottom six forming a Relegation group . Within the groups , the clubs played each other once more .   Hapoel Tel Aviv won the title whilst Hapoel Lod and Maccabi Petah Tikva were relegated to Liga Artzit . Zahi Armeli of Maccabi Haifa was the league 's top scorer with 25 goals .   The following season the league continued to use the split league system , but had six clubs in the Championship group and eight in the Relegation group ."}
{"_id": "1998_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_long_jump", "title": "1998 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's long jump", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's long jump event at the 1998 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Annecy , France , at Parc des Sports on 29 and 30 July ."}
{"_id": "1889_in_Portugal", "title": "1889 in Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1889 in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1976_in_Taiwan", "title": "1976 in Taiwan", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1976 in Taiwan . This year is numbered Minguo 65 according to the official Republic of China calendar ."}
{"_id": "1997_ICC_Trophy_squads", "title": "1997 ICC Trophy squads", "headings": "", "text": "Twenty-two teams participated in the 1997 ICC Trophy , the sixth edition of the tournament . Two teams , Italy and Scotland , were making their debuts ."}
{"_id": "1984–85_Northern_Premier_League", "title": "1984–85 Northern Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 -- 85 Northern Premier League season was the 17th in the history of the Northern Premier League , a football competition in England ."}
{"_id": "1891_Cornell_Big_Red_football_team", "title": "1891 Cornell Big Red football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1891 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1891 college football season . The team compiled a 7 -- 3 record and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 298 to 34 . No Cornell players received honors on the 1891 College Football All-America Team ."}
{"_id": "1975_British_Saloon_Car_Championship", "title": "1975 British Saloon Car Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 British Saloon Car Championship was the 18th season of the championship . The title was won by Andy Rouse , driving a Triumph Dolomite Sprint ."}
{"_id": "1984_NCAA_Men's_Water_Polo_Championship", "title": "1984 NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 NCAA Men 's Water Polo Championship was the 16th annual tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA men 's collegiate water polo . Tournament matches were played at the Belmont Plaza Pool in Long Beach , California during December 1984 .   California defeated Stanford in the final , 9 -- 8 , to win their sixth national title . Coached by Pete Cutino , the Golden Bears finished the season 26 -- 4 -- 1 .   Mike Grier ( Pepperdine ) was named the Most Outstanding Player of the tournament . An All-Tournament Team , consisting of seven players , was also named .   The tournament 's leading scorers were Alan Gresham ( California ) and Charlie Harris ( USC ) , with 11 goals each ."}
{"_id": "1902_FA_Cup_Final", "title": "1902 FA Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1902 FA Cup Final was contested by Sheffield United and Southampton at Crystal Palace . Southampton became the last team from outside The Football League to reach the final of the FA Cup . The match finished 1 -- 1 after extra time , with the goals scored by Alf Common for Sheffield United and Harry Wood for Southampton .   In the replay , which also took place at Crystal Palace , Sheffield United won 2 -- 1 , with goals from George Hedley and Billy Barnes . Albert Brown scored Southampton 's goal ."}
{"_id": "1958_college_football_season", "title": "1958 college football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 NCAA University Division football season was notable in that it was the first to feature the two-point conversion . On January 13 , 1958 , the 11-man NCAA Rules Committee unanimously approved a resolution to allow teams to choose between kicking an extra point after a touchdown , or running or passing from the 3-yard line for 2 points . University of Michigan athletic director Fritz Crisler said at the meeting in Fort Lauderdale , `` It 's a progressive step which will make football more interesting for the spectators , '' adding that the rule `` will add drama to what has been the dullest , most stupid play in the game . ''   Louisiana State University ( LSU ) , with a record of 10 -- 0 , was crowned the national champion at the end of the regular season by both major polls and would go on to win the Sugar Bowl . The Iowa Hawkeyes who won the Rose Bowl were crowned national champions by the Football Writers Association of America after the bowl games were played .   During the 20th century , the NCAA had no playoff for the major college football teams in the University Division , later known as Division I-A . The NCAA did recognize a national champion based upon the final results of `` wire service '' ( AP and UPI ) polls . The extent of that recognition came in the form of acknowledgment in the annual NCAA Football Guide of the `` unofficial '' national champions . The AP poll in 1958 consisted of the votes of as many as 203 sportswriters . Though not all writers voted in every poll , each would give their opinion of the twenty best teams . Under a point system of 20 points for first place , 19 for second , etc. , the `` overall '' ranking was determined . Although the rankings were based on the collective opinion of the representative sportswriters , the teams that remained `` unbeaten and untied '' were generally ranked higher than those that had not . A defeat , even against a strong opponent , tended to cause a team to drop in the rankings , and a team with two or more defeats was unlikely to remain in the Top 20 . The top teams played on New Year 's Day in the four major postseason bowl games : the Rose Bowl ( near Los Angeles at Pasadena ) , the Sugar Bowl ( New Orleans ) , the Orange Bowl ( Miami ) , and the Cotton Bowl ( Dallas ) ."}
{"_id": "1997_World_Weightlifting_Championships_–_Men's_64_kg", "title": "1997 World Weightlifting Championships – Men's 64 kg", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 World Weightlifting Championships were held in Chiang Mai , Thailand from December 6 to December 14 . The men 's competition in the 64 kg division was staged on 8 December 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1929_French_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1929 French Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "René Lacoste defeated Jean Borotra 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 2 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 in the final to win the Men 's Singles tennis title at the 1929 French Championships ."}
{"_id": "1987_European_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1987 European Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 European Figure Skating Championships was a senior-level international competition held in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia between 3-8 February 1987 . Elite skaters from European ISU member nations competed in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing ."}
{"_id": "1998_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Women's_javelin_throw", "title": "1998 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's javelin throw", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's javelin throw event at the 1998 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Annecy , France , at Parc des Sports on 28 and 29 July . An old specification 600g javelin was used ."}
{"_id": "1983_Lisbon_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1983 Lisbon Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Mats Wilander defeated Yannick Noah 2-6 , 7-6 , 6-4 in the final to secure the title ."}
{"_id": "1913_State_of_the_Union_Address", "title": "1913 State of the Union Address", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 State of the Union Address was given by Woodrow Wilson , the 28th President of the United States , on December 2 , 1913 . It was given directly to the United States Congress by the president . Wilson was the first to do so since John Adams in 1800 . With a few exceptions all addresses since then have been given directly following Wilson 's lead .   It was his first . He stated , `` The country , I am thankful to say , is at peace with all the world , and many happy manifestations multiply about us of a growing cordiality and sense of community of interest among the nations , foreshadowing an age of settled peace and good will . '' The speech was just over 3,500 words and took 28 minutes to read .   In 2014 RealClearPolitics placed it 10th on their list of `` Top 10 State of the Union Addresses '' for its break with tradition ."}
{"_id": "1918_VPI_Gobblers_football_team", "title": "1918 VPI Gobblers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 VPI Gobblers football team represented the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute in the 1918 college football season . Led by second year head coach Charles Bernier , the team went 7 -- 0 and claims a South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SAIAA ) championship . The season was considered the best in VPI 's history at the time . They did not win seven straight games again until 1967 ."}
{"_id": "1960_in_poetry", "title": "1960 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_in_English_football", "title": "1992–93 in English football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992-93 season was the 114th season of football in England . The season saw the Premier League in its first season replacing The Football League as the top league in England . The teams played in the Premier League twice a year each , one away and one home and were awarded three points for a win and one for a draw ."}
{"_id": "1932_in_China", "title": "1932 in China", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1932 in China ."}
{"_id": "1946_Titleholders_Championship", "title": "1946 Titleholders Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 Titleholders Championship was contested from April 9 -- 12 at Augusta Country Club . It was the 7th edition of the Titleholders Championship .   This event was won by Louise Suggs ."}
{"_id": "1902_Oregon_Webfoots_football_team", "title": "1902 Oregon Webfoots football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1902 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon in the 1902 college football season . It was the Webfoots ' ninth season , they competed as an independent and were led by head coach Marion F. Dolph . They finished the season with a record of three wins , one loss and three ties ( 3 -- 1 -- 3 ) ."}
{"_id": "1945_Latvian_SSR_Higher_League", "title": "1945 Latvian SSR Higher League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Latvian Higher League in the 1945 season ."}
{"_id": "1873_Roma_Street_railway_station_building", "title": "1873 Roma Street railway station building", "headings": "", "text": "The 1873 Roma Street railway station building is a heritage-listed railway station building at Roma Street railway station , 159 Roma Street , Brisbane central business district , City of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1873 to 1940s circa by John Petrie . It is also known as Brisbane Passenger Station , Brisbane Terminal Station , and Brisbane Terminus . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 March 2000 ."}
{"_id": "1989_WAFU_Club_Championship", "title": "1989 WAFU Club Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 WAFU Club Championship was the thirteenth football club tournament season that took place for the runners-up of each West African country 's domestic league , the West African Club Championship . It was won by Nigeria 's Ranchers Bees after defeating ASEC Abidjan under the away goals rule with a total of 4-3 goals in two matches . A total of 37 goals were scored , second time in a row , fewer than last season . Originally a 28 match season , neither clubs from the Gambia , Guinea-Bissau , Mauritania nor Togo participated . Invincible Eleven directly headed to the semis , later Ranchers Bees directly headed to the finals ."}
{"_id": "1941_All-Pro_Team", "title": "1941 All-Pro Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 All-Pro Team consisted of American football players chosen by various selectors for the All-Pro team of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 1941 NFL season . Teams were selected by , among others , the so-called `` official '' All-Pro team selected by a committee of professional football writers for the NFL ( NFL ) , the sports writers of the Associated Press ( AP ) , the United Press ( UP ) , Collyer 's Eye ( CE ) , the New York Daily News ( NYDN ) , and the Chicago Herald American .   Players displayed in bold were consensus first-team selections . Five players were named to the first team by all six selectors : Green Bay Packers halfback Cecil Isbell ; Chicago Bears halfback George McAfee ; Green Bay Packers end Don Hutson ; Chicago Bears guard Dan Fortmann ; and Chicago Bears center Bulldog Turner ."}
{"_id": "1932_Olympics", "title": "1932 Olympics", "headings": "", "text": "1932 Olympics may refer to :   The 1932 Winter Olympics , which were held in Lake Placid , United States  The 1932 Summer Olympics , which were held in Los Angeles , United States"}
{"_id": "1770_in_Wales", "title": "1770 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1770 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Elitserien_season", "title": "1996–97 Elitserien season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 Elitserien season was the 22nd season of the Elitserien , the top level of ice hockey in Sweden . 12 teams participated in the league , and Färjestads BK won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1902_Rose_Bowl", "title": "1902 Rose Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "Originally titled the `` Tournament East -- West football game , '' what is now known as the Rose Bowl Game was first played on January 1 , 1902 , at Tournament Park in Pasadena , California , starting the tradition of New Year 's Day bowl games .   The inaugural game featured Fielding H. Yost 's dominating 1901 Michigan Wolverines football team , representing the East , who crushed a 3 -- 1 -- 2 team from Stanford University , representing the West , by a score of 49 -- 0 after Stanford captain Ralph Fisher requested to quit with eight minutes remaining . Michigan finished the season 11 -- 0 and was considered a national champion . Yost had been Stanford 's coach the previous year ."}
{"_id": "1931–32_Palestine_League", "title": "1931–32 Palestine League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 -- 32 Palestine League was the first complete season of league football in the British Mandate for Palestine , and the first played in an autumn-spring format . Although in previous seasons several leagues were contested , none are recognized by the Israeli Football Association .   The season began on 7 November 1931 and its final matches were played on 27 May 1932 . Seven matches were left un-played as a dispute between Hapoel and Maccabi factions within the EIFA following the punishment given to Hapoel Haifa following the events that led to the abandonment of the cup final halted all EIFA activities .   The championship was won by British Police , who finished the season unbeaten ."}
{"_id": "1989_Pilkington_Glass_Championships_–_Singles", "title": "1989 Pilkington Glass Championships – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Martina Navratilova was the defending champion and won in the final 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 against Raffaella Reggi ."}
{"_id": "104th_Field_Battery,_Royal_Australian_Artillery", "title": "104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery", "headings": "", "text": "The 104 Field Battery , Royal Australian Artillery was formed in the town of Moascar in Egypt during March 1916 as the 104th Field Artillery ( Howitzer ) Battery , part of 4th Field Artillery Brigade . The battery was disbanded , reformed and rerolled many times during its history . It is now one of three gun batteries in 1 Regt RAA ."}
{"_id": "1980", "title": "1980", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "124th_Ohio_Infantry", "title": "124th Ohio Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 124th Ohio Volunteer Infantry ( or 124th OVI ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1574_in_science", "title": "1574 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1574 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1947–48_Slovenian_Republic_League", "title": "1947–48 Slovenian Republic League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 -- 48 season was the 25th season of the Slovenian Republic League and the third as a part of SFR Yugoslavia ."}
{"_id": "121st_New_York_State_Legislature", "title": "121st New York State Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The 121st New York State Legislature , consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly , met from January 5 to July 16 , 1898 , during the second year of Frank S. Black 's governorship , in Albany ."}
{"_id": "1958_LFF_Lyga", "title": "1958 LFF Lyga", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of LFF Lyga in the 1958 season ."}
{"_id": "1600_in_philosophy", "title": "1600 in philosophy", "headings": "", "text": "1600 in philosophy"}
{"_id": "1995_Korea_Cup", "title": "1995 Korea Cup", "headings": "", "text": "1995 Korea Cup was the 21st competition of Korea Cup . The competition was held from 3 June 1995 to 12 June 1995 . The tournament was won by Ecuador for the first time ."}
{"_id": "1975_in_Turkish_television", "title": "1975 in Turkish television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Turkish television related events from 1975 ."}
{"_id": "1971_Rothmans_3_Hour", "title": "1971 Rothmans 3 Hour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Rothmans 3 Hour was motor race for Group E Series Production Touring Cars . It was staged at the Mount Panorama Circuit near Bathurst , in New South Wales , Australia on 12 April 1971 . The race , which was Heat 1 of the 1971 Australian Manufacturers ' Championship , was won by Allan Moffat driving a Ford Falcon GTHO ."}
{"_id": "1978_NCAA_Division_II_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1978 NCAA Division II Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament involved 32 schools playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men 's NCAA Division II college basketball as a culmination of the 1977-8 NCAA Division II men 's basketball season . It was won by Cheyney State of Pennsylvania and Cheyney 's Andrew Fields was the Most Outstanding Player ."}
{"_id": "1932_Australian_Championships", "title": "1932 Australian Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 Australian Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on outdoor Grass courts at the Memorial Drive , Adelaide , Australia from 8 February to 13 February . It was the 25th edition of the Australian Championships ( now known as the Australian Open ) , the 5th held in Adelaide , and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year . The singles titles were won by Australians Jack Crawford and Coral McInnes Buttsworth ."}
{"_id": "100_Huntley_Street", "title": "100 Huntley Street", "headings": "", "text": "100 Huntley Street is a Christian daily television talk show and the flagship program of Crossroads Christian Communications based in Burlington , Ontario , Canada . Created in 1976 by David Mainse , it first aired on June 15 , 1977 , from its first studios located at 100 Huntley Street in the St. James Town area of Downtown Toronto .   In 1992 , the show left its iconic address and relocated to new studios in Burlington , located on an expressway service road near the northwest quadrant of the `` Crossroads Interchange '' , Exit 100 on the Queen Elizabeth Way and Highway 403 , that also became home to the Crossroads Television System ( CTS ) and its flagship , CITS-DT . The original studio location on Huntley Street is now part of the Rogers Building , the corporate head office of Rogers Communications .   The show airs on television stations throughout Canada and the United States in syndication . Within Canada , the show airs on the ministry 's own Yes TV , and as brokered programming on several local stations , including all Global Television Network stations .   thumb | 235px | right | A look inside the studios of 100 Huntley Street"}
{"_id": "1934_LFF_Lyga", "title": "1934 LFF Lyga", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of LFF Lyga in the 1934 season ."}
{"_id": "10_Ursae_Majoris", "title": "10 Ursae Majoris", "headings": "", "text": "10 Ursae Majoris ( 10 UMa ) is a star in the constellation Lynx . Its apparent magnitude is 3.96 .   It is the third-brightest star in Lynx . Originally in the neighbouring constellation Ursa Major , it became part of Lynx with the official laying down of the constellation borders . Appearing to be of magnitude 3.97 , it can be split by a telescope to reveal a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F4 V of magnitude 4.11 and a star very similar to the Sun of spectral class G5V and magnitude 6.18 . The two are 10.6 astronomical units apart and orbit each other every 21.78 years .   The total system mass of 2.54 solar masses , with the primary being 1.44 solar masses , and secondary 1.1 solar masses ."}
{"_id": "1909–10_Welsh_Amateur_Cup", "title": "1909–10 Welsh Amateur Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 -- 10 Welsh Amateur Cup was the 20th season of the Welsh Amateur Cup . The cup was won by Johnstown Amateurs who defeated Bangor Reserves 2-1 in the final at Sealand Road , Chester ."}
{"_id": "1921_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team", "title": "1921 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1921 Big Ten Conference football season . In their 22nd and final year under head coach Henry L. Williams , the Golden Gophers compiled a 3 -- 4 record ( 2 -- 4 against Big Ten Conference opponents ) and were outscored by their opponents by a combined score of 141 to 60 ."}
{"_id": "1971–72_Football_League_First_Division", "title": "1971–72 Football League First Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Football League First Division in the 1971-72 season ."}
{"_id": "1984_Chatham_Cup", "title": "1984 Chatham Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 Chatham Cup was the 57th annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand .   Early stages of the competition were run in three regions ( northern , central , and southern ) , with the National League teams receiving a bye until the fourth round ( last 32 ) of the competition . In all , 128 teams took part in the competition . Note : Different sources give different numberings for the rounds of the competition : some start round one with the beginning of the regional qualifications ; others start numbering from the first national knock-out stage . The former numbering scheme is used in this article ."}
{"_id": "1983_ABN_World_Tennis_Tournament", "title": "1983 ABN World Tennis Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 ABN World Tennis Tournament was a men 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Ahoy Rotterdam in the Netherlands . It was part of the 1983 Volvo Grand Prix circuit . It was the 11th edition of the tournament and was held from 14 March through 20 March 1983 . Gene Mayer won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "151st_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)", "title": "151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)", "headings": "", "text": "The 151st Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service during the Second World War in Belgium and France in 1940 , and later in North Africa , Tunisia and Sicily , and later in Normandy in mid-1944 and North-western Europe . The brigade was part of the 50th ( Northumbrian ) Infantry Division , and for most of its existence consisted of three battalions of the Durham Light Infantry ( DLI ) the 6th , 8th and 9th ."}
{"_id": "1995_in_South_Korea", "title": "1995 in South Korea", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1995 in South Korea ."}
{"_id": "1789", "title": "1789", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1979_Centennial_Cup", "title": "1979 Centennial Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Centennial Cup is the ninth Tier II Junior `` A '' 1979 ice hockey National Championship for the Canadian Junior A Hockey League .   The Centennial Cup was competed for by the winners of the Abbott Cup , Dudley Hewitt Cup , and the Callaghan Cup .   The tournament was hosted by the Prince Albert Raiders in the city of Prince Albert , Saskatchewan ."}
{"_id": "1947_Grand_Prix_season", "title": "1947 Grand Prix season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Grand Prix season was the second post-war year for Grand Prix racing . It constituted the first full season of the FIA 's Formula One motor racing . Luigi Villoresi proved to be the most successful driver , winning six Grands Prix . Alfa Romeo 's cars proved difficult to beat , winning 13 of the season 's 32 Grands Prix ."}
{"_id": "16th_Regiment_New_York_Volunteer_Cavalry", "title": "16th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th New York Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . A detachment of the 16th New York had the distinction of killing Lincoln assassin John Wilkes Booth and apprehending accomplice David Herold ."}
{"_id": "100%_English", "title": "100% English", "headings": "", "text": "100 % English is a Channel 4 television programme shown in November 2006 in the United Kingdom . It looked at the genetic makeup of English people who considered themselves to be ethnically English and found that while all had an ethnic makeup similar to people of European descent , a minority discovered genetic markers from North Africa and the Middle East from several generations before they were born . The presenter was Andrew Graham-Dixon . The test results were interpreted by DNAPrint Genomics , based in Sarasota , Florida , United States .   The concept of the show was to :  Take eight people - all of whom are convinced they are 100 % English . Then submit a sample of their DNA to a series of state-of-the-art tests ... Lord Tebbit , Garry Bushell and Carol Thatcher are among the participants who have agreed to place their genetic make-up under the microscope ...   Garry Bushell , who appeared on the show , later criticised the slant of the programme and the portrayal of English people . On his website he stated : `` Only Nazis , and it appears C4 , think of national identity in terms of racial purity ... Besides , you could apply the same tests to the French or Italians and get similar results , but no-one questions their right to nationhood . ''"}
{"_id": "1982_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Tennis_Championships", "title": "1982 NCAA Division I Men's Tennis Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 NCAA Division I Men 's Tennis Championships were the 36th annual championships to determine the national champions of NCAA Division I men 's singles , doubles , and team collegiate tennis in the United States . This year 's tournaments were played in Athens , Georgia , hosted by the University of Georgia .   The men 's team championship was won by the UCLA Bruins , their 14th team national title . UCLA defeated Pepperdine in the final round , 5 -- 1 .   The men 's singles title was won by Mike Leach from Michigan , and the men 's doubles title was won by Peter Doohan and Pat Serrat from Arkansas ."}
{"_id": "1916_in_literature", "title": "1916 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1916 ."}
{"_id": "1992_Yemen_hotel_bombings", "title": "1992 Yemen hotel bombings", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Yemen hotel bombings were a series of terrorist bomb attacks carried out by the group Al-Qaeda on December 29 , 1992 , that were intended to kill United States Marines in Aden , Yemen . It is considered to be the first attack on the United States by Al-Qaeda , though the objective was unsuccessful ."}
{"_id": "1._FC_Bruchsal", "title": "1. FC Bruchsal", "headings": "", "text": "1 . FC Bruchsal is a German association football club from the town of Bruchsal , Baden-Württemberg . The club 's greatest success has been promotion to the tier five Oberliga Baden-Württemberg in 2013 but it was relegated after only one season at this level ."}
{"_id": "1985_ATP_Challenger_Series", "title": "1985 ATP Challenger Series", "headings": "", "text": "The ATP Challenger Series is the second tier tour for professional tennis organised by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) . The 1985 ATP Challenger Series calendar comprises 39 tournaments , with prize money ranging from $ 25,000 up to $ 75,000 ."}
{"_id": "1983_WNBL_season", "title": "1983 WNBL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 WNBL season '' ' was the third season of competition since its establishment in 1981 . A total of 10 teams contested the league ."}
{"_id": "1967_Cal_Poly_Mustangs_football_team", "title": "1967 Cal Poly Mustangs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic State UniversityThe official name of Cal Poly is California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo . However , it has been more commonly known as either Cal Poly San Luis Obispo or just Cal Poly since 1947 . See : Cal Poly during the 1967 College Division football season . Cal Poly competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) .   The team was led by sixth-year head coach Sheldon Harden and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo , California . They finished the season with a record of three wins and seven losses ( 3 -- 7 , 1 -- 4 CCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1846_in_architecture", "title": "1846 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1846 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings ."}
{"_id": "1901_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_football_team", "title": "1901 Illinois Fighting Illini football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1901 Western Conference football season . In their first season under head coach Edgar Holt , the Illini compiled a 8 -- 2 record and finished in fourth place in the Western Conference . Tackle Justa Lindgren was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1979_Tokyo_Indoor_–_Doubles", "title": "1979 Tokyo Indoor – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Ross Case and Geoff Masters were the defending champions , but lost in the first round this year .   Marty Riessen and Sherwood Stewart won the title , defeating Mike Cahill and Terry Moor 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1911_Detroit_Titans_football_team", "title": "1911 Detroit Titans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 Detroit Titans football team was an American football team that represented the University of Detroit in the 1911 college football season . In its first season under head coach Royal R. Campbell , the team compiled a 4 -- 4 record and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 53 to 41 ."}
{"_id": "179th_Fighter_Squadron", "title": "179th Fighter Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 179th Fighter Squadron ( 179 FS ) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base , Minnesota . The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon ."}
{"_id": "1922_VFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1922 VFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Fitzroy Football Club and Collingwood Football Club , held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 21 October 1922 . It was the 26th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League , staged to determine the premiers for the 1922 VFL season .   The half-time break was more than thirty minutes .   The match , attended by 50,064 spectators , was won by Fitzroy by a margin of 11 points , marking that club 's seventh premiership victory ."}
{"_id": "11th_Infantry_Regiment_(Greece)", "title": "11th Infantry Regiment (Greece)", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Infantry Regiment ( 11ο Σύνταγμα Πεζικού '' Αργυρόκαστρο '' , 11ο ΣΠ ) is an infantry regiment of the Hellenic Army . It was founded in March 1897 in Larissa as part of the 2nd Infantry Division 's 4th Brigade . With the Army reorganization of 1912 , it was subordinated to the 4th Infantry Division , where it has remained since . The regiment distinguished itself in the Asia Minor Campaign , earning the highest Greek decoration for valour , the Commander 's Cross of the Cross of Valour . The regiment was disbanded on 2 May 1941 , following the Greek army 's capitulation after the German invasion of Greece , and was reconstituted in 1945 as a recruit training center . In 1965 it was moved to Tripoli , which has been its base since ."}
{"_id": "1973_in_Cambodia", "title": "1973 in Cambodia", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1973 in Cambodia ."}
{"_id": "1903_in_Sweden", "title": "1903 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1903 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1979_in_Jordan", "title": "1979 in Jordan", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1979 in Jordan ."}
{"_id": "1883_Harvard_Crimson_football_team", "title": "1883 Harvard Crimson football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1883 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1883 college football season . They finished with an 8 -- 2 record ."}
{"_id": "1920_Rice_Owls_football_team", "title": "1920 Rice Owls football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 Rice Owls football team represented Rice University during the 1920 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1989_Sovran_Bank_Classic_–_Singles", "title": "1989 Sovran Bank Classic – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Jimmy Connors was the defending champion but did not compete that year .   Tim Mayotte won in the final 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 against Brad Gilbert ."}
{"_id": "1998_Singapore_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1998 Singapore Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Singapore Open was a men 's tennis tournament played on Indoor Hard in Singapore , Singapore that was part of the Championship Series of the 1998 ATP Tour . It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from 12 October -- 18 October ."}
{"_id": "11th_Royal_Tank_Regiment", "title": "11th Royal Tank Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Royal Tank Regiment ( 11 RTR ) was an armoured regiment of the British Army . It is part of the Royal Tank Regiment , itself part of the Royal Armoured Corps ."}
{"_id": "1977–78_Serie_B", "title": "1977–78 Serie B", "headings": "", "text": "This article contains information on the 1977-1978 season of Serie B , the second highest football league in Italy ."}
{"_id": "1984_Samoa_National_League", "title": "1984 Samoa National League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 Samoa National League , or also known as the Upolo First Division , was the 6th edition of the Samoa National League , the top league of the Football Federation Samoa . Kiwi F.C. won their first title , eventually becoming the first in a three title streak .   FOPA and YFC were both relegated to the 1985 Samoa Division 2 ."}
{"_id": "1989_Football_League_Third_Division_play-off_Final", "title": "1989 Football League Third Division play-off Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Football League Third Division play-off final was a two-legged football match played at on 31 May and 3 June 1989 , to determine the third and final team to gain promotion from the Third Division to the Second Division of The Football League in the 1988 -- 89 season . Port Vale faced Bristol Rovers . It was the final Third Division play-off final to be decided on a two leg basis . From 1990 onwards , matches would be decided at Wembley -- or an appropriate national stadium .   Rovers ' rivals Bristol City had been defeated in last year 's play-off finals after losing the replay 4 -- 0 . It was the first time either Rovers or Vale played a play-off final . Rovers had easily disposed of Fulham and Vale had brushed aside Preston North End to reach the final .   The first leg finished 1 -- 1 , with Vale 's talisman Robbie Earle equalising in the 73rd minute after Gary Penrice had given Rovers the lead in the first half . In the second leg , Earle was the hero once again , scoring the only goal of the game with a 52nd-minute header ."}
{"_id": "1973_Asian_Athletics_Championships", "title": "1973 Asian Athletics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The inaugural Asian Athletics Championships were held in 1973 at the Rodriguez Sports Center in Marikina , Metro Manila , Philippines from November 18 -- 23 , 1973 ."}
{"_id": "1954–55_Dumbarton_F.C._season", "title": "1954–55 Dumbarton F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Season 1954 -- 55 was the 71st Scottish football season in which Dumbarton competed at national level , entering the Scottish Football League for the 49th time , the Scottish Cup for the 60th time and the Supplementary League Cup for the first time ."}
{"_id": "1975_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final", "title": "1975 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the 88th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1975 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship , an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland .   John Egan and sub Ger O'Driscoll scored goals for a surprise win .   It was the second of four All-Ireland football titles won by Kerry in the 1970s ."}
{"_id": "1810_in_archaeology", "title": "1810 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1810 in archaeology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1917_Canton_Bulldogs_season", "title": "1917 Canton Bulldogs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 Canton Bulldogs season was their eleventh season in the Ohio League . The team finished with a 9 -- 1 record and captured their third Ohio League championship ."}
{"_id": "15_Camelopardalis", "title": "15 Camelopardalis", "headings": "", "text": "15 Camelopardalis ( 15 Cam ) is a star in the constellation Camelopardalis . Its apparent magnitude is 6.12 ."}
{"_id": "1989_Geneva_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1989 Geneva Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Marián Vajda was the defending champion , but did not participate this year .   Marc Rosset won the title , defeating Guillermo Pérez Roldán 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1923_Úrvalsdeild", "title": "1923 Úrvalsdeild", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Úrvalsdeild in the 1923 season ."}
{"_id": "1922–23_Ottawa_Senators_season", "title": "1922–23 Ottawa Senators season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 -- 23 Ottawa Senators season was the club 's 38th season of play and sixth season in the NHL . They were coming off a disappointing playoff run in 1922 , as they lost to the Toronto St. Pats in the NHL finals in a close , hard fought series . The Senators would finish first in the standings , defeat Montreal in the playoffs , defeat Vancouver in the Stanley Cup semi-finals and defeat Edmonton to win their tenth Stanley Cup title ."}
{"_id": "1996_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_long_jump", "title": "1996 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's long jump", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's long jump event at the 1996 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held in Stockholm Globe Arena on 8 March ."}
{"_id": "1843_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1843 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1958–59_NBA_season", "title": "1958–59 NBA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 -- 59 NBA Season was the 13th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning the NBA Championship ( the first of what would be 8 straight ) , beating the Minneapolis Lakers 4 games to 0 in the NBA Finals ."}
{"_id": "1989_Virginia_Slims_Championships_–_Doubles", "title": "1989 Virginia Slims Championships – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver were the defending champions and successfully defended their title , defeating Larisa Savchenko and Natasha Zvereva 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 in the final .   It was the 7th title of the year , 10th Tour Finals title and 150th overall title for Navratilova , and the 8th title of the year , 9th Tour Finals title and 102st overall title for Shriver , in their respective doubles careers ."}
{"_id": "1977_SANFL_season", "title": "1977 SANFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 South Australian National Football League season was the 97th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia and marked 100 years since the inaugural 1877 SAFA season ."}
{"_id": "1971_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_high_jump", "title": "1971 European Athletics Championships – Women's high jump", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's high jump at the 1971 European Athletics Championships was held in Helsinki , Finland , at Helsinki Olympic Stadium on 11 and 12 August 1971 ."}
{"_id": "1979_FIBA_Europe_Under-16_Championship", "title": "1979 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship ( known at that time as 1979 European Championship for Cadets ) was the 5th edition of the FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship . The city of Damascus , in Syria , hosted the tournament . Yugoslavia won the trophy for the second time and tied with the Soviet Union as the most winning countries in the tournament ."}
{"_id": "17th_Academy_Awards", "title": "17th Academy Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th Academy Awards marked the first time the complete awards ceremony was broadcast nationally , on the Blue Network ( ABC Radio ) . Bob Hope hosted the 70-minute broadcast , which included film clips that required explanation for the radio audience . This tradition ended abruptly after the 1948 ceremony as a result of the Paramount antitrust decrees , only to return gradually since the late 1960s .   This is the first year that the Best Picture category was limited to five pictures . This was also the first and last time an individual was nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor for playing the same role in the same film : Barry Fitzgerald for the character of Father Fitzgibbon in Going My Way . He won for Best Supporting Actor ."}
{"_id": "1863_Antinous", "title": "1863 Antinous", "headings": "", "text": "1863 Antinous , provisional designation , is a stony asteroid and near-Earth object , approximately 2 -- 3 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 7 March 1948 , by American astronomer Carl Wirtanen at Lick Observatory on the summit of Mount Hamilton , California .   Antinous is also classified as a Mars-crosser and Apollo asteroid . The SU/Sq-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.9 -- 3.6 AU once every 3 years and 5 months ( 1,240 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.61 and an inclination of 18 ° with respect to the ecliptic .   It takes 7.46 hours to rotate around its axis . Its albedo is 0.240 , while other observations find a much lower value of 0.10 -- 0.11 .   It has an Earth Minimum orbit intersection distance ( MOID ) of 0.1831 AU . In the 20th century Antinous passed within 30 Gm of the Earth five times ; it will do so only once in the 21st . The nearest distance increases each time , from 26 to 29 Gm .   The Apollo asteroid was named after Antinous of Greek mythology . Antinous was one of the many unwelcome suitors for Penelope 's hand while her husband , Odysseus , was away on his travels ( also see 201 Penelope and 1143 Odysseus ) . Antinous , being the most insolent of all , was the first to be killed by Odysseus on his return . Naming citation was published before November 1977 ."}
{"_id": "1928_Estonian_Football_Championship", "title": "1928 Estonian Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1928 Estonian Football Championship was the eight top-division football league season in Estonia . It was played as a knock-out tournament . Tallinna Jalgpalliklubi won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1994_Champ_Car_season", "title": "1994 Champ Car season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Champ Car season may refer to :  the 1993-94 USAC Championship Car season , which was just one race , the 78th Indianapolis 500  the 1994 PPG Indy Car World Series , sanctioned by CART , who later became Champ Car"}
{"_id": "1954–55_League_of_Ireland", "title": "1954–55 League of Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of League of Ireland in the 1954/1955 season ."}
{"_id": "1762_in_music", "title": "1762 in music", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1993_2._Divisjon", "title": "1993 2. Divisjon", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 2 . Divisjon , the third highest association football league for men in Norway .   22 games were played in 6 groups , with 3 points given for wins and 1 for draws . Jevnaker , Åndalsnes , Stabæk , Vidar , Stjørdals-Blink and Alta were promoted to the First Division . Number ten , eleven and twelve were relegated to the 3 . Divisjon . The winning teams from each of the 19 groups in the 3 . Divisjon were promoted to the 2 . Divisjon ."}
{"_id": "1989_English_Greyhound_Derby", "title": "1989 English Greyhound Derby", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Daily Mirror Greyhound Derby took place during June with the final being held on 24 June 1989 at Wimbledon Stadium . The winner Lartigue Note received # 40,000 . The competition was sponsored by the Daily Mirror ."}
{"_id": "1936_British_Lions_tour_to_Argentina", "title": "1936 British Lions tour to Argentina", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 Great Britain tour of Argentina was a series of rugby union matches arranged between a British invitational team and various Argentine teams . The tourists played ten matches , nine of which were against club and combined teams while one match took in a full Argentina national team . Despite being sanctioned by the International Rugby Board , no caps were awarded to players from either side .   This was the third and final international tour to South America by a combined British team , and although classed as a Great Britain XV , it was predominantly English , with a handful of Scottish and Irish players ."}
{"_id": "1995_in_Swedish_football", "title": "1995 in Swedish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 season in Swedish football , starting January 1995 and ending December 1995 :"}
{"_id": "1516", "title": "1516", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 1516 ( MDXVI ) was a leap year starting on Tuesday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "(Formate-C-acetyltransferase)-activating_enzyme", "title": "(Formate-C-acetyltransferase)-activating enzyme", "headings": "", "text": "In enzymology , a -LSB- formate-C-acetyltransferase -RSB- - activating enzyme is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   S-adenosyl-L-methionine + dihydroflavodoxin + -LSB- formate C-acetyltransferase -RSB- - glycine 5 ' - deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + flavodoxin semiquinone + -LSB- formate C-acetyltransferase -RSB- - glycin-2-yl radical   The 3 substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl-L-methionine , dihydroflavodoxin , and formate C-acetyltransferase-glycine , whereas its 4 products are 5 ' - deoxyadenosine , L-methionine , flavodoxin semiquinone , and formate C-acetyltransferase-glycin-2-yl radical .   This radical SAM enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases . The systematic name of this enzyme class is -LSB- formate C-acetyltransferase -RSB- - glycine dihydroflavodoxin : S-adenosyl-L-methionine oxidoreductase ( S-adenosyl-L-methionine cleaving ) . Other names in common use include PFL activase , PFL-glycine : S-adenosyl-L-methionine H transferase ( flavodoxin-oxidizing , S-adenosyl-L-methionine-cleaving ) , formate acetyltransferase activating enzyme , formate acetyltransferase-glycine dihydroflavodoxin : S-adenosyl-L-methionine oxidoreductase ( S-adenosyl-L-methionine cleaving ) ."}
{"_id": "182nd_Tunnelling_Company", "title": "182nd Tunnelling Company", "headings": "", "text": "The 182nd Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I . The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines , as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation , the digging of subways , saps ( a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches ) , cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services ."}
{"_id": "1999_Le_Mans_Fuji_1000_km", "title": "1999 Le Mans Fuji 1000 km", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Le Mans Fuji 1000 km was an endurance race backed by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest ( ACO ) , who ran the 24 Hours of Le Mans , and the Japan Automobile Federation ( JAF ) , who ran the JGTC race series . It was run on November 7 , 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1954_Cal_Poly_Mustangs_football_team", "title": "1954 Cal Poly Mustangs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic State UniversityThe official name of Cal Poly is California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo . However , it has been more commonly known as either Cal Poly San Luis Obispo or just Cal Poly since 1947 . See : Cal Poly during the 1954 College Division football season . Cal Poly competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) .   The team was led by fifth-year head coach LeRoy Hughes and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo , California . They finished the season with a record of six wins and four losses ( 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 1 CCAA ) . The Mustangs scored 221 points while giving up 141 in the 1954 season ."}
{"_id": "1895–96_Scottish_Cup", "title": "1895–96 Scottish Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1895 -- 96 Scottish Cup was the 23rd season of Scotland 's most prestigious football knockout competition . The Cup was won by Heart of Midlothian when they beat Hibernian 3-1 in the final ."}
{"_id": "19th_Alberta_Dragoons", "title": "19th Alberta Dragoons", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th Alberta Dragoons originated in Edmonton , Alberta on 1 February 1908 , when the 19th The Alberta Mounted Rifles were authorized to be formed and was redesignated as the 19th Alberta Dragoons on 3 January 1911 . On 16 February 1936 , it was amalgamated with The Alberta Mounted Rifles . It was redesignated the 19th ( Reserve ) Alberta Dragoons on 7 November 1940 . On 1 April 1946 , it was amalgamated with the 2nd ( Reserve ) Battalion , The Edmonton Fusiliers and redesignated as the 19th ( Alberta ) Armoured Car Regiment , RCAC . It was redesignated the 19th Alberta Armoured Car Regiment on 4 February 1949 , the 19th Alberta Dragoons ( 19th Armoured Car Regiment ) on 1 November 1954 and the 19th Alberta Dragoons on 19 May 1958 . It was reduced to nil strength and transferred to the Supplementary Order of Battle on 28 February 1965 .   In 2006 , the 19th Alberta Dragoons were amalgamated with the South Alberta Light Horse , which retained that designation .   The regiment perpetuated the 3rd Regiment , Canadian Mounted Rifles , Canadian Expeditionary Force ; the 9th Battalion , CEF ; 66th Battalion ( Edmonton Guards ) , CEF ; 138th ( Edmonton , Alberta ) Battalion , CEF ; and 202nd ( Sportsman 's ) Battalion , CEF .   William Antrobus Griesbach joined the 19th Alberta Dragoons in 1906 as a Lieutenant , just prior to World War I."}
{"_id": "1939_Rose_Bowl", "title": "1939 Rose Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 Rose Bowl was the 25th Rose Bowl college football game , held in Pasadena , California , on January 2 , 1939 . It concluded the 1938 college football season and featured the USC Trojans ( 8 -- 2 ) against the Duke Blue Devils ( 9 -- 0 ) , with USC as the pre-game favorite .   Scoreless after three quarters , Duke gained the lead with a 23-yard field goal by Tony Ruffa early in the fourth . However , backup quarterback Doyle Nave of the Trojans completed four straight passes to `` Antelope '' Al Krueger , who outmaneuvered Eric `` The Red '' Tipton and scored the winning touchdown with one minute remaining . Krueger 's touchdown marked the first points scored against Duke during the season .   For his performance in the game , Krueger was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame in the class of 1995 ."}
{"_id": "1811_in_South_Africa", "title": "1811 in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __"}
{"_id": "1951_Pepperdine_Waves_football_team", "title": "1951 Pepperdine Waves football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 Pepperdine Waves football team represented George Pepperdine CollegePepperdine University was known as George Pepperdine College from 1937 -- 1970 . More commonly it was simply called Pepperdine College . See : Pepperdine during the 1951 College Division football season .   Pepperdine competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . The team was led by first-year head coach Duck Dowell and played home games at El Camino Stadium on the campus of El Camino College in Torrance , California . They finished the season with a record of five wins , four losses and one tie ( 5 -- 4 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 -- 1 CCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1921_NCAA_Men's_Basketball_All-Americans", "title": "1921 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 College Basketball All-American team , as chosen by the Helms Foundation . The player highlighted by gold indicates that he was chosen as the Helms Foundation Player of the Year ."}
{"_id": "1968_Venezuelan_Primera_División_season", "title": "1968 Venezuelan Primera División season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 season of the Venezuelan Primera División , the top category of Venezuelan football , was played by 6 teams . The national champions were Canarias ."}
{"_id": "1980–81_Virginia_Cavaliers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1980–81 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 -- 81 Virginia Cavaliers men 's basketball team represented University of Virginia and was a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_Philadelphia_Flyers_season", "title": "1986–87 Philadelphia Flyers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 -- 87 Philadelphia Flyers season was the Philadelphia Flyers ' 20th season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Flyers reached the Stanley Cup Finals but lost to the Edmonton Oilers in seven games ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Scottish_Junior_Cup", "title": "1998–99 Scottish Junior Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 Scottish Junior Cup was a competition in Scottish Junior football . It was won by Kilwinning Rangers after they defeated Kelty Hearts 1 -- 0 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1957_William_&_Mary_Indians_football_team", "title": "1957 William & Mary Indians football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 William & Mary Indians football team represented William & Mary during the 1957 college football season . On November 9 , 1957 , William & Mary traveled to Raleigh , North Carolina to play # 10 ranked NC State in Riddick Stadium . The Indians ( 2 -- 5 -- 0 ) stunned the Wolfpack ( 5 -- 0 -- 2 ) with a 7 -- 6 win . The loss dropped NC State nine spots in the following AP Poll to # 19 . It marked the first time that William & Mary had ever defeated a national top 10 opponent"}
{"_id": "1708_in_art", "title": "1708 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1708 in art ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_World_Sevens_Series", "title": "1999–2000 World Sevens Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 IRB Sevens World Series was the first of an annual series of IRB Sevens World Series tournaments for full national sides run by the International Rugby Board . The 1999-2000 Series consisted of ten tournaments spread over several continents . New Zealand and Fiji each won five , with New Zealand the overall Series winner ."}
{"_id": "180/Movement_for_Democracy_and_Education", "title": "180/Movement for Democracy and Education", "headings": "", "text": "180/Movement for Democracy and Education or MDE was a U.S. national campus activist organization active from 1998-2004 . Its mission was `` dedicated to helping build a campus-based movement for political empowerment and participatory democracy . Through education and organizing we hope to encourage a radical political presence in our schools to transform them and our communities into truly democratic spaces . ''   Its main goal was fighting against the corporatization of education , and subsequently aiming toward `` campus democracy . '' In its mission statement it said ,   We oppose corporate control of the university and society , inequitable and disempowering elementary education , shrinking access to higher education , and the racism , sexism , homophobia , and other forms of systemic oppression in our world . We support all efforts in these and other struggles for democratic empowerment ; the focus of our organizing will evolve in practice . Our goal is to help build a mass movement to reinvigorate a political culture of engaged democracy and social justice in our schools , in our communities , across our country and beyond .   MDE had its beginnings through the renewed anti-corporate sentiment that emerged in the mid-1990s , and took off in different forms of student activism , such as the Pepsi boycott in solidarity with Burma . In 1996 , Democracy Unlimited of Wisconsin , Cooperative staffer Ben Manski , together with John E. Peck and others , coordinated the `` National Teach-Ins on Corporations , Education , and Democracy . '' This became the `` Democracy Teach-Ins , '' and in their first year occurred on over 120 campuses . Their central question was , `` can we pursue democracy and social justice when corporations are allowed to control so much wealth and power ? '' The next year another series of teach-ins were organized on some 246 campuses , with more sentiment for a national campus organization coming up . At the Campus Democracy Convention at the UW-Madison in 1998 , the 180 / Movement for Democracy and Education was founded .   MDE was noted for confronting the transformation of the university into a corporate entity . The solution to corporatization , with the undemocratic nature of corporate structures , was to increase campus democracy . MDE also organized Teach-ins on campuses leading up to the WTO protests in Seattle in 1999 , and analyzed the effects of WTO policies on higher education .   During this time a new student activist organization was formed in the labor movement-financed United Students Against Sweatshops , and MDE chapters often were dually-affiliated . In 2000 the two organizations jointly organized a conference in Eugene , Oregon .   In 2001 , right after the attacks of September 11 , MDE initiated what became the National Youth and Student Peace Coalition , the first major student anti-war coalition of the current moment . NYSPC organized the Books Not Bombs student walkouts on March 5 , 2003 , just before the Iraq invasion , showing student resistance to that upcoming war .   At its peak at least 15 chapters were affiliated with MDE . It eventually collapsed in 2004 for lack of funding . It has been succeeded in spirit by the Democratizing Education Network , an initiative of the Liberty Tree Foundation for the Democratic Revolution ."}
{"_id": "1990_Indianapolis_500", "title": "1990 Indianapolis 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 74th Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway , Indiana on Sunday , May 27 , 1990 . Dutchman Arie Luyendyk took the lead with 32 laps to go , and earned his first-ever victory in championship-level competition . It was the second consecutive year the Indy 500 was won by a foreign-born competitor , the first time that had occurred since 1965 -- 1966 . Luyendyk completed the 500 miles at an average speed of 185.981 mi/h , a record that stood for 23 years until 2013 . In reference to the long-standing speed record , the 1990 race had often been referred to as `` The Fastest 500 . ''   Defending champion and race pole-sitter Emerson Fittipaldi dominated the first half of the race , looking to become the first back-to-back winner in 20 years . In the second half of the race , however , he fell victim to blistering tires , fell a lap down , and wound up finishing third . Bobby Rahal , the 1986 winner , was in position to win his second Indy 500 , but he too suffered handling problems , which dropped him to second at the finish .   A. J. Foyt , making his 33rd consecutive Indy start , finished in sixth place . Rookie Jeff Andretti attempted to become the unprecedented fourth member of the Andretti family to qualify for the same race , but was bumped on the final day of time trials .   Rain hampered much of the month , washing out nearly the entire first weekend of time trials as well as two practice days . The 1990 race was also the first Indy 500 presided over by Tony George , who was named president of the Speedway in January .   The race was sanctioned by USAC , and was included as part of the 1990 CART PPG Indy Car World Series ."}
{"_id": "1969–70_Eredivisie_(ice_hockey)_season", "title": "1969–70 Eredivisie (ice hockey) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 -- 70 Eredivisie season was the tenth season of the Eredivisie , the top level of ice hockey in the Netherlands . Four teams participated in the league , and S.IJ . Den Bosch won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1939_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1939 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 53rd staging of Ireland 's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition . Kerry were the winners ."}
{"_id": "1945_Texas_hurricane", "title": "1945 Texas hurricane", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 Texas hurricane was a slow-moving tropical cyclone which paralleled the Texas Gulf Coast , causing extensive damage in late-August 1945 . The fifth tropical storm and second hurricane of the annual hurricane season , the storm formed out of an area of disturbed weather which had been situated over the Bay of Campeche on August 24 . In favorable conditions , the system quickly intensified as it steadily moved northward , attaining hurricane intensity later that day . As it approached the coast , however , the hurricane quickly slowed in forward motion , allowing it time to intensify off the Texas coast . After reaching major hurricane status , the storm reached peak intensity on August 26 as a minimal Category 3 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 115 mi/h . Later that day , the cyclone executed a slight curve toward the Texas coast , and early the next day made landfall near Seadrift at peak intensity . Once inland , it quickly weakened , and degenerated into a remnant low on August 29 over Central Texas .   The hurricane 's slow movement and strong intensity was a catalyst for extensive and damaging impacts in Texas . Prior to making landfall , thousands of people were ordered to evacuate from cities along coastal regions . Upon making landfall , the storm brought strong winds , which caused widespread power outages and infrastructural damage . A peak gust of 135 mph ( 215 km/h ) measured in Collegeport , Texas . Northeast of Houston , Texas , a tornado killed a person after traveling for 22 mi ( 35 km ) . At the coast , the hurricane produced strong storm surge which swept and damaged port cities . Port Lavaca , Texas was inundated by a 15 ft ( 4.6 m ) storm surge , which at the time was the third highest ever recorded in the state . Damage in the port alone was estimated to be as high as $ 1 million . The strong wave action killed two people when it capsized a fishing vessel . Further inland , the storm produced torrential rainfall , which was also aided by the hurricane 's slow movement . Rainfall peaked at 19.6 in ( 500 mm ) in Hockley , Texas . The heavy rains caused extensive crop damage , particularly to cotton and rice crops . Damage to cotton in the Corpus Christi , Texas area alone was estimated at $ 1.5 million . Overall , the hurricane caused $ 20.1 million in damage , mostly to crops , and three deaths ."}
{"_id": "1938_Calgary_Bronks_season", "title": "1938 Calgary Bronks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 Calgary Bronks season was the fourth season in franchise history where the team finished in 1st place in the Western Interprovincial Football Union with a 6 -- 2 record . The Bronks played in the WIFU Finals , but lost to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in a two-game series by a total points score of 25-9 ."}
{"_id": "1945_Outer_Banks_hurricane", "title": "1945 Outer Banks hurricane", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 Outer Banks hurricane was a moderate hurricane that struck Florida and affected the East Coast of the United States in late June , 1945 . The first tropical storm and the first hurricane of the Atlantic season , it developed on June 20 in the western Caribbean Sea off Honduras . For the next two days , it moved generally northward into the Gulf of Mexico . Reaching hurricane intensity on June 23 , it then turned northeast toward the Florida peninsula . It made landfall in the Big Bend on June 24 , then weakened to a tropical storm over land . Minor damage was reported in Florida , but the storm produced heavy , though beneficial , rains that eased one of the state 's worst recorded droughts . Upon entering the Atlantic Ocean , it re-intensified into a hurricane and paralleled the East Coast . On June 26 , it struck the Outer Banks of North Carolina as a minimal hurricane , producing minor damage but heavy rainfall .   Continuing northeast , the cyclone delivered gale-force winds to New York and southern New England , causing traffic accidents and minor wind damage . Heavy rains drenched the area , and high waves offshore caused ships to need rescue . One man died in a traffic accident ; some people were rescued on Long Island Sound . Peak winds on land were 66 mi/h at Nantucket , forcing ships to remain in port . The U.S. Coast Guard sought to escort ships at sea into safe harbor . Overall , the impact of the storm was minor , though temperatures fell almost 20 ° F the day after the storm ."}
{"_id": "1861_English_cricket_season", "title": "1861 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1861 English cricket season saw the creation of the match fund committee that would become Yorkshire CCC ."}
{"_id": "1609_in_Quebec", "title": "1609 in Quebec", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1608 in Quebec  other events of 1609 ,  1610 in Quebec"}
{"_id": "1993_Yokohama_Flügels_season", "title": "1993 Yokohama Flügels season", "headings": "", "text": "1993 Yokohama Flügels season"}
{"_id": "1552_in_science", "title": "1552 in science", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1989_in_Brazilian_football", "title": "1989 in Brazilian football", "headings": "", "text": "The following article presents a summary of the 1989 football ( soccer ) season in Brazil , which was the 88th season of competitive football in the country ."}
{"_id": "1070_AM", "title": "1070 AM", "headings": "", "text": "The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1070 kHz : The Federal Communications Commission classifies 1070 AM as a United States and Canadian clear-channel frequency . KNX in Los Angeles and CBA in Moncton , New Brunswick shared Class A status on this frequency . But on April 7 , 2008 , CBA moved to the FM dial ."}
{"_id": "1773_in_Poland", "title": "1773 in Poland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1773 in Poland"}
{"_id": "1997_Edmonton_Eskimos_season", "title": "1997 Edmonton Eskimos season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Edmonton Eskimos , coached by Ron Lancaster , finished in 1st place in the West Division with a 12 -- 6 -- 0 record . They were upset in the Western Finals by the Saskatchewan Roughriders ."}
{"_id": "1978_Custom_Credit_Australian_Indoor_Championships", "title": "1978 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships was a men 's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Hordern Pavilion in Sydney , Australia and was part of the 1978 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix . The tournament was held from 16 October through 22 October 1978 . First-seeded Jimmy Connors won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1926_Carnegie_Tech_Tartans_football_team", "title": "1926 Carnegie Tech Tartans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 Carnegie Tech Tartans football team represented the Carnegie Institute of Technology -- now known as Carnegie Mellon University -- in the 1926 college football season . The team defeated Notre Dame in a large upset . The game was ranked the fourth-greatest upset in college football history by ESPN ."}
{"_id": "149_Squadron_(Israel)", "title": "149 Squadron (Israel)", "headings": "", "text": "149 Squadron , often referred to as the Smashing or Shattering Parrot squadron is a former unit of the Israeli Air Force . Active from 1976 to 1991 , the squadron flew the A-4 Skyhawk and IAI Kfir ."}
{"_id": "1996_XL_Bermuda_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1996 XL Bermuda Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Grant Connell and Todd Martin were the defending champions but did not compete that year .   Jan Apell and Brent Haygarth won in the final 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 against Pat Cash and Patrick Rafter ."}
{"_id": "1994_Comcast_U.S._Indoor", "title": "1994 Comcast U.S. Indoor", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Comcast U.S. Indoor was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts that was part of the Championship Series of the 1994 ATP Tour . It was played at the Wachovia Spectrum in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in the United States from February 14 to February 21 , 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1998_Auckland_power_crisis", "title": "1998 Auckland power crisis", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Auckland power crisis was a five-week-long power outage affecting the central city of Auckland , New Zealand in February and March ( southern summer ) of 1998 .   At the time , almost all of downtown Auckland was supplied with electricity by Mercury Energy Limited via four 110 kV power cables from the national grid at Transpower 's Penrose substation , with two cables each connecting to two central city substations at Liverpool Street and Quay Street . The two cables connecting to Quay Street were 40-year-old gas-insulated cables that were past their replacement date . One of the Quay Street cables failed on 20 January , possibly due to the unusually hot and dry conditions , although this did not warrant a crisis as the three remaining cables could still supply the central city . The second Quay street cable failed on 9 February , leaving only the Liverpool Street cables supplying the city . Due to the increased load from the failure of the first cables , these remaining two cables failed on 19 and 20 February , leaving the entire central city supplied by a single 22 kV cable from Kingsland , resulting in about 20 city blocks ( except parts of a few streets ) losing all power .   Queen Street was almost deserted for the first few days , as few businesses could operate . Some brought goods out onto the street to sell , but heavy rain in the first week made that impractical . Generators were brought in from around the country to power essential services and some businesses . These made Queen Street a very noisy place and thus deterred customers . Some businesses estimated that the outage cost them at least NZ$ 60,000 per week .   In the five weeks it took to restore the power supply , about 60,000 of the 74,000 people who worked in the area worked from home or from relocated offices in the suburbs . Some businesses relocated staff to other New Zealand cities , or even to Australia . The majority of the 6,000 apartment dwellers in the area had to find alternative accommodation . Temporary power was supplied to the Port of Auckland by the Union Rotorua , a gas turbine powered cargo ship .   The old gas cables were found to be repairable and were put back into service , but were restricted to 30 MVA capacity . The newer oil cables were irreparable , so to restore full supply to the city , a temporary 110 kV overhead line was constructed along the rail corridor between Penrose and Liverpool Street .   Energy Minister Max Bradford commissioned an independent report into the Auckland Power Supply Failure . The report of the Ministerial Inquiry was released on 21 July 1998 .   Following the crisis Mercury Energy Limited disposed of its electricity and gas retail business and , renamed Vector Limited , replaced the cables and reinforced the supply into Auckland . In 2001 , a 9 km tunnel from Penrose to Hobson Street via Liverpool Street was completed , containing two new 110 kV cables to replace the damaged Liverpool Street cables and the temporary overhead line . A third 110 kV cable was installed from Mount Roskill to Quay Street via Liverpool Street , largely superseding the old gas cables which were eventually decommissioned ."}
{"_id": "1941_Pacific_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1941 Pacific Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Pacific Tigers football team represented the College of the Pacific ( COP ) University of the Pacific ( UOP ) was known as College of the Pacific from 1911 -- 1961 . See : University of the Pacific during the 1941 college football season .   COP competed in the Far Western Conference ( FWC ) . The team was led by head coach Amos Alonzo Stagg , and played home games at Baxter Stadium in Stockton , California . This was Stagg 's 52nd year as a head coach and his ninth at College of the Pacific . The Tigers finished as champion of the FWC , with four wins and seven losses ( 4 -- 7 , 3 -- 0 FWC ) . Overall , the Tigers were outscored by their opponents 72 -- 100 for the season ."}
{"_id": "1973_Dutch_Open_(tennis)", "title": "1973 Dutch Open (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Dutch Open was a combined men 's and women 's tennis tournament staged in Hilversum , Netherlands . The men 's event was part of the Grand Prix circuit and categorized in Group C . The tournament was played on outdoor clay courts and was held from 16 July to 23 July 1973 . It was the 17th edition of the tournament . Tom Okker and Betty Stöve won the singles titles ."}
{"_id": "1927_Chicago_Cardinals_season", "title": "1927 Chicago Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Chicago Cardinals season was their eighth in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous output of 5 -- 6 -- 1 , winning only three games . They finished ninth in the league ."}
{"_id": "1947_in_Norwegian_music", "title": "1947 in Norwegian music", "headings": "", "text": "The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1947 in Norwegian music ."}
{"_id": "10_Rillington_Place", "title": "10 Rillington Place", "headings": "", "text": "10 Rillington Place is a 1971 British crime drama film , directed by Richard Fleischer . It stars Richard Attenborough , John Hurt and Judy Geeson and was adapted by Clive Exton from the book Ten Rillington Place by Ludovic Kennedy ( who also acted as technical advisor to the production ) .   The film dramatises the case of British serial killer John Christie , who committed many of his crimes in the titular London terraced house , and the miscarriage of justice involving his neighbour Timothy Evans . Hurt received a BAFTA Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Evans ."}
{"_id": "1939_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team", "title": "1939 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1939 Big Ten Conference football season . In their eighth year under head coach Bernie Bierman , the Golden Gophers compiled a 3 -- 4 -- 1 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 154 to 82 .   Tackle Win Pederson was named All-Big Ten first team . Halfback Harold Van Every was awarded the Team MVP Award .   Total attendance for the season was 229,954 , which averaged to 45,991 . The season high for attendance was against Northwestern ."}
{"_id": "1997_Canisius_Golden_Griffins_football_team", "title": "1997 Canisius Golden Griffins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Canisius Golden Griffins football team represented Canisius College in the 1997 NCAA Division I-AA football season . The Golden Griffins offense scored 131 points while the defense allowed 205 points ."}
{"_id": "1953_Chatham_Cup", "title": "1953 Chatham Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 Chatham Cup was the 26th annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand .   The competition was run on a regional basis , with regional associations each holding separate qualifying rounds .   Teams taking part in the final rounds are known to have included Eastern Suburbs ( Auckland ) , Huntly Thistle , Eastern Union ( Gisborne ) , New Plymouth City , Napier Rovers , Wanganui United , St. Andrews ( Manawatu ) , Seatoun ( Wellington ) , Woodbourne ( Marlborough ) , Riccarton , Northern ( Dunedin ) , and Invercargill Thistle ."}
{"_id": "1980_US_Open_(tennis)", "title": "1980 US Open (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 US Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City in New York in the United States . It was the 100th edition of the US Open and was held from August 26 to September 7 , 1980 ."}
{"_id": "1972_Milwaukee_Brewers_season", "title": "1972 Milwaukee Brewers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Milwaukee Brewers season involved the Brewers ' finishing sixth in the American League East with a record of 65 wins and 91 losses . Because of the move of the Washington Senators to Texas , the Brewers shifted from the AL West to the AL East ."}
{"_id": "1921_San_Jose_State_Spartans_football_team", "title": "1921 San Jose State Spartans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 San Jose State Spartans football team represented State Teachers College at San JoseSan Jose State University was known as State Teachers College at San Jose from 1921 -- 1935 . See : San Jose State during the 1921 college football season .   This was the first season of intercollegiate football for San Jose State since 1900 . The 1921 team was led by head coach David Wooster , and they played home games at Spartan Field in San Jose , California . The team finished the season with a record of one win and five losses ( 1 -- 5 ) . The Spartans were outscored by their opponents 35-141 for the season . In 1922 , they would be a charter member of the new California Coast Conference ( CCC ) ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Washington_Capitals_season", "title": "1995–96 Washington Capitals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Washington Capitals season was the Capitals ' 22nd season of play ."}
{"_id": "1973_Svenska_Cupen_Final", "title": "1973 Svenska Cupen Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Svenska Cupen final took place on 31 May 1973 at Stadsparksvallen in Jönköping . The match was contested by Allsvenskan sides Malmö FF and Åtvidabergs FF . The two clubs had faced each other just two years earlier in the 1971 Final . Åtvidaberg played their fourth final in total , Malmö FF played their ninth final in total . Malmö FF won their seventh title with a 7 -- 0 victory ."}
{"_id": "1590_AM", "title": "1590 AM", "headings": "", "text": "The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1590 kHz : 1590 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency .   In Mexico  XEVOZ-AM in Iztacalco , DF   In the United States  KBJT in Fordyce , Arkansas  KCTY in Wayne , Nebraska  KDAE in Sinton , Texas  KDAV in Lubbock , Texas  KDEX ( AM ) in Dexter , Missouri  KDJS ( AM ) in Willmar , Minnesota  KELP ( AM ) in El Paso , Texas  KGAS ( AM ) in Carthage , Texas  KGFK ( AM ) in East Grand Forks , Minnesota  KKAY in White Castle , Louisiana  KLFE in Seattle , Washington  KLIV in San Jose , California  KLRK in Mexia , Texas  KMIC in Houston , Texas  KMOZ ( AM ) in Rolla , Missouri  KPRT ( AM ) in Kansas City , Missouri  KTIL ( AM ) in Netarts , Oregon  KVGB ( AM ) in Great Bend , Kansas  KVTA in Ventura , California  KVTR in Victorville , California  KWBG in Boone , Iowa  KWEY ( AM ) in Weatherford , Oklahoma  KYNG ( AM ) in Springdale , Arkansas  WABV in Abbeville , South Carolina  WAIK in Galesburg , Illinois  WAKR in Akron , Ohio  WALG in Albany , Georgia  WARV ( AM ) in Warwick , Rhode Island  WAUB in Auburn , New York  WBHN in Bryson City , North Carolina  WCAM in Camden , South Carolina  WCGO in Evanston , Illinois  WCSL in Cherryville , North Carolina  WDBL in Springfield , Tennessee  WFBR ( AM ) in Glen Burnie , Maryland  WFTH in Richmond , Virginia  WGBG in Ocean City , Maryland  WGBW in Two Rivers , Wisconsin  WGGO in Salamanca , New York  WGYA in Guayama , Puerto Rico  WHGT in Maugansville , Maryland  WHLX in Marine City , Michigan  WHPY ( AM ) in Clayton , North Carolina  WIXK in New Richmond , Wisconsin  WKTP in Jonesborough , Tennessee  WLBN in Lebanon , Kentucky  WNTS in Beech Grove , Indiana  WOKR ( AM ) in Brockport , New York  WPSL ( AM ) in Port Saint Lucie , Florida  WPSN in Honesdale , Pennsylvania  WPUL in South Daytona , Florida  WPVL ( AM ) in Platteville , Wisconsin  WPWA in Chester , Pennsylvania  WQCH in Lafayette , Georgia  WRCY in Mount Vernon , Indiana  WRXB in Saint Petersburg Beach , Florida  WSMN in Nashua , New Hampshire  WSRW ( AM ) in Hillsboro , Ohio  WTVB in Coldwater , Michigan  WVNA ( AM ) in Tuscumbia , Alabama  WVOE in Chadbourn , North Carolina  WXRS ( AM ) in Swainsboro , Georgia  WYSR in High Point , North Carolina"}
{"_id": "1998–99_Michigan_State_Spartans_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1998–99 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 Michigan State Spartans men 's basketball team represented Michigan State University in the 1998 -- 99 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The team played their home games at Breslin Center in East Lansing , Michigan and were coached by fourth-year head coach , Tom Izzo . The Spartans finished the season 33 -- 5 , 15 -- 1 to win the Big Ten regular season championship . MSU won the Big Ten Tournament and received the conference 's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament as a No. 1 seed . They advanced to the Final Four before losing to Duke . The 33 wins marked a school record for wins in a season ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Mersin_İdmanyurdu_season", "title": "1972–73 Mersin İdmanyurdu season", "headings": "", "text": "Mersin İdmanyurdu ( also Mersin İdman Yurdu , Mersin İY , or MİY ) Sports Club ; located in Mersin , east Mediterranean coast of Turkey in 1972 -- 73 . The 1972 -- 73 season was the sixth season of Mersin İdmanyurdu ( MİY ) football team in Turkish First Football League , the first level division in Turkey . They finished 11th in the league .   President was Mehmet Karamehmet . Vice president was Sezai Sak . General captain was Necati Bolkan . Governor of Mersin Bayram Turançetin gave a speech before the game played on December 25 , 1972 , against MKE Ankaragücü , inviting fans to support the team . Coach was Turgay Şeren . Şeren completed first half and resigned after a home lost against Eskişehirspor on 17th round . Nazım Koka replaced him .   In Turkish Cup the team was eliminated to Gaziantepspor at 2nd round ."}
{"_id": "1990_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Men's_Doubles", "title": "1990 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "John Fitzgerald and Anders Järryd were the defending champions but lost in the first round to Jonathan Canter and Bruce Derlin .   Rick Leach and Jim Pugh won in the final 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 5 ) , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 4 ) , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 5 ) against Pieter Aldrich and Danie Visser ."}
{"_id": "1992_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Women's_shot_put", "title": "1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's shot put event at the 1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Seoul , Korea , at Olympic Stadium on 16 and 17 September ."}
{"_id": "1998_in_British_music", "title": "1998 in British music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a summary of 1998 in music in the United Kingdom , including the official charts from that year .   1998 was a transitional year for music , when the hyped up sound of pure pop from the mid-1990s began to fade and popular artists began to experiment with different styles and new artists were brought onto the scene , while previous popular artists began to fade out . The usual domination of UK acts was continued like most other years during the 1990s . Four singles went on to sell over a million copies and throughout the year , 28 songs reached the summit . This year is also remembered for the debuts of B * Witched , the rise of the All Saints and the end of the career for girl group phenomenon , the Spice Girls . The Corrs , The Verve and George Michael all experienced great success on the albums chart ."}
{"_id": "1997_Warsaw_Cup_by_Heros_–_Doubles", "title": "1997 Warsaw Cup by Heros – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Olga Lugina and Elena Pampoulova were the defending champions but only Lugina competed that year with Nino Louarsabishvili .   Louarsabishvili and Lugina lost in the first round to Ruxandra Dragomir and Inés Gorrochategui .   Dragomir and Gorrochategui won in the final 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 0 against Meike Babel and Catherine Barclay ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_in_Belgian_football", "title": "1963–64 in Belgian football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 1964 season was the 61st season of competitive football in Belgium . RSC Anderlechtois won their 10th Division I title . Standard Liège entered the 1963 -- 64 European Champion Clubs ' Cup as Belgian title holder and RFC Liégeois and ARA La Gantoise entered the 1963 -- 64 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . The Belgian Cup competition resumed to allow the cup winner to enter the 1964 -- 65 European Cup Winners ' Cup , and was won by ARA La Gantoise against KFC Diest ( 4-2 after extra time ) . The Belgium national football team played 6 friendly games ( 2 wins , 2 draws , 2 losses ) ."}
{"_id": "1927_Washington_and_Lee_Generals_football_team", "title": "1927 Washington and Lee Generals football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented the Washington and Lee Generals during the 1927 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1993_in_sports", "title": "1993 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1993 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1972_Australian_Rally_Championship", "title": "1972 Australian Rally Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Australian Rally Championship was a series of six rallying events held across Australia . It was the fifth season in the history of the competition .   Colin Bond and navigator George Shepheard won the Championship for the second year in a row in the Holden Dealer Team Torana GTR XU-1 ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Libyan_Premier_League", "title": "1991–92 Libyan Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991-92 Libyan Premier League was contested between August 1991 and May 1992 . The league was composed of 21 teams . Each of these teams played each other once , meaning each side played 20 matches . The 21 sides that competed in this season were :   Al Ahly Tripoli  Al Ahly Benghazi  Al Madina  Darnes  Al Wahda  Al Ittihad Tripoli  Al Murooj  Al Ittihad Gheryan  Al Nasr  Al Hilal  Rafik Sorman  Al Mahalla  Al Tersana  Al Akhdar  Al Afriqi  Al Sweahly  Al Suqoor  Al Dhahra  Al Tahaddi  Al Ittihad Taajoura  Al-Shorta Tripoli"}
{"_id": "1995–96_in_Armenian_football", "title": "1995–96 in Armenian football", "headings": "", "text": "1995 -- 96 in Armenian football was the fourth season of independent football after the split-up from the Soviet Union . It was the first of two seasons in Armenia that were different from the others . Including the 1996 -- 97 season these were the only winter competitions , while all other Armenian seasons were summer competitions . The Armenian Premier League for 1995 -- 96 consisted of 12 teams of which the lowest ranked team would relegate to the Armenian First League . The eleventh ranked team would face the second ranked team from the First League in a promotion/relegation play-off ."}
{"_id": "1737_in_Scotland", "title": "1737 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1737 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1965_Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_baseball_team", "title": "1965 Arizona State Sun Devils baseball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Arizona State Sun Devils baseball team represented Arizona State University in the 1965 NCAA University Division baseball season . The team was coached by Bobby Winkles in his 7th season at Arizona State .   The Sun Devils won the College World Series , defeating the in the championship game ."}
{"_id": "146_BC", "title": "146 BC", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 146 BCE was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar . At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Achaicus ( or , less frequently , year 608 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 146 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years ."}
{"_id": "1953_Yale_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1953 Yale Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1953 college football season . The Bulldogs were led by second year head coach Jordan Olivar , played their home games at the Yale Bowl and finished the season with a 5 -- 2 -- 2 record ."}
{"_id": "1983_ATP_Challenger_Series", "title": "1983 ATP Challenger Series", "headings": "", "text": "The ATP Challenger Series is the second tier tour for professional tennis organised by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) . The 1983 ATP Challenger Series calendar comprises 35 tournaments , with prize money ranging from $ 25,000 up to $ 75,000 ."}
{"_id": "1950–51_Washington_Capitols_season", "title": "1950–51 Washington Capitols season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 -- 51 NBA season was the Capitols ' fifth season in the NBA . Midway through the season , the franchise ceased operations ."}
{"_id": "1971_Australian_Manufacturers'_Championship", "title": "1971 Australian Manufacturers' Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Australian Manufacturers ' Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title open to Group E Series Production Touring Cars . The championship , which was the inaugural Australian Manufacturers ' Championship , was won by General Motors-Holden 's ."}
{"_id": "1933_Miami_Hurricanes_football_team", "title": "1933 Miami Hurricanes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 Miami Hurricanes football team represented the University of Miami for the 1933 college football season . The Hurricanes played their home games at Moore Park in Miami , Florida . The team was coached by Tom McCann , in his third year as head coach for the Hurricanes . The Hurricanes finished their season 5 -- 1 -- 2 and were invited to the second annual edition of the Festival of Palms Bowl , where they would lose to the Duquesne Dukes by a score of 7-33 ."}
{"_id": "13th_Division", "title": "13th Division", "headings": "", "text": "In military terms , 13th Division or 13th Infantry Division may refer to :   Infantry divisions :  13th Division ( German Empire )  13th Reserve Division ( German Empire )  13th Division ( Germany )  13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar ( 1st Croatian ) ( Germany )  13th Mechanized Infantry Division ( Germany )  13th Infantry Division ( Greece )  13th Infantry Division `` Re '' ( Royal Italian Army )  13th Division ( Imperial Japanese Army )  13th Division ( North Korea )  13th Infantry Division ( Poland )  13th Guards Rifle Division , Soviet Union ( later 13th Guards Tank Division )  13th Rifle Division ( Soviet Union )  13th Division ( Syrian rebel group )  13th ( Western ) Division ( United Kingdom )  13th Division - A National Guard division established in early 1917 consisting of Iowa , Minnesota , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota ; later 34th Infantry Division ( United States )  13th Division ( United States ) - A United States Army division established in 1918 and inactivated in 1919 .   Airborne divisions :  13th Guards Airborne Division , a division of Soviet Airborne Troops which was part of the 37th Guards Airborne Corps  13th Airborne Division ( United States ) , an airborne formation in the United States Army during World War II   Cavalry divisions :  30th Mechanized Brigade ( Ukraine ) ( 13th Guards Cavalry Division , Soviet Union )   Armoured divisions :  13th Panzer Division ( Germany )  13th Armored Division ( United States )   Aviation divisions :  13th Strategic Missile Division ( United States ) ,  13th Air Defense Division ( Yugoslavia )   Other divisions :  13th Army Division ( Sweden )"}
{"_id": "1925_Arizona_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1925 Arizona Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona as an independent during the 1925 college football season . In their 11th season under head coach Pop McKale , the Wildcats compiled a 3 -- 3 -- 1 record and were outscored by their opponents , 88 to 70 . The team captain was Charles H. Gilliland ."}
{"_id": "1986_in_Canada", "title": "1986 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1986 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1953_Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_football_team", "title": "1953 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1953 college football season . In their first year under head coach Bernie Witucki , the Golden Hurricane compiled an 3 -- 7 record , 1 -- 3 against Missouri Valley Conference opponents , and finished in last place in the conference ."}
{"_id": "1976_New_Zealand_National_Soccer_League", "title": "1976 New Zealand National Soccer League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 New Zealand National Soccer League was the seventh season of a nationwide round-robin club competition in New Zealand football ."}
{"_id": "1964_Lowood_4_Hour", "title": "1964 Lowood 4 Hour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Lowood 4 Hour was an endurance race for production cars staged at the Lowood circuit in Queensland , Australia on 12 April 1964 . The race , which was promoted by the Queensland Racing Drivers ' Club Ltd. , was the first of three Lowood 4 Hour races to be held at the circuit .   Whilst the emphasis was on class results , the Ford Cortina GT driven by Harry Firth and John Raeburn had completed the greatest number of laps at the end of the four hours . This same car , driven by Harry Firth and Bob Jane , had won the 1963 Armstrong 500 endurance race at Bathurst six months before and was using the same set of tyres that had been on the car during its earlier victory ."}
{"_id": "1934_in_science", "title": "1934 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1934 in science and technology involved some significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "1887_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team", "title": "1887 Penn State Nittany Lions football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1887 Penn State Nittany Lions football team would become the school 's first undefeated team , going 2 -- 0 , and the school 's only unscored-upon team . The quarterback of this team was George H. `` Lucy '' Linsz ( 1887 -- 1889 ) . For whatever reason , Lucy Linsz only played for three years ( only 1887 at quarterback ) . He later changed his last name from Linsz to Lins , probably during World War I . In 1887 Penn State 's school colors were dark pink and black .   Despite the article title , the school did not adopt the Nittany Lion as its mascot until 1907 ."}
{"_id": "1374", "title": "1374", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1374 ( MCCCLXXIV ) was a common year starting on Sunday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1979_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1979 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Björn Borg defeated Roscoe Tanner 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Gentlemen 's Singles title at the 1979 Wimbledon Championships . This edition was also the first to introduce the tie-break with the scores at 6 -- 6 instead of 8 -- 8 ."}
{"_id": "1989_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_–_Women's_Giant_Slalom", "title": "1989 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's Giant Slalom", "headings": "", "text": "Women 's Giant Slalom World Cup 1988/1989"}
{"_id": "1957_World_Women's_Handball_Championship", "title": "1957 World Women's Handball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 World Women 's Handball Championship took place in Virovitica , Croatia and Belgrade , Serbia within Yugoslavia in 1957 ."}
{"_id": "1957_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team", "title": "1957 Ohio State Buckeyes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented the Ohio State University in the 1957 Big Ten Conference football season . The team was led by captains Galen Cisco and Leo Brown . They were the third national title team in Ohio State football history . They were coached by Hall of Fame coach Woody Hayes . The Buckeyes were awarded the title by the UPI Coaches Poll and represented the Big Ten Conference in the Rose Bowl .   The Buckeyes finished the 1956 season with a two shut-out losses to Iowa and Michigan . Going into the 1957 season fans had a feeling of rebuilding . The feeling was made stronger with an opening loss to unranked TCU . To make matters worse , Michigan State , Minnesota , Michigan and Iowa were all ranked in the Top 6 of the AP Poll Rankings while Ohio State would not be ranked until late October . Coach Hayes rallied the team every week and made them better following this loss .   The Buckeyes came back with a big win at Washington and victories over Illinois , Wisconsin and Purdue , along with crushing victories over Indiana and Northwestern . A shocking Purdue upset over # 2 Michigan State , a tie between Michigan and Iowa , and Minnesota 's unraveling season after a loss to Illinois continued to help the Buckeyes .   It was a late star performance by sophomore fullback Bob White against unbeaten Iowa that pushed the team even further . Trailing 13 -- 10 and on their own 32-yard line , White ran on six of the eight plays for 66 out of the 68 yards , capped off by a 5-yard touchdown run . .   A victory over Michigan moved the Bucks up to # 2 in the AP , behind Auburn . However , the UPI Coaches ' poll voted OSU # 1 and Auburn # 2 . The Bucks were also declared # 1 by the Football Writers Association Poll .   In a hard fought Rose Bowl game , a late field goal by Don Sutherin in the fourth quarter sealed the victory over the Oregon Ducks . The Buckeyes finished the season 9 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1939_in_archaeology", "title": "1939 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1939 in archaeology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1790_in_paleontology", "title": "1790 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1946–47_Romanian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1946–47 Romanian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 -- 47 Romanian Hockey League season was the 18th season of the Romanian Hockey League . Four teams participated in the league , and HC Ciocanul Bucuresti won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1955_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1955 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 69th staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887 . The championship began on 24 April 1955 and ended on 4 September 1955 .   Cork were the defending champions , however , they were defeated in the provincial series . Wexford won the title following a 3-13 to 2-8 defeat of Galway in the final ."}
{"_id": "1975_NAIA_Division_I_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1975 NAIA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 NAIA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament was held in March at Kemper Arena in Kansas City , Missouri . The 38th annual NAIA basketball tournament featured 32 teams playing in a single-elimination format . This would be the first tournament played in Kemper Arena ."}
{"_id": "1974–75_NK_Rijeka_season", "title": "1974–75 NK Rijeka season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 -- 75 season was the 29th season in Rijeka 's history and their 13th season in the Yugoslav First League . Their 1st place finish in the 1973 -- 74 season meant it was their first season playing in the Yugoslav First League since they were relegated in 1968 -- 69 ."}
{"_id": "1936_Duke_Blue_Devils_football_team", "title": "1936 Duke Blue Devils football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 Duke Blue Devils football team represented the Duke Blue Devils of Duke University during the 1936 college football season .   Both Clyde Berryman and James Howell named Duke as a retroactive national champion for 1936 ."}
{"_id": "1986_Men's_World_Open_Squash_Championship", "title": "1986 Men's World Open Squash Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 UAP Men 's World Open Squash Championship is the men 's edition of the 1986 World Open , which serves as the individual world championship for squash players . The event took place in Toulouse in France from 5 November to 11 November 1986 . Ross Norman won his first World Open title , defeating Jahangir Khan in the final ."}
{"_id": "1910_VFL_season", "title": "1910 VFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 Victorian Football League season was the 14th season of the elite Australian rules football competition ."}
{"_id": "1971_Queen's_Club_Championships", "title": "1971 Queen's Club Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Queen 's Club Championships , also known as the Rothmans London Grass Court Championships , was a combined men 's and women 's tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Queen 's Club in London in the United Kingdom that was part of the 1971 Pepsi-Cola Grand Prix . It was the 72nd edition of the tournament and was held from June 14 through June 19 , 1971 . Stan Smith and Margaret Court won the singles titles ."}
{"_id": "1311_in_Ireland", "title": "1311 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1311 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1944–45_AHL_season", "title": "1944–45 AHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 -- 45 AHL season was the ninth season of the American Hockey League . Seven teams played 60 games each in the schedule . The Cleveland Barons won their third F. G. `` Teddy '' Oke Trophy as West Division champions , and their third Calder Cup as league champions ."}
{"_id": "1988_Chittagong_massacre", "title": "1988 Chittagong massacre", "headings": "", "text": "Chittagong massacre refers to a massacre of opposition activists in Chittagong on January 24 of 1988 . The activists of Awami League who were rallying in the streets of Chittagong that day were attacked by the police during the regime of autocratic ruler Hussain Muhammad Ershad . The then Chittagong Metropolitan Police Commissioner Mirza Rakibul Huda ordered the police to open fire on the rally that left at least 24 people dead .   The official statement from the government estimated that nine people were killed that day . On the other hand , Sheikh Hasina the chief of Bangladesh Awami League claimed that 33 of its activists were shot dead in that massacre ."}
{"_id": "1995_Ondrej_Nepela_Memorial", "title": "1995 Ondrej Nepela Memorial", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Ondrej Nepela Memorial was the Ondrej Nepela Memorial competition of the 1995 -- 96 season . It was the 3rd Ondrej Nepela Memorial to be held . It is an annual senior-level international figure skating competition held in Bratislava , Slovakia . Skaters compete in three disciplines : men 's singles , ladies ' singles , and ice dance . It is usually one of the first senior internationals of the season .   The competition is named for 1972 Olympic gold medalist Ondrej Nepela . The 1995 competition was its 3rd year . It took place between September 29 and October 1 , 1995 ."}
{"_id": "1910_Boston_Red_Sox_season", "title": "1910 Boston Red Sox season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 Boston Red Sox season was the tenth season in the franchise 's Major League Baseball history . The Red Sox finished fourth in the American League ( AL ) with a record of 81 wins and 72 losses . The team played its home games at Huntington Avenue Grounds ."}
{"_id": "1974–75_Duke_Blue_Devils_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1974–75 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974-75 Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team represented Duke University in the 1974-75 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The head coach was Bill Foster and the team finished the season with an overall record of 13-13 and did not qualify for the NCAA tournament ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Cleveland_Crusaders_season", "title": "1972–73 Cleveland Crusaders season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 -- 73 Cleveland Crusaders season was the first season of operation of the new Cleveland Crusaders in the new World Hockey Association . The team qualified for the playoffs and won its first series , before losing in the Division semi-final ."}
{"_id": "1978_North_American_Soccer_League_season", "title": "1978 North American Soccer League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 North American Soccer League season was the 66th season of FIFA-sanctioned soccer , the 11th with a national first-division league , in the United States and Canada ."}
{"_id": "1961_Golden_Helmet_(Poland)", "title": "1961 Golden Helmet (Poland)", "headings": "", "text": "The Golden Helmet ( Turniej o Złoty Kask , ZK ) is an annual motorcycle speedway event , and has been organized by the Polish Motor Union ( PZM ) since 1961 . Currently the race is held in PC Team 3rd from last season ( previously Wrocław ) , with the top twelve riders in the Extraleague and the top four riders in the First League .   1961 Golden Helmet season was the 1st since its establishment ."}
{"_id": "1988–89_Iraqi_National_League", "title": "1988–89 Iraqi National League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 -- 89 Iraqi National League was the 15th season of the competition since its foundation in 1974 and the first that was played in a group stage format rather than a round-robin format . Al-Rasheed won the title by defeating Al-Talaba on penalties in the final , to be become the first team of the Premier League era and the third team in Iraqi football history to win three league titles in a row . During this season , if a match ended in a draw , it would go to extra time and then penalties if necessary . A team would earn three points if they won a game by two goals or more ( after normal or extra time ) . They would earn two points if they won a game by just one goal ( after normal or extra time ) , and they would gain one point for winning a penalty shootout ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Honduran_Liga_Nacional", "title": "1972–73 Honduran Liga Nacional", "headings": "", "text": "In the 1972-73 season the Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Honduras was the soccer league of Honduras that was canceled on 12 October 1972 after only nine rounds due to economic problems . No champion was declared ."}
{"_id": "1971_Cincinnati_Bengals_season", "title": "1971 Cincinnati Bengals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Cincinnati Bengals season was the team 's fourth year in professional football and the second with the National Football League ( NFL ) . Cornerback Lemar Parrish set a team record with seven interceptions , including one for a 65-yard score , Cincinnati 's first-ever interception return for a touchdown . The Bengals , coming off their first division winning season of 1970 , drafted quarterback Ken Anderson in the third round of the 1971 NFL Draft . Anderson would go on to play 16 seasons for the club and set numerous team passing records . While 1971 proved to be a disappointment , losing six games by four points or less , statically this was the first year the Bengals led their opponents in almost every category ."}
{"_id": "12th_Infantry_Division_(Poland)", "title": "12th Infantry Division (Poland)", "headings": "", "text": "Polish 12th Kresy Infantry Division ( Polish : 12 Kresowa Dywizja Piechoty ) , was a tactical unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period , which was stationed in Tarnopol . It consisted of several regiments , scattered in towns of Podolia :  51st Kresy Rifles Infantry Regiment of Giuseppe Garibaldi , stationed in Brzeżany and Czortkow ,  52nd Kresy Rifles Infantry Regiment , stationed in Zloczow ,  54th Kresy Rifles Infantry Regiment , stationed in Tarnopol ,  12th Kresy Light Artillery Regiment , stationed in Zloczow ,  12th Heavy Artillery Regiment , stationed in Tarnopol ."}
{"_id": "169th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)", "title": "169th Infantry Regiment (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 169th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army , Connecticut National Guard . They trace their ancestry back to when militia units in the Connecticut colony organized for drill in 1672 , but their official organization as the 1st Connecticut occurred on 11 October 1739 . Since then , the 169th and its predecessor units have fought in numerous American wars until its deactivation in 1992 ."}
{"_id": "1972_USAC_Championship_Car_season", "title": "1972 USAC Championship Car season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 USAC Championship Car season consisted of ten races , beginning in Avondale , Arizona on March 18 and concluding at the same location on November 4 . The USAC National Champion was Joe Leonard and the Indianapolis 500 winner was Mark Donohue . Jim Malloy was killed at Indianapolis in practice ; he was 40 years old ."}
{"_id": "1995_Walker_Cup", "title": "1995 Walker Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Walker Cup , the 35th Walker Cup Match , was a team golf match played on 9 and 10 September 1995 , at Royal Porthcawl Golf Club in Porthcawl , Wales . The event was won by the Great Britain and Ireland team 14 to 10 ."}
{"_id": "1912_North_Mount_Lyell_Disaster", "title": "1912 North Mount Lyell Disaster", "headings": "", "text": "The 1912 North Mount Lyell Disaster ( also known at the time as the Mount Lyell Disaster and North Mount Lyell Fire ) refers to a fire that broke out on 12 October 1912 at the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company operations on the West Coast of Tasmania . The mine had been taken over from the North Mount Lyell Company in 1903 ."}
{"_id": "1999_WGC-American_Express_Championship", "title": "1999 WGC-American Express Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 WGC-American Express Championship was a golf tournament that was contested from 4 -- 7 November 1999 at Valderrama Golf Club in Sotogrande , San Roque , Spain . It was the first WGC-American Express Championship tournament , and the third and final event in the inaugural year of the World Golf Championships .   World number 1 , Tiger Woods won the tournament after defeating Miguel Ángel Jiménez in the first extra hole of a playoff . Woods held a four stroke lead going into the 17th hole but hit it into the water on the tough par 5 and ended up scoring a triple bogey that allowed Jiménez to get back in it ."}
{"_id": "1984_in_Cape_Verde", "title": "1984 in Cape Verde", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1984 in Cape Verde ."}
{"_id": "164P/Christensen", "title": "164P/Christensen", "headings": "", "text": "164P/Christensen is a periodic comet in the solar system ."}
{"_id": "1955_Washington_State_Cougars_football_team", "title": "1955 Washington State Cougars football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 Washington State Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Washington State College during the 1955 college football season . Head coach Al Kircher led the team to a 1 -- 5 -- 1 mark in the PCC and 1 -- 7 -- 2 overall ."}
{"_id": "1940_Úrvalsdeild", "title": "1940 Úrvalsdeild", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Úrvalsdeild in the 1940 season ."}
{"_id": "1970–71_Soviet_Cup_(ice_hockey)", "title": "1970–71 Soviet Cup (ice hockey)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970-71 Soviet Cup was the 13th edition of the Soviet Cup ice hockey tournament . 32 teams participated in the tournament , which was won by Spartak Moscow , who claimed their second title ."}
{"_id": "1971–72_Libyan_Premier_League", "title": "1971–72 Libyan Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Libyan Premier League in season 1971/1972 ."}
{"_id": "10th_Air_Army", "title": "10th Air Army", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th Air Army was a unit of the Soviet Air Forces during the Cold War years .   The unit was originally on Sakhalin Island during the mid-1940s .   On 3 September 1945 it included :  18th Mixed Aviation Corps  96th Assault Aviation Division  296th Fighter Aviation Division  777th Fighter Aviation Regiment  140th independent Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron  28th independent Artillery Correction Squadron  83rd Bomber Aviation Division  128th Mixed Aviation Division  255th Mixed Aviation Division  253rd Assault Aviation Division  29th Fighter Aviation Division  254th Fighter Aviation Division  7th independent Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment  411th independent Artillery Correction Regiment  344th Transport Aviation Regiment   In July 1948 it was transferred to Vozzhayevka airfield west of Khabarovsk .   By a directive of 10 January 1949 , it became the 29th Air Army .   As of 1950 , the army operated airfields at Vozzhayevka , Pozdeyevka ( Pozdeevka ) , Zavitinsk ( Zavitaya ) , and Kuibyshevka .   In 1957 , the 29th Air Army was amalgamated with the 54th Air Army , and became the 1st Special Far Eastern Air Army ."}
{"_id": "1876_in_paleontology", "title": "1876 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1992–93_Alpha_Ethniki", "title": "1992–93 Alpha Ethniki", "headings": "", "text": "Alpha Ethniki 1992-93 complete season"}
{"_id": "1934–35_Sheffield_Shield_season", "title": "1934–35 Sheffield Shield season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 -- 35 Sheffield Shield season was the 39th season of the Sheffield Shield , the domestic cricket competition of Australia . Victoria won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1942_in_philosophy", "title": "1942 in philosophy", "headings": "", "text": "1942 in philosophy"}
{"_id": "1959_Big_Ten_Conference_football_season", "title": "1959 Big Ten Conference football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Big Ten Conference football season was the 64th season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference and was a part of the 1959 college football season .   The 1959 Wisconsin Badgers football team , under head coach Milt Bruhn , won the Big Ten championship , was ranked No. 6 in the final AP Poll , and lost to Washington in the 1960 Rose Bowl . Tackle Dan Lanphear was a consensus first-team All-American . Quarterback Dale Hackbart led the Big Ten with 1,121 yards of total offense ."}
{"_id": "1974–75_Derby_County_F.C._season", "title": "1974–75 Derby County F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 -- 75 season was Derby County 's 75th in the Football League and their 48th season in the top flight . They won their second league title in four years to qualify for the 1975 -- 76 European Cup ."}
{"_id": "1686_in_England", "title": "1686 in England", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1686 in the Kingdom of England ."}
{"_id": "(Nothing_But)_Flowers", "title": "(Nothing But) Flowers", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( Nothing But ) Flowers '' is a song by rock band Talking Heads . It appears on the band 's final album Naked , released in 1988 . It was also released as a single accompanied by a music video , which featured innovative uses of typography by graphic designer Tibor Kalman . In addition to the band , the song features Kirsty MacColl on backup vocals and The Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr . It peaked at number 79 in the UK Singles Chart ."}
{"_id": "1930–31_Austrian_football_championship", "title": "1930–31 Austrian football championship", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Austrian first league in the 1930/1931 season ."}
{"_id": "1964–65_Aberdeen_F.C._season", "title": "1964–65 Aberdeen F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964-65 season was Aberdeen 's 52nd season in the top flight of Scottish football and their 54th season overall . Aberdeen competed in the Scottish League Division One , Scottish League Cup , Scottish Cup and the Summer Cup ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Leicester_City_F.C._season", "title": "1995–96 Leicester City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1995 -- 96 English football season , Leicester City F.C. competed in the Football League First Division ."}
{"_id": "1862_English_cricket_season", "title": "1862 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1862 English cricket season saw the overarm issue come to a head in a controversial match at The Oval ."}
{"_id": "1968_Australian_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1968 Australian Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Nancy Richey was the defending champion but did not compete that year .   Billie Jean King won in the final 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 against Margaret Court ."}
{"_id": "1913_in_Croatia", "title": "1913 in Croatia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1913 in Croatia ."}
{"_id": "1958_Philadelphia_Phillies_season", "title": "1958 Philadelphia Phillies season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Philadelphia Phillies season was the 76th in franchise history . The Phillies finished the season in last place in the National League . It was the Phillies third losing season in five seasons , and their fourth losing season during the 1950s ."}
{"_id": "1994_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Britain_and_Ireland", "title": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland was a series of matches played in October and November 1994 in Britain and Ireland by South Africa national rugby union team ."}
{"_id": "1841_Grand_National", "title": "1841 Grand National", "headings": "", "text": "The 1841 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the third official annual running of a steeplechase , later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase handicap horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 3 March 1841 and attracted a then smallest ever field of 11 runners .   Although recorded by the press at the time as the sixth running of the Grand Liverpool , which was renamed the Grand National in 1847 , the first three runnings were poorly organised affairs .   The race was not run as a handicap chase and therefore all the runners were declared to carry 12 stone with the exception of the winner of the 1840 Cheltenham Steeplechase who had to carry 13 stone 4 lbs ."}
{"_id": "1985_in_France", "title": "1985 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1985 in France ."}
{"_id": "'t_Schulten_Hues", "title": "'t Schulten Hues", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  ' t Schulten Hues is a restaurant in Zutphen , Netherlands . It is a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star for the period 2005-present .   GaultMillau awarded the restaurant 16 out of 20 points .   Head chef of ' t Schulten Hues is Peter Gast .   Gast and his wife Jacqueline van Liere opened the restaurant in September 2002 . Originally , the restaurant was located on the Houtmarkt , but moved to a bigger location at 's - Gravenhof in 2007 ."}
{"_id": "1994_Arkansas_Razorbacks_football_team", "title": "1994 Arkansas Razorbacks football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas during the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Macedonian_Football_Cup", "title": "1994–95 Macedonian Football Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 Macedonian Football Cup was the 3rd season of Macedonia 's football knockout competition . FK Sileks were the defending champions , having won their second title . The 1994 -- 95 champions were FK Vardar who won their second title . The information for all of the rounds of the tournament could not be found bar the final ."}
{"_id": "1962_in_Dutch_television", "title": "1962 in Dutch television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Dutch television related events from 1962 ."}
{"_id": "1999_Toray_Pan_Pacific_Open", "title": "1999 Toray Pan Pacific Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Toray Pan Pacific Open was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium in Tokyo in Japan that was part of Tier I of the 1999 WTA Tour . It was the 24th edition of the tournament and was held from February 2 through February 7 , 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1021", "title": "1021", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1021 ( MXXI ) was a common year starting on Sunday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1822_in_Wales", "title": "1822 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1822 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Alpenliga_season", "title": "1995–96 Alpenliga season", "headings": "", "text": "This was the 1995-96 Alpenliga season , the fifth season of the multi-national ice hockey league . 17 teams participated in three groups - Western , Central , and Eastern . VEU Feldkirch of Austria won the championship by defeating CE Wien in the final ."}
{"_id": "1958_Venezuelan_coup_d'état", "title": "1958 Venezuelan coup d'état", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Venezuelan coup d'état took place on 23 January 1958 , when the dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez was overthrown .   A transition government under first Adm. Wolfgang Larrazábal and then Edgar Sanabria was put in place until December 1958 elections saw Democratic Action candidate Rómulo Betancourt elected and take office on 13 February 1959 .   One of Caracas ' neighbourhoods , Barrio 23 de Enero ( 23 January neighbourhood ) , is named for the event ."}
{"_id": "1922_Princeton_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1922 Princeton Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1922 college football season . The team finished with an 8 -- 0 record and was retroactively named as the 1922 national champion by the Boand System and College Football Researchers Association , and as a co-national champion by he National Championship Foundation , Parke H. Davis , and Jeff Sagarin ( using the ELO-Chess methodology ) . They outscored their opponents 127 to 34 ."}
{"_id": "1962–63_Copa_del_Generalísimo", "title": "1962–63 Copa del Generalísimo", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 -- 63 Copa del Generalísimo is the 61st staging of the Spanish Cup . The competition began on November 25 , 1962 , and ended on June 23 , 1963 , with the final ."}
{"_id": "1926_Isle_of_Man_TT", "title": "1926 Isle of Man TT", "headings": "", "text": "Further changes occurred in the 1926 Isle of Man Tourist Trophy with the scrapping of the Side-Car TT and Ultra-Lightweight TT Races from the lack of entries . Most of the TT Course had now been tarmacked , including the Snaefell Mountain Section . Another change in 1926 was the ban on alcohol based fuels , forcing competitors to use road petrol . Despite these changes the prestige of the Isle of Man TT Races had encouraged the Italian motor-cycle manufacturers Bianchi , Garelli and Moto Guzzi to enter .   The 7 lap ( 264.11 miles ) 1926 Junior TT race was won by Alec Bennett riding a 350 cc overhead-camshaft Velocette motor-cycle , in 3 hours , 57 minutes and 37 seconds , at an average speed of 66.70 mph .   The 1926 Lightweight TT Race produced one of the most notorious events in the history of the Isle of Man TT Races , described by the `` The Motor-Cycle '' Magazine as the `` Guzzi Incident . '' The Italian rider Pietro Ghersi was excluded from second place for using a different sparking-plug in the engine of his Moto Guzzi . Despite the competition from the Italian marques the 1926 Lighweight TT Race was won by ` Paddy ' Johnston riding a Cotton motor-cycle , in 4 hours , 23 minutes and 16 seconds , at an average speed of 60.24 mph for the 7 lap race .   The 1926 Senior TT Race was less controversial and was won by Stanley Woods riding for Norton for the first-time by 4 minutes from Wal Handley . The 1926 Senior TT Race produced the first 70 mph ( 113 km/h ) lap and was again set by Jimmie Simpson on an AJS motorcycle in 32 minutes and 9 seconds an average speed of 70.43 mph ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_La_Liga", "title": "1990–91 La Liga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 La Liga season , the 60th since its establishment , started on September 1 , 1990 , and finished on June 9 , 1991 . Barcelona ended Real Madrid 's five-year run as champions to seal the title .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "17th_century_in_literature", "title": "17th century in literature", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  17th century in poetry  Baroque literature  Early Modern literature  16th century in literature  1700 in literature  18th century in literature  list of years in literature"}
{"_id": "10_Seconds", "title": "10 Seconds", "headings": "", "text": "10 Seconds is a television game show that aired on The Nashville Network from March 29 , 1993 to September 24 , 1993 . After the last episode aired , the show went in reruns until March 25 , 1994 . The show was hosted by Dan Miller and announced by Don Dashiell . Miller and Dashiell were also the host-announcer team for Top Card , the quiz show that 10 Seconds replaced on the schedule following its cancellation ."}
{"_id": "1989_Virginia_Slims_of_Newport_–_Doubles", "title": "1989 Virginia Slims of Newport – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Rosalyn Fairbank and Barbara Potter were the defending champions but did not compete that year .   Gigi Fernández and Lori McNeil won in the final 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 against Elizabeth Smylie and Wendy Turnbull ."}
{"_id": "1994_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Swimming_and_Diving_Championships", "title": "1994 NCAA Division I Men's Swimming and Diving Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 NCAA Division I Men 's Swimming and Diving Championships were contested in March 1994 at the University Aquatic Center at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis , Minnesota at the 71st annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of Division I men 's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States .   Stanford again topped the team standings , finishing 121.5 points ahead of Texas . It was the Cardinal 's third consecutive and seventh overall title and the sixth for coach Skip Kenney ."}
{"_id": "1890_New_York_Giants_season", "title": "1890 New York Giants season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1890 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 8th season . The team finished in sixth place in the National League with a 63 -- 68 record , 24 games behind the Brooklyn Bridegrooms . They also had to contend with a new crosstown rival , the New York Giants of the Players ' League ."}
{"_id": "1966_Varto_earthquake", "title": "1966 Varto earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 Varto earthquake occurred on 19 August with a moment magnitude of 6.8 a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX ( Violent ) . At least 2,394 were killed and up to 1,500 people were injured in the town of Varto in the Muş Province of eastern Turkey .   The earthquake devastated all the structures in Varto . This disaster was preceded by an earthquake of magnitude 5.6 that hit Varto on 7 March 1966 killing 14 and wounding 75 people ."}
{"_id": "106_(number)", "title": "106 (number)", "headings": "", "text": "106 ( one hundred -LSB- and -RSB- six ) is the natural number following 105 and preceding 107 ."}
{"_id": "1991_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Women's_400_metres", "title": "1991 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Women 's 400 metres event at the 1991 IAAF World Championships in Tokyo , Japan . There were a total of 37 participating athletes , with five qualifying heats and the final held on Tuesday 27 August 1991 ."}
{"_id": "1935_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships", "title": "1935 World Ice Hockey Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 Men 's Ice Hockey World Championships were held from January 19 to January 27 , 1935 , in Davos , Switzerland , in which a record 15 countries took part . The teams first played in four preliminary round groups ( three groups of four and a group of three ) . Unlike in the previous year , Canada participated in the preliminary round . The first two teams in each group advanced to the semifinal round , while the remaining seven played in a consolation round to determine positions 9 through 15 . In the semifinal round there were two groups of four teams . The first two teams in each group advanced to a final round while the remaining teams played for positions 5 though 8 . Canada won its eighth world championship title while the host , Switzerland , won its second European championship ."}
{"_id": "1997_Skoda_Czech_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1997 Skoda Czech Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Karina Habšudová and Helena Suková were the defending champions but only Habšudová competed that year with Ruxandra Dragomir .   Dragomir and Habšudová won in the final 6 -- 1 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 against Eva Martincová and Helena Vildová ."}
{"_id": "1913_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships", "title": "1913 UCI Track Cycling World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling . They took place for amateurs in Berlin , Germany and for professionals in Leipzig , Germany from 23 to 31 August 1913 . In total four events for men were contested , two for professionals and two for amateurs ."}
{"_id": "1260_AM", "title": "1260 AM", "headings": "", "text": "The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1260 kHz : There are 60 stations in the United States which broadcast on 1260 AM ; the Federal Communications Commission classifies 1260 AM as a regional frequency .   In Canada  CBPM in Sicamous , British Columbia  CBPU in Ucluelet , British Columbia  CFRN ( AM ) in Edmonton , Alberta  CKHJ in Fredericton , New Brunswick   In Mexico  in Santiago Jamiltepec , Oaxaca  XEL-AM in Mexico City  in Minatitlan , Veracruz  in San Luis Río Colorado , Sonora  in Salamanca , Guanajuato .   In the United Kingdom  Sabras Radio in Leicestershire   In the United States  in Nashville , Arkansas  in Baton Rouge , Louisiana  KCCB in Corning , Arkansas  KDLF in Boone , Iowa  in Hutchinson , Minnesota  KEIR in Idaho Falls , Idaho  in San Angelo , Texas  in Falfurrias , Texas  KLGO in Elgin , Texas  in Mcminnville , Oregon  in Powell , Wyoming  in Crookston , Minnesota  KSFB in San Francisco , California  KSGF ( AM ) in Springfield , Missouri  KSML ( AM ) in Diboll , Texas  KSUR in Beverly Hills , California  in Santa Fe , New Mexico  in Weiser , Idaho  in Wewoka , Oklahoma  in Winner , South Dakota  WBIX in Boston , Massachusetts  WBNR in Beacon , New York  WCCR in Cleveland , Ohio  WCHV in Charlottesville , Virginia  WCLC ( AM ) in Jamestown , Tennessee  WCSA ( AM ) in Ripley , Mississippi  WDKN in Dickson , Tennessee  WEKZ ( AM ) in Monroe , Wisconsin  WFJS ( AM ) in Trenton , New Jersey  in Fort Walton Beach , Florida  in Greenville , Mississippi  WHYM in Lake City , South Carolina  WI2XSO in Mayaguez , Puerto Rico  in Aguadilla , Puerto Rico  WISO in Ponce , Puerto Rico  in Palatka , Florida  in Asheboro , North Carolina  in Church Hill , Tennessee  in Indianapolis , Indiana  in Chattanooga , Tennessee  in Portsmouth , Ohio  in Oconto , Wisconsin  WPHB in Philipsburg , Pennsylvania  in Greenville , South Carolina  in Zeeland , Michigan  WRIE in Erie , Pennsylvania  WSDZ in Belleville , Illinois  in Westport , Connecticut  WSKO ( AM ) in Syracuse , New York  in Miami , Florida  in Baxley , Georgia  in Black River Falls , Wisconsin  in Washington , District of Columbia  WWVT in Christiansburg , Virginia  in Amery , Wisconsin  in Birmingham , Alabama  in Edenton , North Carolina"}
{"_id": "1950–51_Welsh_Cup", "title": "1950–51 Welsh Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 -- 51 FAW Welsh Cup is the 64th season of the annual knockout tournament for competitive football teams in Wales ."}
{"_id": "1994_San_Marino_Grand_Prix", "title": "1994 San Marino Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 San Marino Grand Prix ( formally the 14 ° Gran Premio di San Marino ) was a Formula One motor race held on 1 May 1994 at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari , located in Imola , Italy . It was the third race of the 1994 Formula One season .   Fatalities and injuries at this race proved to be a major turning point in both the 1994 season , and in the development of Formula One itself , particularly with regard to safety . The race weekend was marked by the deaths of Austrian driver Roland Ratzenberger and of three-time world champion Ayrton Senna in separate accidents . Other incidents saw driver Rubens Barrichello injured and several mechanics and spectators injured . In terms of driver fatalities , this was Formula One 's darkest weekend since two drivers were killed at the 1960 Belgian Grand Prix .   Michael Schumacher , driving for Benetton , won the race despite contact with Damon Hill ( who dropped to the back of the field and battled back to finish sixth ) . Nicola Larini , driving for Ferrari , scored the first points of his career when he achieved a podium finish in second position . Mika Häkkinen finished third in a McLaren .   The race led to an increased emphasis on safety in the sport as well as the reforming of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association after a 12-year hiatus , and the changing of many track layouts and car designs . Since the race , numerous regulation changes have been made to slow Formula One cars down and new circuits incorporate large run-off areas to slow cars before they collide with a wall . Senna was given a state funeral in his home town of São Paulo , Brazil , where around 500,000 people lined the streets to watch the coffin pass . Italian prosecutors charged six people with manslaughter in connection with Senna 's death , all of whom were later acquitted . The case took more than 11 years to conclude due to an appeal and a retrial following the original verdict of not guilty .   As a result of increased standards in safety following this race , there was a 20-year gap between the deaths of Ratzenberger and Senna , and the crash of Jules Bianchi at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix which led to his death the following year ."}
{"_id": "1695_in_art", "title": "1695 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1695 in art ."}
{"_id": "1908_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "1908 in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1908 in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1891–92_Football_Tournament", "title": "1891–92 Football Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of the Football Tournament in the 1891/1892 season . The format was slightly unusual in that all games had to have a winner.Therefore , if the match was level after 90 minutes , extra time was played . If the match was still level after extra time , the match was replayed until a winner emerged ."}
{"_id": "1937–38_Ranji_Trophy", "title": "1937–38 Ranji Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 -- 38 Ranji Trophy was the fourth season of the Ranji Trophy that was contested between 18 teams in four zones in a knockout format . Hyderabad defeated the defending champions Nawanagar in the final ."}
{"_id": "123rd_Regiment_of_Foot_(Loyal_Lincolnshire)", "title": "123rd Regiment of Foot (Loyal Lincolnshire)", "headings": "", "text": "The 123rd Regiment of Foot ( Loyal Lincolnshire ) was an infantry regiment of the British Army , formed in 1794 and disbanded in 1796 ; it took its title from the 100th Foot , disbanded in 1785 ."}
{"_id": "1956_Memorial_Cup", "title": "1956 Memorial Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Memorial Cup final was the 38th junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association . The George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions Toronto Marlboros of the Ontario Hockey Association in Eastern Canada competed against the Abbott Cup champions Regina Pats of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League in Western Canada , in a rematch of the 1955 final . In a best-of-seven series , held at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto , Ontario , Toronto won their second consecutive Memorial Cup , and third overall , defeating Regina 4 games to 0 , with 1 tie ."}
{"_id": "1981_hurricane_season", "title": "1981 hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1908–09_Montreal_Wanderers_season", "title": "1908–09 Montreal Wanderers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 -- 09 Montreal Wanderers season was the sixth season of play of the Montreal Wanderers . The Wanderers , as defending Stanley Cup champions , defended the Cup against Edmonton before the season started . The Wanderers finished second overall in the ECHA standings and the Ottawa Hockey Club would win the league championship to take over the Stanley Cup ."}
{"_id": "1897_U.S._Open_(golf)", "title": "1897 U.S. Open (golf)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 U.S. Open was the third U.S. Open , held September 17 at Chicago Golf Club in Wheaton , Illinois . Joe Lloyd won his only major title by one stroke over runner-up Willie Anderson .   Anderson began the final round four clear of Lloyd , who shot a 79 over the last 18 holes to Anderson 's 84 to finish a stroke ahead . Lloyd 's win was capped by a three at the 461 yd finishing hole . Anderson needed a four at the last to tie Lloyd ; he reached the green in three , but his putt came up 6 ft short . Anderson waited four more years for first of his record four U.S. Open titles .   This was the last year that the U.S. Open and U.S. Amateur championships were played simultaneously on the same course .  It was the last time the U.S. Open was only 36 holes total , doubling to 72 holes in 1898 ."}
{"_id": "1970s_in_video_gaming", "title": "1970s in video gaming", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970s saw the development of some the earliest video games , chiefly in arcade versions , but also several for the personal computer and the earliest games consoles ."}
{"_id": "1976_NAIA_Division_I_football_season", "title": "1976 NAIA Division I football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 NAIA Division I football season , as part of the 1976 college football season in the United States and the 21st season of college football sponsored by the NAIA , was the seventh season of play of the NAIA 's top division for football .   The season was played from August to November 1976 and culminated in the 1976 NAIA Division I Champion Bowl , played on December 11 , 1976 at Javelina Stadium on the campus of Texas A&I University in Kingsville , Texas . Texas A&I defeated Central Arkansas in the Champion Bowl , 26 -- 0 , to win their fifth , and third consecutive , NAIA national title ."}
{"_id": "1966_Copa_Libertadores_Finals", "title": "1966 Copa Libertadores Finals", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1994_Bausch_&_Lomb_Championships", "title": "1994 Bausch & Lomb Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Bausch & Lomb Championships was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Amelia Island Plantation on Amelia Island , Florida in the United States that was part of Tier II of the 1994 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from April 4 through April 10 , 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1992_Grand_Prix_Hassan_II", "title": "1992 Grand Prix Hassan II", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Grand Prix Hassan II was an Association of Tennis Professionals men 's tennis tournament held in Casablanca , Morocco and played on outdoor clay courts . It was part of the World Series of the 1992 ATP Tour . It was the 8th edition of the tournament and was held from 16 through 23 March . Guillermo Pérez Roldán won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1910_VPI_football_team", "title": "1910 VPI football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 VPI football team represented Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute in the 1910 college football season . The team was led by their head coach Branch Bocock and finished with a record of six wins and two losses ( 6 -- 2 ) ."}
{"_id": "1962_Australian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1962 Australian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Australian Grand Prix was a motor race for Formula Libre cars , held at the Caversham circuit in Western Australia , Australia on 18 November 1962 . It was the twenty seventh Australian Grand Prix and the sixth and final race in the 1962 Australian Drivers ' Championship . Held at the former United States Navy air base in still remote Western Australia , it had just ten starters , seven of which had made the long journey across the Nullarbor Plain from the eastern states , and three of which were local entries . It was the second of only three Australian Grands Prix to be held in Western Australia and the next would not be held until 1979 .   Bruce McLaren won his first Australian Grand Prix , beginning a new era for the race in which the results would be dominated by professional drivers and teams rather than the gentleman amateurs who had won most of the post-war AGP races . It also began an AGP rivalry between the two senior drivers from the region , McLaren and Jack Brabham who were already long-time rivals in Formula One racing . This rivalry , with the growing influence of the two in Formula One , would assist in the creation of the Tasman Series in 1964 ."}
{"_id": "1979_Seattle_Seahawks_season", "title": "1979 Seattle Seahawks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Seattle Seahawks season was the team 's fourth season in the National Football League . The Seahawks had a winning record for the second consecutive year , matching their 9 -- 7 record from 1978 .   Starting off the season with a 1 -- 4 record , the Seahawks rallied to finish 9 -- 7 . Season highlights included a sweep of the Oakland Raiders for the second straight year , and winning both of their Monday Night Football contests in Atlanta and at home against the New York Jets , where Jim Zorn completed 13 passes in a row in 30 -- 7 victory . The team also enjoyed their first victory over the Denver Broncos 28 -- 23 on a 43-yard TD pass from Zorn to Largent in the final minutes .   Season lowlights included a 37 -- 34 loss in Denver , after leading 34 -- 10 midway through the 3rd quarter . The Los Angeles Rams shut out the Seattle Seahawks 24 -- 0 , holding the Seahawks to -7 yards total offense . The team lost twice to the Kansas City Chiefs , including a 37 -- 21 defeat in week 14 that eliminated Seattle from playoff contention . The team also lost running back David Sims , who led the AFC in TDs in 1978 , to a career-ending injury .   1979 was the team 's last winning season for a while , as some tough times lay ahead ."}
{"_id": "1957_New_Zealand_Grand_Prix", "title": "1957 New Zealand Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 New Zealand Grand Prix was a motor race held at the Ardmore Circuit on 13 January 1957 . The event was won by Briton Reg Parnell driving the Ferrari 555/860 to victory over fellow Briton Peter Whitehead and former New Zealand Grand Prix winner , Stan Jones .   The event was perhaps best known for the death of British driver Ken Wharton . Whilst attempting to overtake a lapped car , Wharton lost control of his car and struck straw bales outlining the base of the pylon carrying an overhead banner over the circuit . After somersaulting several times , where Wharton was thrown out onto the circuit , he was left unconscious with severe head injuries of which he would later succumb to ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Danish_Superliga", "title": "1995–96 Danish Superliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Danish Superliga season was the 6th season of the Danish Superliga league championship , governed by the Danish Football Association .   The Danish champions qualified for the UEFA Champions League 1996-97 qualification , while the second and third placed teams qualified for the qualification round of the UEFA Cup 1996-97 . The fourth and sixth placed teams qualified for the UEFA Intertoto Cup 1996 , while the two lowest placed teams of the tournament was directly relegated to the Danish 1st Division . Likewise , the Danish 1st Division champions and runners-up were promoted to the Superliga ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_Macedonian_Republic_League", "title": "1963–64 Macedonian Republic League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 Macedonian Republic League was the 21st since its establishment . Bregalnica Štip won their first championship title ."}
{"_id": "1925_All-Missouri_Valley_Conference_football_team", "title": "1925 All-Missouri Valley Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 All-Missouri Valley Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Missouri Valley Conference teams for the 1925 college football season . The selectors for the 1925 season included the Associated Press ( AP ) ."}
{"_id": "1948_Cairo_bombings", "title": "1948 Cairo bombings", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 bombings in Cairo , which targeted Jewish areas , took place between June and September 1948 killing 70 Jews and wounding nearly 200 . Riots claimed many more lives .   In a meeting with the American Jewish Committee in New York in October 1948 , the president of Cairo 's Sephardi Jewish community , Salvator Cicurel , stated his belief that `` the recent anti-Jewish outbreaks ... -LSB- were -RSB- connected with the existence of Israel and the defeats of the Egyptian Army there . ''"}
{"_id": "1990_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1990 World Junior Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 World Junior Figure Skating Championships were held November 28 to December 3 , 1989 , in Colorado Springs , Colorado . The event was sanctioned by the International Skating Union and open to ISU member nations . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing ."}
{"_id": "1985_Atlantic_hurricane_season", "title": "1985 Atlantic hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Atlantic hurricane season had 6 U.S. landfalling hurricanes , which was the highest number in 99 years . The season officially began on June 1 and lasted until November 30 . It was an average season , with 11 named storms developing . This was partially attributed to a La Niña -- a meteorological phenomenon that produces favorable conditions across the Atlantic basin , such as lower wind shear and higher sea surface temperatures . The first storm , Ana , developed on July 15 near Bermuda and caused minor effects in Canada while transitioning into an extratropical cyclone . Three other tropical cyclones -- Claudette , Henri , and Isabel -- did not significantly affect land . Claudette developed offshore of the Southeastern United States and brushed Bermuda and the Azores . Henri and Isabel were dissipating as they approached land . However , the precursor of the latter caused a severe flood in Puerto Rico that killed 180 people . Additionally , Tropical Storm Fabian and three tropical depressions did not have any known impact on land .   Although several storms caused minimal effects , several tropical cyclones also left extensive impact . Hurricane Gloria , the strongest storm of the season , resulted in 14 fatalities and about $ 900 million ( 1985 USD ) in damage in North Carolina , Virginia , the Mid-Atlantic , and New England . Hurricane Elena threatened the central Gulf Coast of the United States , then abruptly re-curved toward Florida . Unexpectedly , Elena doubled-back and struck Mississippi , resulting in two mass evacuations . The storm caused $ 1.3 billion in losses , with most of the damage in Louisiana and Mississippi . Similarly , Hurricane Juan caused $ 1.5 billion in damage due to its erratic track offshore and across Louisiana . Three other tropical cyclones -- Hurricanes Bob , Danny , and Kate -- caused moderate to extensive damage in Cuba and the United States . Overall , the tropical cyclones of this season collectively caused over $ 4.5 billion in damage and 60 deaths ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Azadegan_League", "title": "1997–98 Azadegan League", "headings": "", "text": "The following is the final results of the Azadegan League 's 1997/98 football season ."}
{"_id": "1990_Monte_Carlo_Open", "title": "1990 Monte Carlo Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Monte Carlo Open was a men 's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was the 84th edition of the Monte Carlo Open , and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1990 ATP Tour . It took place at the Monte Carlo Country Club in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin , France , near Monte Carlo , Monaco , 23 April through 29 April 1990 .   The men 's field was headlined by Stefan Edberg and Boris Becker . Other top seeds in the field were Aaron Krickstein , Jay Berger , and Andrés Gómez ."}
{"_id": "1777_in_science", "title": "1777 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1777 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1978_Individual_Speedway_World_Championship", "title": "1978 Individual Speedway World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Individual Speedway World Championship ."}
{"_id": "1988_All-Big_Ten_Conference_football_team", "title": "1988 All-Big Ten Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players chosen as All-Big Ten Conference players for the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . The 1988 Michigan Wolverines football team captured seven of the first-team spots on the All-Big Ten teams selected by the conference coaches for the United Press International . The Iowa Hawkeyes followed with six first-team spots , including quarterback Chuck Hartlieb ."}
{"_id": "1979_European_Women's_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships", "title": "1979 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th European Women 's Artistic Gymnastics Championships were held in Copenhagen ."}
{"_id": "1994_Bagratashen_bombing", "title": "1994 Bagratashen bombing", "headings": "", "text": "A bombing occurred in Bagratashen village market in northern Armenia on September 4 , 1994 in which 14 people were killed ( including the two perpetrators ) and 46 were injured , although initial reports talked about 10 deaths and 26 injuries .   Bagratashen is a relatively large village in Armenia 's Tavush province , on the Armenian-Georgian border , not far from Azerbaijan . Sadakhlo , a large Azerbaijani populated village of 10,000 , is located on the Georgian side of the border . During the 1990s , after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the area was `` a center of mafia gangs dealing particularly in black-market fuel '' because Armenia was under embargo from Azerbaijan , while the Armenian-Turkish border was closed since 1993 due to the conflict with Azerbaijan . Armenia and Azerbaijan were involved in a bloody conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh War .   The bombing was perpetrated by Imran Huseinov of Baku and Turkmen Jafarov of Bula village in Marneuli district in Georgia . Both ethnic Azerbaijanis .   According to the local officials , the `` explosive device had been planted in a briefcase . '' The explosion included a wide area ."}
{"_id": "16th_Regiment_Illinois_Volunteer_Cavalry", "title": "16th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1975_Centennial_Cup", "title": "1975 Centennial Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Centennial Cup is the fifth Tier II Junior `` A '' 1975 ice hockey National Championship for the Canadian Junior A Hockey League .   The Centennial Cup was competed for by the winners of the Western Canadian Champions and the Eastern Canadian Champions .   The finals were hosted by the Spruce Grove Mets in the city of Edmonton , Alberta , Canada ."}
{"_id": "1873_South_Australian_football_season", "title": "1873 South Australian football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1873 South Australian football season was the eleventh year of interclub football in South Australia . It was notable due to the attempts of to create a standardised set of rules . Partly due to this , Adelaide did not play until 1875 ."}
{"_id": "1930_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_football_team", "title": "1930 San Diego State Aztecs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 San Diego State Aztecs football team represented San Diego State Teachers CollegeSan Diego State University was known as San Diego State Teachers College from 1921 -- 1934 . See : San Diego State during the 1930 NCAA football season .   San Diego State competed in the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( SCIAC ) . The 1930 San Diego State team was led by head coach Walter Herreid in his first season with the Aztecs . They played home games at Navy `` Sports '' Field.The Navy `` Sports '' Field was the original name of what became Lane Field in downtown San Diego . It was converted to a baseball-only configuration in 1936 . The Aztecs finished the season with five wins and four losses and two ties ( 5 -- 3 -- 2 , 2 -- 2 -- 1 SCIAC ) . Overall , the team outscored its opponents 71 -- 45 points for the season . This included shutting out their opponents six times and being shut out three times ."}
{"_id": "1949_All-SEC_football_team", "title": "1949 All-SEC football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 All-SEC football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) chosen by various selectors for the 1949 college football season . Tulane won the conference ."}
{"_id": "1936–37_Brentford_F.C._season", "title": "1936–37 Brentford F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1936 -- 37 English football season , Brentford competed in the Football League First Division and secured a 6th-place finish , one place below the previous season 's club record highest league position ."}
{"_id": "1957_World_Wrestling_Championships", "title": "1957 World Wrestling Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 World Freestyle Wrestling Championship were held in Istanbul , Turkey ."}
{"_id": "1994_in_art", "title": "1994 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1977_U.S._Clay_Court_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1977 U.S. Clay Court Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Kathy May was the defending champion but was upset in her first match against Mary Hamm .  Third-seed Laura duPont won the title beating Nancy Richey in the final ."}
{"_id": "1976_Winston_500", "title": "1976 Winston 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Winston 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race that took place on May 2 , 1976 , at Alabama International Motor Speedway ( now Talladega Superspeedway ) in Talladega , Alabama . By 1980 , NASCAR had completely stopped tracking the year model of all the vehicles and most teams did not take stock cars to the track under their own power anymore ."}
{"_id": "1971_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team", "title": "1971 Alabama Crimson Tide football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Alabama Crimson Tide football team ( variously `` Alabama '' , `` UA '' or `` Bama '' ) represented the University of Alabama in the 1971 college football season . It was the Crimson Tide 's 77th overall and 38th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team was led by head coach Bear Bryant , in his 14th year , and played their home games at Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham , Alabama . They finished season with eleven wins and one loss ( 11 -- 1 overall , 7 -- 0 in the SEC ) , as SEC champions and with a loss to Nebraska in the Orange Bowl .   The 1971 squad was notable for a pair of firsts in Alabama football history . This was the first team that African Americans contributed as members of the Alabama varsity squad , with John Mitchell being the first to actually see playing time . 1971 also marked the first season the Crimson Tide utilized the wishbone offense that Alabama became noted for throughout the remainder of Bryant 's tenure as head coach at Alabama .   Alabama opened the season with an upset victory at USC . This was the first game that the wishbone was utilized by the Crimson Tide offense , and their victory was attributed in part to surprising the Trojans with its introduction . They then won their next four games over , Florida , Ole Miss and Vanderbilt and set up a top 20 match-up against Tennessee . In their rival game , the Crimson Tide ended a four-game losing streak to the Vols with their 32 -- 15 victory . After a hard-fought win over and victory over Mississippi State at Jackson , Alabama defeated LSU for their third win over a ranked team on the season .   The Crimson Tide next defeated Miami on homecoming and set up a match-up between undefeated teams for the first time in the history of the Iron Bowl to close the regular season . With both teams ranked in the top five , Alabama defeated Auburn 31 -- 7 and captured the outright SEC football championship . However , they were unable to capture a national championship as they were defeated by No. 1 Nebraska 38 -- 6 to close the season in the Orange Bowl ."}
{"_id": "1343_Naples_earthquake", "title": "1343 Naples earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1343 earthquake struck the Tyrrhenian Sea and Bay of Naples on November 25 , 1343 . Underground shocks were felt in Naples and caused significant damage and loss of lives . Of major note was a tsunami created by the earthquake which destroyed many ships in Naples and destroyed many ports along the Amalfi Coast including Amalfi itself . The effects of the tsunami were observed by the poet Petrarch , whose ship was forced to return to port , and recorded in the fifth book of his Epistolae familiares ."}
{"_id": "\"Weird_Al\"_Yankovic:_The_Videos", "title": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic: The Videos", "headings": "", "text": "`` Weird Al '' Yankovic : The Videos is a DVD and laserdisc release of every `` Weird Al '' Yankovic music video to the date of release . The DVD contains 21 music videos , which all previously appeared on the VHS tapes The `` Weird Al '' Yankovic Video Library , Alapalooza : The Videos and Bad Hair Day : The Videos , with the exception of the most recent video , `` Spy Hard '' . It is out of print , and since has been replaced with the more comprehensive `` Weird Al '' Yankovic : The Ultimate Video Collection ( 2003 ) .   Yankovic 's music videos to date :  `` Ricky '' ( from `` Weird Al '' Yankovic album )  `` I Love Rocky Road '' ( from `` Weird Al '' Yankovic album )  `` Eat It '' ( from `` Weird Al '' Yankovic in 3-D album )  `` I Lost on Jeopardy '' ( from `` Weird Al '' Yankovic in 3-D album )  `` This Is the Life '' ( from Dare to Be Stupid album )  `` Like a Surgeon '' ( from Dare to Be Stupid album )  `` Dare to Be Stupid '' ( from Dare to Be Stupid album )  `` One More Minute '' ( from Dare to Be Stupid album )  `` Living with a Hernia '' ( from Polka Party ! album )  `` Christmas at Ground Zero '' ( from Polka Party ! album )  `` Fat '' ( from Even Worse album )  `` Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies * '' ( from UHF album )  `` UHF '' ( from UHF album )  `` Smells Like Nirvana '' ( from Off the Deep End album )  `` You Do n't Love Me Anymore '' ( from Off the Deep End album )  `` Jurassic Park '' ( from Alapalooza album )  `` Bedrock Anthem '' ( from Alapalooza album )  `` Headline News '' ( from Permanent Record : Al in the Box album )  `` Amish Paradise '' ( from Bad Hair Day album )  `` Gump '' ( from Bad Hair Day album )  `` Spy Hard ( Theme from the Motion Picture Spy Hard ) ''"}
{"_id": "1986_Nabisco_Masters_–_Singles", "title": "1986 Nabisco Masters – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Ivan Lendl won the singles title of the 1986 Nabisco Masters tennis tournament after defeating Boris Becker in the final 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4"}
{"_id": "1967_Arab_League_summit", "title": "1967 Arab League summit", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Arab League summit was held on August 29 in Khartoum as the fourth Arab League Summit . The summit came in the aftermath of the Arab defeat to Israel in the Six-Day War and is famous for its Khartoum Resolution known as `` The Three No 's '' ; No peace with Israel , no recognition of Israel , no negotiations with Israel . The summit also resolved that the `` oil-rich Arab states '' give financial aid to the states who lost the war and to `` help them rebuild their military forces . '' The final communique of the meeting `` underscored the Palestinians ' right to regain the whole of Palestine -- that is , to destroy the State of Israel . '' The outcome of this summit influenced Israeli foreign policy for decades ."}
{"_id": "1993_in_Portuguese_television", "title": "1993 in Portuguese television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Portuguese television related events from 1993 ."}
{"_id": "1967_Plainfield_riots", "title": "1967 Plainfield riots", "headings": "", "text": "The Plainfield riots were a series of racially charged violent disturbances that occurred in Plainfield , New Jersey during the summer of 1967 , which mirrored the 1967 Newark riots in nearby Newark , New Jersey ."}
{"_id": "1974_in_Ethiopia", "title": "1974 in Ethiopia", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1974 in Ethiopia ."}
{"_id": "104.9_FM", "title": "104.9 FM", "headings": "", "text": "The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 104.9 MHz :"}
{"_id": "1949_Raisin_Bowl_(December)", "title": "1949 Raisin Bowl (December)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 Raisin Bowl ( December ) was an American college football bowl game played on December 31 , 1949 at Ratcliffe Stadium in Fresno , California . The game pitted the San Jose State Spartans and the Texas Tech Red Raiders . This was the fifth and final Raisin Bowl played ."}
{"_id": "1872_in_Australian_literature", "title": "1872 in Australian literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1872 .   For an overview of world literature see 1872 in literature .   See also :  1871 in Australian literature ,  1872 in Australia ,  1873 in Australian literature ."}
{"_id": "1983_Geneva_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1983 Geneva Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Pavel Složil and Tomáš Šmíd were the defending champions , but did not participate this year .   Stanislav Birner and Blaine Willenborg won the title , defeating Joakim Nyström and Mats Wilander 6 -- 1 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1950_Tangerine_Bowl", "title": "1950 Tangerine Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Tangerine Bowl was an American college football bowl game played after the 1949 season , on January 2 , 1950 , at the Tangerine Bowl stadium in Orlando , Florida . The game was the fourth annual Tangerine Bowl , now known as the Citrus Bowl , and saw the Saint Vincent Bearcats defeat the Emory & Henry Wasps , 7 -- 6 . Both teams had entered the bowl undefeated . This game was the second Tangerine Bowl where MVP honors were awarded ; they were given to fullback Don Henigin of Saint Vincent and quarterback Chick Davis of Emory & Henry ."}
{"_id": "1961–62_Oberliga_(disambiguation)", "title": "1961–62 Oberliga (disambiguation)", "headings": "", "text": "1961 -- 62 Oberliga may refer to :   1961 -- 62 Oberliga , a West German association football season  1961 -- 62 DDR-Oberliga , an East German association football season  1961 -- 62 DDR-Oberliga ( ice hockey ) season , an East German ice hockey season"}
{"_id": "1971_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship", "title": "1971 UEFA European Under-18 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1971 Final Tournament was held in Czechoslovakia .   Best player : Trevor Francis ( ENG )   Best goalkeeper : António Fidalgo ( POR )"}
{"_id": "1962–63_Luxembourg_National_Division", "title": "1962–63 Luxembourg National Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Luxembourg National Division in season 1962/1963 ."}
{"_id": "1920_in_Canada", "title": "1920 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1920 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1916_in_Wales", "title": "1916 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1916 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1992_in_Armenian_football", "title": "1992 in Armenian football", "headings": "", "text": "1992 in Armenian football was the first season of independent football after the split-up from the Soviet Union . The league existed of two groups with 12 teams each . The top six of each group qualified for the Championship stage , while the others participated in the relegation stage . FC Shirak and Homenetmen Yerevan shared the championship as they both finished on 37 points in the Championship stage ."}
{"_id": "1948–49_Greek_Cup", "title": "1948–49 Greek Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The Greek Cup 1948 -- 49 was the seventh edition of The Greek Football Cup , or Greek Cup for short .   The competition culminated with the Greek Cup Final , replayed at Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium , Athens on 3 July 1949 , because of the previous match ( 19 June ) draw . The match was contested by AEK Athens and Panathinaikos , with AEK Athens taking the title 2 -- 1 in extra time ."}
{"_id": "1914_in_science_fiction", "title": "1914 in science fiction", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1914 was marked , in science fiction , by the following events ."}
{"_id": "19th_Parliament_of_British_Columbia", "title": "19th Parliament of British Columbia", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1937 to 1941 . The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in June 1937 . The Liberal Party , led by Thomas Dufferin Pattullo , formed the government . The Conservative Party formed the official opposition .   Norman William Whittaker served as speaker for the assembly ."}
{"_id": "1967_NHL_expansion", "title": "1967 NHL expansion", "headings": "", "text": "The National Hockey League ( NHL ) undertook a major expansion for the 1967 -- 68 season . Six new franchises were added to double the size of the league , making this expansion the largest ( in terms of the number of teams created ) ever undertaken at one time by an established major sports league . The expansion marked the first change in the composition of the league since 1942 , when the Brooklyn Americans folded , thereby ending the era of the Original Six .   The six new teams were the California Seals , Los Angeles Kings , Minnesota North Stars , Philadelphia Flyers , Pittsburgh Penguins , and the St. Louis Blues . This expansion , including placing two new clubs on the West Coast , was the result of the league 's fears of a rival league that would challenge the NHL for players and the Stanley Cup . In addition , the league hoped that the expansion would result in a lucrative TV contract in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1937–38_Czechoslovak_Extraliga_season", "title": "1937–38 Czechoslovak Extraliga season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 -- 38 Czechoslovak Extraliga season was the second season of the Czechoslovak Extraliga , the top level of ice hockey in Czechoslovakia . 14 teams participated in the league , and LTC Prag won the championship . The league was not played again until the 1945 -- 46 season , due to World War II ."}
{"_id": "01.091_Fighter_Squadron_\"Gascogne\"", "title": "01.091 Fighter Squadron \"Gascogne\"", "headings": "", "text": "01.091 Fighter Squadron `` Gascogne '' ( French language : Escadron de chasse 01.091 `` Gascogne '' ) or EC 1/91 is a French Air Force fighter squadron currently stationed at Saint-Dizier -- Robinson Air Base ."}
{"_id": "1985_in_music", "title": "1985 in music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1985 ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Aberdeen_F.C._season", "title": "1991–92 Aberdeen F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Aberdeen F.C. competed in the Scottish Premier Division , Scottish Cup , Scottish League Cup and UEFA Cup in the 1991 -- 92 season ."}
{"_id": "1968–69_Mitropa_Cup", "title": "1968–69 Mitropa Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 -- 69 Mitropa Cup was the 29th season of the Mitropa football club tournament . It was won by Inter Bratislava who beat Sklo Union Teplice in the two-legged final 4 -- 1 on aggregate ."}
{"_id": "1892_Virginia_Cavaliers_football_team", "title": "1892 Virginia Cavaliers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1892 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia in the 1892 college football season . The team had no known coach , posting a 3 -- 2 -- 1 record and claims a Southern championship even though it was defeated by North Carolina in a rematch . Those games with UNC mark the beginning of the South 's Oldest Rivalry ."}
{"_id": "1935_Arizona_State_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1935 Arizona State Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 Arizona State Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Arizona State Teachers College ( later renamed Arizona State University ) in the Border Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( BIAA ) during the 1935 college football season . In their third season under head coach Rudy Lavik , the Bulldogs compiled a 2 -- 5 -- 1 record ( 2 -- 3 -- 1 against BIAA opponents ) and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 66 to 29 . Dan Pace was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1709_in_Great_Britain", "title": "1709 in Great Britain", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1709 in Great Britain ."}
{"_id": "1991_Supercoppa_Italiana", "title": "1991 Supercoppa Italiana", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Supercoppa Italiana was a match contested by Serie A 1990-91 winners Sampdoria and Coppa Italia 1990-91 winners Roma .   The match took place on 24 August 1991 in Marassi , Genoa and resulted in a 1-0 victory for Sampdoria ."}
{"_id": "1977_UMass_Minutemen_football_team", "title": "1977 UMass Minutemen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 UMass Minutemen football team represented the University of Massachusetts Amherst in the 1977 NCAA Division II football season as a member of the Yankee Conference in Division II ( NCAA ) . The team was coached by Dick MacPherson and played its home games at Alumni Stadium in Hadley , Massachusetts . The 1977 season was the last the Minutemen would play as members of Division II , as the Yankee Conference would be included in the newly formed Division I-AA in 1978 . This season was also MacPherson 's last as head coach of the team . UMass finished the season with a record of 8 -- 3 overall and 5 -- 0 in conference play ."}
{"_id": "1874_FA_Cup_Final", "title": "1874 FA Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1874 FA Cup final was a football match between Oxford University and Royal Engineers on 14 March 1874 at Kennington Oval in London . It was the third final of the world 's oldest football competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup ( known in the modern era as the FA Cup ) . Both teams had previously reached the final but been defeated by Wanderers . The Engineers had reached the final with comparative ease , scoring sixteen goals and conceding only one in the four previous rounds . Oxford 's opponents in the earlier rounds had included two-time former winners Wanderers .   The final was decided by two goals from Oxford in the first twenty minutes . Their opponents had spent two weeks training for the match , an innovative concept at the time , but were repeatedly thwarted by Charles Nepean , the Oxford goalkeeper . The Engineers were said to have missed their best back , Lieut. Alfred Goodwyn , who had been posted overseas ."}
{"_id": "1885_Cincinnati_Bearcats_football_team", "title": "1885 Cincinnati Bearcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1885 Cincinnati football team represented the University of Cincinnati in the first season played under the school name . In its inaugural season the team played the Mount Auburn Athletic Club team with the games three weeks apart ."}
{"_id": "1905_Svenska_Mästerskapet", "title": "1905 Svenska Mästerskapet", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 Svenska Mästerskapet was the tenth season of Svenska Mästerskapet , the football Cup to determine the Swedish champions . Örgryte IS won the tournament by defeating IFK Stockholm in the final with a 2 -- 1 score ."}
{"_id": "150th_New_York_State_Legislature", "title": "150th New York State Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The 150th New York State Legislature , consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly , met from January 5 to March 25 , 1927 , during the fifth year of Al Smith 's second tenure as Governor of New York , in Albany ."}
{"_id": "1927–28_Pittsburgh_Pirates_(NHL)_season", "title": "1927–28 Pittsburgh Pirates (NHL) season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1%Club", "title": "1%Club", "headings": "", "text": "The 1 % Club is a non-profit organization which uses an online platform to connect people with ideas in developing countries with people , money and knowledge around the world . The basic idea is that people or organizations can offer 1 % of their time , knowledge and income directly to a development project of their own choice . These projects need to be sustainable projects that stimulate the self-reliance of individuals anywhere in the world and improve their standard of living ."}
{"_id": "10_to_Midnight", "title": "10 to Midnight", "headings": "", "text": "10 to Midnight is a 1983 American police slasher crime thriller drama film directed by J. Lee Thompson from a screenplay originally written by William Roberts . The film stars Charles Bronson in the lead role with a supporting cast that includes Lisa Eilbacher , Andrew Stevens , Gene Davis , Geoffrey Lewis , and Wilford Brimley . 10 to Midnight was released by City Films , a subsidiary of Cannon Films , to American cinemas on March 11 , 1983 .   The movie marks the fourth collaboration between Bronson and director J. Lee Thompson ( following 1976 's St. Ives , 1977 's The White Buffalo , and 1980 's Caboblanco ) ."}
{"_id": "1936–37_Svenska_Serien_season", "title": "1936–37 Svenska Serien season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 -- 37 Svenska Serien season was the second season of the Svenska Serien , the top level ice hockey league in Sweden . AIK won the league championship for the second year in a row ."}
{"_id": "1982_World_Championship_Tennis_Winter_Finals", "title": "1982 World Championship Tennis Winter Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 World Championship Tennis Winter Finals was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts . It was the 2nd edition of the World Championship Tennis Winter Finals and was part of the 1982 World Championship Tennis circuit . It was played in the Cobo Arena in Detroit , Michigan in the United States from January 24 to January 31 , 1983 ."}
{"_id": "1942_William_&_Mary_Indians_football_team", "title": "1942 William & Mary Indians football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 William & Mary Indians football team represented William & Mary during the 1942 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1,2-Dichloroethane", "title": "1,2-Dichloroethane", "headings": "", "text": "The chemical compound 1,2-dichloroethane commonly known as ethylene dichloride ( EDC ) , is a chlorinated hydrocarbon . It is a colourless liquid with a chloroform-like odour . The most common use of 1,2-dichloroethane is in the production of vinyl chloride , which is used to make polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) pipes , furniture and automobile upholstery , wall coverings , housewares , and automobile parts.1,2-Dichloroethane is also used generally as an intermediate for other organic chemical compounds and as a solvent . It forms azeotropes with many other solvents , including water ( b.p. 70.5 ° C ) and other chlorocarbons ."}
{"_id": "164_Squadron", "title": "164 Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "164 Squadron or 164th Squadron may refer to :   No. 164 Squadron RAF , a unit of the United Kingdom Royal Air Force was a fighter squadron during the Second World War composed mostly of Argentine volunteers  164th Airlift Squadron , a unit of the United States Air Force  HMMT-164 ( Marine Medium Helicopter Training Squadron 164 ) , ( HMM ( T ) -164 ) , is a United States Marine Corps Fleet Replacement Squadron"}
{"_id": "16_Vayathinile", "title": "16 Vayathinile", "headings": "", "text": "16 Vayathinile ( At Age 16 read as Pathinaaru Vayathinile ) is a 1977 Indian Tamil-language drama film written and directed by P. Bharathiraja in his directorial debut . The film features Kamal Haasan , Sridevi , and Rajinikanth in the lead roles , with Ganthimathi , Sathyajith and Goundamani in supporting roles . 16 Vayathinile soundtrack album and background score were composed by Ilaiyaraaja , with cinematography by P. S. Nivas . P. Kalaimani wrote the film 's dialogue .   The film focuses on the strengths and vulnerabilities of Mayil ( Sridevi ) , a 16-year-old schoolgirl , and the challenges she faces and overcomes . The film , originally titled Mayil , is set in rural Tamil Nadu and is Rajinikanth 's first colour film . 16 Vayathinile is the first Tamil film to be shot completely outdoors ; Tamil films were primarily filmed in Chennai studios .   Produced and distributed by S. A. Rajkannu , 16 Vayathinile was released on 15 September 1977 to critical praise for Bharathiraja 's script , Ilaiyaraaja 's music and the performances of Kamal , Sridevi and Rajinikanth . It was commercially successful , with a 175-day theatrical run .   16 Vayathinile , considered a Tamil cult film , is the bellwether of films featuring realistic portrayals of rural life . Making stars of its director and lead actors , the film won the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for S. Janaki , the Filmfare Award for Best Actor ( Tamil ) for Kamal and four State Awards , including Best Director for Bharathiraja and Best Actor for Kamal . It was remade in Telugu by K. Raghavendra Rao as Padaharella Vayasu ( 1978 ) , in Hindi by Bharathiraja as Solva Sawan ( 1979 ) , and in Malay as Melati Putih ( 1984 ) ."}
{"_id": "1991_in_South_Africa", "title": "1991 in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1936–37_Chester_F.C._season", "title": "1936–37 Chester F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 -- 37 season was the sixth season of competitive association football in the Football League played by Chester , an English club based in Chester , Cheshire .   It was clubs sixth consecutive season in the Third Division North since the election to the Football League . Alongside competing in the league , the club also participated in the FA Cup and the Welsh Cup ."}
{"_id": "1262_Sniadeckia", "title": "1262 Sniadeckia", "headings": "", "text": "1262 Sniadeckia ( 1933 FE ) is a 51 km main-belt asteroid discovered on March 23 , 1933 , by S. Arend at Uccle ."}
{"_id": "1953_Chicago_Cardinals_season", "title": "1953 Chicago Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 Chicago Cardinals season was the 34th season the team was in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous output of 4 -- 8 , winning only one game , the final game of the season . They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the fifth consecutive season ."}
{"_id": "1972_in_Cape_Verde", "title": "1972 in Cape Verde", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1972 in Cape Verde ."}
{"_id": "1922_Kentucky_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1922 Kentucky Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the Kentucky Wildcats of the University of Kentucky during the 1922 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1996_in_Singapore", "title": "1996 in Singapore", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1996 in Singapore ."}
{"_id": "1987_New_Orleans_Saints_season", "title": "1987 New Orleans Saints season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 New Orleans Saints season was the team 's 21st year in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The strike-shortened year was the Saints ' first-ever winning season . The Saints also qualified for the postseason for the first time , riding largely on a nine-game winning streak to close the season . However , they were soundly defeated at home by the Minnesota Vikings in the Wild Card round of the playoffs , by a score of 44 -- 10 . The Vikings entered the playoffs with an 8 -- 7 record and needed the Dallas Cowboys to defeat the St. Louis Cardinals on the final day of the season to qualify . The Saints ' first winning season would be followed by another six consecutive non-losing seasons . Before the 1987 season , the Saints ' non-losing seasons had consisted of only two 8 -- 8 seasons , in 1979 and 1983 . Head coach Jim Mora was named NFL Coach of the Year ."}
{"_id": "1920_VPI_Gobblers_football_team", "title": "1920 VPI Gobblers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 VPI Gobblers football team represented Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute in the 1920 college football season . The team was led by their head coach Stanley Sutton and finished with a record of four wins and six losses ( 4 -- 6 ) ."}
{"_id": "1943_Adapazarı–Hendek_earthquake", "title": "1943 Adapazarı–Hendek earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 Adapazarı -- Hendek earthquake occurred at 17:32 local time on 20 June , in Sakarya Province , Turkey . It registered an estimated 6.6 on the surface wave magnitude scale with a maximum intensity of IX ( Violent ) on the Mercalli intensity scale ."}
{"_id": "1830_State_of_the_Union_Address", "title": "1830 State of the Union Address", "headings": "", "text": "The 1830 State of the Union Address was given by the seventh United States president , Andrew Jackson on December 6 , 1830 , to both houses of the United States Congress . He said , `` What good man would prefer a country covered with forests and ranged by a few thousand savages to our extensive Republic , studded with cities , towns , and prosperous farms , embellished with all the improvements which art can devise or industry execute , occupied by more than 12,000,000 happy people , and filled with all the blessings of liberty , civilization , and religion ? '' He speaks of the Indian Removal Act , `` With a full understanding of the subject , the Choctaw and the Chickasaw tribes have with great unanimity determined to avail themselves of the liberal offers presented by the act of Congress , and have agreed to remove beyond the Mississippi River . ''"}
{"_id": "1968_Minor_States_Carnival", "title": "1968 Minor States Carnival", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Minor States Carnival , known more formally as the 1968 ANFC Division 2 Championship was an edition of the lower division of Australian National Football Carnival , an Australian rules football interstate competition . The competition was won by the Australian Amateurs .   The competition was held in Canberra on the Queen 's Birthday long weekend . The format was a simple knock-out tournament . The winner received the R. T. Rush Trophy , named after ANFC president Bob Rush ."}
{"_id": "1989–90_NK_Rijeka_season", "title": "1989–90 NK Rijeka season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 -- 90 season was the 44th season in Rijeka 's history and their 28th season in the Yugoslav First League . Their 10th place finish in the 1988 -- 89 season meant it was their 16th successive season playing in the Yugoslav First League ."}
{"_id": "1943_College_Football_All-America_Team", "title": "1943 College Football All-America Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1943 . The eight selectors recognized by the NCAA as `` official '' for the 1943 season are ( 1 ) Collier 's Weekly , as selected by Grantland Rice , ( 2 ) the Associated Press , ( 3 ) the United Press , ( 4 ) the All-America Board , ( 5 ) Football News , ( 6 ) the International News Service ( INS ) , ( 7 ) Look magazine , and ( 8 ) the Sporting News ."}
{"_id": "1938–39_Taça_de_Portugal", "title": "1938–39 Taça de Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938/39 Taça de Portugal was the 1st season of the Taça de Portugal ( English : Portuguese Cup ) , the premier Portuguese football knockout competition , organized by the Portuguese Football Federation ( FPF ) . The final was played on 26 June 1939 between Académica de Coimbra and Sport Lisboa e Benfica .   The Taça de Portugal replaced the previous knockout competition , the Campeonato de Portugal ( Championship of Portugal ) , which defined the Portuguese champion ."}
{"_id": "1956–57_La_Liga", "title": "1956–57 La Liga", "headings": "", "text": "La Liga 1956-57 season was the 26th since its establishment . The season started on September 9 , 1956 , and finished on April 21 , 1957 . It was composed of the following clubs :"}
{"_id": "12848_Agostino", "title": "12848 Agostino", "headings": "", "text": "12848 Agostino , provisional designation , is a stony Eunomia asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt , approximately 5 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 10 July 1997 , by Italian astronomer Andrea Boattini at the Campo Imperatore Observatory in the Gran Sasso massif of central Italy .   The asteroid is a member of the Eunomia family , a large group of stony S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.4 -- 2.9 AU once every 4 years and 2 months ( 1,535 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 15 ° with respect to the ecliptic . The first precovery was obtained at Palomar Observatory in 1950 , extending the asteroid 's observation arc by 47 years prior to its discovery .   Two rotational light-curves of this asteroid were obtained from photometric observations made at the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory in August 2010 and February 2012 , respectively . The light-curves gave a rotation period of and hours with a respective brightness variation of 0.51 and 0.84 in magnitude . According to the NEOWISE mission of NASA 's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer , the asteroid measures 4.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.23 , while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21 -- derived from 15 Eunomia , the family 's largest member and namesake -- and calculates a diameter of 4.6 kilometers .   The minor planet was named after Agostino Boattini ( b. 1932 ) , the father of the discoverer . Naming citation was published on 9 May 2001 ."}
{"_id": "11th_Venice_International_Film_Festival", "title": "11th Venice International Film Festival", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th annual Venice International Film Festival was held from 20 August to 10 September 1950 ."}
{"_id": "1969_South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football_team", "title": "1969 South Carolina Gamecocks football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina during the 1969 college football season . Led by head coach Paul Dietzel , the Gamecocks won the ACC championship , were defeated by West Virginia in the and finished with a record of ."}
{"_id": "1970–71_Football_League_Cup", "title": "1970–71 Football League Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 -- 71 Football League Cup was the 11th season of the Football League Cup , a knock-out competition for England 's top 92 football clubs . The tournament started on 17 August 1970 and ended with the final at Wembley on 27 February 1971 .   Tottenham Hotspur won the tournament after defeating Aston Villa in the final at Wembley Stadium , London .   This was to be the last season in which it was n't compulsory to enter the tournament . The only team who did not enter in 1970 -- 71 was Everton , the previous season 's league champions . After 1971 -- 72 entry to the tournament became compulsory ."}
{"_id": "1988_Benson_and_Hedges_Open", "title": "1988 Benson and Hedges Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Benson and Hedges Open was a men 's Grand Prix tennis tournament held in Auckland , New Zealand . The tournament was played on outdoor hard courts and was held from 4 January to 11 January 1988 . Second-seeded Amos Mansdorf won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Cambridge_United_F.C._season", "title": "1999–2000 Cambridge United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1999 -- 2000 English football season , Cambridge United F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division where they finished in 19th position on 48 points ."}
{"_id": "1894_in_Canadian_football", "title": "1894 in Canadian football", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1832_in_poetry", "title": "1832 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1997_Speedway_Grand_Prix_of_Germany", "title": "1997 Speedway Grand Prix of Germany", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Speedway Grand Prix of Germany was the third race of the 1997 Speedway Grand Prix season . It took place on 6 July in the Ellermühle Stadium in Landshut , Germany It was the third Swedish SGP and was won by Danish rider Hans Nielsen . It was the fourth win of his career ."}
{"_id": "1939_International_University_Games_(Vienna)", "title": "1939 International University Games (Vienna)", "headings": "", "text": "An International University Games ( Studenten-Weltspiele ) was held in Vienna , Austria on 20 -- 27 August 1939 , which had originally been scheduled as the official 1939 staging of the Summer International University Games awarded to Vienna by the Confederation Internationale des Etudiants ( CIE ) in January 1938 , prior to Austria 's absorption into Nazi Germany by the Anschluss . The National Socialist German Students ' League ( NSDStB ) withdrew from the CIE in May 1939 , and the CIE at short notice moved the 1939 International University Games to Monte Carlo .   The formal opening was by Bernhard Rust , the Reich Minister of Science , Education and Culture , on 20 August in the Prater Stadium , the main venue of the games . The NSDStB invited many nations to the Vienna games , but entrants were mostly from fascist associations in Axis powers . The following countries were reported to have participated in the games : Saudi Arabia , Kingdom of Bulgaria , Estonia , Finland , Kingdom of Italy , Empire of Japan , Kingdom of Yugoslavia , Peru , Sweden , Slovak Republic , Spanish State , Union of South Africa , Kingdom of Hungary , German Reich . The International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation said in 1940 , `` The results of the Monaco Games were much superior to those of the Vienna Games . ''"}
{"_id": "1891–92_in_English_football", "title": "1891–92 in English football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1891 -- 92 season was the 21st season of competitive football in England ."}
{"_id": "1994_K_League", "title": "1994 K League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 K League was the twelfth season of K League since its establishment in 1983 ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Slovak_Extraliga_season", "title": "1996–97 Slovak Extraliga season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996-97 Slovak Extraliga season was the fourth season of the Slovak Extraliga , the top level of ice hockey in Slovakia . 10 teams participated in the league , and Dukla Trencin won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_FIS_Ski_Jumping_World_Cup", "title": "1992–93 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992/93 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup was the 14th World Cup season in ski jumping and the 3rd official World Cup season in ski flying . It began in Falun , Sweden on 5 December 1992 and finished in Planica , Slovenia on 28 March 1993 . The individual World Cup was won by Andreas Goldberger and Nations Cup by Austria .   Lower competitive circuit this season included the Europa/Continental Cup ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Wisconsin_Badgers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1972–73 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 -- 1973 Wisconsin Badgers men 's basketball team represented University of Wisconsin -- Madison . The head coach was John Powless , coaching his fifth season with the Badgers . The team played their home games at the UW Fieldhouse in Madison , Wisconsin and was a member of the Big Ten Conference ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_ECHL_season", "title": "1998–99 ECHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 ECHL season was the 11th season of the ECHL . Before the start of the season , the league saw the Louisville RiverFrogs move to Miami , FL and the Raleigh Icecaps move to Augusta , GA as well as welcoming two new franchises in Estero , FL and Greenville , SC . The Pee Dee Pride finished first overall in the regular season , winning the Brabham Cup and the Mississippi Sea Wolves won their first Kelly Cup defeating the Richmond Renegades four games to three ."}
{"_id": "1509_in_Ireland", "title": "1509 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1509 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1951–52_Honduran_Amateur_League", "title": "1951–52 Honduran Amateur League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951-52 Honduran Amateur League was the fifth edition of the Honduran Amateur League , Sula de La Lima defeated C.D. Motagua 4 -- 3 in the final match played in San Pedro Sula . The season ran from 2 September 1951 to 30 March 1952 ."}
{"_id": "100_Flowers", "title": "100 Flowers", "headings": "", "text": "100 Flowers may refer to :   Hundred Flowers Campaign , a Chinese political movement  Hundred Flowers Awards , an annual film award voted by Chinese audiences  Hundred Flowers ( newspaper ) , a Minneapolis underground newspaper of the 1970s  Urinals ( band ) , previous name of the punk rock band 100 Flowers"}
{"_id": "1st_Connecticut_Heavy_Artillery_Regiment", "title": "1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery was an artillery regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1895–96_Football_League", "title": "1895–96 Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1895 -- 1896 season was the eighth season of The Football League ."}
{"_id": "1988_Australian_Touring_Car_Championship", "title": "1988 Australian Touring Car Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Australian Touring Car Championship ( known as the Shell Ultra Australian Touring Car Championship thanks to sponsorship from Shell Australia ) was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing title for drivers of Group 3A Touring Cars . It was the 29th running of the Australian Touring Car Championship . Promoted as the `` 1988 Shell Ultra Australian Touring Car Championship '' , it began on 6 March at Calder Park Raceway and ended on 17 July at Oran Park Raceway after nine rounds .   The 1988 Australian Manufacturers ' Championship was contested over the same nine round series . The championship victory was shared between Ford , who won all races outright , BMW who won the 2001-3000cc class at every round , and Toyota who dominated the Up to 2000cc class ."}
{"_id": "1872", "title": "1872", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1884_U.S._National_Championships_(tennis)", "title": "1884 U.S. National Championships (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "List of champions of the 1884 U.S. National Championships ( now known as the US Open ) . The tournament was held from 26 August to 27 August on the outdoor grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport , Rhode Island . It was the 4th U.S. National Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year ."}
{"_id": "1978_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team", "title": "1978 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1978 Big Ten Conference football season . In their seventh and final year under head coach Cal Stoll , the Golden Gophers compiled a 7 -- 5 record but were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 267 to 210 .   Tailback Marion Barber Jr. received the team 's Most Valuable Player award . Barber Jr. , kicker Paul Rogind , defensive back Keith Brown and defensive end Stan Sytsma were named All-Big Ten first team . Nose guard Doug Friberg and defensive tackle Jim Ronan were named All-Big Ten second team . Sytsma was named Academic All-Big Ten .   Total attendance for the season was 238,072 , which averaged to 39,678 . The season high for attendance was against Ohio State ."}
{"_id": "1985_UCF_Knights_football_team", "title": "1985 UCF Knights football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 UCF Knights football season was the first for Gene McDowell as the head coach of the Knights . The team finished with a 4 -- 7 overall record .   The Knights competed as an NCAA Division II Independent . The team played their home games at the Citrus Bowl in Downtown Orlando"}
{"_id": "1923_NCAA_Track_and_Field_Championships", "title": "1923 NCAA Track and Field Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 NCAA Track and Field Championships was the third NCAA track and field championship . The event was held at Stagg Field in Chicago , Illinois in June 1923 . The University of Michigan won the team title , and six NCAA records were set at the two-day meet ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_British_National_League_season", "title": "1996–97 British National League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 British National League season was the first season of the British National League , the second level of ice hockey in Great Britain . The Swindon IceLords won the Premier League and the Fife Flyers won the Northern Premier League . The Swindon IceLords won the inter-league championship ."}
{"_id": "1926_in_sports", "title": "1926 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1926 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1938_Baltic_Cup", "title": "1938 Baltic Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 Baltic Cup was held in Tallinn , Estonia at Kadrioru staadion on 3 -- 5 September 1938 . It was the tenth edition of the tournament and the last one before the Soviet occupation of the three Baltic countries . Estonia won the tournament with a win over Lithuania and a draw against Latvia ."}
{"_id": "1956–57_United_States_network_television_schedule", "title": "1956–57 United States network television schedule", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 -- 57 United States network television schedule was for the period that began in September 1956 and ran through March 1957 .   The 1956 -- 57 network television schedule continued the trend of the previous season , with two of the three major U.S. television networks ( ABC and CBS ) scheduling more and more westerns and adventure series during prime time . In addition to its current stable of Westerns , which included Cheyenne , The Lone Ranger , and The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp , ABC scheduled two new Western TV series : Broken Arrow and The Adventures of Jim Bowie , while CBS added Dick Powell 's Zane Grey Theater to its line-up , which already included Gunsmoke and Sergeant Preston of the Yukon . Castleman and Podrazik ( 1984 ) called the rush to schedule Western series on network television during this era `` a virtual stampede '' .   CBS `` inherited Sunday afternoon NFL contests from the defunct DuMont network in the fall of 1956 '' . Accordingly , `` the expansion into Sunday sports by CBS ( and NBC ) meant that the traditional afternoon ` egghead ' slots for highbrow programming had to be broken up , pushing those shows into the few odd spots still open in the day , or eliminating them completely . This reflected the networks ' shift in emphasis during the mid-1950s , slanting television much more toward broad-based popular entertainment . Increasingly , this meant television programming produced in Hollywood -LSB- ... -RSB- In 1957 , the amount of prime time programming originating on the West Coast jumped from 40 % to 71 % . ''   NBC , behind CBS in the network Nielsen ratings , hired Robert Kintner to revamp NBC 's schedule . According to Castleman and Podrazik ( 1982 ) , NBC 's plan was to launch a program which would compete directly with CBS 's second most popular series , The Ed Sullivan Show , on Sunday , the most heavily viewed TV night : `` Sullivan 's show was popular enough to boost the ratings of the programs on both before and after his ; as a result , CBS had a chain of hits to begin the evening . '' NBC 's strategy was designed to weaken CBS 's Sunday night line-up . NBC 's new program , The Steve Allen Show , debuted in the summer to get a head start on the competition . Although the two programs enjoyed a fierce rivalry , Sullivan 's program would remain wildly popular , finishing second among all TV programs in the ratings that year , while Allen 's show missed the top 30 .   New fall series are highlighted in bold , while shows ending their runs are highlighted in italics .   Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research .   Yellow indicates the programs in the top 10 for the season .  Cyan indicates the programs in the top 20 for the season .  Magenta indicates the programs in the top 30 for the season ."}
{"_id": "1963_in_organized_crime", "title": "1963 in organized crime", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1962 in organized crime ,  other events of 1963 ,  1964 in organized crime and the  list of ` years in Organized Crime ' ."}
{"_id": "1998_European_Speedway_Club_Champions'_Cup", "title": "1998 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 European Speedway Club Champions ' Cup .   In 1998 UEM ( European Motyorcycle Union ) launches new competition - European Speedway Club Champions ' Cup open for European countries . Apart lack entries from leading nations Britain , Denmark and Sweden , 14 countries typed their clubs champions for competition ."}
{"_id": "1900_Hull–Ottawa_fire", "title": "1900 Hull–Ottawa fire", "headings": "", "text": "The Hull-Ottawa fire of 1900 was a devastating fire in 1900 that destroyed much of Hull , Quebec , and large portions of Ottawa , Ontario . On April 26 a defective chimney on a house in Hull caught fire , which quickly spread between the wooden houses due to windy conditions . Along the river were the large lumber companies , and huge amounts of stacked lumber that quickly ignited .   Two thirds of Hull was destroyed , including 40 per cent of its residential buildings and most of its largest employers along the waterfront . The fire also spread across the Ottawa River , carried by wind borne embers and destroyed a large swath of western Ottawa from the Lebreton Flats south to Dow 's Lake . About one fifth of Ottawa was destroyed with almost everything in the band between Booth Street and the rail line levelled .   Fortunately prevailing wind patterns and the higher elevation of central Ottawa prevented the fire from spreading east . The fire break created by the rail line also preserved the Hintonburg area . The fire engines ` The Conqueror ' and ` La France ' had to be abandoned to the flames , and the call went out to five communities for assistance in fighting the blaze , including Montreal and Toronto . Montreal was able to send a fire engine by rail , which arrived in less than two hours . Dynamiting houses to block the fire 's spread was considered , but this plan was rejected in view of the danger that falling debris from the blast would only spread the conflagration further .   Seven people were killed in the blaze , and fifteen thousand were made homeless , including 14 % of the population of Ottawa and 42 % of Hull 's population . Property losses amounted to $ 6,200,000 in Ottawa and $ 3,300,000 in Hull , with insurance covering 50 % of the damage in Ottawa but only 23 % of the damage in Hull . More were killed by disease in the densely packed tent cities where the people were forced to live afterwards . Worldwide response to the disaster generated $ 957,000 in aid , including $ 4.86 from distant Chile ."}
{"_id": "1943–44_Gauliga_Donau-Alpenland", "title": "1943–44 Gauliga Donau-Alpenland", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 -- 44 Gauliga Donau-Alpenland was the sixth season of the Gauliga Donau-Alpenland , formerly the Gauliga Ostmark , the first tier of football in German-annexed Austria from 1938 to 1945 .   First Vienna FC won the championship and qualified for the 1944 German football championship , reaching the quarter-finals where it lost 3 -- 2 to eventual winners Dresdner SC .   The Gauliga Ostmark and Gauliga Donau-Alpenland titles from 1938 to 1944 , excluding the 1944 -- 45 season which was not completed , are recognised as official Austrian football championships by the Austrian Bundesliga ."}
{"_id": "145_Adeona", "title": "145 Adeona", "headings": "", "text": "145 Adeona is a rather large main-belt asteroid . Its surface is very dark , and , based upon its classification as a C-type asteroid , is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous material . The Adeona family of asteroids is named after it .   It was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on June 3 , 1875 , from the observatory at Hamilton College , Clinton , New York . Peters named it after Adeona , the Roman goddess of homecoming , because he had recently returned from a journey across the world to observe the transit of Venus . Peters also discovered 144 Vibilia on the same night .   During 2001 , 145 Adeona was observed by radar from the Arecibo Observatory . The return signal matched an effective diameter of 151 ± 18 km . This is consistent with the asteroid dimensions computed through other means .   Adeona has been observed to occult a star once , on July 9 , 2002 .   The Dawn mission team discussed performing a flyby of this object , however NASA decided against it in July 2016 . At the time this was considered Dawn was orbiting the large asteroid/dwarf planet 1 Ceres , and went on studying that body later that year . Dawn had previously orbited that asteroid 4 Vesta , before traveling to Ceres ."}
{"_id": "(Phosphatase_2A_protein)-leucine-carboxy_methyltransferase", "title": "(Phosphatase 2A protein)-leucine-carboxy methyltransferase", "headings": "", "text": "( phosphatase 2A protein ) - leucine-carboxy methyltransferase ( , leucine carboxy methyltransferase-1 , LCMT1 ) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine : ( phosphatase 2A protein ) - leucine O-methyltransferase . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction   S-adenosyl-L-methionine + -LSB- phosphatase 2A protein -RSB- - leucine S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + -LSB- phosphatase 2A protein -RSB- - leucine methyl ester   Methylates the C-terminal leucine of phosphatase 2A ."}
{"_id": "1970_Detroit_Lions_season", "title": "1970 Detroit Lions season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Detroit Lions season was the 41st season in franchise history . With a record of 10 -- 4 , the Lions finished in second place in the NFC Central and qualified for the postseason for the first time since their championship season in 1957 . The Lions fell 5 -- 0 to the Dallas Cowboys in the lowest scoring game in NFL playoff history . One unusual loss during the regular season was to the New Orleans Saints on Week 8 . The Lions had a 17 -- 16 lead with only 2 seconds left , but Saints kicker Tom Dempsey booted a then-record 63-yard field goal as time expired to give the Saints a 19 -- 17 win ."}
{"_id": "1752_in_Wales", "title": "1752 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1752 in Wales ."}
{"_id": "1954_U.S._National_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1954 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Vic Seixas defeated Rex Hartwig 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Men 's Singles tennis title at the 1954 U.S. National Championships ."}
{"_id": "1927_Arizona_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1927 Arizona Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona as an independent during the 1927 college football season . In their 13th season under head coach Pop McKale , the Wildcats compiled a 4 -- 2 -- 1 record and outscored their opponents , 165 to 59 . The team captain was Martin Gentry ."}
{"_id": "1983_Toronto_Blue_Jays_season", "title": "1983 Toronto Blue Jays season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Toronto Blue Jays season was the franchise 's seventh season of Major League Baseball . It resulted in the Blue Jays finishing fourth in the American League East with a record of 89 wins and 73 losses . It was the franchise 's first winning season , and it started a streak of 11 consecutive winning seasons ."}
{"_id": "1864_in_music", "title": "1864 in music", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1961_Little_League_World_Series", "title": "1961 Little League World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The Little League World Series took place between August 22 and August 26 in Williamsport , Pennsylvania . Northern Little League of El Cajon , California defeated El Campo Little League of El Campo , Texas in the championship game of the 15th Little League World Series ."}
{"_id": "119", "title": "119", "headings": "", "text": "Year 119 ( CXIX ) was a common year starting on Saturday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar . At the time , it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Hadrianus and Rusticus ( or , less frequently , year 872 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 119 for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years ."}
{"_id": "1986_Scottish_League_Cup_Final", "title": "1986 Scottish League Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Scottish League Cup Final was played on 26 October 1986 , at Hampden Park in Glasgow and was the final of the 41st Scottish League Cup competition . The final was contested by Rangers and Celtic . Rangers won the match 2 -- 1 , thanks to goals from Davie Cooper and Ian Durrant . In the aftermath of Mo Johnston 's dismissal , Tony Shepherd was shown a red card by referee David Syme , who thought he 'd been struck by Shepherd . The Linesman on the bench side confirmed that it was a coin thrown from the crowd that had in fact hit him , and Shepherd 's red card was immediately retracted ."}
{"_id": "1915_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1915 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 29th staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887 . The championship began on 25 April 1915 and ended on 24 October 1915 .   Clare were the defending champions , however , they were defeated in the provincial series . Laois won the championship after defeating Cork by 6-2 to 4-1 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1975_Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons_football_team", "title": "1975 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1975 NCAA Division I football season . In their third season under head coach Chuck Mills , the Demon Deacons compiled a 3-8 record and finished in fourth place in the Atlantic Coast Conference ."}
{"_id": "1954_Pau_Grand_Prix", "title": "1954 Pau Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 Pau Grand Prix was a non-championship Formula One motor race held on 19 April 1954 at the Pau circuit , in Pau , Pyrénées-Atlantiques , France . The Grand Prix was won by Jean Behra , driving with Equipe Gordini . Maurice Trintignant finished second and Roberto Mieres third ."}
{"_id": "1996_City_of_Imola_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1996 City of Imola motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 City of Imola motorcycle Grand Prix was the twelfth round of the 1996 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on 1 September 1996 at Imola ."}
{"_id": "1997_Veikkausliiga", "title": "1997 Veikkausliiga", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Veikkausliiga in the 1997 season ."}
{"_id": "1969_Sacramento_State_Hornets_football_team", "title": "1969 Sacramento State Hornets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Sacramento State Hornets football team represented Sacramento State CollegeCalifornia State University , Sacramento was known as Sacramento State College from 1947 -- 1971 . See : Sacramento State during the 1969 College Division football season .   Sacramento State competed in the Far Western Conference ( FWC ) . The Hornets were led by head coach Ray Clemons in his ninth season . They played home games at Hornet Stadium in Sacramento , California . The team finished the season with a record of eight wins and two losses ( 8 -- 2 , 4 -- 1 FWC ) . Overall , the team outscored its opponents 279 -- 140 for the season ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Chicago_Bulls_season", "title": "1991–92 Chicago Bulls season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 NBA season was the Bulls ' 26th season in the National Basketball Association . Early into the season , the Bulls traded Dennis Hopson to the Sacramento Kings after the first two games . Coming off their first ever championship , the Bulls had a very successful season winning 14 consecutive games after a 1 -- 2 start to the season . They later on posted a 13-game winning streak in January , which led them to a 37 -- 5 start . The Bulls finished in first place in the Central Division , along with having the best record in the league at 67 -- 15 . Michael Jordan captured his second straight MVP , and sixth straight scoring title . He was also selected for the 1992 NBA All-Star Game along with Scottie Pippen .   In the first round of the playoffs , the Bulls swept the Miami Heat in three straight games . In the semifinals , they defeated the New York Knicks in a full seven game series . As they advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals , they would defeat the Cleveland Cavaliers in six games , making their second trip to the Finals . In the 1992 NBA Finals , they would go on to beat the Portland Trail Blazers four games to two to win their second consecutive championship , and second of three straight ."}
{"_id": "1977_Northern_Illinois_Huskies_football_team", "title": "1977 Northern Illinois Huskies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University in the 1977 NCAA Division I football season . The Huskies competed under the Mid-American Conference banner during this season . They were led by head coach Pat Culpepper , and they played their home games at Huskie Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1953_FIFA_Youth_Tournament_Under-18", "title": "1953 FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18", "headings": "", "text": "The FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18 1953 Final Tournament was held in Belgium . Argentina was the first non-European team that entered ."}
{"_id": "1976_U.S._Pro_Indoor", "title": "1976 U.S. Pro Indoor", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 U.S. Pro Indoor was a men 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts that was part of the WCT circuit . It was the 9th edition of the tournament and was played at the Wachovia Spectrum in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in the United States from January 26 through February 1 , 1976 . Jimmy Connors won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1V", "title": "1V", "headings": "", "text": "1V may refer to :   Wind Jet 's IATA code  Canon EOS-1v  SSH 1V ( WA ) ; see Washington State Route 509  UH-1V ; see Bell UH-1 Iroquois variants  Mil-17-1V , a model of Mil Mi-17  APR-1V , a model of Angkut Personel Ringan by Pindad  1V ( V-67 ) , manufacturer 's designation for Venera 4"}
{"_id": "1992_Calgary_Stampeders_season", "title": "1992 Calgary Stampeders season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Calgary Stampeders '' ' finished in 1st place in the West Division with a 13 -- 5 record and won the Grey Cup for the first time since 1971 , ending the longest drought of any team at that time ."}
{"_id": "1897–98_Irish_League", "title": "1897–98 Irish League", "headings": "", "text": "The Irish League in season 1897 -- 98 comprised 6 teams , and Linfield won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1947–48_Football_League", "title": "1947–48 Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 -- 1948 season was the 49th completed season of The Football League ."}
{"_id": "1981_World_Judo_Championships", "title": "1981 World Judo Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 World Judo Championships were the 12th edition of the World Judo Championships , and were held in Maastricht , Netherlands from September 3 -- September 6 , 1981 ."}
{"_id": "1982_Soviet_Second_League,_Zone_6", "title": "1982 Soviet Second League, Zone 6", "headings": "", "text": "1982 Football Championship of Ukrainian SSR was the 52th season of association football competition of the Ukrainian SSR , which was part of the Soviet Second League in Zone 6 . The season started on 4 April 1982 . Administratively , the Ukrainian Zone was moved again this time from Zone 5 to Zone 6 .   The 1982 Football Championship of Ukrainian SSR was won by Bukovyna Chernivtsi . Qualified for the interzonal playoffs , the team from Chernivtsi Oblast did not manage to gain promotion by placing last in its group .   The `` Ruby Cup '' of Molod Ukrayiny newspaper ( for the most scored goals ) was received by Bukovyna Chernivtsi ."}
{"_id": "1994_Peters_NSW_Open", "title": "1994 Peters NSW Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Peters NSW Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the NSW Tennis Centre in Sydney in Australia that was part of the World Series of the 1994 ATP Tour and of Tier II of the 1994 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from 10 through 16 January 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1933_Paris–Roubaix", "title": "1933 Paris–Roubaix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 Paris -- Roubaix was the 34th edition of the Paris -- Roubaix , a classic one-day cycle race in France . The single day event was held on 16 April 1933 and stretched 255 km from Paris to its end in a velodrome in Roubaix . The winner was Sylvère Maes from Belgium ."}
{"_id": "1998_Faber_Grand_Prix_–_Doubles", "title": "1998 Faber Grand Prix – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Nicole Arendt and Manon Bollegraf were the defending champions but only Bollegraf competed that year with Jana Novotná .   Bollegraf and Novotná lost in the semifinals to Elena Likhovtseva and Caroline Vis .   Lisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs won in the final 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 against Likhovtseva and Vis ."}
{"_id": "1807_in_poetry", "title": "1807 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1636:_Commander_Cantrell_in_the_West_Indies", "title": "1636: Commander Cantrell in the West Indies", "headings": "", "text": "1636 : Commander Cantrell in the West Indies is a novel in the 1632 series written by Eric Flint and Charles E. Gannon and published on June 3 , 2014 . The story follows the adventures of Eddie Cantrell a supporting character in 1633 and 1634 : The Baltic War . Eddie is married to the daughter of the Danish King and is sent to America to set up a colony and to explore for oil in the Gulf of Mexico while defending against the Spanish and even pirates ."}
{"_id": "1988_Tennent's_Sixes", "title": "1988 Tennent's Sixes", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Tennents ' Sixes was the fifth staging of the indoor 6-a-side football tournament . For the third time it was held at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre ( SECC ) in Glasgow on 24 and 25 January .   There were 4 groups of 3 , with 11 clubs drawn from the 1987 -- 88 Scottish Premier Division season . Rangers did not participate and were replaced by English club Nottingham Forest .   The two group winners and runners-up qualified to the quarter-finals and Dundee beat Motherwell 3 -- 2 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1958_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team", "title": "1958 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team was the representative of the University of Nebraska and member of the Big 7 Conference in the 1958 college football season . The team was coached by Bill Jennings and played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lincoln , Nebraska ."}
{"_id": "1998_Liga_Sudamericana_de_Básquetbol", "title": "1998 Liga Sudamericana de Básquetbol", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Liga Sudamericana de Básquetbol was the third edition of the top-tier tournament for basketball teams from South America . The tournament began on 4 February 1998 and finished on 12 May 1998 . Defending champions Atenas won their second title , defeating Brazilian club Cougar Franca in the finals ."}
{"_id": "1988_CCHA_Men's_Ice_Hockey_Tournament", "title": "1988 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 CCHA Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 17th CCHA Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament . It was played between March 4 and March 12 , 1988 . First round games were played at campus sites , while ` final four ' games were played at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit , Michigan . By winning the tournament , Bowling Green received the Central Collegiate Hockey Association 's automatic bid to the 1988 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament ."}
{"_id": "15_Inolvidables_Vol._2_(Marco_Antonio_Solís_album)", "title": "15 Inolvidables Vol. 2 (Marco Antonio Solís album)", "headings": "", "text": "15 Inolvidables Vol . 2 '' ' is a compilation album released by Marco Antonio Solís on August 7 , 2015 . It reached the number 4 spot on the billboard Latin pop charts ."}
{"_id": "1908_Stetson_Hatters_football_team", "title": "1908 Stetson Hatters football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 Stetson Hatters football team represented the private Stetson College in the sport of American football during the 1908 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1947_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season", "title": "1947 Pittsburgh Pirates season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 66th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise ; the 61st in the National League . The Pirates finished tied with the Philadelphia Phillies for eighth and last in the league standings with a record of 62 -- 92 ."}
{"_id": "1922_in_Ireland", "title": "1922 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1922 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1867_in_the_United_States", "title": "1867 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1867 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1999_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_4_×_100_metres_relay", "title": "1999 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "The Men 's 4x100 metres relay event at the 1999 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Estadio Olímpico de Sevilla on August 28 and August 29 ."}
{"_id": "13th_Kisei", "title": "13th Kisei", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th Kisei was a Go competition that took place in 1989 . Koichi Kobayashi won the title 4 games to 1 over Masaki Takemiya ."}
{"_id": "1981_in_Brazilian_football", "title": "1981 in Brazilian football", "headings": "", "text": "The following article presents a summary of the 1981 football ( soccer ) season in Brazil , which was the 80th season of competitive football in the country ."}
{"_id": "1963_Mediterranean_Grand_Prix", "title": "1963 Mediterranean Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Mediterranean Grand Prix was a motor race , run to Formula One rules , held on 18 August 1963 at the Autodromo di Pergusa , Sicily . The second running of the Mediterranean Grand Prix , the race was run over 60 laps of the circuit , and was dominated by British driver John Surtees in a Ferrari 156 .   British driver Trevor Taylor suffered an accident during the race , in which he was thrown out of his Lotus 25 with fairly minor injuries , before the car broke up and caught fire ."}
{"_id": "1969_New_South_Wales_Open", "title": "1969 New South Wales Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 New South Wales Open was a combined men 's and women 's tennis tournament played on grass courts at the White City Stadium in Sydney , Australia . The tournament was held from 13 January through 19 January 1969 . It was the 77th edition of the event and the first one in the Open era of tennis . The singles titles were won by Margaret Court and fourth-seeded Tony Roche . It was Roche 's second singles title after 1967 and he won AUS$ 3,594 first-prize money . Court earned AUS$ 1,537 for her singles win which was her sixth singles title at the tournament ."}
{"_id": "1984_Cal_State_Northridge_Matadors_football_team", "title": "1984 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team represented Cal State Northridge during the 1984 NCAA Division II football season .   Cal State Northridge competed in the Western Football Conference ( WFC ) . The 1984 Matadors were led by sixth-year head coach Tom Keele . They played home games at Devonshire Downs in Northridge , California . On the field , Cal State Northridge finished the season with a record of two wins and eight losses ( 2 -- 8 , 0 -- 3 WFC ) . However , San Francisco State later forfeited their win over the Matadors , so the adjusted record becomes ( 3 -- 7 , 0 -- 3 WFC ) . The Matadors were outscored by their opponents 119 -- 248 for the season ."}
{"_id": "1997_April_Fool's_Day_blizzard", "title": "1997 April Fool's Day blizzard", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 April Fool 's Day blizzard was a major winter storm in the Northeastern United States on March 31 and April 1 , 1997 . The storm dumped rain , sleet , and snow from Maryland to Maine leaving hundreds of thousands without power and as much as three feet of snow on the ground .   Due to the date many people took warnings of the storm less than seriously . Plows had already begun to be put away for the summer and hardware stores had to sell shovels again even though they already had out patio furniture . One commuter called it `` Mother Nature 's April Fools ' Joke . ''"}
{"_id": "1908_in_Sweden", "title": "1908 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1908 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1938_All-SEC_football_team", "title": "1938 All-SEC football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 All-SEC football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) chosen by various selectors for the 1938 college football season . Tennessee won the conference ."}
{"_id": "15th_Infantry_Brigade_(Hungary)", "title": "15th Infantry Brigade (Hungary)", "headings": "", "text": "The 15th Infantry Brigade was a formation of the Royal Hungarian Army that participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II ."}
{"_id": "1998_du_Maurier_Open_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1998 du Maurier Open – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 du Maurier Open -- Men 's Singles was the men 's singles event of the one hundred and ninth edition of the Canadian Open ; a WTA Tier I tournament and the most prestigious men 's tennis tournament held in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1991_Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_football_team", "title": "1991 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1991 college football season . In their fourth year under head coach David Rader , the Golden Hurricane compiled a 10 -- 2 record and defeated San Diego State , 28-17 , in the 1991 Freedom Bowl . During the regular season , the team defeated # 15 Texas A&M ( 35-34 ) and lost to # 2 Miami ( 10-34 ) .   The team 's statistical leaders included quarterback T. J. Rubley with 2,054 passing yards , Chris Hughley with 1,326 rushing yards , and Chris Penn with 792 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C._season", "title": "1993–94 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1993 -- 94 English football season , West Bromwich Albion F.C. competed in the Football League First Division ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_rankings", "title": "1991–92 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 NCAA Division I men 's basketball rankings was made up of two human polls , the AP Poll and the Coaches Poll , in addition to various other preseason polls ."}
{"_id": "1945_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team", "title": "1945 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team was the representative of the University of Nebraska and member of the Big 6 Conference in the 1945 college football season . The team was coached by George Clark and played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lincoln , Nebraska ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Wichita_Thunder_season", "title": "1997–98 Wichita Thunder season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 Wichita Thunder season was the sixth season of the CHL franchise in Wichita , Kansas .   The Thunder won the 1997 -- 98 CHL Western Conference Champions , but were swept in the finals by the Columbus Cottonmouths ."}
{"_id": "1949_Monte_Carlo_Rally", "title": "1949 Monte Carlo Rally", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 Monte Carlo Rally was the 19th Rallye Automobile de Monte-Carlo , the first since the end of the Second World War . It was won by Jean Trévoux ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_Swedish_Division_I_season", "title": "1963–64 Swedish Division I season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 Swedish Division I season was the 20th season of Swedish Division I. Brynas IF won the league title by finishing first in the final round ."}
{"_id": "185th_(2/1st_West_Riding)_Brigade", "title": "185th (2/1st West Riding) Brigade", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the World War I formation ; for the World War II formation see 185th Infantry Brigade ( United Kingdom )   The 185th ( 2/1st West Riding ) Brigade was a formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army . It was assigned to the 62nd ( 2nd West Riding ) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War ."}
{"_id": "1997_Carolina_Panthers_season", "title": "1997 Carolina Panthers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Carolina Panthers season was the third season for the team in the National Football League . They tried to improve upon their 12 -- 4 record in 1996 , and make it to the playoffs for the second time in franchise history . The Panthers appeared on Monday Night Football for the first time in franchise history . The Panthers faced the Dallas Cowboys and won the game by a score of 23 -- 13 ."}
{"_id": "1876_in_the_United_States", "title": "1876 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1876 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1940_Albanian_Superliga", "title": "1940 Albanian Superliga", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Kategoria e Parë in the 1940 season . This event is still not officially recognized from AFA , but in December 2012 the Albanian sports media have reported that this championship , along with the other two championships of World War II is expected to be recognized soon ."}
{"_id": "1963_LPGA_Championship", "title": "1963 LPGA Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 LPGA Championship was the ninth LPGA Championship , held October 10 -- 13 at Stardust Country Club in Las Vegas , Nevada .   After a second round 82 ( +11 ) , Mickey Wright shot 70 ( − 1 ) in both of the final two rounds to win her fourth and final LPGA Championship , two strokes ahead of runners-up Mary Lena Faulk , Mary Mills , and Louise Suggs . Defending champion Judy Kimball finished six strokes back , in a tie for ninth place . It was Wright 's second major title of the year and the eleventh of her thirteen career majors . It was her thirteenth tour victory of the 1963 season .   It was the third of six consecutive LPGA Championships at Stardust , which opened two years earlier . After several ownership and name changes , it became Las Vegas National Golf Club in 1998 ."}
{"_id": "12th_Meril_Prothom_Alo_Awards", "title": "12th Meril Prothom Alo Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Meril Prothom Alo Awards ceremony , presented by Prothom Alo took place on April 9 , 2010 , at the Bangabandhu International Conference Center in Dhaka , Bangladesh as a part of 2009-10 film awards season . The evening began with editor of Prothom Alo , Matiur Rahman delivering a welcome speech , followed by that of managing director of Square Toiletries Limited , Anjan Chowdhury . Meril-Prothom Alo Awards-2009 were distributed among TV and film stars , musicians and singers amid a union of cultural personalities . The nominations for the popular awards were open to public voting while the prestigious critic awards were there in line with ."}
{"_id": "1898_Geneva_Golden_Tornadoes_football_team", "title": "1898 Geneva Golden Tornadoes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1898 Geneva Golden Tornadoes football team represented the Geneva College during the 1898 college football season . The team finished with a final record of 1 -- 4 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1954_Coupe_de_France_Final", "title": "1954 Coupe de France Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir , Colombes on May 23 , 1954 , that saw OGC Nice defeat Olympique de Marseille 2 -- 1 thanks to goals by Victor Nuremberg and Luis Carniglia ."}
{"_id": "1973_European_Amateur_Boxing_Championships", "title": "1973 European Amateur Boxing Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 European Amateur Boxing Championships were held in Belgrade , Yugoslavia from 1 to 9 June . The 20th edition of the bi-annual competition was organised by the European governing body for amateur boxing , EABA . There were 148 fighters from 22 countries participating ."}
{"_id": "1966_Men's_Softball_World_Championship", "title": "1966 Men's Softball World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 ISF Men 's World Championship was an international softball tournament and the inaugural World Championship . The tournament was held in Mexico City , Mexico . Eleven nations competed ."}
{"_id": "1970_in_music", "title": "1970 in music", "headings": "", "text": "List of notable events in music that took place in the year 1970 .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1995_DFS_Classic", "title": "1995 DFS Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 DFS Classic was a women 's tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Edgbaston Priory Club in Birmingham in England that was part of Tier III of the 1995 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from June 12 through June 18 , 1995 ."}
{"_id": "1878_in_science", "title": "1878 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1878 in science and technology involved many significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "1935–36_Scottish_Division_Two", "title": "1935–36 Scottish Division Two", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 -- 36 Scottish Second Division was won by Falkirk who , along with second placed St Mirren , were promoted to the First Division . Dumbarton finished bottom ."}
{"_id": "1994_WDC_World_Darts_Championship", "title": "1994 WDC World Darts Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Skol World Darts Championships was held following 18 months of controversy within the sport of darts . After the 1993 Embassy World Championships , several players decided it was time to part company with the British Darts Organisation ( who had always organised the World Championship ) and form their own organisation . The new organisation was known as the World Darts Council ( WDC ) . The WDC would later become the Professional Darts Corporation ( PDC ) .   The WDC decided to introduce their own separate World Championship , with the inaugural tournament being staged before the BDO version . The 1994 Championship started on Boxing Day 1993 . This started a tradition for the WDC/PDC World Championship to kick off before the new calendar year begins . The tournament was staged at the Circus Tavern , Purfleet , Essex ."}
{"_id": "(Now_and_Then_There's)_A_Fool_Such_as_I", "title": "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( Now and Then There 's ) A Fool Such as I '' is a popular song written by Bill Trader and was published in 1952 . Performed by Hank Snow it peaked at number four on the country charts early in 1953 .   Since the original Snow version , `` Fool Such as I '' -- as the song is sometimes known -- has been covered and released as singles several times , by artists as diverse as Jo Stafford , Elvis Presley , Bob Dylan , and Baillie & the Boys ."}
{"_id": "131_Charles_Street", "title": "131 Charles Street", "headings": "", "text": "131 Charles Street is a Federal style townhouse in the West Village , New York City .   It is located on Charles Street and near Greenwich Street in the West Village neighborhood of Manhattan , New York City . The red brick Federal two-story-over-raised-basement townhouse with a dormer attic was built in 1834 by David Christie , a stone cutter , for about $ 2,600 . The brick is laid in the Flemish bond pattern .   `` These residences of the 1820s were almost all builder 's , carpenter 's , or stonemason 's homes , and there were several blocks of them at one time . in 1899 Montgomery Schuyler , the critic , wrote that they were ` the most respectable and artistic pattern of habitation New York has ever known . ' '' The house was listed April 19 , 1966 , as a New York City Landmark .   The structure is noteworthy for containing all original window frames and lintels ( except in the dormers ) At least until 1971 , when the property was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places , the trim was white and many original interior features of the house remained . Some minor exterior changes were made during the Victorian period . The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 . It is determined to be significant for its architecture ."}
{"_id": "1966–67_Honduran_Liga_Nacional", "title": "1966–67 Honduran Liga Nacional", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 -- 67 Honduran Liga Nacional season saw C.D. Olimpia lift its first domestic league title . It was the second season since 1965 ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season", "title": "1972–73 Toronto Maple Leafs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 -- 73 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto 's 56th season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Leafs slipped to sixth place in the East and missed the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1924–25_Southern_Football_League", "title": "1924–25 Southern Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 -- 25 season was the 27th in the history of the Southern League . As in the previous season , the league was split into Eastern and Western Divisions . Southampton II won the Eastern Division and Swansea Town II won the Western Division . Southampton were declared Southern League champions after defeating Swansea 2 -- 1 in a championship play-off .   Mid Rhondda United , who finished fifth in the Western Division , were the only club to apply to join the Football League , but were unsuccessful in the vote . Seven clubs left the league at the end of the season ."}
{"_id": "1991_NCAA_Division_II_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1991 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament involved 32 schools playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men 's NCAA Division II college basketball as a culmination of the 1990-91 NCAA Division II men 's basketball season . It was won by the University of North Alabama and Bridgeport 's Lambert Shell was the Most Outstanding Player ."}
{"_id": "1868_in_Russia", "title": "1868 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1868 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1981_Men's_World_Open_Squash_Championship", "title": "1981 Men's World Open Squash Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 McGuinness Men 's World Open Squash Championship is the men 's edition of the 1981 World Open , which serves as the individual world championship for squash players . The event took place in Toronto in Canada from 19 November until 28 November 1981 . Jahangir Khan won his first World Open title , defeating Geoff Hunt in the final ."}
{"_id": "1993_Yokohama_Marinos_season", "title": "1993 Yokohama Marinos season", "headings": "", "text": "1993 Yokohama Marinos season"}
{"_id": "1969–70_FA_Cup_qualifying_rounds", "title": "1969–70 FA Cup qualifying rounds", "headings": "", "text": "The FA Cup 1969 -- 70 is the 89th season of the world 's oldest football knockout competition ; The Football Association Challenge Cup , or FA Cup for short . The large number of clubs entering the tournament from lower down the English football league system meant that the competition started with a number of preliminary and qualifying rounds . The 30 victorious teams from the Fourth Round Qualifying progressed to the First Round Proper ."}
{"_id": "1974_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_110_metres_hurdles", "title": "1974 European Athletics Championships – Men's 110 metres hurdles", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 110 metres hurdles at the 1974 European Athletics Championships was held in Roma , Italy , at Stadio Olimpico on 6 , 7 , and 8 September 1974 ."}
{"_id": "1978_National_Society_of_Film_Critics_Awards", "title": "1978 National Society of Film Critics Awards", "headings": "", "text": "13th NSFC Awards  January 4 , 1979   Best Film :  Get Out Your Handkerchiefs  The 13th National Society of Film Critics Awards , given on 4 January 1979 , honored the best filmmaking of 1978 ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_NBA_season", "title": "1985–86 NBA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 -- 86 NBA season was the 40th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning their third championship of the decade , beating the Houston Rockets 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals ."}
{"_id": "1979_Atlanta_Falcons_season", "title": "1979 Atlanta Falcons season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Atlanta Falcons season was the Falcons ' 14th season . The Falcons were trying to improve upon their 9 -- 7 record in 1978 and make it to the playoffs for the second time in team history , their first appearance being the year before . Rookie fullback William Andrews rushed for 167 yards in a 40 -- 34 overtime win over the Saints in the season opener in New Orleans . Andrews set a club record with 1,023 yards , while quarterback Steve Bartkowski became the first Falcon to surpass the 2,000-yard mark with 2,505 . However , the Falcons ' defense allowed 388 points in a 6 -- 10 start ."}
{"_id": "1945_Cotton_Bowl_Classic", "title": "1945 Cotton Bowl Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 Cotton Bowl Classic featured the TCU Horned Frogs and the Oklahoma A&M Cowboys ."}
{"_id": "1297_Quadea", "title": "1297 Quadea", "headings": "", "text": "1297 Quadea ( 1934 AD ) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on January 7 , 1934 , by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth at Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory . Named for the parents-in-law of Karl Reinmuth 's brother ."}
{"_id": "-th", "title": "-th", "headings": "", "text": "The English suffix - th may form :  ordinal numerals  verbal nouns  the archaic 3rd person singular form , see Early Modern English"}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Aberdeen_F.C._season", "title": "1999–2000 Aberdeen F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Aberdeen F.C. competed in the Scottish Premier League , Scottish League Cup and Scottish Cup in season 1999 -- 2000 ."}
{"_id": "19th_Air_Division", "title": "19th Air Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with Eighth Air Force at Carswell Air Force Base , Texas , where it was inactivated on 30 September 1988 .   During World War II , the unit was designated as IX Bomber Command and was the command and control organization for Ninth Air Force in the Western Desert Campaign . Using predominantly B-24 Liberator heavy and B-25 Mitchell medium bombers , it supported the British Eighth Army against the German Afrika Korps from airfields ranging from Palestine in 1942 across North Africa to the final defeat of German forces in the Tunisia Campaign in May 1943 .   Later , during the 1944 Battle of Normandy and the 1945 Western Allied invasion of Germany , as the 9th Bombardment Division , the unit directed B-26 Marauder medium bombers in tactical roles supporting Allied ground forces from D-Day to V-E Day ."}
{"_id": "1892–93_Newcastle_United_F.C._season", "title": "1892–93 Newcastle United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1892 -- 93 season was the first season in the history of Newcastle United after the merger of Newcastle East End and Newcastle West End . The club started the season as Newcastle East End , taking the name Newcastle United during December . They participated in the Northern League , the only season they have not competed in The Football League , finishing in second place behind Middlesbrough Ironopolis . They also competed in the FA Cup , but lost in the first round to Middlesbrough ."}
{"_id": "1915_Oregon_Webfoots_football_team", "title": "1915 Oregon Webfoots football team", "headings": "", "text": "The Oregon Webfoots NCAA football team contested the 1915 season in 7 games under coach Hugo Bezdek ."}
{"_id": "1920_Clemson_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1920 Clemson Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 Clemson Tigers football team represented Clemson Agricultural College during the 1920 college football season . Under fourth year head coach Edward Donahue , the team posted a 4 -- 6 -- 1 record . Boo Armstrong was the captain ."}
{"_id": "1799_in_Wales", "title": "1799 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1799 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1959_Philadelphia_Eagles_season", "title": "1959 Philadelphia Eagles season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Philadelphia Eagles season was their 27th in the league . They improved on their previous output of 2 -- 9 -- 1 , winning seven games . The team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the tenth consecutive season ."}
{"_id": "1987_Athens_Open", "title": "1987 Athens Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Athens Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Athens in Greece that was part of the 1987 Nabisco Grand Prix . It was held from June 15 through June 22 , 1987 ."}
{"_id": "1957_Nemzeti_Bajnokság_I", "title": "1957 Nemzeti Bajnokság I", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Nemzeti Bajnokság I in the 1957 season ."}
{"_id": "1961_Brownlow_Medal", "title": "1961 Brownlow Medal", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Brownlow Medal was the 34th year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) home and away season . John James of the Carlton Football Club won the medal by polling twenty-one votes during the 1961 VFL season ."}
{"_id": "1978_Canadian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1978 Canadian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 8 October 1978 at Montreal ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Seattle_SuperSonics_season", "title": "1999–2000 Seattle SuperSonics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 NBA season was the 32nd season for the Seattle SuperSonics in the National Basketball Association . During the offseason , the Sonics acquired Horace Grant from the Orlando Magic and Brent Barry from the Chicago Bulls , while signing free agents Vernon Maxwell and second-year forward Ruben Patterson . Two years removed from the George Karl-era , the Sonics once again managed to make the playoffs finishing fourth in the Pacific Division with a 45 -- 37 record . They took the 2nd-seeded Utah Jazz to a fifth and decisive game in the Western Conference first round before being eliminated on Utah 's home floor . All-Star point guard Gary Payton earned high individual honors for the season , including All-NBA First Team and NBA All-Defensive First Team selections , while being selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game .   Following the season , Grant was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers and Maxwell was traded to the New York Knicks , but was released and re-signed as a free agent with the Philadelphia 76ers .   For the season , the Sonics added maroon alternate road uniforms which lasted until 2001 ."}
{"_id": "1971–72_Nationalliga_A", "title": "1971–72 Nationalliga A", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swiss Super League in the 1971 -- 72 season ."}
{"_id": "1996_Texas_A&M_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1996 Texas A&M Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Texas A&M Aggies football team completed the season with a 6 -- 6 record . The Aggies had a regular season Big 12 record of 4 -- 4 ."}
{"_id": "1991_430_km_of_Silverstone", "title": "1991 430 km of Silverstone", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 430 km of Silverstone was the third round of the 1991 World Sportscar Championship season , taking place at Silverstone Circuit , United Kingdom . It took place on 19 May 1991 ."}
{"_id": "1891_in_Germany", "title": "1891 in Germany", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1891 in Germany ."}
{"_id": "1986_College_Football_All-America_Team", "title": "1986 College Football All-America Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1986 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) recognizes five selectors as `` official '' for the 1986 season . They are : ( 1 ) the American Football Coaches Association ( AFCA ) ; ( 2 ) the Associated Press ( AP ) selected based on the votes of sports writers at AP newspapers ; ( 3 ) the Football Writers Association of America ( FWAA ) ; ( 4 ) the United Press International ( UPI ) selected based on the votes of sports writers at UPI newspapers ; and ( 5 ) the Walter Camp Football Foundation ( WC ) . Other notable selectors included Football News the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) , Scripps Howard ( SH ) , and The Sporting News ( TSN ) ."}
{"_id": "1920_Golders_Green_Handley_Page_O/400_crash", "title": "1920 Golders Green Handley Page O/400 crash", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 Handley Page O/400 crash occurred on 14 December 1920 when a Handley Page Transport Handley Page O/400 on a scheduled passenger flight from London to Paris with two crew and six passengers crashed at Golders Green in North London after take-off from Cricklewood Aerodrome . The crew of 2 and two passengers were killed in the first fatal accident for the airline since the service had started in December 1919 . It was reported as the first recorded airliner crash in history , but a larger airliner had crashed the previous year ."}
{"_id": "1949–50_Dumbarton_F.C._season", "title": "1949–50 Dumbarton F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Season 1949 -- 50 was the 66th Scottish football season in which Dumbarton competed at national level , entering the Scottish Football League for the 44th time , the Scottish Cup for the 55th time , the Scottish League Cup for the 4th time and the Supplementary Cup for the 5th time ."}
{"_id": "1954_Clemson_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1954 Clemson Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 Clemson Tigers football team represented Clemson College during the 1954 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1869_in_Scotland", "title": "1869 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1869 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1995_TVA_Cup_–_Singles", "title": "1995 TVA Cup – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Linda Wild won in the final 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 against Sandra Kleinová ."}
{"_id": "1933_in_fine_arts_of_the_Soviet_Union", "title": "1933 in fine arts of the Soviet Union", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1933 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts ."}
{"_id": "1990_Diet_Pepsi_Championships", "title": "1990 Diet Pepsi Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Diet Pepsi Championships was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Wembley Arena in Wembley , London , England . It was part of the 1990 IBM ATP Tour . The tournament was held from November 5 through November 11 , 1990 ."}
{"_id": "1907–08_Birmingham_F.C._season", "title": "1907–08 Birmingham F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1907 -- 08 Football League season was Birmingham Football Club 's 16th in the Football League and their 8th in the First Division . They were in the relegation positions by mid-October , and only once , briefly , rose above them , finishing bottom of the 20-team league , four points adrift of safety , and were relegated to the Second Division for 1908 -- 09 . They also took part in the 1907 -- 08 FA Cup , entering at the first round proper and losing in that round to West Bromwich Albion after a replay .   Alf Jones stepped down as secretary-manager at the end of the season . Jones began acting as unpaid secretary for Small Heath Alliance in 1885 , the year the club turned professional , became their first paid secretary with responsibility for team matters in 1892 , when the club first joined the Football League , and had held the post of secretary-manager ever since . He was succeeded by Alex Watson .   Twenty-eight players made at least one appearance in nationally organised first-team competition , and there were ten different goalscorers . Forward Benny Green played in 38 of the 40 matches over the season . Edmund Eyre was leading scorer with nine goals ; in the league , Eyre and Green each scored eight .   Shortly before the match against Nottingham Forest in February was due to start , a severe gale blew sections of the corrugated-iron roof off the grandstand . Although the match went ahead , it was abandoned after 35 minutes because of the wind ."}
{"_id": "1869_in_art", "title": "1869 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1869 in art ."}
{"_id": "1590_in_Scotland", "title": "1590 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1590 in the Kingdom of Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1906–07_Connecticut_Aggies_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1906–07 Connecticut Aggies men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1906 -- 07 Connecticut Aggies men 's basketball team represented Connecticut Agricultural College , now the University of Connecticut , in the 1906 -- 07 collegiate men 's basketball season . The Aggies completed the season with a 5 -- 7 overall record . The Aggies were members of the Athletic League of New England State Colleges where they ended the season with a 0 -- 4 record ."}
{"_id": "1340s_in_art", "title": "1340s in art", "headings": "", "text": "The decade of the 1340s in art involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1987_Soviet_Top_League", "title": "1987 Soviet Top League", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1850_in_Scotland", "title": "1850 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1850 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1905–06_Burslem_Port_Vale_F.C._season", "title": "1905–06 Burslem Port Vale F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 -- 06 season was Burslem Port Vale 's eighth consecutive season ( 12th overall ) of football in the Football League . It was another season spent struggling at the lower end of the league .   On the pitch the team allowed goals and narrowly avoided the re-election zone . A poor season on the pitch was more than matched by a hopeless financial season off the pitch , with low attendance figures suggesting that the club could not sustain league football for much longer ."}
{"_id": "1983_South_American_Rugby_Championship", "title": "1983 South American Rugby Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 South American Rugby Championship was the 13th edition of the competition of the leading national Rugby Union teams in South America .   The tournament was played in Buenos Aires and won by Argentina ."}
{"_id": "1918_Copa_del_Rey", "title": "1918 Copa del Rey", "headings": "", "text": "The Copa del Rey 1918 was the 18th edition of the Copa del Rey , the Spanish football cup competition .   The competition started on April 8 , 1918 , and concluded on May 2 , 1918 , with the Final , held at the O'Donnell in Madrid , in which Real Union lifted the trophy for the second time ever with a 2 -- 0 victory over Madrid FC ."}
{"_id": "1984_National_Invitation_Tournament", "title": "1984 National Invitation Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 National Invitation Tournament was the 1984 edition of the annual NCAA college basketball competition ."}
{"_id": "'s-Hertogenbosch_railway_station", "title": "'s-Hertogenbosch railway station", "headings": "", "text": "'s - Hertogenbosch ( -LSB- ˌsɛrtoːɣənˈbɔs -RSB- ) is a railway station located in 's - Hertogenbosch , Netherlands . The station and all services operating from it are run by Nederlandse Spoorwegen , the national Dutch train operating company ."}
{"_id": "1966_Venice_flood", "title": "1966 Venice flood", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 Venice flood ( Alluvione di Venezia del 1966 ) was an unprecedented acqua alta , with waters reaching up to 194cm ."}
{"_id": "1993_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season", "title": "1993 Kansas City Chiefs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Kansas City Chiefs season was arguably the franchise 's most successful in 22 years : The Chiefs won the AFC Western Division and finished with an 11 -- 5 record . Kansas City advanced all the way to the AFC Championship before losing to the Buffalo Bills 30 -- 13 , which started the Chiefs ' NFL record 8 game playoff losing streak . It would be 22 years before the Chiefs would win another playoff game .   The season marked the first for new quarterback Joe Montana , who was acquired through a trade with the San Francisco 49ers and running back Marcus Allen from the Los Angeles Raiders , both winners of five Super Bowl championships combined ."}
{"_id": "1954_Peruvian_Primera_División", "title": "1954 Peruvian Primera División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 season of the Primera División Peruana , the top category of Peruvian football , was played by 10 teams . The national champions were Alianza Lima"}
{"_id": "1977_Andhra_Pradesh_cyclone", "title": "1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone is considered India 's first super cyclonic storm , affecting Andhra Pradesh and killing at least 14,204 ."}
{"_id": "1988_PBA_season", "title": "1988 PBA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 PBA season was the 14th season of the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) ."}
{"_id": "174th_Attack_Wing", "title": "174th Attack Wing", "headings": "", "text": "The 174th Attack Wing ( 174 ATKW ) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard , stationed at Hancock Field Air National Guard Base , Syracuse , New York . If activated to federal service , the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command ."}
{"_id": "1958_All-Big_Ten_Conference_football_team", "title": "1958 All-Big Ten Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Big Ten Conference teams for the 1958 Big Ten Conference football season ."}
{"_id": "1993_Women's_British_Open_Squash_Championship", "title": "1993 Women's British Open Squash Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Hi-Tec British Open Squash Championships was held at the Lambs Squash Club with the later stages being held at the Wembley Conference Centre in London from 10 -- 19 April 1993 . The event was won by Michelle Martin who defeated Suzanne Horner ( née Burgess ) in the final ."}
{"_id": "1938_Santa_Barbara_State_Gauchos_football_team", "title": "1938 Santa Barbara State Gauchos football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 Santa Barbara State Gauchos football team represented Santa Barbara StateUC Santa Barbara was known as Santa Barbara State College from 1921 -- 1943 . See : UC Santa Barbara during the 1938 College Division football season .   This was the last year Santa Barbara State would compete in the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( SCIAC ) . The following year , the Gauchos and San Diego State would leave the SCIAC and join Fresno State and San Jose State as charter members of the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . The Gauchos played in the SCIAC for eight seasons ( 1931 -- 1938 ) .   The Gauchos were led by fifth-year head coach Theodore `` Spud '' Harder and played home games at La Playa Stadium in Santa Barbara , California . They finished the season with a record of two wins and eight losses ( 2 -- 8 , 0 -- 3 SCIAC ) . Overall , the team was outscored by its opponents 47 -- 109 for the season . That included the Gauchos being shut out in six of the ten games ."}
{"_id": "1992_Cotton_Bowl_Classic", "title": "1992 Cotton Bowl Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Cotton Bowl Classic featured the Florida State Seminoles and the Texas A&M Aggies ."}
{"_id": "1919_Baylor_Bears_football_team", "title": "1919 Baylor Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 Baylor Bears football team represented Baylor University during the 1919 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1868_in_poetry", "title": "1868 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1991_Montana_Grizzlies_football_team", "title": "1991 Montana Grizzlies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Montana Grizzlies football team represented the University of Montana in the 1991 NCAA Division I-AA football season . The Grizzlies were led by sixth-year head coach Don Read and played their home games on campus in Missoula at Washington -- Grizzly Stadium .   Humboldt State W 38-6   at Louisiana Tech L 21-11   at McNeese State L 31-3   Idaho State W 24-13   at Eastern Wash. . L 20-17   Boise State W 21-7   Weber State W 47-38   at Northern Arizona W 34-27   at Montana State W 16-9   Nevada ( 2 OT ) L 35-28   at Idaho ( OT ) W 35-34"}
{"_id": "1942_Northwestern_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1942 Northwestern Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 Northwestern Wildcats team represented Northwestern University during the 1942 Big Ten Conference football season . In their eighth year under head coach Pappy Waldorf , the Wildcats compiled a 1 -- 9 record ( 0 -- 6 against Big Ten Conference opponents ) and finished in last place in the Big Ten Conference . Quarterback Otto Graham was selected by both the Associated Press and United Press as a second-team All-Big Ten player . He was also selected as a third-team All-American by The Sporting News and the Central Press ."}
{"_id": "1956–57_European_Cup", "title": "1956–57 European Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 -- 57 European Cup was the second season of the European Cup , Europe 's premier club football tournament . The competition was won for the second time by Real Madrid , who beat Fiorentina 2 -- 0 in the final at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid , on 30 May 1957 .   After the great success of the first tournament , six new nations entered representatives : Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , England , Luxembourg , Romania and Turkey . The English FA had not allowed Chelsea to enter in 1955 , and continued its stance on the European Cup as it being a distraction ; however , against the wishes of the FA , Manchester United entered the competition anyway as English champions , becoming the first English team to play in Europe . An additional place was awarded to Real Madrid as the competition 's reigning champions , occupying the free berth left by Saar after its reunification with West Germany ."}
{"_id": "1953_in_art", "title": "1953 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1972–73_New_York_Nets_season", "title": "1972–73 New York Nets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 -- 73 New York Nets season was the sixth season of the franchise ."}
{"_id": "1982_Bristol_Open", "title": "1982 Bristol Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Bristol Open was a tennis tournament played on grass courts that was part of the 1982 Volvo Grand Prix . It was played at Bristol in Great Britain and began on 14 June 1982 ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Czech_1._Liga_season", "title": "1999–2000 Czech 1. Liga season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 Czech 1 . liga season was the seventh season of the Czech 1 . liga , the second level of ice hockey in the Czech Republic . 14 teams participated in the league , and HK Dukla Jihlava won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1683_in_Norway", "title": "1683 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1683 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1973–74_Tercera_División", "title": "1973–74 Tercera División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 -- 74 Tercera División season is the 40th since its establishment ."}
{"_id": "1998_Idaho_Vandals_football_team", "title": "1998 Idaho Vandals football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Idaho Vandals football team represented the University of Idaho in the 1998 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Vandals , led by fourth-year head coach Chris Tormey , were members of the Big West Conference and played their home games at the Kibbie Dome , an indoor facility on campus in Moscow , Idaho .   In their third season back in Division I-A , the Vandals won their only Big West title in football and were invited to the Humanitarian Bowl in Boise , in which they defeated the heavily favored Southern Mississippi Golden Eagles of Conference USA . The Vandals were led by redshirt freshman quarterback John Welsh , in his fifth start ; his first was at sixth-ranked LSU in late September . The season surpassed all expectations of the team , one publication ranked Idaho last among all Division I-A teams before the start of the season . Idaho began the season with very little experience at quarterback and two new coordinators , both promoted from within . Sophomore Ed Dean was the opening day quarterback , then junior college transfer Greg Robertson started six of the next eight games . He re-injured his shoulder on Halloween , and Welsh took over for the remainder of the season .   In the rivalry game to end the regular season against Boise State , also at Bronco Stadium , Idaho made a two-point conversion in overtime to win the conference title . This was the fifteenth win over the Broncos in the last seventeen games dating back to 1982 , but stands as the most recent ; the Vandals then dropped a dozen straight to BSU through 2010 , the last meeting in the series .   The Big West Conference discontinued football following the 2000 season ; this remains Idaho 's most recent conference title in football ."}
{"_id": "1995_Boston_Red_Sox_season", "title": "1995 Boston Red Sox season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Boston Red Sox season was the 95th season in the franchise 's Major League Baseball history . The Red Sox finished first in the American League East with a record of 86 wins and 58 losses , as teams played 144 games ( instead of the normal 162 ) due to the 1994 -- 95 Major League Baseball strike . The Red Sox then lost to the American League Central champion Cleveland Indians in the ALDS ."}
{"_id": "14_(David_Garrett_album)", "title": "14 (David Garrett album)", "headings": "", "text": "14 is a studio album by German violinist David Garrett . It was released on April 2 , 2013 , by Deutsche Grammophon GmbH in Berlin . 14 is under exclusive license to Deutsche Grammophon & Decca Classics , U.S. , a division of UMG Recordings , Inc. ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_Romanian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1963–64 Romanian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 Romanian Hockey League season was the 34th season of the Romanian Hockey League . Six teams participated in the league , and Steaua Bucuresti won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1973–74_European_Cup", "title": "1973–74 European Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 -- 74 season of the European Cup football club tournament was won for the first time by Bayern Munich , beginning their own three-year period of domination , in a replayed final against Atlético Madrid . This was the first time the cup went to Germany , and the first European Cup final to require a replay after the first match was drawn 1 -- 1 after extra time .   Ajax , the defending champions , were eliminated by CSKA September Flag in the second round ."}
{"_id": "1904_in_art", "title": "1904 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1879–80_in_Scottish_football", "title": "1879–80 in Scottish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1879 -- 80 season was the seventh season of competitive football in Scotland . This season saw the introduction of the fourth regional competition with the inaugural playing of the Lanarkshire Cup ."}
{"_id": "1922_Rochester_Jeffersons_season", "title": "1922 Rochester Jeffersons season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 Rochester Jeffersons season was their third in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous output of 2 -- 3 , going 0 -- 4 -- 1 . They tied for fifteenth place in the league ."}
{"_id": "1995_Sacramento_State_Hornets_football_team", "title": "1995 Sacramento State Hornets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Sacramento State Hornets football team represented Sacramento State University The official name of Sacramento State is California State University , Sacramento . However , it is still commonly known as Sacramento State . See : Sacramento State during the 1995 NCAA Division I-AA football season .   Sacramento State competed in the final season of the American West Conference ( AWC ) . In 1996 , Sacramento State would move to the Big Sky Conference . The Hornets were led by first-year head coach John Volek and played home games at Hornet Stadium in Sacramento , California . Even though the team finished with a sub-500 record , they were still champion of the AWC . Their overall record was four wins , six losses and one tie ( 4 -- 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 0 WFC ) . Sacramento State was outscored by its opponents 255 -- 377 for the season ."}
{"_id": "1998_Fresno_State_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1998 Fresno State Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Fresno State football team represented California State University , FresnoFresno State College was renamed California State University , Fresno in 1972 , but is still commonly called Fresno State . See : Fresno State in the 1998 NCAA Division I-A football season , and competed as a member of the Western Athletic Conference . Led by head coach Pat Hill , the Bulldogs played their home games at Bulldog Stadium in Fresno , California ."}
{"_id": "1980_Tel_Aviv_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1980 Tel Aviv Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Ilie Năstase and Tom Okker were the defending champions , but lost in the quarterfinals this year .   Per Hjertquist and Steve Krulevitz won the title , defeating Eric Fromm and Cary Leeds 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1995_European_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1995 European Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 European Figure Skating Championships was a senior-level international competition held in Dortmund , Germany . Elite skaters from European ISU member nations competed in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing ."}
{"_id": "1923_Copa_Ibarguren", "title": "1923 Copa Ibarguren", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 Copa Ibarguren was the 11 ° edition of this National cup of Argentina . It was played by the champions of both leagues , Primera División and Liga Rosarina de Football crowned during 1919 .   Boca Juniors ( Primera División champion ) faced Rosario Central ( Liga Rosarina champion ) at Sportivo Barracas stadium . Although they had won their league titles in 1923 , the final was played in 1924 ."}
{"_id": "1992_Epsom_Derby", "title": "1992 Epsom Derby", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Epsom Derby was a horse race which took place at Epsom Downs on Wednesday 3 June 1992 . It was the 213th running of the Derby , and it was won by Dr Devious . The winner was ridden by John Reid and trained by Peter Chapple-Hyam . The pre-race favourite Rodrigo de Triano finished ninth ."}
{"_id": "1858_in_South_Africa", "title": "1858 in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1996_BMW_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1996 BMW Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Trevor Kronemann and David Macpherson were the defending champions but only Kronemann competed that year with John-Laffnie de Jager .   de Jager and Kronemann lost in the quarterfinals to Lan Bale and Stephen Noteboom .   Bale and Noteboom won in the final 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 against Olivier Delaître and Diego Nargiso ."}
{"_id": "1992_European_Community_Monitor_Mission_helicopter_downing", "title": "1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing was an incident that occurred on 7 January 1992 , during the Croatian War of Independence , in which a European Community Monitor Mission ( ECMM ) helicopter carrying five European Community ( EC ) observers was downed by a Yugoslav Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 , in the air space above the village of Podrute , near Novi Marof , Croatia . An Italian and a French officer and three Italian non-commissioned officers were killed . Another ECMM helicopter flying in formation with the attacked helicopter made an emergency landing . The second helicopter carried a crew and a visiting diplomat , all of whom survived . The incident was condemned by the United Nations Security Council and the EC . As a result of the incident , the Yugoslav authorities suspended the head of the air force , and the Yugoslav defense minister , General Veljko Kadijević , resigned his post . The events followed the end of the first stage of the war in Croatia and closely preceded the country 's international recognition .   The MiG-21 pilot , Lieutenant Emir Šišić , disappeared after the incident . He was tried in absentia together with his superiors by Croatian authorities , convicted , and sentenced to extended imprisonment . Šišić was subsequently arrested in Hungary in 2001 and extradited to Italy , where he was tried , convicted and sentenced to 15 years in prison . In 2006 , he was turned over to Serbia for the remainder of the sentence , but released in 2008 . Two other Yugoslav officers were tried in absentia in Italy and convicted in 2013 , while Serbia was ordered to pay monetary damages to the victims ' families . The victims were posthumously decorated by Italy and France , respectively ."}
{"_id": "1837_in_Portugal", "title": "1837 in Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1837 in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1000_Forms_of_Fear", "title": "1000 Forms of Fear", "headings": "", "text": "1000 Forms of Fear is the sixth studio album by Australian singer Sia . It was released on 4 July 2014 by Monkey Puzzle and RCA Records worldwide , and Inertia Records in Australia . Primarily an electropop album , the record also incorporates influences from reggae and hip hop . Lyrically , the record showcases Sia struggling to deal with drug addiction and bipolar disorder .   1000 Forms of Fear received generally positive reviews from music critics , who praised Sia 's vocals as well as the album 's lyrical content . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 52,000 copies . The release also charted atop the charts of Australia and Canada , and reached the top five charts of Denmark , New Zealand , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . As of October 26 , 2015 , it has been certified gold by the RIAA denoting 500,000 equivalent-album units sold in the United States . As of January 2016 , the album has sold 1 million copies worldwide .   The album spawned four singles . Its lead single , `` Chandelier '' , released in March 2014 , became a worldwide top-10 single ; it also peaked at number eight on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the first song by Sia to enter the chart as a lead artist . `` Big Girls Cry '' was released in June 2014 . Sia 's solo version of `` Elastic Heart '' , which was originally a collaboration with The Weeknd and Diplo , was released in January 2015 , and reached the top 20 of the Hot 100 . `` Fire Meet Gasoline '' was released as the fourth and final single in Germany on June 19 , 2015 . The official music video for `` Chandelier '' has been viewed on YouTube more than 1.5 billion times , and the video for `` Elastic Heart '' has been viewed more than 800 million times .   To promote the project , Sia appeared on a number of TV shows , including The Ellen DeGeneres Show and Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , where she recruited Maddie Ziegler , who starred in three music videos from the album , as her persona onstage , during 2014 and 2015 . 1000 Forms of Fear earned Sia three ARIA Music Awards in 2014 and was listed as one of the best albums of 2014 by several publications , including The Boston Globe and Rolling Stone . The lead single `` Chandelier '' received four Grammy nominations for Song of the Year , Record of the Year , Best Pop Solo Performance , and Best Music Video ."}
{"_id": "1741_in_music", "title": "1741 in music", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "14_Sagittarii", "title": "14 Sagittarii", "headings": "", "text": "14 Sagittarii ( 14 Sgr ) is a K-type main sequence variable star in Sagittarius ."}
{"_id": "1945–46_Michigan_Wolverines_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1945–46 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 -- 46 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team represented the University of Michigan in intercollegiate basketball during the 1945 -- 46 season . The team finished the season in seventh place in the Big Ten Conference with an overall record of 12 -- 7 and 6 -- 6 against conference opponents .   Bennie Oosterbaan was in his eighth and final year as the team 's head coach . Glen Selbo was the team 's leading scorer with 212 points in 19 games for an average of 11.2 points per game . Dave Strack was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1966_Oregon_Webfoots_football_team", "title": "1966 Oregon Webfoots football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon during the 1966 college football season . Home games were played on campus in Eugene at Hayward Field and at Multnomah Stadium in Portland .   Under sixteenth-year head coach Len Casanova , the Ducks were 3 -- 7 overall and 1 -- 3 in the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU , later Pacific-8 Conference , or Pac-8 ) . Only one of the four conference teams from the state of California was on the schedule , Stanford in Portland , the sole conference victory .   Oregon finished in a tie for sixth place in the AAWU , and were outscored by their opponents , 129 to 118 . The team 's statistical leaders included Mike Barnes with 710 passing yards , Steve Jones with 542 rushing yards , and Scott Cress with 402 receiving yards .   This was the final season for Casanova as head coach and for varsity football at Hayward Field ; Autzen Stadium debuted in 1967 with new head coach Jerry Frei . Casanova became athletic director and retired in 1970 ."}
{"_id": "1988_Virginia_Tech_Hokies_football_team", "title": "1988 Virginia Tech Hokies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Virginia Tech Hokies football team represented the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team 's head coach was Frank Beamer ."}
{"_id": "1755_in_paleontology", "title": "1755 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1974_Dutch_Open_(tennis)", "title": "1974 Dutch Open (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Dutch Open was a men 's Grand Prix tennis tournament staged in Hilversum . The tournament was played on outdoor clay courts and was held from July 21 to July 28 , 1974 . It was the 18th edition of the tournament ."}
{"_id": "1930–31_National_Hurling_League", "title": "1930–31 National Hurling League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930-31 National Hurling League was the fifth edition of the National Hurling League , which ran from 1 March 1931 to 29 November 1931 .   The twelve participating teams were Antrim , Clare ,  Cork , Dublin , Galway , Kilkenny , Laois , Meath , Offaly , Tipperary , Waterford and Wexford , who were divided into three different divisions . Each team played each of their rivals once with two points awarded for a win and one point awarded for a drawn game .   Galway defeated Tipperary by 4-5 to 4-4 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1610s", "title": "1610s", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1950_Australian_rainfall_records", "title": "1950 Australian rainfall records", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 rainfall records for the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland reported probably the most remarkable record high rainfall totals ever recorded anywhere in the continent . Averaged over both of these states , 1950 is clearly the wettest year since adequate records became available circa 1885 . Queensland recorded a statewide average rainfall of around 1125 mm as against a mean since 1885 of around 640 mm , whilst New South Wales recorded around 930 mm as against an instrumental mean around 520 mm . Australia 's wettest town , Tully also recorded its highest annual rainfall total in 1950 with 7898.0 mm ."}
{"_id": "1893_Sea_Islands_hurricane", "title": "1893 Sea Islands hurricane", "headings": "", "text": "On August 27 , 1893 , a major hurricane which came to be known as the Sea Islands Hurricane struck the United States near Savannah , Georgia . It was one of three deadly hurricanes during the 1893 Atlantic hurricane season ; the storm killed an estimated 1,000 -- 2,000 people , mostly from storm surge . This is also the storm that made famous United States Life-Saving Service Keeper Dunbar Davis ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_IHL_season", "title": "1979–80 IHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 -- 80 IHL season was the 35th season of the International Hockey League , a North American minor professional league . Ten teams participated in the regular season , and the Kalamazoo Wings won the Turner Cup ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Birmingham_City_F.C._season", "title": "1995–96 Birmingham City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Football League season was Birmingham City Football Club 's 93rd in the English football league system . They finished in 15th place in the 24-team Football League First Division , to which they were promoted as Division Two champions in 1994 -- 95 . They entered the 1995 -- 96 FA Cup at the third round , losing in that round to Wolverhampton Wanderers after a replay , and entered the League Cup in the first round and progressed to the semi-final , in which they lost on aggregate score to Leeds United . They also took part in the last season of the Anglo-Italian Cup , losing in the quarter-final after a penalty shootout .   At the end of the season , club owner David Sullivan dismissed Barry Fry as manager and replaced him with playing legend Trevor Francis ."}
{"_id": "1970_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships", "title": "1970 European Athletics Indoor Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st European Athletics Indoor Championships were held in 1970 at Wiener Stadthalle , Vienna , the capital of Austria , between 14-15 March 1970 . It replaced the European Indoor Games , an indoor athletics competition which had been held since 1966 ."}
{"_id": "1999_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team", "title": "1999 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their third year under head coach Glen Mason , the Golden Gophers compiled an 8 -- 4 record , outscored their opponents by a combined total of 368 to 196 , tied for fourth place in the Big Ten Conference , and were ranked # 17 and # 18 in the final Coaches and AP polls .   Tyrone Carter was named an All-American by the Walter Camp Football Foundation , Associated Press , The Sporting News , Sportsline.com , American Football Coaches Association , College Football News and Football Writers Association of America . Carter , center Ben Hamilton , running back Thomas Hamner and defensive end Karon Riley were named All-Big Ten first team . Defensive tackle John Schlecht and corner back Willie Middlebrooks were named All-Big Ten second team . Carter was awarded the Jim Thorpe Award , given to the best defensive back in the country . Offensive lineman Akeem Akinwale , linebacker Luke Braaten , Free Safety Jack Brewer , offensive lineman Derek Burns , defensive end Mike Cernoch , punter Preston Gruening , Linebacker Justin Hall , wide receiver Ron Johnson , defensive end Astein Osei , full back Brad Prigge , long snapper Derek Rackley , defensive tackle Dave Sykora and tight end Zach Vevea were named Academic All-Big Ten .   Total attendance for the season was 318,086 , which averaged out to 45,441 per game . The season high for attendance was against rival Wisconsin ."}
{"_id": "1994_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team", "title": "1994 Tennessee Volunteers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season . Phillip Fulmer was the head coach . Freshman Peyton Manning began the season as Tennessee 's third-string quarterback , but injuries to Todd Helton and Jerry Colquitt forced him into the lineup in a game against Mississippi State , which the Volunteers lost 24 -- 21 . In his first start the following week against Washington State , the Vols won , 10 -- 9 . They lost only one more game the rest of the season , finishing 8 -- 4 with a 45 -- 23 victory over Virginia Tech in the Gator Bowl ."}
{"_id": "1920_Connecticut_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1920 Connecticut Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 Connecticut Aggies football team represented Connecticut Agricultural College , now the University of Connecticut , in the 1920 college football season . The Aggies were led by first year head coach Ross Swartz , and completed the season with a record of 1 -- 6 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1996_Tour_de_France,_Prologue_to_Stage_10", "title": "1996 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 10", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Tour de France was the 83rd edition of Tour de France , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . The Tour began in 's - Hertogenbosch in the Netherlands with a prologue individual time trial on 29 June and Stage 10 occurred on 9 July with a hilly stage to Gap . The race finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 21 July ."}
{"_id": "1590", "title": "1590", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1976_Alan_King_Tennis_Classic", "title": "1976 Alan King Tennis Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Alan King Tennis Classic was a men 's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Caesars Palace in Las Vegas , Nevada in the United States that was sanctioned by the ATP . It was the fifth edition of the tournament held from May 10 through 16 , 1976 . Jimmy Connors won the singles title for the first time . Connors earned $ 30,000 first-prize money and a new car ."}
{"_id": "1967–68_Georgetown_Hoyas_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1967–68 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 -- 68 Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball team represented Georgetown University during the 1967-68 NCAA Division I college basketball season . John Magee coached them in his second season as head coach . The team was an independent and played its home games at McDonough Gymnasium on the Georgetown campus in Washington , D.C. . It finished with a record of 11-12 and had no post-season play ."}
{"_id": "1959–60_French_Division_2", "title": "1959–60 French Division 2", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Division 2 in the 1959/1960 season ."}
{"_id": "1927_Brownlow_Medal", "title": "1927 Brownlow Medal", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Brownlow Medal was the fourth year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) home and away season . Syd Coventry of the Collingwood Football Club won the medal by polling seven votes during the 1927 VFL season ."}
{"_id": "1997_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1997 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament involved 64 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men 's NCAA Division I college basketball . It began on March 13 , 1997 , and ended with the championship game on March 31 in Indianapolis , Indiana at the RCA Dome . A total of 63 games were played .   The Final Four consisted of Kentucky , who entered the tournament as the defending national champions , Minnesota , making their first Final Four appearance , Arizona , making their third Final Four appearance and first since 1994 , and North Carolina , making their thirteenth Final Four appearance and first since 1995 .   In the national championship game , Arizona defeated Kentucky in overtime 84 -- 79 to win their first national championship . For the second time in the last three seasons , the defending national champions reached the final game and lost .   Miles Simon of Arizona was named the tournament 's Most Outstanding Player .   Several years later , Minnesota was stripped of its Final Four appearance following the discovery of NCAA academic rule violations . In addition , the Gophers were stripped of their Big Ten title they had also won .   Arizona also became the only school since the introduction of the 64-team bracket in 1985 , to defeat three number 1 seeds in the tournament , having upset overall number one seed Kansas in addition to their two Final Four victories .   The tournament also saw the third victory by a # 15 seed over a # 2 seed , as Coppin State defeated South Carolina in their first round matchup . In addition , a # 14 seed advanced to the Sweet Sixteen for only the second time , as Southeast Region # 14 seed Chattanooga defeated both Georgia and Illinois ."}
{"_id": "1993_NCAA_Men's_Volleyball_Tournament", "title": "1993 NCAA Men's Volleyball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 NCAA Men 's Volleyball Tournament was the 24th annual tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA men 's collegiate volleyball . The tournament was played at Pauley Pavilion in Los Angeles , California during May 1993 .   UCLA defeated Cal State Northridge in the final match , 3 -- 0 ( 15 -- 8 , 15 -- 11 , 15 -- 10 ) , to win their fourteenth national title . The Bruins ( 24 -- 3 ) were coached by Al Scates .   UCLA 's Mike Sealy and Jeff Nygaard were named the tournament 's Most Outstanding Players . Sealy and Nygaard , along with five other players , comprised the All-Tournament Team ."}
{"_id": "1986_PBA_Open_Conference", "title": "1986 PBA Open Conference", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) Open Conference was the third and final conference of the 1986 PBA season . It started on September 23 and ended on December 11 , 1986 . The tournament requires two import each per team with the height limit of 6 `` 3 and 6 `` 6 ."}
{"_id": "1956_in_Iceland", "title": "1956 in Iceland", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened in 1956 in Iceland ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_1.Lig", "title": "1976–77 1.Lig", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of the Turkish First Football League in season 1976/1977 ."}
{"_id": "1975_New_Zealand_Grand_Prix", "title": "1975 New Zealand Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 New Zealand Grand Prix was a race held at the Pukekohe Park Raceway on 12 January 1975 . The race had 20 starters .   It was the 21st New Zealand Grand Prix , and doubled as the second round of the 1975 Tasman Series . Australian Warwick Brown won his first NZGP in his Lola T332 with a dominant performance where he lapped the entire field in the 58-lap race . The rest of the podium was completed by New Zealanders Jim Murdoch and Graeme Lawrence ."}
{"_id": "1969–70_Connecticut_Huskies_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1969–70 Connecticut Huskies men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 -- 70 Connecticut Huskies men 's basketball team represented the University of Connecticut in the 1969 -- 70 collegiate men 's basketball season . The Huskies completed the season with a 14 -- 9 overall record . The Huskies were members of the Yankee Conference , where they ended the season with a 8 -- 2 record . They were the Yankee Conference Regular Season Champions . The Huskies played their home games at Hugh S. Greer Field House in Storrs , Connecticut , and were led by first-year head coach Dee Rowe ."}
{"_id": "1937_Wightman_Cup", "title": "1937 Wightman Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Wightman Cup was the 15th edition of the annual women 's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain . It was held at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills , Queens in New York City in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1935_Indiana_Hoosiers_football_team", "title": "1935 Indiana Hoosiers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented the Indiana Hoosiers in the 1935 college football season . The participated as members of the Big Ten Conference . The Hoosiers played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington , Indiana . The team was coached by Bo McMillin , in his second year as head coach of the Hoosiers ."}
{"_id": "1963_ABC_Championship", "title": "1963 ABC Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Asian Basketball Confederation Championship for Men were held in Taipei , Republic of China ."}
{"_id": "1983_FIBA_Africa_Championship_for_Women", "title": "1983 FIBA Africa Championship for Women", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 FIBA Africa Championship for Women was the 8th FIBA Africa Championship for Women , played under the rules of FIBA , the world governing body for basketball , and the FIBA Africa thereof . The tournament was hosted by Angola from April 3 to 8 , 1983 , with the games played at the Pavilhão da Cidadela in Luanda .   Zaire ended the round-robin tournament with a 5 -- 0 unbeaten record to win their first title and qualify for the 1983 FIBA Women 's World Championship ."}
{"_id": "1993_Tippeligaen", "title": "1993 Tippeligaen", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Tippeligaen is the highest football league in Norway . 22 games are played with 3 points given for wins and 1 for draws . Number eleven and twelve are relegated . The winners of the two groups of the first division are promoted , as well as the winner of a series of play-off matches between the two second placed teams in the two groups of the first division and number ten in the Tippeligaen ."}
{"_id": "1977_Egypt_Cup_Final", "title": "1977 Egypt Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "1977 Egypt Cup Final , was the final match of 1976 -- 77 Egypt Cup , when Zamalek played Ismaily , Zamalek won the game 3 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1990_Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_football_team", "title": "1990 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University in the Southwest Conference ( SWC ) during the 1990 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their fourth season under head coach Spike Dykes , the Red Raiders compiled a 4 -- 7 record ( 3 -- 5 against SWC opponents ) , finished in fourth place in the conference , and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 356 to 322 . The team played its home games at Clifford B. and Audrey Jones Stadium in Lubbock , Texas ."}
{"_id": "13th_Group", "title": "13th Group", "headings": "", "text": "13th Group may refer to :   13th Carrier Air Group , a unit of the United Kingdom Royal Navy  13th Bombardment Group , a unit of the United States Air Force  13th Finance Group , a unit of the United States Army"}
{"_id": "1984_Sacramento_State_Hornets_football_team", "title": "1984 Sacramento State Hornets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 Sacramento State Hornets football team represented Sacramento State University The official name of Sacramento State is California State University , Sacramento . However , it is still commonly known as Sacramento State . See : Sacramento State during the 1984 NCAA Division II football season .   Sacramento State competed in the Northern California Athletic Conference ( NCAC ) . This was the last year the Hornets played in the NCAC . In 1985 , the team moved to the Western Football Conference . The 1984 Hornets were led by seventh-year head coach Bob Mattos . They played home games at Hornet Stadium in Sacramento , California . The team finished the season with a record of six wins and five losses ( 6 -- 5 , 5 -- 1 NCAC ) . Overall , the team outscored its opponents 277 -- 218 for the season ."}
{"_id": "1865_in_Sweden", "title": "1865 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1865 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1947_New_York_Yankees_season", "title": "1947 New York Yankees season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 New York Yankees season was the team 's 45th season in New York , and its 47th season overall . The team finished with a record of 97 -- 57 , winning their 15th pennant , finishing 12 games ahead of the Detroit Tigers . New York was managed by Bucky Harris . The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium . In the World Series , they defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers in 7 games ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_QMJHL_season", "title": "1991–92 QMJHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 QMJHL season was the 23rd season in the history of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League . The league inaugurates the Molson Cup , awarded to the overall `` Rookie of the Year , '' in addition to the existing Michel Bergeron Trophy and Raymond Lagacé Trophy .   The top three scorers in the league , are all linemates from the Saint-Hyacinthe Laser . Centreman Charles Poulin won the QMJHL 's Most Valuable Player and CHL Player of the Year . Completing the line were ; left winger Patrick Poulin , the league 's scoring champion ; and right winger Martin Gendron , the league 's Most sportsmanlike player and Offensive Player of the Year .  The league went back to the players wearing a half visor .   Twelve teams played 70 games each in the schedule . Verdun Collège Français finished first overall in the regular season , winning their first Jean Rougeau Trophy , and won its first President 's Cup , defeating the Trois-Rivières Draveurs in the finals ."}
{"_id": "1905_Michigan_Agricultural_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1905 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team represented Michigan Agricultural College ( MAC ) in the 1905 college football season . In their third year under head coach Chester Brewer , the Aggies compiled a 10 -- 2 record and outscored their opponents 349 to 75 ."}
{"_id": "1951_Sugar_Bowl", "title": "1951 Sugar Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 Sugar Bowl was the 17th Sugar Bowl matchup , pitting the Big Seven champion Oklahoma Sooners ( ranked # 1 in the Associated Press poll ) against the Southeastern Conference champion Kentucky Wildcats ( ranked # 7 ) . Oklahoma 's regular season record was 10-0 ; Kentucky 's was 10-1 . Oklahoma averaged 34.5 points per game ; only one team had scored more than twice in a game against Kentucky that season . Oklahoma entered the January 1 , 1951 , game with a 31-game winning streak ; the Sooners ' last loss had come on September 25 , 1948 . Kentucky was coached by Bear Bryant ; Oklahoma was coached by Bud Wilkinson . Notable players for the two teams included Oklahoma 's Billy Vessels and Kentucky 's Charlie McClendon , Babe Parilli and Wilbur `` Shorty '' Jamerson . 82,000 fans attended the game .   Kentucky fielded three defensive tackles for much of the game , which caused Oklahoma quarterback Claude Arnold to hurry his handoffs and passes . One Kentucky tackle was Bob Gain , winner of the Outland Trophy that season . The third Wildcat tackle was Walt Yowarsky , who had played less than five minutes on defense during the regular season . Yowarsky recovered a fumble on the Oklahoma 22-yard line , leading to Kentucky 's first score : on the next play after Yowarsky 's fumble recovery , Kentucky quarterback Babe Parilli threw a touchdown pass to Wilbur Jamerson for a 7-0 Kentucky lead at the end of the first quarter .   In the second quarter Kentucky drove 81 yards for a touchdown , a run by Wilbur Jamerson , taking a 13-0 lead .   In the third quarter , Oklahoma had the ball , first and goal on the Kentucky 3-yard line . The Wildcat defense held on first and second down ; on third down Yowarsky tackled the Oklahoma ball carrier for a five-yard loss . On fourth down , Oklahoma was stopped and Kentucky took possession .   In the fourth quarter , Yowarsky recovered a fumbled punt .   With seven minutes left in the game , Oklahoma quarterback Billy Vessels threw a 17-yard touchdown pass to Merrill Green . Kentucky , however , retained possession of the football for the rest of the game , with the exception of one play , for a 13-7 victory . Yowarsky was named the game 's Most Valuable Player ."}
{"_id": "10th_Academy_Awards", "title": "10th Academy Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th Academy Awards were originally scheduled for March 3 , 1938 , but due to the Los Angeles flood of 1938 were held on March 10 , 1938 , at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles , California ; hosted by Bob Burns ."}
{"_id": "1742_in_Great_Britain", "title": "1742 in Great Britain", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1742 in Great Britain ."}
{"_id": "1910_in_Norway", "title": "1910 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "In 1910 Haakon VII serves his sixth year as King of Norway . On 1 February Wollert Konow takes over as Prime Minister after Gunnar Knudsen , who has held this position since 1908 .   The Parliament passes a resolution about universal suffrage for women in municipal elections on 30 April . In Finnmark the Kirkenes -- Bjørnevatn Line opens this year , and the Bøkfjord Lighthouse outside Kirkenes is completed . The Norwegian Institute of Technology is opened in Trondheim , as well as the accociated Student Society in Trondheim . The factory Norsk Gjærde - og Metaldukfabrik is founded . Also the Solør Line between Flisa and Elverum opens this year .   Several of the most difficult summits in Norway are first ascended in 1910 . The climbing of Stetind in Nordland by Bryn , Rubenson and Schjelderup is followed by the same group 's first ascent of Svolværgeita and Trakta in the Lofoten archipelago . There are now 278 newspapers in Norway . Among the new newspapers is Tidens Tegn , founded by Ola Thommessen , and the cultural magazine Kunst og Kultur is founded by Harry Fett and Haakon Shetelig .   In February anarchist writer Hans Jæger dies , and Nobel Laureate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson dies in April . Politicians Stousland , Sunde , Ullmann and Segelcke die this year . In January later Prime Minister Trygve Bratteli is born , and later government minister Jens Haugland is born in April . The popular comedian Leif Juster is born in February this year . Folk musician Sigbjørn Bernhoft Osa is born in May , poet and actor Claes Gill is born in October , and Jens Book-Jenssen , the best-selling Norwegian artist in Norway in the 20th century , is born in November . Footballers and 1936 Olympic medalists Magnar Isaksen and Magdalon Monsen are born this year , as is illustrator Borghild Rud , professor of anatomy Alf Brodal and historian Ingrid Semmingsen ."}
{"_id": "1926_college_football_season", "title": "1926 college football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 NCAA football season was the first in which an attempt was made to recognize a national champion after the season .   Stanford University , coached by Pop Warner , was the # 1 team in the nation under the new Dickinson System and awarded the Rissman Trophy . Unbeaten Stanford ( 10-0 ) faced unbeaten Alabama ( 9-0 ) in the Rose Bowl at Pasadena and the two teams played to a 7-7 tie . Meanwhile , Parke H. Davis , a renowned football historian and football rules committee member , declared Lafayette College ( 9-0 ) national champions in Spalding 's Football Guide . Subsequently , the Leopards are also recognized as a co-national champions in the 1926 season ."}
{"_id": "1966_NCAA_University_Division_Cross_Country_Championships", "title": "1966 NCAA University Division Cross Country Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 NCAA University Division Cross Country Championships were the 28th annual cross country meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men 's collegiate cross country running in the United States . Held on November 21 , 1966 , the meet was hosted for the second straight year by the University of Kansas at Rim Rock Farm in Lawrence , Kansas . The distance for this race was 6 miles ( 9.7 kilometers ) .   All NCAA University Division members were eligible to qualify for the meet . In total , 25 teams and 189 individual runners contested this championship .   The team national championship was won by the Villanova Wildcats , their first team title . The individual championship was won by Gerry Lindgren , from Washington State , with a time of 29:01.04 . Lindgren 's time set the new event distance record , breaking the record set the previous year by John Lawson . Lindgren 's time would hold until 1969 , when he himself would break it during his senior year ."}
{"_id": "1999_New_York_Giants_season", "title": "1999 New York Giants season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 New York Giants season was the team 's 75th season in the National Football League . The team failed to improve upon their previous season 's output of 8 -- 8 , winning only seven games and missing the playoffs for the second straight season ."}
{"_id": "1940–41_Serie_B", "title": "1940–41 Serie B", "headings": "", "text": "The Serie B 1940-1941 was the twelfth tournament of this competition played in Italy since its creation ."}
{"_id": "1988_Ebel_U.S._Pro_Indoor", "title": "1988 Ebel U.S. Pro Indoor", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Ebel U.S. Pro Indoor was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts that was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix . It was played at the Wachovia Spectrum in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in the United States from February 22 to February 29 , 1988 ."}
{"_id": "1933_in_association_football", "title": "1933 in association football", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the football ( soccer ) events of the year 1933 throughout the world ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_OB_I_bajnoksag_season", "title": "1993–94 OB I bajnoksag season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993-94 OB I bajnokság season was the 57th season of the OB I bajnokság , the top level of ice hockey in Hungary . Seven teams participated in the league , and Ferencvarosi TC won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1960_Agadir_earthquake", "title": "1960 Agadir earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 Agadir earthquake occurred 29 February at 23:40 Western European Time ( UTC +00:00 ) . Agadir is located in western Morocco on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean . Despite the earthquake 's moderate magnitude of 5.7 , its maximum perceived intensity was X ( Extreme ) on the Mercalli intensity scale . Between 12,000 and 15,000 people ( about a third of the city 's population of the time ) were killed and another 12,000 injured with at least 35,000 people left homeless , making it the most destructive and deadliest earthquake in Moroccan history . Particularly hard hit was the Talbordjt area . The earthquake 's shallow focus , close proximity to the port city of Agadir , and unsatisfactory construction methods were all reasons declared by earthquake engineers and seismologists as to why it was so destructive ."}
{"_id": "1895_Mexico_Census", "title": "1895 Mexico Census", "headings": "", "text": "The 1895 Mexico Census was the first census that took place in Mexico . It took place on October 20 , 1895 , and the total population was 12,700,294 . The results also showed that most Mexicans were Catholic ."}
{"_id": "1904_Carlisle_Indians_football_team", "title": "1904 Carlisle Indians football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 Carlisle Indians football team represented the Carlisle Indians football team of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School during the 1904 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Blackpool_F.C._season", "title": "1972–73 Blackpool F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972-73 season was Blackpool F.C. 's 65th season ( 62nd consecutive ) in the Football League . It was also the 75th anniversary season of their debut in the Football League . They competed in the 22-team Division Two , then the second tier of English football , finishing seventh .   Blackpool 's third and final appearance in the Anglo-Italian Cup ended at the fourth-round stage .   Bob Stokoe resigned as manager in November , to take charge at Sunderland . He was succeeded by Harry Potts .   Alan Suddick was the club 's top scorer , with thirteen goals ( ten in the league , one in the FA Cup and two in the League Cup ) . Alan Ainscow was the joint-top scorer in the league ."}
{"_id": "1985_Indiana_Hoosiers_football_team", "title": "1985 Indiana Hoosiers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented the Indiana Hoosiers in the 1985 Big Ten Conference football season . They participated as members of the Big Ten Conference . The Hoosiers played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington , Indiana . The team was coached by Bill Mallory , in his second year as head coach of the Hoosiers ."}
{"_id": "1992_Taça_de_Portugal_Final", "title": "1992 Taça de Portugal Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Taça de Portugal Final was the final match of the 1991 -- 92 Taça de Portugal , the 52nd season of the Taça de Portugal , the premier Portuguese football cup competition organized by the Portuguese Football Federation ( FPF ) . The match was played on 24 May 1992 at the Estádio Nacional in Oeiras , and opposed two Primeira Liga sides : Boavista and Porto . Boavista defeated Porto 2 -- 1 to claim the Taça de Portugal for a fourth time in their history .   In Portugal , the final was televised live on RTP . As a result of Boavista winning the Taça de Portugal , the Panteras qualified for the 1992 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira where they took on their cup opponents who won the 1991 -- 92 Primeira Divisão ."}
{"_id": "1921–22_Swiss_National_Ice_Hockey_Championship", "title": "1921–22 Swiss National Ice Hockey Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921-22 Swiss National Ice Hockey Championship was the 12th edition of the national ice hockey championship in Switzerland . EHC St. Moritz won the championship by defeating HC Rosey Gstaad in the final ."}
{"_id": "17th_Infantry_Division_Pavia", "title": "17th Infantry Division Pavia", "headings": "", "text": "17th Infantry Division `` Pavia '' ( Italian : 17 ° Divisione Autotrasportabile `` Pavia '' ) was an auto-transportable Infantry Division of the Italian Army during World War II . The Pavia was formed in October 1939 and sent to Libya . It was never completely motorised as a formation . It was almost completely destroyed during the Second Battle of El Alamein . The Pavia was classified as an auto-transportable division , meaning staff and equipment could be transported on cars and trucks , although not simultaneously ."}
{"_id": "1917_Navy_Midshipmen_football_team", "title": "1917 Navy Midshipmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1917 college football season . In their first season under head coach Gil Dobie , the Midshipmen compiled a 7 -- 1 record , shut out four opponents , and outscored all opponents by a combined score of 442 to 23 .   The annual Army -- Navy Game was not played during the 1917 season due to World War I."}
{"_id": "1930–31_Southern_Football_League", "title": "1930–31 Southern Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 -- 31 season was the 33rd in the history of the Southern League . The league consisted of Eastern and Western Divisions . Dartford won the Eastern Division on goal average ( had goal difference been used , Aldershot Town would have been champions ) and Exeter City reserves won the Western Division . Dartford were declared Southern League champions after winning a championship play-off 7 -- 2 .   Two clubs from the Southern League applied to join the Football League , although none were successful ."}
{"_id": "1701_in_France", "title": "1701 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1701 in France ."}
{"_id": "1988_PBA_draft", "title": "1988 PBA draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) rookie draft was an event at which teams drafted players from the amateur ranks . The draft was held on February 29 , 1988 ."}
{"_id": "1621", "title": "1621", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1660_in_Denmark", "title": "1660 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1660 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "134_Sophrosyne", "title": "134 Sophrosyne", "headings": "", "text": "134 Sophrosyne is a large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by German astronomer Robert Luther on September 27 , 1873 , and was named after the concept of sophrosyne , Plato 's term for ` moderation ' . Classified as a C-type asteroid , it has an exceedingly dark surface and most probably a primitive carbonaceous composition .   An occultation of a star by 134 Sophrosyne was observed November 24 , 1980 , in the United States . Timing information from this event allowed a diameter estimate of 110 km to be derived ."}
{"_id": "1662_in_poetry", "title": "1662 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1912–13_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season", "title": "1912–13 Northern Rugby Football Union season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1912 -- 13 Northern Rugby Football Union season was the 18th season of rugby league football ."}
{"_id": "1726_in_Wales", "title": "1726 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1726 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1920_(film)", "title": "1920 (film)", "headings": "", "text": "1920 film in Hindi   1920 is a 2008 Indian horror film written and directed by Vikram Bhatt . Filmed in Hindi , the film revolves around the events surrounding a married couple living in a haunted house in the year 1920 . The film stars debutant actors Rajneesh Duggal and Adah Sharma as the married couple and Indraneil Sengupta in a special role . The film is the first installment of the 1920 ( film series ) , which was a critical and commercial success . The film was also dubbed into Telugu as 1920 Gayathri . A sequel , 1920 : Evil Returns , was also released to mixed reviews and commercial success in 2012 . The film is loosely inspired from the 1973 horror cult classic The Exorcist ."}
{"_id": "1893_Greensburg_Athletic_Association_season", "title": "1893 Greensburg Athletic Association season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1893 Greensburg Athletic Association season was their fourth season in existence . The team 's record for this season is largely unknown ."}
{"_id": "1991_NCAA_Division_I_Women's_Volleyball_Tournament", "title": "1991 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 NCAA Division I Women 's Volleyball Tournament began with 32 teams and ended on December 21 , 1991 , when UCLA defeated Long Beach State 3 games to 2 in the NCAA championship match .   UCLA won the program 's third NCAA title and successfly defended their 1990 NCAA title by defeating Long Beach State in five games . After losing the first two games by the scores of 15-12 , 15-13 , UCLA completed off a stunning comeback to take the next three games , 15-12 , 15-6 , 15-11 to win it all .   UCLA 's comeback was one of the biggest in NCAA history ; only one other team had ever rallied from 2 games to 0 to win in five games in the NCAA national championship ( and did not again until 2009 ) . UCLA finished their season 31-5 .   The 1991 Final Four was held on the campus of UCLA at Pauley Pavilion ."}
{"_id": "1968_TANFL_season", "title": "1968 TANFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Tasmanian Australian National Football League ( TANFL ) premiership season was an Australian Rules football competition staged in Hobart , Tasmania over twenty ( 20 ) roster rounds and four ( 4 ) finals series matches between 6 April and 21 September 1968 ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_WFA_National_League_Premier_Division", "title": "1993–94 WFA National League Premier Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993-94 season of the FA Women 's Premier League was the 3rd season of the former top flight of English women 's association football ."}
{"_id": "1985_in_Singapore", "title": "1985 in Singapore", "headings": "", "text": "See also : 1984 in Singapore | 1986 in Singapore | List of years in Singapore"}
{"_id": "...For_Victory", "title": "...For Victory", "headings": "", "text": "... For Victory is the fifth album by British death metal band Bolt Thrower . It was recorded at Sawmill studios in 1994 , produced by Colin Richardson and Bolt Thrower . A limited edition contains a live CD titled Live War .   The song '' ... For Victory '' contains a quote from Laurence Binyon poem , known as the Ode of Remembrance ."}
{"_id": "10th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)", "title": "10th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th Infantry Brigade was a Regular Army infantry brigade of the British Army . During World War I and World War II this brigade was part of the 4th Division ."}
{"_id": "1490s_in_architecture", "title": "1490s in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "__ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1982_Cleveland_Browns_season", "title": "1982 Cleveland Browns season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Cleveland Browns season was the team 's 33rd season with the National Football League .   The Browns were among 8 teams that qualified for the playoffs during this strike shorted season , and became one of only four teams to ever qualify for the playoffs despite having a losing record . Browns and the Detroit Lions from the same year are the only two teams with a losing record to qualify as wildcards . In 2010 , the Seattle Seahawks became the third team with a losing record to qualify for the playoffs and the first team to win a division title with a losing record ( however , the Seahawks were the first to accomplish the former in a non-strike shortened season ) , followed by the Carolina Panthers four years later . In 1982 , the Los Angeles Raiders eliminated the Browns from the playoffs for a second consecutive season , 27 -- 10 .   The Browns ' first round draft pick , rookie sensation linebacker Chip Banks earned 6.5 sacks in just nine games ."}
{"_id": "1991_International_League_season", "title": "1991 International League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 International League season took place from April to September 1991 .   The Columbus Clippers defeated the Pawtucket Red Sox to win the league championship ."}
{"_id": "1964_Florida_Gators_football_team", "title": "1964 Florida Gators football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1964 college football season . The season was the fifth for Ray Graves as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team . Graves ' 1964 Florida Gators posted an overall record of 7 -- 3 and a 4 -- 2 Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) record , tying for second among the eleven SEC teams ."}
{"_id": "1956_Országos_Bajnokság_I_(men's_water_polo)", "title": "1956 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)", "headings": "", "text": "1956 Országos Bajnokság I ( men 's water polo ) was the 50th water polo championship in Hungary . There were ten teams who played one-round match for the title ."}
{"_id": "1933_Pau_Grand_Prix", "title": "1933 Pau Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 Pau Grand Prix was a motor race held on 19 February 1933 at the Pau circuit , in Pau , Pyrénées-Atlantiques , France . It was the inaugural Pau Grand Prix ( i.e. the first race that actually held Grand Prix de Pau title ) , although the numbering of the races may not have reflected this due to a confusion about the 1901 race at Pau . The Grand Prix was won by Marcel Lehoux , driving the Bugatti T51 . Guy Moll finished second and Philippe Étancelin third ."}
{"_id": "10_Cents_(band)", "title": "10 Cents (band)", "headings": "", "text": "10 Cents ( sometimes stylized as 10 cents ) was a short-lived indie music project featuring Shawn Calizo , the then-vocalist of death metal band Von . The group 's music has been described as a blend of hip hop and pop music , which the media termed as `` hip-pop '' and the band called `` pop-hop '' .   The band 's final recording Buggin ' Out , notable for being recorded , produced and mixed by the multi-platinum production team Dust Brothers , received widespread college radio airplay for a short time in 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1987_World_Fencing_Championships", "title": "1987 World Fencing Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 World Fencing Championships were held in Lausanne , Switzerland ."}
{"_id": "1996_Cincinnati_Bengals_season", "title": "1996 Cincinnati Bengals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Cincinnati Bengals season was the team 's 29th year in professional football and its 27th with the National Football League . The Dave Shula era comes to a sudden end when he is fired after a 1 -- 6 start , as Jeff Blake struggles with turnovers . Former Bengals TE Bruce Coslet , former New York Jets head coach , and the team 's offensive coordinator , would replace Shula as head coach . The move paid off right away as the Bengals won the first 3 games under Coslet . After losing two of their next three games , the Bengals closed the year with three straight wins to finish with an 8 -- 8 record . One bright spot during the season , was that WR Carl Pickens became the first member of the Bengals to have 100 receptions in a season ."}
{"_id": "1926_Hammond_Pros_season", "title": "1926 Hammond Pros season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 Hammond Pros season was their seventh and final season in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous output of 1 -- 4 , losing all their games . They finished twenty-first in the league ."}
{"_id": "1926_U.S._National_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1926 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Molla Mallory defeated Elizabeth Ryan 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 9 -- 7 in the final to win the Women 's Singles tennis title at the 1926 U.S. National Championships . The event was held at the West Side Tennis Club , Forest Hills , New York City . It was Malloray 's eighth and final U.S. National singles title ."}
{"_id": "1966_Palomares_B-52_crash", "title": "1966 Palomares B-52 crash", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 Palomares B-52 crash , or the Palomares incident , occurred on 17 January 1966 , when a B-52G bomber of the United States Air Force 's Strategic Air Command collided with a KC-135 tanker during mid-air refuelling at 31000 ft over the Mediterranean Sea , off the coast of Spain . The KC-135 was completely destroyed when its fuel load ignited , killing all four crew members . The B-52G broke apart , killing three of the seven crew members aboard .   Of the four Mk28-type hydrogen bombs the B-52G carried , three were found on land near the small fishing village of Palomares in the municipality of Cuevas del Almanzora , Almería , Spain . The non-nuclear explosives in two of the weapons detonated upon impact with the ground , resulting in the contamination of a 2 km2 ( 0.78 square mile ) area by plutonium . The fourth , which fell into the Mediterranean Sea , was recovered intact after a 2 1/2 - month-long search ."}
{"_id": "1973_Taiyo_Department_Store_fire", "title": "1973 Taiyo Department Store fire", "headings": "", "text": "The Taiyo Department Store fire was a fire at the Taiyo Department Store , a department store in Kumamoto City , Kumamoto Prefecture , Japan . The fire started at 1:15 p.m. on November 29 , 1973 ; 103 people died . After the fire , regulations pertaining to the construction of buildings were strengthened , one of which mandated external stairs on highrise buildings .   The Taiyo Department Store had a basement floor and nine stories . Some areas were under construction . It was the most popular department store in Kumamoto City at that time ."}
{"_id": "1977_Daytona_500", "title": "1977 Daytona 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Daytona 500 , the 19th running of the event , was held on February 20 , 1977 , as the second race of the 1977 NASCAR Winston Cup Series Season . Cale Yarborough won his second Daytona 500 victory and would lead to his second straight title , and Donnie Allison won his second pole position for this event . Janet Guthrie was notable for competing at this race as a female NASCAR Cup Series driver ."}
{"_id": "1973_Tour_of_Flanders", "title": "1973 Tour of Flanders", "headings": "", "text": "The 57th running of the Tour of Flanders cycling race in Belgium was held on Sunday 1 April 1973 . Belgian Eric Leman won the classic ahead of Freddy Maertens and Eddy Merckx . The race started in Ghent and finished for the first time in Meerbeke ( Ninove ) . 37 out of 174 riders arrived ."}
{"_id": "1996_Taça_de_Portugal_Final", "title": "1996 Taça de Portugal Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Taça de Portugal Final was the final match of the 1995 -- 96 Taça de Portugal , the 56th season of the Taça de Portugal , the premier Portuguese football cup competition organized by the Portuguese Football Federation ( FPF ) . The match was played on 18 May 1996 at the Estádio Nacional in Oeiras , and opposed two Primeira Liga sides Benfica and Sporting CP . Benfica defeated Sporting CP 3 -- 1 to claim the Taça de Portugal for a twenty third time in their history .   In Portugal , the final was televised live on RTP . As a result of Benfica winning the Taça de Portugal , the Águias qualified for the 1996 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira where they took on 1995 -- 96 Primeira Divisão winners Porto ."}
{"_id": "1837_in_Chile", "title": "1837 in Chile", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1837 in Chile ."}
{"_id": "1794_in_France", "title": "1794 in France", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1794 in the French Republic ."}
{"_id": "1937_Australian_Championships", "title": "1937 Australian Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Australian Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on outdoor Grass courts at the White City Tennis Club , Sydney , Australia from 22 January to 30 January . It was the 30th edition of the Australian Championships ( now known as the Australian Open ) , the 8th held in Sydney , and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year . The singles titles were won by Australians Vivian McGrath and Nancye Wynne ."}
{"_id": ".gq", "title": ".gq", "headings": "", "text": ". gq is the country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for Equatorial Guinea . Freenom relaunched the TLD on October 1 , 2014 , and domains became available for free on January 1 , 2015 ."}
{"_id": "1933_Florida–Mexico_hurricane", "title": "1933 Florida–Mexico hurricane", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 Florida -- Mexico hurricane was the first of two Atlantic hurricanes to strike the Treasure Coast region of Florida in the very active 1933 Atlantic hurricane season . It was one of two storms that year to inflict hurricane-force winds over South Texas , causing significant damage there ; the other occurred in early September . The fifth tropical cyclone of the year , it formed east of the Lesser Antilles on July 24 , rapidly strengthening as it moved west-northwest . As it passed over the islands , it attained hurricane status on July 26 , producing heavy rains and killing at least six people . Over the next three days , it moved north of the Caribbean , paralleling the Turks and Caicos Islands and the Bahamas . The storm produced extensive damage and at least one drowning as it crossed the Bahamas . On July 29 , the cyclone came under the influence of changing steering currents in the atmosphere , which forced the storm into Florida near Hobe Sound a day later . A minimal hurricane at landfall , it caused negligible wind damage as it crossed Florida , but generated heavy rains along its path , causing locally severe flooding . The storm turned west , weakened to below hurricane status , and later exited the state north of Charlotte Harbor on July 31 .   Once over the eastern Gulf of Mexico , the storm shifted its course to the west-southwest and gradually recovered its intensity . The path of the storm brought it close to the mouth of the Rio Grande in early August . Few ships encountered the small storm as it regained hurricane status on August 4 , just a day before striking northern Mexico with winds of 90 mph ( 145 km/h ) -- making it close to a modern-day Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale . Striking close to the border between the United States and Mexico , the storm caused extensive damage in both countries . Winds damaged buildings and crops in Tamaulipas and the southern regions of Texas , with heavy losses to citrus production in the Rio Grande Valley . While only one person died in the United States , heavy rains led to catastrophic flooding that claimed at least 31 lives in northern Mexico ; the worst-hit areas were in and near the city of Monterrey . While monetary losses in Mexico were unclear , the storm did at least $ 3,000,000 in damages in the United States , measured in contemporary U.S. dollars ."}
{"_id": "18th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry", "title": "18th New York Volunteer Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th New York Volunteer Infantry ( `` New York State Rifles '' ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1993_British_Formula_Three_Championship", "title": "1993 British Formula Three Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 British Formula Three season was the 43rd British Formula Three Championship , won by Kelvin Burt . The season started on 21 March at Silverstone and ended at Thruxton on 10 October at following fifteen races . Paul Stewart Racing were forced to switch Burt from a Reynard to a Dallara chassis in order to stave off the challenge of Oliver Gavin , who had been using a Dallara since the fourth round . The season marked the beginning of the Italian firm 's domination of the series -- Dallara chassis have won every British F3 title since . Class B was won by British driver Jamie Spence ."}
{"_id": "1991_European_Baseball_Championship", "title": "1991 European Baseball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 European Baseball Championship was held in Italy and was won by Italy . The Netherlands finished as runner-up ."}
{"_id": "1963_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_football_team", "title": "1963 Illinois Fighting Illini football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1963 Big Ten Conference football season . In their fourth year under head coach Pete Elliott , the Illini compiled an 8 -- 1 -- 1 record , finished in first place in the Big Ten Conference , were ranked # 3 in the final AP Poll , and defeated Washington in the 1964 Rose Bowl . The sole loss was a 14-8 defeat against Michigan .   Illinois center/linebacker Dick Butkus was selected as the team 's most valuable player , won the 1963 Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the Big Ten 's most valuable player , and was honored as a consensus first-team player on the 1963 College Football All-America Team . Tackle Archie Sutton was selected by the Newspaper Enterprise Association as a second-team All-American .   Quarterback Mike Taliaferro led the team with 450 passing yards while Jim Grabowski led the team with 616 rushing yards . Gregg Schumacher led the team with 133 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1949–50_Liga_Meuhedet", "title": "1949–50 Liga Meuhedet", "headings": "", "text": "Liga Meuhedet ( ליגה מיוחדת , lit . Special League ) was a temporary second division of Israeli football in the 1949 -- 50 season , the first after Israeli independence . It consisted of five regional division ; North , Samaria , Sharon , Tel Aviv , Jerusalem and South . There was no promotion or relegation .   There was no league football during the 1950 -- 51 season , and when it resumed in 1951 -- 52 , Liga Bet returned as the second tier with the same composition as the aborted 1947 -- 48 Liga Bet , with the top teams from Samaria , Tel Aviv and Jerusalem-South divisions replacing inactive teams ."}
{"_id": "1997_Liberty_Bowl", "title": "1997 Liberty Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Liberty Bowl featured the Southern Miss Golden Eagles and the Pittsburgh Panthers ."}
{"_id": "1687_in_England", "title": "1687 in England", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1687 in the Kingdom of England ."}
{"_id": "1740_in_Denmark", "title": "1740 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1740 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1989_Japanese_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1989 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix was the first round of the 1989 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on the weekend of 24 to 26 March 1989 at the Suzuka Circuit ."}
{"_id": "1948_Speedway_National_League_Division_Three", "title": "1948 Speedway National League Division Three", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1959_All-Big_Ten_Conference_football_team", "title": "1959 All-Big Ten Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Big Ten Conference teams for the 1959 Big Ten Conference football season ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Edmonton_Oilers_season", "title": "1993–94 Edmonton Oilers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 Edmonton Oilers season was the Oilers ' 15th season in the NHL , and they were coming off their worst season in team history in 1992 -- 93 , finishing with only 60 points and failing to qualify for the playoffs for the first time .   During the off-season , the NHL announced it would be renaming the divisions and conferences , and the Oilers would be placed in the newly created Pacific Division in the Western Conference , along with their Battle of Alberta rivals , the Calgary Flames , Vancouver Canucks , Los Angeles Kings , San Jose Sharks , and the expansion Mighty Ducks of Anaheim .   Edmonton would get off to a horrible start , starting the year 3 -- 18 -- 3 , before head coach Ted Green was fired and replaced by Glen Sather for the remainder of the season . The Oilers would play much better under Sather , but still fail to qualify for the playoffs for the 2nd straight season , finishing 18 points behind the 8th seeded San Jose Sharks . During the season , Edmonton would once again trade veteran players for youngsters , as team captain Craig MacTavish was dealt to the New York Rangers for Todd Marchant , while Dave Manson was shipped to the Winnipeg Jets for Boris Mironov .   Offensively , Doug Weight would lead the club with 74 points , while 19-year-old rookie Jason Arnott would score a team high 33 goals , and finish just behind Weight with 68 points . Shayne Corson and Zdeno Ciger would each score over 20 goals , with 25 and 22 respectively . Igor Kravchuk would lead the Oilers blueline with 12 goals and 50 points , while Bob Beers would put together a solid season on defense , scoring 10 goals and 37 points . Kelly Buchberger would be the team leader in penalty minutes , accumulating 199 .   In goal , Bill Ranford would appear in a career high 71 games , winning 22 of them , with a 3.48 GAA and 1 shutout . Rookie Fred Brathwaite would back him up , appearing in 19 games , and winning 3 of them .   The Oilers scored the fewest shorthanded goals ( 2 ) during the regular season ."}
{"_id": "1929_Isle_of_Man_TT", "title": "1929 Isle of Man TT", "headings": "", "text": "For the 1929 Isle of Man TT races the Velocette marque had high expectations of another win in the Junior TT Race . Despite the early lead of Alec Bennett , riding a Velocette , and Wal Handley , now riding an AJS motor-cycle , it was Freddie Hicks that led from the third lap and won the 1929 Junior TT Race at a record average speed of 69.71 mi/h and setting a new race lap record of 31 minutes and 5 seconds an average speed of 70.95 mi/h .   As with 1928 TT Race meeting the 1929 Lightweight TT Race produced another first-time winner with Syd Crabtree on an Excelsior motor-cycle . The 1929 Lightweight TT Race was led for 5 laps by Pietro Ghersi on a Motor Guzzi competing in his first TT race since the disqualification in the Guzzi Incident of 1926 . Despite Pietro Ghersi setting the fastest lap at an average speed of 66.63 mi/h , engine failure gave the win to Syd Crabtree . During the 1929 Senior TT Race a number of riders crashed at Greeba Castle after Wal Handley clipped the hedge and crashed . This included Jimmy Simpson , Jack Amott riding for Rudge and Doug Lamb who later died of his injuries on the way to Nobles Hospital .   The early leader of the 1929 Senior TT Race was H. G. Tyrell Smith riding a Rudge but crashed on 3 lap at Glen Helen . Despite cracked ribs , Tyrell Smith continued but could not match the pace of the new leader Tim Hunt riding a Norton motor-cycle . From lap 5 Charlie Dodson riding a Sunbeam replaced Tim Hunt as the leader , setting an overall lap record of 30 minutes and 47 seconds , for an average of 73.55 mi/h . In better weather conditions than 1928 Charlie Dodson completed a Senior TT double by winning the 7 lap ( 264.11 miles ) 1929 Senior TT Race in 3 hours , 39 minutes and 59 seconds at an average speed of 72.05 mi/h ."}
{"_id": "1980_West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football_team", "title": "1980 West Virginia Mountaineers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 West Virginia Mountaineers football team represented West Virginia University in the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season . It was the Mountaineers ' 88th overall season and they competed as a Division I-A Independent . The team was led by head coach Don Nehlen , in his first year , and played their home games at their new stadium , Mountaineer Field in Morgantown , West Virginia . They finished the season with a record of six wins and six losses ( 6 -- 6 overall ) ."}
{"_id": "1993_Ryder_Cup", "title": "1993 Ryder Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 30th Ryder Cup Matches were held in England at The Belfry in Wishaw , Warwickshire , near Sutton Coldfield . The United States team won a second consecutive Ryder Cup , by a margin of 15 to 13 points . Europe took a slender one point lead into the Sunday singles matches in what was a close contest . Davis Love III secured victory for the U.S. by defeating Costantino Rocca at the last hole , 1 up . Through 2016 , this is the most recent U.S. victory in Europe and also the last time the U.S. retained the Cup .   This was the first Ryder Cup played in Europe to be televised live in the United States by a major network , NBC . The 1989 edition was carried by the USA Network on cable , with video provided by the BBC .  The U.S. television coverage in 1985 was a highlight show on ESPN in early November , over a month after its completion . NBC took over live weekend coverage in 1991 in South Carolina ."}
{"_id": "1983_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_hammer_throw", "title": "1983 World Championships in Athletics – Men's hammer throw", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Men 's Hammer Throw event at the 1983 World Championships in Helsinki , Finland . There were a total of 33 participating athletes , with the final held on Tuesday August 9 , 1983 . The qualification mark was set at 73.50 metres ."}
{"_id": "11th_Alberta_Legislature", "title": "11th Alberta Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Alberta Legislative Assembly lasted from 1948 to 1952 . The Social Credit government led by Premier Ernest Manning won a 4th term in office with a massive majority . The opposition was divided between the Liberal and Co-operative Commonwealth and 2 Independents ."}
{"_id": "1990_Baylor_Bears_football_team", "title": "1990 Baylor Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Baylor Bears football team ( variously `` Baylor '' , `` BU '' , or the `` Bears '' ) represented Baylor University in the 1990 NCAA Division I-A football season . They were represented in the Southwest Conference . They played their home games at Floyd Casey Stadium in Waco , Texas . They were coached by head coach Grant Teaff ."}
{"_id": "1978–79_European_Cup", "title": "1978–79 European Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 -- 79 season of the European Cup football club tournament was won by English champions Nottingham Forest in the final against Malmö FF . Forest , enjoying a great run of success under Brian Clough , had defeated defending two-time champions Liverpool in the first round ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_Scottish_Division_Two", "title": "1952–53 Scottish Division Two", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 -- 53 Scottish Second Division was won by Stirling Albion who , along with second placed Hamilton Academical , were promoted to the First Division . Albion Rovers finished bottom ."}
{"_id": "1958_in_music", "title": "1958 in music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1958 ."}
{"_id": "1983_Popayán_earthquake", "title": "1983 Popayán earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Popayán earthquake ( El Terremoto de Popayán ) occurred on 31 March in Popayán , Colombia . It had a magnitude of at least 5.5 with an epicenter south west of Popayán at a depth of 12-15 km . The earthquake killed 267 people and resulted in the passing of new laws requiring earthquake resistant building materials in zones at risk of tremors ."}
{"_id": "1922–23_Dumbarton_F.C._season", "title": "1922–23 Dumbarton F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Season 1922 -- 23 was the 46th Scottish football season in which Dumbarton competed at national level , entering the Scottish Football League for the 24th time and the Scottish Cup for the 35th time ."}
{"_id": "100_Feet", "title": "100 Feet", "headings": "", "text": "100 Feet is a 2008 American horror film written and directed by Eric Red and starring Famke Janssen , Bobby Cannavale , Ed Westwick and Michael Paré ."}
{"_id": "1790s_in_rail_transport", "title": "1790s in rail transport", "headings": "", "text": "This article lists events relating to rail transport that occurred during the 1790s ."}
{"_id": "1950_Washington_and_Lee_Generals_football_team", "title": "1950 Washington and Lee Generals football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented the Washington and Lee Generals of Washington and Lee during the 1950 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1978_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates", "title": "1978 in the United Arab Emirates", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1978 in the United Arab Emirates ."}
{"_id": "1887_SAFA_season", "title": "1887 SAFA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1887 South Australian Football Association season was the 11th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia .   1887 saw Gawler , Hotham and West Adelaide join the SAFA with the last of those bearing no relation to the modern day Bloods ."}
{"_id": "1941_Stanford_Indians_football_team", "title": "1941 Stanford Indians football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Stanford Indians football team represented Stanford University in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) intercollegiate competition during the 1941 season . Second-year head coach Clark Shaughnessy led the team to a 6 -- 3 record . Before the season , Stanford , which the year prior had finished 10 -- 0 , was considered a favorite for the national championship , but three conference losses put it out of contention for a return to the Rose Bowl . After the season , Shaughnessy left Stanford to take over as head coach at the University of Maryland ."}
{"_id": "1974–75_Australian_Film_Institute_Awards", "title": "1974–75 Australian Film Institute Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th Australian Film Awards ceremony , presented by the Australian Film Institute ( AFI ) honoured the best Australian films of 1974 and 1975 and took place on 23 March 1975 , at the Sydney Opera House , in Sydney , New South Wales . Actress Glenda Jackson hosted the ceremony ."}
{"_id": "1994_in_Laos", "title": "1994 in Laos", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1994 in Laos ."}
{"_id": "(You're_My_One_and_Only)_True_Love", "title": "(You're My One and Only) True Love", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( You 're My One and Only ) True Love '' was a hit single by Seduction . It peaked at # 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , # 56 on the R&B chart , and # 3 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart . It was an unexpected success , achieving Gold certification in the United States . This result ultimately opened the door for producers Robert Clivillés and David Cole of the C+C Music Factory to release Seduction 's first album , Nothing Matters Without Love . Lead vocals were performed by an uncredited Martha Wash. ."}
{"_id": "17_cm_K_(E)", "title": "17 cm K (E)", "headings": "", "text": "The 17 cm Kanone in Eisenbahnlafette ( 17 cm K ( E ) ) was a German railroad gun used in the Second World War ."}
{"_id": "(I'm_Always_Touched_by_Your)_Presence,_Dear", "title": "(I'm Always Touched by Your) Presence, Dear", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( I 'm Always Touched by Your ) Presence , Dear , '' is a song by the American band Blondie . It was released in 1978 as the second single from the band 's second album Plastic Letters , reaching # 10 in the UK singles chart in May 1978 . It was never released as a single in the US ."}
{"_id": "1939_Australian_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1939 Australian Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "John Bromwich defeated Adrian Quist 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 in the final to win the Men 's Singles tennis title at the 1939 Australian Championships ."}
{"_id": "108th_(Madras_Infantry)_Regiment_of_Foot", "title": "108th (Madras Infantry) Regiment of Foot", "headings": "", "text": "The 108th Regiment of Foot ( Madras Infantry ) was an infantry regiment of the British Army , raised by the Honourable East India Company in 1766 . Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 27th ( Inniskilling ) Regiment of Foot to form the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers ."}
{"_id": "(-)-delta-cadinene_synthase", "title": "(-)-delta-cadinene synthase", "headings": "", "text": "- delta-cadinene synthase is an enzyme with systematic name ( 2E ,6 E ) - farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ( cyclizing , - delta-cadinene-forming ) . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction   ( 2E ,6 E ) - farnesyl diphosphate - delta-cadinene + diphosphate   The cyclization mechanism involves an intermediate nerolidyl diphosphate ."}
{"_id": "1760s_in_South_Africa", "title": "1760s in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1952_National_Invitation_Tournament", "title": "1952 National Invitation Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 National Invitation Tournament was the 1952 edition of the annual NCAA college basketball competition . The 1952 tournament was won by La Salle University . Tom Gola and Norm Grekin were co-MVPs ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_Honduran_Liga_Nacional", "title": "1983–84 Honduran Liga Nacional", "headings": "", "text": "A change in the rules took place in 1983-84 , the championship was decided in 36 rounds without playoffs , Vida won its second title after finishing first this season ."}
{"_id": "1893_Rutgers_Queensmen_football_team", "title": "1893 Rutgers Queensmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1893 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1893 college football season . The Queensmen compiled a 0 -- 4 record and were outscored by their opponents , 88 to 8 . The team had no coach , and its captains were Chalmers P. Van Dyke , and Gabe Ludlow , George Ludlow ."}
{"_id": "1998_elections_in_India", "title": "1998 elections in India", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "19th_Reserve_Division_(German_Empire)", "title": "19th Reserve Division (German Empire)", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th Reserve Division ( 19 . Reserve-Division ) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I . The division was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 as part of X Reserve Corps . The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I . The division was raised in the Prussian Province of Hanover , the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg , and the Duchy of Brunswick ."}
{"_id": "1803_in_poetry", "title": "1803 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1891_West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football_team", "title": "1891 West Virginia Mountaineers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1891 West Virginia Mountaineers football team represented West Virginia University in the 1891 college football season . Led by Frederick Lincoln Emory in his first and only year as the Mountaineers ' head coach , this was the first West Virginia Mountaineers football team . They lost the only game they played Washington & Jefferson , 72 -- 0 , at the Show Lot in Morgantown , West Virginia ."}
{"_id": "1986_Baltimore_Orioles_season", "title": "1986 Baltimore Orioles season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball . It involved the Orioles finishing 7th in the American League East with a record of 73 wins and 89 losses ."}
{"_id": "125th_Street_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)", "title": "125th Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)", "headings": "", "text": "125th Street is an express station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway . Located at the intersection of 125th Street and St. Nicholas Avenue in Manhattan , it is served by the A and D trains at all times , by the C train at all times except late nights , and by the B train on weekdays .   Nearby landmarks and points of interest include the Apollo Theater and the Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine ."}
{"_id": "1939_in_Norwegian_music", "title": "1939 in Norwegian music", "headings": "", "text": "The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1939 in Norwegian music ."}
{"_id": "1966_Cincinnati_Reds_season", "title": "1966 Cincinnati Reds season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 Cincinnati Reds season consisted of the Reds finishing in seventh place in the National League with a record of 76 -- 84 , 18 games behind the NL Champion Los Angeles Dodgers . The Reds were managed by Don Heffner ( 37 -- 46 ) and Dave Bristol ( 39 -- 38 ) , who replaced Heffner in mid-July ."}
{"_id": "1989_West_Papua_earthquake", "title": "1989 West Papua earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 West Papua earthquake struck West Papua , Indonesia -- then Irian Jaya province -- on August 1 with a moment magnitude of 6.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII ( Severe ) . Around 120 people were killed , mainly due to landslides and mudslides ."}
{"_id": "1989_Dunhill_Cup", "title": "1989 Dunhill Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Dunhill Cup was the fifth Dunhill Cup . It was a team tournament featuring 16 countries , each represented by three players . The Cup was played 28 September -- 1 October at the Old Course at St Andrews in Scotland . The sponsor was the Alfred Dunhill company . The American team of Mark Calcavecchia , Tom Kite , and Curtis Strange beat the Japanese team of Hajime Meshiai , Naomichi Ozaki , and Koichi Suzuki in the final . It was the first time that the number one seeded team won the Cup ."}
{"_id": "135th_Georgia_General_Assembly", "title": "135th Georgia General Assembly", "headings": "", "text": "The 135th General Assembly of the U.S. state of Georgia convened its first session on January 8 , 1979 , at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta . The 135th Georgia General Assembly succeeded the 134th and served as the precedent for the 136th General Assembly in 1981 ."}
{"_id": "1983_Houston_Astros_season", "title": "1983 Houston Astros season", "headings": "", "text": "The Houston Astros ' 1983 season was a season in American baseball . It involved the Houston Astros attempting to win the National League West ."}
{"_id": "15-metre_class", "title": "15-metre class", "headings": "", "text": "The IYRU Fifteen Metre class yachts are constructed to the First International rule of 1907 . A total of twenty 15mR yachts were built between 1907 and 1917 , the four that have survived are still actively raced ."}
{"_id": "1992_Dunhill_Cup", "title": "1992 Dunhill Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Dunhill Cup was the eighth Dunhill Cup . It was a team tournament featuring 16 countries , each represented by three players . The Cup was played 15 -- 18 October at the Old Course at St Andrews in Scotland . The sponsor was the Alfred Dunhill company . The English team of David Gilford , Steven Richardson , and Jamie Spence beat the Scottish team of Gordon Brand , Jnr , Sandy Lyle , and Colin Montgomerie in the final . It was the second win for England ."}
{"_id": "1997_U.S._Cup", "title": "1997 U.S. Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 U.S. Cup was a United States Soccer Federation ( USSF ) organized tournament held in January 1997 . USSF had hosted the annual U.S. Cup since 1992 , except for the FIFA World Cup years of 1994 and 1998 when no tournament took place . The 1997 U.S. Cup included the host United States , Mexico , Peru and Denmark . Staged as a six-game , round robin tournament , the team with the best win-loss record took the title . This was the only U.S. Cup for both Peru and Denmark , and the third for Mexico . They had won the previous cup and would go on to win this one and the 1999 edition .   USSF organized the 1997 cup as three doubleheaders . On January 17 , 1997 , Denmark played Mexico and the U.S. played Peru . Two days later , Peru took on Denmark , while the U.S. played arch-rival Mexico . On the last day of the cup , January 22 , Mexico played Peru and the U.S. hosted Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Liga_Nacional_de_Fútbol_Femenino", "title": "1990–91 Liga Nacional de Fútbol Femenino", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 Liga Nacional de Fútbol Femenino was the third season of the Spanish women 's football top tier . Oiartzun KE was the champion thanks to its better head-to-head ."}
{"_id": "1997_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Women's_Doubles_Qualifying", "title": "1997 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles Qualifying", "headings": "", "text": "The qualifying rounds for the 1997 Wimbledon Championships were played from 17 to 22 June 1997 at the Bank of England Ground in Roehampton , London , United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1967_Major_League_Baseball_draft", "title": "1967 Major League Baseball draft", "headings": "", "text": "The Major League Baseball draft ( or `` first-year player draft '' ) recruits amateur baseball players into the American Major League Baseball league . The players selected in 1967 included many talented prospects who later had careers in the professional league . Some selections included Bobby Grich and Don Baylor ( Baltimore ) , Vida Blue ( Kansas City Athletics ) , Dusty Baker and Ralph Garr ( Atlanta ) , Ken Singleton and Jon Matlack ( Mets ) , and Ted Simmons and Jerry Reuss ( St. Louis ) . In the January draft , Boston selected catcher Carlton Fisk and the New York Mets drafted Ken Singleton . The Cincinnati Reds selected Chris Chambliss in the 31st round only to have him enroll in junior college . The Mets chose Dan Pastorini in the 32nd round , but Pastorini chose football and played several seasons in the NFL . Atlanta also chose Archie Manning in the 43rd round ."}
{"_id": "1923_Dartmouth_Indians_football_team", "title": "1923 Dartmouth Indians football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 Dartmouth Indians football team represented Dartmouth College in the 1923 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1984_Wimbledon_Championships", "title": "1984 Wimbledon Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon in London in England . It was the 98th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and the centenary of the Ladies Singles championship , held from 25 June to 8 July 1984 . To celebrate the centenary of the Ladies ' Singles competition ( first held in 1884 ) , 17 of the surviving 20 singles champions were presented with an engraved crystal vase on Centre Court by their Royal Highnesses The Duke and Duchess of Kent on Monday , July 2 . Those presented were Martina Navratilova , Virginia Wade , Chris Evert Lloyd , Evonne Goolagong Cawley , Ann Jones , Billie-Jean King , Margaret Court , Angela Mortimer , Maria Bueno , Althea Gibson , Shirley Fry , Doris Hart , Louise Brough , Margaret Osborne duPont , Pauline Betz , Alice Marble and Kitty Godfree . Karen Susman , Helen Jacobs and Helen Wills Moody did not attend , but were all presented with their crystal individually during the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles by Mrs Godfree , when she attended the games with members of the All England Club committee ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Algerian_Championnat_National", "title": "1994–95 Algerian Championnat National", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994-1995 Algerian Championnat National was the 33rd season of the Algerian Championnat National since its establishment in 1962 . A total of 16 teams contested the league , with US Chaouia as the defending champions , The Championnat started on November 11 , 1994 . and ended on June 22 , 1995 ."}
{"_id": "1980_US_Open_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1980 US Open – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Tracy Austin was the defending champion , but lost in the semifinals to Chris Evert in a rematch of the final of the previous year .   Chris Evert-Lloyd defeated Hana Mandlíková 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 in the final to win the women 's singles tennis title at the 1980 US Open ."}
{"_id": "1524_in_poetry", "title": "1524 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1946_VFA_season", "title": "1946 VFA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 Victorian Football Association season was the 65th season of the Australian rules football competition . The premiership was won by the Sandringham Football Club , which defeated Camberwell by seven points in the Grand Final on 5 October . It was the first premiership in the club 's history ."}
{"_id": "'65_Love_Affair", "title": "'65 Love Affair", "headings": "", "text": "'' '65 Love Affair '' is a song performed by Paul Davis on his album Cool Night . Released in 1982 , the song hit # 6 for two weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 in April 1982 . It spent 20 weeks on the chart , and on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 chart , it placed at # 39 , and on Cashbox 's chart at # 60 .   This song marked Davis 's second single release upon his departure from Bang Records to Arista , the first being `` Cool Night '' . The style of '' '65 Love Affair '' was reminiscent of such blue-eyed soul groups as Hall & Oates , a vein that Davis had not explored before . Davis had originally titled the song '' '55 Love Affair '' , but Arista felt that some modernization was needed to target an audience whose teenage years had occurred in the 1960s , including Davis himself . As Arista pointed out , Davis was only 7 years old in 1955 , too young for any meaningful `` love affair '' , but was 17 years old in 1965 , perfect for the song .   Davis 's previous hits had been country-oriented or ballads . The format change to pop proved to be quite marketable . '' '65 Love Affair '' and `` Cool Night '' , which were recorded at the same time , ranked first and third in terms of his Hot 100 peaks ( `` I Go Crazy '' ranked second ) . In spite of this popular success , Davis was so disgusted with the commercialized result that he opted out of his contract with Arista and signed with Razor & Tie Record Company , a label on which Davis never charted on the Hot 100 .   The music video is composed entirely of news archives from the year 1965 , including footage of then US President Lyndon Johnson , the Vietnam War , and the Watts riots ."}
{"_id": "1983_Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_football_team", "title": "1983 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1983 college football season . In their seventh year under head coach John Cooper , the Golden Hurricane compiled an 8 -- 3 record ( 5-0 against conference opponents ) and won the Missouri Valley Conference championship .   The team 's statistical leaders included Steve Gage with 876 passing yards , Michael Gunter with 1,198 rushing yards , and John Green with 365 yards . Head coach John Cooper was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame ."}
{"_id": "1994_Sta._Lucia_Realtors_season", "title": "1994 Sta. Lucia Realtors season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Sta . Lucia Realtors season was the second season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) ."}
{"_id": "1983_ABC_Championship", "title": "1983 ABC Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Asian Basketball Confederation Championship for Men were held in Hong Kong from November 20 to November 29 , 1983 . Queen Elizabeth Stadium and Queen Elizabeth II Youth Centre were used for this tournament ."}
{"_id": "1951_in_sports", "title": "1951 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1951 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1965_Hamilton_Tiger-Cats_season", "title": "1965 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Hamilton Tiger-Cats finished in 1st place in the East division with an 10 -- 4 record and won the Grey Cup over the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ."}
{"_id": "1989_Auburn_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1989 Auburn Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1989 NCAA Division I-A football season . Coached by Pat Dye , the team finished the season with a 10 -- 2 record and won their third straight SEC title . On December 2 , Alabama visited Auburn on their home campus for the first time in the history of the Iron Bowl . Auburn won , 30 -- 20 , went on to beat Ohio State in the Hall of Fame Bowl , and finished the season ranked # 6 in both major polls ."}
{"_id": "18th_Field_Artillery_Regiment", "title": "18th Field Artillery Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed in 1916 ."}
{"_id": "1941–42_Palestine_League", "title": "1941–42 Palestine League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 -- 42 Palestine League was the ninth season of league football in the British Mandate for Palestine . The defending champions were Hapoel Tel Aviv .   The Palestine League was divided into three regional divisions ( Haifa , Jerusalem , Southern ) with playoffs at the end of the season , with the league winners and the Southern League runners-up qualifying for a championship playoff .   The Haifa League was cancelled on 5 March 1942 and a cup competition was played instead . Homenetmen Jerusalem won the Jerusalem League , and Maccabi Rishon LeZion won the Southern League . This meant that the two league winners , along with runner-up Maccabi Tel Aviv qualified to the championship playoff .   The championship playoff was won by Maccabi Tel Aviv ."}
{"_id": "1825_in_archaeology", "title": "1825 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1825 in archaeology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1938–39_Brentford_F.C._season", "title": "1938–39 Brentford F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1938 -- 39 English football season , Brentford competed in the Football League First Division . A six-match unbeaten run in February and March 1939 pulled the club clear of a near-certain relegation ."}
{"_id": "1997_Nike_Tour", "title": "1997 Nike Tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Nike Tour season was the eighth season of the Nike Tour , the PGA Tour 's official developmental tour , now known as the Web.com Tour . The top fifteen players on the final money list earned PGA Tour cards for 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1990_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Women's_800_metres", "title": "1990 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 800 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 800 metres event at the 1990 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held in Kelvin Hall on 3 and 4 March ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Newport_A.F.C._season", "title": "1991–92 Newport A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 season was the second consecutive season played in the Southern League Midland Division . The club finished in 10th place ."}
{"_id": "1964–65_Israel_State_Cup", "title": "1964–65 Israel State Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 -- 65 Israel State Cup ( גביע המדינה , Gvia HaMedina ) was the 26th season of Israel 's nationwide football cup competition and the 11th after the Israeli Declaration of Independence .   The competition began on 7 November 1964 , with first round matches , involving Liga Bet and Liga Gimel teams . For the first time since 1951 -- 52 , the competition was played throughout the duration of a single season , with the final between Maccabi Tel Aviv and Bnei Yehuda being played on 7 June 1965 . Maccabi won the match in extra time by a single goal and earned its second consecutive cup and 12th overall ."}
{"_id": "1975_UMass_Minutemen_football_team", "title": "1975 UMass Minutemen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 UMass Minutemen football team represented the University of Massachusetts Amherst in the 1975 NCAA Division II football season as a member of the Yankee Conference in NCAA Division II . The team was coached by Dick MacPherson and played its home games at Alumni Stadium in Hadley , Massachusetts . UMass finished the season with a record of 8 -- 2 overall and 4 -- 1 in conference play ."}
{"_id": "1991_Copa_Chile", "title": "1991 Copa Chile", "headings": "", "text": "The Copa Chile-Digeder 1991 was the 23rd edition of the Chilean Cup tournament . The competition started on March 2 , 1991 , and concluded on November 13 , 1991 . Universidad Católica won the competition for their third time , beating Cobreloa 1-0 on the final .  The points system used in the first round of the tournament was ; 2 points for the winner ; and , in case of a tie , each team took 1 point ."}
{"_id": "14th_Independent_Battery_Michigan_Light_Artillery", "title": "14th Independent Battery Michigan Light Artillery", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th Independent Battery Michigan Volunteer Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1994_Salem_Open-Beijing_–_Men's_Doubles", "title": "1994 Salem Open-Beijing – Men's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Paul Annacone and Doug Flach were the defending champions , but did not participate this year .   Tommy Ho and Kent Kinnear won the title , defeating David Adams and Andrei Olhovskiy 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1735_in_art", "title": "1735 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1735 in art ."}
{"_id": "1907_Chattanooga_Moccasins_football_team", "title": "1907 Chattanooga Moccasins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The University of Chattanooga , located in the American city of Chattanooga , Tennessee and today known as the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga , fielded a gridiron football team for the first time in the 1907 college football season . This team was independent of any collegiate football conference and finished its 6-game schedule without a win , scoring only one touchdown in the entire season ."}
{"_id": "1739_in_Russia", "title": "1739 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1739 in Russia"}
{"_id": "13_September_2008_Delhi_bombings", "title": "13 September 2008 Delhi bombings", "headings": "", "text": "The 13 September 2008 Delhi bombings were a series of five synchronised bomb blasts that took place within a span of few minutes on Saturday , 13 September 2008 at various locations in Delhi , India . The first bomb exploded at 18:07 IST , and four other blasts followed in succession , with at least 30 people killed and over 100 injured ."}
{"_id": "1671_in_Sweden", "title": "1671 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1671 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1903–04_Northern_Football_League", "title": "1903–04 Northern Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1903 -- 04 Northern Football League season was the fifteenth in the history of the Northern Football League , a football competition in Northern England ."}
{"_id": "1960_BC_Lions_season", "title": "1960 BC Lions season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 BC Lions finished the season in fourth place in the West Division with a 5 -- 9 -- 2 record . Coming off of last season 's success , the fan attendance continued to be strong , with most games close or over 30,000 fans per game . However , due to inconsistent quarterbacking from Jim Walden and Randy Duncan , the Lions failed to make the playoffs in consecutive seasons .   On the bright side , running back Willie Fleming made the All-Star team with a team record 1,051 yards rushing for an astounding 8.4 yards per carry average . The Winnipeg Blue Bombers continued their dominance over the Lions , sweeping all four games and improving their all time mark to 24 -- 4 versus BC .   The Lions changed their uniforms to a primarily Black scheme for the first time and introduced a `` 1930s-style '' winged football helmet design ."}
{"_id": "1766_in_Wales", "title": "1766 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1766 in Wales ."}
{"_id": "1952_in_South_Africa", "title": "1952 in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1962_European_Baseball_Championship", "title": "1962 European Baseball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 European Baseball Championship was held in the Netherlands and was won by the Netherlands for the fifth time in a row . Italy finished as runner-up ."}
{"_id": "1966–67_Serie_C", "title": "1966–67 Serie C", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 -- 67 Serie C was the twenty-ninth edition of Serie C , the third highest league in the Italian football league system ."}
{"_id": "1989_UCI_Road_World_Cup", "title": "1989 UCI Road World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 UCI Road World Cup was the first edition of the UCI Road World Cup . It was won by Irish rider Sean Kelly of ."}
{"_id": "19th_Light_Dragoons", "title": "19th Light Dragoons", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th Light Dragoons was a cavalry regiment of the British Army created in 1781 for service in British India . The regiment served in India until 1806 , and in North America during the War of 1812 , and was disbanded in Britain in 1821 ."}
{"_id": "1931_New_York_Yankees_season", "title": "1931 New York Yankees season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 New York Yankees season was the team 's 29th season in New York and its 31st season overall . The team finished with a record of 94 -- 59 , finishing 13.5 games behind the Philadelphia Athletics . New York was managed by Joe McCarthy . The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium . This team is notable for holding the modern day Major League record for team runs scored in a season with 1,067 ( 6.88 per game average ) ."}
{"_id": "1991_Volvo_International_–_Singles", "title": "1991 Volvo International – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Derrick Rostagno was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Goran Ivanišević .   Petr Korda won in the final 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 against Ivanišević ."}
{"_id": "1927_International_Cross_Country_Championships", "title": "1927 International Cross Country Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 International Cross Country Championships was held in Caerleon , Wales , at the Caerleon Racecourse on 2 April 1927 . A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald , and on Track Stats .   Complete results , medallists ,  and the results of British athletes were published ."}
{"_id": "1995_Ryder_Cup", "title": "1995 Ryder Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 31st Ryder Cup Matches were held September 22 -- 24 , 1995 at the East Course of Oak Hill Country Club in Pittsford , New York , a suburb southeast of Rochester .   The European team won the competition by a margin of 14 1/2 to 13 1/2 points to win back the Cup . At the time , this was only Europe 's second victory on U.S. soil , the first was eight years earlier in 1987 . This was the third consecutive Ryder Cup where Bernard Gallacher captained the European side and the only victory .   Going into the Sunday singles matches , Europe trailed by 2 points , 7 to 9 . For the first time , they overcame a deficit entering the singles to win the Cup . The unheralded Irish rookie Philip Walton secured victory for Europe by defeating Jay Haas by one hole . The next Ryder Cup where Europe won from behind was 2012 , also held in the U.S."}
{"_id": "1980_Japan_Soccer_League", "title": "1980 Japan Soccer League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1980 . For the first time ever , automatic promotion and relegation was introduced for the first and last places of the Second Division , which means that the last place in the First Division went down ."}
{"_id": "1979_New_York_Jets_season", "title": "1979 New York Jets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 New York Jets season was the 20th season for the team and the 10th in the National Football League . It began with the team trying to improve upon its 8 -- 8 record from 1978 under head coach Walt Michaels . The Jets finished the season with a record of 8 -- 8 .   Matt Robinson started the season at quarterback , but got hurt and Richard Todd took the bulk of the duties at Quarterback as the Jets played .500 football posting an 8-8 record for the second straight season , finishing in third place . With the 1979 season , the Jets became one of only three non-expansion teams to not make the playoffs in the 1970s ( the others being the New York Giants and New Orleans Saints ) ."}
{"_id": "1500_in_art", "title": "1500 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1689_in_Sweden", "title": "1689 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1689 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1957_in_spaceflight", "title": "1957 in spaceflight", "headings": "", "text": "The first orbital flight of an artificial satellite , Sputnik 1 , was launched in October 1957 , by the Soviet Union .   In November , the second orbital flight took place . The Soviet Union launched the first animal to orbit the Earth , a dog , Laika , who died in orbit a few days after launch .   There were also 189 suborbital launches , many unsuccessful ."}
{"_id": "1959_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team", "title": "1959 Ohio State Buckeyes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented the Ohio State University in the 1959 Big Ten Conference football season . The Buckeyes compiled a 3 -- 5 -- 1 record ."}
{"_id": "1959_in_Australian_television", "title": "1959 in Australian television", "headings": "", "text": "1959 in Australian television was the fourth year of television broadcasts in Australia ."}
{"_id": "1961_Boston_Red_Sox_season", "title": "1961 Boston Red Sox season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Boston Red Sox season was the 61st season in the franchise 's Major League Baseball history . The Red Sox finished sixth in the American League ( AL ) with a record of 76 wins and 86 losses , 33 games behind the AL and World Series champion New York Yankees ."}
{"_id": "1235_in_poetry", "title": "1235 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1990_Blockbuster_Bowl", "title": "1990 Blockbuster Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Blockbuster Bowl was an American college football bowl game between the Penn State Nittany Lions and the Florida State Seminoles ."}
{"_id": "1755_Cape_Ann_earthquake", "title": "1755 Cape Ann earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1755 Cape Ann earthquake took place off the coast of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay ( present-day Massachusetts ) on November 18 . At between 6.0 and 6.3 on the Richter scale , it remains the largest earthquake in the history of Massachusetts . No one was killed , but it damaged hundreds of buildings in Boston and was felt as far north as Nova Scotia and as far south as South Carolina . Sailors on a ship more than 200 mi offshore felt the quake , and mistook it at first for their ship running aground . Many residents of Boston and the surrounding areas attributed the quake to God , and it occasioned a brief increase in religious fervor in the city . Modern studies estimate that if a similar quake shook Boston today , it would result in as much as $ 5 billion in damage and hundreds of deaths . Some discussion has revolved around the idea that this may have been a remotely triggered event ."}
{"_id": "1902–03_Colgate_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1902–03 Colgate men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1902 -- 03 Colgate Radiers men 's basketball team represented Colgate University during the 1902 -- 03 college men 's basketball season . The head coach was Ellery Huntington Sr. coaching the Raiders in his third season . The team had finished with an overall record of 7 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1976_Paris_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1976 Paris Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Paris Open -- Singles tournament took place at the Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy from October 25 . Tom Okker was the defending champion , but lost in the quarter-finals to Jaime Fillol .   Eddie Dibbs won in the final 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 , against Fillol ."}
{"_id": "1937–38_Belgian_First_Division", "title": "1937–38 Belgian First Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Belgian First Division in the 1937/1938 season ."}
{"_id": "1917_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final", "title": "1917 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the thirtieth All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1917 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship , an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland .   Dual star Turlough `` Tull '' Considine was through on goal for Clare but was tripped up , while both teams had goals disallowed , so only points decided the game , Wexford winning nine to five .   It was the third of four All-Ireland football titles won by Wexford in the 1910s ."}
{"_id": "1924_in_South_Africa", "title": "1924 in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "107th_Mixed_Aviation_Regiment", "title": "107th Mixed Aviation Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 107th Mixed Aviation Regiment ( Serbo-Croatian : 107 . mešoviti avijacijski puk / 107 . мешовити авијацијски пук ) was an aviation regiment established in 1944 as 421st Assault Aviation Regiment ( Serbo-Croatian : 421 . vazduhoplovni jurišni puk / 421 . ваздухопловни јуришни пук ) ."}
{"_id": "1-Aminomethyl-5-methoxyindane", "title": "1-Aminomethyl-5-methoxyindane", "headings": "", "text": "1-Aminomethyl-5-methoxyindane ( AMMI ) , is a drug developed by a team led by David E. Nichols at Purdue University , which acts as a selective serotonin releasing agent ( SSRA ) and binds to the serotonin transporter with similar affinity to DFMDA ."}
{"_id": "1730_in_the_Netherlands", "title": "1730 in the Netherlands", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1730 in the Dutch Republic"}
{"_id": "1922_New_Year_Honours", "title": "1922 New Year Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The New Year Honours 1922 were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by members of the British Empire . They were published on 30 December 1921 .   The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour , and arranged by honour , with classes ( Knight , Knight Grand Cross , etc. ) and then divisions ( Military , Civil , etc. ) as appropriate ."}
{"_id": "1953–54_AHL_season", "title": "1953–54 AHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 -- 54 AHL season was the 18th season of the American Hockey League . Six teams played 70 games each in the schedule . The Cleveland Barons won their seventh Calder Cup championship ."}
{"_id": "1887_New_York_Giants_season", "title": "1887 New York Giants season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1887 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 5th season . The team finished in fourth place in the National League with a record of 68 -- 55 , 10.5 games behind the Detroit Wolverines ."}
{"_id": "1994_Football_League_Cup_Final", "title": "1994 Football League Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Football League Cup Final took place on 27 March 1994 at the old Wembley Stadium . It was contested between Manchester United and Aston Villa . Aston Villa won 3 -- 1 , with one goal from Dalian Atkinson and two from Dean Saunders , to claim their fourth League Cup final victory ; Manchester United 's goal was scored by Mark Hughes , before Andrei Kanchelskis was sent off for handball . Manchester United would go on to win both the Premier League and FA Cup that season , the result denying United a domestic treble , while Villa finished 10th in the Premier League ."}
{"_id": "1919–20_NCAA_men's_basketball_season", "title": "1919–20 NCAA men's basketball season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1925_Colorado_Agricultural_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1925 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team represented Colorado Agricultural College in the 1925 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1935_Academy_Awards", "title": "1935 Academy Awards", "headings": "", "text": "1935 Academy Awards may refer to :   7th Academy Awards , the Academy Awards ceremony that took place in 1935  8th Academy Awards , the 1936 ceremony honoring the best in film for 1935"}
{"_id": "1990–91_FIS_Ski_Flying_World_Cup", "title": "1990–91 FIS Ski Flying World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990/91 FIS Ski Flying World Cup was the 1st official World Cup season in ski flying awarded with small crystal globe as the subdiscipline of FIS Ski Jumping World Cup ."}
{"_id": "1246_in_poetry", "title": "1246 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1812_in_Wales", "title": "1812 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1812 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": ".308_Marlin_Express", "title": ".308 Marlin Express", "headings": "", "text": "The .308 Marlin Express is a cartridge developed in 2007 by Marlin Firearms and Hornady . It is based on the .307 Winchester with a goal to duplicate .308 Winchester performance . The cartridge uses a slightly shorter , semi-rimmed case similar to that of the .220 Swift to function in lever action rifles . As introduced in Hornady 's LEVERevolution line of cartridges , it is the highest velocity production cartridge designed for lever action rifles with tubular magazines . It is chambered in Marlin 's Model 308MX and 308MXLR rifles using the Marlin Model 336 action ."}
{"_id": "(-)-menthol_monooxygenase", "title": "(-)-menthol monooxygenase", "headings": "", "text": "In enzymology , a - menthol monooxygenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   - menthol + NADPH + H + + O2 p-menthane-3 ,8 - diol + NADP + + H2O   The 4 substrates of this enzyme are - menthol , NADPH , H + , and O2 , whereas its 3 products are p-menthane-3 ,8 - diol , NADP + , and H2O .   This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases , specifically those acting on paired donors , with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen . The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor , and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor . The systematic name of this enzyme class is - menthol , NADPH : oxygen oxidoreductase ( 8-hydroxylating ) . This enzyme is also called l-menthol monooxygenase ."}
{"_id": "1989_Belgian_Open", "title": "1989 Belgian Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Belgian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Brussels in Belgium that was part of Tier V of the 1989 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from July 17 through July 23 , 1989 ."}
{"_id": "1960_Kansas_Jayhawks_football_team", "title": "1960 Kansas Jayhawks football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas during the 1960 college football season . The Jayhawks were led by third-year head coach Jack Mitchell and played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence , Kansas .   Kansas started the season with an upset over # 11 TCU , shooting them up the polls . Losses were suffered to two top-two teams in # 2 Syracuse and # 1 Iowa , as well as a tie to Oklahoma . The Jayhawks ended the regular season with an upset victory over their arch-rivals and previously-undefeated # 1 Missouri Tigers . Their victory earned them their first outright Big 8 Conference championship since 1930 and an invitation to the 1961 Orange Bowl . They finished 11th in the final AP Poll , their second ever ranked finish , and first since 1947 .   Controversy surrounded the end of the season , however , as Kansas was found to have fielded an ineligible player , Bert Coan , in their games against Colorado and Missouri . On December 8 , 1960 , the Big 8 Conference forced Kansas to forfeit those two victories and the conference championship . The forfeited games remain a topic of dispute , as Kansas and the NCAA do not record the games as losses , while Missouri and the Big 8 conference recognize the forfeits . Kansas does not claim the 1960 conference championship , despite claiming the requisite victories ."}
{"_id": "1981_Torneo_di_Viareggio", "title": "1981 Torneo di Viareggio", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 winners of the Torneo di Viareggio ( in English , the Viareggio Tournament , officially the Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale ) , the annual youth football tournament held in Viareggio , Tuscany , are listed below ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_NCAA_football_bowl_games", "title": "1983–84 NCAA football bowl games", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 -- 84 NCAA football bowl games featured 16 games starting early in December and ending on January 2 , 1984 . The Tangerine Bowl was renamed the Florida Citrus Bowl ."}
{"_id": "1942–43_in_English_football", "title": "1942–43 in English football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 -- 43 season was the fourth season of special wartime football in England during the Second World War ."}
{"_id": "1995_in_spaceflight", "title": "1995 in spaceflight", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1935–36_FC_Barcelona_season", "title": "1935–36 FC Barcelona season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 -- 36 season was the 37th season for FC Barcelona ."}
{"_id": "1974_in_Japanese_football", "title": "1974 in Japanese football", "headings": "", "text": "Japanese football in 1974"}
{"_id": "1973_Coleraine_bombings", "title": "1973 Coleraine bombings", "headings": "", "text": "On 12 June 1973 the Provisional IRA detonated two carbombs in Coleraine , County Londonderry , Northern Ireland . The first bomb exploded at 3:00 pm on Railway Road , killing six people and injuring 33 ; several lost limbs and were left crippled for life . A second bomb exploded five minutes later at Hanover Place . This did not cause any injuries , although it added to the panic and confusion in the area . The IRA had sent a warning for the second bomb but said it had mistakenly given the wrong location for the first .   As the six victims had all been Protestant , the bombings brought about a violent backlash from loyalist paramilitaries , who swiftly retaliated by unleashing a series of sectarian killings of Catholics that culminated in the double killing of Senator Paddy Wilson and Irene Andrews on 26 June .   Sinn Féin councillor Sean McGlinchey , brother of former INLA Chief of Staff Dominic McGlinchey , was convicted of planting the bomb and spent 18 years in prison . He was elected mayor of Limavady Borough Council in 2011 .   In his book Years of Darkness : The Troubles Remembered , academic Gordon Gillespie described the attacks as `` a forgotten massacre '' of the Troubles ."}
{"_id": "1912_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season", "title": "1912 Pittsburgh Pirates season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1912 Pittsburgh Pirates season was a season in American baseball , the 31st in franchise history . The team finished second in the National League with a record of 93 -- 58 , 10 games behind the New York Giants .   During the season , Chief Wilson set a major league record by hitting 36 triples in a single season . After 118 games , Chief Wilson already had 33 triples and was on pace to get 43 triples ."}
{"_id": "1990_world_oil_market_chronology", "title": "1990 world oil market chronology", "headings": "", "text": "August : Crude and product prices soar upward ; exchange markets react wildly to any Middle East news events ; cash markets dominate prices after trading hours ; jet fuel prices rise to record spreads over other products due to increase in defense demand . In late August , OPEC president fails to revive floundering attempts to organize a formal OPEC meeting to discuss crisis/production strategies . Informal meetings held in Vienna result in record price falls . Conflicting reports of promises to increase OPEC output to compensate for embargo of Iraq and Kuwait oil further compound market uncertainties .  August 2 : Iraq invades Kuwait . Bush orders troops to Saudi Arabia .  August 27 : Market prices plunge as OPEC nears informal agreement to increase output to cover 4 MMB/D shortfall due to invasion . Cash market trading experiences abrupt decline .  September 6 : U.S. citizen is shot in Kuwait . API reports 4.4 MMB weekly draw in domestic crude stocks . Oil markets surge on aggressive U.S. statements toward Iraq .  September 21 : Reports that U.S refinery problems will lead to a 200,000 B/D loss in capacity and aggressive remarks by Saddam Hussein send crude prices to new highs .  September 24 : Iraq invades the French and Dutch missions in Kuwait ; French President François Mitterrand called the action a violation of international law ; a U.S. warship boards an Iraqi-flagged tanker bound for the port of Basrah .  September 18 : Crude prices outpace increases in product prices and there is talk of cutting refinery runs .  September 20 : Poor refining margins .  September 24 : Saddam Hussein states his willingness to strike first and his intention to damage oil fields in the region if Iraq does strike .  October 1 : Saddam Hussein says he may be willing to negotiate the occupation of Kuwait and would consider foreign participation in negotiations .  October 3 : API reports a 9 MMB weekly U.S. crude inventory draw .  October 9 : Fear of war and long-term supply disruptions as Hussein threatens Israel .  October 10 : API reports crude inventories dropped by more than 4 MMB in the last week .  October 11 : Libya 's Muammar Gaddafi says Israel must be eliminated , and UK Foreign Secretary Hurd says force would be used if Iraq does n't withdrawal from Kuwait .  November 5 : Reports of increasing Saudi production and lower world demand .  November 6 : Iran 's oil-producing region suffers a serious earthquake .  November 7 : API reports 5 MMB U.S. crude inventory weekly increase .  November 8 : Unconfirmed rumors that Bush would announce an airlift of supplies to U.S. embassy in Kuwait , which could ultimately trigger a military clash .  November 13 : Saudis ask U.S. for rights to bid on SPR crude .  November 19 : Report that Iraq will bolster its forces in Kuwait .  November 20 : API reports crude inventory drop in U.S. of more than 4 MMB ; Saddam Hussein announces plans to release German hostages ; Soviet Union shows reluctance to endorse the use of force against Iraq .  November 21 : French President Mitterrand voices support of a proposed U.N. resolution that would authorize the use of force in the Persian Gulf .  November 26 : U.S. proposes addition to U.N. resolution that would require Iraq 's withdrawal from Kuwait by January 1 .  November 29 : U.N. Security Council approves U.S.-sponsored resolution authorizing the use of force in the Persian Gulf if Iraq does not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15 , 1991 .  November 30 : President Bush offers to send Secretary of State James Baker to Baghdad to meet with Hussein .  December 4 : An Iraqi official reports that Iraq will withdraw if it can retain control of the Rumailah field and keep Bubiyan and Werbah islands ; also says that demands that the Palestinian issue be treated separately would not be surmountable .  December 5 : Iraq announces willingness to speak with U.S. about resolving the Persian Gulf crisis .  December 13 : Secretary of State Baker questions Iraq 's seriousness about Middle East peace .  December 18 : Bush reiterates his `` no concessions '' stance against Iraq .   | -  | width = `` 30 % '' align = `` center '' | previous year :1989 world oil market chronology  | width = `` 40 % '' align = `` center '' | This article is part of theChronology of world oil market events ( 1970-2005 )  | width = `` 30 % '' align = `` center '' | following year :1991 world oil market chronology  | -   Category : Oil market timelines  World oil market chronology  World Oil Market Chronology , 1990"}
{"_id": "1975_World_Association_of_Veteran_Athletes_Championships", "title": "1975 World Association of Veteran Athletes Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The first World Association of Veteran Athletes Championships were held in Toronto , Canada , from 11 -- 16 August 1975 . This was the first such championships for the newly created division of the sport of athletics for people over ( at that point in time ) 40 years of age , now referred to as Masters athletics . With over 1,400 individual participants and 5,000 starts , this claimed to be the largest track and field meet ever held in North American to that point in time .   A full range of track and field events were held , along with a cross country race and a marathon ."}
{"_id": "1994_Cambodian_League", "title": "1994 Cambodian League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Cambodian League in the 1994 season ."}
{"_id": "1954_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_800_metres", "title": "1954 European Athletics Championships – Women's 800 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 800 metres at the 1954 European Athletics Championships was held in Bern , Switzerland , at Stadion Neufeld on 25 and 27 August 1954 ."}
{"_id": "1967–68_Mitropa_Cup", "title": "1967–68 Mitropa Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 -- 68 Mitropa Cup was the 28th season of the Mitropa football club tournament . It was contested by sixteen clubs from 15 European cities and 5 countries . Winner was Red Star Belgrade of Yugoslavia who beat Spartak Trnava of Czechoslovakia in the two-legged final 4 -- 2 on aggregate ."}
{"_id": "1928_U.S._National_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1928 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "First-seeded Helen Wills defeated Helen Jacobs 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 in the final to win the Women 's Singles tennis title at the 1928 U.S. National Championships . The event was held at the West Side Tennis Club , Forest Hills , New York City . It was Will 's fifth U.S. National singles title and her second in a row ."}
{"_id": "1979_WBF_World_Championships", "title": "1979 WBF World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 WBF World Championships took place in June 1979 in Hangzhou , China . It was one of the two editions of the world championships organised by the WBF , which was a rival body of the Badminton World Federation ."}
{"_id": "1989_in_video_gaming", "title": "1989 in video gaming", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1996_WTA_Tour_Championships_–_Singles", "title": "1996 WTA Tour Championships – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Steffi Graf was the defending champion and won in the final 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 against Martina Hingis ."}
{"_id": "1940_VPI_Gobblers_football_team", "title": "1940 VPI Gobblers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 VPI Gobblers football team represented Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute in the 1940 college football season . The team was led by their head coach Henry Redd and finished with a record of five wins and five losses ( 5 -- 5 ) ."}
{"_id": ".dk", "title": ".dk", "headings": "", "text": ". dk is the country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for Denmark . The supervision of the . dk top-level domain is handled exclusively by DK Hostmaster . Any new . dk domain name has to be applied for via an approved registrator . Then the domain name applicant can ask the registrator to manage his domain name or have it managed directly by the DK Hostmaster . Registrations of domain names with the characters æ , ø , å , ö , ä , ü , and é are also allowed ."}
{"_id": "1996_Danamon_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1996 Danamon Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Sabine Hack was the defending champion but did not compete that year .   Linda Wild won the final on a walkover against Yayuk Basuki ."}
{"_id": "1703_in_Canada", "title": "1703 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1703 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1952_Cupa_României_Final", "title": "1952 Cupa României Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Cupa României Final was the 15th final of Romania 's most prestigious football cup competition . It was disputed between CCA Bucureşti and Flacăra Ploieşti , and was won by CCA Bucureşti after a game with 2 goals . It was the fourth cup title , all in row , in the history of CCA Bucureşti ."}
{"_id": "1982_Buenos_Aires_Grand_Prix_–_Singles", "title": "1982 Buenos Aires Grand Prix – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Guillermo Vilas defeated Alejandro Ganzábal 6-2 , 6-4 to win the 1982 Buenos Aires Grand Prix tennis singles competition . Ivan Lendl was the champion but did not defend his title ."}
{"_id": "1999_German_Formula_Three_Championship", "title": "1999 German Formula Three Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 German Formula Three Championship ( 1999 Deutsche Formel-3-Meisterschaft ) was a multi-event motor racing championship for single-seat open wheel formula racing cars that held across Europe . The championship featured drivers competing in two-litre Formula Three racing cars built by Dallara and Martini which conform to the technical regulations , or formula , for the championship . It commenced on 9 May at Sachsenring and ended at Nürburgring on 17 October after nine double-header rounds .   Opel Team BSR driver Christijan Albers became a champion . He clinched the title , winning six of 18 races . Marcel Fässler finished as runner-up with wins at Sachsenring , Oschersleben , and Hockenheim , losing 45 points to Albers . Thomas Jäger was victorious at Zweibrücken , Oschersleben and finished third . The other race winners was Robert Lechner , Yves Olivier and Timo Scheider , who completed the top six in the drivers ' championship ."}
{"_id": "1996_State_of_the_Union_Address", "title": "1996 State of the Union Address", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 State of the Union address was given by President Bill Clinton to a joint session of the 104th United States Congress on January 23 , 1996 . The speech was the last State of the Union address of President Clinton 's first term . This speech occurred shortly after the federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 which had resulted from disagreements on the 1996 United States federal budget .   President Clinton discussed the economy and declared that `` the era of big government is over , '' and continued , `` but we can not go back to the time when our citizens were left to fend for themselves . We must go forward as one America , one nation working together , to meet the challenges we face together . Self-reliance and teamwork are not opposing virtues -- we must have both . '' The president discussed welfare reform , the V-chip , education , community policing , crime and the environment . The president also discussed foreign relations and the federal budget .   The Republican Party response was delivered by Senator Bob Dole of Kansas . He stated that '' -LSB- President Clinton -RSB- is the chief obstacle to a balanced budget and the balanced budget amendment ... . While the President 's words speak of change , his deeds are a contradiction . President Clinton claims to embrace the future while clinging to the policies of the past . ''   Donna Shalala , the Secretary of Health and Human Services , served as the designated survivor ."}
{"_id": "1984_Northern_Sumatra_earthquake", "title": "1984 Northern Sumatra earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 Northern Sumatra earthquake occurred with a moment magnitude of 7.2 on November 17 at 06:49 UTC . The epicentre was located off the coast of Sumatra , near the island of Nias , where building damage was reported . This earthquake could be strongly felt in parts of Northern Sumatra , including Padang and Medan . The focal mechanism corresponded to reverse faulting ."}
{"_id": "1846_in_science", "title": "1846 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1846 in science and technology involved some significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Perth_Glory_SC_season", "title": "1999–2000 Perth Glory SC season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 Perth Glory SC season was the club 's fourth in the Australian National Soccer League ( NSL ) . The club won the NSL minor premiership as the leading team in the league . In the 1999 -- 2000 NSL Grand Final , the Glory missed out on the NSL championship when they lost in a penalty shoot-out after surrendering a 3-0 half-time lead ."}
{"_id": "1948_Auburn_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1948 Auburn Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1948 college football season . It was the Tigers ' 57th overall and 16th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team was led by head coach Earl Brown , in his first year , and played their home games at Cliff Hare Stadium in Auburn , the Cramton Bowl in Montgomery and Ladd Memorial Stadium in Mobile , Alabama . They finished the season with a record of one win , eight losses and one tie ( 1 -- 8 -- 1 overall , 0 -- 7 in the SEC ) ."}
{"_id": "1990_PBA_First_Conference", "title": "1990 PBA First Conference", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) First Conference was the opening conference of the 1990 PBA season . It started on February 18 and ended on May 15 , 1990 . The tournament allows one-import each per team ."}
{"_id": "1957_Washington_Huskies_football_team", "title": "1957 Washington Huskies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1957 college football season . In its first season under head coach Jim Owens , the team compiled a 3 -- 6 -- 1 record , finished in sixth place in the Pacific Coast Conference , and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 212 to 120 ."}
{"_id": "1904_Massevitch", "title": "1904 Massevitch", "headings": "", "text": "1904 Massevitch , provisionally designated , is a rare-type asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt , approximately 16 kilometers in diameter .   It was discovered on 9 May 1972 , by the Russian astronomer Tamara Smirnova at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj , on the Crimean peninsula . It was later named after Russian astrophysicist Alla Massevitch ."}
{"_id": "1852_in_music", "title": "1852 in music", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1980_Cincinnati_Open", "title": "1980 Cincinnati Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Cincinnati Open ( also known as the 1980 ATP Championships for sponsorship reasons ) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Lindner Family Tennis Center in Cincinnati , Ohio in the United States that was part of the 1980 Volvo Grand Prix . The tournament was held from August 18 through August 24 , 1980 ."}
{"_id": "1932_in_rail_transport", "title": "1932 in rail transport", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1896_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_Final", "title": "1896 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1896 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the 9th All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1896 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland . The match was held at Jones ' Road , Dublin , on 27 March 1898 between Dublin , represented by club side Commercials , and Tipperary , represented by club side Tubberadora . The Leinster champions lost to their Munster opponents on a score line of 8-14 to 0-4 ."}
{"_id": "1966_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(UEFA_–_Group_4)", "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA – Group 4)", "headings": "", "text": "The four teams in this group played against each other on a home-and-away basis . The winner Portugal qualified for the 1966 FIFA World Cup held in England ."}
{"_id": "1989_Indiana_Hoosiers_football_team", "title": "1989 Indiana Hoosiers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented the Indiana Hoosiers in the 1989 NCAA Division I-A football season . They participated as members of the Big Ten Conference . The Hoosiers played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington , Indiana . The team was coached by Bill Mallory , in his sixth year as head coach of the Hoosiers ."}
{"_id": "1989_Burkinabé_coup_d'état_attempt", "title": "1989 Burkinabé coup d'état attempt", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Burkinabé coup d'état attempt was allegedly an attempt at a military coup d'état , planned by Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani and Henri Zongo , in addition to other unnamed conspirators . The plot , as described by the government of Burkina Faso , targeted President Blaise Compaoré -- who , together with Lingani and Zongo , had previously carried out two coups in the country . All known conspirators were quickly executed ."}
{"_id": "1969–70_National_Football_League_(Ireland)", "title": "1969–70 National Football League (Ireland)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 -- 70 National Football League was the 39th staging of the National Football League ( NFL ) , an annual Gaelic football tournament for the Gaelic Athletic Association county teams of Ireland .   Mayo beat Down in the final ."}
{"_id": "1899_Harvard_Crimson_football_team", "title": "1899 Harvard Crimson football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1899 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1899 college football season . The team finished with a 10 -- 0 -- 1 record and was retroactively named as the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation , Houlgate System , and National Championship Foundation . Princeton compiled a 12 -- 1 record and was named the national champion by two other selectors . They outscored their opponents 210 to 10 ."}
{"_id": "1952_Roller_Hockey_World_Cup", "title": "1952 Roller Hockey World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Roller Hockey World Cup was the eighth roller hockey world cup , organized by the Fédération Internationale de Patinage a Roulettes ( now under the name of Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports ) . It was contested by 10 national teams ( 9 from Europe and 1 from Africa ) and it is also considered the 1952 European Roller Hockey Championship ( despite the presence of Egypt ) . All the games were played in the city of Porto , in Portugal , the chosen city to host the World Cup ."}
{"_id": "1937_NCAA_football_rankings", "title": "1937 NCAA football rankings", "headings": "", "text": "One human poll comprised the 1937 National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) football rankings . Unlike most sports , college football 's governing body , the NCAA , does not bestow a national championship , instead that title is bestowed by one or more different polling agencies . There are two main weekly polls that begin in the preseason -- the AP Poll and the Coaches ' Poll . The Coaches ' Poll began operation in 1950 ; in addition , the AP Poll did not begin conducting preseason polls until that same year ."}
{"_id": "1943_Washington_Senators_season", "title": "1943 Washington Senators season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 Washington Senators won 84 games , lost 69 , and finished in second place in the American League . They were managed by Ossie Bluege and played home games at Griffith Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1948_National_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1948 National Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 National Challenge Cup was the 35th edition of the United States open soccer championship . The tournament had many delays due to weather in the eastern division and by the time Brookhattan had won the eastern final it had to put off playing the national final to entertain touring Liverpool F.C. . The championship game was further put off when a number of Simpkins players had US Olympic commitments . When the final was played it took place on October 17 at St. Louis where the Simpkins defeated Brookhattan 3-2 ."}
{"_id": "1996_Copa_del_Rey_de_Baloncesto", "title": "1996 Copa del Rey de Baloncesto", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Copa del Rey was the 60th edition of the Spanish basketball Cup . It was organized by the ACB and was played in Murcia in the Palacio de Deportes between February 22 and 25 , 1996 . TDK Manresa won its first title after defeating FC Barcelona in the overtime of the final game ."}
{"_id": "1972_College_Football_All-America_Team", "title": "1972 College Football All-America Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1972 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) recognizes six selectors as `` official '' for the 1972 season . They are : ( 1 ) the American Football Coaches Association ( AFCA ) which selected its team for Kodak based on a vote of the nation 's coaches ; ( 2 ) the Associated Press ( AP ) selected based on the votes of sports writers at AP newspapers ; ( 3 ) the Football Writers Association of America ( FWAA ) selected by the nation 's football writers ; ( 4 ) the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) selected based on the votes of sports writers at NEA newspapers ; ( 5 ) the United Press International ( UPI ) selected based on the votes of sports writers at UPI newspapers ; and ( 6 ) the Walter Camp Football Foundation ( WC ) .   Eight players are recognized by the NCAA as unanimous All-America selections . They are : ( 1 ) wide receiver and 1972 Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Rodgers of -LSB- -LSB- 1972 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team | Nebraska -RSB- t -RSB- ; ( 2 ) tight end Charles Young of USC ; ( 3 ) offensive tackle Jerry Sisemore of Texas ; ( 4 ) offensive guard John Hannah of Alabama ; ( 5 ) running back Greg Pruitt of Oklahoma ; ( 6 ) defensive tackle Greg Marx of Notre Dame ; ( 7 ) middle guard Rich Glover of Nebraska ; and ( 8 ) defensive back Brad Van Pelt of Michigan State ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_Utah_Jazz_season", "title": "1979–80 Utah Jazz season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979/80 season was the Jazz sixth season in the NBA and its first in Utah . The Jazz averaged 102.4 points per game ( ranked 22 in NBA ) while allowing an average of 108.4 points per game ( ranked 10th in NBA ) . The attendance was 320,649 ( ranked 21st in NBA ) . The attendance figure was worse than the last season in New Orleans , where the club had an attendance of 364,205 ( ranked 18th in NBA ) . In addition , the Jazz move from the Central Division to the Midwest Division ( with the Indiana Pacers replacing them ) ."}
{"_id": "1988_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_400_metres_hurdles", "title": "1988 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's 400 metres hurdles", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 400 metres hurdles event at the 1988 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Sudbury , Ontario , Canada , at Laurentian University Stadium on 27 , 28 and 29 July ."}
{"_id": "1897_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team", "title": "1897 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1897 Western Conference football season .  The 1897 season was the second and final season under head coach Alexander Jerrems . The season started out well , but the team lost its last four games including all three of its conference games . The Ariel reported that there was a general opinion that the team 's difficulties were the result of poor management . Coach Jerrems was not asked to return and changes were made to the rules governing athletics at the University - managers would no longer be chosen by the students ."}
{"_id": "1964_Australian_Drivers'_Championship", "title": "1964 Australian Drivers' Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Australian Drivers ' Championship was open to drivers of Racing Cars complying with either the Australian National Formula or with the Australian 1 1/2 Litre Formula .  The title was contested over a five round series .  Round 1 , Australian Grand Prix , Sandown Raceway , Victoria , 9 February  Round 2 , South Pacific Trophy , Longford , Tasmania , 2 March  Round 3 , Lakeside , Queensland , 13 September  Round 4 , Craven Filter Trophy , Mallala Motor Sport Park , South Australia , 12 October  Round 5 , Horden Trophy , Warwick Farm , New South Wales , 6 December  Points were awarded on a 9-6-4-3-2-1 basis to the top six Australian resident place-getters in each round with the championship winner awarded the 1964 CAMS `` Gold Star '' ."}
{"_id": "1994_in_NASCAR", "title": "1994 in NASCAR", "headings": "", "text": "The following NASCAR national series were held in 1994 :   1994 NASCAR Winston Cup Series - The top racing series in NASCAR .  1994 NASCAR Busch Series - The second-highest racing series in NASCAR .   Category : NASCAR seasons"}
{"_id": "1916_in_Russia", "title": "1916 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1916 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1973–74_Scottish_Division_Two", "title": "1973–74 Scottish Division Two", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 -- 74 Scottish Second Division was won by Airdrieonians who , along with second placed Kilmarnock , were promoted to the First Division . Brechin City finished bottom ."}
{"_id": "1939_All-Ireland_Senior_Camogie_Championship_Final", "title": "1939 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "For more detail & team line-outs see separate entry for 1939 Senior Camogie Championship .   The 1939 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final was the eighth All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1939 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship , an inter-county camogie tournament for the top teams in Ireland .   Cork had an easy win over the inexperienced Galway team ."}
{"_id": "1895_Geneva_Golden_Tornadoes_football_team", "title": "1895 Geneva Golden Tornadoes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1895 Geneva Golden Tornadoes football team represented the Geneva College during the 1895 college football season . The team finished with a final record of 0 -- 5 ."}
{"_id": "1997_D.C._United_season", "title": "1997 D.C. United season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 D.C. United season was the clubs ' third year of existence , as well as their second season in Major League Soccer . The United successfully defended their MLS Cup title , becoming the first and only club to consecutively win the MLS Cup , until Houston Dynamo in 2007 . Additionally , United won their first ever MLS Supporters ' Shield in 1997 , earning their first league `` double '' by winning the regular season and the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1934_Colorado_Buffaloes_football_team", "title": "1934 Colorado Buffaloes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Colorado Buffaloes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1934 college football season . Head coach Bill Saunders led the team to a 6 -- 1 -- 0 mark in the RMFAC and 6 -- 1 -- 2 overall in his third and final season . The year marked the university 's adoption of the `` Buffaloes '' nickname ."}
{"_id": "1230_in_poetry", "title": "1230 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "'Tis_the_Voice_of_the_Lobster", "title": "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster", "headings": "", "text": "'' 'T is the Voice of the Lobster '' is a poem by Lewis Carroll that appears in Chapter 10 of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . As recited by Alice to the Mock Turtle * and the Gryphon , the first stanza describes a vain and stylish lobster who pretends not to fear sharks , but is in fact terrified by them . In the second stanza , an owl naively attempts to share a meat pie with a greedy panther . `` Carroll wrote the second stanza of the nonsense poem in 1886 for the first theatrical adaptation of Alice . '' Although the poem 's final line is left incomplete , the owl 's unhappy fate is evident to the reader ."}
{"_id": "1930_in_India", "title": "1930 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1930 in India ."}
{"_id": "1995_African_Cup_Winners'_Cup", "title": "1995 African Cup Winners' Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 African Cup Winners ' Cup football club tournament was won by Jeunesse Sportive de Kabylie in two-legged final victory against Julius Berger FC ( now renamed to Bridge Boys FC ) . This was the twenty-first season that the tournament took place for the winners of each African country 's domestic cup . Twenty-eight sides entered the competition , with KAC Marrakech and Horoya AC withdrawing before the 1st leg of the first round and Étoile du Congo withdrawing after the 1st leg of the first round . Another two teams withdrew during further stages of the competition ; Wallidan before the 1st leg of the second round and AS Marsa before the 1st leg of the quarterfinals . No preliminary round took place during this season of the competition ."}
{"_id": "1943–44_Bohemian-Moravian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1943–44 Bohemian-Moravian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943-44 Bohemian-Moravian Hockey League season was the fifth and final season of the Bohemian-Moravian Hockey League . Six teams participated in the league , and LTC Prag won the championship ."}
{"_id": "17th_Infantry_Regiment_(Poland)", "title": "17th Infantry Regiment (Poland)", "headings": "", "text": "17th Infantry Regiment ( Polish language : 17 Pulk Piechoty , 17 pp ) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army . It existed from late 1918 until September 1939 . Garrisoned in Rzeszow , the unit belonged to the 24th Infantry Division from Jaroslaw ."}
{"_id": "1995_Rugby_League_World_Cup_Group_C", "title": "1995 Rugby League World Cup Group C", "headings": "", "text": "1995 Rugby League World Cup Group C was one of the three groups in the 1995 Rugby League World Cup . The group consisted of France , Wales and Western Samoa ."}
{"_id": "1939_SANFL_season", "title": "1939 SANFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 South Australian National Football League season was the 60th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia ."}
{"_id": "1913_Cleveland_Naps_season", "title": "1913 Cleveland Naps season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 Cleveland Naps season was a season in American baseball . The team finished third in the American League with a record of 86 -- 66 , 9 1/2 games behind the Philadelphia Athletics ."}
{"_id": "1898_in_basketball", "title": "1898 in basketball", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1911_in_association_football", "title": "1911 in association football", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the football ( soccer ) events of the year 1911 throughout the world ."}
{"_id": "1660_in_music", "title": "1660 in music", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1660 in music involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1988_King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_Stakes", "title": "1988 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes was a horse race held at Ascot Racecourse on Saturday 23 July 1988 . It was the 38th running of the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes .   The winner was Ahmed Al Maktoum 's Mtoto , a five-year-old bay horse trained at Newmarket , Suffolk by Alec Stewart and ridden by the South African jockey Michael Roberts . Mtoto 's victory was the first in the race for his owner , trainer and jockey . Mtoto was the first five-year-old to win the race since Park Top in 1969 ."}
{"_id": "1989_Ebel_U.S._Pro_Indoor_–_Singles", "title": "1989 Ebel U.S. Pro Indoor – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Tim Mayotte was the defending champion but lost in the final 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 against Boris Becker ."}
{"_id": "1958_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "1958 in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1958 in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1989_Italian_Open_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1989 Italian Open – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Gabriela Sabatini was the defending champion and won in the final 6 -- 2 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 against Arantxa Sánchez ."}
{"_id": "1876–77_Home_Nations_rugby_union_matches", "title": "1876–77 Home Nations rugby union matches", "headings": "", "text": "The 1876 -- 77 Home Nations rugby union matches are a series of international friendlies held between the England , Ireland and Scotland national rugby union teams ."}
{"_id": "1973_Veracruz_earthquake", "title": "1973 Veracruz earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The Veracruz earthquake of 1973 , also known as El Terremoto de Orizaba , occurred at 3:50 a.m. local time ( 9:50 GMT ) on August 28 , with the epicenter located in the vicinity of Serdan in the State of Puebla . It registered 7.0 on the Richter magnitude scale and had a maximum perceived intensity of VIII ( Severe ) on the Mercalli intensity scale . The effects of the earthquake were felt in the Mexican states of Veracruz and Puebla in southeast Mexico ."}
{"_id": "142nd_meridian", "title": "142nd meridian", "headings": "", "text": "142nd meridian may refer to :   142nd meridian east , a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian  142nd meridian west , a line of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian"}
{"_id": "1981_Prague_Skate", "title": "1981 Prague Skate", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Prague Skate was held in November 1981 . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing ."}
{"_id": "1913–14_British_Home_Championship", "title": "1913–14 British Home Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 -- 14 British Home Championship was the last British Home Championship played before the First World War . The competition was played between January and April 1914 and won by Ireland with a team that included Patrick O'Connell , Billy Gillespie , Val Harris , Louis Bookman , Samuel Young and Bill Lacey .   1913-14 was the first time Ireland won the competition outright . The Irish had been the tournament 's poorest performers over the years , but the previous year had demonstrated potential in beating England for the first time , in a 2 -- 1 win at Windsor Park . Ireland began the 1914 tournament beating Wales 2 -- 1 a in Wrexham on 19 January and then demolished England in England for the first time , winning 3 -- 0 at Ayresome Park in Middlesbrough . Ireland clinched the title on 16 March , following a 1 -- 1 draw with Scotland at Windsor Park , while England 's away victory over Wales did not salvage their poor campaign as Scotland would eventually finish as runners up , beating England 3 -- 1 at Hampden Park . It would be six years before the trophy was again contested , and it would be with substantially different teams and in a different , increasingly global era of football ."}
{"_id": "121st_Guards_Rifle_Division", "title": "121st Guards Rifle Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 121st Guards Rifle Division was formed on September 23 , 1943 , based on the first formation of the 342nd Rifle Division , in the 80th Rifle Corps of 3rd Army . During 1943 it shared a similar combat path to that of the 120th Guards Rifle Division , which was formed in the same Army about a week later . On November 26 it was given credit for its role in the liberation of Gomel and won that city 's name as an honorific . It was soon reassigned to 13th Army and would serve under that command for the rest of the war . In 1944 the division helped form the bridgehead over the Vistula at Sandomir , and in January , 1945 , joined in the breakout from this bridgehead and the subsequent advance through Poland and into Germany , earning its final honor for the capture of Wittenberg . The 121st Guards ended the war in western Czechoslovakia with a very impressive combat record ."}
{"_id": "1891_Nebraska_Old_Gold_Knights_football_team", "title": "1891 Nebraska Old Gold Knights football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1891 Nebraska Old Gold Knights football team was represented the University of Nebraska in the 1891 college football season . The team played its single home game at Lincoln Park , in Lincoln , Nebraska ."}
{"_id": "1962_Individual_Speedway_World_Championship", "title": "1962 Individual Speedway World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Individual Speedway World Championship ."}
{"_id": "1961_Liberty_Bowl", "title": "1961 Liberty Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Liberty Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game that featured the Syracuse Orangemen and the Miami Hurricanes ."}
{"_id": "1993_United_States_Interregional_Soccer_League", "title": "1993 United States Interregional Soccer League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 United States Interregional Soccer League was an American outdoor soccer season run by the United States Interregional Soccer League ."}
{"_id": "1900–01_Irish_League", "title": "1900–01 Irish League", "headings": "", "text": "The Irish League in season 1900 -- 01 comprised 6 teams , and Distillery won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1764_Cogshall", "title": "1764 Cogshall", "headings": "", "text": "1764 Cogshall , provisional designation , is a main-belt asteroid discovered on November 7 , 1953 by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in the U.S state of Indiana . The asteroid with a low orbital inclination of 2.2 degrees has an diameter of about 26 kilometers .   Named in honor of Wilbur A. Cogshall , professor of astronomy at Indiana University and director of Kirkwood Observatory . He was known for his work on visual binary stars , photography of solar eclipses , and as a teacher of many who followed professional careers in astronomy ."}
{"_id": "1992_Los_Angeles_Raiders_season", "title": "1992 Los Angeles Raiders season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Los Angeles Raiders season was their 33rd in the National Football League ( NFL ) . They were unable to improve upon their previous season 's output of 9 -- 7 , winning only seven games . This was the first time in three seasons the team failed to qualify for the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1983_Algerian_Cup_Final", "title": "1983 Algerian Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Algerian Cup Final was the 21st final of the Algerian Cup . The final took place on May 20 , 1983 , at Stade 5 Juillet 1962 in Algiers with kick-off at 19:00 . MP Alger beat ASC Oran 4-3 after extra time to win their fourth Algerian Cup ."}
{"_id": "1895_Home_Nations_Championship", "title": "1895 Home Nations Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1895 Home Nations Championship was the thirteenth series of the rugby union Home Nations Championship . Six matches were played between 5 January and 16 March . It was contested by England , Ireland , Scotland and Wales .   Scotland won all their three matches to win the championship outright for the fourth time ( excluding two other titles shared with England ) , and completed the Triple Crown for the second time ."}
{"_id": "12_Camelopardalis", "title": "12 Camelopardalis", "headings": "", "text": "12 Camelopardalis is a spectroscopic binary in the constellation Camelopardalis . It also forms a double star with 11 Camelopardalis , which is only 3 arcminutes away .   12 Camelopardalis is classified as an orange K-type giant with a mean apparent magnitude of +6.08 . The binary is an RS Canum Venaticorum type variable star and its brightness varies by 0.14 magnitudes with a period of 82.8 days . The orbital period of the binary is 80.174 days . 12 Camelopardalis is approximately 625 light years from Earth ."}
{"_id": "1986_Bluebonnet_Bowl", "title": "1986 Bluebonnet Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Bluebonnet Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game that featured the Colorado Buffaloes and the Baylor Bears ."}
{"_id": "1991_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team", "title": "1991 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their sixth year under head coach John Gutekunst , the Golden Gophers compiled a 6 -- 5 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 302 to 104 .   Offensive linemen Chip Brixius , defensive back Chris Cohen , wide receiver Omar Douglas , linebacker Dan LiSanti , running back Ken McClintock , defensive back Jeff Rosga and linebacker Lance Wolkow were named Academic All-Big Ten .   Defensive back Sean Lumpkin was awarded the Bronko Nagurski Award and Carl Eller Award . Tight end Patt Evans was awarded the Bruce Smith Award . Ken McClintock was awarded the Bobby Bell Award . Linebacker Joel Staats was awarded the Butch Nash Award . Quarterback Scott Schaffner was awarded the Paul Giel Award .   Total attendance for the season was 218,219 , which averaged out to 36,369 per game . The season high for attendance was against the San José State ."}
{"_id": "1935_Wayne_Tartars_football_team", "title": "1935 Wayne Tartars football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 Wayne Tartars football team represented Wayne University ( later renamed Wayne State University ) as an independent during the 1935 college football season . In their fourth year under head coach Joe Gembis , the Tartars compiled a 5 -- 2 -- 1 record and shut out four of eight opponents . The team defeated St. Mary 's College ( 33 -- 0 ) , Central Michigan ( 13 -- 6 ) , Buffalo ( 14 -- 0 ) , Kalamazoo College ( 13 -- 12 ) , and Hope College ( 16 -- 0 ) , lost to Eastern Michigan ( 6-16 ) and Hillsdale College ( 6 -- 7 ) , and tied with Albion College ( 0 -- 0 ) . Fred Bens was the team captain . The team played its four home games at Kelsey Field located at the corner of Fourth and Lysander in Detroit and used an old house for lockers , showers , equipment and training rooms ."}
{"_id": "1980_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships", "title": "1980 UCI Track Cycling World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling . They took place in Besançon , France in 1980 . Due to the 1980 Summer Olympics only ten events were contested , 8 for men ( 5 for professionals , 3 for amateurs ) and 2 for women ."}
{"_id": "1975_EuroHockey_Club_Champions_Cup", "title": "1975 EuroHockey Club Champions Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 EuroHockey Club Champions Cup was the second official edition of Europe 's premier field hockey club competition . It took place in Frankfurt , where it was won once again by hosts SC 1880 Frankfurt - the last of five titles in a row ."}
{"_id": "111th_Regiment_of_Foot_(Loyal_Birmingham_Volunteers)", "title": "111th Regiment of Foot (Loyal Birmingham Volunteers)", "headings": "", "text": "The 111th Regiment of Foot ( Loyal Birmingham Volunteers ) was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1794 to 1795 . It was formed in May 1794 , and was disbanded in 1795 ."}
{"_id": "1989_Latvian_SSR_Higher_League", "title": "1989 Latvian SSR Higher League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Latvian Higher League in the 1989 season ."}
{"_id": "1890_in_Russia", "title": "1890 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1890 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1987–88_Juventus_F.C._season", "title": "1987–88 Juventus F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Juventus F.C. finished sixth place in Serie A , reached the semi finals of the Coppa Italia and the round of 32 in the UEFA Cup"}
{"_id": "1982–83_Michigan_Wolverines_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1982–83 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 -- 83 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team represented the University of Michigan in intercollegiate college basketball during the 1982 -- 83 season . The team played its home games in the Crisler Arena in Ann Arbor , Michigan , and was a member of the Big Ten Conference . Under the direction of head coach Bill Frieder , the team finished ninth in the Big Ten Conference . The team failed to earn an invitation to either the 1983 National Invitation Tournament or the 1983 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . The team was unranked for all eighteen weeks of Associated Press Top Twenty-Five Poll , and it also ended the season unranked in the final USA Today/CNN Poll ."}
{"_id": "1999_Oaxaca_earthquake", "title": "1999 Oaxaca earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Oaxaca earthquake occurred on September 30 at 11:31 local time ( 16:31 UTC ) in Oaxaca , Mexico , 60 km NNW of Puerto Ángel . The epicenter was located near San Agustin Loxicha . It had a magnitude of Mw 7.4 . The maximum intensity reached MM VIII in southwestern Oaxaca , and could be felt strongly in Mexico City . The torrential rains preceding and following the temblor intensified the damage of this earthquake . 35 people were reported dead . The archeological site of the ancient Zapotec city of Monte Alban also suffered damage in this earthquake . This was an intraplate earthquake in the Cocos Plate , with a normal-faulting mechanism . The fault plane was 90 km long and 45 km wide . The maximum slip was about 2.5 m , which was located about 20 and 40 km WNW of the hypocenter . A research of M. A. Dunajecka and S. A. Pulinets showed that anomalies in temperature and humidity had been observed before the earthquake ."}
{"_id": "12th_government_of_Turkey", "title": "12th government of Turkey", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th government of Turkey ( 3 April 1939 -- 9 July 1942 ) governed Turkey during the early years of the Second World War . It is also known as the second Saydam government ."}
{"_id": "1996_du_Maurier_Open_–_Women's_Doubles", "title": "1996 du Maurier Open – Women's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Gabriela Sabatini and Brenda Schultz-McCarthy were the defending champions but lost in the semifinals to Larisa Savchenko and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario .   Savchenko and Sánchez Vicario won in the final 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 against Mary Joe Fernández and Helena Suková ."}
{"_id": "1998_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_hammer_throw", "title": "1998 European Athletics Championships – Women's hammer throw", "headings": "", "text": "The final of the Women 's Hammer Throw event at the 1998 European Championships in Budapest , Hungary was held on Saturday August 22 , 1998 . There were a total number of 35 participating athletes . The qualifying rounds were staged a day earlier , on Friday August 21 , with the mark set at 61.50 metres . It was the first time in history that women competed in the hammer throw at the European Championships ."}
{"_id": "1979_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships", "title": "1979 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships ( 1979 WJHC ) was the third edition of the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships and was held from 27 December 1978 until 3 January 1979 . The tournament was held in Karlstad and Karlskoga , Sweden . The Soviet Union won its third consecutive gold medal , while Czechoslovakia won the silver , and Sweden the bronze ."}
{"_id": "1962_Miami_Hurricanes_football_team", "title": "1962 Miami Hurricanes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Miami Hurricanes football team represented the University of Miami in the 1962 college football season . The team 's offense scored 189 points while the defense allowed 217 points . The Hurricanes competed in the final Gotham Bowl , held at Yankee Stadium . Just 6,166 people came to the game , in which the Nebraska defeated Miami , 36 -- 34 . . It was the only college bowl game ever played at the stadium ."}
{"_id": "1998_Oakland_Athletics_season", "title": "1998 Oakland Athletics season", "headings": "", "text": "The Oakland Athletics ' 1998 season saw the A 's finish with a record of 74 wins and 88 losses . The campaign was the first of the Billy Beane era . While the Athletics finished a distant fourth in the AL West , they improved upon the prior year 's dismal output of 65-97 .   The strong play of Jason Giambi , Matt Stairs and Kenny Rogers highlighted an otherwise forgettable campaign . Rogers ' performance was particularly impressive ; in arguably the finest season of his career , he won 16 games and posted a 3.17 Earned Run Average ( both were the best full-season marks by an Athletics starter since 1992 ) . Additionally , the 1998 season marked Rickey Henderson 's fourth ( and final ) stint with the Athletics . Henderson , at the age of 39 , stole a total 66 bases ; this total lead the league in that category . Lastly , rookie Ben Grieve collected a Rookie of the Year ( ROY ) award for his solid debut season . The award was the Athletics ' first since Walt Weiss received one in 1988 .   The Athletics posted a winning record in 1999 . The organization , under Beane , would not post another losing season until 2007 ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Chelsea_F.C._season", "title": "1996–97 Chelsea F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1996 -- 97 English football season , Chelsea competed in the Premier League ."}
{"_id": "1969_Copa_del_Generalísimo", "title": "1969 Copa del Generalísimo", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Copa del Generalísimo is the 67th staging of the Spanish Cup . The competition began on May 4 , 1969 , and concluded on June 15 , 1969 , with the final ."}
{"_id": "17_(Motel_album)", "title": "17 (Motel album)", "headings": "", "text": "17 is the second studio album by Mexican Latin rock band Motel ."}
{"_id": "1927_VPI_Gobblers_football_team", "title": "1927 VPI Gobblers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 VPI Gobblers football team represented Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute in the 1927 college football season . The team was led by their head coach Andy Gustafson and finished with a record of five wins and four losses ( 5 -- 4 ) ."}
{"_id": "(Can_You)_Feel_the_Passion", "title": "(Can You) Feel the Passion", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( Can You ) Feel the Passion '' is a 1991 rave-theme House song recorded , written , and produced by the American/British group Blue Pearl . The single is to date the act 's best known song , which had better success in the United States , hitting No. 1 on both Billboard 's Hot Dance Club Play chart and the UK Dance Chart in 1992 , while reaching No. 14 on the UK Singles Chart ."}
{"_id": "1957_Los_Angeles_State_Diablos_football_team", "title": "1957 Los Angeles State Diablos football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 Los Angeles State Diablos football team represented Los Angeles StateCalifornia State University , Los Angeles was known as Los Angeles State College of Applied Arts and Sciences from 1947 -- 1963 . See : Cal State LA during the 1957 College Division football season .   Los Angeles State competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . The team was led by seventh-year head coach Leonard ( Bud ) Adams , who had been the leader of the team since the school started playing intercollegiate football in 1951 . The Diablos played their four home games at four separate sites . They finished the season with a record of five wins and four losses ( 5 -- 4 , 1 -- 1 CCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1980_European_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1980 European Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 European Figure Skating Championships were the European Figure Skating Championships of the 1979 -- 1980 season . Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU member nations competed for the title of European champion . Skaters competed in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing .   In 1980 , the European Championships were held in Gothenburg , Sweden ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_Cincinnati_Royals_season", "title": "1963–64 Cincinnati Royals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 season was the Royals 16th season in the NBA and its 7th in Cincinnati . The Royals finished in 2nd place with a 55 -- 25 record , the second best record in the NBA .  The team 's outstanding roster included Oscar Robertson , Jerry Lucas , Team Captain Wayne Embry , Jack Twyman , Bucky Bockhorn , Bob Boozer , Tom Hawkins , Adrian Smith , Bud Olsen , Larry Staverman and coach Jack McMahon .  The team is noteworthy for having both the NBA MVP in Robertson and the NBA Rookie of the Year in Lucas , a rare occurrence in NBA history .  The team played most of their home games at Cincinnati Gardens arena , but also hosted home games that season in Dayton , Lima , Columbus at Saint John arena and Cleveland at Cleveland Arena .  In the playoffs the Royals defeated the Philadelphia 76ers in a 5-game series , but both Lucas and Olsen would be lost to injury . In the Eastern Conference Final , the Royals were eliminated by the Boston Celtics , who triumphed in 5 games ."}
{"_id": "1985_in_association_football", "title": "1985 in association football", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the football ( soccer ) events of the year 1985 throughout the world ."}
{"_id": "1990s_in_fashion", "title": "1990s in fashion", "headings": "", "text": "For the majority of the decade , 1990s fashion in Europe , Oceania , Asia , and America was defined by a return to minimalist fashion contrasted to the more elaborate and flashy trends of the 1980s . One notable shift in the western world was the mainstream adoption of tattoos , body piercings aside from ear piercing and to a lesser extent , other forms of body modification such as branding .   In the early 1990s , several late 1980s fashions remained very stylish among both sexes . However , the popularity of grunge and alternative rock music helped bring the simple , unkempt grunge look into the mainstream by 1992 . The anti-conformist approach to fashion led to the popularisation of the casual chic look ; this included T-shirts , jeans , hoodies , and sneakers , a trend which continued into the 2000s ( decade ) . Additionally , fashion trends throughout the decade recycled styles from previous decades , notably the 1950s , 1960s and 1970s .   Due to increased availability of the internet and satellite television outside of the United States , plus the reduction of import tariffs under NAFTA , fashion became more globalized and homogeneous in the late 1990s and early 2000s ."}
{"_id": "1925_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team", "title": "1925 Vanderbilt Commodores football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1925 Southern Conference football season . The 1925 season was Dan McGugin 's 21st year as head coach ."}
{"_id": "1994_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_4_×_400_metres_relay", "title": "1994 European Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 4 x 400 metres relay event at the 1994 European Athletics Championships was held in Helsinki , Finland , at Helsinki Olympic Stadium on 13 and 14 August 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1911_in_Australian_literature", "title": "1911 in Australian literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1911 .   For an overview of world literature see 1911 in literature .   See also :  1910 in Australian literature ,  1911 in Australia ,  1912 in Australian literature ."}
{"_id": "1988_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_400_metres", "title": "1988 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 400 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 400 metres event at the 1988 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 5 and 6 March ."}
{"_id": "11:11_(Sasha_Sokol_album)", "title": "11:11 (Sasha Sokol album)", "headings": "", "text": "After five years of absence , Sasha Sökol returned her music career with 11:11 . Different musicians collaborated with her , Julieta Venegas , Nacho Maño from Presuntos Implicados , Juan Pablo Manzanero and Jorge Reyes . It includes cover versions of Suzanne Vega , Nino Ferrer , Nina Hagen and Marry Me Jane . First Single `` Serás el Aire '' was a huge success . She started an acoustic tour to promote this record ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Boston_Bruins_season", "title": "1991–92 Boston Bruins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 Boston Bruins season saw the Bruins finish in second place in the Adams Division with a record of 36 wins , 32 losses , and 12 ties for 84 points . They defeated the Buffalo Sabres in seven games in the Division Semi-final and swept the Montreal Canadiens in the Division Finals before being swept themselves in the Wales Conference Finals by the eventual Stanley Cup champion Pittsburgh Penguins ."}
{"_id": "11th_Parachute_Brigade_(France)", "title": "11th Parachute Brigade (France)", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Parachute Brigade ( -LSB- -LSB- -LSB- List of French paratrooper units , 11e Brigade Parachutiste -RSB- -RSB- , -LSB- -LSB- List of French paratrooper units , 11e BP -RSB- -RSB- -RSB- ) is a unit of the French Army , dominantly infantry , part of the French Airborne Units and specialized in air combat and air assault . The Brigade 's primary vocation is to project in emergency in order to contribute a first response to a situational crisis . An elite unit of the French Army , the brigade is commanded by a général de brigade ( Brigadier General ) with headquarters based in Balma near Toulouse . The Brigade 's soldiers and airborne Marines wear the red beret ( amaranth ) except for the Legionnaires of the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment who wear Green beret of the French Foreign Legion .   The 11th Parachute Brigade originally the 11th Light Intervention Division ( 11e DLI ) was created from airborne units contingents of the 10th Parachute Division 10e D.P and 25th Parachute Division 25e D.P of France , both dissolved following the Algiers putsch of 1961 during the Algerian War ."}
{"_id": "1965_The_Citadel_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1965 The Citadel Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel , The Military College of South Carolina in the 1965 college football season . Eddie Teague served as head coach for the ninth season . The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Conference and played home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1948_in_organized_crime", "title": "1948 in organized crime", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1947 in organized crime ,  other events of 1948 ,  1949 in organized crime and the  list of ` years in Organized Crime ' ."}
{"_id": "...And_They_Obey", "title": "...And They Obey", "headings": "", "text": "`` And They Obey '' is a song by English band Kinesis , released as their first single in 2002 .   The song 's first release was on the band 's Worship Yourself EP , in 2001 . It was re-recorded at Ionian Studios , Bolton using multi tracks and released as a CD single on 25 February 2002 ."}
{"_id": "1892_Sewanee_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1892 Sewanee Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1892 Sewanee Tigers football team represented the Sewanee Tigers of Sewanee : The University of the South in the 1892 season . In their second ever season as a full-time squad , the Tigers posted a 5 -- 1 -- 1 record ."}
{"_id": "1821_in_paleontology", "title": "1821 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1997_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships", "title": "1997 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 IIHF World U20 Championship were held in Geneva and Morges , Switzerland . The tournament was won by Canada , who won their record fifth-straight gold medal with a 2 -- 0 victory over the United States in the gold medal match . Mike York of the United States was the top scorer in the tournament , with five goals and five assists for ten points .   The tournament all-star team selected upon the conclusion of the tournament included forwards Mike York ( United States ) , Sergei Samsonov ( Russia ) and Christian Dube ( Canada ) ; defencemen Mark Streit ( Switzerland ) and Chris Phillips ( Canada ) ; and goaltender Brian Boucher ( United States ) .   Notable future National Hockey League ( NHL ) stars that played in this year 's tournament included Joe Thornton ( Canada ) , Daniel Brière ( Canada ) and Marián Hossa ( Slovakia ) ."}
{"_id": "110th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry", "title": "110th New York Volunteer Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 110th New York Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1951–52_SK_Rapid_Wien_season", "title": "1951–52 SK Rapid Wien season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1965_Philadelphia_Eagles_season", "title": "1965 Philadelphia Eagles season", "headings": "", "text": "The Philadelphia Eagles had a season of 5 wins to 9 losses out of the 14 games they played . The coach of the Eagles in the season was Joe Kuharich , and the owner was Jerry Wolman . The Eagles began the season with a win against the St. Louis Cardinals that followed with a loss against the New York Giants . In the season , for every win they had a loss followed . The Eagles lost four games in a row after winning against the Dallas Cowboys . Those chains of losses caused the team to fall into 5th place of the NFL Eastern Division , cost them from entering the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "17th_Air_Army", "title": "17th Air Army", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th Air Army ( 17-я воздушная армия ) was an Air army of the Red Air Force and Soviet Air Forces from 1942 ."}
{"_id": "1929_in_Mandatory_Palestine", "title": "1929 in Mandatory Palestine", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1929 in the British Mandate of Palestine ."}
{"_id": "1927–28_Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C._season", "title": "1927–28 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Huddersfield Town 's 1927-28 campaign was the last season of Town 's true dominance of English football . They finished 2nd behind Everton , although if they had won all their last 3 games , they would have won the title , but they only beat Portsmouth and lost Sheffield United and Aston Villa . They also reached their 3rd FA Cup Final , losing to Blackburn Rovers in controversial circumstances ."}
{"_id": "1714_in_Norway", "title": "1714 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1714 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1955_Estonian_SSR_Football_Championship", "title": "1955 Estonian SSR Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 Estonian SSR Football Championship was won by Tallinna Kalev ."}
{"_id": "1989_Recopa_Sudamericana", "title": "1989 Recopa Sudamericana", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Recopa Sudamericana was the first Recopa Sudamericana , a football competition for South American clubs that won the previous year 's two most important competitions in the continent : the Copa Libertadores and the Supercopa Sudamericana . The inaugural edition was disputed between Nacional , winners of the 1988 Copa Libertadores , and Racing , winners of the 1988 Supercopa Sudamericana . The first leg was played on January 31 in Montevideo , while the second leg was played in Buenos Aires on February 6 .   Nacional won the final series 4-1 on points as Daniel Fonseca of Nacional scored the first goal of the competition as well as the only one in this final ."}
{"_id": "1869_in_Argentina", "title": "1869 in Argentina", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1982–83_Algerian_Cup", "title": "1982–83 Algerian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 -- 83 Algerian Cup is the 21st edition of the Algerian Cup . DNC Alger are the defending champions , having beaten NA Hussein Dey 2 -- 1 in the previous season 's final ."}
{"_id": "1958_New_Zealand_Grand_Prix", "title": "1958 New Zealand Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 New Zealand Grand Prix was a motor race held at the Ardmore Circuit on 11 January 1958 ."}
{"_id": "1982_Thomas_Cup", "title": "1982 Thomas Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Thomas Cup was the 12th tournament of Thomas Cup , the most important men 's badminton team competition in the world . The final round was held in London , England .   China won its first title after beating Indonesia in the final round ."}
{"_id": "1994_Heathrow_mortar_attacks", "title": "1994 Heathrow mortar attacks", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Heathrow mortar attacks were a series of homemade mortar bomb attacks targeted at Heathrow Airport carried out by the Provisional IRA . Over a five-day period , Heathrow was targeted three times ( 9 , 11 , and 13 March ) by the IRA , which fired 12 mortars rounds . Heathrow was a symbolic target due to its importance to the United Kingdom 's economy , and much disruption was caused when areas of the airport were closed over the period due to the IRA attacks . The gravity of the incident was heightened by the fact that Queen Elizabeth II was being flown back to Heathrow by the RAF on 10 March ."}
{"_id": "1907_Copa_del_Rey_Final", "title": "1907 Copa del Rey Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1907 Copa del Rey Final was the 5th final of the Copa del Rey , the Spanish football cup competition . The match took place on 30 March 1907 at the Hipódromo , Madrid . The match was contested by Club Bizcaya and Madrid CF.   This match was not exactly a final , as the tournament was a round-robin tournament . Nevertheless , both teams finished with 6 points , son this tiebreaker playoff final was played .   Madrid FC lifted the trophy for the third time in a row and thus won the trophy in property ."}
{"_id": "1962_in_Argentine_football", "title": "1962 in Argentine football", "headings": "", "text": "1962 in Argentine football saw Boca Juniors win the Argentine Primera . Racing Club were Argentina 's representatives in the Copa Libertadores where they were eliminated in the first round ."}
{"_id": "12th_Virginia_Cavalry", "title": "12th Virginia Cavalry", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia .   Virginia 's 12th Cavalry Regiment ( originally called 10th Regiment ) was organized at Conrad 's Store , Virginia , in June 1862 , with ten companies from the 7th Virginia Cavalry regiment , which consisted of twenty-nine companies at the time .   The unit served in W.E. Jones ' , Rosser 's , and J. Dearing 's Brigade , Army of Northern Virginia . It fought in Northern Virginia , in the Maryland Campaign , at Brandy Station , then was involved in various conflicts in the western part of Virginia . The regiment continued the fight at Bristoe and Mine Run , in the battles around The Wilderness and Cold Harbor , and in Early 's operations in the Shenandoah Valley .   During mid-April , 1865 , it disbanded . The field officers were Colonel Asher W. Harman , Lieutenant Colonels Richard H. Burks and Thomas B. Massie , and Major John L. Knott ."}
{"_id": "1982_VFL_draft", "title": "1982 VFL draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Victorian Football League ( VFL ) draft was the second annual national draft held by the VFL , the leading Australian rules football league .   Held on 19 October 1982 , all twelve VFL clubs participated in the draft , each having two picks , with the team finishing last in the 1982 VFL season having first choice , followed by the other eleven clubs in reverse finishing position order . Wooden spooners Footscray Football Club named East Fremantle ruckman Andrew Purser as the first pick of the draft .   The draft was limited to players aged sixteen and above in non-Victorian based competitions and tied players wishing to move to Victoria to the club that drafted them .  Eleven South Australians were named , with eight Western Australians , three Tasmanians and two Queenslanders also drafted .   The draft , introduced as an equalisation strategy in response to the increasing transfer fees and player salaries at the time , was discontinued after the 1982 Draft , following requests from Melbourne and Geelong officials to consider a moratorium on interstate transfers , aimed at allowing South and Western Australian clubs hit by the draft to recover . The draft did not reoccur until 1986 and has been held every year since ."}
{"_id": "13th_Infantry_Brigade_(Hungary)", "title": "13th Infantry Brigade (Hungary)", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th Infantry Brigade was a formation of the Royal Hungarian Army that participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II ."}
{"_id": "168th_(2nd_London)_Brigade", "title": "168th (2nd London) Brigade", "headings": "", "text": "The 168th ( 2nd London ) Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army that saw service during both World War I and World War II . Throughout its existence , serving under many different titles and designations , the brigade was an integral part of the 56th ( London ) Infantry Division . It served on the Western Front during World War I and in the Italian Campaign during World War II . It was finally disbanded in the 1960s ."}
{"_id": "1929_Dissolution_Honours", "title": "1929 Dissolution Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 Dissolution Honours List was issued on 28 June 1929 at the advice of outgoing Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin ."}
{"_id": "1999_Skate_America", "title": "1999 Skate America", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Skate America was the first event of six in the 1999 -- 2000 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating , a senior-level international invitational competition series . It was held at the World Arena in Colorado Springs , Colorado on October 27 -- 31 . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing . Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 1999 -- 2000 Grand Prix Final . The compulsory dance was the Viennese Waltz ."}
{"_id": "148th_Regiment_Royal_Armoured_Corps", "title": "148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps", "headings": "", "text": "The 148th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps ( 148 RAC ) was an armoured regiment of the British Army 's Royal Armoured Corps during World War II . It fought in the invasion of Normandy in 1944 ."}
{"_id": "105th_Division", "title": "105th Division", "headings": "", "text": "In military terms , 105th Division may refer to :"}
{"_id": "1997_Utah_Utes_football_team", "title": "1997 Utah Utes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The Utes were unable to get another bowl bid in the 1997 season , going just 6 -- 5 . This was also the last season in the old Rice Stadium . Immediately after the final home game ( against ) , the stadium was torn down and rebuilt into the new Rice -- Eccles Stadium , partly in anticipation of the upcoming 2002 Olympic Games ."}
{"_id": "1907_Rudneva", "title": "1907 Rudneva", "headings": "", "text": "1907 Rudneva , provisional designation , is a moderately bright , stony asteroid from the main-belt , about 11 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on September 11 , 1972 , by Ukrainian astronomer Nikolai Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj .   The assumed S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.4 -- 2.7 AU once every 4 years ( 1,484 days ) . It has a long rotation period of 44 hours and a geometric albedo of about 0.20 .   It is named after Ukrainian-born Evgeniya Maksimovna Rudneva ( 1920 -- 1944 ) a member of the Astronomical -- Geodetical Society of the U.S.S.R. , head of the solar department , and Hero of the Soviet Union . She voluntarily joined the army as a navigator in the all-female Night Bombers Aviation Regiment , known as the Night Witches . She died in April 1944 , while flying her 645th combat mission ."}
{"_id": "1958_Santos_FC_season", "title": "1958 Santos FC season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 season was the forty-seventh season for Santos FC ."}
{"_id": "1891_in_art", "title": "1891 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1973_Fiesta_Bowl", "title": "1973 Fiesta Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Fiesta Bowl matched the Arizona State Sun Devils and the Pittsburgh Panthers ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Eccellenza_Friuli_–_Venezia_Giulia", "title": "1992–93 Eccellenza Friuli – Venezia Giulia", "headings": "", "text": "Eccellenza Friuli - Venezia Giulia 1992-1993 was the 6th level of Italian football , and it was the highest one in this region .   This is the 1st season of Eccellenza , 16 clubs took part in :  12 clubs come from Eccellenza 1991 -- 92  2 clubs were relegated from Interregionale 1991-92  2 clubs were promoted from Prima Categoria Friuli - Venezia Giulia 1991-92 ."}
{"_id": "1914_Star", "title": "1914 Star", "headings": "", "text": "The 1914 Star , colloquially known as the Mons Star , is a British World War I campaign medal for service in France or Belgium between 5 August and 22 November 1914 ."}
{"_id": "1237", "title": "1237", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1237 ( MCCXXXVII ) was a common year starting on Thursday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1202_in_Scotland", "title": "1202 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1202 in the Kingdom of Scotland ."}
{"_id": "10th_Manitoba_Legislature", "title": "10th Manitoba Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The members of the 10th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in December 1899 . The legislature sat from March 29 , 1900 , to June 25 , 1903 .   The Conservatives led by Hugh John Macdonald formed the government . After Macdonald resigned in 1900 to run for a federal seat , Rodmond Roblin became party leader and premier .   Thomas Greenway of the Liberal Party was Leader of the Opposition .   William Hespeler served as speaker for the assembly .   There were four sessions of the 10th Legislature :   James Colebrooke Patterson was Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba until October 10 , 1900 , when Daniel Hunter McMillan became lieutenant governor ."}
{"_id": "1988_LSU_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1988 LSU Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . The LSU offense scored 249 points while the defense allowed 204 points ."}
{"_id": "1968–69_Philadelphia_76ers_season", "title": "1968–69 Philadelphia 76ers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968-69 NBA season was the 76ers 20th season in the NBA and 6th season in Philadelphia . The team would post a record of 55 -- 27 . In the opening round of the playoffs they lost to the Boston Celtics 4-1 , with three of the losses coming at the Spectrum . Without Wilt Chamberlain , the 76ers turned to Lucious Jackson to be the center on a more up tempo , fast breaking syle to be run by new Head Coach Jack Ramsey , but Jackson suffered a major injury during the season and was never the same player ."}
{"_id": "1953_NFL_Championship_Game", "title": "1953 NFL Championship Game", "headings": "", "text": "The National Football League championship game was the 21st annual championship game , held on December 27 at Briggs Stadium in Detroit .   The defending NFL champion Detroit Lions ( 10 -- 2 ) of the Western Conference were led by quarterback Bobby Layne and running back Doak Walker , and the Cleveland Browns ( 11 -- 1 ) of the Eastern Conference were led by head coach Paul Brown and quarterback Otto Graham . The game was a rematch of the previous year , which was won by the Lions , 17 -- 7 .  This was the Browns ' fourth consecutive NFL championship game appearance since joining the league in , and they were favored by three points .   The Lions were attempting to become the third team in the championship game era ( since 1933 ) to win two titles in a row , following the Chicago Bears ( 1940 , 1941 ) and Philadelphia Eagles ( 1948 , 1949 ) .   The home underdog Lions rallied in the fourth quarter with a late touchdown and conversion to win by a single point , 17 -- 16 . The two teams met the following year for a third consecutive title match-up ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Scottish_Premier_Division", "title": "1997–98 Scottish Premier Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 Scottish Premier Division season was the last season of Scottish Football League Premier Division football before the change to the Scottish Premier League . It began on 1 August 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1740s_in_South_Africa", "title": "1740s in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1964–65_Liga_Gimel", "title": "1964–65 Liga Gimel", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 -- 65 Liga Gimel season saw 162 clubs competing in 14 regional divisions for promotion to Liga Bet .   Hapoel Hatzor , Hapoel Kafr Yasif , Maccabi Kiryat Yam , Hapoel Sde Nahum , Beitar Tirat HaCarmel , Hapoel Binyamina , Hapoel HaSharon HaTzfoni , Hapoel Sha'ariya , Elite Ramat Gan , Beitar Holon , Maccabi Kiryat Malakhi , Hapoel Beit Shemesh , Beitar Ashkelon and Hapoel Yeruham won their regional divisions and qualified for the Promotion play-offs .   At the Promotion play-offs , Hapoel Sde Nahum , Hapoel Binyamina , Maccabi Kiryat Yam and Beitar Tirat HaCarmel were promoted to Liga Bet from the North play-offs , whilst Hapoel Sha'ariya , Hapoel Beit Shemesh , Elite Ramat Gan and Beitar Holon were promoted to Liga Bet from the South play-offs ."}
{"_id": "1966_New_York_Jets_season", "title": "1966 New York Jets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 New York Jets season was the seventh season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) . The season began with the team trying to improve on their 5 -- 8 -- 1 record from 1965 under head coach Weeb Ewbank . The Jets finished the season 6 -- 6 -- 2 ."}
{"_id": "1101_in_Ireland", "title": "1101 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1101 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1948_European_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1948 European Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 European Figure Skating Championships were the European Figure Skating Championships of the 1947-1948 season . Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU Member Nations , in adtdition to the United States and Canada , competed for the title of European Champion . Skaters competed in the disciplines of ladies ' singles , men 's singles , and pair skating . Because North Americans were allowed to participate , the best European single skaters , Eva Pawlik of Austria and Hans Gerschwiler of Switzerland , were awarded only the European Silver Medals . That was the reason the International Skating Union restricted the 1949 Europeans and all the following European Championships to European skaters .   In 1948 , the European Championships were held in Prague , Czechoslovakia ."}
{"_id": "1975_São_Paulo_FC_season", "title": "1975 São Paulo FC season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 football season was São Paulo 's 46th season since club 's existence ."}
{"_id": "1960_French_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1960 French motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 French motorcycle Grand Prix was the first round of the 1960 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on 22 May 1960 at the Clermont-Ferrand circuit ."}
{"_id": "1999_East_Timorese_crisis", "title": "1999 East Timorese crisis", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 East Timorese crisis began with attacks by anti-independence militants on civilians , and expanded to general violence throughout the country , centred in the capital Dili . The violence erupted after a majority of eligible voters in the population of East Timor chose independence from Indonesia . Some 1,400 civilians are believed to have died . A UN-authorized force ( INTERFET ) consisting mainly of Australian Defence Force personnel was deployed to East Timor to establish and maintain peace ."}
{"_id": "1997_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Boys'_Doubles", "title": "1997 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Daniele Bracciali and Jocelyn Robichaud were the defending champions , but both turned 18 years old during the season and , therefore , were unable to compete in Juniors .   Luis Horna and Nicolás Massú won the title by defeating Jaco van der Westhuizen and Wesley Whitehouse 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 in the final . It was the 2nd Grand Slam title for Horna and the 1st Grand Slam title for Massú in their respective doubles careers ."}
{"_id": "16th_Street_Bridge_(Washington,_D.C.)", "title": "16th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.)", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Street Bridge , also known as the Piney Branch Bridge , is an automobile and pedestrian bridge that carries 16th Street NW over Piney Branch and Piney Branch Parkway in Washington , D.C. . It was the first parabolic arch bridge in the United States . Construction on the first span began in 1905 as part of the northward extension of 16th Street , and was finished in 1907 but was never opened to traffic . The second span began construction in 1909 and was completed in 1910 . The bridge was renovated in 1990 , and again beginning in October 2014 .   The bridge , which spans the Piney Branch addition to Rock Creek Park , sits at the corner of four Washington , D.C. , neighborhoods : Sixteenth Street Heights , Crestwood , Columbia Heights , and Mount Pleasant ."}
{"_id": "199th", "title": "199th", "headings": "", "text": "199th may refer to :   199th ( Manchester ) Brigade , formation of the British Army during the First World War  199th Battalion Duchess of Connaught 's Own Irish Rangers , CEF , unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War  199th Brigade ( People 's Republic of China ) , one of the five maneuver elements of the 26th Group Army in the Jinan Military Region  199th Fighter Squadron , unit of the Hawaii Air National Guard 154th Wing located at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam , Honolulu , Hawaii  199th Infantry Brigade ( United States ) , unit of the United States Army  199th New York State Legislature , the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly , from January 1 , 2011 to June 24 , 2012  199th Street ( Manhattan )  National Lampoon The 199th Birthday Book , American humor book that was issued in 1975 in paperback  Pennsylvania 's 199th Representative District"}
{"_id": "16_Persei", "title": "16 Persei", "headings": "", "text": "16 Persei ( 16 Per ) is a class F2III ( yellow-white giant ) star in the constellation Perseus . Its apparent magnitude is 4.22 and it is approximately 120.8 light years away based on parallax .   It has two reported companions : B , with magnitude 12.8 and separation 76.7 '' , and C , with magnitude 10.43 and separation 234 '' ."}
{"_id": "1,2-Benzoquinone", "title": "1,2-Benzoquinone", "headings": "", "text": "1,2-Benzoquinone , also called ortho-benzoquinone , is an organic compound with formula | C = 6 | H = 4 | O = 2 . It is one of the two isomers of quinone , the other being 1,4-benzoquinone . It is a red volatile solid that is soluble in water and ethyl ether . It is rarely encountered because of its instability , but it is of fundamental interest as the parent ortho-quinone , of which many analogues are known ."}
{"_id": "1850_in_paleontology", "title": "1850 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "185th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)", "title": "185th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)", "headings": "", "text": "The 185th Infantry Brigade ( 185 Bde ) was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army raised during World War II that participated in the Normandy landings of 6 June 1944 , fighting in the Normandy Campaign and the subsequent campaign in North-West Europe with the 3rd British Infantry Division ."}
{"_id": "1640s_BC", "title": "1640s BC", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1982_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Men's_Doubles", "title": "1982 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Peter Fleming and John McEnroe were the defending champions but lost to Peter McNamara and Paul McNamee in the final , 3 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 ."}
{"_id": "16th_IIFA_Awards", "title": "16th IIFA Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 2015 IIFA Awards , officially known as the 16th International Indian Film Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the International Indian Film Academy honouring the best Hindi films of 2014 , took place on 5 June 2015 . The official ceremony took place on 7 June 2015 in Ritz Carlton Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The ceremony was televised in India and internationally on Colors for the first time . The ceremony was co-hosted by actors Arjun Kapoor and Ranveer Singh , for the first time as hosts . This show was telecasted on colors on Sunday 5 July 2015 , 8pm .   IIFA Rocks , otherwise known as the IIFA Music and Fashion Extravaganza took place on 5 June 2015 ."}
{"_id": "1946–47_WIHL_season", "title": "1946–47 WIHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The first season of the Western International Hockey League was 1946-1947 . The West Kootenay League expanded to Los Angeles and Spokane and changed its name ."}
{"_id": "1913–14_Tennessee_Volunteers_basketball_team", "title": "1913–14 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 -- 14 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team represents the University of Tennessee during the 1913 -- 14 college men 's basketball season . The head coach was Zora G. Clevenger coaching the team in his second season . The Volunteers team captain was Victor H. Klein ."}
{"_id": "1815_in_science", "title": "1815 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1815 in science and technology involved some significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "1950–51_Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C._season", "title": "1950–51 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Huddersfield Town 's 1950 -- 51 campaign continued Town 's post-war form of narrowly surviving relegation to Division Two . They finished in 19th place , just four points clear of the three teams below them , Chelsea , who survived relegation and the unlucky twosome of Sheffield Wednesday and Everton ."}
{"_id": "102_Dalmatians", "title": "102 Dalmatians", "headings": "", "text": "102 Dalmatians is a 2000 American family comedy film directed by Kevin Lima in his live-action directorial debut and produced by Edward S. Feldman and Walt Disney Pictures . It is the sequel to the 1996 film 101 Dalmatians and stars Glenn Close reprising her role as Cruella de Vil as she attempts to steal puppies for her `` grandest '' fur coat yet . Close and Tim McInnerny were the only two actors from the first film to return for the sequel , however . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Costume Design , but lost to Gladiator ."}
{"_id": "1989–90_Phoenix_Suns_season", "title": "1989–90 Phoenix Suns season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 -- 90 NBA season was the 21st season for the Phoenix Suns in the National Basketball Association . Cotton Fitzsimmons was head coach for a club that returned to the Western Conference Finals . All home games were played at Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum . The Suns finished third in the Pacific Division with a 54 -- 28 record . In the first round of the playoffs , the Suns defeated the 4th-seeded Utah Jazz in five games . In the semifinals , they upset the top-seeded Los Angeles Lakers in five games , but lost to the Portland Trail Blazers four games to two in the Western Conference Finals .   The season was highlighted by Tom Chambers setting a franchise record for points scored in one game , when on February 18 , he scored 56 points on the road against Golden State Warriors . Just over a month later , he would break his own record when he scored 60 against Seattle SuperSonics on March 24 . Chamber 's record would be broken by Devin Booker on March 24th 2017 by scoring 70 points against the Boston Celtics .   Last season 's Most Improved Player Kevin Johnson was selected to the 1990 NBA All-Star Game along with Chambers . It was his first All-Star selection ."}
{"_id": "14th_Infantry_Brigade_(Hungary)", "title": "14th Infantry Brigade (Hungary)", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th Infantry Brigade was a formation of the Royal Hungarian Army that participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II ."}
{"_id": "1805_in_archaeology", "title": "1805 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1805 in archaeology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1965_Governor_General's_Awards", "title": "1965 Governor General's Awards", "headings": "", "text": "Each winner of the 1965 Governor General 's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts ."}
{"_id": "1897_in_Denmark", "title": "1897 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1897 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1982_Cincinnati_Reds_season", "title": "1982 Cincinnati Reds season", "headings": "", "text": "The Cincinnati Reds ' 1982 season was a season in American baseball . It consisted of the Reds finishing in sixth place in the National League West , with a record of 61-101 , 28 games behind of the Atlanta Braves . The Reds played their home games at Riverfront Stadium . John McNamara managed the club to a 34-58 start before being replaced in late-July by Russ Nixon , who compiled a 27-43 record the rest of the year . 1982 was the first time that the Reds finished in last place since 1937 , as well as their first losing season since 1971 , the team 's first full season at Riverfront ."}
{"_id": "1910_Penang_conference", "title": "1910 Penang conference", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 Penang conference was a meeting held in Penang 404 Dato ' Kramat road on November 13 , 1910 , by Sun Yat-sen to stage a major revolt . The following day , on November 14 , 1910 , Sun Yat-sen chaired an Emergency Meeting of the Tongmenghui at 120 Armenian Street , now the Sun Yat Sen Museum Penang , and raised Straits Dollars $ 8,000 on the spot . The meeting focused on fund raising and the planning of a final revolution to overthrow the Qing government that would make or break the Tongmenghui ."}
{"_id": "1957_NCAA_Cross_Country_Championships", "title": "1957 NCAA Cross Country Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 NCAA Cross Country Championships were the 19th annual cross country meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men 's collegiate cross country running in the United States . Held on November 25 , 1957 , the meet was hosted by Michigan State University at the Forest Akers East Golf Course in East Lansing , Michigan . The distance for the race was 4 miles ( 6.4 kilometers ) .   With the NCAA establishing a College Division championship the following year in 1958 , this was the final NCAA cross country championship for which all NCAA members were eligible . In total , 17 teams and 124 individual runners contested this championship .   The team national championship was won by the Notre Dame Fighting Irish , their second . The individual championship was won by Max Truex , from USC , with a record time of 19:12.30 . Truex 's event distance record would remain in place until the distance for the championship race was changed to 6 miles in 1965 ."}
{"_id": "1894_in_literature", "title": "1894 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1894 ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_St._Louis_Blues_season", "title": "1998–99 St. Louis Blues season", "headings": "", "text": "Despite the loss of Brett Hull the Blues made the playoffs for the 20th straight season by finishing in 2nd place with a record of 37 -- 32 -- 13 ."}
{"_id": "1951_Pittsburgh_Panthers_football_team", "title": "1951 Pittsburgh Panthers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1951 college football season . The team compiled a 3 -- 7 record under head coach Tom Hamilton ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Chicago_Bulls_season", "title": "1972–73 Chicago Bulls season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972-73 NBA season was the Bulls ' 7th season in the NBA ."}
{"_id": "1608_in_music", "title": "1608 in music", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1608 in music involved some significant events and new musical works ."}
{"_id": "1998_Montreal_Expos_season", "title": "1998 Montreal Expos season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "168_Sibylla", "title": "168 Sibylla", "headings": "", "text": "168 Sibylla is a large main-belt asteroid , discovered by Canadian-American astronomer J. C. Watson on September 28 , 1876 . Based upon its spectrum this object is classified as a C-type asteroid , which indicates it is very dark and composed of primitive carbonaceous materials . 168 Sibylla is a Cybele asteroid , orbiting beyond most of the main-belt asteroids .   Photometric observations of this asteroid made at the Torino Observatory in Italy during 1990 -- 1991 were used to determine a synodic rotation period of 23.82 ± 0.004 hours ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_Golden_State_Warriors_season", "title": "1986–87 Golden State Warriors season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986-87 NBA season was the Warriors ' 41st season in the NBA and 24th in the San Francisco Bay Area ."}
{"_id": "1996_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Women's_Doubles", "title": "1996 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Jana Novotná and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario were the defending champions , but lost in quarterfinals to Martina Hingis and Helena Suková .   Hingis and Suková won the title , defeating Meredith McGrath and Larisa Neiland 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 in the final . It was the 1st Grand Slam doubles title and the 2nd title overall for Hingis , and the 9th and final Grand Slam doubles title and the 64th title overall for Suková , in their respective careers ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Romanian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1994–95 Romanian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 Romanian Hockey League season was the 65th season of the Romanian Hockey League . Five teams participated in the league , and Steaua Bucuresti won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1953_SANFL_season", "title": "1953 SANFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 South Australian National Football League season was the 74th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia ."}
{"_id": "1959_Asian_Baseball_Championship", "title": "1959 Asian Baseball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The Asian Baseball Championship was the third continental tournament held by the Baseball Federation of Asia . The tournament was held in Tokyo , Japan for the first time . It was the second time Japan had won the tournament , and was the second of what would be three consecutive Asian Championship wins in a row . South Korea ( 2nd ) , Taiwan ( 3rd ) and Philippines ( 4th ) were the other participants ."}
{"_id": "1968_in_Sweden", "title": "1968 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1968 in Sweden ."}
{"_id": "1991_Ottawa_Rough_Riders_season", "title": "1991 Ottawa Rough Riders season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Ottawa Rough Riders finished 3rd place in the East division with a 7 -- 11 -- 0 record . They were defeated in the East Semi-Final by the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_Luxembourg_National_Division", "title": "1952–53 Luxembourg National Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Luxembourg National Division in season 1952/1953 ."}
{"_id": "1939_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships", "title": "1939 World Ice Hockey Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 Ice Hockey World Championships were held between February 3 and February 12 , 1939 , in Zürich and Basel , Switzerland . Austria had been annexed by Germany in 1938 , and four Austrians played this tournament in German jerseys .  The fourteen teams participating in the 1939 World Championship were initially divided into four preliminary groups : two groups of four and two groups of three . The top two teams in each group advanced to the second round . The eight teams in the second round played in two groups of four , with the top two from each group advancing to the third ( final ) round . The six teams not advancing to the second round played a consolation round in two groups of 3 teams with the winners of each group playing a one-game play-off for 9th place . The four teams not advancing from the second round played a consolation round for placed 5 through 8 .   Canada won its eleventh world championship winning all their games while only giving up one goal in the entire tournament . The USA had lost to the Swiss in the semi-final round , but defeated them in the final to claim silver . The host , Switzerland , won its third European championship by winning a one-game playoff against Czechoslovakia well after the World Championship had concluded . Both teams had earned one point in the final round and decided to play tie-breaking game ."}
{"_id": "1966_Cannes_Film_Festival", "title": "1966 Cannes Film Festival", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th Cannes Film Festival was held on May 5-20 , 1966 . To honour the festival 's 20th anniversary , a special prize was given .   The Grand Prix du Festival International du Film went to the Signore & Signori by Pietro Germi . The festival opened with Modesty Blaise , directed by Joseph Losey and closed with Faraon , directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz ."}
{"_id": "119_Squadron", "title": "119 Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "119 Squadron or 119th Squadron may refer to :  No. 119 ( Netherlands East Indies ) Squadron RAAF , a unit of the Royal Australian Air Force  No. 119 Squadron RAF , a unit of the United Kingdom Royal Air Force  119th Fighter Squadron , a unit of the United States Air Force  119th Command and Control Squadron , a unit of the United States Air Force  119 Squadron ( Israel ) , the Israeli Air Force `` Bat '' Squadron"}
{"_id": "1912_Argentine_Primera_División", "title": "1912 Argentine Primera División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1912 Argentine Primera División was the 21 ° season of top-flight football in Argentina . Two tournaments were held at the same time , due to the establishment of Federación Argentina de Football ( FAF ) , a dissident association which organised its own championship . Thus , Quilmes won the official AFA tournament , while Porteño won the FAF title .   The AFA season began on April 14 and ended on December 13 while the FAF season began on July 11 and ended on December 23 ."}
{"_id": "1997_Masters_of_Formula_3", "title": "1997 Masters of Formula 3", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Marlboro Masters of Formula 3 was the seventh Masters of Formula 3 race held at Circuit Park Zandvoort on 3 August 1997 . It was won by Tom Coronel , for TOM 'S ."}
{"_id": "1974_English_Greyhound_Derby", "title": "1974 English Greyhound Derby", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Spillers Greyhound Derby took place during June with the final being held on 29 June 1974 at White City Stadium .  The winner Jimsun received # 13,500 and the competition was sponsored by the Spillers ."}
{"_id": "101.7_FM", "title": "101.7 FM", "headings": "", "text": "The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 101.7 MHz :"}
{"_id": "1986_World_Sambo_Championships", "title": "1986 World Sambo Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 World Sambo Championships were held in Saint-Jean-de-Luz , France on November 1986 . Championships were organized by FIAS ."}
{"_id": "1973_Stanford_Cardinals_football_team", "title": "1973 Stanford Cardinals football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Stanford Cardinals football team represented Stanford University during the 1973 NCAA Division I football season ."}
{"_id": "1961_in_Australian_literature", "title": "1961 in Australian literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1961 .   For an overview of world literature see 1961 in literature .   See also :  1960 in Australian literature ,  1961 in Australia ,  1962 in Australian literature ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C._season", "title": "1986–87 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 -- 87 season is Hearts 4th consecutive season of play in the Scottish Premier Division . Hearts will also compete in the UEFA Cup , Scottish Cup , Scottish League Cup and the East of Scotland Shield ."}
{"_id": "1725_in_Japan", "title": "1725 in Japan", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1725 in Japan ."}
{"_id": "17th_Genie_Awards", "title": "17th Genie Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th Genie Awards were held on November 27 , 1996 , to honour films released in late 1995 and 1996 . They were the second Genie Award ceremony held in that year ; the 16th Genie Awards were delayed from the fall of 1995 and took place in January 1996 instead ."}
{"_id": "1930_Senigallia_earthquake", "title": "1930 Senigallia earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 Senigallia earthquake struck the city of Senigallia in central Italy on October 30 . It occurred just a few months after the destructive 1930 Irpinia earthquake , which had caused over 1400 casualties in the southern part of the country ."}
{"_id": "1984–85_S.L._Benfica_season", "title": "1984–85 S.L. Benfica season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 -- 85 season was Sport Lisboa e Benfica 's 81st season in existence and the club 's 51st consecutive season in the top flight of Portuguese football , covering the period from 1 July 1984 to 30 June 1985 . Benfica competed domestically in the Primeira Divisão , Taça de Portugal and the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira , and participated in the European Cup after winning the previous league .   In the off-season , Sven-Göran Eriksson left for Roma and Benfica hired Tomislav Ivic . Major departures included Fernando Chalana and Glenn Strömberg . To counter , the club added Jorge Silva , Wando and Adelino Nunes . Even before the end of the season , Ivic resigned and Benfica was forced to replace him in August . The selected was Pál Csernai .  Benfica never performed as expected and even suffered their longest ever win-less period in the Primeira Divisão . In the end , the team ended in third place , 12 points from first place , and lost the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira . Still , it was not a trophy-less season as Benfica conquered their 19th Taça de Portugal in a 3 -- 1 win against Porto ."}
{"_id": "15th_meridian", "title": "15th meridian", "headings": "", "text": "15th meridian may refer to :   15th meridian east , a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian  15th meridian west , a line of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian"}
{"_id": "1959_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Women", "title": "1959 FIBA World Championship for Women", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 FIBA World Championship for Women was the third FIBA World Championship for Women basketball championship held by FIBA . It was held in the Soviet Union between 10 October and 18 October 1959 . Eight national teams entered the event under the auspices of FIBA , the sport 's governing body . The city of Moscow hosted the tournament . The Soviet Union won its first title after finishing in first place in round-robin group . The United States were the defending champions , but did not participate in the tournament ."}
{"_id": "1999_Australia_national_soccer_team_season", "title": "1999 Australia national soccer team season", "headings": "", "text": "The Australia national soccer team results in 1999 . Football Federation Australia do not count two matches against Brazil as full A internationals therefore no full internationals were played in 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1972_in_Zaire", "title": "1972 in Zaire", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1972 in Zaire ."}
{"_id": "1954_in_Luxembourg", "title": "1954 in Luxembourg", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1998_Prague_Open", "title": "1998 Prague Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Prague Open was a men 's tennis tournament played on Clay in Prague , Czech Republic that was part of the International Series of the 1998 ATP Tour . It was the twelfth edition of the tournament and was held from 27 April -- 3 May 1998 ."}
{"_id": "12th_Five-Year_Plan_(India)", "title": "12th Five-Year Plan (India)", "headings": "", "text": "12th Five Year Plan of the Government of India ( 2012 -- 17 ) aims at one direction will help in doing so  the growth rate at 8 % .   With the deteriorating global situation , the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Mr Montek Singh Ahluwalia has said that achieving an average growth rate of 9 per cent in the next five years is not possible . The final growth target has been set at 9 % by the endorsement of plan at the National Development Council ( NDC ) meeting held in New Delhi .   `` It is not possible to think of an average of 9 per cent ( in 12th Plan ) . I think somewhere between 8 and 8.5 per cent is feasible '' , Mr Ahluwalia said on the sidelines of a conference of State Planning Boards and departments . The approached paper for the 12th Plan , approved last year , talked about an annual average growth rate of 9 per cent .   `` When I say feasible ... that will require major effort . If you do n't do that , there is no God given right to grow at 8 per cent . I think given that the world economy deteriorated very sharply over the last year ... the growth rate in the first year of the 12th Plan ( 2012-13 ) is 6.5 to 7 per cent . ''   He also indicated that soon he would share his views with other members of the Commission to choose a final number ( economic growth target ) to put before the country 's NDC for its approval .   Though the 12th Plan has taken off , it is yet to be formally approved . The Planning Commission set a deadline of September for taking the approval of the NDC . The council is expected to meet after July , subject to the convenience of the Prime Minister . It is mainly focused on health . The status of the 12th Plan is in question due to the dissolution of the Planning Commission ."}
{"_id": "1999_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_110_metres_hurdles", "title": "1999 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 110 metres hurdles", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Men 's 110 metres hurdles event at the 1999 IAAF World Championships in Seville , Spain . There were a total number of 42 participating athletes , with six qualifying heats , four quarter-finals , two semi-finals and the final held on Wednesday August 25 , 1999 , at 20:25 h."}
{"_id": "1970_in_Ireland", "title": "1970 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1970 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1964_NCAA_University_Division_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1964 NCAA University Division Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 NCAA University Division Basketball Tournament involved 26 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men 's NCAA Division I college basketball in the United States . It began on March 9 , 1964 , and ended with the championship game on March 21 in Kansas City , Missouri . A total of 29 games were played , including a third place game in each region and a national third place game .   UCLA , coached by John Wooden , won the national title with a 98 -- 83 victory in the final game over Duke , coached by Vic Bubas . Walt Hazzard of UCLA was named the tournament 's Most Outstanding Player . The title was the first in the history of the UCLA program , and was a sign of things to come as , the Bruins would win nine more championships in the next eleven seasons ."}
{"_id": "1939–40_Colchester_United_F.C._season", "title": "1939–40 Colchester United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 -- 40 season was Colchester United 's third season in their history and their third in the Southern League . Alongside competing in the Southern League , the club were also due to participate in the Southern League Mid-Week Section , FA Cup and Southern League Cup . They were also due to play the Southern League Cup matches remaining from the previous season during the campaign , but only played the outstanding semi-final fixture against Norwich City Reserves . The season was to end prematurely , with competitive football abandoned with the outbreak of World War II . Colchester United played regular season fixtures until 2 September 1939 , with the 0 -- 0 draw at Layer Road with Ipswich Town Reserves the final competitive fixture to be played by the club for almost six years ."}
{"_id": "1964–65_Slovenian_Republic_League", "title": "1964–65 Slovenian Republic League", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "142nd_Division_(3rd_Formation)(People's_Republic_of_China)", "title": "142nd Division (3rd Formation)(People's Republic of China)", "headings": "", "text": "142nd Army Division ( 3rd Formation ) was formed in November 1969 and designated in December .   The division was directly belonged to Guangzhou Military Region , while administrated by 42nd Army Corps .   The division stationed in Huiyang , Guangdong for agricultural production mission .   In March 1977 the division was disbanded and absorbed by Independent Division of Guangdong Provincial Military District ."}
{"_id": "1908_in_Argentine_football", "title": "1908 in Argentine football", "headings": "", "text": "1908 in Argentine football saw Belgrano AC win its 3rd . title , ending a run of three consecutive championships for Alumni .   In International football , Argentina won Copa Newton and Copa Lipton . On 13 September 1908 , in the Copa Newton game against Uruguay Argentina wore the light blue and white stripes ( `` Albiceleste '' ) for the first time ."}
{"_id": "1997_Welsh_International_Open", "title": "1997 Welsh International Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Welsh International Open was a women 's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Cardiff in Wales that was part of Tier IV of the 1997 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from May 13 through May 18 , 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1972_European_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1972 European Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 European Figure Skating Championships were the European Figure Skating Championships of the 1971-1972 season . Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU member nations competed for the title of European Champion . Skaters competed in the disciplines of ladies ' singles , men 's singles , pair skating , and ice dancing .   In 1972 , the European Championships were held at the Scandinavium in Gothenburg , Sweden , from January 11 -- 15 ."}
{"_id": "1935_WANFL_season", "title": "1935 WANFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 WANFL season was the 51st season of the Western Australian National Football League . The season saw West Perth win the premiership under the coaching of Johnny Leonard ; it was the only time in West Perth 's history that it won consecutive premierships , preceding a brief but exceptionally steep decline that saw the Cardinals four years later suffer the equal longest losing streak in WA ( N ) FL history .   This season saw Claremont-Cottesloe under new president Pat Rodriguez change its name to Claremont , and at first gave promise of great improvement before returning to their worst 1934 form . 1934 finalists Victoria Park lost defenders Shepherd , A. Brown , Hungerford and Patrick Fitzgerald in the off-season to retirement of major injuries and failed to cope with these problems , finishing last for the only time in open-age competition between 1924 and 1980 . In contrast , Subiaco , who had been disappointing in 1934 with just seven victories , regained Lou Daily from Geelong and Collingwood to signal the end of a major exodus to the VFL . Daily 's brilliant play in defence , and the acquisition of Frank Murphy from the Magpies as captain-coach , made the Maroons the best team in the competition for much of 1935 , but West Perth 's defence was too much in the Grand Final and Subiaco were to have a third of a century as a cellar-dweller before their next premiership in 1973 .   The Sandover Medal count was marred by overlooking a clause in the rules to deal with a tie -- Lou Daily was initially awarded the Medal on the casting vote of WANFL President Walter Stooke and became the first full-back to win a `` best-and-fairest '' medal in any leading Australian Rules state , but on 21 September it was pointed out that George Krepp should have won through having received one more three-vote than Daily . Ultimately the WANFL had no choice but to strike a second medal , which was given to Krepp at the League meeting on 16 October ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_Pittsburgh_Penguins_season", "title": "1985–86 Pittsburgh Penguins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 -- 86 Pittsburgh Penguins season was the Penguins ' 19th season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Penguins did not qualify for the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1974_Rothmans_5000_European_Championship", "title": "1974 Rothmans 5000 European Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Rothmans 5000 European Championship was a motor racing series for Formula 5000 cars . The series was organized in the United Kingdom by the British Racing and Sports Car Club , but also incorporated European rounds . It was the sixth in a sequence of annual European Formula 5000 Championships , and the second to be contested as the Rothmans 5000 European Championship . The 1974 championship was won by Bob Evans , driving a Lola T332 ."}
{"_id": "11th_Regiment_Kansas_Volunteer_Cavalry", "title": "11th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1982_Tokyo_Indoor", "title": "1982 Tokyo Indoor", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Tokyo Indoor also known as the `` Seiko World Super Tennis '' was a men 's tennis tournament played on Indoor Carpet Courts in Tokyo in Japan that was part of the 1982 Volvo Grand Prix . The tournament was held from October 25 through October 29 , 1982 . It was a major tournament of the Grand Prix tennis circuit and matches were the best of three sets ."}
{"_id": "1987_in_Norway", "title": "1987 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1987 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1997_Benson_&_Hedges_Cup", "title": "1997 Benson & Hedges Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Benson & Hedges Cup was the twenty-sixth competing of cricket 's Benson & Hedges Cup . It was an English limited overs county cricket tournament which was held between 28 April and 12 July 1997 .   The competition was won by Kent County Cricket Club for the second time , defeating Surrey County Cricket Club by 8 wickets in the final at Lord 's on 12 July 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1710s_in_Scotland", "title": "1710s in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1997_in_India", "title": "1997 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1997 in the Republic of India ."}
{"_id": "1979_Men's_World_Team_Squash_Championships", "title": "1979 Men's World Team Squash Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Men 's Stellar World Team Amateur Squash Championships were held in Brisbane in Australia and took place from October 17 to October 28 , 1979 . This was the last World Amateur Championship before the game went open ."}
{"_id": "1909_Monterrey_hurricane", "title": "1909 Monterrey hurricane", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 Monterrey hurricane was one of the deadliest Atlantic tropical cyclones on record , killing an estimated 4,000 people throughout Mexico . Originating from a tropical storm east of the Leeward Islands on August 20 , the storm tracked west-northwest , entering the Caribbean Sea as a minimal hurricane the next day . After striking Hispaniola on August 23 , the hurricane made another landfall in eastern Cuba before reentering the Caribbean . Once back over open water , the storm intensified into a Category 3 hurricane and moved across the northern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula . By August 26 , the storm had emerged into the Gulf of Mexico as a weakened , but regrouping system . It attained its peak winds of 120 mph ( 185 km/h ) that evening . Maintaining this intensity , the system made landfall in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas late on August 27 and rapidly dissipated the following afternoon .   Throughout its existence , the hurricane remained relatively close to land , so consequently its effects were felt in many areas . Much of the northern Caribbean received moderate to heavy rainfall along with gusty winds during its passage ; although only Haiti reported damage from it . Its effects were far more severe in Mexico where an estimated 4,000 people were killed by record-breaking floods triggered by the hurricane . The city of Monterrey received the worst damage : more than half of the structures in the city were flooded , hundreds were destroyed , and 20,000 people were left homeless . Damage from the storm in the country was estimated to have exceeded $ 50 million ( 1909 USD ; $ USD ) ."}
{"_id": "1988_Auburn_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1988 Auburn Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . Coached by Pat Dye , the team finished the season with a 10 -- 2 record and won its second consecutive Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) title , sharing it with LSU . LSU handed Auburn its only conference loss of the year 7 -- 6 , in a game referred to as the `` Earthquake Game '' . Auburn lost to Florida State , 13 -- 7 , in the 1989 Sugar Bowl ."}
{"_id": "13_(Six_Feet_Under_album)", "title": "13 (Six Feet Under album)", "headings": "", "text": "13 is the sixth studio album by death metal band Six Feet Under . The album was released in 2005 on Metal Blade Records ."}
{"_id": "1965_FA_Cup_Final", "title": "1965 FA Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 FA Cup Final was an association football match between Liverpool and Leeds United on 1 May 1965 at Wembley Stadium , London . It was the final match of the 1964 -- 65 FA Cup , the 93rd season of England 's primary cup competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup , better known as the FA Cup . Liverpool were appearing in their third final , they had lost the previous two in 1914 and 1950 , while Leeds were appearing in their first .   Both teams entered the competition in the third round . The majority of Liverpool 's matches were close affairs , they did n't score more than two goals in any of their matches and this was also their biggest margin of victory . Leeds ' matches ranged from close affairs to comfortable victories . They won their third round tie against Stockport County 3 -- 0 , while they beat Manchester United 1 -- 0 in a semi-final replay following a 0 -- 0 draw in the initial match .   Watched by a crowd of 100,000 , the first 90 minutes of the match were goalless as both sides struggled to create goalscoring chances . Liverpool defender Gerry Byrne broke his collarbone early in the match but carried on as there were no substitutes . He was involved in the opening goal in extra time . Byrne found striker Roger Hunt in the 93rd minute , with a cross from the right-hand side of the pitch , which Hunt headed into the Leeds goal to give Liverpool the lead . Leeds equalised seven minutes later when Billy Bremner scored . However , Liverpool regained the lead in the 113th minute when striker Ian St. John headed in a pass from Ian Callaghan . Liverpool won the match 2 -- 1 to win the FA Cup for the first time .   Liverpool manager Bill Shankly was delighted with his team 's victory and hailed it as his greatest moment in management . His Leeds counterpart , Don Revie , conceded Liverpool had been the better team , but was determined to make amends the following season . The national media was critical of the final , labelling it ` boring ' ."}
{"_id": "1948–49_Aberdeen_F.C._season", "title": "1948–49 Aberdeen F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948-49 season was Aberdeen 's 37th season in the top flight of Scottish football and their 39th season overall . Aberdeen competed in the Scottish League Division One , Scottish League Cup , and the Scottish Cup ."}
{"_id": "1926_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team", "title": "1926 Penn State Nittany Lions football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1926 college football season . The team was coached by Hugo Bezdek and played its home games in New Beaver Field in University Park , Pennsylvania ."}
{"_id": "1995_All-Mid-American_Conference_football_team", "title": "1995 All-Mid-American Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 All-Mid-American Conference football team consists of American football players chosen for the All-Mid-American Conference ( `` MAC '' ) teams for the 1995 NCAA Division I-A football season . MAC champion Toledo was undefeated but placed only three players on the first team : running back Wasean Tait , tight end Steve Rosi , and defensive lineman Steve Haynes . Miami ( OH ) finished in second place with an 8 -- 2 -- 1 record and placed five players on the first team : running back Deland McCullough , offensive lineman Mike Bird , linebackers Dee Osborne and Kenyon Harper , and defensive back Johnnie Williams ."}
{"_id": "1883–84_Bolton_Wanderers_F.C._season", "title": "1883–84 Bolton Wanderers F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1881 -- 82 season was the third season in which Bolton Wanderers competed in a senior competitive football competition . The club entered the FA Cup in November 1883 , but were knocked out in the fourth round by Notts County ."}
{"_id": "18th_Filmfare_Awards", "title": "18th Filmfare Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th Filmfare Awards were held on April 18 , 1971 , honouring the best in Hindi Cinema in the year 1970 . Chander Vohra 's Khilona was named the Best Film of the Year . Sohanlal Kanwar 's Pehchan was the biggest winner , winning various major and minor awards ."}
{"_id": "1758_in_Wales", "title": "1758 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1758 in Wales ."}
{"_id": "1986_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_400_metres", "title": "1986 European Athletics Championships – Men's 400 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 400 metres event at the 1986 European Athletics Championships was held in Stuttgart , then West Germany , at Neckarstadion on 27 , 28 , and 29 August 1986 ."}
{"_id": "1834", "title": "1834", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1911–12_South_Carolina_Gamecocks_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1911–12 South Carolina Gamecocks men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 -- 12 South Carolina men 's basketball team represents University of South Carolina during the 1911 -- 12 college men 's basketball season . The head coach was James Driver coaching the Gamecocks in his first season . The team had finished with an final record of 3 -- 4 ."}
{"_id": "1968_Surfers_Paradise_6_Hour", "title": "1968 Surfers Paradise 6 Hour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Surfers Paradise 6 Hour was an endurance race for sports cars and touring cars , staged at the Surfers Paradise International Raceway in Queensland , Australia on 1 September 1968 .   The race was dominated by the Matich SR3 Repco V8 driven by Frank Matich and Glynn Scott , however an engine failure with just over an hour to run handed the victory to the Ferrari 250LM driven by brothers Leo and Ian Geoghegan .   Major outright and class placings were :"}
{"_id": "1936_Australian_Championships", "title": "1936 Australian Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 Australian Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on outdoor Grass courts at the Memorial Drive , Adelaide , Australia from 18 to 27 January ( No matches were scheduled on Monday 21 January after the death of King George V ) . It was the 29th edition of the Australian Championships ( now known as the Australian Open ) , the 6th held in Adelaide , and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year . The singles titles were won by Australians Adrian Quist and Joan Hartigan Bathurst ."}
{"_id": "1978_British_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1978 British motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 British motorcycle Grand Prix was the tenth round of the 1978 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on 5 -- 6 August 1978 at Silverstone Circuit .   Kenny Roberts and Barry Sheene , the two championship contenders arrived in England for the British Grand Prix with only three points separating them . The race ended in controversy when torrential rains during the race , along with pit stops for tire changes by both Roberts and Sheene , created confusion among official scorers . Eventually , Roberts was declared the winner with Sheene being awarded third place behind privateer Steve Manship , who did not stop for a tire change ."}
{"_id": "1985_African_Cup_Winners'_Cup", "title": "1985 African Cup Winners' Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 season of the African Cup Winners ' Cup football club tournament was won by Al Ahly in two-legged final victory against Leventis United . This was the eleventh season that the tournament took place for the winners of each African country 's domestic cup . Thirty-five sides entered the competition , with Racing Club de Bobo withdrawing before the 1st leg of the first round ."}
{"_id": "1909_Colorado_Silver_and_Gold_football_team", "title": "1909 Colorado Silver and Gold football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 Colorado Silver and Gold football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1909 college football season . The program moved to the Colorado Faculty Athletic Conference for its inaugural season , which was renamed as the Rocky Mountain Faculty Athletic Conference for the following season .   Head coach Fred Folsom led the team to a mark of 3 -- 0 in the CFAC and 6 -- 0 overall , the program 's second undefeated season ."}
{"_id": "161_Athor", "title": "161 Athor", "headings": "", "text": "161 Athor is an M-type Main belt asteroid that was discovered by James Craig Watson on April 19 , 1876 , at the Detroit Observatory and named after Hathor , an Egyptian fertility goddess . An occultation by Athor was observed , on October 15 , 2002 , resulting in an estimated diameter of 47.0 km ."}
{"_id": "1875_in_rail_transport", "title": "1875 in rail transport", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1920_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team", "title": "1920 Michigan Wolverines football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1920 college football season . The team 's head coach was Fielding H. Yost . The Wolverines played their home games at Ferry Field ."}
{"_id": "1,000,000", "title": "1,000,000", "headings": "", "text": "One million ( 1,000,000 ) or one thousand thousand is the natural number following 999,999 and preceding 1,000,001 . The word is derived from the early Italian millione ( milione in modern Italian ) , from mille , `` thousand '' , plus the augmentative suffix - one . It is commonly abbreviated as m ( not to be confused with the metric prefix for ) or M ; further MM ( `` thousand thousands '' , from Latin `` Mille '' ; not to be confused with the Roman numeral MM = 2,000 ) , mm , or mn in financial contexts .   In scientific notation , it is written as or 106 . Physical quantities can also be expressed using the SI prefix mega ( M ) , when dealing with SI units ; for example , 1 megawatt ( 1 MW ) equals 1,000,000 watts .   The meaning of the word `` million '' is common to the short scale and long scale numbering systems , unlike the larger numbers , which have different names in the two systems .   The million is sometimes used in the English language as a metaphor for a very large number , as in `` Not in a million years '' and `` You 're one in a million '' , or a hyperbole , as in `` I 've walked a million miles '' and `` You 've asked the million-dollar question '' ."}
{"_id": "1985_San_Francisco_Giants_season", "title": "1985 San Francisco Giants season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 San Francisco Giants season was the Giants ' 103rd season in Major League Baseball , their 28th season in San Francisco since their move from New York following the 1957 season , and their 26th at Candlestick Park . It resulted in the team finishing in sixth place in the NL West Division with a record of 62 wins and franchise-record 100 losses . This was the first , and as of 2015 , the only time in the history of the franchise that they reached the triple-digit mark in losses . It is also the most number of games they have lost in a season , as well . The Giants were managed by Jim Davenport , who was dismissed on September 18 , after compiling a dismal 56-88 record , and Roger Craig , who guided the team to a 6-12 mark during the final 2 1/2 weeks of the season ."}
{"_id": "1980_NFL_Draft", "title": "1980 NFL Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players . It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting . The draft was held April 29 -- 30 , 1980 , at the New York Sheraton Hotel in New York City , New York . The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season . This draft is notable as the first that ESPN aired in its entirety , and the first to be televised ."}
{"_id": "1960–61_Football_League_Cup", "title": "1960–61 Football League Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 -- 61 Football League Cup was the inaugural staging of the Football League Cup , a knockout competition for England 's top 92 football clubs . The competition began on 26 September 1960 , and ended with the two-legged final almost a year later on 22 August and 5 September 1961 .   The tournament was won by Aston Villa , who beat Rotherham United 3 -- 2 on aggregate after extra time . Rotherham won the first leg 2 -- 0 at Millmoor , their home ground thanks to goals from Alan Kirkman and Barry Webster . In the second leg at Villa Park , Harry Burrows and Peter McParland levelled the tie on aggregate and Alan O'Neill scored in extra-time to win the cup for Aston Villa ."}
{"_id": "1999_Cal_Poly_Mustangs_football_team", "title": "1999 Cal Poly Mustangs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic State UniversityThe official name of Cal Poly is California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo . However , it has been more commonly known as either Cal Poly San Luis Obispo or just Cal Poly since 1947 . See : Cal Poly during the 1999 NCAA Division I-AA football season .   Cal Poly competed as an NCAA Division I-AA independent in 1999 . The Mustangs were led by third-year head coach Larry Welsh and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo , California . The Mustangs finished the season with a record of three wins and eight losses ( 3 -- 8 ) for the second consecutive year . Overall , the team was outscored by its opponents 246 -- 345 for the season ."}
{"_id": "1973_French_Open_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1973 French Open – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Reigning champion Billie-Jean King did not defend her title . Margaret Court defeated Chris Evert 6 -- 7 ( 5 -- 7 ) , 7 -- 6 ( 8 -- 6 ) , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Women 's Singles tennis title at the 1973 French Open .   This tournament was notable for being the first Grand Slam appearance of future World No. 1 Martina Navratilova competed in the main draw . She reached the quarterfinals ."}
{"_id": "1989_Stanford_Cardinal_football_team", "title": "1989 Stanford Cardinal football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Stanford Cardinal football team represented Stanford University in the 1989 NCAA Division I-A football season . They were coached by first-year coach Dennis Green , previously an assistant coach with the San Francisco 49ers and hired to replace Jack Elway , who was fired the previous year ."}
{"_id": "1920_Baylor_Bears_football_team", "title": "1920 Baylor Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 Baylor Bears football team represented Baylor University during the 1920 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1983_Cork_Senior_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1983 Cork Senior Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 95th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887 . The championship ended on 9 October 1983 .   St. Finbarr 's entered the championship as the defending champions .   On 9 October 1983 , Midleton won the championship following a 1-18 to 2-9 defeat of St. Finbarr 's in the final . This was their third championship title and their first since 1916 ."}
{"_id": "1972_Benson_&_Hedges_Cup", "title": "1972 Benson & Hedges Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Benson & Hedges Cup was the first competing of cricket 's Benson & Hedges Cup . The competition was won by Leicestershire County Cricket Club ."}
{"_id": "1895–96_Southampton_St._Mary's_F.C._season", "title": "1895–96 Southampton St. Mary's F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1895 -- 96 season was the eleventh since the foundation of Southampton St. Mary 's F.C. and their second in league football , as members of the Southern League . They finished the league season in third place behind the previous season 's champions , Millwall Athletic , and Luton Town . In the FA Cup they reached the First Round Proper for the second consecutive season , where they were defeated by Sheffield Wednesday , of the Football League ."}
{"_id": "1938_in_China", "title": "1938 in China", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1938 in China ."}
{"_id": "1959_Mississippi_State_Maroons_football_team", "title": "1959 Mississippi State Maroons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Mississippi State Maroons football team represented Mississippi State University during the 1959 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1975–76_Minnesota_Fighting_Saints_season", "title": "1975–76 Minnesota Fighting Saints season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 -- 76 Minnesota Fighting Saints season was the original Minnesota Fighting Saints ' fourth and final season of operation in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . The Saints did not finish the season , folding after 59 games . However the  1975 -- 76 Cleveland Crusaders would relocate to Minnesota the following season and play as the Fighting Saints .  e"}
{"_id": "\"Freeway\"_Rick_Ross", "title": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross", "headings": "", "text": "Richard Donnell `` Freeway Rick '' Ross ( born January 26 , 1960 ) is an American author and convicted drug trafficker best known for the drug empire he established in Los Angeles , California , in the early to mid 1980s . He was sentenced to life in prison , though the sentence was shortened on appeal and Ross was released in 2009 ."}
{"_id": "1873–74_Dumbarton_F.C._season", "title": "1873–74 Dumbarton F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Season 1873 -- 74 was the first Scottish football season in which Dumbarton competed at a national level , entering the inaugural Scottish Cup ."}
{"_id": "1974_Davis_Cup_Americas_Zone", "title": "1974 Davis Cup Americas Zone", "headings": "", "text": "The Americas Zone was one of three zones of competition in the 1974 Davis Cup . The zone was split into the North & Central America Zone and the South America Zone , with the winners meeting in the Americas Inter-Zonal Final . South Africa won the Zone and advanced to the Inter-Zonal Zone ."}
{"_id": "18th_Strategic_Aerospace_Division", "title": "18th Strategic Aerospace Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th Strategic Aerospace Division is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the Fifteenth Air Force at Fairchild Air Force Base , Washington , where iIt was inactivated on 2 July 1968 ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Danish_Superliga", "title": "1998–99 Danish Superliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 Danish Superliga season was the 9th season of the Danish Superliga league championship , governed by the Danish Football Association . It took place from the first match on July 26 , 1998 , to final match on June 16 , 1999 .   The Danish champions and runners-up qualified for the UEFA Champions League 1999-00 qualification , while the third placed team qualified for the qualification round of the UEFA Cup 1999-00 . The fourth and fifth placed teams qualified for the UEFA Intertoto Cup 1999 , while the two lowest placed teams of the tournament was directly relegated to the Danish 1st Division . Likewise , the Danish 1st Division champions and runners-up were promoted to the Superliga ."}
{"_id": "1972–1979_(album)", "title": "1972–1979 (album)", "headings": "", "text": "1972 -- 1979 is the first of many compilations featuring material by Virginia doom metal band Pentagram that was recorded during the 1970s . It was released by Peace Records in 1993 . Pentagram frontman Bobby Leibling stated in a 2004 interview with Hellride Music that he gave permission for 500 copies to be issued , but had not received any royalties for this release .  Most of the material was later released by Relapse Records on the First Daze Here and First Daze Here Too compilations . The mix of `` Smokescreen '' included on the 1972-1979 LP is different from the version included on the Relapse compilations and was not released on any other compilation after 1993 ."}
{"_id": "12_(Herbert_Grönemeyer_album)", "title": "12 (Herbert Grönemeyer album)", "headings": "", "text": "12 is the twelfth full-length album by German singer Herbert Grönemeyer , released in March 2007 . It was recorded between 2006 and 2007 in London and was produced by Alex Silva and Herbert Grönemeyer .  All songs were written by Grönemeyer , except the song `` Spur '' to which Arezu Weitholz contributed parts of the lyrics .   The Album reached # 1 - Position in German Charts . The first single `` Stück vom Himmel '' , became his third number-one single in Germany after `` Mensch '' and `` Zeit , dass sich was dreht '' ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Piacenza_Calcio_season", "title": "1999–2000 Piacenza Calcio season", "headings": "", "text": "Piacenza Calcio crashed out of Serie A , following a dismal season . With ex-Inter coach Luigi Simoni at the helm , the club was looking to climb into midtable in Serie A , but the absence of Simone Inzaghi and the ageing of several key players rendered disastrous form , and Simoni was soon sacked . In the end , Piacenza finished rock bottom of the table and their five-year stint in the top flight was ended ."}
{"_id": "1988_Samoa_rugby_union_tour_of_Britain_and_Ireland", "title": "1988 Samoa rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Samoa rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland was a series of ten rugby union matches played in October and November 1988 in Wales and Ireland by the Samoa national rugby union team , who competed under the name of Western Samoa at the time . Samoa lost both their international matches but won four of their eight non-international games against club and regional teams ."}
{"_id": "1_ball", "title": "1 ball", "headings": "", "text": "1 ball may refer to :  1 ball , the pool ( pocket billiards ) ball numbered `` 1 '' and colored yellow  1 ball , a red snooker ball , worth 1 point , normally referred to as `` a red ''"}
{"_id": "1993_Qatar_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1993 Qatar Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "This was the first edition of the event .   Boris Becker and Patrik Kühnen won the title , defeating Shelby Cannon and Scott Melville 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1988_Currie_Cup_Division_A", "title": "1988 Currie Cup Division A", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Currie Cup Division A ( known as the Santam Bank Currie Cup for sponsorship reasons ) was the top division of the Currie Cup competition , the premier domestic rugby union competition in South Africa . This was the 50th season since the competition started in 1889 ."}
{"_id": "1979_Monte_Carlo_Open", "title": "1979 Monte Carlo Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Monte Carlo Open was a men 's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Monte Carlo Country Club in Monte Carlo , Monaco that was part of the 1979 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix circuit . It was the 73rd edition of the tournament and was held from 9 April through 15 April 1979 . Björn Borg won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1992_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships", "title": "1992 IAAF World Cross Country Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Boston , Massachusetts , United States , at the Franklin Park on March 21 , 1992 . A report on the event was given in the New York Times .   Complete results for senior men , junior men , senior women , junior women , medallists ,  and the results of British athletes were published ."}
{"_id": "1989_Newsweek_Champions_Cup_–_Doubles", "title": "1989 Newsweek Champions Cup – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Boris Becker and Guy Forget were the defending champions but only Becker competed that year with Jakob Hlasek .   Becker and Hlasek won in the final 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 against Kevin Curren and David Pate ."}
{"_id": "1909_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1909 Georgia Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1909 college football season . The Bulldogs completed the season with a 1 -- 4 -- 2 record . The offensive production was quite low , with only 14 points being scored over the course of seven games . The only victory was over Tennessee . Georgia suffered its fifth straight loss to Georgia Tech and also lost to rivals Clemson and Auburn . In 1909 , the team had an unusual situation with the first-ever co-head coaches at Georgia , James Coulter & Frank Dobson . 1909 was the only year either of them served as head coach at Georgia .   The first decade of the 1900s was not kind to Georgia . The Bulldogs played 70 games and had a losing record of 24 -- 38 -- 8 , a winning percentage of just .400 . This decade was the worst decade in Georgia football history . There were also seven different head coaches during the ten-year period ."}
{"_id": "1970_SANFL_season", "title": "1970 SANFL season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "(You_Drive_Me)_Crazy", "title": "(You Drive Me) Crazy", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her debut studio album , ... Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) . Written and produced by Max Martin , Per Magnusson and David Kreuger with additional writing by Jörgen Elofsson and remix by Martin and Rami Yacoub , it was released as the album 's third single on August 23 , 1999 by Jive Records . It was featured on the soundtrack of the 1999 teen romantic comedy film Drive Me Crazy . '' ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' is a pop song . The song garnered positive reviews from music critics , some of whom praised its simple formula and noted similarities to Spears ' debut single , '' ... Baby One More Time '' .   '' ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' was a commercial success and peaked inside the top ten on the singles charts of seventeen countries . In the United Kingdom , it became Spears ' third consecutive single to peak inside the top five , while it reached number 10 in the United States ' Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at number one in Belgium ( Wallonia ) . An accompanying music video , directed by Nigel Dick and portrayed Spears as a waitress of a dance club and performed a highly choreographed dance routine with the other waitresses . The video premiered on MTV 's Making the Video special and featured cameo appearances of actors Melissa Joan Hart and Adrian Grenier . As part of promotion for the song , Spears performed the song at the 1999 MTV Europe Music Awards and 1999 Billboard Music Awards . It has also been included on five of her concert tours ."}
{"_id": "1993_NBA_Finals", "title": "1993 NBA Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 NBA Finals was the championship round of the 1992 -- 93 NBA season , featuring the Chicago Bulls , led by Michael Jordan , and the Phoenix Suns , winners of 62 games and led by regular season MVP Charles Barkley . The Bulls became the first team since the legendary Boston Celtics of the 1960s to win three consecutive championship titles , clinching the `` three-peat '' with John Paxson 's game-winning 3-pointer that gave them a 99 -- 98 victory in Game 6 . This series was also notable in that the road team won almost every game , with the exception of Phoenix in Game 4 .   This series was aired on NBC with Marv Albert , Bob Costas ( hosts ) , Mike Fratello , Magic Johnson , Quinn Buckner ( analysts ) , Ahmad Rashād ( Bulls sideline ) and Hannah Storm ( Suns sideline ) ( reporters ) calling the action .   The 1993 NBA championship documentary , Three-Peat , marked the first time since 1982 that NBA Entertainment used film in on-court or off-court action , although most of it used videotape . It was narrated by Hal Douglas , who narrated the NBA Championship documentaries of 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 and 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1827_Honduran_coup_d'état", "title": "1827 Honduran coup d'état", "headings": "", "text": "Dionisio de Herrera was appointed governor of the province of Tegucigalpa on 23 March 1823 . The first Congress of Honduras , a constituent assembly convened on 16 September 1824 , effected the union of Comayagua and Tegucigalpa , declaring them alternate capitals of Honduras , and chose Dionisio de Herrera as First Chief of the State of Honduras , with Lieutenant General José Justo Milla as his deputy .   The first constitution of Honduras , dated 11 December 1825 established 4-year terms for the head of state , with Herrera 's initial mandate concluding on 16 September 1827 . He was however unable to conclude his mandate due to a coup d'état ."}
{"_id": "1993_Sta._Lucia_Realtors_season", "title": "1993 Sta. Lucia Realtors season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Sta . Lucia Realtors season was the first season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) ."}
{"_id": "1933–34_Manchester_United_F.C._season", "title": "1933–34 Manchester United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 -- 34 season was Manchester United 's 38th season in the Football League .   5 May 1934 would go down as one of the most important dates in the history of Manchester United . Going into the last game of the season the team were in 21st place in the Second Division , one point away from safety . Fortunately for the club their future was in their own hands , as in the last game of the season they would be taking on Millwall , the team just above them and keeping them in the relegation zone .   That day Manchester United played as if their lives depended on it . They took the lead through Tom Manley and then put the game beyond doubt when Jack Cape added a second . This result meant Millwall were relegated to the Third Division instead of Manchester United ."}
{"_id": "1940–41_Duke_Blue_Devils_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1940–41 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 -- 41 Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team represented Duke University during the 1940 -- 41 men 's college basketball season . The head coach was Eddie Cameron , coaching his 13th season with the Blue Devils . The team finished with an overall record of 14 -- 8 ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Auburn_Tigers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1994–95 Auburn Tigers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 Auburn Tigers men 's basketball team represented Auburn University in the 1994 -- 95 college basketball season . The team 's head coach was Cliff Ellis , who was in his first season at Auburn . The team played their home games at Beard -- Eaves -- Memorial Coliseum in Auburn , Alabama . They finished the season 16 -- 13 , 7 -- 9 in SEC play . They defeated South Carolina to advance to the quarterfinals of the SEC Tournament where they lost to Kentucky . They received an invitation to the National Invitation Tournament , where they lost to Marquette in the first round ."}
{"_id": "1984_Cannes_Film_Festival", "title": "1984 Cannes Film Festival", "headings": "", "text": "The 37th Cannes Film Festival was held on 11 -- 23 May 1984 . The Palme d'Or went to the Paris , Texas by Wim Wenders .   The festival opened with Fort Saganne , directed by Alain Corneau and closed with The Bounty , directed by Roger Donaldson ."}
{"_id": "1844_Salta_earthquake", "title": "1844 Salta earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1844 Salta earthquake took place in the Province of Salta , in the Republic of Argentina , on 18 October at 23:00 UTC . It registered a magnitude of 6.5 on the Richter magnitude scale . The earthquake was located at a depth of 30 km ."}
{"_id": "1300_in_Italy", "title": "1300 in Italy", "headings": "", "text": "Events which occurred in Italy or Italian territory in 1300 :"}
{"_id": "1963_Houston_Oilers_season", "title": "1963 Houston Oilers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Houston Oilers season was their fourth in the American Football League .   Houston had won the first two league championships and were runners-up in 1962 , which went to a second overtime . In 1963 , the Oilers lost their final four games to finish at 6 -- 8 , 1 1/2 games behind the Boston Patriots and Buffalo Bills in the Eastern division . They failed to win the division ( and qualify for the title game ) for the first time in franchise history ."}
{"_id": "1981_Lorraine_Open", "title": "1981 Lorraine Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Lorraine Open was a men 's tennis tournament played on Indoor carpet courts . The event was part of the 1981 Volvo Grand Prix and was played in Nancy in France . It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from 16 March through 22 March 1981 . Seventh-seeded Pavel Složil won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "'Amakihi", "title": "'Amakihi", "headings": "", "text": "There are four species of bird named ʻamakihi :   Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi , Hemignathus virens  Oʻahu ʻamakihi , Hemignathus flavus  Kauaʻi ʻamakihi , Hemignathus kauaiensis  Greater ʻamakihi , Hemignathus sagittirostris - extinct ( 1901 )"}
{"_id": "1653_in_art", "title": "1653 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1653 in art ."}
{"_id": "1970_in_animation", "title": "1970 in animation", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1970 in animation involved some events .   __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1857_in_archaeology", "title": "1857 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "1857 in archaeology"}
{"_id": "1981_Astro-Bluebonnet_Bowl", "title": "1981 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Bluebonnet Bowl was a college football bowl game , played on December 31 , 1981 . It was the 23rd Bluebonnet Bowl game . The Michigan Wolverines defeated the UCLA Bruins by a score of 33 -- 14 . This was the first bowl game meeting of a Big Ten team and a Pac-10 team outside of the Rose Bowl Game and was labeled the `` mini Rose Bowl '' . Both teams were in the running to meet in the 1982 Rose Bowl , but had their seasons spoiled on November 21 , 1981 , by their arch-rivals ."}
{"_id": "11th_British_Academy_Games_Awards", "title": "11th British Academy Games Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th British Academy Video Games Awards ceremony , presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) , honored video games of 2014 and took place on 12 March 2015 at the Tobacco Dock in London , beginning at 7:00 pm ( GMT ) . During the ceremony , BAFTA presented awards in 16 categories . The ceremony , broadcast live on streaming website Twitch.tv , was hosted by comedian Rufus Hound .   Monument Valley and The Last of Us : Left Behind won two awards each , while Destiny won the Best Game award . Other winners included Alien : Isolation , Far Cry 4 , Hearthstone : Heroes of Warcraft , League of Legends , Lumino City , Minecraft , Never Alone , OlliOlli , The Vanishing of Ethan Carter and Valiant Hearts : The Great War ."}
{"_id": "1991_Oregon_State_Beavers_football_team", "title": "1991 Oregon State Beavers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University in the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Beavers ended the season with one win and ten losses . 1991 was Oregon State 's 20th consecutive losing season . The Beavers scored 125 and allowed 365 points . The team was led by head coach Jerry Pettibone ."}
{"_id": "12th_Cinemalaya_Independent_Film_Festival", "title": "12th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival was held from August 5-14 , 2016 in Metro Manila , Philippines . This marks the return of full-length films after their absence in last year 's edition . A total of nine full-length features and ten short films competed . The festival was opened by Carlo Obispo 's 1-2-3 and was closed by Gil Portes ' Ang Hapis at Himagsik ni Hermano Puli . At the awards night , both Pamilya Ordinaryo and Tuos dominated , with each receiving five awards . Pamilya Ordinaryo won Best Film ."}
{"_id": "1999_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships_–_Junior_men's_race", "title": "1999 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race", "headings": "", "text": "The Junior men 's race at the 1999 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held at the Barnett Demesne/Queen 's University Playing Fields in Belfast , Northern Ireland , United Kingdom , on March 28 , 1999 . Reports of the event were given in the New York Times , in the Herald , and for the IAAF .   Complete results for individuals , for teams , medallists , and the results of British athletes who took part were published ."}
{"_id": "1906–07_Kansas_Jayhawks_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1906–07 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1906-1907 Kansas Jayhawks men 's basketball team represented the University of Kansas in its ninth season of collegiate basketball . The head coach was Dr. James Naismith , the inventor of the game , who served his 9th and final year in that capacity ."}
{"_id": "1924_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team", "title": "1924 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame in the 1924 college football season . Coached by Knute Rockne and featuring the `` Four Horsemen '' backfield of Harry Stuhldreher , Don Miller , Jim Crowley , and Elmer Layden , Notre Dame completed an undefeated , 10 -- 0 season with a victory over Stanford in the Rose Bowl . The team was recognized as the consensus 1924 national champion , receiving retroactive national championship honors from the Berryman QPRS system , Billingsley Report , Boand System , Dickinson System , College Football Researchers Association , Helms Athletic Foundation , Houlgate System , National Championship Foundation , Poling System , and Jeff Sagarin . The 1925 Rose Bowl was Notre Dame 's last bowl appearance until the 1969 season . The Fighting Irish played their home games at Cartier Field ."}
{"_id": "(2Z,6Z)-farnesyl_diphosphate_lyase", "title": "(2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate lyase", "headings": "", "text": "( 2Z ,6 Z ) - farnesyl diphosphate lyase may refer to :  - alpha-santalene synthase ( ( 2Z ,6 Z ) - farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing ) , an enzyme  - endo-beta-bergamotene synthase ( ( 2Z ,6 Z ) - farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing ) , an enzyme  - endo-alpha-bergamotene synthase ( ( 2Z ,6 Z ) - farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing ) , an enzyme"}
{"_id": "1969_Italian_Open_(tennis)", "title": "1969 Italian Open (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Italian Open Championships was a combined men 's and women 's tennis tournament that was played on outdoor clay courts at the Foro Italico in Rome , Italy . It was the 26th edition of the tournament and the first that was open to amateur and professional players . The event was held from 21 April through 28 April 1969 and finished a day late . The singles titles were won by second-seeded John Newcombe and Julie Heldman , the first American female player to win the title in 13 years ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Algerian_Championnat_National", "title": "1993–94 Algerian Championnat National", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993-1994 Algerian Championnat National was the 32nd season of the Algerian Championnat National since its establishment in 1962 . A total of 16 teams contested the league , with MC Oran as the defending champions , The Championnat started on November 18 , 1993 . and ended on June 16 , 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1976_Cleveland_Browns_season", "title": "1976 Cleveland Browns season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Cleveland Browns season was the team 's 27th season with the National Football League . The Browns were coached by second year coach Forrest Gregg , and ended their season with a record of 9 -- 5 , being third in their division . The team 's top draft choice was running back Mike Pruitt . Brian Sipe firmly took control at quarterback . Sipe had been inserted into the lineup after a Mike Phipps injury in the season-opening win against the New York Jets on September 12 . After a 1 -- 3 start brought visions of another disastrous year , the Browns jolted the two-time defending Super Bowl champion Pittsburgh Steelers with an 18 -- 16 victory on October 10 . Third-string quarterback Dave Mays helped lead the team to that victory , while defensive end Joe `` Turkey '' Jones ' pile-driving sack of quarterback Terry Bradshaw fueled the heated rivalry between the two teams . That win was the first of eight in the next nine weeks , helping put the Browns in contention for the AFC playoffs . A loss to the Kansas City Chiefs in the regular season finale cost them a share of the division title , but running back Greg Pruitt continued his outstanding play by rushing for exactly 1,000 yards , his second-straight four-digit season ."}
{"_id": "1940_Texas_Longhorns_football_team", "title": "1940 Texas Longhorns football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1940 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1973_Úrvalsdeild", "title": "1973 Úrvalsdeild", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Úrvalsdeild in the 1973 season ."}
{"_id": "1976_Women's_College_World_Series", "title": "1976 Women's College World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The eighth Women 's College World Series ( WCWS ) was held in Omaha , Nebraska on May 13 -- 16 , with nineteen college softball teams meeting in the 1976 ASA/AIAW fastpitch softball tournament . Most of the teams had won state championships . This was the last WCWS before the adoption of regional qualifying tournaments . Because college softball had not yet been separated into competitive divisions , large and small colleges competed together in one overall national championship ."}
{"_id": "1982_in_Scotland", "title": "1982 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1982 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1620", "title": "1620", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1989_Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_football_team", "title": "1989 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1989 college football season . In their second year under head coach David Rader , the Golden Hurricane compiled a 6 -- 6 record . The team 's statistical leaders included quarterback T. J. Rubley with 2,292 passing yards , Brett Adams with 1,071 rushing yards , and Dan Bitson with 1,425 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "114th_Fighter_Wing", "title": "114th Fighter Wing", "headings": "", "text": "The 114th Fighter Wing ( 114 FW ) is a unit of the South Dakota Air National Guard , stationed at Joe Foss Field Air National Guard Station , Sioux Falls , South Dakota . If activated to federal service , the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command ."}
{"_id": "1802_(disambiguation)", "title": "1802 (disambiguation)", "headings": "", "text": "1802 was a year of the Gregorian and Julian calendar   1802 may refer to :   1802 , the number 1802  BMW 1802"}
{"_id": "1998_Cerveza_Club_Colombia_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1998 Cerveza Club Colombia Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Cerveza Club Colombia Open was a men 's tennis tournament played on Clay in Bogotá , Colombia that was part of the International Series of the 1998 ATP Tour . It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was held from 2 November -- 8 November ."}
{"_id": "1911_International_Lawn_Tennis_Challenge", "title": "1911 International Lawn Tennis Challenge", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the tenth edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup , named after the American tennis player Dwight F. Davis . After no country decided to challenge Australasia in 1910 , only the British Isles and the United States would challenge for the Cup , for the third straight edition . Also for the third straight edition , the Americans would beat the British to earn the right to play for the Cup , and for the third straight edition , the Aussies would beat the Americans for the title .   For the first time , however , teams were allowed to use substitute players in dead rubbers , with the United States playing Maurice E. McLoughlin in singles after Australasia had clinched the final . The final also marked the first time a tie was played in New Zealand , when it was played at Lancaster Park in Christchurch . Anthony Wilding , whose home city was Christchurch , and Australian Norman Brookes won the 1907 tournament for Australasia ; the first time that America had been beaten in this tournament . With Wilding being absent in Europe for the 1911 competition , the chances of the Australasian team were weakened .   Rain delayed the beginning of the games scheduled for 29 December 1911 , and the 1911 Davis Cup event was held between 1 and 3 January 1912 . Norman Brookes beat Beals Wright in the opening match . Rodney Heath increased the lead for Australasia by beating William Larned . Australasia retained the Davis Cup through a win in the doubles , with Brookes and Alfred Dunlop being successful over Wright and Maurice E. McLoughlin . The fourth match was defaulted by Wright , and Larned stepped aside to give the younger McLoughlin the opportunity to play Brookes . After leading 2 sets to 1 , Brookes came back and won the match , and gave Australasia a clean 5 -- 0 victory ."}
{"_id": "1960_Roller_Hockey_World_Cup", "title": "1960 Roller Hockey World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 Roller Hockey World Cup was the fourteenth roller hockey world cup , organized by the Fédération Internationale de Patinage a Roulettes ( now under the name of Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports ) . It was contested by 10 national teams ( 8 from Europe , 1 from Africa and 1 from South America ) . All the games were played in the city of Madrid , in Spain , the chosen city to host the World Cup ."}
{"_id": "1995_in_Israel", "title": "1995 in Israel", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1995 in Israel ."}
{"_id": "1977_Hang_Ten_400", "title": "1977 Hang Ten 400", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Hang Ten 400 was an endurance race for Group C Touring Cars . The race was held on 11 September 1977 at the Sandown Park circuit in Victoria , Australia over a total distance of 400 km . It was Round 8 of the 1977 Australian Touring Car Championship and Round 1 of the 1977 Australian Championship of Makes .   Cars competed in four engine capacity classes :  Class A : 3001 to 6000cc  Class B : 2001 to 3000cc  Class C : 1301 to 2000cc  Class D : Up to 1300cc"}
{"_id": "1997_European_Athletics_U23_Championships_–_Women's_hammer_throw", "title": "1997 European Athletics U23 Championships – Women's hammer throw", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's hammer throw event at the 1997 European Athletics U23 Championships was held in Turku , Finland , on 10 and 12 July 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1997_Ms._Olympia", "title": "1997 Ms. Olympia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Ms. Olympia contest was an IFBB professional bodybuilding competition was held on November 22 , 1997 , at the Beacon Theatre in New York City , New York . It was the 18th Ms. Olympia competition held ."}
{"_id": "11_Tracks_of_Whack", "title": "11 Tracks of Whack", "headings": "", "text": "11 Tracks of Whack is the first solo album by Steely Dan guitarist Walter Becker , released in 1994 ( see 1994 in music ) . It was his second collaboration with Steely Dan partner Donald Fagen , who produced the album , since 1980 , after Becker produced Fagen 's Kamakiriad ( 1993 ) ."}
{"_id": "1st_Division_(Nigeria)", "title": "1st Division (Nigeria)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st Division is a formation of the Nigerian Army , which traces its history to 1967 . It was established during the Nigerian civil war and is charged with securing its Area of Responsibility ( AOR ) covering the North Western flank of Nigeria and also ensuring that the borders located in its AOR are secured . The division is a mechanized infantry with affiliated combat support and combat service support units .   In August -- September 1967 , 1 Area Command at Kaduna was redesignated 1 Infantry Division , and 2 Division was formed under Colonel Murtala Mohammed .   `` At the end of the Civil War , the three divisions of the army were reorganised into four divisions , with each controlling territories running from North to South in order to deemphasise the former regional structure . Each division thus had access to the sea thereby making triservice cooperation and logistic support easier . This deployment formula was later abandoned in favour of the present assignment of sectors to the divisions . Thus 1 Division with HQ at Kaduna is allocated the North West sector ; 2 Division with HQ at lbadan South West sector , 3 Division with HQ at Jos North East sector and 82 Division with HQ at Enugu South East sector . ''   Division headquarters remains in Kaduna in the north-west ."}
{"_id": "103rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)", "title": "103rd Infantry Division (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 103rd Infantry Division ( `` Cactus Division '' ) was a unit of the United States Army which served in the U.S. Seventh Army of the 6th Army Group during World War II .   It was variously assigned to the VI Corps , XV Corps , and XXI Corps . By war 's end it was part of VI Corps ' dash across Bavaria into the Alps , reaching Innsbruck , Austria , taking the Brenner Pass , and earning the honor of linking up with the U.S. Fifth Army coming north from Vipiteno Italy , joining the Italian and Western European fronts on May 4 , 1945 ."}
{"_id": "1905_Wisconsin_Badgers_football_team", "title": "1905 Wisconsin Badgers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1905 Western Conference football season ."}
{"_id": "1990_NCAA_Division_II_football_rankings", "title": "1990 NCAA Division II football rankings", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 NCAA Division II football rankings are from the NCAA Division II football committee . This is for the 1990 season ."}
{"_id": "1536_in_Norway", "title": "1536 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1536 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Bristol_City_F.C._season", "title": "1997–98 Bristol City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1997 -- 98 English football season , Bristol City F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division ."}
{"_id": "1999_AFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1999 AFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the North Melbourne Kangaroos and the Carlton Blues at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 25 September 1999 . It was the 103rd annual Grand Final of the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , staged to determine the premiers for the 1999 AFL season . The match , attended by 94,228 spectators , was won by North Melbourne by a margin of 35 points ( the second consecutive year in which the premiership decider was determined by that margin ) . It was North Melbourne 's fourth and ( as of 2017 ) most recent premiership victory ."}
{"_id": "1350s_in_England", "title": "1350s in England", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the 1350s in England ."}
{"_id": "1963_CFL_season", "title": "1963 CFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Canadian Football League season is considered to be the tenth season in modern-day Canadian football , although it is officially the sixth Canadian Football League season ."}
{"_id": "1978_Transamerica_Open", "title": "1978 Transamerica Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Transamerica Open , was a men 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Cow Palace in San Francisco , California in the United States . The event was part of the 1978 Grand Prix circuit and Barry MacKay was the tournament director . It was the 88th edition of the tournament and ran from September 25 through October 2 , 1978 . The singles event had a field of 64 players . Eighth-seeded John McEnroe won the singles title and $ 24,000 first prize money ."}
{"_id": "1733_in_Wales", "title": "1733 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1733 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "10th_Lambda_Literary_Awards", "title": "10th Lambda Literary Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th Lambda Literary Awards were held in 1998 to honour works of LGBT literature published in 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1996_Australian_Super_Touring_Championship", "title": "1996 Australian Super Touring Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 BOC Gases Australian Super Touring Championship was the fourth running of a touring car series in Australia under the Super Touring Car regulations . It began on 19 May 1996 at Amaroo Park and ended on 9 November at Oran Park Raceway after sixteen races ."}
{"_id": "1975_Northern_Illinois_Huskies_football_team", "title": "1975 Northern Illinois Huskies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University in the 1975 NCAA Division I football season . 1975 was the first year the Huskies competed in the Mid-American Conference , making the transition from being a Division I Independent since joining Division I football in 1969 . They were led by head coach Jerry Ippoliti , coaching in his fifth and final season , and they played their home games at Huskie Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1915_Presbyterian_Blue_Hose_football_team", "title": "1915 Presbyterian Blue Hose football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 Presbyterian Blue Hose football team represented Presbyterian College during the 1915 college football season . The Blue Hose 's team captain was J.W.C. Bell ."}
{"_id": "1904_Detroit_Titans_football_team", "title": "1904 Detroit Titans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 Detroit Titans football team was an American football team that represented the University of Detroit in the 1904 college football season . In its second season under head coach Alfred W. Debo , the team compiled a 4 -- 2 record and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 76 to 28 ."}
{"_id": ".500/450_Nitro_Express", "title": ".500/450 Nitro Express", "headings": "", "text": "The .500 / 450 Magnum Nitro Express is a large bore centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Holland & Holland ."}
{"_id": "1954_Canada_Cup", "title": "1954 Canada Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 Canada Cup took place August 20 -- 22 at the Laval-sur-le-Lac Golf Club in Laval , Quebec , Canada . It was the second Canada Cup event , which became the World Cup in 1967 . The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 25 teams . Each team consisted of two players from a country . The combined score of each team determined the team results .18 holes were played on the first two days with 36 holes played on the final day . The Australian team of Kel Nagle and Peter Thomson won by four strokes over the Argentine team of Antonio Cerdá and Roberto De Vicenzo . Canadian Stan Leonard had the lowest individual score with 275 , two strokes ahead of Peter Thomson ."}
{"_id": "1753_in_Canada", "title": "1753 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1753 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Cypriot_Third_Division", "title": "1991–92 Cypriot Third Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 Cypriot Third Division was the 21st season of the Cypriot third-level football league . PAEEK FC won their 1st title ."}
{"_id": "1030_in_Norway", "title": "1030 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1030 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1959_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships", "title": "1959 UCI Track Cycling World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling . They took place in Amsterdam , the Netherlands from 8 to 13 August 1959 . Eight events were contested , 6 for men ( 3 for professionals , 3 for amateurs ) and 2 for women ."}
{"_id": "1996_Barilla_Indoors_–_Singles", "title": "1996 Barilla Indoors – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Iva Majoli was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Jana Novotná .   Novotná won in the final 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 against Martina Hingis ."}
{"_id": "18_Wheels_of_Justice", "title": "18 Wheels of Justice", "headings": "", "text": "18 Wheels of Justice is a crime drama that aired from 2000 to 2001 on Spike TV . It starred Lucky Vanous as federal agent Michael Cates ( posing as a truck driver , with a Kenworth T2000 semi-truck ) , and G. Gordon Liddy as Jacob Calder , the crime boss Cates was chasing . The episodes followed a format not unlike The Incredible Hulk or The Fugitive , in that the wandering Cates would meet and interact with different people and help them with their particular problems before moving on . The series was distributed by King World Productions , and was filmed at Stu Segall Productions in San Diego ."}
{"_id": "1C_Company", "title": "1C Company", "headings": "", "text": "1C Company ( Russian : Фирма `` 1С '' ) is an independent Russian software developers and publishers . Its headquarters are in Moscow , Russia . It is best known outside Russia as a video game developer whose presence has come to dominate events like the KRI , and whose products have begun to show up for international platforms like the Xbox . On the internal Russian market , 1C is considered a leader in business software as well .   1C 's comprehensive business software suite 1C : Предприятие ( 1C : Predpriyatiye , 1C : Enterprise ) has held an overwhelming market share for over a decade . 1C is also a leader in localizing and publishing Russian-language versions of international software . For instance , more than half of popular Western video games are licensed and published by 1C . The company has over 700 employees , 10,000 business partners , 4,500 authorized retailers , 1,200 training centers , 200 authorized certification locations and over 280 stores in 100 cities ."}
{"_id": "1839_in_music", "title": "1839 in music", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about music-related events in 1839 ."}
{"_id": "1920–21_Penn_Quakers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1920–21 Penn Quakers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 -- 21 Penn Quakers men 's basketball team represented the University of Pennsylvania during the 1920 -- 21 NCAA men 's basketball season in the United States . The head coach was Edward McNichol , coaching in his first season with the Quakers . The team finished the season with a 21 -- 2 record and was retroactively named the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation . This was Penn 's second consecutive Helms national championship , the previous year 's 21 -- 1 team having later been recognized as the Helms ( and Premo-Porretta Power Poll ) national champion as well .   Senior Dan McNichol , Edward 's younger brother , was named a consensus All-American at the end of the season ."}
{"_id": "14th_Independent_Spirit_Awards", "title": "14th Independent Spirit Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Independent Spirit Awards , honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 1998 , were announced on March 20 , 1999 . It was hosted by Queen Latifah ."}
{"_id": "1990_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Basketball_Championship_Game", "title": "1990 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game was the final round of the 1990 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament , and it determined the national champion for the 1989-90 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season The 1990 National Title Game was played on April 2 , 1990 at McNichols Sports Arena in Denver , Colorado . The 1990 National Title Game was played between the 1990 West Regional Champions , # 1-seeded UNLV and the 1990 East Regional Champions , # 3-seeded Duke ."}
{"_id": "1967_Kentucky_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1967 Kentucky Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the University of Kentucky in the Southeastern Conference during the 1967 college football season ."}
{"_id": ".im", "title": ".im", "headings": "", "text": ". im is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for the Isle of Man . It is administered by the Government of the Isle of Man and managed on a day-to-day basis by Domicilium , an offshore Internet Service Provider based on the Isle of Man .   On July 1 , 2006 , . im registration was made available to anyone in the world , including one , two , and three letter domains directly under . im , which opens up the possibility of . im domain hacks . The domain has gained popularity among companies who produce instant messaging ( IM ) software with names registered by Adium , ejabberd , Coccinella , Meebo , Pandion , Pidgin , Prosody , Trillian , and Yahoo! among others . . IM is also used in German , French and Italian speaking countries ( i.e. Germany , Austria , Luxemburg , Switzerland , France , Italy and part of Belgium ) for Real Estate purposes ( Immobilien in German , Immobilier in French , Immobiliare in Italian ) . . IM also sounds like the phrase `` I 'm '' ( short for `` I am '' ) in English . The abundance of available short names has also made the domain popular for personal use .   Currently , domain registrations cost # 40.00 per year for domains of three letters or more , although they can be purchased much more cheaply through resellers . Premium domains with two character names are available for # 495.00 , and premium domains with one character names are available for # 995.00 ."}
{"_id": "1933–34_Aberdeen_F.C._season", "title": "1933–34 Aberdeen F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933-34 season was Aberdeen 's 29th season in the top flight of Scottish football and their 30th season overall . Aberdeen competed in the Scottish League Division One and the Scottish Cup ."}
{"_id": "1569_in_poetry", "title": "1569 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1911", "title": "1911", "headings": "", "text": "A highlight was the race for the South Pole ."}
{"_id": "1995_Citizen_Cup_(tennis)", "title": "1995 Citizen Cup (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Citizen Cup was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Am Rothenbaum in Hamburg in Germany that was part of Tier II of the 1995 WTA Tour . It was the 11th edition of the tournament and was held from May 1 through May 7 , 1995 ."}
{"_id": "1949–50_Polska_Liga_Hokejowa_season", "title": "1949–50 Polska Liga Hokejowa season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 -- 50 Polska Liga Hokejowa season was the 15th season of the Polska Liga Hokejowa , the top level of ice hockey in Poland . Four teams participated in the final round , and KTH Krynica won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1999_Speedway_World_Team_Cup", "title": "1999 Speedway World Team Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The final of the 1999 Speedway World Team Cup , the annual international speedway world championship tournament , took place at Pardubice in the Czech Republic . The winners were the Australia team ."}
{"_id": "1932_Changma_earthquake", "title": "1932 Changma earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 Changma earthquake occurred at 10:04:27 local time ( 02:04:07 UTC ) on 25 December . With an estimated magnitude of 7.6 on the surface wave magnitude scale , and a maximum felt intensity of X ( Extreme ) on the Mercalli intensity scale , the quake destroyed 1,167 houses , and 275 people were killed with a further 320 injured ."}
{"_id": "1940_TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_team", "title": "1940 TCU Horned Frogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University ( TCU ) in the 1940 college football season . The Horned Frogs finished the season 3 -- 7 overall and 2 -- 4 in the Southwest Conference . The team was coached by Dutch Meyer in his seventh year as head coach . The Frogs played their home games in Amon G. Carter Stadium , which is located on campus in Fort Worth , Texas ."}
{"_id": "1986_Maghreb_Athletics_Championships", "title": "1986 Maghreb Athletics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Maghreb Athletics Championships was the tenth edition of the international athletics competition between the countries of the Maghreb . Morocco , Algeria and Tunisia were the competing nations . Organised by the Union des Fédérations d'Athlétisme du Maghreb Uni ( Union of Athletics Federations of the United Maghreb ) , it took place in Tunis , Tunisia from 7 -- 9 August . A total of 39 athletics events were contested , 23 for men and 16 for women . The Maghreb men 's marathon was held for the third and final time at the tournament .   Algeria topped the table , winning more than half the events on offer . Tunisia was the runner-up with eleven gold medals . The competition was affected by strong winds and many of the marks in the sprints and horizontal jumps were wind-assisted . The men 's 10,000 metres race was not timed to international standards ."}
{"_id": "1998_All-Ireland_Senior_Club_Hurling_Championship_Final", "title": "1998 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship final was a hurling match played at Croke Park on 17 March 1998 to determine the winners of the 1997 -- 98 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship , the 28th season of the All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship , a tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association for the champion clubs of the four provinces of Ireland . The final was contested by Birr of Offaly and Sarsfields of Galway , with Birr winning by 1-13 to 0-9 .   The All-Ireland final was a unique occasion as it was the first ever championship meeting between Birr and Sarsfield 's . It remains their only clash in the All-Ireland series . Sarsfield 's were hoping to win a record-equaling third All-Ireland title while Birr were hoping to win their second title .   Birr had five under-21 players on their team and took command immediately when Paul Carroll set up Darren Hanniffy for a 5th-minute goal . Brian Whelahan won the man of the match award while team captain Joe Errity paid tribute to his father Tom who had died watching Birr defeat Clarecastle in the All-Ireland semi-final .   Birr 's All-Ireland victory was their first since 1995 . The win gave them their second All-Ireland title over all ."}
{"_id": "1999_Grozny_refugee_convoy_shooting", "title": "1999 Grozny refugee convoy shooting", "headings": "", "text": "The Grozny safe corridor shooting incident happened on December 3 , 1999 , when at least 40 people fleeing the besieged Chechen capital Grozny were allegedly killed by Russian policemen ."}
{"_id": "1830", "title": "1830", "headings": "", "text": "It is known in European history as a rather tumultuous year with the Revolutions of 1830 in France , Belgium , Poland , Switzerland and Italy ."}
{"_id": "1978_Chicago_Bears_season", "title": "1978 Chicago Bears season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Chicago Bears season was their 59th regular season completed in the National Football League . The club posted a 7 -- 9 record in the first year of Coach Neill Armstrong , yet another below .500 record in the 1970s ."}
{"_id": ".50-90_Sharps", "title": ".50-90 Sharps", "headings": "", "text": "The .50 -90 Sharps rifle cartridge is a black-powder cartridge that was introduced by Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company in 1872 as a buffalo ( American bison ) hunting round . Like other large black-powder rounds , it incorporates a heavy bullet and a large powder volume , leading to high muzzle energies ."}
{"_id": "120_Squadron_Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force", "title": "120 Squadron Royal Netherlands Air Force", "headings": "", "text": "120 Squadron was a Netherlands East Indies Air Force unit which was later re-raised part of the Royal Netherlands Air Force . The squadron was first formed in December 1943 as part of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , and saw combat in and around New Guinea during 1944 and 1945 equipped with P-40 Kittyhawk fighters . No. 120 Squadron was transferred to the Netherlands East Indies Air Force in 1946 and attacked Indonesian forces during the Indonesian National Revolution . It was disbanded in 1950 as a result of the Dutch -- Indonesian Round Table Conference , but was re-formed in 1961 as an air defence unit . 120 Squadron was disbanded in 1983 ."}
{"_id": "1994_FA_Charity_Shield", "title": "1994 FA Charity Shield", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 FA Charity Shield was the 72nd FA Charity Shield , an annual football match played between the winners of the previous season 's Premier League and FA Cup competitions . The match was played on 14 August 1994 at Wembley Stadium and contested by Manchester United , who had won the league and cup Double in 1993 -- 94 , and Blackburn Rovers , who had finished as runners-up in the Premier League . Manchester United won the match 2 -- 0 with goals from Eric Cantona and Paul Ince .   Notable omissions from the Blackburn side were top scorer Alan Shearer and his strike partner Chris Sutton , who had just joined them for a national record fee of # 5 million . Young striker Peter Thorne made his solitary appearance for Blackburn as a substitute , while Manchester United defender David May made his club debut just weeks after joining them from Blackburn . Blackburn had two debutants in the game : experienced defender Tony Gale and young striker Peter Thorne ."}
{"_id": "1783_in_sports", "title": "1783 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1783 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1097_Vicia", "title": "1097 Vicia", "headings": "", "text": "1097 Vicia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun . Initially it received the designation 1928 PC . The numerical designation indicates this was the 1097th asteroid discovered . It was named for the Vicia genus of plants . Measurements of the lightcurve made in 2010 and 2011 give a rotation period of 26.5 ± 0.1 hours ."}
{"_id": "1998_Fed_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone", "title": "1998 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone", "headings": "", "text": "The Europe/Africa Zone was one of three zones of regional competition in the 1998 Fed Cup ."}
{"_id": "16-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone_dehydratase", "title": "16-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone dehydratase", "headings": "", "text": "In enzymology , a 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone dehydratase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 16,17-didehydroprogesterone + H2O   Hence , this enzyme has one substrate , 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone , and two products , 16,17-didehydroprogesterone and H2O .   This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases , specifically the hydro-lyases , which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds . The systematic name of this enzyme class is 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone hydro-lyase ( 16,17-didehydroprogesterone-forming ) . Other names in common use include hydroxyprogesterone dehydroxylase , 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone dehydroxylase , 16alpha-dehydroxylase , and 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone hydro-lyase ."}
{"_id": "1890–91_Rangers_F.C._season", "title": "1890–91 Rangers F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1890 -- 91 season is the first season of competitive football by Rangers ."}
{"_id": "1932_Green_Bay_Packers_season", "title": "1932 Green Bay Packers season", "headings": "", "text": "The Green Bay Packers season was their 13th in the National Football League . The club posted a 10 -- 3 -- 1 record under coach Curly Lambeau , earning them a 2nd-place finish despite winning three more games than the champion Chicago Bears . With only one loss , the Bears ' winning percentage was calculated by the league at .875 , as ties were discarded , compared to the Packers ' .769 .   The Bears and Portsmouth Spartans were tied for first at the end of the season and played an extra game ; the winner was the league champion and the loser finished in third in the standings . The game was played indoors on a shortened field and the Bears won , 9 -- 0 .   In , the NFL divided into two divisions and began an annual NFL championship game to decide the league 's crown ."}
{"_id": "1957–58_Birmingham_City_F.C._season", "title": "1957–58 Birmingham City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 -- 58 Football League season was Birmingham City Football Club 's 55th in the Football League and their 31st in the First Division . They finished in 13th position in the 22-team division . They entered the 1957 -- 58 FA Cup at the third round proper and lost in that round to York City . In the inaugural edition of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , Birmingham lost in the semi-final in a play-off , having drawn on aggregate score with Barcelona .   In February 1958 , Pat Beasley joined the club . Beasley had believed he was coming as assistant to manager Arthur Turner , but chairman Harry Morris announced to the press that he was to be appointed joint manager . Turner , who found about this arrangement not from the club but from the press , threatened to resign . He was persuaded to stay `` for the time being '' , but finally left early in the 1958 -- 59 season .   Twenty-four players made at least one appearance in nationally or internationally organised first-team competition , and there were twelve different goalscorers . Half back Dick Neal played in 44 of the 46 first-team matches over the season , and Peter Murphy finished as leading goalscorer with 23 goals in all competitions , of which 20 were scored in the league ."}
{"_id": "1982_in_archaeology", "title": "1982 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1982 in archaeology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "109th_Regiment_of_Foot_(disambiguation)", "title": "109th Regiment of Foot (disambiguation)", "headings": "", "text": "Three regiments of the British Army have been numbered the 109th Regiment of Foot :   109th Regiment of Foot , raised in 1761  109th ( Aberdeenshire ) Regiment of Foot , raised in 1794  109th Regiment of Foot ( Bombay Infantry ) , raised by the East India Company and placed on the British establishment as the 109th Foot in 1862"}
{"_id": "1927_National_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1927 National Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 National Challenge Cup was the annual open cup held by the United States Football Association now known as the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup ."}
{"_id": "1953_Little_League_World_Series", "title": "1953 Little League World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 Little League World Series was held in August 1953 in Williamsport , Pennsylvania . In the championship game , Birmingham , Alabama beat Schenectady , New York by a score of 1 -- 0 in the seventh edition of the tournament .   The Birmingham Public Library commemorated the victory in 2003 ."}
{"_id": "1969_Liga_Deportiva_Universitaria_de_Quito_season", "title": "1969 Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito season", "headings": "", "text": "Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito 's 1969 season was the club 's 39th year of existence , the 16th year in professional football , and the 10th in the top level of professional football in Ecuador ."}
{"_id": "1982_in_association_football", "title": "1982 in association football", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the football ( soccer ) events of the year 1982 throughout the world ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_FC_Bayern_Munich_season", "title": "1996–97 FC Bayern Munich season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 FC Bayern Munich season saw the club clinch its 13th Bundesliga title ."}
{"_id": "1911_FA_Charity_Shield", "title": "1911 FA Charity Shield", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 FA Charity Shield was the fourth Charity Shield , an annual football match contested by the winners of the previous season 's Football League and Southern League competitions . The match was played on 25 September 1911 between Manchester United , winners of the 1910 -- 11 Football League , and Swindon Town , winners of the 1910 -- 11 Southern League . Manchester United won the match 8 -- 4 in front of only 10,000 fans at Stamford Bridge , London .   The match remains the highest scoring match in Charity Shield history . Harold Halse scored six goals for Manchester United in this match , a record for the most goals scored by an individual in a Charity Shield match . It is also a record for the most goals scored by an individual Manchester United player in one match , a record that was not equalled for almost 60 years , until George Best in an 8 -- 2 win over Northampton Town on 7 February 1970 . Proceeds from the sale of tickets at this game were donated to the survivors of the RMS Titanic ."}
{"_id": "1970_Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football_team", "title": "1970 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology in the 1970 college football season . The Yellow Jackets were led by fourth-year head coach Bud Carson and played their home games at Grant Field in Atlanta , Georgia .   Georgia Tech started the year with four straight victories , climbing to 13th in the AP Poll . Two losses to ranked rivals Tennessee and Auburn knocked them out of the polls . After racking up three more wins , they traveled to Notre Dame and almost pulled off an upset over the # 1 team in the country , as the Fighting Irish needed a fourth-quarter comeback to beat the Yellow Jackets . The close loss actually brought Georgia Tech back into the polls , at 16th . After defeating rival Georgia , they were invited to the 1970 Sun Bowl , where they defeated Texas Tech , 17 -- 9 ."}
{"_id": "1958_in_television", "title": "1958 in television", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1958 in television involved some significant events .  Below is a list of television-related events during 1958 ."}
{"_id": "1898_Paris–Amsterdam–Paris", "title": "1898 Paris–Amsterdam–Paris", "headings": "", "text": "The 1898 Paris -- Amsterdam -- Paris Race was a competitive ` city to city ' motor race which ran over 7 days from 7 -- 13 July 1898 and covered 1,431 km . It was won by Fernand Charron driving a Panhard et Levassor for 33 hours at an average speed of 43 km/h over unsurfaced roads .   The event was organised by the Automobile Club de France ( ACF ) and was sometimes retrospectively known as the III Grand Prix de l' A.C.F."}
{"_id": "1291", "title": "1291", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1291 ( MCCXCI ) was a common year starting on Monday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1929–30_Rangers_F.C._season", "title": "1929–30 Rangers F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 -- 30 season was the 55th season of competitive football by Rangers ."}
{"_id": "1940_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team", "title": "1940 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1940 Big Ten Conference football season . In their ninth year under head coach Bernie Bierman , the Golden Gophers compiled an undefeated 8 -- 0 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 154 to 71 . The team finished first in the Associated Press poll , giving the Gophers their fourth national title . The team did not play in a bowl game .   Tackle Urban Odson was named an All-American by Liberty . Halfback George Franck was named an All-American by the Walter Camp Football Foundation , Associated Press , United Press International , Look Magazine and Collier 's . Franck placed third in voting for the Heisman Trophy . Franck and Odson were also named All-Big Ten first team .   Quarterback Bob Paffrath received the Team MVP Award .   Total attendance for the season was 234,990 , which averaged to 46,998 . The season high for attendance was against Michigan ."}
{"_id": "1963_in_Chile", "title": "1963 in Chile", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1963 in Chile ."}
{"_id": "1984_Toronto_Molson_Light_Challenge", "title": "1984 Toronto Molson Light Challenge", "headings": "", "text": "Ivan Lendl won in the final 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 against Yannick Noah ."}
{"_id": "1988_Gulf_Cup_of_Nations", "title": "1988 Gulf Cup of Nations", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Gulf Cup of Nations or Arabian Gulf Cup , was the 9th edition of this tournament . It was held between March 2 and March 18 , 1988 , in Saudi Arabia . It was the second time after 1972 , that Saudi Arabia hosted this regional football tournament . The tournament was won by Iraq . It was the third title for Iraq after having won the tournament 1979 in Baghdad and 1984 in Muscat .   All games were played at the newly built King Fahd International Stadium in Riyadh . The stadium was built to host the 1988 Gulf Cup and the FIFA World Youth Championship one year later .   Having scored four goals each , Ahmed Radhi from Iraq and Zuhair Bakhit from the UAE shared the top-scorer award . Habib Jaafar ( Iraq ) was voted as best player , Oman 's goalkeeper Yousif Obaid won the best-goalkeeper-award .   Oman achieved their first victory in the Gulf Cup tournament after beating Qatar 2 -- 1 . Before so , the Oman had failed to win a single match in the 14 years prior ."}
{"_id": "1952_New_Year_Honours", "title": "1952 New Year Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The New Year Honours 1952 were appointments by King George VI to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire and Commonwealth . They were announced on 1 January 1952 for the British Empire , Australia , New Zealand , Ceylon , and Pakistan to celebrate the past year and mark the beginning of 1952 .   The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour , and arranged by honour , with classes ( Knight , Knight Grand Cross , etc. ) and then divisions ( Military , Civil , etc. ) as appropriate ."}
{"_id": "1741_in_Great_Britain", "title": "1741 in Great Britain", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1741 in Great Britain ."}
{"_id": "1900_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final", "title": "1900 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1900 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the thirteenth All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1900 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship , an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland .   Tipperary were the winners in a very one-sided final in which they beat London by 3-7 to 0-2 .   It was Tipperary 's third All-Ireland football title following success in 1889 and 1895 ."}
{"_id": "1996_Warsaw_Cup_by_Heros_–_Doubles", "title": "1996 Warsaw Cup by Heros – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Sandra Cecchini and Laura Garrone were the defending champions but only Garrone competed that year with Alexandra Fusai .   Fusai and Garrone lost in the final 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 against Olga Lugina and Elena Pampoulova ."}
{"_id": "16th_Street_Bridge", "title": "16th Street Bridge", "headings": "", "text": "16th Street Bridge may refer to :   16th Street Bridge ( Pittsburgh ) in Pennsylvania  16th Street Bridge ( Sacramento ) in California , see California State Route 160  16th Street Bridge ( Washington , D.C. )"}
{"_id": "1613_in_Ireland", "title": "1613 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1613 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1727_in_Norway", "title": "1727 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1727 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "19th_Virginia_Cavalry", "title": "19th Virginia Cavalry", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . It fought with the Army of Northern Virginia , in southwest Virginia , and in the Shenandoah Valley .   Virginia 's 19th Cavalry Regiment was formed in April , 1863 , using the 3rd Regiment Virginia State Line as its nucleus .   It served in Jenkin 's and W.L. Jackson 's Brigade and confronted the Federals in western Virginia . Later the unit took part in the operations in the Shenandoah Valley and disbanded during April , 1865 .   Its commanders were Colonel William Lowther Jackson , Lieutenant Colonel William P. Thompson , and Majors George Downs and Joseph K. Kesler ."}
{"_id": "(+)-germacrene_D_synthase", "title": "(+)-germacrene D synthase", "headings": "", "text": "- germacrene D synthase is an enzyme with systematic name ( 2E ,6 E ) - farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase - germacrene-D-forming ) . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction   ( 2E ,6 E ) - farnesyl diphosphate - germacrene D + diphosphate   This enzyme requires Mg2 + , Mn2 + , Ni2 + or Co2 + ."}
{"_id": "1901_in_France", "title": "1901 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1901 in France ."}
{"_id": "1185_in_Portugal", "title": "1185 in Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1185 in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1930_Fresno_State_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1930 Fresno State Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented Fresno State Normal SchoolCalifornia State University , Fresno was known as Fresno State Normal School from 1911 -- 1948 . See : Fresno State during the 1930 college football season .   Fresno State competed in the Far Western Conference ( FWC ) . The Northern California Athletic Conference ( NCAC ) was known as the Far Western Conference ( FWC ) from its founding in 1925 through 1982 . See : Northern California Athletic Conference The 1930 team was led by second-year head coach Stanley Borleske and played home games at Fresno State College StadiumRatcliffe Stadium was known as Fresno State College Stadium from 1926 -- 1940 . See : Ratcliffe Stadium on the campus of Fresno City College in Fresno , California . They finished undefeated , as champion of the FWS , with a record of eight wins and no losses ( 8 -- 0 , 5 -- 0 FWC ) . The Bulldogs outscored their opponents 154 -- 66 for the season and held the other team to a touchdown or less in six of the eight games ."}
{"_id": "1909–10_Indiana_Hoosiers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1909–10 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 -- 10 Indiana Hoosiers men 's basketball team represented Indiana University . Their head coach was John Georgen , who was in his 1st and only year . The team played its home games at the Old Assembly Hall in Bloomington , Indiana , and was a member of the Western Conference .   The Hoosiers finished the regular season with an overall record of 5 -- 8 and a conference record of 3 -- 7 , finishing 7th in the Western Conference ."}
{"_id": "1933–34_FA_Cup", "title": "1933–34 FA Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 -- 34 FA Cup was the 59th season of the world 's oldest football cup competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the FA Cup . Manchester City won the competition for the second time , beating Portsmouth 2 -- 1 in the final at Wembley , winning through two late goals from Fred Tilson .   Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round , which was always a Saturday . Some matches , however , might be rescheduled for other days if there were clashes with games for other competitions or the weather was inclement . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played , a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week . If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held until a winner was determined . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay , a 30-minute period of extra time would be played . The 1933-34 competition was notable in that no second replays were required throughout the competition proper ."}
{"_id": "1963_VFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1963 VFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Geelong Football Club and Hawthorn Football Club , held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 5 October 1963 . It was the 67th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League , staged to determine the premiers for the 1963 VFL season . The match , attended by 101,209 spectators , was won by Geelong by a margin of 49 points , marking that club 's sixth premiership victory and first since winning the 1952 VFL Grand Final .   Hawthorn were minor premiers as a result of their superior percentage , as both clubs had finished the home and away season with 13 wins and a draw . Geelong 's premiership win was their last until 2007 ."}
{"_id": "1896_World_Allround_Speed_Skating_Championships", "title": "1896 World Allround Speed Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1896 World Allround Speed Skating Championships took place at 7 and 8 February 1896 at the ice rink Joesoepovski Park in Saint Petersburg , Russia . Jaap Eden was the defending champion , he extended his title by winning all four distances ."}
{"_id": "1994_World_Rally_Championship", "title": "1994 World Rally Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 World Rally Championship was the 22nd season of the FIA World Rally Championship . The season consisted of 10 rallies . The drivers ' world championship was won by Didier Auriol in a Toyota Celica Turbo 4WD , ahead of Carlos Sainz and Juha Kankkunen . The manufacturers ' title was won by Toyota , ahead of Subaru and Ford ."}
{"_id": "1981_ABN_World_Tennis_Tournament_–_Singles", "title": "1981 ABN World Tennis Tournament – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Heinz Günthardt was the defending champion of the singles event at the ABN World Tennis Tournament , but did not participate in this edition . First-seeded Jimmy Connors won the title after a victory in the final against second-seeded Gene Mayer 6 -- 1 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 ."}
{"_id": "1973_Országos_Bajnokság_I_(men's_water_polo)", "title": "1973 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)", "headings": "", "text": "1973 Országos Bajnokság I ( men 's water polo ) was the 67th water polo championship in Hungary . There were ten teams who played two-round match for the title ."}
{"_id": "1981_World_Rally_Championship", "title": "1981 World Rally Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 World Rally Championship was the ninth season of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) World Rally Championship ( WRC ) . The season consisted of 12 rallies . While this number was the same as the previous year , one change was made to the schedule , replacing New Zealand with the Brazil .   The 1981 World Rally Championship for Drivers was won by Ari Vatanen driving a Rothmans Rally Team Ford Escort RS1800 , the only time a privateer team has won the Drivers ' Championship . The Makes ' Championship was won by Talbot with their Sunbeam Lotus . It also saw the beginning of a new era in the sport with the arrival of the Audi Quattro , the first four-wheel drive rally car . Initially regarded as too heavy and complex for rally stages , it proved its worth with three wins in its debut season , including a maiden victory for Michèle Mouton at the Rallye Sanremo , the only woman to win a WRC event .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "118th_meridian_west", "title": "118th meridian west", "headings": "", "text": "The meridian 118 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   118 ° W is the Sixth Meridian of the Dominion Land Survey in Canada .   The 118th meridian west forms a great circle with the 62nd meridian east ."}
{"_id": "1990_East_Carolina_Pirates_football_team", "title": "1990 East Carolina Pirates football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 East Carolina Pirates football team represented East Carolina University during the 1990 NCAA Division I-A football season ."}
{"_id": "1935_Toledo_Rockets_football_team", "title": "1935 Toledo Rockets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 Toledo Rockets football team was an American football team that represented Toledo University ( renamed the University of Toledo in 1967 ) in the Ohio Athletic Conference ( OAC ) during the 1935 college football season . In their fifth season under head coach Jim Nicholson , the team compiled a 6 -- 2 -- 1 record , held all opponents to 32 points , and outscored opponents by a combined total of 185 to 32 . The team 's victories included games against Bowling Green ( 63 -- 0 ) and Louisville ( 41 -- 7 ) . The defense held opponents to 3.6 points per game and allowed only five touchdowns and zero passing touchdowns , each of which remains a program record . The 63-point margin of victory over Bowling Green remains the third largest in program history . The Bowling Green -- Toledo football rivalry , dating back to 1919 , was terminated after the 1935 season and was not revived until 1948 . Jerry Welling was the team captain .   The Rockets ' 13 -- 0 victory over Dennison was the first game in program history to broadcast on radio .   Jim Nicholson resigned as the team 's head coach after the 1935 season . He became an `` industrialist and civic leader '' in Toledo ."}
{"_id": "1973_Intercontinental_Cup", "title": "1973 Intercontinental Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Intercontinental Cup was a football match played on 28 November 1973 between Juventus , runners-up of the 1972-73 European Cup , and Independiente , winner of the 1973 Copa Libertadores . The match was played at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome . It was Juventus ' first appearance into the competition and Independiente 's fourth appearance after the defeats against Internazionale in 1964 and 1965 and against Ajax in 1972 .  Despite initially refusing to participate in the competition , Juventus replaced Ajax as representative UEFA team in the competition after the European Champions Cup winner declined to contest a possible meeting in South America officially for financial reasons . The Cup was played in a single match instead of a two-legged final like it happened in the previous and following years until 1979 .   During the match , dominated by the Italian team , the Bianconeri had several opportunities to take the lead with two shots on the cross , a penalty kick , drawn by Cuccureddu , ended up over the bar and a shot in the last minutes of the race , which was blocked by the goalkeeper Santoro in daring action . Ten minutes from the end , an own goal by Gentile in a Bochini 's shot , the only significant offensive action made by Independiente in the match , was decisive for the victory of the Diablos Rojos ( `` Red Devils '' ) ."}
{"_id": "1984_in_Germany", "title": "1984 in Germany", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1984 in Germany ."}
{"_id": "1991_ATP_German_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1991 ATP German Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 German Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1991 ATP Tour . It took place at the Rothenbaum Tennis Center in Hamburg , Germany , from May 6 through May 13 , 1991 . Karel Nováček won in the final against Magnus Gustafsson , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 5 -- 7 , 0 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1989_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships", "title": "1989 World Ice Hockey Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Ice Hockey World Championships took place in Sweden from 15 April - 1 May . The games were played in Södertälje and Stockholm , in the newly built arena Globen . Eight teams took part , and each team played each other once . The four best teams then played each other again . This was the 53rd World Championships , and also the 64th European Championships . The Soviet Union became world champions for the 21st time , and also European champions for the 26th time . In the European Championship , only games of the first round between European teams are counted .   The tournament was marred by positive drug tests . Fortunately , only the goal totals of the Americans were affected in the end . Their losses against the Czechs and the Canadians were ruled as shutouts because of Corey Millen 's high testosterone levels . Canadian Randy Carlyle also came under suspicion , but his A and B samples did not match , and he was cleared of wrongdoing . None of which distracted the Soviets , who won all ten of their games ."}
{"_id": "1970_New_Zealand_National_Soccer_League", "title": "1970 New Zealand National Soccer League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 New Zealand National Soccer League was the inaugural season of a nationwide round-robin club competition in New Zealand football . The league 's initial sponsors were Rothmans ( NZ ) Ltd , and the league was thus commonly known as the Rothmans National League . Rothmans retained naming sponsorship rights until 1987 when Air New Zealand took over as principal sponsor ."}
{"_id": "1989_Metro_Manila_Film_Festival", "title": "1989 Metro Manila Film Festival", "headings": "", "text": "The 15th Metro Manila Film Festival was held in 1989 .   Vilma Santos and Christopher de Leon received top honors winning the Best Actress and Best Actor trophies in the 1989 Metro Manila Film Festival . Their movie on VIVA Films entitled Imortal wins the Best Picture award and eight more including Best Director for multi-awarded Eddie Garcia among others .   Seiko Films ' Ang Bukas ay Akin won three awards while the Best Child Performer award went to Atong Redillas for the movie , Ang Mahiwagang Daigdig ni Elias Paniki ."}
{"_id": "1900_Cornell_Big_Red_football_team", "title": "1900 Cornell Big Red football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1900 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1900 college football season . In their second season under head coach Percy Haughton , the Big Red compiled a 10 -- 2 record and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 167 to 55 . Two Cornell players received honors on the 1900 College Football All-America Team : fullback Raymond Starbuck ( Caspar Whitney-1 ) ; and tackle Edward R. Alexander ( Walter Camp-3 ) ."}
{"_id": "19th_century_in_the_United_States", "title": "19th century in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th century in the United States refers to the period in the United States from 1801 through 1900 in the Gregorian calendar . For information on this period , see :   : Category :19 th century in the United States  History of the United States series :  History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 )  History of the United States ( 1849 -- 1865 )  History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 )  Timeline of the United States   Category :19 th century in the United States"}
{"_id": "1999_Pentecost_flood", "title": "1999 Pentecost flood", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Pentecost flood ( Pfingsthochwasser 1999 ) was a 100-year flood around the Pentecost season in 1999 that mostly affected Bavaria , Vorarlberg and Tirol . It was caused by heavy rainfall coinciding with the regular Alpine meltwater .   By late May , the annual spring meltwater from the Alps meant many Bavarian rivers were already at a high water level . On May 22 the rainstorm `` Quartus '' hit the northern Alps , bringing an additional 180 litres/m ² , causing the Ammersee and the Amper and Isar rivers to expand and flood large areas . These flooded areas expanded quickly covering parts of the Oberallgäu on the river Iller . The flood then continued downstream to some of the more inhabited areas in Bavaria .   The water level of the Isar , which flows through Munich , was lowered by the Sylvensteinspeicher reservoir near Bad Tölz . However causeways on the Iller failed , flooding Sonthofen , parts of Augsburg and Neustadt . In Hindelang-Hinterstein the flood reached a peak not recorded in the previous 250 years .  A subsequent Alpine highwater on 23-24 August 2005 again did damage to these areas .   In the Vorarlberg area the Rhine flood affected Lake Constance damaging Hard and Bregenz .   In Tirol the village Pflach in Lechtal was flooded ."}
{"_id": "1936_All_England_Badminton_Championships", "title": "1936 All England Badminton Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 All England Championships was a badminton tournament held at the Royal Horticultural Halls , Westminster , England from March 2 to March 7 , 1936 ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Connecticut_Huskies_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1990–91 Connecticut Huskies men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 Connecticut Huskies men 's basketball team represented the University of Connecticut in the 1990 -- 91 collegiate men 's basketball season . The Huskies completed the season with a 20 -- 11 overall record . The Huskies were members of the Big East Conference where they finished with a 9 -- 7 record . They made it to the Sweet Sixteen in the 1991 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . The Huskies played their home games at Harry A. Gampel Pavilion in Storrs , Connecticut and the Hartford Civic Center in Hartford , Connecticut , and they were led by fifth-year head coach Jim Calhoun ."}
{"_id": "1966–67_Yugoslav_Second_League", "title": "1966–67 Yugoslav Second League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 -- 67 Yugoslav Second League season was the 21st season of the Second Federal League ( Druga savezna liga ) , the second level association football competition of SFR Yugoslavia , since its establishment in 1946 . The league was contested in two regional groups ( West Division and East Division ) , with 18 clubs each ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Colonial_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1993–94 Colonial Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 Colonial Hockey League season was the third season of the Colonial Hockey League , a North American minor professional league . Eight teams participated in the regular season and the Thunder Bay Senators won the league title ."}
{"_id": "12-inch_gun_M1895", "title": "12-inch gun M1895", "headings": "", "text": "The 12-inch coastal defense gun M1895 ( 305 mm ) and its variants the M1888 and M1900 were large coastal artillery pieces installed to defend major American seaports between 1895 and 1945 . For most of their history they were operated by the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps . Most were installed on disappearing carriages , with early installations on low-angle barbette mountings . From 1919 , 19 long-range two-gun batteries were built using the M1895 on an M1917 long-range barbette carriage . Almost all of the weapons not in the Philippines were scrapped during and after World War II ."}
{"_id": "1953–54_Cardiff_City_F.C._season", "title": "1953–54 Cardiff City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 -- 54 season was Cardiff City F.C. 's 27th season in the Football League . They competed in the 22-team Division One , then the first tier of English football , finishing tenth .   The season would also be the last time the club was managed by Cyril Spiers who , in his second spell at the club , is still Cardiff City 's second longest serving manager of all time . His fourteen years at Ninian Park placing him second only to Fred Stewart ."}
{"_id": "1995_NECBL_season", "title": "1995 NECBL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 NECBL season was the second season of the New England Collegiate Baseball League . The league added two new franchises , the Central Mass Collegians of Leominster , Massachusetts , the league 's first team outside the state of Connecticut , and the Danbury Westerners of Danbury , Connecticut . The league 's Fairfield , Connecticut franchise , the Fairfield Stallions , ceased to exist after one season in the league .   In the semifinal playoff rounds , Waterbury defeated Eastern 2-0 and Central Mass defeated Danbury 2-0 . In the best-of-three championship series , Central Mass defeated Waterbury 2-0 to capture the league title ."}
{"_id": "1945–46_AHL_season", "title": "1945–46 AHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 -- 46 AHL season was the tenth season of the American Hockey League . Eight teams played 62 games each in the schedule . The Indianapolis Capitals won their third F. G. `` Teddy '' Oke Trophy as West Division champions . The Buffalo Bisons won their third Calder Cup in a four-year span ."}
{"_id": "1992_Cal_State_Fullerton_Titans_football_team", "title": "1992 Cal State Fullerton Titans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Cal State Fullerton Titans football team represented California State University , Fullerton during the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season .   The Titans competed in the Big West Conference . The team was led by thirteenth-year head coach Gene Murphy and played home games at the new on-campus Titan Sports Complex . They finished the season with two wins and nine losses ( 2 -- 9 , 0 -- 6 Big West ) , and last in the Big West Conference for the third consecutive year . For the year , the Titans set an NCAA record for most fumbles in a season ( 71 ) and most fumbles lost in a season ( 41 ) .   Citing financial pressure , Cal State Fullerton dropped intercollegiate football after the 1992 season ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Irish_League_Cup", "title": "1995–96 Irish League Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Irish League Cup ( known as the Wilkinson Sword League Cup for sponsorship reasons ) was the 10th edition of Northern Ireland 's secondary football knock-out cup competition . It concluded on 19 September 1995 with the final .   Ards were the defending champions after their first League Cup win last season ; a 2 -- 0 penalty shootout victory over Cliftonville in the previous final . This season they went out in the second round to Coleraine , who had been runners-up for the past two seasons . Portadown were the eventual winners , lifting the cup for the first time with a 2 -- 1 victory over Crusaders in the final ."}
{"_id": ".375_Dakota", "title": ".375 Dakota", "headings": "", "text": "The .375 Dakota is dangerous game cartridge designed by Don Allen , the founder of Dakota Arms of Sturgis , South Dakota .   Like the .375 Ruger and the .376 Steyr , the .375 Dakota was designed to compete with the .375 H&H Magnum , yet have the advantage of having a rimless , beltless case and can function through a standard-length rifle action due to a shorter overall length . Like the .375 Remington Ultra Magnum , this cartridge is based on the Canadian Magnum series of rifle cartridges developed by Aubrey White and Noburo Uno , which were based on the .404 Jeffery cartridge . However , unlike the .375 RUM and the .375 Canadian Magnum cartridges which have rebated rims , the Dakota is of a rimless design . Since the .375 Dakota is a proprietary cartridge neither SAAMI or the CIP have provided guidelines or specifications concerning the cartridge .   The .375 Dakota is available in the Dakota Model 76 and Model 97 bolt-action riles and the Model 10 and Miller single-shot rifles . Both the Model 76 and Model 97 rifles are based on the Winchester pre - '64 Mauser design while the Model 10 and Miller are falling-block rifles ."}
{"_id": "1968–69_Duke_Blue_Devils_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1968–69 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968-69 Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team represented Duke University in the 1968-69 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The head coach was Vic Bubas and the team finished the season with an overall record of 15-13 and did not qualify for the NCAA tournament ."}
{"_id": "1975_San_Jose_Earthquakes_season", "title": "1975 San Jose Earthquakes season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 San Jose Earthquakes season was the team 's second in the North American Soccer League . They finished  in fifth place in the Pacific Division ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Hertha_BSC_season", "title": "1999–2000 Hertha BSC season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 Hertha BSC season was the 107th season in club history . The club played their home matches at Olympic Stadium . The season began on 11 August 1999 and finished on 20 May 2000 . The club finished 6th in the Bundesliga . The club were eliminated in the fourth round of the DFB-Pokal , the preliminary round of the DFB-Ligapokal and the Second Group Stage of the Champions League ."}
{"_id": "1909–10_Rangers_F.C._season", "title": "1909–10 Rangers F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 -- 10 season is the 20th season of competitive football by Rangers ."}
{"_id": "1902_in_the_United_States", "title": "1902 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1902 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1969_Thailand_Regional_Games", "title": "1969 Thailand Regional Games", "headings": "", "text": "The 3rd Thailand Regional Games ( Thai : กีฬาเขตแห่งประเทศไทย ครั้งที่ 3 ) also known ( 1969 National Games ,1969 Inter Provincial Games ) held in Songkhla , Thailand during 24 to 30 November 1969 , Representing were 11 sports . This games was the first host in Southern of Thailand ."}
{"_id": "1984_Cal_State_Fullerton_Titans_football_team", "title": "1984 Cal State Fullerton Titans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 Cal State Fullerton Titans football team represented California State University , Fullerton during the 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season .   The Titans competed in the Pacific Coast Athletic Association.The Big West Conference was known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association from its founding in 1969 through 1987 . See : Big West Conference The team was led by fifth-year head coach Gene Murphy . The Titans played their home games in Santa Ana Stadium in Santa Ana , California . This was the fourth home venue for the Titans in three years , but they would continue playing in Santa Ana Stadium for the next eight years .   The Titans finished the season with their best record ever , a mark of eleven wins and one loss ( 11 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 PCAA ) . Their sole loss came to the Rebels . However , in March 1985 it was found that UNLV had used several ineligible players during the 1983 and 1984 seasons . As a result , UNLV was forced to forfeit all of their victories in those two seasons . This makes the Titans season into an undefeated season ( 12 -- 0 , 7 -- 0 PCAA ) and they were crowned conference champion ."}
{"_id": "1925_in_sports", "title": "1925 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1925 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1962_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_javelin_throw", "title": "1962 European Athletics Championships – Women's javelin throw", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's javelin throw at the 1962 European Athletics Championships was held in Beograd , then Yugoslavia , at JNA Stadium on 13 and 14 September 1962 ."}
{"_id": "1872_Swiss_revolver", "title": "1872 Swiss revolver", "headings": "", "text": "The Model 1872 revolver ( Ordonnanzrevolver 1872 or revolver d'ordonnance modèle 1872 ) was the service sidearm of the Swiss Army . It was later refined to the Model 1872/78 revolver . Approximately 600 were manufactured in Belgium by Pirlot Frères ."}
{"_id": "1860_in_France", "title": "1860 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1860 in France ."}
{"_id": "1909–10_Isthmian_League", "title": "1909–10 Isthmian League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 -- 10 season was the fifth in the history of the Isthmian League , an English football competition .   Bromley were champions for a second time in a row ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Eredivisie_(ice_hockey)_season", "title": "1996–97 Eredivisie (ice hockey) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996-97 Eredivisie season was the 37th season of the Eredivisie , the top level of ice hockey in the Netherlands . Eight teams participated in the league , and the Nijmegen Tigers won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1981_Long_Beach_State_49ers_football_team", "title": "1981 Long Beach State 49ers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Long Beach State 49ers football team represented California State University , Long BeachAlthough the official name of the school is California State University , Long Beach , in common usage it is also sometimes known as Long Beach State . See : Cal State Long Beach during the 1981 Division I-A football season .   Cal State Long Beach competed in the Pacific Coast Athletic Association.The Big West Conference was known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association from its founding in 1969 through 1987 . See : Big West Conference The team was led by fifth-year head coach Dave Currey , and played their home games at Anaheim Stadium in Anaheim , California . They finished the season with a record of two wins , eight losses ( 2 -- 8 , 1 -- 4 PCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1977_U.S._Clay_Court_Championships_–_Women's_Doubles", "title": "1977 U.S. Clay Court Championships – Women's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Linky Boshoff and Ilana Kloss retained their title by defeating Mary Carillo and Wendy Overton in the final ."}
{"_id": "1997_Skate_America", "title": "1997 Skate America", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Skate America was the first event of six in the 1997 -- 98 ISU Champions Series , a senior-level international invitational competition series . It was held at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit , Michigan on October 23 -- 25 . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing . Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 1997 -- 98 Champions Series Final . The compulsory dance was the Golden Waltz ."}
{"_id": "1994_KAL_Cup_Korea_Open", "title": "1994 KAL Cup Korea Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 KAL Cup Korea Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts that was part of the World Series of the 1994 ATP Tour . It was played at Seoul in South Korea from April 18 through April 25 , 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1956–57_Danish_Cup", "title": "1956–57 Danish Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 -- 57 Danish Cup was the 3rd installment of the Danish Cup , the highest football competition in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1993_Manchester_Open", "title": "1993 Manchester Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Manchester Open was the fourth edition of the Manchester Open tennis tournament in Manchester , England and was played outdoor grass courts . The tournament was part of the ATP World Series and was held from 14 June to 21 June .   Jason Stoltenberg won his 6th career title , his first singles title and his only title of the year by defeating Wally Masur in the final ."}
{"_id": "1994_Palanca_Awards", "title": "1994 Palanca Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature winners in the year 1994 ( rank , title of winning entry , name of author ) .  __ NOTOC __"}
{"_id": "1841_in_art", "title": "1841 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1841 in art ."}
{"_id": "1933_Northern_Illinois_State_Evansmen_football_team", "title": "1933 Northern Illinois State Evansmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 Northern Illinois State Evansmen football team represented Northern Illinois State Teachers College in the 1933 college football season . There were no divisions of college football during this time period , and the Evansmen competed in the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference . They were led by fifth year head coach Chick Evans and played their home games at the 5,500 seat Glidden Field , located on the east end of campus ."}
{"_id": "1987_Bristol_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1987 Bristol Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Vijay Amritraj was the defending champion , but lost in the third round this year .   Kelly Evernden won the title , defeating Tim Wilkison 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 in the final ."}
{"_id": "15_cm_schwere_Feldhaubitze_M_14", "title": "15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M 14", "headings": "", "text": "The 15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M 14 was a heavy howitzer which served with Austria-Hungary during World War I.   It had two crew seats mounted on the gun shield . It broke down into two loads for transport . The M 14 was modified to improve elevation and range as well as to strengthen the carriage as the M 14/16 . Postwar war modifications were common to make it suitable for motor traction and to address other issues .   M 14 and M14/16 howitzers captured by Italy during the war and received as reparations after the war , when they were put into service with the designation of Obice da 149/13 . Some 490 were on hand in 1939 and weapons captured by the Germans after the Italians changed sides in 1943 were used as the 15 cm sFH 400 ( i ) . Surviving weapons were impressed into German service after 1943 as the 15 cm sFH 401 ( i ) . Czechoslovak weapons were known as the 15 cm hrubá houfnice vz . 14 and 14/16 ."}
{"_id": "100th_United_States_Congress", "title": "100th United States Congress", "headings": "", "text": "The One Hundredth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government , composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives . It met in Washington , D.C. from January 3 , 1987 , to January 3 , 1989 , during the last two years of Ronald Reagan 's presidency . The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twentieth Census of the United States in 1980 . Both chambers had a Democratic majority ."}
{"_id": "1984–85_Bulgarian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1984–85 Bulgarian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 -- 85 Bulgarian Hockey League season was the 33rd season of the Bulgarian Hockey League , the top level of ice hockey in Bulgaria . Five teams participated in the league , and HK Slavia Sofia won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1006_Lagrangea", "title": "1006 Lagrangea", "headings": "", "text": "1006 Langrangea is a main-belt asteroid about 30 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered by astronomer Sergei Ivanovich Belyavsky at Simeiz Observatory , Crimea , on September 12 , 1923 . Its provisional designation was 1923 OU . It is named after mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange ."}
{"_id": "1955_in_Danish_television", "title": "1955 in Danish television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Danish television related events from 1955 ."}
{"_id": "1978–79_National_Hurling_League", "title": "1978–79 National Hurling League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 -- 79 National Hurling League was the 48th season of the National Hurling League ."}
{"_id": "1937–38_in_Mandatory_Palestine_football", "title": "1937–38 in Mandatory Palestine football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 -- 38 season was the 11th season of competitive football in the British Mandate for Palestine under the Eretz Israel Football Association ."}
{"_id": "(237442)_1999_TA10", "title": "(237442) 1999 TA10", "headings": "", "text": ", provisionally known as 1999 TA10 , is a near-Earth object ( NEO ) from the Amor asteroid group . It is suspected of being an inner fragment of the differentiated asteroid 4 Vesta .   Given an absolute magnitude ( H ) of 17.9 , and that the albedo is unknown , this NEO could vary from 500 to 1500 meters in diameter .   was discovered on 5 October 1999 at apparent magnitude 17.7 , when it was only 0.39 AU from Earth . In 2010 , it came within 0.3 AU of Earth . During the 2010 close approach , NASA Infrared Telescope Facility ( NASA IRTF ) studies suggested that originated from the interior of Vesta . The next close approach will be in 2023 . In 2086 , it will come within 0.017 AU of Mars ."}
{"_id": "1894–95_FA_Cup", "title": "1894–95 FA Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1894 -- 1895 FA Cup was the 24th season of the world 's oldest association football competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup ( more usually known as the FA Cup ) . The cup was won by Aston Villa , who defeated West Bromwich Albion 1 -- 0 in the final of the competition , played at Crystal Palace in London . This was Villa 's second victory in the FA Cup .   The Trophy was stolen from a display in the shop window of W. Shillcock ( a football fitter ) in Newton Row , Birmingham , after the Final and never recovered despite a # 10 reward . According to the Police , it was taken sometime between 21:30 on Wednesday 11 September and 7:30 the following morning , along with cash from a drawer . The cup was replaced by a copy of the original , made by Howard Vaughton , the former Aston Villa player and England international , who had opened a silversmith 's business after his retirement from the game .   Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round , which was always a Saturday . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played , a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week . If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay , a 30-minute period of extra time would be played ."}
{"_id": "1889_Cornell_Big_Red_football_team", "title": "1889 Cornell Big Red football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1889 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1889 college football season . The team compiled an 8 -- 4 record and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 354 to 130 . No Cornell players received honors on the 1889 College Football All-America Team ."}
{"_id": "1986_Montreal_Expos_season", "title": "1986 Montreal Expos season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1996_WNBL_season", "title": "1996 WNBL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 WNBL season was the 16th season of competition since its establishment in 1981 . A total of 10 teams contested the league ."}
{"_id": ".257_Weatherby_Magnum", "title": ".257 Weatherby Magnum", "headings": "", "text": "The .257 Weatherby Magnum is a .257 Caliber ( 6.35 mm ) belted bottlenecked cartridge . It is one of the original standard length magnums developed by shortening the .375 H&H Magnum case to approx . 2.5 in . Of the cartridges developed by Roy Weatherby , the .257 Weatherby Magnum was known to have been his favorite , and the cartridge currently ranks third in Weatherby cartridge sales , after the .30 -378 Weatherby Magnum and the .300 Weatherby Magnum .   The .257 Weatherby Magnum is among one of the flattest shooting commercial cartridges . It is capable of firing a 115 gr Nosler Ballistic Tip bullet at 3400 . ft/s generating 2952 ftlbf of energy which is comparable to factory loadings of the .30 -06 Springfield and the .35 Whelen in terms of energy .   Discrepancies between the metric and U.S. diameters of the bullet may cause some confusion . A .257 bullet has a metric bullet diameter of 6.53 mm . However , in Europe cartridge designation nomenclature for a large part relies on the bore diameter . As the bore diameter of the rifle is .250 inches this would make the .257 Weatherby Magnum a 6.35 mm caliber cartridge rather than a 6.5 mm caliber cartridge ."}
{"_id": "1979_in_Germany", "title": "1979 in Germany", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1979 in Germany ."}
{"_id": "1958_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season", "title": "1958 Pittsburgh Pirates season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 77th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise ; the 72nd in the National League . The Pirates finished second in the league standings with a record of 84 -- 70 ."}
{"_id": "1889_in_Australian_literature", "title": "1889 in Australian literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1889 .   For an overview of world literature see 1889 in literature .   See also :  1888 in Australian literature ,  1889 in Australia ,  1890 in Australian literature ."}
{"_id": "1962_Memorial_Cup", "title": "1962 Memorial Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Memorial Cup final was the 44th junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association . The George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions Hamilton Red Wings of the Ontario Hockey Association in Eastern Canada competed against the Abbott Cup champions Edmonton Oil Kings of the Central Alberta Hockey League in Western Canada . In a best-of-seven series , held at the Guelph Memorial Gardens in Guelph , Ontario , Kitchener Memorial Auditorium in Kitchener , Ontario , and the Barton Street Arena in Hamilton , Ontario , Hamilton won their 1st Memorial Cup , defeating Edmonton 4 games to 1 ."}
{"_id": "1853_in_Denmark", "title": "1853 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1853 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1510_in_Portugal", "title": "1510 in Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1510 in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1989_in_Japanese_television", "title": "1989 in Japanese television", "headings": "", "text": "Events in 1989 in Japanese television ."}
{"_id": "1989_Fort_Lauderdale_Strikers_season", "title": "1989 Fort Lauderdale Strikers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Fort Lauderdale Strikers season was the second season of the team in the new American Soccer League . It was the club 's twenty-third season in professional soccer . This year the team finished in second place in the Southern Division and made it through the playoffs and into the ASL Championship . They became the 1989 Champions . They also won the only ASL/WSL Championship in 1989 when the ASL Champions faced the WSL ( WSA ) Champions in a unification match to determine the national winner . Following the season , the American Soccer League merged with the Western Soccer Alliance to form the American Professional Soccer League in 1990 . The team would be absorbed into the new league and continue to play there ."}
{"_id": "1200s_BC_(decade)", "title": "1200s BC (decade)", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1994_Pacific_Cup", "title": "1994 Pacific Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Pacific Cup was the seventh staging of the Pacific Cup , a rugby league tournament held between Pacific teams . The tournament was hosted by Fiji and eventually won by Tonga , who defeated the hosts 34 - 11 in the final ."}
{"_id": "104th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)", "title": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 104th Infantry Regiment traces its history to 14 November 1639 , when it was first mustered as the Springfield Train Band in Springfield , Massachusetts . In 1662 the unit was formed into the Hampshire Regiment of the Massachusetts Militia . It later served in the Continental Army during the American Revolution , with Union forces in the American Civil War , and as a federalized Massachusetts National Guard regiment with the U.S. Army during Spanish -- American War , Mexican Border Campaign , World War I and World War II . The last active element of the regiment , the 1st Battalion , was deactivated in 2005 and the soldiers and lineage transferred to the 1st Battalion , 181st Infantry Regiment ."}
{"_id": "111th_Ohio_Infantry", "title": "111th Ohio Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 111th Ohio Volunteer Infantry ( or 111th OVI ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1892_in_Scotland", "title": "1892 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1892 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1844_in_France", "title": "1844 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1844 in France ."}
{"_id": "1982_ICC_Trophy_squads", "title": "1982 ICC Trophy squads", "headings": "", "text": "Sixteen teams participated in the 1982 ICC Trophy , the second edition of the tournament . Five of those teams -- Gibraltar , Hong Kong , Kenya , West Africa , and Zimbabwe -- were making their tournament debuts ."}
{"_id": "1994_in_Iran", "title": "1994 in Iran", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1994 in Iran ."}
{"_id": "1984_(For_the_Love_of_Big_Brother)", "title": "1984 (For the Love of Big Brother)", "headings": "", "text": "1984 ( For the Love of Big Brother ) is a soundtrack album by Eurythmics , their fourth studio album overall , containing music recorded by the duo for director Michael Radford 's 1984 film Nineteen Eighty-Four , based on George Orwell 's dystopian novel of the same name . Virgin Films produced the film for release in its namesake year , and commissioned Eurythmics to write a soundtrack ."}
{"_id": "1980_Furman_Paladins_football_team", "title": "1980 Furman Paladins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Furman Paladins football team represented the Furman Paladins of Furman University during the 1980 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1888_in_Russia", "title": "1888 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1888 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1951_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1951 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Doris Hart ( USA ) defeated Shirley Fry ( USA ) 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 in the final to win the Ladies ' Singles tennis title at the 1951 Wimbledon Championships ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_Bulgarian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1963–64 Bulgarian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 Bulgarian Hockey League season was the 12th season of the Bulgarian Hockey League , the top level of ice hockey in Bulgaria . 10 teams participated in the league , and HK CSKA Sofia won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1944_Hawthorn_Football_Club_season", "title": "1944 Hawthorn Football Club season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 Hawthorn Football Club season was the clubs 20th season in the Victorian Football League ."}
{"_id": "10_Tauri", "title": "10 Tauri", "headings": "", "text": "10 Tauri is a star in the constellation Taurus . Located about 45 light years from the Sun , it is slightly more massive and luminous , and about the same age or older . Spectral classification places it between a dwarf and sub-giant , so it appears to be a well-evolved star that may be near the end of its time on the main sequence . It is a suspected spectroscopic binary , although this has not been confirmed . When viewed through a telescope , there is also a line-of-sight companion .   A debris disk has been identified around 10 Tauri , based on excess infrared radiation detected by IRAS/ISO ."}
{"_id": "111th_Helicopter_Regiment", "title": "111th Helicopter Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 111th Helicopter Regiment ( Serbo-Croatian : 111 . helikopterski puk / 82 . хеликоптерски пук ) was a unit established in 1944 as the 422nd Assault Aviation Regiment ( Serbo-Croatian : 422 . vazduhoplovni jurišni puk / 422 . ваздухопловни јуришни пук ) ."}
{"_id": ".35_Whelen", "title": ".35 Whelen", "headings": "", "text": "The .35 Whelen is a powerful medium-bore rifle cartridge that does not require a magnum action or a magnum bolt-face . The parent of this cartridge is the .30 -06 Springfield , which is necked-up to accept a bullet diameter of .358 in . This cartridge is more powerful than its parent , especially in killing power on large game ."}
{"_id": "1973_Pacific_hurricane_season", "title": "1973 Pacific hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Pacific hurricane season was an event in tropical cyclone meteorology . The most important system this year was Hurricane Ava , which was the most intense Pacific hurricane known at the time . Several other much weaker tropical cyclones came close to , or made landfall on , the Pacific coast of Mexico . The most serious of these was Hurricane Irah , which downed power and communication lines in parts of the Baja California Peninsula ; the other landfalling storms caused rain and some flooding . No tropical cyclone this season caused any deaths .   This season had a quick start but a slow end . Overall activity was below average , with twelve named systems in total . Of these , five were tropical storms , seven were hurricanes , of which three were major ( Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale ) . Just one storm formed in August , one of the least active Augusts ever in the east Pacific . The season officially started May 15 , 1973 , in the eastern Pacific , and June 1 , 1973 , in the central Pacific , and lasted until November 30 , 1973 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean . All tropical cyclones this season formed in the eastern north Pacific Ocean , often off the coast of Mexico . As is usual in the northern hemisphere , most traveled generally westward or northwestward , and two reached as far as the waters south of the Hawaiian Islands .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1991_North_Star_Conference_Women's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1991 North Star Conference Women's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 North Star Conference Women 's Basketball Tournament was held in Green Bay , Wisconsin . The tournament began on March 7 , 1991 , and ended on March 9 , 1991 ."}
{"_id": "15_Songs", "title": "15 Songs", "headings": "", "text": "Fifteen Songs or 15 Songs may refer to :  Rachmaninoff : 15 Songs , Op. 26  Fifteen Hungarian Peasant Songs , a composition by Béla Bartók ."}
{"_id": "1929_Chicago_Cardinals_season", "title": "1929 Chicago Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 Chicago Cardinals season was their 10th in the league . The team improved on their previous output of 1 -- 5 , winning six games . They finished fourth in the league . The Cardinals-Steam Roller game was the first night game in NFL history , which the Cardinals won 16 -- 0 , on two touchdowns , an extra points and a field goal by Ernie Nevers . Nevers also scored 40 points , the most by a player in NFL history , against the Bears in a 40 -- 6 victory ."}
{"_id": "1997_British_Touring_Car_Championship", "title": "1997 British Touring Car Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Auto Trader RAC British Touring Car Championship was won by Alain Menu of the Williams Renault Dealer Racing team , driving a Renault Laguna . Menu dominated the year , setting a record of 12 wins during the season . The runner up was Frank Biela of Audi Sport UK in an Audi A4 Quattro . Third place was Menu 's teammate , Jason Plato . In the independent class the championship was won by Robb Gravett in a Honda Accord ."}
{"_id": "1102_in_Ireland", "title": "1102 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1102 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1611_in_art", "title": "1611 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1995_Ykkönen_–_Finnish_League_Division_1", "title": "1995 Ykkönen – Finnish League Division 1", "headings": "", "text": "League table for teams participating in Ykkönen , the second tier of the Finnish Soccer League system , in 1995 ."}
{"_id": "1994_Major_League_Baseball_season", "title": "1994 Major League Baseball season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Major League Baseball season ended on August 11 , 1994 , with the 1994 -- 95 Major League Baseball strike . It was the first season played under the current three-division format in each league . It was also the first with an Opening Night game involving two National League teams , which did not become permanent until 1996 ."}
{"_id": "10th_Chess_Olympiad", "title": "10th Chess Olympiad", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th Chess Olympiad , organized by the FIDE and comprising an open team tournament , as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess , took place between August 9 and August 31 , 1952 , in Helsinki , Finland .   The Olympiad was especially notable for the debut of the Soviet team , who instantly won their first gold medals and went on to completely dominate the Olympiads for the next four decades .   After the tournament , it was generally agreed that the small preliminary and final groups of only 8-9 teams left too much open to chance , since a single blunder would have too big an impact on the final standings . Consequently , FIDE decided that in the future , no final should have less than 12 participants ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Bayernliga", "title": "1972–73 Bayernliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 -- 73 season of the Bayernliga , the third tier of the German football league system in the state of Bavaria at the time , was the 28th season of the league ."}
{"_id": "1911_Circuit_of_Europe_air_race", "title": "1911 Circuit of Europe air race", "headings": "", "text": "The Circuit of Europe ( Circuit d'Europe ) was an air race held in 1911 . A prize of # 8,000 was offered by Le Journal for the entire Circuit , with additional prizes for the individual stages . The stages of the race totalled 1600 km were :   Paris-Liège : 325 km ( 203 mi ) . Control at Reims . Prize # 1600 .  Liège-Spa-Liège : 60 km . Control at Belle Fagne , near Malchamp . Prize # 400 .  Liège-Utrecht : 129 mi Control at Verloo . Prize # 1,200 , and a prize of # 400 for the first Dutch aviator to finish the stage .  Utrecht-Brussels : Control at Breda . Prizes # 1,600 ( # 1,000 for the time from Paris to Brussels , and # 600 for the Utrecht-Brussels leg ) .  Brussels-Roubaix 50 mi : Prize # 600  Roubaix-Calais : Prize # 400  Calais-London ( Hendon Aerodrome ) : Controls at Dover and Shoreham . Prizes : # 2,500 offered by the Standard for the overall time between Paris and London , and # 400 offered by Shoreham for daily stage .  London-Calais : Prize # 400 .  Calais-Paris : Prize # 800 in addition to the # 8,000 for the whole Circuit ."}
{"_id": "1992_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League", "title": "1992 FIVB Volleyball World League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 FIVB Volleyball World League was the third edition of the annual men 's international volleyball tournament , played by 12 countries from 1 May to 5 September 1992 . The Final Round was held in Genoa , Italy ."}
{"_id": "1938_FA_Cup_Final", "title": "1938 FA Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 FA Cup Final was contested by Preston North End and Huddersfield Town at Wembley Stadium . Preston , losing finalists the previous year , won by a single goal . This was their second win in the competition ."}
{"_id": "16_mm_film", "title": "16 mm film", "headings": "", "text": "16 mm film is a historically popular and economical gauge of film . 16 mm refers to the width of the film , with other common film gauges including 8 and 35 mm . It is generally used for non-theatrical ( e.g. , industrial , educational ) film making or for low budget motion pictures . It also existed as a popular amateur or home movie making format for several decades , alongside 8 mm film , and later Super 8 film . In 1923 , Eastman Kodak released the first 16 mm `` outfit '' consisting of a camera , projector , tripod , screen and splicer for $ 335 . RCA-Victor introduced a 16 mm sound movie projector in 1932  and developed an optical sound-on-film 16 mm camera , released in 1935 ."}
{"_id": "1985_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team", "title": "1985 Penn State Nittany Lions football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1985 college football season . The team was coached by Joe Paterno and played its home games in Beaver Stadium in University Park , Pennsylvania ."}
{"_id": "1083_Salvia", "title": "1083 Salvia", "headings": "", "text": "1083 Salvia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun . Initially it received the designation 1928 BC . The numerical designation indicates this was the 1083rd asteroid discovered ."}
{"_id": "'Aqqaba", "title": "'Aqqaba", "headings": "", "text": "` Aqqaba is a Palestinian town located on a slope in the Jordan Valley in the northern West Bank , 15 kilometers northeast of Jenin in the Tubas Governorate . According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics ( PCBS ) , the town had a population of 6,598 inhabitants in the 2007 census ."}
{"_id": "1996_MLS_College_Draft", "title": "1996 MLS College Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Major League Soccer College Draft was held on March 4 , 1996 , in Fort Lauderdale , Florida ."}
{"_id": "1983_German_Supercup", "title": "1983 German Supercup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 German Supercup was an unofficial edition of the German Supercup , a football match contested by the winners of the previous season 's Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal competitions .   The match was played at the Olympiastadion in Munich , and contested by cup winners Bayern Munich and league champions Hamburger SV . Bayern won the match 4 -- 2 on penalties , following a 1 -- 1 draw ( with no extra time played ) , to claim the unofficial title ."}
{"_id": "1619", "title": "1619", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1962_Titleholders_Championship", "title": "1962 Titleholders Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Titleholders Championship was the 23rd Titleholders Championship , held April 26 -- 30 at Augusta Country Club in Augusta , Georgia . Defending champion Mickey Wright sank a ten-foot ( 3 m ) putt for par on the 72nd hole to tie Ruth Jessen and force the first playoff in the event 's history .   Wright won the 18-hole playoff by three strokes , 69 to 72 , to repeat as champion .   Barbara Romack held a five-shot lead after 36 holes , but finished two strokes back in solo third ."}
{"_id": "1904_Moscow_tornado", "title": "1904 Moscow tornado", "headings": "", "text": "The June 29 , 1904 Moscow tornado was only one of three disastrous tornadoes that occurred in central Russia in recorded history ( 1984 Yaroslavl tornado occurred June 9 , 1984 , in Ivanovo with Yaroslavl regions and 2009 Krasnozavodsk tornado occurred in Krasnozavodsk 3 June 2009 , located in Moscow region ) . The 1904 disaster started as a thunderstorm in Tula region . It travelled northward , passing through eastern suburbs of Moscow into Yaroslavl region . When the cloud approached remote Moscow suburbs , it formed a tornado funnel , destroying suburban settlements and Lefortovo district within the city itself ."}
{"_id": "1989_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season", "title": "1989 Pittsburgh Pirates season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 108th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise ; the 103rd in the National League . This was their 20th season at Three Rivers Stadium . The Pirates finished fifth in the National League East with a record of 74 -- 88 ."}
{"_id": "1912_in_Mexico", "title": "1912 in Mexico", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1912 in Mexico ."}
{"_id": "1958_UC_Santa_Barbara_Gauchos_football_team", "title": "1958 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team represented University of California , Santa Barbara ( UCSB ) during the 1958 College Division football season .   UCSB competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . The team was led by third-year head coach Ed Cody , and played home games at La Playa Stadium in Santa Barbara , California . They finished the season with a record of four wins , four losses and one tie ( 4 -- 4 -- 1 , 3 -- 2 CCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "18th_International_Adana_Golden_Boll_Film_Festival", "title": "18th International Adana Golden Boll Film Festival", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th International Adana Golden Boll Film Festival ( 18 . Uluslararası Adana Altın Koza Film Festivali ) was a film festival held in Adana , Turkey from September 17 to 25 , 2011 . Cash prizes totalling 936,000 Turkish Liras , the highest amount given by a film festival in Turkey , were awarded for all categories , for the first time in Turkey , in three competitive sections , nearly 220 films were shown both in and out of competition in a selection described by critic Ali Koca as `` one of the event 's strongest in recent years , '' following disappointment with the previous year 's hastily rescheduled event , and there were also a range of lectures , workshops and other events , including the 1st International Golden Boll Film Congress , said to be the first to be organised during a film festival .   This edition of the International Adana Golden Boll Film Festival , which was founded in 1969 and is organised by the Adana Metropolitan City Municipality and accredited by FIPRESCI , was the first to accept digital submissions from filmmakers for its national feature competition . It began with an opening gala at the Merkez Park open-air theater on September 17 at which speeches were made by Adana Metropolitan City Municipality Deputy Head Zihni Aldırmaz and Development Minister Cevdet Yılmaz , Lifetime Achievement Awards were presented to Turkish actors Kadir İnanır and Nebahat Çehre , and Turkish filmmaker Ali Özgentürk , and a concert was given by the trio of Mazhar-Fuat-Özkan . Turkish actors and actresses Nuri Alço , Yavuz Karakaş , Yılmaz Köksal and Yusuf Sezgin were among those who toured the city in old style roadsters as part of the annual `` Love Cortege '' while the annual Solidarity Night for Cinema took place at Mimar Sinan Amphitheatre . The festival closed with an awards ceremony hosted by academic Özlem Gürses and actor Murat Başoğlu at the Adana Merkez Park Amphitheater .   The festival also played host to the 1st International Golden Boll Film Congress , coordinated by Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Fine Arts Film Design Department and headed by Honorary Presidents Ö . Lütfi Akad , at the Adana Seyhan Hotel from September 21 to 24 on the theme of Turkish Cinema : Views from Turkey and the World , and the Adana Cinema Museum , also run by the Adana Metropolitan City Municipality , was officially opened in a restored historic mansion on Şeyhan Street ."}
{"_id": "1941_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team", "title": "1941 Ole Miss Rebels football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi in the 1941 college football season . The Rebels were led by fourth-year head coach Harry Mehre and played their home games at Hemingway Stadium in Oxford , Mississippi . They finished with a record of 6 -- 2 -- 1 ( 2 -- 1 -- 1 SEC ) , to finish fifth in the Southeastern Conference . Ole Miss was ranked in the final AP Poll for the first time in school history , ranked 17th ."}
{"_id": "1998_Algarve_Cup", "title": "1998 Algarve Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Algarve Cup was the fifth edition of the Algarve Cup , an invitational women 's association football tournament . It took place between 15 and 21 March 1998 in Portugal with Norway winning the event for the fourth time in its history defeating Denmark , 4-1 , in the final-game . The USA ended up third defeating Sweden , 3-1 , in the third prize game ."}
{"_id": "1802_in_Argentina", "title": "1802 in Argentina", "headings": "", "text": "In 1802 in Argentina :"}
{"_id": "1994_Cleveland_Indians_season", "title": "1994 Cleveland Indians season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1933_Philadelphia_Eagles_season", "title": "1933 Philadelphia Eagles season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 Philadelphia Eagles season was their inaugural in the league . The team went 3 -- 5 -- 1 , failing to qualify for the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1957_Soviet_Top_League", "title": "1957 Soviet Top League", "headings": "", "text": "12 teams took part in the league with FC Dynamo Moscow winning the championship ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_UCLA_Bruins_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1999–2000 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 UCLA Bruins men 's basketball team represented the University of California , Los Angeles in the 1999 -- 2000 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The team finished 4th in the conference . The Bruins competed in the 2000 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament , losing to the Iowa State Cyclones in the sweet sixteen ."}
{"_id": "(24835)_1995_SM55", "title": "(24835) 1995 SM55", "headings": "", "text": ", also written ( 24835 ) 1995 SM55 , is a trans-Neptunian object ( TNO ) that resides in the Kuiper belt that was discovered on September 19 , 1995 , by Nichole M. Danzl . Until was discovered , it was the second-largest known object in the Kuiper belt , after Pluto ."}
{"_id": "1996_in_Norwegian_television", "title": "1996 in Norwegian television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Norwegian television related events from 1996 ."}
{"_id": "1964_Torneo_di_Viareggio", "title": "1964 Torneo di Viareggio", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 winners of the Torneo di Viareggio ( in English , the Viareggio Tournament , officially the Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale ) , the annual youth football tournament held in Viareggio , Tuscany , are listed below ."}
{"_id": "1987_Men's_African_Volleyball_Championship", "title": "1987 Men's African Volleyball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Men 's African Volleyball Championship was in Tunis , Tunisia , with 8 teams participating in the continental championship ."}
{"_id": "1739_in_architecture", "title": "1739 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1738 in architecture ,  other events of 1739 ,  1740 in architecture and the  architecture timeline ."}
{"_id": "1800_United_States_Census", "title": "1800 United States Census", "headings": "", "text": "The United States Census of 1800 was the second Census conducted in the United States . It was conducted on August 4 , 1800 .   It showed that 5,308,483 people were living in the United States , of whom 893,602 were slaves . The 1800 Census included the new District of Columbia . The census for the following states were lost : Georgia , Kentucky , New Jersey , Tennessee , and Virginia ."}
{"_id": "1986_European_Badminton_Championships", "title": "1986 European Badminton Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th European Badminton Championships were held in Uppsala , Sweden , between 30 March and 5 April 1986 , and hosted by the European Badminton Union and the Svenska Badmintonförbundet ."}
{"_id": "1897_Carlisle_Indians_football_team", "title": "1897 Carlisle Indians football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 Carlisle Indians football team represented the Carlisle Indians football team of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School during the 1897 college football season . The Indians were coached by William T. Bull in his 1st year as head coach . The team compiled a record of 6 -- 4 and outscored opponents 232 to 98 .   Frank Hudson was the quarterback . On the line were the brothers Bemus Pierce and Hawley Pierce . The two Pierce brothers , each weighing over 200 pounds , were both among the best players of their day . In 1906 , The Washington Post declared them the greatest pair of linesman brothers in the history of the sport : `` But the greatest pair of brother linesmen were the Indians , Pierce . Bemus Pierce and Hawley Pierce were right guard and left tackle in the Carlisle line in the old days when the redskin booters of the prolate had everything in the country scared . Two hundred pounds apiece they weighed , and they won games for their team in 97 . Tackle back and guard back for a solid half was the Indian play and it was 400 pounds of Pierce into the opponents ' line pretty steady . Bemus was captain of the team and one of the best men on the kick-off football has seen . He could measure and place his kicks accurately and every red knew where the ball was going before it soared . ''   Hudson gained acclaim for drop-kicking field goals against two of the top teams in the country -- Yale and Penn. . Hudson accounted for all of Carlisle 's points in a 20-10 loss to Penn at Franklin Field in Philadelphia . The New York Times wrote that `` little Hudson showed his ability as a kicker by dropping the ball squarely between the posts . '' The game against Yale was played at the Polo Grounds in New York , and The New York Times described Hudson 's field goal as follows : '' -LSB- S -RSB- teadying himself for an instant the ball was dropped and with a delicate touch from his foot was sent sailing straight as a die toward the Yale goal . The spectators held their breath and watched the ball as it sailed on just over the heads of the Yale players and finally dropped over the bar . Then they cheered and young Hudson was the hero of the day . The goal was one of the prettiest ever seen ... ''   The success of the Carlisle football team was a source of great pride for Native Americans . In 1897 , the Indian Helper ( the Carlisle school newspaper ) described a celebration that greeted the football team on its return from a game played in New York City against Yale University : `` On Monday morning after breakfast , the football team , who returned the evening before from the Yale game which was played at New York last Saturday , was treated to a free ride across the parade , in the large four horse herdic , drawn by the entire battalion . Capt. Pierce , Frank Cayou , Frank Hudson , and Martin Wheelock occupied the small phaeton drawn by boys , and went in advance of the others . The band played lively marches , as handkerchiefs waved and mouths shouted . The demonstration was a great surprise to all making a unique scene for such an early morning hour . The school is proud of the record made for clean playing , and were gratified that the boys scored . ''"}
{"_id": "1913_Auburn_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1913 Auburn Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1913 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season . The team was coached by Mike Donahue and was undefeated at 8 -- 0 , outscoring opponents 224 -- 13 . Auburn was the champion of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association . The team played just two games at home .   The Tigers were retroactively recognized as a national champion by the Billingsley Report 's alternative calculation which considers teams ' margin of victory . Under Billingsley 's primary methodology , Chicago was recognized as the national champion . Although it is a recognized national championship , Auburn does not claim the title , but does acknowledge it in its official media guide ."}
{"_id": "1955_Big_Ten_Conference_football_season", "title": "1955 Big Ten Conference football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 Big Ten Conference football season was the 60th season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference ( also known as the Western Conference ) and was a part of the 1955 college football season .   The 1955 Ohio State Buckeyes football team , under head coach Woody Hayes , won the Big Ten football championship with a record of 7 -- 2 and was ranked No. 5 in the final AP Poll . Halfback Howard Cassady was a consensus first-team All-American and won both the 1955 Heisman Trophy as the best player in college football and the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the most valuable player in the Big Ten .   The 1955 Michigan State Spartans football team , under head coach Duffy Daugherty , compiled a 9 -- 1 record , defeated UCLA in the 1956 Rose Bowl , and was ranked No. 2 behind Oklahoma in the final AP Poll . Quarterback Earl Morrall was a consensus first-team All-American and was the first Big Ten player selected in the 1956 NFL Draft with the second overall pick . Tackle Norm Masters was also a first-team All-American .   The 1955 Michigan Wolverines football team , under head coach Bennie Oosterbaan , compiled a 7 -- 2 record and was ranked No. 12 in the final AP Poll . In the second week of the season , the Wolverines defeated Michigan State , the Spartans ' only loss of the season . The Wolverines rose to No. 1 in the AP Poll after defeating Army ( ranked No. 6 ) , but after starting the season 6-0 , Michigan lost to Illinois on November 5 , 1955 . End Ron Kramer was a consensus first-team All-American .   Iowa guard Cal Jones won the Outland Trophy as the best interior lineman in college football . He was the first Big Ten player to receive the award ."}
{"_id": "1996_Dubai_Tennis_Championships_–_Doubles", "title": "1996 Dubai Tennis Championships – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Grant Connell and Patrick Galbraith were the defending champions but only Connell competed that year with Byron Black .   Black and Connell won in the final 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 1 against Karel Nováček and Jiří Novák ."}
{"_id": "1905–06_Plymouth_Argyle_F.C._season", "title": "1905–06 Plymouth Argyle F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 -- 06 season was the third competitive season in the history of Plymouth Argyle Football Club ."}
{"_id": "1968–69_Dundee_United_F.C._season", "title": "1968–69 Dundee United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 -- 69 season was the 60th year of football played by Dundee United , and covers the period from 1 July 1968 to 30 June 1969 . United finished in fifth place in the First Division ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Slovak_Cup", "title": "1993–94 Slovak Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 Slovak Cup was the 25th season of Slovakia 's annual knock-out cup competition and the first ever since the independence of Slovakia . It was ended on 19 June 1994 with the Final . The winners of the competition earned a place in the qualifying round of the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . 1 . FC Košice were the defending champions ( the last winner of the cup in Czechoslovak era ) ."}
{"_id": "1970_NBA_All-Star_Game", "title": "1970 NBA All-Star Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 NBA All-Star Game was played at the Spectrum in Philadelphia , on January 20 , 1970 . Bob Rule was the replacement for the injured Nate Thurmond of the San Francisco Warriors . The MVP was Willis Reed . The coaches were Red Holzman ( East ) , Richie Guerin ( West ) . The game was broadcast by ABC , with Chris Schenkel and Jack Twyman commentating ."}
{"_id": "1149", "title": "1149", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1149 ( MCXLIX ) was a common year starting on Saturday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1618_in_poetry", "title": "1618 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1954–55_Nationalliga_A_season", "title": "1954–55 Nationalliga A season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954-55 Nationalliga A season was the 17th season of the Nationalliga A , the top level of ice hockey in Switzerland . Eight teams participated in the league , and EHC Arosa won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_in_Russian_futsal", "title": "1993–94 in Russian futsal", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1996–97_Cupa_României", "title": "1996–97 Cupa României", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 Cupa României was the 59th edition of Romania 's most prestigious football cup competition .   The title was won by Steaua Bucureşti against Naţional București ."}
{"_id": "1950_All-Southwest_Conference_football_team", "title": "1950 All-Southwest Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 All-Southwest Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Southwest Conference teams for the 1950 college football season . The selectors for the 1950 season included the Associated Press ( AP ) and the United Press ( UP ) . Players selected as first-team players by both the AP and UP are designated in bold ."}
{"_id": "1994_Senior_PGA_Tour", "title": "1994 Senior PGA Tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Senior PGA Tour was the 15th season since the Senior PGA Tour officially began in 1980 ( it was renamed the Champions Tour in 2003 ) . The season consisted of 37 official money events with purses totalling $ 29,150,000 , including four majors . Lee Trevino won the most tournaments , six . The tournament results , leaders , and award winners are listed below ."}
{"_id": "1999_Japan_Open_Tennis_Championships_–_Women's_Doubles", "title": "1999 Japan Open Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Japan Open Tennis Championships -- Women 's Doubles was the women 's doubles event of the twenty-fifth edition of the Japan Open ; a WTA Tier III tournament held in Tokyo , Japan . Naoko Kijimuta and Nana Miyagi were the defending champions but did not compete that year .   Corina Morariu and Kimberly Po won in the final 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 against Catherine Barclay and Kerry-Anne Guse ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1985–86 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 -- 86 Illinois Fighting Illini men 's basketball team represented the University of Illiniois ."}
{"_id": "11-Deoxycorticosterone", "title": "11-Deoxycorticosterone", "headings": "", "text": "11-Deoxycorticosterone ( DOC ) , or simply deoxycorticosterone , also known as 21-hydroxyprogesterone , as well as desoxycortone ( INN ) , deoxycortone ( BAN ) , and cortexone , is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that possesses mineralocorticoid activity and acts as a precursor to aldosterone . It is an active ( Na + - retaining ) mineralocorticoid . As its names indicate , can be understood as the 21-hydroxy - variant of progesterone or as the 11-deoxy - variant of corticosterone ."}
{"_id": "1998_in_Brazilian_football", "title": "1998 in Brazilian football", "headings": "", "text": "The following article presents a summary of the 1998 football ( soccer ) season in Brazil , which was the 97th season of competitive football in the country ."}
{"_id": "(84522)_2002_TC302", "title": "(84522) 2002 TC302", "headings": "", "text": "is a red 2:5 resonant trans-Neptunian object ( TNO ) discovered on October 9 , 2002 by Mike Brown 's team at the Palomar Observatory ."}
{"_id": "1906_Florida_hurricane", "title": "1906 Florida hurricane", "headings": "", "text": "1906 Florida hurricane may refer to :  The 1906 Florida Keys hurricane , a Category 3 hurricane which killed over 240 people  The 1906 Mississippi hurricane , a Category 3 hurricane which caused catastrophic impacts in Pensacola and Mobile , Alabama"}
{"_id": "11th_Indian_Telly_Awards", "title": "11th Indian Telly Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 2012 Indian Telly Awards , officially the 11th Indian Telly Awards ceremony , presented by the Indiantelevision.com honouring the Indian Television Shows of 2011 took place on May 31 , 2012 in Mumbai . The ceremony was televised in India and internationally on Colors TV . Actors Ram Kapoor and Ronit Roy hosted the ceremony for the first time.The ceremony was co-hosted by Manish Paul & Roshni Chopra . The Telly Award Blue Carpet was hosted by Mona Singh & Manish Paul"}
{"_id": "125th_New_York_State_Legislature", "title": "125th New York State Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The 125th New York State Legislature , consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly , met from January 1 to March 27 , 1902 , during the second year of Benjamin B. Odell , Jr. 's governorship , in Albany ."}
{"_id": "1992_Kashima_Antlers_season", "title": "1992 Kashima Antlers season", "headings": "", "text": "1992 Kashima Antlers season"}
{"_id": "(+)-Caryolan-1-ol_synthase", "title": "(+)-Caryolan-1-ol synthase", "headings": "", "text": "- Caryolan-1-ol synthase ( , GcoA ) is an enzyme with systematic name - beta-caryophyllene hydrolase ( cyclizing , - caryolan-1-ol-forming ) . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction   - beta-caryophyllene + H2O - caryolan-1-ol   This enzyme also forms - beta-caryophyllene from farnesyl diphosphate ( EC 4.2.3.89 ) ."}
{"_id": "13th_New_Jersey_Volunteer_Infantry", "title": "13th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry was a Union Army regiment from New Jersey that fought in the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "147th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)", "title": "147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)", "headings": "", "text": "The 147th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army , part of the Territorial Force ( Territorial Army after 1920 ) , that served in both World War I and World War II with the 49th ( West Riding ) Infantry Division ."}
{"_id": "1985_USFL_season", "title": "1985 USFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 USFL season was the third and final season of the United States Football League ( USFL ) ."}
{"_id": "1976_Copa_del_Generalísimo_Final", "title": "1976 Copa del Generalísimo Final", "headings": "", "text": "The Copa del Generalísimo 1976 Final was the 74th final of the Spanish Cup . The final was played at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid , on 26 June 1976 , being won by Atlético Madrid , who beat Real Zaragoza 1 -- 0 .   It was the last final to be called the Copa del Generalísimo , following the death of Francisco Franco in November 1975 . Since then , it has been called the Copa del Rey . The match was watched by King Juan Carlos I and the eight-year-old Prince of Asturias ( later Felipe VI ) . Felipe became an Atlético fan after watching them win ."}
{"_id": "1998_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships_–_Junior_women's_race", "title": "1998 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's race", "headings": "", "text": "The Junior women 's race at the 1998 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Marrakech , Morocco , at the Menara district on March 21 , 1998 . Reports on the event were given in the New York Times , in the Herald , and for the IAAF .   Complete results for individuals , for teams , medallists , and the results of British athletes were published ."}
{"_id": "1947_Oregon_Webfoots_football_team", "title": "1947 Oregon Webfoots football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon in the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) during the 1947 college football season . In their third season under head coach Jim Aiken , the Webfoots compiled a 7 -- 3 record ( 5 -- 1 against PCC opponents ) , finished in a tie for second place in the PCC , and outscored their opponents , 174 to 121 . The team played its home games at Hayward Field in Eugene , Oregon ."}
{"_id": "1950_Chicago_Bears_season", "title": "1950 Chicago Bears season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Chicago Bears season was their 31st regular season and 10th postseason completed in the National Football League . The club posted a 9 -- 3 record under head coach George Halas forcing a tie for first in the National Conference with the Los Angeles Rams , but the team finished in second place because the Bears lost to the Rams in the NFL 's National Conference one-game playoff allowing the Rams to move on to the NFL Championship Game ."}
{"_id": ".38-72_Winchester", "title": ".38-72 Winchester", "headings": "", "text": "The .38 -72 Winchester , also known as .38 -72 WCF is a rimmed , bottleneck centerfire rifle cartridge introduced in 1895 for the Winchester 1895 lever-action rifle ."}
{"_id": "1970–71_United_States_network_television_schedule", "title": "1970–71 United States network television schedule", "headings": "", "text": "This was the television schedule on all three United States commercial television networks for the fall season beginning in September 1970 . All times are Eastern and Pacific , with a few exceptions , such as Monday Night Football .   New fall series are highlighted in bold .   Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research .   Yellow indicates the programs in the top 10 for the season .  Cyan indicates the programs in the top 20 for the season .  Magenta indicates the programs in the top 30 for the season .   PBS , the Public Broadcasting Service , was in operation by October 1970 ; however , schedules were set by each affiliated station .   In April 1970 , Congress passed a law banning the advertising of cigarettes on television and radio effective January 2 , 1971 .   This season would be the last one for the traditional 3 1/2 - hour prime time schedule ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1979–80 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 -- 80 Illinois Fighting Illini men 's basketball team represented the University of Illinois ."}
{"_id": "1985_NBA_All-Star_Game", "title": "1985 NBA All-Star Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 35th National Basketball Association All-Star Game was played on February 10 , 1985 , at the Hoosier Dome in Indianapolis , Indiana . The coaches were K. C. Jones ( Boston Celtics ) for the East , and Pat Riley ( Los Angeles Lakers ) for the West . The MVP was Ralph Sampson , Houston ( 29 minutes , 24 points , 10 rebounds ) ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_North_West_Counties_Football_League", "title": "1990–91 North West Counties Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 North West Counties Football League season was the ninth in the history of the North West Counties Football League , a football competition in England . Teams were divided into two divisions : Division One and Division Two ."}
{"_id": "1931_All-Southwest_Conference_football_team", "title": "1931 All-Southwest Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 All-Southwest Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Southwest Conference teams for the 1931 college football season . The selectors for the 1931 season included the Associated Press ( AP ) ."}
{"_id": "-drag", "title": "-drag", "headings": "", "text": "- drag and - drog is a common Slavic given name word root , drag #Serbo - Croatian meaning `` dear , beloved '' , in single-lexemed and dithematic ( two lexemes ) names .  __ NOTOC __"}
{"_id": "1981_Toyota_Super_Diesels_season", "title": "1981 Toyota Super Diesels season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Toyota Super Diesels season was the seventh season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) ."}
{"_id": "1966_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_triple_jump", "title": "1966 European Athletics Championships – Men's triple jump", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's triple jump at the 1966 European Athletics Championships was held in Budapest , Hungary , at Népstadion on 3 and 4 September 1966 ."}
{"_id": "1982_Thunderbirds_Indian_Springs_Diamond_Crash", "title": "1982 Thunderbirds Indian Springs Diamond Crash", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Diamond Crash was the worst operational accident to befall the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds Air Demonstration Team involving show aircraft . Four Northrop T-38 Talon jets crashed during operational training on 18 January 1982 , killing all four pilots ."}
{"_id": "1507_in_poetry", "title": "1507 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Courage_League_National_Division_Two", "title": "1991–92 Courage League National Division Two", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 Courage League National Division Two was the fifth full season of rugby union within the second tier of the English league system , currently known as the RFU Championship .   London Scottish , the champions , were promoted to the Courage League National Division One for season 1992 -- 93 along with the runner-up West Hartlepool . In last place , Liverpool St Helens became the first team to lose all their league matches in one season , and along with Plymouth Albion who finished one place above them , are relegated to Courage League National Division Three for the following season . Liverpool St Helens have been promoted or relegated in each of the five seasons of league rugby , and are relegated for the second season in succession ."}
{"_id": "1985_Intertoto_Cup", "title": "1985 Intertoto Cup", "headings": "", "text": "In the 1985 Intertoto Cup no knock-out rounds were contested , and therefore no winner was declared ."}
{"_id": "1964–65_Czechoslovak_First_League", "title": "1964–65 Czechoslovak First League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Czechoslovak First League in the 1964/1965 season ."}
{"_id": "1840s_in_Western_fashion", "title": "1840s in Western fashion", "headings": "", "text": "1840s fashion in European and European-influenced clothing is characterized by a narrow , natural shoulder line following the exaggerated puffed sleeves of the later 1820s and 1830s . The narrower shoulder was accompanied by a lower waistline for both men and women ."}
{"_id": "1970_U.S._Pro_Tennis_Championships_–_Doubles", "title": "1970 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships was a men 's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Longwood Cricket Club in Boston , USA . It was classified as a Glass 1 category tournament and was part of the 1970 Grand Prix circuit . It was the 43rd edition of the tournament and was held from August 3 through August 9 , 1970 . Fourth-seeded Tony Roche won the singles title and the accompanying $ 12,000 first prize money ."}
{"_id": "1998_Texaco_Grand_Prix_of_Houston", "title": "1998 Texaco Grand Prix of Houston", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Texaco Grand Prix of Houston was the seventeenth round of the 1998 CART FedEx Champ Car World Series season , held on October 4 , 1998 , at a street adjacent to the George R. Brown Convention Center in Houston , Texas . The race was a rain-interrupted race , with the start being delayed due to heavy rain . Another heavy rainshower after 70 laps out of the scheduled 100 forced the race to be stopped , with the win handed to Dario Franchitti , who was leading at the time .   The race was the scene of an infamous Lap 48 collision between winner Franchitti and his Team KOOL Green teammate , Paul Tracy . While running second , Tracy attempted to pass Franchitti on the inside going into the left-handed Turn 6 ; however , Franchitti was already making the turn , leading to the teammates touching , and Tracy spinning , brushing the inside wall enough to bend his left front suspension , ending his race . This led to a terse conversation over the radio between Tracy and team owner Barry Green . When Tracy returned to pit road , he and Green nearly came to blows in plain view of television cameras and the crowd on the start-finish straight . Ironically , within days of their near fistfight , Tracy and Green agreed to a four-year contract extension ."}
{"_id": "1909_in_Australia", "title": "1909 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1909 in the Commonwealth of Australia ."}
{"_id": "1913_in_archaeology", "title": "1913 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1913 in archaeology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1935_in_Brazil", "title": "1935 in Brazil", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1935 in Brazil ."}
{"_id": "150th_Air_Refueling_Squadron", "title": "150th Air Refueling Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 150th Air Refueling Squadron ( 150 ARS ) was a unit of the New Jersey Air National Guard 108th Air Refueling Wing . It was assigned to McGuire Air Force Base , New Jersey and was equipped with the KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft . The Squadron was inactivated in 2008 following the retirement of the wings KC-135E aircraft ."}
{"_id": "1999_Vaahteraliiga_season", "title": "1999 Vaahteraliiga season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Vaahteraliiga season was the 20th season of the highest level of American football in Finland . The regular season took place between June 5 and August 15 , 1999 . The Finnish champion was determined in the playoffs and at the championship game Vaahteramalja XX , in which the Helsinki Roosters won the Turku Trojans .   The Lappeenranta Rajaritarit forfeited just before the season , which is the reason for an unequal amount of games in the regular season ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_United_States_network_television_schedule_(late_night)", "title": "1990–91 United States network television schedule (late night)", "headings": "", "text": "These are the late night Monday-Friday schedules on all three networks for each calendar season beginning September 1990 . All times are Eastern/Pacific .   Talk/variety shows are highlighted in yellow , network news programs in gold , and local news & programs are highlighted in white background ."}
{"_id": "1925_Swedish_Ice_Hockey_Championship", "title": "1925 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship was the fourth season of the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship , the national championship of Sweden . Sodertalje SK won the championship ."}
{"_id": "'Nard", "title": "'Nard", "headings": "", "text": "Nard is the debut album from American funk keyboardist Bernard Wright . Released in 1981 when Wright was only 18 years old , the album reached number 7 on the Jazz Albums chart in the US ."}
{"_id": "1962_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team", "title": "1962 Ohio State Buckeyes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented the Ohio State University in the 1962 Big Ten Conference football season . The Buckeyes compiled a 6 -- 3 record ."}
{"_id": "1866_in_sports", "title": "1866 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1866 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1973–74_UCLA_Bruins_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1973–74 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 -- 74 UCLA season would be Bill Walton 's final year with the school . During the season , the Bruins ' 88 game winning streak would end . The defeat was a 71 -- 70 decision to the University of Notre Dame Fighting Irish . Coincidentally , the Bruins ' last loss was to Notre Dame and Austin Carr in 1971 by a score of 89 -- 81 .   In the postseasons , UCLA 's record streak of seven consecutive national titles was broken . North Carolina State defeated the Bruins 80 -- 77 in double overtime in the NCAA semi-finals ."}
{"_id": "1967_in_baseball", "title": "1967 in baseball", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1958–59_Honduran_Amateur_League", "title": "1958–59 Honduran Amateur League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 -- 59 Honduran Amateur League was the eleventh edition of the Honduran Amateur League . Club Deportivo Olimpia obtained its 2nd national title . The season ran from 23 March 1958 to 11 March 1959 ."}
{"_id": "1973_North_American_Soccer_League_season", "title": "1973 North American Soccer League season", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1973 . This was the 6th season of the NASL ."}
{"_id": "1994_Citizen_Cup", "title": "1994 Citizen Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Citizen Cup was a women 's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was the eighth edition of the Citizen Cup and was a Tier II tournament on the 1994 WTA Tour . The tournament , consisting of a singles and doubles competition , took place from 25 April through 1 May 1994 at the Am Rothenbaum venue in Hamburg , Germany . Second-seeded Arantxa Sánchez Vicario won the singles title and $ 80,000 first-prize money ."}
{"_id": "1964_in_paleontology", "title": "1964 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1997_Fed_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_I_–_Pool_B", "title": "1997 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I – Pool B", "headings": "", "text": "Group B of the 1997 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa Zone Group I of the 1997 Fed Cup . Three teams competed in a round robin competition , with the top two teams advancing to the knockout stage ."}
{"_id": "1741_in_France", "title": "1741 in France", "headings": "", "text": "A list of events from the year 1741 in France ."}
{"_id": "1901_Home_Nations_Championship", "title": "1901 Home Nations Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 Home Nations Championship was the nineteenth series of the rugby union Home Nations Championship . Six matches were played between 5 January and 16 March . It was contested by England , Ireland , Scotland and Wales .   Scotland won all their three games to take the championship for the fifth time outright ( excluding two other titles shared with England ) and complete the Triple Crown for the third time ."}
{"_id": "121_series", "title": "121 series", "headings": "", "text": "The is an electric multiple unit ( EMU ) train type introduced in March 1987 by Japanese National Railways ( JNR ) , and currently operated by Shikoku Railway Company ( JR Shikoku ) on local services in Shikoku , Japan ."}
{"_id": "1988_Scotland_rugby_union_tour_of_Zimbabwe", "title": "1988 Scotland rugby union tour of Zimbabwe", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Scotland rugby union tour of Zimbabwe was a series of five matches played by the Scotland national rugby union team in Zimbabwe in May 1988 . The Scotland team won all five of their matches including the two internationals against the Zimbabwe national rugby union team ."}
{"_id": "11885_Summanus", "title": "11885 Summanus", "headings": "", "text": "11885 Summanus ( also designated 1990 SS ) is an asteroid that is a Near-Earth Object ( NEO ) and an Apollo asteroid ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Biathlon_World_Cup", "title": "1991–92 Biathlon World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 Biathlon World Cup was a multi-race tournament over a season of biathlon , organised by the UIPMB ( Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne et Biathlon ) . The season started on 19 December 1991 in Hochfilzen , Austria , and ended on 22 March 1992 in Novosibirsk , Russia . It was the fifteenth season of the Biathlon World Cup .   The men 's individual and women 's sprint were moved from Holmenkollen , Norway to Skrautvål , Norway , due to rain and fog , with the planned relays being cancelled . The fifth round of the World Cup was originally going to be held in Kokkola , Finland , but were moved to Skrautvål due to a lack of snow ."}
{"_id": "12th_Army_(Austria-Hungary)", "title": "12th Army (Austria-Hungary)", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Army was an field army-level command of the Austro-Hungarian Army that existed only for one month during World War I."}
{"_id": "1708", "title": "1708", "headings": "", "text": "In the Swedish calendar it was a leap year starting on Wednesday , one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1999_Chinese_Football_Super_Cup", "title": "1999 Chinese Football Super Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Chinese Football Super Cup ( Chinese : 1999年度中国足球超霸杯赛 ) was the 5th Chinese Football Super Cup , contested by Chinese Jia-A League 1999 and 1999 Chinese FA Cup double winners Shandong Luneng Taishan and Chinese Jia-A League 1999 runners-up Liaoning FC . Liaoning won their first title after winning 4 -- 2 ."}
{"_id": "1746_in_poetry", "title": "1746 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1998_Minnesota_Twins_season", "title": "1998 Minnesota Twins season", "headings": "", "text": "Like many Twins teams of its half-decade , the 1998 Minnesota Twins neither impressed nor contended . The team finished with a 70-92 record , with subpar batting and pitching . The season was not without its bright spots , as individual players had solid seasons and Hall of Fame designated hitter Paul Molitor announced his retirement at the end of the season . Unfortunately , Tom Kelly 's team suffered plenty of lowlights , most notably David Wells ' perfect game against the team on May 17 at Yankee Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1995_Southern_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1995 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Southern Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament took place from March 2 -- 5 , 1995 at the Asheville Civic Center in Asheville , North Carolina . The Chattanooga Mocs , led by head coach Mack McCarthy , won their seventh Southern Conference title and received the automatic berth to the 1995 NCAA Tournament ."}
{"_id": "1950–51_Nationalliga_A", "title": "1950–51 Nationalliga A", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swiss Super League in the 1950 -- 51 season ."}
{"_id": "1969–70_Ranji_Trophy", "title": "1969–70 Ranji Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 -- 70 Ranji Trophy was the 36th season of the Ranji Trophy . Bombay retained the title defeating Rajasthan in the final ."}
{"_id": "1980_Bavarian_Tennis_Championships", "title": "1980 Bavarian Tennis Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Bavarian Tennis Championships was a men 's Grand Prix tennis circuit tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the MTTC Iphitos in Munich , Germany . It was the 64th edition of the tournament and was held from 20 May through 25 May 1980 . Rolf Gehring won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1914_North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_football_team", "title": "1914 North Carolina Tar Heels football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1914 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina in the 1914 college football season . The team captain of the 1914 season was Dave Tayloe ."}
{"_id": "1931_in_British_television", "title": "1931 in British television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of British television related events from 1931 ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Phoenix_Suns_season", "title": "1991–92 Phoenix Suns season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 NBA season was the 24th season for the Phoenix Suns in the National Basketball Association . The Suns were led by head coach Cotton Fitzsimmons , which would be the last of his four-season second stint as coach of the Suns . All home games were played at Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum . The team got off to a slow 5 -- 9 start , but went on a nine-game winning streak as they won 14 of their next 15 games . The Suns finished third in the Pacific Division with a 53 -- 29 record . In the first round of the playoffs , they swept the San Antonio Spurs in three straight games , but lost 4 -- 1 to the Portland Trail Blazers in the semifinals .   Guard Jeff Hornacek led the Suns in scoring , averaging 20.1 points for the season . Fellow guard mates Kevin Johnson and Dan Majerle were second and third in scoring , with Johnson 's 19.7 points and team-leading assist average , 10.7 , to go with Majerle 's 17.3 scoring average . Tom Chambers , at 32 years of age , appeared in 69 games and averaged 16.3 point per contest . Hornacek finished the season third in three-point field goal percentage , while Johnson 's assist average was good for second-best in the league .   Majerle was selected to appear in his first-career All-Star Game along with Hornacek , while by season 's end , Johnson was selected to the All-NBA Third Team . Second-year forward Cedric Ceballos won the Slam Dunk Contest during the All-Star Weekend in Orlando . Following the season , Hornacek was traded along with Tim Perry and Andrew Lang to the Philadelphia 76ers ."}
{"_id": "1918_San_Fermín_earthquake", "title": "1918 San Fermín earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 San Fermín earthquake , also known as the Puerto Rico earthquake of 1918 , struck the island of Puerto Rico at on October 11 . The earthquake measured 7.1 on the moment magnitude scale and IX ( Violent ) on the Mercalli intensity scale . The mainshock epicenter occurred off the northwestern coast of the island , somewhere along the Puerto Rico Trench .   The earthquake triggered a tsunami with waves measured that swept the west coast of the island . The combined effects of the earthquake and tsunami made it one of the worst natural disasters that have struck the island . The losses resulting from the disaster were approximately 76 -- 116 casualties and $ 4 -- 29 million in property damage ."}
{"_id": "1915_New_Zealand_rugby_league_season", "title": "1915 New Zealand rugby league season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 New Zealand rugby league season was the eighth season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand ."}
{"_id": "1962_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season", "title": "1962 Pittsburgh Steelers season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1420s_in_architecture", "title": "1420s in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "__ TOC __"}
{"_id": "11th_Madras_Native_Infantry", "title": "11th Madras Native Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Madras Native Infantry could refer to the ;   1st Battalion , 11th Madras Native Infantry which became the 81st Pioneers  2nd Battalion , 11th Madras Native Infantry which became the 82nd Punjabis"}
{"_id": "1942_in_Portugal", "title": "1942 in Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1942 in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1695_Walbeck", "title": "1695 Walbeck", "headings": "", "text": "1695 Walbeck , provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt , approximately 19 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 15 October 1941 , by Finnish astronomer Liisi Oterma at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland .   In the SMASS taxonomy , the C-type asteroid is classified as Cg-type , an intermediate to the G-type asteroids . The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0 -- 3.6 AU once every 4 years and 8 months ( 1,694 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 17 ° with respect to the ecliptic . Walbecks observation arc begins the night after its official discovery observation .   In November 2006 , a rotational light-curve of Walbeck was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini . It gave a rotation period of 5.1607 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude . Two similar periods were obtained by David Romeuf and by a team of Hungarian astronomers .   According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS , the Japanese Akari satellite , and NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , Walbeck measures between 17.88 and 19.62 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.037 and 0.051 . The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.046 and a diameter of 19.60 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.5 .   The minor planet was named in memory of Finnish scientist Henrik Johan Walbeck ( 1793 -- 1822 ) , astronomer and geodesist at the old Academia Aboensis who used the method of least squares to derive a good value for the Earth 's flattening . Naming citation was published on 1 April 1980 ."}
{"_id": "1888_in_poetry", "title": "1888 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1914_Brooklyn_Robins_season", "title": "1914 Brooklyn Robins season", "headings": "", "text": "With Wilbert Robinson taking over as the new manager , the team name was changed to the Brooklyn Robins for the 1914 season . The Robins finished in 5th place , just missing finishing with a .500 record ."}
{"_id": "1970_in_paleontology", "title": "1970 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1938–39_Duke_Blue_Devils_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1938–39 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 -- 39 Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team represented Duke University during the 1938 -- 39 men 's college basketball season . The head coach was Eddie Cameron , coaching his 11th season with the Blue Devils . The team finished with an overall record of 10 -- 12 ."}
{"_id": "1978–79_Wigan_Athletic_F.C._season", "title": "1978–79 Wigan Athletic F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 -- 79 season was the 41st season in the history of Wigan Athletic F.C. and their first as a professional club in the Football League . After finishing 2nd in the Northern Premier League during the previous season , the club was nominated to apply for Football League status , and were elected into the league to replace Southport . After a poor start , the club exceeded expectations in the league , and towards the end of the season , a second consecutive promotion seemed possible . The club eventually fell short , finishing the season in 6th place with a total of 55 points .   Wigan entered the FA Cup in the first round , but were knocked out by Bury following a replay . The club also entered the League Cup for the first time , winning against Tranmere Rovers before being defeated in the second round by Luton Town . The club 's first signing as a member of the Football League was Ian Purdie , who along with Tommy Gore and Jeff Wright , went on to play every league game during the club 's first season . Peter Houghton was the team 's top goalscorer with a total of 13 league goals ( 14 in all competitions ) ."}
{"_id": "1916_in_Norwegian_music", "title": "1916 in Norwegian music", "headings": "", "text": "The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1916 in Norwegian music ."}
{"_id": "1578_in_poetry", "title": "1578 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1947_Cincinnati_Reds_season", "title": "1947 Cincinnati Reds season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball . The team finished fifth in the National League with a record of 73 -- 81 , 21 games behind the Brooklyn Dodgers ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Grimsby_Town_F.C._season", "title": "1998–99 Grimsby Town F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1998 -- 99 English football season , Grimsby Town F.C. competed in the Football League First Division ."}
{"_id": "1997_Segunda_División_B_play-offs", "title": "1997 Segunda División B play-offs", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Segunda División B play-offs ( Playoffs de Ascenso or Promoción de Ascenso ) were the final playoffs for promotion from 1996 -- 97 Segunda División B to the 1997 -- 98 Segunda División . The four first placed teams in each of the four Segunda División B groups played the Playoffs de Ascenso and the four last placed teams in Segunda División were relegated to Segunda División B.   The teams play a league of four teams , divided into 4 groups .  The champion of each group is promoted to Segunda División ."}
{"_id": "1944_in_Norwegian_music", "title": "1944 in Norwegian music", "headings": "", "text": "The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1944 in Norwegian music ."}
{"_id": "(55636)_2002_TX300", "title": "(55636) 2002 TX300", "headings": "", "text": "is a bright Kuiper belt object in the outer Solar System estimated to be about 286 km in diameter . It is a large member of the Haumea family that was discovered on October 15 , 2002 by the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking ( NEAT ) program .   is a classical Kuiper belt object with an absolute magnitude between that of 50000 Quaoar and 20000 Varuna . has the most eccentric and inclined orbit of the three .   A variability of the visual brightness was also detected which could fit to 7.9 h or 15.8 h rotational period ( the distinction between single or double-peaked curved could not be made with confidence ) . The changes in brightness are quite close to the error margin and could also be due to an irregular shape ."}
{"_id": ".45-60_Winchester", "title": ".45-60 Winchester", "headings": "", "text": "The .45 -60 Winchester is a centerfire rifle cartridge intended for 19th-century big-game hunting . Nomenclature of the era indicated the .45 -60 cartridge contained a 0.45 in diameter bullet with 60 gr of gunpowder . Winchester Repeating Arms Company shortened the .45 -70 government cartridge to operate through the Winchester Model 1876 rifle 's lever-action . The Colt Lightning Carbine and the Whitney Arms Company 's Kennedy lever-action rifle were also chambered for the .45 -60 . These early rifles ' advantage of faster loading for subsequent shots was soon eclipsed by the stronger and smoother Winchester Model 1886 action capable of handling longer cartridges including the popular full length .45 -70 . The .45 -60 and similarly short cartridges designed for the Model 1876 rifle faded into obsolescence as 20th-century hunters preferred more powerful smokeless powder loadings of cartridges designed for stronger rifles . Winchester production of .45 -60 cartridges ended during the great depression ."}
{"_id": "1830_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "1830 in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1830 in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1951–52_United_States_network_television_schedule", "title": "1951–52 United States network television schedule", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 -- 52 United States network television schedule began in September of 1951 and ended in the spring of 1952 . This was the first television season of national network interconnection by coaxial cable and microwave , meaning programming could be transmitted live coast-to-coast ( or in the case of filmed programs , distributed simultaneously across the country ) if needed .   On Sunday nights , NBC experimented with airing its new comedy-variety program Chesterfield Sound-off Time ( featuring Bob Hope , Fred Allen and Jerry Lester as rotating hosts ) in an early evening timeslot , 7:00 -- 7:30 . Previously , network TV variety programs had only been aired during late evening hours . According to television historians Castleman and Podrazik ( 1982 ) , the experiment was designed to `` duplicate the early-evening radio success of Jack Benny '' . ( Benny himself would appear on rival network CBS 's The Jack Benny Program immediately following Chesterfield Sound-off Time ) . Red Skelton also made his network television debut on NBC 's Sunday night schedule this season , but long-term success eluded him until after he moved to CBS in the fall of 1953 .   Although most TV programming was live , both CBS and NBC also experimented in filmed series ; Castleman and Podrazik highlight early filmed hits I Love Lucy on CBS and Dragnet on NBC . Dragnet was `` one of NBC 's first major experiments in filmed TV series '' ; the series was added to NBC 's regular network schedule in January 1952 , after a `` preview '' on Chesterfield Sound-off Time in December 1951 . I Love Lucy was given what historians have called a `` choice time slot '' : Monday night immediately following the number one program on television : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts . The series `` proved the strength and acceptability of TV sitcoms , giving -LSB- CBS -RSB- a strong weapon against NBC 's flashy comedy-variety hours '' .   DuMont , too , avoided flashy comedy series when in February 1952 , in desperation the network added Bishop Fulton Sheen 's program , Life Is Worth Living , to its Tuesday night schedule . The religious series was pitted against NBC 's hit program Texaco Star Theater , and became the surprise hit of the year , holding its own against Texaco host `` Uncle Miltie '' , and attracting a sponsor , an Emmy , and 10 million viewers . The ABC and CBS programs which aired in the same time slot , Charlie Wild , Private Detective , and The Frank Sinatra Show ( respectively ) , attracted relatively few viewers .   New fall series are highlighted in bold .   Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research .   Yellow indicates the programs in the top 10 for the season .  Cyan indicates the programs in the top 20 for the season .  Magenta indicates the programs in the top 30 for the season ."}
{"_id": "1851_in_art", "title": "1851 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1851 in art ."}
{"_id": "1991_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_800_metres", "title": "1991 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 800 metres", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Men 's 800 metres event at the 1991 IAAF World Championships in Tokyo , Japan . There were a total number of 42 participating athletes , with three qualifying heats , two semi-finals and the final held on Tuesday August 27 , 1991 .   In the final , against character , Mark Everett , in a dark blue USA uniform took the lead at the break squeezing out José Luíz Barbosa . Along the home stretch , Johnny Gray in a white USA uniform worked his way around Barbosa and then Everett to take the lead just before the bell completing the first lap in 51.01 . Through the turn , Barbosa passed Everett , followed by Paul Ereng and eventually most of the field as Everett went backward . As Piotr Piekarski was the sixth runner to go by Everett , he began to resist . At the beginning of the final turn , Barbosa caught Gray and went around , followed closely by Ereng , Gray began straining , his long strides half speed to the others who were running around him . Billy Konchellah was the next to pass Gray through the turn and sprinting wide on the outside , Everett had come back to challenge . Barbosa had a 2-meter lead and was running along the rail for the finish , followed by Ereng . Barbosa steadily pulled away from Ereng but Konchellah sprinting along the outside made up 5 metres and caught Barbosa 6 metres before the finish line to take the win . Behind him , Everett came sprinting , arm flopping , past Ereng to take the bronze ."}
{"_id": "1864_in_the_United_States", "title": "1864 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1864 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1994_in_science", "title": "1994 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1994 in science and technology involved many significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "1986_South_American_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics", "title": "1986 South American Junior Championships in Athletics", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th South American Junior Championships in Athletics were held in Quito , Ecuador , at the Estadio Los Chasquis between September 13 -- 16 , 1986 ."}
{"_id": "1884_Open_Championship", "title": "1884 Open Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1884 Open Championship was the 24th Open Championship , held 3 October at Prestwick Golf Club in Prestwick , South Ayrshire , Scotland . Jack Simpson won the Championship by four strokes , ahead of runners-up Willie Fernie and Douglas Rolland .   This was the first Open Championship to be played at Prestwick after it had been extended from 12 to 18 holes in 1882 . The contest was still over 36 holes but consisted of two 18-hole rounds rather than three 12-hole rounds .   Conditions were difficult with a strong wind . Simpson , one of the early starters , had the best score in both rounds and was the surprise winner . Fernie and Rolland were joint second and shared the second and third prizes ."}
{"_id": "1909_in_Brazil", "title": "1909 in Brazil", "headings": "", "text": "Events of the year 1909 in the Brazil ."}
{"_id": "1970_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(UEFA)", "title": "1970 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)", "headings": "", "text": "The European ( UEFA ) zone of qualification for the 1970 FIFA World Cup saw 29 teams competing for eight places at the finals . UEFA members England qualified automatically as the defending champions . The qualification process started on 19 May 1968 and ended on 7 December 1969 ."}
{"_id": "1974_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_100_metres_hurdles", "title": "1974 European Athletics Championships – Women's 100 metres hurdles", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 100 metres hurdles at the 1974 European Athletics Championships was held in Roma , Italy , at Stadio Olimpico on 6 and 7 September 1974 ."}
{"_id": "1968_SMU_Mustangs_football_team", "title": "1968 SMU Mustangs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Southern Methodist University Mustangs football team represented the Southern Methodist University in the 1968 college football season . The club was victorious in the 1968 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl ."}
{"_id": "1783_New_Jersey_earthquake", "title": "1783 New Jersey earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1783 New Jersey earthquake occurred on November 29 in the Province of New Jersey . Measuring 5.3 on the Richter scale , it stands as the most powerful earthquake to occur in the state ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Courage_League_National_Division_Three", "title": "1996–97 Courage League National Division Three", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 Courage League National Division Three was the tenth full season of rugby union within the third tier of the English league system , currently known as National League 1 . Exeter won a title for the second season in succession , following last seasons National League 4 title . The runner-up , Fylde , finished one point behind Exeter and were also promoted . Four teams were relegated ; Walsall to National 2 North and Havant , Redruth and Clifton to National 2 South ."}
{"_id": "1989_Alaska_Air_Force_season", "title": "1989 Alaska Air Force season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Alaska Air Force season was the 4th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) ."}
{"_id": "1967_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_–_Men's_Giant_Slalom", "title": "1967 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's Giant Slalom", "headings": "", "text": "Men 's Giant Slalom World Cup 1966/1967"}
{"_id": "1888_(album)", "title": "1888 (album)", "headings": "", "text": "1888 is a split 12 '' vinyl between Death In June and Current 93 ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Libyan_Premier_League", "title": "1990–91 Libyan Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Libyan Premier League in season 1990/1991 ."}
{"_id": "1980–81_Coupe_de_France", "title": "1980–81 Coupe de France", "headings": "", "text": "The Coupe de France 1980 -- 1981 was its 64th edition . It was won by SC Bastia which defeated AS Saint-Étienne in the Final ."}
{"_id": "1911_in_Chile", "title": "1911 in Chile", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1911 in Chile ."}
{"_id": "1993_Copa_Libertadores", "title": "1993 Copa Libertadores", "headings": "", "text": "The Copa Libertadores 1993 was the 34th edition of the Copa Libertadores , CONMEBOL 's annual international club tournament . São Paulo won the competition .   The participating teams were divided into five groups , in which teams of the same country were placed in the same group . Each country was represented by two teams . The countries were paired as follows :   Group 1 : Perú and Venezuela  Group 2 : Chile and Bolivia  Group 3 : Uruguay and Ecuador  Group 4 : Brazil and Colombia  Group 5 : Paraguay and Argentina"}
{"_id": "10000000_(video_game)", "title": "10000000 (video game)", "headings": "", "text": "10000000 ( `` Ten million '' ) is a hybrid puzzle-role-playing game developed by Luca Redwood under the company name EightyEight Games , released initially for iOS devices in August 2012 , and later for Microsoft Windows and OS X computers via Steam in January 2013 , and to Android and Linux systems in March 2013 .   The game puts the player in control of an unnamed adventurer trapped in a dungeon . To escape , the player must earn 10,000,000 points in a single run through the dungeon . While in the dungeon , the character moves forward on their own , facing monsters and collecting treasure , but their progress is set by the player as they slide rows or columns of icons to match three similar ones , generating melee and magic attacks , loot , keys , and other resources . These resources can be used to level up the character , which can impact how the sliding puzzle is played and its results on the dungeon run .   Redwood released a sequel , You Must Build a Boat , on Windows , OS X , iOS , and Android devices on June 4 , 2015 ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_Chicago_Bulls_season", "title": "1979–80 Chicago Bulls season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979-80 NBA season was the Bulls ' 14th season in the NBA and their final season in the Western Conference ."}
{"_id": "1988_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team", "title": "1988 Michigan Wolverines football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team 's head coach was Bo Schembechler . The Wolverines played their home games at Michigan Stadium . The team won the first of five consecutive Big Ten Conference championships ."}
{"_id": "1996_BPR_4_Hours_of_Monza", "title": "1996 BPR 4 Hours of Monza", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 BPR 4 Hours of Monza was the second race of the 1996 BPR Global GT Series . It was run at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza on 24 March 1996 ."}
{"_id": "1954–55_Yugoslav_Ice_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1954–55 Yugoslav Ice Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 -- 55 Yugoslav Ice Hockey League season was the 13th season of the Yugoslav Ice Hockey League , the top level of ice hockey in Yugoslavia . Six teams participated in the league , and Partizan have won the championship ."}
{"_id": "-i", "title": "-i", "headings": "", "text": "The suffix - i may be :  An English suffix used to create demonyms ( see Demonyms #Suffixation . )  A suffix in Hebrew .  An Arabic suffix used to form a nisba ( see Arabic grammar #nisba . )"}
{"_id": "1897_Gallaudet_Bison_football_team", "title": "1897 Gallaudet Bison football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 Gallaudet Bison football team represented the Gallaudet Bison of Gallaudet University , a college for deaf-mutes , in the 1897 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1950_VFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1950 VFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Essendon Football Club and North Melbourne Football Club , held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 23 September 1950 . It was the 54th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League , staged to determine the premiers for the 1950 VFL season . The match , attended by 85,869 spectators , was won by Essendon by 38 points , marking that club 's eighth premiership victory .   This was North Melbourne 's first ever VFL Grand Final while Essendon were competing in their fifth successive premiership decider . They were the reigning premiers , having defeated Carlton in the 1949 VFL Grand Final . Essendon 's victory sent the retiring Dick Reynolds out in style , although he would come out of retirement for one final game in 1951 ."}
{"_id": "1828_in_France", "title": "1828 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1828 in France ."}
{"_id": "1879_in_baseball", "title": "1879 in baseball", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1953–54_St._Francis_Terriers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1953–54 St. Francis Terriers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 -- 1954 St. Francis Terriers men 's basketball team represented St. Francis College during the 1953 -- 54 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The team was coached by Daniel Lynch , who was in his sixth year at the helm of the St. Francis Terriers . The team was a member of the Metropolitan New York Conference continuously since 1945 , although the team first joined the conference in its inaugural year , 1933 . During the 1953 -- 54 season the Terriers won their first regular season conference championship and participated in their first National Invitational Tournament reaching the Quarterfinals . Their participation in the NIT was more impressive considering they had the smallest student body of all schools ever selected and were the only school participating from the NYC area that year . The 1953 -- 54 season also stands as the Terriers best record of all-time ."}
{"_id": "1970_American_League_Championship_Series", "title": "1970 American League Championship Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 American League Championship Series was a match-up between the East Division champion Baltimore Orioles and the West Division champion Minnesota Twins . Like the year before , the Orioles swept the Twins three games to none . The Orioles went on to win the World Series against the Cincinnati Reds .   ( Note : Due to a one-day strike by major league umpires , the series was begun using AL supervisor Berry , veteran umpire Stevens -- who had been used in a substitute capacity in 1970 -- and minor league umpires Deegan and Satchell , with the regularly assigned crew returning for Games 2 and 3 . )"}
{"_id": "1954_Missouri_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1954 Missouri Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Big Seven Conference ( Big 7 ) during the 1954 college football season . The team compiled a 4 -- 5 -- 1 record ( 3 -- 2 -- 1 against Big 7 opponents ) , finished in a tie for third place in the Big 7 , and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 261 to 198 . Don Faurot was the head coach for the 17th of 19 seasons . The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Columbia , Missouri .   The team 's statistical leaders included Robert Bauman with 293 rushing yards , Vic Eaton with 774 passing yards and 688 yards of total offense , Harold Burnine with 405 receiving yards , and Jack Fox with 47 points scored ."}
{"_id": "1925–26_Swiss_Cup", "title": "1925–26 Swiss Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925-26 Swiss Cup was the first season of Switzerland 's annual cup competition . The competition began on 6 September 1925 and ended on 11 April 1926 . Grasshopper Club Zurich defeated FC Bern 2-1 in the Final .   Category : Swiss Cup  Category :1925 -- 26 domestic association football cups  Category :1925 in association football  Category :1926 in association football  Category : Domestic association football cup seasons by year"}
{"_id": "1754_in_Ireland", "title": "1754 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1754 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1907_in_music", "title": "1907 in music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1907 ."}
{"_id": "1995_Birthday_Honours", "title": "1995 Birthday Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The Queen 's Birthday Honours 1995 were appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by citizens of those countries . The Birthday Honours are awarded as part of the Queen 's Official Birthday celebrations during the month of June .   The Queen 's Birthday Honours were announced on 16 June 1995 in the United Kingdom , on 5 June 1995 in New Zealand , Barbados , Grenada , Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands , Saint Lucia , Belize , Antigua and Barbuda , and Saint Christopher and Nevis ,   The recipients of honours are displayed as they were styled before their new honour and arranged by the country ( in order of precedence ) whose ministers advised The Queen on the appointments , then by honour with grades i.e. Knight/Dame Grand Cross , Knight/Dame Commander etc. and then divisions i.e. Civil , Diplomatic and Military as appropriate ."}
{"_id": "1991_All-Pro_Team", "title": "1991 All-Pro Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 All-Pro Team is composed of the National Football League players that were named to the Associated Press , Newspaper Enterprise Association , Pro Football Writers Association , Pro Football Weekly , and The Sporting News All-Pro Teams in 1991 . Both first and second teams are listed for the AP and NEA teams . These are the five teams that are included in Total Football II : The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League ."}
{"_id": "1670_AM", "title": "1670 AM", "headings": "", "text": "The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1670 kHz : 1670 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency ."}
{"_id": "1966_South_African_Grand_Prix", "title": "1966 South African Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th South African Grand Prix was a motor race , run to Formula One rules , held on 1 January 1966 at Prince George Circuit , East London , South Africa . The race was run over 60 laps of the circuit , and was won by British driver Mike Spence in a Lotus 33 ."}
{"_id": "1998_FIBA_EuroLeague_Final_Four", "title": "1998 FIBA EuroLeague Final Four", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 FIBA EuroLeague Final Four was the 1997 -- 98 season 's FIBA EuroLeague Final Four tournament , organized by FIBA Europe .   Kinder Bologna won its first title , after defeating AEK in the EuroLeague Finals , in the lowest scoring final ever ."}
{"_id": "(Drop_Dead)_Beautiful", "title": "(Drop Dead) Beautiful", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( Drop Dead ) Beautiful '' is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her seventh studio album Femme Fatale ( 2011 ) . It features guest vocals from American singer Sabi . The song was written by Jeremy Coleman , Joshua Coleman , Esther Dean , Mathieu Jomphe and Benjamin Levin . '' ( Drop Dead ) Beautiful '' received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics , who deemed it as one of the best offerings of the album , despite criticizing Sabi 's verses .   After trying to choose between the song , `` Criminal '' and `` Inside Out '' to be the fourth single from Femme Fatale , `` Criminal '' was selected , although Sabi revealed she pictured a music video for '' ( Drop Dead ) Beautiful '' in a similar style to the performance of 2011 's Femme Fatale Tour . The performance consists of Spears singing and dancing to the song while her dancers are carrying picture frames . Sabi performed the song with Spears in selected cities . Despite not being released as a single , '' ( Drop Dead ) Beautiful '' managed to peak at number forty-one on South Korea 's Gaon International Chart , due to digital sales separate from Femme Fatale , and also appeared on Billboards Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart ."}
{"_id": "1817_in_Canada", "title": "1817 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1817 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1991_Riklis_Classic_–_Doubles", "title": "1991 Riklis Classic – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Nduka Odizor and Christo van Rensburg were the defending champions , but did not participate together this year . Odizor partnered Bryan Shelton , losing in the semifinals . van Rensburg partnered John-Laffnie de Jager , losing in the first round .   David Rikl and Michiel Schapers won the title , defeating Javier Frana and Leonardo Lavalle 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1997_AFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1997 AFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Adelaide Football Club and the St Kilda Football Club , held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 27 September 1997 . It was the 101st annual Grand Final of the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , staged to determine the premiers for the 1997 AFL season . The match , attended by 99,645 spectators , was won by Adelaide by a margin of 31 points , marking that club 's first premiership victory ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_Tennis_Borussia_Berlin_season", "title": "1979–80 Tennis Borussia Berlin season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 -- 80 season was the fourth time Tennis Borussia Berlin played in the 2 . Fußball-Bundesliga , the second highest tier of the German football league system . After 38 league games , Tennis Borussia finished 13th in the division , following an eleventh-placed finish the previous year . The club lost in the first round of the DFB-Pokal ; going out 1 -- 0 away to SC Viktoria 04 Köln . Norbert Stolzenburg scored 24 of the club 's 57 league goals ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_English_National_League_season", "title": "1952–53 English National League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 -- 53 English National League season was the 12th season of the English National League , the top level ice hockey league in England . Six teams participated in the league , and the Streatham Royals won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1992_Calder_Cup_playoffs", "title": "1992 Calder Cup playoffs", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Calder Cup playoffs of the American Hockey League began on April 7 , 1992 . The twelve teams that qualified , four from each division , played best-of-seven series for division semifinals and division finals . The highest remaining seed received a bye for the third round while the other two remaining teams played a best-of-three series , with the winner advancing to play the bye-team in a best-of-seven series for the Calder Cup . The Calder Cup Final ended on May 29 , 1992 , with the Adirondack Red Wings defeating the St. John 's Maple Leafs four games to three in a series in which the visiting team won every game to win the fourth Calder Cup in team history . Adirondack 's Allan Bester won the Jack A. Butterfield Trophy as AHL playoff MVP ."}
{"_id": "1995_Fed_Cup_World_Group_Play-offs", "title": "1995 Fed Cup World Group Play-offs", "headings": "", "text": "The World Group Play-offs were four ties which involved the losing nations of the World Group first round and the winning nations of the World Group II . Nations that won their play-off ties entered the 1996 World Group , while losing nations joined the 1996 World Group II ."}
{"_id": "1972_Orange_Bowl", "title": "1972 Orange Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Orange Bowl was played the night of January 1 at the Orange Bowl in Miami , Florida . In the final game of the 1971 college football season , top-ranked and defending national champion Nebraska soundly defeated the # 2 Alabama Crimson Tide ,   Six-point favorite Nebraska entered the game on a 31-game unbeaten streak , and scored first on a 2-yard touchdown run by Jeff Kinney . Future Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Rodgers scored on a 77-yard punt return on the final play of the first quarter , as Nebraska led In the second quarter , quarterback Jerry Tagge and Gary Dixon added touchdown runs of one and two yards respectively , as Nebraska led convincingly 28 -- 0 at halftime as the Husker defense stifled the Tide 's previously potent Wishbone offense with All-American running back Johnny Musso .   In the third quarter , Bama 's Terry Davis scored on a 3 -- yard touchdown run making the score eliminating the shutout . Nebraska 's Rich Sanger kicked a 21-yard field goal at the end of the third quarter , and a 1-yard touchdown run by reserve senior QB Van Brownson made the final score   With top-ranked Nebraska 's 32-point victory , the 1972 Orange Bowl was one of the most lopsided meetings of # 1 vs # 2 , specifically in a season-ending bowl game .   Nebraska ( 13-0 ) was the consensus national champion , having defeated the next three teams in the final AP Poll released on January 3 : Oklahoma , Colorado , and Alabama ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_HNK_Hajduk_Split_season", "title": "1993–94 HNK Hajduk Split season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 season was the 83rd season in Hajduk Split 's history and their third in the Prva HNL . Their 2nd place finish in the 1992 -- 93 season meant it was their 3rd successive season playing in the Prva HNL ."}
{"_id": "1932–33_William_&_Mary_Indians_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1932–33 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 -- 33 William & Mary Indians men 's basketball team represented the College of William & Mary in intercollegiate basketball during the 1932 -- 33 season . Under the fourth year of head coach John Kellison ( who concurrently served as the head football and baseball coach ) , the team finished the season with a 13 -- 5 record . This was the 28th season of the collegiate basketball program at William & Mary , whose nickname is now the Tribe . William & Mary played the season as an independent ."}
{"_id": ".gg", "title": ".gg", "headings": "", "text": ". gg is the country code top-level domain for the crown dependency of Guernsey , including the islands of Guernsey , Alderney , Sark , Herm , Jethou and Lihou ( plus several uninhabited islands and islets ) . The domain is administered by Island Networks , who also administer the . je domain for neighbouring territory Jersey . Many eSports websites use . gg for domain names , where `` gg '' is a commonly used initialism for `` good game '' .   In 2003 , a Google Search website was made available for Guernsey , which used the . gg domain . The search engine DuckDuckGo uses the domain ddg.gg as a redirect to their main website , duckduckgo.com , and the VoIP Application Discord uses the domain discord.gg as a redirect to their main website , discordapp.com , as well as for Discord server invite links ."}
{"_id": "15_Years_On", "title": "15 Years On", "headings": "", "text": "15 Years On is the 11th studio album by the Irish folk band The Dubliners . This album was created to celebrate the band 's 15th anniversary from the day they started music together . The album was released on the CHYME label in 1977 . The album features 24 tracks on two records ( nine of which were previously unreleased ) . In spite of having only nine previously unreleased tracks , it is still regarded as an original album ."}
{"_id": "1987_World_Touring_Car_Championship", "title": "1987 World Touring Car Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 World Touring Car Championship season was the inaugural World Touring Car Championship season . It commenced on 22 March 1987 and ended on 15 November after eleven races . The championship was open to Touring Cars complying with FIA Group A regulations . The Drivers title was won by Roberto Ravaglia and the Entrants title by Eggenberger Motorsport Ford Sierra No 7 ."}
{"_id": "1930_Stanford_football_team", "title": "1930 Stanford football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 Stanford football team represented Stanford University in the 1930 college football season . Their head coach was Pop Warner in his seventh season . Stanford played its home games at Stanford Stadium in Stanford , California .   On November 25 , shortly before the team 's final game against Dartmouth , a unanimous vote of the Executive Committee for the Associated Students chose `` Indians '' as the official mascot of Stanford 's sports teams . `` Indians '' had been in use informally , but the vote formalized the use over `` Cards '' and `` Cardinals '' , which were considered `` not symbolical of Stanford spirit as that of ` Indians . ' ''"}
{"_id": "1948_and_After", "title": "1948 and After", "headings": "", "text": "1948 and After : Israel and the Palestinians is a collection of essays by the Israeli historian Benny Morris . The book was first published in hardcover in 1990 . It was revised and expanded , ( largely on the basis on newly available material ) and published by Clarendon Press , Oxford , in 1994 , .   The expanded 1994 edition contained a complete new chapter ( ch . 5 ) : Yosef Nahmani and the Arab Question in 1948 . Chapters 1 ( The new historiography : Israel and its past ) and chapter 10 ( The Transfer of Al Majdal 's Remaining Arabs to Gaza , 1950 ) were substantially expanded ."}
{"_id": "1610_in_Quebec", "title": "1610 in Quebec", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1609 in Quebec  1611 in Quebec"}
{"_id": "1994–95_New_Jersey_Devils_season", "title": "1994–95 New Jersey Devils season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 New Jersey Devils season was the franchise 's 13th season in New Jersey . Although the Devils played an abbreviated 48-game season , shortened by the 1994 -- 95 NHL lockout , the Devils won their first Stanley Cup championship in franchise history .   The Devils struggled in the first half , going 9 -- 11 -- 4 , but improved drastically in the second half , going 13 -- 7 -- 4 to finish with 52 points and fifth place in the Eastern Conference . The Devils eventually swept the heavily favored Detroit Red Wings in the Stanley Cup Finals ."}
{"_id": "1_Anne_Marg", "title": "1 Anne Marg", "headings": "", "text": "1 Aney Marg in Patna is the official residence of the Chief Minister of Bihar . It has been named after Madhav Shrihari Aney , the Maharashtra born politician , who was also the state 's second post-Independence governor . The sprawling fields surrounding the bungalow have been planted with 160 herbal and aromatic plants .   The former chief ministers of Bihar , Lalu Prasad Yadav and his wife Rabri Devi lived in it for 15 years . It is now the residence of present chief minister , Shri.Nitish Kumar . The previous chief ministers to occupy the bunglow were Jitan Ram Manjhi , Bindeshwari Dubey , Bhagwat Jha Azad and Satyendra Narain Sinha ."}
{"_id": "1922–23_FAI_Cup", "title": "1922–23 FAI Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The FAI Cup 1922 -- 23 was the second edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 6 January 1923 and concluded on 17 March with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance of 14,000 people watched Belfast side Alton United of the Falls League defeat Shelbourne 1-0 . The Falls League 's affiliation to the FAI , rather than the IFA , allowed the club to compete in the cup ."}
{"_id": "1980_in_Norwegian_music", "title": "1980 in Norwegian music", "headings": "", "text": "The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1980 in Norwegian music ."}
{"_id": "1961–62_Tweede_Divisie", "title": "1961–62 Tweede Divisie", "headings": "", "text": "The Dutch Tweede Divisie in the 1961 -- 1962 season was contested by 15 teams . This was the last season the teams would play in a single division . Due to a realignment in the Eerste Divisie , the Tweede Divisie would be expanded from one Group to two , while the Eerste Divisie would become one league instead of two , meaning many teams would be relegated to this league next season .   Since it seemed necessary that some teams would have to be relegated to amateur football , play-offs for the 9th and 12th place were played . However , eventually only the last place finisher were actually relegated , as two teams from the Eerste Divisie moved straight to the amateurs ."}
{"_id": "1991_Australian_Under-16_Individual_Speedway_Championship", "title": "1991 Australian Under-16 Individual Speedway Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Australian Under-16 Individual Speedway Championship was the tenth running of the Australian Under-16 Speedway Championship organised by Motorcycling Australia for bikes with 125cc engines . The final took place on 12 January 1991 at the 112 m Sidewinders Speedway in Adelaide , South Australia .   Local Adelaide based riders dominated the meeting filling eight of the top ten places . 1990 Australian Championship runner-up Ryan Sullivan took out his first Australian Championship with an unbeaten 15 point maximum to lead home Ashley Watson and Brett Woodifield who won a four-way runoff for third place over Troy Wyten , Ford Keane and Victorian Jason Stewart . Sullivan turned 16 a week after the championship and graduated into the senior ranks ."}
{"_id": "1670_in_poetry", "title": "1670 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1610_in_France", "title": "1610 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events of the year 1610 in France ."}
{"_id": "1996_Fed_Cup_Asia/Oceania_Zone_Group_II_–_Pool_B", "title": "1996 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group II – Pool B", "headings": "", "text": "Group B of the 1996 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group II was one of two pools in the Asia/Oceania Zone Group II of the 1996 Fed Cup . Four teams competed in a round robin competition , with the top two teams advancing to the play-offs ."}
{"_id": "1958_LPGA_Tour", "title": "1958 LPGA Tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 LPGA Tour was the ninth season since the LPGA Tour officially began in 1950 . The season ran from January 10 to September 14 . The season consisted of 24 official money events . Mickey Wright won the most tournaments , five . Beverly Hanson led the money list with earnings of $ 12,639 .   There was only one first-time winner in 1958 , Bonnie Randolph .   The tournament results and award winners are listed below ."}
{"_id": "1977_Rothmans_Canadian_Open", "title": "1977 Rothmans Canadian Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Rothmans Canadian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the National Tennis Centre in Toronto in Canada that was part of the 1977 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix and of the 1977 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from August 15 through August 22 , 1977 ."}
{"_id": "1111_Lincoln_Road", "title": "1111 Lincoln Road", "headings": "", "text": "1111 Lincoln Road is a parking garage in the South Beach section of Miami Beach , Florida , designed by the internationally known Swiss architectural firm of Herzog & de Meuron . It is located at the western end of the Lincoln Road Mall at the intersection with Alton Road , and can house some 300 cars . Since its opening in 2010 , it has attracted considerable interest because its unique appearance is different from more traditional parking garage designs ."}
{"_id": "17th_Weapons_Squadron", "title": "17th Weapons Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th Weapons Squadron is a United States Air Force unit , assigned to the USAF Weapons School at Nellis AFB , Nevada .   The squadron traces its lineage to the United States Army Air Service 's 17th and 147th Aero Squadrons during World War I . The 147th A.S. was re-designated the 17th Pursuit Squadron in the post-war Air Service and consolidated with the 17th A.S. in 1936 to preserve the history of both pursuit units . The 17th Aero Squadron was activated in August 1917 and earned 13 campaign streamers in France flying the Sopwith Camel . The 147th Aero Squadron was organized in November 1917 and flew the Nieuport 28 and SPAD S.XIII fighters , earning eight streamers .   During World War II , the 17th Pursuit Squadron participated in the defense of the Philippines flying the P-40 Warhawk and garnering the first American Ace of World War II . Wiped out during the Battle of the Philippines , some of its squadron members endured the Bataan Death March . Reactivated during the Vietnam War , the squadron went on to fly F-105F Wild Weasles , and in Operation Desert Storm flying the F-16C ."}
{"_id": "1979_Toyota_Tamaraws_season", "title": "1979 Toyota Tamaraws season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Toyota Tamaraws season was the fifth season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) ."}
{"_id": "1989–90_Bulgarian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1989–90 Bulgarian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 -- 90 Bulgarian Hockey League season was the 38th season of the Bulgarian Hockey League , the top level of ice hockey in Bulgaria . Five teams participated in the league , and Levski-Spartak Sofia won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1715_in_France", "title": "1715 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1715 in France"}
{"_id": "1997_Edward_R._Murrow_Awards_(Radio_Television_Digital_News_Association)", "title": "1997 Edward R. Murrow Awards (Radio Television Digital News Association)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Edward R. Murrow Awards were presented by the Radio-Television News Directors Association ( RTNDA ) , now renamed the Radio Television Digital News Association ( RTDNA ) in recognition of what the association terms `` outstanding achievements in electronic journalism . '' National winners were selected from a pool of regional award winners . Below are the 1997 national and regional award winners , which recognizes coverage that aired during the previous 1996 calendar year .   Categories that are not listed either had no entrants or the entries received were not deemed worthy of the award . For regional awards , it is worth noting the states included in each region have changed through the years . The lists below indicate which states are included in each region for the 1997 awards . The category currently called Breaking News was called `` Spot News Coverage '' in 1997 , so the lists below have been edited to read Breaking/Spot News to avoid any confusion .   The information on this page was retrieved using the Archive.org Internet Wayback Machine to access the now defunct website for RTNDA , a domain that was abandoned when the organization was renamed RTDNA ."}
{"_id": "1951_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team", "title": "1951 Michigan Wolverines football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1951 Big Ten Conference football season . The team 's head coach was Bennie Oosterbaan . The Wolverines played their home games at Michigan Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1826_in_Brazil", "title": "1826 in Brazil", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1826 in Brazil ."}
{"_id": "18th_parallel_south", "title": "18th parallel south", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 18 degrees south of the Earth 's equatorial plane . It crosses the Atlantic Ocean , Africa , the Indian Ocean , Australasia , the Pacific Ocean and South America ."}
{"_id": "1370_in_Norway", "title": "1370 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1370 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1917_in_aviation", "title": "1917 in aviation", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of aviation-related events from 1917 :"}
{"_id": "1974_Pacific_hurricane_season", "title": "1974 Pacific hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Pacific hurricane season featured one of the most active periods of tropical cyclones on record with five storms existing simultaneously . The season officially started May 15 in the eastern Pacific , and June 1 in the central Pacific , and lasted until November 30 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeast Pacific Ocean .   With seventeen storms , this season was slightly above average . At eleven , the number of hurricanes was also above average . In the central Pacific , one tropical storm formed . Very unusually , on August 26 there were six systems active : Ione , Olive , Kirsten , Lorraine , Joyce , and Maggie . Olive was a Central Pacific storm and had weakened to a tropical depression by this time . The other five were of at least tropical storm intensity simultaneously and remained so until 06Z Aug 27 . Five storms were also active 18Z Aug 23-06Z Aug 24 .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1967_Florida_State_Seminoles_football_team", "title": "1967 Florida State Seminoles football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Florida State Seminoles football team represented Florida State University in the 1967 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_BHL_season", "title": "1993–94 BHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 BHL season was the 12th season of the British Hockey League , the top level of ice hockey in Great Britain . 12 teams participated in the league , and the Cardiff Devils won the league title by finishing first in the regular season . They also won the playoff championship ."}
{"_id": "1984_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships_–_Junior_men's_race", "title": "1984 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race", "headings": "", "text": "The Junior men 's race at the 1984 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in East Rutherford , New Jersey , United States , at the Meadowlands Racetrack on March 25 , 1984 . A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald .   Complete results , medallists ,  and the results of British athletes were published ."}
{"_id": "1161_in_Japan", "title": "1161 in Japan", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1161 in Japan ."}
{"_id": "1929_USC_Trojans_football_team", "title": "1929 USC Trojans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California ( USC ) in the 1929 college football season . In their fifth year under head coach Howard Jones , the Trojans compiled a 10 -- 2 record ( 6 -- 1 against conference opponents ) , won the Pacific Coast Conference championship , and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 492 to 69 . The team defeated Pittsburgh 47 -- 14 in the 1930 Rose Bowl and was retroactively selected as the 1929 national champion under the Houlgate System and also retroactively selected as the national champion under the Berryman QPRS system and as a co-national champion by Jeff Sagarin ."}
{"_id": "1895–96_in_Scottish_football", "title": "1895–96 in Scottish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1895 -- 96 season of Scottish football was the 23rd season of competitive football in Scotland and the sixth season of the Scottish Football League . This season also saw the introduction of the Scottish Qualifying Cup ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_Bulgarian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1976–77 Bulgarian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 -- 77 Bulgarian Hockey League season was the 25th season of the Bulgarian Hockey League , the top level of ice hockey in Bulgaria . Five teams participated in the league , and Levski-Spartak Sofia won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1929–30_Netherlands_Football_League_Championship", "title": "1929–30 Netherlands Football League Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The Netherlands Football League Championship 1929/1930 was contested by 50 teams participating in five divisions . The national champion would be determined by a play-off featuring the winners of the eastern , northern , southern and two western football divisions of the Netherlands . Go Ahead won this year 's championship by beating AFC Ajax , Velocitas 1897 , Willem II and Blauw-Wit Amsterdam ."}
{"_id": "1939–40_Connecticut_Huskies_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1939–40 Connecticut Huskies men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 -- 40 Connecticut Huskies men 's basketball team represented University of Connecticut in the 1939 -- 40 collegiate men 's basketball season . The Huskies completed the season with a 9 -- 7 overall record . The Huskies were members of the New England Conference , where they ended the season with a 6 -- 2 record . The Huskies played their home games at Hawley Armory in Storrs , Connecticut , and were led by fourth-year head coach Don White ."}
{"_id": "1995_WCHA_Men's_Ice_Hockey_Tournament", "title": "1995 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 WCHA Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 36th conference playoff in league history and 43rd season where a WCHA champion was crowned . The tournament was played between March 10 and March 18 , 1995 . First round games were played at home team campus sites while all ` Final Five ' matches were held at the Civic Center in St. Paul , Minnesota . By winning the tournament , Wisconsin was awarded the Broadmoor Trophy and received the WCHA 's automatic bid to the 1995 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament ."}
{"_id": "1970_African_Cup_of_Nations_qualification", "title": "1970 African Cup of Nations qualification", "headings": "", "text": "This page details the process of qualifying for the 1970 African Cup of Nations ."}
{"_id": "1993_Federation_Cup_Americas_Zone", "title": "1993 Federation Cup Americas Zone", "headings": "", "text": "The Americas Zone was one of three zones of regional Federation Cup qualifying competition in 1993 . All ties were played at the Palmas del Mar in Humacao , Puerto Rico on hard courts .   The eighteen teams were divided into two pools of four and two pools of five to compete in round-robin matches . After each of the ties had been played , the teams that finished first and second in each of the respective pools would then move on to the play-off stage of the competition . The four teams that won a play-off match would go on to advance to the World Group ."}
{"_id": "1988_Meath_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1988 Meath Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Meath Senior Football Championship is the 96th edition of the Meath GAA 's premier club Gaelic football tournament for senior graded teams in County Meath , Ireland . The tournament consists of 13 teams , with the winner going on to represent Meath in the Leinster Senior Club Football Championship . The championship starts with a group stage and then progresses to a knock out stage .   Navan O'Mahonys were the defending champions after they defeated Skryne in the previous years final , and they successfully defended their title to claim their 13th S.F.C. title when beating Walterstown 0-11 to 0-10 in the final at Pairc Tailteann on 13th November 1988 . Donal Smyth raised the Keegan Cup for O'Mahonys while Finian Murtagh claimed his second ` Man of the Match ' award , last claiming it in the 1981 S.F.C. Final .   O'Mahonys also were chosen to take part in the Leinster S.C.F.C. campaign as they were the reigning Meath champions , even though the '88 S.F.C. had n't been completed by the date of their Leinster club match with Johnstownbridge .   Oldcastle were promoted to the S.F.C. after claiming the 1987 Meath Intermediate Football Championship title ."}
{"_id": "1997_New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Awards", "title": "1997 New York Film Critics Circle Awards", "headings": "", "text": "<div style=\"float: right; font-size: smaller; background-color:#E6E6FA; padding: 12px; margin-left: 5em; margin-bottom: 2em; width: 180px\" align=\"center\">   63rd NYFCC Awards  announced : December 11 , 1997given : January 4 , 1998   Best Picture :  <big> L.A. Confidential </big>  </div>  The 63rd New York Film Critics Circle Awards '' ' , honoring the best in film for 1997 , were announced on 11 December 1997 and given on 4 January 1998 ."}
{"_id": "131_Commando_Squadron_Royal_Engineers", "title": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers", "headings": "", "text": "131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers is an Army Reserve unit , and part of 24 Commando Regiment Royal Engineers . It provides engineering support to 3 Commando Brigade Royal Marines ( 3 Cdo Bde RM ) and is the largest Army Reserve Commando unit . The squadron has deployed worldwide to provide combat engineer support to 3 Cdo Bde RM , often deploying in small sub-units . 131 was first raised in 1947 as an airborne engineer regiment , and reached a strength of over 1,000 trained parachute engineers by the early 1960s . Between 1 April 1978 and 1 October 2015 , the unit was an independent Commando squadron under operational command of HQ 3 Cdo Bde RM . On 2 October 2015 , it formally became the third squadron of 24 Commando Engineer Regiment ."}
{"_id": "1967_NHL_Amateur_Draft", "title": "1967 NHL Amateur Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 NHL Amateur Draft was held June 7 , 1967 , at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal , Quebec , Canada ."}
{"_id": "1742_in_Scotland", "title": "1742 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1742 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1989_in_German_television", "title": "1989 in German television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of German television related events from 1989 ."}
{"_id": "1200s_(decade)", "title": "1200s (decade)", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1902_World_Allround_Speed_Skating_Championships", "title": "1902 World Allround Speed Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1902 World Allround Speed Skating Championships took place at 22 and 23 February 1902 at the ice rink Pohjoissatama in Helsinki , Finland .   Franz Wathén was the defending champion . No one won at least three distances and so no World champion was declared ."}
{"_id": "1880_Men's_Tennis_season", "title": "1880 Men's Tennis season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1880 Men 's tennis season was the 4th amateur tennis tour held that year . It now incorporated 19 tournaments staged in Australia , Great Britain and Ireland and the United States . The 1880 Wimbledon Championships was won by John Hartley against Herbert Lawford , in the Challenge Round ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_French_Rugby_Union_Championship", "title": "1972–73 French Rugby Union Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972-73 French Rugby Union Championship was contested by 64 teams divided in 8 pools .   The first four of each pool , were qualified for the knockout stages .   The Stadoceste won the champsionship beating Dax in the final .   It was the first title after World War II for Stadoceste ."}
{"_id": "1953_LPGA_Tour", "title": "1953 LPGA Tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 LPGA Tour was the fourth season since the LPGA Tour officially began in 1950 . The season ran from January 15 to October 18 . The season consisted of 25 official money events . Louise Suggs won the most tournaments , nine . She also led the money list with earnings of $ 19,816 .   This season also saw the introduction of the Vare Trophy for the lowest scoring average , won by Patty Berg . There was only one first-time winner in 1953 , Jackie Pung .   The tournament results and award winners are listed below ."}
{"_id": "1972_U.S._Open_(golf)", "title": "1972 U.S. Open (golf)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 U.S. Open was the 72nd U.S. Open , held June 15 -- 18 at Pebble Beach Golf Links in Pebble Beach , California . Jack Nicklaus , age 32 , captured his third U.S. Open title , three strokes ahead of runner-up Bruce Crampton . This was the first of six major championships held to date at Pebble Beach : five U.S. Opens and the PGA Championship in 1977 .   Scoring conditions during the final round were extremely difficult ; the average was 78.8 , the highest in post-war U.S. Open history . Nicklaus ' 290 ( +2 ) was the second-highest winning score during that span . It was Nicklaus ' eleventh career major championship as a professional , tying the record of Walter Hagen . When combined with his two U.S. Amateur wins , it was his thirteenth major , equaling Bobby Jones for most   Defending champion Lee Trevino had been hospitalized in Texas for several days for bronchitis and pneumonia ; he was released on Tuesday , two days before the first round , and tied for fourth .   It was the second consecutive major title for Nicklaus , who won the Masters in April . Previous winners of the first two majors of the year were Craig Wood ( 1941 ) , Ben Hogan ( 1951 , 1953 ) , and Arnold Palmer ( 1960 ) ; later champions of both were Tiger Woods ( 2002 ) and Jordan Spieth ( 2015 ) . In addition , Nicklaus held the PGA Championship title from February 1971 ; four weeks later , he was the runner-up by a single stroke at the Open Championship at Muirfield , Scotland .   Nicklaus won seven additional majors , the last at the Masters fourteen years later in 1986 at age 46 ."}
{"_id": "1936–1939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine", "title": "1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 -- 1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was a nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine against the British administration of the Palestine Mandate , demanding Arab independence and the end of Jewish immigration as the League of Nations had authorized in 1922 . The dissent was directly influenced by the Qassamite rebellion , following the killing of Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam in 1935 , as well as the declaration by Hajj Mohammad Amin al-Husayni of 16 May 1930 as ` Palestine Day ' and calling for a General Strike . The revolt was branded by many in the Jewish Yishuv as `` immoral and terroristic '' , often comparing it to fascism and nazism . Ben Gurion however described Arab causes as fear of growing Jewish economic power , opposition to mass Jewish immigration and fear of the English identification with Zionism .   The general strike lasted from April to October 1936 , initiating the violent revolt . The revolt consisted of two distinct phases . The first phase was directed primarily by the urban and elitist Higher Arab Committee ( HAC ) and was focused mainly on strikes and other forms of political protest . By October 1936 , this phase had been defeated by the British civil administration using a combination of political concessions , international diplomacy ( involving the rulers of Iraq , Saudi Arabia , Transjordan and Yemen ) and the threat of martial law . The second phase , which began late in 1937 , was a violent and peasant-led resistance movement that increasingly targeted British forces . During this phase , the rebellion was brutally suppressed by the British Army and the Palestine Police Force using repressive measures that were intended to intimidate the Arab population and undermine popular support for the revolt . During this phase , a more dominant role on the Arab side was taken by the Nashashibi clan , whose NDP party quickly withdrew from the rebel Arab Higher Committee , led by the radical faction of Amin al-Husseini , and instead sided with the British -- dispatching `` Fasail al-Salam '' ( the `` Peace Bands '' ) in coordination with the British Army against nationalist and Jihadist Arab `` Fasail '' units ( literally `` bands '' ) .   According to official British figures covering the whole revolt , the army and police killed more than 2,000 Arabs in combat , 108 were hanged , and 961 died because of what they described as `` gang and terrorist activities '' . In an analysis of the British statistics , Walid Khalidi estimates 19,792 casualties for the Arabs , with 5,032 dead : 3,832 killed by the British and 1,200 dead because of `` terrorism '' , and 14,760 wounded . Over ten percent of the adult male Palestinian Arab population between 20 and 60 was killed , wounded , imprisoned or exiled . Estimates of the number of Palestinian Jews killed range from 91 to several hundred .   The Arab revolt in Mandatory Palestine was unsuccessful , and its consequences affected the outcome of the 1948 Palestine war . It caused the British Mandate to give crucial support to pre-state Zionist militias like the Haganah , whereas on the Palestinian Arab side , the revolt forced the flight into exile of the main Palestinian Arab leader of the period , the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem -- Haj Amin al-Husseini ."}
{"_id": "1983_Iowa_Hawkeyes_football_team", "title": "1983 Iowa Hawkeyes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Hawkeyes , led by legendary head coach Hayden Fry , were members of the Big Ten Conference and played their home games at Kinnick Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1992_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series", "title": "1992 NASCAR Winston Cup Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 NASCAR Winston Cup Series was the 44th season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 21st modern-era Cup season . The season began on February 9 , 1992 , and ended on November 15 , 1992 . Independent owner/driver Alan Kulwicki of AK Racing won the Winston Cup championship .   The 1992 season was considered one of the most dramatic and emotional years in NASCAR . Seven-time champion , and `` King of stock car racing , '' Richard Petty retired from the sport at season 's end , concluding a year-long `` Fan Appreciation Tour . '' . Petty appeared across the country for autographs and diecast were made of his # 43 car for all 29 of the races he appeared in . The season also saw the quiet debut of future champion Jeff Gordon , who was planning to move up after two seasons in the Busch Series . Gordon debuted the rainbow # 24 Chevrolet at the final race of the year .   The season-long championship battle narrowed down to six drivers , the most ever going into the final race of the season . Davey Allison won the season-opening Daytona 500 , and despite a roller-coaster season , remained first , or near the top of the standings all season . Bill Elliott and Alan Kulwicki experienced more consistent results , placing them comfortably near the top . Harry Gant , Mark Martin and Kyle Petty were also factors during the season . Two-time defending champion Dale Earnhardt , however , suffered a dismal season , winning only one race , dropping out several times , and finished outside the top ten at season 's end , for just the second time in his Cup career .   The season 's climax occurred at the final race of the season , the Hooters 500 at Atlanta . Six drivers entered the race with a mathematical chance at winning the Winston Cup championship . Davey Allison led the charge , but ultimately fell short when he was involved in an accident . The race , and the championship came down to a two-man battle between Bill Elliott and Alan Kulwicki . Elliott won the race , while Kulwicki finished second . Kulwicki led 103 laps during the race ( compared to 102 by Elliott ) , clinched the 5 bonus points for leading the most laps , and won the Winston Cup title .   Tragically , only months later , both Alan Kulwicki and Davey Allison would be killed in separate aviation crashes ."}
{"_id": "1993_Nike_Tour_graduates", "title": "1993 Nike Tour graduates", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  This is a list of players who graduated from the Nike Tour in 1993 . The top ten players on the Nike Tour 's money list in 1993 earned their PGA Tour card for 1994 .   * PGA Tour rookie for 1994 .   T = Tied  Green background indicates the player retained his PGA Tour card for 1995 ( finished inside the top 125 ) .  Yellow background indicates player did not retain his PGA Tour card for 1995 , but retained conditional status ( finished between 126 -- 150 ) .  Red background indicates the player did not retain his PGA Tour card for 1995 ( finished outside the top 150 ) ."}
{"_id": "1992_in_Cambodia", "title": "1992 in Cambodia", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1992 in Cambodia .    Category :1990 s in Cambodia  Category : Years of the 20th century in Cambodia  Cambodia  Cambodia"}
{"_id": "1996_Alamo_Bowl", "title": "1996 Alamo Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Alamo Bowl featured the Texas Tech Red Raiders and the Iowa Hawkeyes ."}
{"_id": "1955–56_Wisconsin_Badgers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1955–56 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 -- 1956 Wisconsin Badgers men 's basketball team represented University of Wisconsin -- Madison . The head coach was Harold E. Foster , coaching his twentysecond season with the Badgers . The team played their home games at the UW Fieldhouse in Madison , Wisconsin and was a member of the Big Ten Conference ."}
{"_id": "1959_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team", "title": "1959 Vanderbilt Commodores football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1959 college football season . The Commodores were led by head coach Arthur Guepe in his seventh season and finished the season with a record of five wins , three losses and two ties ( 5 -- 3 -- 2 overall , 3 -- 2 -- 2 in the SEC ) ."}
{"_id": "(434326)_2004_JG6", "title": "(434326) 2004 JG6", "headings": "", "text": ", provisional designation is an eccentric asteroid , classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Atira group , which is also known as `` Apohele '' and `` interior-Earth objects '' . It measures approximately 0.6 -- 1.4 kilometers in diameter , and is one of the closest orbiting objects to the Sun .   This asteroid was discovered on 11 May 2004 , by leading astronomers Brian Skiff of the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search ( LONEOS ) at the U.S. Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff , Arizona . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.3 -- 1.0 AU once every 185 days . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.53 and an inclination of 19 ° with respect to the ecliptic . The body 's observation arc by begins with its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa .   is the second known Atira asteroid -- the first being the group 's namesake 163693 Atira -- which means its entire orbit lies within that of the Earth . Its orbital period is less than that of Venus , making it one of the closest known objects to the Sun , after Mercury . Due to its eccentric orbit , it crosses the orbits of both Mercury and Venus , which also makes it a Mercury - and Venus-crosser . It has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0392 AU which translates into 15.3 lunar distances ."}
{"_id": "1901–02_Scottish_Cup", "title": "1901–02 Scottish Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 -- 02 Scottish Cup was the 29th season of Scotland 's most prestigious football knockout competition . The Cup was won by Hibernian , who defeated Celtic 1 -- 0 in the Final . This gave Hibs their second Scottish Cup , a tally they would not add to until 2016 . The Final was due to be played at Ibrox on 12 April , but the first Ibrox disaster happened a week earlier during the annual Scotland v England fixture . This meant that the Final was delayed by two weeks and moved to Celtic Park , even though Celtic were one of the finalists ."}
{"_id": "1991_German_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1991 German motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 German motorcycle Grand Prix was the sixth round of the 1991 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on the weekend of 24 -- 26 May 1991 at the Hockenheim circuit ."}
{"_id": "1946_Oregon_State_Beavers_football_team", "title": "1946 Oregon State Beavers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University in the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) during the 1946 college football season . In their 12th season under head coach Lon Stiner , the Beavers compiled a 7 -- 1 -- 1 record ( 6 -- 1 -- 1 against PCC opponents ) , finished in second place in the PCC , and outscored their opponents , 157 to 81 . The team played its home games at Bell Field in Corvallis , Oregon ."}
{"_id": "1971_United_States_Grand_Prix", "title": "1971 United States Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 United States Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on October 3 , 1971 , at the Watkins Glen Grand Prix Race Course in Watkins Glen , New York . It was the eleventh and final round of the 1971 Formula One season . The 59-lap race was won by Tyrrell driver François Cevert after he started from fifth position . Jo Siffert finished second for the BRM team and March driver Ronnie Peterson came in third ."}
{"_id": "1771_Naval_Air_Squadron", "title": "1771 Naval Air Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "1771 Naval Air Squadron ( 1771 NAS ) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm ."}
{"_id": "1930_Navy_Midshipmen_football_team", "title": "1930 Navy Midshipmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1930 college football season . In their fifth season under head coach Bill Ingram , the Midshipmen compiled a 6 -- 5 record , shut out four opponents , and outscored all opponents by a combined score of 148 to 117 ."}
{"_id": "1986_World_Wrestling_Championships", "title": "1986 World Wrestling Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 FILA Wrestling World Championships were held in Budapest , Hungary ."}
{"_id": "1990_Banespa_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1990 Banespa Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Jorge Lozano and Todd Witsken were the defending champions , but neither of them entered the event that year.Brian Garrow and Sven Salumaa won the title , defeating Nelson Aerts and Fernando Roese 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 , in the final ."}
{"_id": "1922–23_William_&_Mary_Indians_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1922–23 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 -- 23 William & Mary Indians men 's basketball team represented the College of William & Mary in intercollegiate basketball during the 1922 -- 23 season . Under the fourth , and final , year of head coach James G. Driver ( who concurrently served as the head baseball coach ) , the team finished the season with an 8 -- 4 record . This was the 18th season of the collegiate basketball program at William & Mary , whose nickname is now the Tribe ."}
{"_id": "1967_Detroit_Lions_season", "title": "1967 Detroit Lions season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Detroit Lions season was the 38th season in franchise history . On August 5 , the Lions played the Denver Broncos in an exhibition match . The Broncos beat the Lions by a score of 13 -- 7 and became the first AFL team to beat an NFL team .   The Lions boasted both the NFL 's Offensive and Defensive rookies of the year : running back Mel Farr and cornerback Lem Barney ."}
{"_id": "1927_Ohio_state_highway_renumbering", "title": "1927 Ohio state highway renumbering", "headings": "", "text": "In early July 1927 , the Ohio Department of Highways implemented the system of United States Numbered Highways that had been approved by the states in late 1926 . This resulted in the renumbering of many of the state highways to avoid overlaps with the new U.S. Routes and numbers used by both classes of route . In addition to the U.S. Routes , a new State Route 6 was formed , extending West Virginia Route 6 northwest from the Ohio River at Bridgeport to Norwalk . ( Route 6 later became U.S. Route 250 in both states . )   A number of State Routes - 1 , 10 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 31 , 49 , 95 , 112 , 124 , 130 , 160 , 180 , and 223 - were entirely replaced by U.S. Routes or the new State Route 6 . The numbers 6 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 30 , 40 , 42 , 50 , 52 , and 127 conflicted with new designations , so the State Routes with those numbers were renamed . Some others - 28 , 48 , 63 , 125 , 126 , 129 , 142 , and 263 - were replaced by extensions of other State Routes or new State Routes where not part of a U.S. Route . State Routes 102 and 249 became portions of other routes , but the numbers were reused in the immediate vicinity , mainly for the old alignment of the other route . The numbers freed up were reused on other routes ."}
{"_id": "1979_Congoleum_Classic", "title": "1979 Congoleum Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Congoleum Classic was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts . It was the 4th edition of the Indian Wells Masters and was part of the 1979 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix . It was played at the Mission Hills Country Club in Rancho Mirage , California in the United States and was held from February 12 through February 18 , 1979 ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Aston_Villa_F.C._season", "title": "1998–99 Aston Villa F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1998 -- 99 English football season , Aston Villa competed in the Premier League ( known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons ) . The season was Villa 's eighth in the Premier League , and their eleventh consecutive season in the top division of English football ."}
{"_id": "13th_Niuean_Assembly", "title": "13th Niuean Assembly", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th Niuean Assembly was a term of the Niue Assembly . Its composition was determined by the 2008 election , held on June 7 , 2008 .   The Speaker of the 13th Assembly was Atapana Siakimotu ."}
{"_id": "1948_Detroit_Lions_season", "title": "1948 Detroit Lions season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Detroit Lions season was their 19th in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous season 's output of 3 -- 9 , winning only two games . They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the 13th consecutive season . One notable aspect of this season was their use of maroon and black uniforms instead of the traditional honolulu blue and silver , due to head coach Bo McMillin , obviously influenced by his years as coach at Indiana . They would return to honolulu blue and silver the following season ."}
{"_id": "1995_Tooheys_1000", "title": "1995 Tooheys 1000", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Tooheys 1000 was the 36th running of the Bathurst 1000 touring car race . It was held on October 1 , 1995 , at the Mount Panorama Circuit just outside Bathurst . The race was held for cars eligible under CAMS Group 3A 5.0 Litre Touring Car regulations , that later became known as V8Supercars . This was the first Bathurst 1000 to be contested by single class .   With only 32 cars on the starting grid it was the smallest field for the race since only 48 cars faced the starter for the 1988 Tooheys 1000 . This was attributed to the fact that the race was run only for the outright class 5.0 Litre Touring Cars with no small car categories running for the first time in the history of the race going back to the 1960 Armstrong 500 at Phillip Island in Victoria .   Larry Perkins and Russell Ingall driving the # 11 Castrol Commodore won the 1995 Tooheys 1000 in what was literally a last to first effort . Perkins clashed with the slow starting HRT Commodore of pole sitter Craig Lowndes before the first turn which pulled the valve out of a tyre forcing him to fall from third to last on the first lap before pitting to replace the tyre . The duo started to climb back up into contention , helped by cars ailing to go the race distance and Safety car periods including once after having just un-laped themselves and were back in the top 5 with 20 laps to go .   Following the last Safety car , Perkins set about hauling in the leaders . He passed Neil Crompton 's Coke Commodore and the Peter Jackson Falcon of Alan Jones to move into second place about 7 seconds behind the Falcon of Jones ' team leader Glenn Seton . Then going across the top of the mountain on lap 151 , Seton 's engine , built by the teams chief engine builder and Glenn 's dad Barry Seton dropped a valve . Going into Murray 's Corner Perkins had caught up to Seton and passed him for the lead . Perkins went on to win a famous victory while Seton 's race ended less than half a lap later , the Falcon coming to a stop on the climb to BP Cutting . In a show of courage , an obviously gutted Seton conducted an interview on Racecam with Channel 7 showing graciousness in defeat while the race continued with cameras in the pits showing his father Bo , head in hands not wanting to believe the race was lost after they were so close to winning .   Had Glenn Seton won the race in 1995 it would have been 30 years since his father Bo Seton had won the 1965 race driving a Ford Cortina Mk.I GT500 ."}
{"_id": "1726_in_Ireland", "title": "1726 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1726 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1993_World_Badminton_Grand_Prix", "title": "1993 World Badminton Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 World Badminton Grand Prix was the 11th edition of the World Badminton Grand Prix finals . It was held in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , from December 15 to December 19 , 1993 .   The prize money was US$ 125,000 ."}
{"_id": "'Arab_al-Rashayida", "title": "'Arab al-Rashayida", "headings": "", "text": "` Arab al-Rashayida is a Palestinian village located twelve kilometers east of Jerusalem.The village is in the Bethlehem Governorate , central West Bank . According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics , the city had a population of 1,453 in 2007 ."}
{"_id": "1999_Swisscom_Challenge_–_Doubles", "title": "1999 Swisscom Challenge – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Swisscom Challenge -- Doubles was the doubles event of the sixteenth edition of the Swisscom Challenge ; a WTA Tier I tournament and the most prestigious tournament held in Switzerland . Serena and Venus Williams were the defending champions , but neither competed this year .   Third seeds Lisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs won the title , defeating first seeds Nathalie Tauziat and Natasha Zvereva in the final ."}
{"_id": "1959–60_FC_Barcelona_season", "title": "1959–60 FC Barcelona season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 -- 60 season was the 61th season for FC Barcelona ."}
{"_id": "1900_Auburn_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1900 Auburn Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1900 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1900 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season . It was the Tigers ' 9th overall season and they competed as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SIAA ) . The team was led by head coach Walter H. Watkins , in his first year , and finished with a record of four wins and zero losses ( 4 -- 0 overall , 3 -- 0 in the SIAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1983_French_Open_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1983 French Open – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Yannick Noah defeated defending champion Mats Wilander 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 3 ) in the final to win the Men 's Singles title at the 1983 French Open . Noah is the most recent male French player to win the French Open ."}
{"_id": "1977_North_American_Soccer_League_playoffs", "title": "1977 North American Soccer League playoffs", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 North American Soccer League playoffs began on August 10 and ended on August 28 with Soccer Bowl '77 at Civic Stadium in Portland , Oregon . 12 out of 18 teams qualified after a 26-match regular season , six from each conference ."}
{"_id": "1957_Liga_Española_de_Baloncesto", "title": "1957 Liga Española de Baloncesto", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 season was the 1st season of the Liga Española de Baloncesto . Real Madrid won their title ."}
{"_id": "1969_Mestaruussarja", "title": "1969 Mestaruussarja", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Mestaruussarja in the 1969 season ."}
{"_id": "1992_European_Fencing_Championships", "title": "1992 European Fencing Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 European Fencing Championships were held in Lisbon , Portugal . The competition consisted of individual events only ."}
{"_id": "12345", "title": "12345", "headings": "", "text": "12345 may refer to :   Counting  Schenectady , New York , by ZIP code  Saraighat Express , a superfast train in India with number 12345  The year 12,345 in the 13th millennium AD  The first five Arabic Numerals ."}
{"_id": "1976_Torneo_di_Viareggio", "title": "1976 Torneo di Viareggio", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 winners of the Torneo di Viareggio ( in English , the Viareggio Tournament , officially the Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale ) , the annual youth football tournament held in Viareggio , Tuscany , are listed below ."}
{"_id": "1974_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup", "title": "1974 Alpine Skiing World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 8th World Cup season began in December 1973 and concluded in March 1974 . Piero Gros of Italy won the overall title , denying the runner-up , countryman Gustav Thöni , a fourth straight overall title . Annemarie Pröll of Austria won the women 's overall title , her fourth of five consecutive .   The break in the schedule was for the 1974 World Championships , held February 3 -- 10 at St. Moritz , Switzerland .   Due to the growth of the professional skiing tour ( especially in the United States ) , which now featured World Cup winning stars such as Jean-Claude Killy , Karl Schranz , Patrick Russel , and Jean-Noël Augert , no World Cup races were held in North America for the only time in its history . Instead , the entire season took place in Europe ."}
{"_id": "13th_National_Television_Awards", "title": "13th National Television Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 13 National Television Awards ceremony was held at the Royal Albert Hall on 31 October 2007 and was hosted by Sir Trevor McDonald ."}
{"_id": "1996_Carquest_Bowl", "title": "1996 Carquest Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Carquest Bowl was the final game of the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season for the Miami Hurricanes and the Virginia Cavaliers ."}
{"_id": "11th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival", "title": "11th Moscow International Film Festival", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Moscow International Film Festival was held from 14 to 28 August 1979 . The Golden Prizes were awarded to the Italian-French film Christ Stopped at Eboli directed by Francesco Rosi , the Spanish film Siete días de enero directed by Juan Antonio Bardem and the Polish film Camera Buff directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski ."}
{"_id": "1969_Purdue_Boilermakers_football_team", "title": "1969 Purdue Boilermakers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Purdue Boilermakers football team represented Purdue University during the 1969 Big Ten Conference football season . It was Jack Mollenkopf 's final season as head coach , ending the most successful period in the program 's history to date ."}
{"_id": "1926_Syracuse_Orangemen_football_team", "title": "1926 Syracuse Orangemen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1926 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1930_in_Australia", "title": "1930 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1929 in Australia ,  1931 in Australia and the  Timeline of Australian history ."}
{"_id": "15th_Arizona_State_Legislature", "title": "15th Arizona State Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The 15th Arizona State Legislature , consisting of the Arizona State Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives , was constituted in Phoenix from January 1 , 1941 to December 31 , 1942 , during the first of Sidney Preston Osborn 's four consecutive terms as Governor of Arizona . The number of senators and house representatives remained constant at 19 and 52 , respectively . The Democrats controlled one hundred percent of both the senate and house seats ."}
{"_id": "1867_in_archaeology", "title": "1867 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "1867 in archaeology"}
{"_id": "1989–90_FC_Bayern_Munich_season", "title": "1989–90 FC Bayern Munich season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 -- 90 FC Bayern Munich season was the 90th season in the club 's history and 25th season since promotion from Regionalliga Süd in 1965 . Bayern won its 11th Bundesliga Title . The club also reached the third round of the DFB-Pokal and the semifinals of the European Cup . Bayern finished as runner-up in the DFB-Supercup losing to Borussia Dortmund ."}
{"_id": "1994_Northern_Illinois_Huskies_football_team", "title": "1994 Northern Illinois Huskies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University . The Huskies competed in the highest division of football , Division I-A . They were led by fourth year head coach Charlie Sadler and they played their home games at Huskie Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1824_in_Canada", "title": "1824 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1824 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1892_Wisconsin_Badgers_football_team", "title": "1892 Wisconsin Badgers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1892 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1892 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_Michigan_Wolverines_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1985–86 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 -- 86 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team represented the University of Michigan in intercollegiate college basketball during the 1985 -- 86 season . The team played its home games in the Crisler Arena in Ann Arbor , Michigan , and was a member of the Big Ten Conference . Under the direction of head coach Bill Frieder , the team repeated as the Big Ten Conference Champion . The team earned the number two seed in the 1986 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament where it advanced one round before losing . The team began the season ranked number three and ended the season ranked number five after peaking at number two in the Associated Press Top Twenty Poll . It was ranked in all seventeen weeks , and it also ended the season ranked number five in the final UPI Coaches ' Poll . Butch Wade and Roy Tarpley served as team captains and Tarpley earned team MVP .   On December 7 , 1985 , the team set the current Big Ten Conference single-game record for team blocked shots with 18 against , and Tarpley led the conference with a 2.50 blocked shot average in conference games for the season . The team repeated as scoring margin statistical champion with a 10.6 average in conference games . Additionally , the team led the conference in rebounding average ( 35.1 ) , rebounding margin ( 5.8 ) , steals ( 8.61 ) and block shots ( 3.94 ) .   For the second of five consecutive seasons , the team set the school record for single-season field goal percentage with a 51.6 % ( 1049-for-2032 ) performance . The team also set a school single-season free throw percentage record of 74.8 % that would be eclipsed the following season , surpassing the 74.4 % set in 1975 . Gary Grant 's single-season total of 185 assists established a school record that he would surpass two seasons later . It surpassed Antoine Joubert 's 164 total set in 1985 . His single-season steals total of 84 and average of 2.55 surpassed Ricky Green 's 1977 school records , but Grant would better each of these statistics the following year . The team set the school single-season total steals record of 265 that stood until 1994 , surpassing the 1977 total of 263 . Roy Tarpley surpassed his school single-season blocked shots average record of 2.20 set the prior season with an average of 2.94 . He broke his two-year-old single-season total record of 69 with a total of 97 . Both records still stand . He also set the career blocks average of 2.06 that remained unsurpassed until Chris Webber averaged 2.50 during his career that ended in 1993 . His career total of 251 remains unsurpassed . On December 7 , 1985 , against , Tarpley totaled 10 blocks in a game break his own school single-game record of 7 set the prior year . That night the team totaled 18 blocks . Both numbers are current school records . For the season , the team posted 146 blocks which stood as a school record until 1992 . Richard Rellford ended his career with 124 games played , which surpassed Steve Grote 's 1977 record of 116 . Antoine Joubert would surpass the record the following season . On January 5 , 1985 , the team began a 24-game home winning streak against the that continued through a February 15 , 1986 , victory over Iowa . This stands as the longest home winning streak in school history . The streak ended with a February 20 , 1986 74 -- 59 loss to Michigan State . January 12 , 1985 , victory over also marked the start of a 10-game road winning streak that continued through a January 4 , 1986 , victory over . This stands as the longest road winning streak in school history . The streak ended with a January 16 , 1986 73 -- 63 loss to .   In the 64-team NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament , number two seeded Michigan advanced one round by defeating the 70 -- 64 . In the second round the team was upset by seven-seeded 72 -- 69 ."}
{"_id": "1920_All_England_Badminton_Championships", "title": "1920 All England Badminton Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 All England Championships was a badminton tournament held at the Royal Horticultural Hall , Westminster , England from March 2 to March 7 , 1920 . Sir George Thomas played under the alias George Allen and Archibald Engelbach played under the alias Archibald Fee ."}
{"_id": "1997_in_Greece", "title": "1997 in Greece", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1997 in Years of Greece ."}
{"_id": "1676_in_Ireland", "title": "1676 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1676 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1983_Daewoo_Royals_season", "title": "1983 Daewoo Royals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 season was Daewoo 's first ever season in the Korean Super League in South Korea . Daewoo competed in League ."}
{"_id": "1995_All-Ireland_Minor_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1995 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship was the 65th staging of the All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1928 . The championship began on 26 February 1995 and ended on 3 September 1995 .   Galway were the defending champions , however , they were defeated in the All-Ireland semi-final . Cork won the title after defeating Kilkenny by 2-10 to 1-2 in the All-Ireland final ."}
{"_id": "1806_in_science", "title": "1806 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1806 in science and technology involved some significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "1993_French_Open_–_Women's_Doubles", "title": "1993 French Open – Women's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The Women 's Doubles tournament at the 1993 French Open was held from 24 May until 6 June 1993 on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France . Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva won the title , defeating Larisa Savchenko and Jana Novotná in the final ."}
{"_id": "1983_United_Airlines_Tournament_of_Champions_–_Singles", "title": "1983 United Airlines Tournament of Champions – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Martina Navratilova was the defending champion and won in the final 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 against Andrea Jaeger ."}
{"_id": "1960–61_Blackpool_F.C._season", "title": "1960–61 Blackpool F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960-61 season was Blackpool F.C. 's 53rd season ( 50th consecutive ) in the Football League . They competed in the 22-team Division One , then the top tier of English football , finishing twentieth .   The League Cup competition was introduced this season , and Blackpool exited at the second-round stage ( the round in which they entered ) at the hands of Leeds United , after a replay .   Ray Charnley was the club 's top scorer for the third consecutive season , with 28 goals ( 27 in the league and one in the FA Cup ) .   On 10 September 1960 , Bloomfield Road became the venue for the first televised football game in England for the visit of Bolton Wanderers . The Trotters won by a single goal ."}
{"_id": "1937_Series_(banknotes)", "title": "1937 Series (banknotes)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Series was the second series of banknotes of the Canadian dollar issued by the Bank of Canada . The banknotes were issued into circulation on 19 July 1937 , at which time the Bank of Canada began gradually removing banknotes from the 1935 Series from circulation . The $ 1000 banknote was issued several years later , as it was primarily used by chartered banks , who had a sufficient supply of the 1935 Series $ 1000 banknote .   This was the first series of bilingual Canadian banknotes , as the 1935 Series was a dual-language series with French banknotes issued in Quebec and English banknotes issued in the rest of Canada . This series was created because of the introduction of the Bank of Canada Act , which required Canadian banknotes to be bilingual . In this series , English was always on the left .   With the exception of the $ 50 and $ 1000 notes , the colours introduced to the notes on this series remain to this day ( or until they were no longer produced ) ."}
{"_id": "1952_Groundhog_Day_tropical_storm", "title": "1952 Groundhog Day tropical storm", "headings": "", "text": "The extraordinary 1952 Groundhog Day Storm was the only Atlantic tropical cyclone on record in the month of February . First observed in the western Caribbean Sea on February 2 as a non-frontal low , it moved rapidly throughout its duration and struck southwestern Florida early the next day as a gale-force storm . In the state , the winds damaged some crops and power lines , but no serious damage was reported . The system became a tropical storm after emerging over the Atlantic Ocean before quickly transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on February 4 . Strong winds and waves washed a freighter ashore , but no injuries were related to the event . Subsequently , the storm brushed eastern New England , causing minor power outages , before it moved inland near Maine . There were no reported fatalities related to the storm ."}
{"_id": "1990_in_Denmark", "title": "1990 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1990 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1901_VFA_season", "title": "1901 VFA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 Victorian Football Association season was the 25th season of the Australian rules football competition . The premiership was won by the Port Melbourne Football Club ; it was the second premiership in the club 's history ."}
{"_id": "1411_in_Ireland", "title": "1411 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1411 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1946_Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_football_team", "title": "1946 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech during the 1946 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1956_Belgian_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1956 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix was the third round of the 1956 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on 8 July 1956 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps ."}
{"_id": "1_kroon", "title": "1 kroon", "headings": "", "text": "The 1 kroon ( 1 EEK ) is the smallest valued banknote of the Estonian kroon , the former currency of Estonia . Kristjan Raud ( 1865 -- 1943 ) , an Estonian painter , teacher , and cultural historian , is featured with a portrait on the obverse . A view of Toompea Castle in Tallinn appears on the reverse .   The 1 kroon was only issued once and had been steadily going out of circulation since a coin of the same value was also issued . At the time of replacement by the euro , it was very rarely found in use on an everyday basis . It can be exchanged indefinitely at the currency museum of Eesti Pank for $ 0.06 ."}
{"_id": "1994_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1994 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship of 1994 was the 108th staging of Ireland 's premier hurling knock-out competition . Offaly won the championship , beating Limerick 3-16 to 2-13 in a sensational final at Croke Park , Dublin ."}
{"_id": "1980_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1980 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1716_in_Sweden", "title": "1716 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1716 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "137th_Aviation_Regiment_(United_States)", "title": "137th Aviation Regiment (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 137th Aviation Regiment is an U.S. Army Aviation Branch regiment of the United States Army . It is drawn from the United States Army National Guard ."}
{"_id": "1945_All-SEC_football_team", "title": "1945 All-SEC football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 All-SEC football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) chosen by various selectors for the 1945 college football season . Alabama won the conference title ."}
{"_id": "1984_Stella_Artois_Championships_–_Doubles", "title": "1984 Stella Artois Championships – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Brian Gottfried and Paul McNamee were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year , Gottfried with Mike Leach and McNamee with Pat Cash .   Gottfried and Leach lost in the first round to Andy Kohlberg and David Pate .   Cash and McNamee won in the final 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 against Bernard Mitton and Butch Walts ."}
{"_id": "1959–60_Welsh_Cup", "title": "1959–60 Welsh Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 -- 60 FAW Welsh Cup is the 73rd season of the annual knockout tournament for competitive football teams in Wales ."}
{"_id": "1238_Predappia", "title": "1238 Predappia", "headings": "", "text": "1238 Predappia ( 1932 CA ) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on February 4 , 1932 , by L. Volta at Pino Torinese . It was later named after Predappio , the village where Benito Mussolini was born .   Photometric observations of the asteroid during 2006 at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs , Colorado , were used to generate a light curve with a period of 8.94 ± 0.02 hours and a variation in brightness of 0.03 ± 0.01 magnitude ."}
{"_id": "1960_in_philosophy", "title": "1960 in philosophy", "headings": "", "text": "1960 in philosophy"}
{"_id": "1933_Columbia_Lions_football_team", "title": "1933 Columbia Lions football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 Columbia Lions football team was an American football team that represented the Columbia University during the 1933 college football season . In their fourth season under head coach Lou Little , the Lions compiled an 8 -- 1 record and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 179 to 45 . The Lions ' lone setback was a 20 -- 0 loss to Fritz Crisler 's undefeated national champion Princeton Tigers . The Lions concluded the 1933 season with a 7 -- 0 victory over Stanford in the 1934 Rose Bowl . Team captain and quarterback Cliff Montgomery was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame ."}
{"_id": "1916_Stanley_Cup_Finals", "title": "1916 Stanley Cup Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1916 Stanley Cup Final was played between the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) champion Montreal Canadiens and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) champion Portland Rosebuds . This was the first time that a best-of-five Cup championship went the distance . Also , the Rosebuds were the first team based in the United States to play for the Cup . The Canadiens defeated the Rosebuds three games to two in the best-of-five game series . This was the Canadiens ' first Stanley Cup championship ."}
{"_id": "1915–16_Galatasaray_S.K._season", "title": "1915–16 Galatasaray S.K. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 -- 16 season was Galatasaray SK 's 12th in existence and the club 's 8th consecutive season in the IFL ."}
{"_id": "1965_Israel_Super_Cup", "title": "1965 Israel Super Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Israel Super Cup was the 3rd Israel Super Cup , an annual Israeli football match played between the winners of the previous season 's Top Division and Israel State Cup . As the match was not set by the Israel Football Association , it was considered an unofficial cup . The cup for this edition was donated by Ramat Gan Municipality ."}
{"_id": "1983_New_York_Mets_season", "title": "1983 New York Mets season", "headings": "", "text": "The New York Mets ' 1983 season was the 22nd regular season for the Mets . They went 68 -- 94 and finished in sixth place in the National League East . They were managed by George Bamberger and Frank Howard . They played home games at Shea Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1904–05_Michigan_State_Spartans_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1904–05 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 -- 05 Michigan State Spartans men 's basketball team represents Michigan State University for the 1904 -- 05 college men 's basketball season . The head coach was Chester Brewer coaching the team his second season . The Spartans team captain was Foley Tutle ."}
{"_id": "1303_Hongdong_earthquake", "title": "1303 Hongdong earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1303 Hongdong earthquake occurred in China , then part of the Mongol Empire , on September 25 . Damage was catastrophic , and it was one on the deadliest recorded earthquakes of all time ."}
{"_id": "1889_Kumamoto_earthquake", "title": "1889 Kumamoto earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1889 Kumamoto earthquake occurred at 11.40 p.m local time on July 28 in the western part of Kumamoto . It was also called the Kinpozan earthquake ( or Kinbozan earthquake , since its epicenter was the southern-eastern foot of Mount Kinpu ) and its magnitude was 6.3 .   Twenty people died ( 5 in Kumamoto City and 15 in Akita Gun , Kumamoto Prefecture ) and hundreds of houses and parts of Kumamoto Castle were destroyed . The earthquake was the first major one after the establishment of the Seismological Society of Japan ( in 1880 ) , and its waves were recorded as far as Potsdam , Germany . Few houses were affected by fire since the quake occurred at midnight . Aftershocks occurred for 5 months , and some people had to sleep outdoors . Tadao Shimoma thought that the earthquake was a combination of the Tatsuda fault and unsuccessful volcanic activities , since there were injections of aerosol into the air at many places around Mt. Kinpo , Ninotake and Sannotake . He claimed the Kinpo mountains ( now showing no volcanic activities ) are similar to Mt. Unzen in petrology . The photographs were considered the earliest earthquake damage photos in Japan ."}
{"_id": "1885_in_archaeology", "title": "1885 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1885 in archaeology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1987_Independence_Bowl", "title": "1987 Independence Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Independence Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game between the Tulane Green Wave and the Washington Huskies ."}
{"_id": "1993_Ansett_Australian_Indoor_Championships_–_Doubles", "title": "1993 Ansett Australian Indoor Championships – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Patrick McEnroe and Jonathan Stark were the defending champions but only McEnroe competed that year with Richey Reneberg .   McEnroe and Reneberg won in the final 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 against Alexander Mronz and Lars Rehmann ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_Four_Hills_Tournament", "title": "1986–87 Four Hills Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986-87 Four Hills Tournament took place at the four traditional venues of Oberstdorf , Garmisch-Partenkirchen , Innsbruck and Bischofshofen , located in Germany and Austria , between 30 December 1986 and 6 January 1987 ."}
{"_id": "1992_2._deild_karla", "title": "1992 2. deild karla", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 season of 2 . deild karla was the 27th season of third-tier football in Iceland ."}
{"_id": "1984–85_French_Division_1", "title": "1984–85 French Division 1", "headings": "", "text": "Girondins de Bordeaux won Division 1 season 1984/1985 of the French Association Football League with 59 points ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_New_York_Knicks_season", "title": "1999–2000 New York Knicks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 NBA season was the 53rd season of the National Basketball Association in New York City . During the offseason , the Knicks re-signed free agent John Wallace . In his second year with the Knicks , Latrell Sprewell became a starter after playing off the bench last season and averaged 18.6 points per game . After advancing to the NBA Finals as the # 8 seed last year , the Knicks finished second in the Atlantic Division with a 50 -- 32 record , good enough for their first 50-win season since 1997 . Allan Houston was selected to play in the 2000 NBA All-Star Game . In the first round of the playoffs , the Knicks swept the Toronto Raptors in three straight games . In the semifinals , they faced the Miami Heat for the fourth consecutive year . They would defeat the 2nd-seeded Heat in a tough hard fought seven game series , but would lose in six games to the Indiana Pacers in the Eastern Conference Finals .   This season marked an end of an era as Patrick Ewing was traded to the Seattle SuperSonics following the season . Also following the season , Chris Dudley was traded to the Phoenix Suns , and Wallace was traded to the Dallas Mavericks , who then traded him to the Detroit Pistons ."}
{"_id": "1927_Western_State_Hilltoppers_football_team", "title": "1927 Western State Hilltoppers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Western State Hilltoppers football team represented Western State Normal School ( later renamed Western Michigan University ) as an independent during the 1927 college football season . In their fourth season under head coach Earl Martineau , the Hilltoppers compiled a 3 -- 4 record and outscored their opponents , 100 to 72 . Halfback/center George Fulgoni was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1892_Auburn_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1892 Auburn Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1892 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1892 college football season . It was the first college football team fielded by the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama , now known as Auburn University . The squad was first coached by George Petrie . Auburn shut out Georgia Tech , 26 -- 0 , just two days after being shut out themselves by North Carolina , 64 -- 0 . The team finished the season with a record of 2 -- 2 ."}
{"_id": "...Continued", "title": "...Continued", "headings": "", "text": "... Continued is the second album released by Tony Joe White . It was released on Monument Records and contained the single Roosevelt and Ira Lee It was recorded at Monument Studios , Nashville and Lyn-Lou Studios , Memphis in 1969 . It was produced by Billy Swan and engineered by Tommy Strong and Mort Thomasson .   The album was re-released on by Movieplay/Intermusic from Portugal in 1993 with a different cover and another title ( Roosevelt And Ira Lee ) . In 1997 it was rereleased by Warner Brothers containing two additional songs - `` Watching The Trains Go By '' ( by Dewey Oldham and Wallace Pennington ) and `` Old Man Willis '' ( by Tony Joe White himself ) was the second single . `` Old Man Willis '' was later re-recorded for the album .   The album contained the track `` Rainy Night In Georgia '' popularized by R&B vocalist Brook Benton in 1970 . It reached # 4 on the Pop Singles and # 2 on the Adult Contemporary charts , respectively . The RIAA certified the single gold for sales of one million copies . In 2004 , it was ranked # 498 on the List of Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time .   The song has been covered by a number of musicians , including Ray Charles , Otis Rush , Randy Crawford , Tennessee Ernie Ford , Amos Garrett , Hank Williams , Jr. , Shelby Lynne , John Holt , Nicky Thomas , by the duet of Conway Twitty and Sam Moore , Aaron Neville , and reggae band The Gladiators . Most recently indie folk-rock band Hem released a cover on No Word from Tom ( 2006 ) . Australian band Ross Hanniford Trio recorded a cover of the song on their 1994 album . David Ruffin recorded a cover version of the song the same year as Benton , however , Motown for unknown reasons did not release the album . A dance version was recorded by Boozoo Bajou in 2006 . '' Element And Things '' was covered by Blues Pills on their second album Lady In Gold ."}
{"_id": "1904_Southwest_Texas_State_Bobcats_football_team", "title": "1904 Southwest Texas State Bobcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 Southwest Texas State Normal School football team represented Southwest Texas State Normal School in the 1904 college football season . This was the inaugural season for Texas State football . The team was uncoached . Texas State finished the season with a record of 5 -- 1 -- 0 ."}
{"_id": "1994_Bowling_Green_Falcons_football_team", "title": "1994 Bowling Green Falcons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green University in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their fourth season under head coach Gary Blackney , the Falcons compiled a 9 -- 2 record ( 7 -- 1 against MAC opponents ) , finished in second place in the MAC , and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 391 to 174 .   The team 's statistical leaders included Ryan Henry with 2,368 passing yards , Keylan Cates with 803 rushing yards , and Ronnie Redd with 831 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1985_Cook_Islands_Round_Cup", "title": "1985 Cook Islands Round Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 season of the Cook Islands Round Cup was the sixteenth recorded season of top flight association football competition in the Cook Islands , with any results between 1951 and 1969 currently unknown . Arorangi won the championship , their first recorded championship , and only the second recorded time since the inaugural season in 1950 that the title had not been won by Titikaveka , following Avatiu 's victory in the 1980 season ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Alpenliga_season", "title": "1996–97 Alpenliga season", "headings": "", "text": "This was the 1996 -- 97 Alpenliga season , the sixth season of the multi-national ice hockey league . 11 teams participated in the league , and VEU Feldkirch of Austria won the championship by defeating Olimpija Ljubljana of Slovenia ."}
{"_id": "1130_AM", "title": "1130 AM", "headings": "", "text": "The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1130 kHz : 1130 AM is a clear-channel frequency shared by Canada and The United States . CKWX , KWKH and WBBR share Class A status of 1130 AM ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Irish_League", "title": "1993–94 Irish League", "headings": "", "text": "The Irish League in season 1993 -- 94 comprised 16 teams , and Linfield won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1351_in_Ireland", "title": "1351 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1351 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1981_Richmond_WCT", "title": "1981 Richmond WCT", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Richmond WCT , also known by its sponsored name United Virginia Bank Classic , was a men 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Richmond , Virginia , United States . The event was part WCT Tour which was incorporated into the 1981 Volvo Grand Prix circuit . It was the 11th edition of the tournament and was held from February 2through February 8 , 1981 . Eighth-seeded Yannick Noah won the singles title and the $ 35,000 first-prize money ."}
{"_id": "148th_Fighter_Squadron", "title": "148th Fighter Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 148th Fighter Squadron ( 148 FS ) is a unit of the Arizona Air National Guard 162d Fighter Wing located at Tucson Air National Guard Base , Arizona . The 148th is equipped with the Block 20 F-16A / B Fighting Falcon ."}
{"_id": "1998_PBA_Commissioner's_Cup", "title": "1998 PBA Commissioner's Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) Commissioner 's Cup was the second conference of the 1998 PBA season . It started on May 22 and ended on August 14 , 1998 . The tournament is an Import-laden format , which requires an import or a pure-foreign player for each team with a 6 ' 8 '' height limit ."}
{"_id": "1991_Vic_bombing", "title": "1991 Vic bombing", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Vic bombing was an attack carried out by the Basque separatist group ETA which occurred on 29 May 1991 when a car bomb carrying more than 200 kg of explosive went off outside a Civil Guard barracks in the Catalan city of Vic , Spain . The bombing killed 9 people , including five children , and injured 44 people .   Following the selection of Barcelona as the host of the 1992 Olympic Games , ETA launched a series of attacks in Catalonia to capture worldwide attention . Months earlier , six police officers had been killed in a bomb attack in the city of Sabadell .   The day after the bombing , two members of the ETA cell which carried out the attack were killed by the Civil Guard in a raid on a house at Lliçà d'Amunt , near Barcelona . Five members of ETA were also arrested ."}
{"_id": "1947–48_Panhellenic_Championship", "title": "1947–48 Panhellenic Championship", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Panhellenic Championship in the 1947 -- 48 season ."}
{"_id": "1945_Swedish_Ice_Hockey_Championship", "title": "1945 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship was the 23rd season of the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship , the national championship of Sweden . Hammarby IF won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1725_in_art", "title": "1725 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1725 in art ."}
{"_id": "1937_LSU_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1937 LSU Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University ( LSU ) in the 1937 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1971_Jordan_League", "title": "1971 Jordan League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Jordan League in the 1971 season ."}
{"_id": "1999_Rink_Hockey_World_Championship", "title": "1999 Rink Hockey World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Rink Hockey World Championship was the 34th edition of the Rink Hockey World Championship , held between 4 and 12 June 1999 , in Reus , Catalonia , Spain . It was disputed by 12 teams ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Regionalliga", "title": "1998–99 Regionalliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 Regionalliga was the fifth season played in the Regionalliga as the third tier of German football .   As in the previous season , the competition was organized in four divisions : Nord , Nordost , West/S üdwest and Süd . Each division had 18 teams with the exception of the West/S üdwest division with only 17 ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Algerian_Championnat_National", "title": "1995–96 Algerian Championnat National", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995-1996 Algerian Championnat National was the 34th season of the Algerian Championnat National since its establishment in 1962 . A total of 16 teams contested the league , with JS Kabylie as the defending champions , The Championnat started on September 14 , 1995 . and ended on August , 1996 ."}
{"_id": "1941_Northwestern_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1941 Northwestern Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Northwestern Wildcats team represented Northwestern University during the 1941 Big Ten Conference football season . In their seventh year under head coach Pappy Waldorf , the Wildcats compiled a 5 -- 3 record ( 4 -- 2 against Big Ten Conference opponents ) and finished in fourth place in the Big Ten Conference . Four Northwestern players received honors on the 1941 All-Big Ten Conference football team . They are : ( 1 ) end Bob Motl ( AP-1 ; UP-2 ) ; ( 2 ) tackle Alf Bauman ( AP-1 ; UP-1 ) ; ( 3 ) guard George Zorich ( UP-2 ) ; and ( 4 ) halfback Otto Graham ( AP-2 )"}
{"_id": ".az", "title": ".az", "headings": "", "text": ". az is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for Azerbaijan . It is administered by Azerbaijan Communications ."}
{"_id": "1973_NFL_Draft", "title": "1973 NFL Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 National Football League draft was held January 30 -- 31 , 1973 , at the Americana Hotel in New York City , New York ."}
{"_id": "1925_Estonian_Football_Championship", "title": "1925 Estonian Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 Estonian Football Championship was the fifth top-division football league season in Estonia , organized by the Estonian Football Association . It was played as a knock-out tournament . VS Sport Tallinn won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1890_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1890 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1890 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the fourth staging of Ireland 's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition . Cork were the champions ."}
{"_id": "1974_ABC_Championship_for_Women", "title": "1974 ABC Championship for Women", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Asian Basketball Confederation Championship for Women were held in Seoul , South Korea ."}
{"_id": "1923–24_Arsenal_F.C._season", "title": "1923–24 Arsenal F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 -- 24 season was Arsenal 's fifth consecutive season in the top division of English football ."}
{"_id": "1821_in_Australia", "title": "1821 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1969_World_Running_Target_Championships", "title": "1969 World Running Target Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 World Running Target Championships were separate ISSF World Shooting Championships for the 100 metre running deer event held in Sandviken , Sweden ."}
{"_id": "1952_Farnborough_Airshow_DH.110_crash", "title": "1952 Farnborough Airshow DH.110 crash", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Farnborough Airshow DH .110 crash was an air show accident involving a de Havilland DH .110 which killed 29 spectators as well as pilot John Derry and onboard flight test observer Anthony Richards . The DH .110 , a prototype , was being demonstrated at the Farnborough Airshow when during a manoeuvre , the aircraft broke up . The cause was a faulty wing leading edge design . The DH .110 was grounded and strict safety procedures were subsequently enacted . After modifications to the design the DH .110 entered service with the Royal Navy as the de Havilland Sea Vixen .   The event was the last British air show in which spectators were killed until the 2015 Shoreham Airshow crash in which 11 people died , three of whom were reported to have been observing the event from the A27 rather than the designated spectators ' area within the airfield . In addition , five people were killed while on a helicopter experience at the Biggin Hill Air Show in 1977 ."}
{"_id": "18th_Dragoons", "title": "18th Dragoons", "headings": "", "text": "18th Dragoons may refer to   17th Lancers , where designated the `` 18th Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons '' between 7 November 1759 and renumbered the 17th in 1761 ( during this time they were also known as `` Hale 's Light Horse '' )  18th Royal Hussars , were renumbered the `` 18th Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons '' in 1763 , and briefly the title `` 4th Regiment of Light Dragoons '' in 1766 before settling on the 18th in 1769 ."}
{"_id": "1983_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final", "title": "1983 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final , also known as the Game of Shame ( An Cluiche Náireach ) , was the 96th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1983 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship , an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland .   Barney Rock scored an 11th-minute goal , while four players ( 3 Dublin , 1 Galway ) were sent off , earning the Dublin team the epithet `` The Dirty Dozen '' . The game was marred by scenes of thuggery and ugliness . Galway had also lost to Dublin in their previous All-Ireland football final appearance in 1974 ."}
{"_id": "1998_Japan_Open_Tennis_Championships", "title": "1998 Japan Open Tennis Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Japan Open Tennis Championships was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Ariake Coliseum in Tokyo in Japan that was part of the International Series Gold of the 1998 ATP Tour and of Tier III of the 1998 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from April 13 through April 19 , 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1980_Major_League_Baseball_draft", "title": "1980 Major League Baseball draft", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1925_Birthday_Honours", "title": "1925 Birthday Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 Birthday Honours were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire . The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The King , and were published in The London Gazette on 3 June 1925 .   The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour , and arranged by honour , with classes ( Knight , Knight Grand Cross , etc. ) and then divisions ( Military , Civil , etc. ) as appropriate ,"}
{"_id": "\"Weird_Al\"_Yankovic_Live!", "title": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic Live!", "headings": "", "text": "`` Weird Al '' Yankovic Live ! is a live video recording of `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's concert during the Touring With Scissors tour , at the Marin County Civic Center , in San Rafael , California , on October 2 , 1999 . For legal reasons , video clips and several unreleased songs from the medley were not included .   The concert video includes live versions of :  `` Gump '' 2:21 ( from Bad Hair Day album )  `` Polka Power '' 4:57 ( from Running with Scissors album )  `` Jerry Springer '' 3:10 ( from Running with Scissors album )  `` My Baby 's In Love With Eddie Vedder '' 3:33 ( from Running with Scissors album )  `` The Night Santa Went Crazy '' ( Extra Gory Version # 2 ) 4:20 ( from Bad Hair Day album )  `` Dare to Be Stupid '' 3:42 ( from Dare to Be Stupid album )  `` It 's All About The Pentiums '' 3:39 ( from Running with Scissors album )  `` Germs '' 6:54 ( from Running with Scissors album )  `` One More Minute '' 3:55 ( from Dare to Be Stupid album )  `` Like a Surgeon '' 4:01 ( from Dare to Be Stupid album )  `` Medley '' 9:40 including  `` Pretty Fly For A Rabbi '' 1:32 ( from Running with Scissors album )  `` Another One Rides the Bus '' 2:40 ( from `` Weird Al '' Yankovic album )  `` I Love Rocky Road '' 0:49 ( from `` Weird Al '' Yankovic album )  `` Achy Breaky Song '' 1:03 ( from Alapalooza album )  `` Jurassic Park '' 1:00 ( from Alapalooza album )  `` Grapefruit Diet '' 1:02 ( from Running with Scissors album )  `` I Lost On Jeopardy '' 1:39 ( from `` Weird Al '' Yankovic in 3-D album )  `` Eat It '' 1:48 ( from `` Weird Al '' Yankovic in 3-D album )  End of `` Medley ''  `` Smells Like Nirvana '' 3:39 ( from Off the Deep End album )  `` Bedrock Anthem '' 3:51 ( from Alapalooza album )  `` Amish Paradise '' 3:24 ( from Bad Hair Day album )  `` Fat '' 6:23 ( from Even Worse album )  `` The Saga Begins '' 6:15 ( from Running with Scissors album )  `` Yoda '' 6:23 ( from Dare to Be Stupid album )   It also includes the music videos for `` The Saga Begins '' and `` It 's All About The Pentiums '' , both from Running With Scissors .   The DVD version also includes clips from Al TV and a photo gallery with 27 photos . The music videos also have commentaries by Yankovic ."}
{"_id": "1912_Pittsburgh_Panthers_football_team", "title": "1912 Pittsburgh Panthers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1912 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1912 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1947_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team", "title": "1947 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1947 college football season . The Irish , coached by Frank Leahy , ended the season with 9 wins and no losses , winning the national championship . The 1947 team became the sixth Irish team to win the national title and the second in a row for Leahy . The squad is the second team in what is considered to be the Notre Dame Football dynasty , a stretch of games in which Notre Dame went 36-0-2 and won three national championships and two Heisman Trophies from 1946-1949 . The 1947 team was cited by Sports Illustrated as the part of the second best sports dynasty ( professional or collegiate ) of the 20th century and second greatest college football dynasty ."}
{"_id": "1998_DFB-Ligapokal_Final", "title": "1998 DFB-Ligapokal Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 DFB-Ligapokal Final decided the winner of the 1998 DFB-Ligapokal , the 2nd edition of the reiterated DFB-Ligapokal , a knockout football cup competition .   The match was played on 8 August 1998 at the BayArena in Leverkusen . Bayern Munich won the match 4 -- 0 against VfB Stuttgart for their 2nd title ."}
{"_id": "1955–56_MJHL_season", "title": "1955–56 MJHL season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1981_Detroit_Tigers_season", "title": "1981 Detroit Tigers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Detroit Tigers finished in fourth place in the American League East with a record of 31-26 ( .544 ) in the first half of the season , and in third place with a record of 29-23 ( .558 ) in the second half , for an overall record of 60-49 . They outscored their opponents 427 to 404 . The Tigers drew 1,149,144 fans to Tiger Stadium in 1981 , ranking 5th of the 14 teams in the American League ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_Danish_1._division_season", "title": "1963–64 Danish 1. division season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 Danish 1 . division season was the seventh season of ice hockey in Denmark . Five teams participated in the league , and KSF Copenhagen won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1991_Italian_Open_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1991 Italian Open – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Thomas Muster was the defending champion but lost to Goran Prpić in the third round .   Emilio Sánchez won the title , after Alberto Mancini retired with Sánchez leading 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 0 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1952_All-SEC_football_team", "title": "1952 All-SEC football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 All-SEC football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) chosen by various selectors for the 1952 college football season . Georgia Tech won the conference ."}
{"_id": "1918–19_Ohio_Bobcats_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1918–19 Ohio Bobcats men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 -- 19 Ohio Bobcats men 's basketball team represented Ohio University . Frank Gullum was the head coach for Ohio . The Bobcats played their home games in Ohio Gymnasium ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_Ranji_Trophy", "title": "1963–64 Ranji Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 Ranji Trophy was the 30th season of the Ranji Trophy . Bombay won the title defeating Rajasthan in the final . This was the fourth consecutive final between the two teams , all of which were won by Bombay"}
{"_id": "1964_Valley_State_Matadors_football_team", "title": "1964 Valley State Matadors football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Valley State Matadors football team represented Valley State California State University , Northridge was known as San Fernando Valley State College from 1958 -- 1971 . More commonly it was called Valley State . See : Cal State Northridge during the 1964 College Division football season .   Valley State competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . The Matadors were led by third-year head coach Sam Winningham . They played home games at Monroe High in Sepulveda , CA.The community of North Hills , California ( within the City of Los Angeles ) was known as Sepulveda , California from WWII - 1992 . See : North Hills They finished the season with a record of four wins and six losses ( 4 -- 6 , 1 -- 3 CCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Primera_Divisió", "title": "1999–2000 Primera Divisió", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Primera Divisió in the 1999/2000 season ."}
{"_id": "1923_in_Portugal", "title": "1923 in Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1923 in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1802_in_the_United_States", "title": "1802 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1802 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1966_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(UEFA_–_Group_7)", "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA – Group 7)", "headings": "", "text": "The four teams in this group played against each other on a home-and-away basis . The winner Soviet Union qualified for the eighth FIFA World Cup held in England ."}
{"_id": "1970_in_Somalia", "title": "1970 in Somalia", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1970 in Somalia ."}
{"_id": "1973_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships_–_Senior_women's_race", "title": "1973 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race", "headings": "", "text": "The Senior women 's race at the 1973 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Waregem , Belgium , at the Hippodroom Waregem on March 17 , 1973 . A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald .   Complete results , medallists ,  and the results of British athletes were published ."}
{"_id": "1979_County_Championship", "title": "1979 County Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Schweppes County Championship was the 80th officially organised running of the County Championship . Essex won their first ever Championship title .   Ten matches were abandoned without a ball being bowled and are not included in the table . The number of points awarded for a tie was increased from 5 to 6 points and the number of points awarded to a side batting last in a drawn match with the scores level also increased from 5 to 6 points . The Championship was sponsored by Schweppes for the second time ."}
{"_id": "111_First_Street", "title": "111 First Street", "headings": "", "text": "111 First Street was an artist residency and loft building that developed in the 1980s and is now  an approved 52-story skyscraper to be built in the Powerhouse Arts District or WALDO neighborhood of Jersey City . It is designed by Rem Koolhaas and is divided into four vertical rectangular sections that over-hang on the base below , as each will be at ninety degree angle to the section below . The building has residences , a hotel , retail , artist lofts and gallery space planned ."}
{"_id": "1990_MLB_Japan_All-Star_Series", "title": "1990 MLB Japan All-Star Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 MLB Japan All-Star Series was the third edition of the championship , a best-of-eight series between the All-Star teams from Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) , then-called All-Japan .   NPB won the series by 4 -- 3 -- 1 but Ken Griffey Jr. ( MLB player ) was named MVP ."}
{"_id": "1997_NCAA_Division_I_Women's_Lacrosse_Championship", "title": "1997 NCAA Division I Women's Lacrosse Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 NCAA Division I Women 's Lacrosse Championship was the 16th annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of Division I NCAA women 's college lacrosse . The championship game was played at Goodman Stadium in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania during May 1997 . All NCAA Division I women 's lacrosse programs were eligible for this championship . This year , the tournament field expanded from 6 to 8 teams , the first expansion since 1986 .   Maryland defeated Loyola Maryland , 8 -- 7 , to win their fifth and third consecutive , national championship . This would subsequently become the third of Maryland 's record seven straight national titles ( 1995 -- 2001 ) .   The leading scorers for the tournament , each with 10 goals , were Amy Fine from North Carolina and Kerri Johnson from Loyola ( MD ) . The Most Outstanding Player trophy was not awarded this year , although it would be reintroduced in 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1942_Chicago_Cardinals_season", "title": "1942 Chicago Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 Chicago Cardinals season was the 23rd season the team was in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous output of 3 -- 7 -- 1 , losing eight games . They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the 17th consecutive season ."}
{"_id": "1959_Army_Cadets_football_team", "title": "1959 Army Cadets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1959 college football season . In their first year under head coach Dale Hall , the Cadets compiled a 4 -- 4 -- 1 record and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 174 to 141 . In the annual Army -- Navy Game , the Cadets lost 43 -- 12 to the Midshipmen . The Cadets also lost to Illinois , Penn State , and Oklahoma .   Army end Bill Carpenter was a consensus first-team player on the 1959 College Football All-America Team ."}
{"_id": "1894_in_Australia", "title": "1894 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1989_NCAA_Division_III_football_season", "title": "1989 NCAA Division III football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 NCAA Division III football season , part of the college football season organized by the NCAA at the Division III level in the United States , began in August 1989 , and concluded with the NCAA Division III Football Championship , also known as the Stagg Bowl , in December 1989 at Garrett-Harrison Stadium in Phenix City , Alabama . The Dayton Flyers won their second Division III championship by defeating the Union ( NY ) Dutchmen , 17 − 7 ."}
{"_id": "1921_Úrvalsdeild", "title": "1921 Úrvalsdeild", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Úrvalsdeild in the 1921 season ."}
{"_id": "1977_English_cricket_season", "title": "1977 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 English cricket season was played out in the aftermath of the Kerry Packer affair . Geoffrey Boycott returned to Test cricket and managed to score his 100th career century in the Headingley Test . An Australian team that was clearly affected by Packer proved to be no match for an England side that stayed together despite the controversy . Australia toured England to compete for the Ashes . It was the 55th test series between the two sides which England won 3-0 .   The County Championship title was shared for only the third time in history after Middlesex and Kent finished on the same points ."}
{"_id": "1936–37_Wisconsin_Badgers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1936–37 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 -- 1937 Wisconsin Badgers men 's basketball team represented University of Wisconsin -- Madison . The head coach was Harold E. Foster , coaching his third season with the Badgers . The team played their home games at the UW Fieldhouse in Madison , Wisconsin and was a member of the Big Ten Conference ."}
{"_id": "1996_Star_World_Championships", "title": "1996 Star World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Star World Championships were held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil between January 9 and 21 , 1996 . The hosting yacht club was Iate Clube do Rio de Janeiro ."}
{"_id": "1925_Frankford_Yellow_Jackets_season", "title": "1925 Frankford Yellow Jackets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 Frankford Yellow Jackets season was their second in the National Football League . The team improved on their previous output of 11 -- 2 -- 1 , winning thirteen league games to finish the season in sixth place . The team 's overall record , against league and non-league opponents in 1925 was 15 -- 7 ."}
{"_id": "1989_in_rail_transport", "title": "1989 in rail transport", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1976_Wimbledon_Championships", "title": "1976 Wimbledon Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament ran from 21 June until 3 July . It was the 90th staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1976 ."}
{"_id": "1988_800_km_of_Jerez", "title": "1988 800 km of Jerez", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 800 km of Jerez was the opening round of the 1988 World Sportscar Championship season . It took place at Circuito Permanente de Jerez , Spain on March 6 , 1988 ."}
{"_id": "1910_Southwest_Texas_State_Bobcats_football_team", "title": "1910 Southwest Texas State Bobcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 Southwest Texas State Normal School football team represented Southwest Texas State Normal School in the 1910 college football season . The team was coached by James R. Coxen . Texas State only played three games this season ."}
{"_id": "1971_Asian_Cycling_Championships", "title": "1971 Asian Cycling Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Asian Cycling Championships took place at the Farrer Park Stadium in Singapore from 23 to 30 October 1971 ."}
{"_id": "1993_in_Laos", "title": "1993 in Laos", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1993 in Laos ."}
{"_id": "1960s_in_Rhodesia", "title": "1960s in Rhodesia", "headings": "", "text": "Iain Peter Butchart , a cricketer , was born in Bulawayo on 9 May 1960 . Broadcasting of television started in November . The Zimbabwe African People 's Union ( ZAPU ) was formed in 1961 with Joshua Nkomo as leader . The Rhodesian Front won the general elections of 1962 on 14 December . Winston Field then became the Prime Minister of Rhodesia . The Zimbabwe African National Union ( ZANU ) was formed in 1963 with Robert Mugabe as Secretary . The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was dissolved on 31 December 1963 as Zambia and Malawi moved towards independence . The government placed Joshua Nkomo , leader and founder of the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union , under restriction on 16 April 1964 . Northern Rhodesia gained its independence and Southern Rhodesia became the colony of Rhodesia on 24 October ."}
{"_id": "1949_Claxton_Shield", "title": "1949 Claxton Shield", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 Claxton Shield ( at the time known as the 1949 Australian Championship Series ) was the tenth annual Claxton Shield , an Australian national baseball tournament . It was held in Melbourne , Victoria from 31 July to 7 August , and was won by Victoria for the third time overall , all in successive years . The other participants were South Australia , New South Wales and Western Australia ."}
{"_id": "1546", "title": "1546", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1546 ( MDXLVI ) was a common year starting on Friday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1963_St._Louis_Cardinals_(NFL)_season", "title": "1963 St. Louis Cardinals (NFL) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 St. Louis Cardinals season was the 44th season the team was in the National Football League ( NFL ) and their fourth in St. Louis . The team improved on their previous output of 4 -- 9 -- 1 , winning nine games . Despite the improvement , they failed to qualify for the playoffs for the 15th consecutive season ."}
{"_id": "1963_Claxton_Shield", "title": "1963 Claxton Shield", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Claxton Shield was the 24th annual Claxton Shield , it was held at the Brisbane Cricket Ground and Bannister Park in Brisbane , Queensland . The participants were South Australia , New South Wales , Victoria , Western Australia and Queensland . The series was won by New South Wales claiming their ninth Shield title and first since the 1955 Claxton Shield .   The Helms Award was given to Kevin Cantwell from New South Wales ."}
{"_id": "1892–93_St._Mary's_F.C._season", "title": "1892–93 St. Mary's F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1892 -- 93 season was the eighth since the foundation of St. Mary 's F.C. based in Southampton in southern England . It was the second year that the club competed in the qualifying rounds of the FA Cup and the first season that the club embraced professionalism with several players being signed on professional terms . This policy was not to prove a great success initially as the club were not only defeated in the second qualifying round of the FA Cup but also suffered their first-ever defeat in a final of a Hampshire F.A. cup competition ."}
{"_id": "1954_in_Laos", "title": "1954 in Laos", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1954 in Laos ."}
{"_id": "1979_Sun-Drop_Music_City_USA_420", "title": "1979 Sun-Drop Music City USA 420", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Sun-Drop Music City USA 420 as a NASCAR Winston Cup Series racing event that took place on May 12 , 1979 , at Nashville Speedway in Nashville , Tennessee .   By the following season , NASCAR had completely stopped tracking the year model of all the vehicles and most teams did not take stock cars to the track under their own power anymore . Only manual transmission vehicles were allowed to participate in this race ; a policy that NASCAR has retained to the present day ."}
{"_id": "1961–62_William_&_Mary_Indians_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1961–62 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 -- 62 William & Mary Indians men 's basketball team represented the College of William & Mary in intercollegiate basketball during the 1961 -- 62 NCAA University Division men 's basketball season . Under the fifth year of head coach Bill Chambers , the team finished the season 7 -- 17 and 5 -- 11 in the Southern Conference .   William & Mary played its home games on campus at Blow Gymnasium , with one home game played at the Norfolk Municipal Auditorium in Norfolk , Virginia . This was the 57th season of the collegiate basketball program at William & Mary , whose nickname is now the Tribe .   The Indians finished in 8th place in the conference and failed to qualified for the 1962 Southern Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament , held at the Richmond Arena . William & Mary did not participate in a post-season tournament ."}
{"_id": "1988_Virginia_Slims_of_San_Diego_–_Doubles", "title": "1988 Virginia Slims of San Diego – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Jana Novotná and Catherine Suire were the defending champions but did not compete that year .   Patty Fendick and Jill Hetherington won in the final 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 against Betsy Nagelsen and Dianne van Rensburg ."}
{"_id": "1977_VFL_season", "title": "1977 VFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Victorian Football League season was the 81st season of the elite Australian rules football competition ."}
{"_id": "1995_Dutch_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1995 Dutch Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Karel Nováček was the defending champion , but the seventh seeded Czech lost in the quarterfinals to Gilbert Schaller . Qualifier Marcelo Ríos won in the final 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 against Jan Siemerink and captured his second title of the year ."}
{"_id": ".paris", "title": ".paris", "headings": "", "text": ". paris is a top-level domain for the city of Paris , France . It was introduced in June 2008 by ICANN , and the first 100 '' . paris '' web addresses were assigned in mid-2014 . It became accessible to the general public on December 2 , 2014 ."}
{"_id": "1966_Swedish_football_Division_2", "title": "1966 Swedish football Division 2", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swedish football Division 2 in season 1966 ."}
{"_id": "1954_Mille_Miglia", "title": "1954 Mille Miglia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 Mille Miglia ( officially XXI Mille Miglia ) , was a motor race open to Sports Cars , GT cars and Touring Cars . It was the 21st Mille Miglia and the third race of the 1954 World Sportscar Championship . The race was held on the public roads of Italy on 2 May 1954 using a route based on a round trip between Brescia and Rome , with the start and finish in Brescia . It was won by Alberto Ascari driving a Lancia D24 .   As in previous year , the event this not strictly a race against each other , this is race against the clock , as the cars are released at one-minute intervals with the larger professional class cars going before the slower cars , in the Mille Miglia , however the smaller displacement slower cars started first . Each car number related to their allocated start time . For example , Giuseppe Farina 's car had the number 606 , he left Brescia at 6:06 am , while the first cars had started late in the evening on the previous day .   The previous August , Italian racing legend Tazio Nuvolari died . As a mark of respect , the route of this race , near it finish would pass through Mantua , where he was a resident ."}
{"_id": "1977_in_animation", "title": "1977 in animation", "headings": "", "text": "Events in 1977 in animation ."}
{"_id": "1997_Buffalo_Bulls_football_team", "title": "1997 Buffalo Bulls football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Buffalo Bulls football team represented the University at Buffalo in the 1997 NCAA Division I-AA football season . The Bulls offense scored 229 points while the defense allowed 421 points ."}
{"_id": "11β-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase", "title": "11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase", "headings": "", "text": "11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ( HSD-11β or 11β-HSD ) is the name of a family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of inert 11 keto-products ( cortisone ) to active cortisol , or vice versa , thus regulating the access of glucocorticoids to the steroid receptors :   11β-hydroxysteroid + NADP + an 11-oxosteroid + NADPH + H +   Thus , the two substrates of this enzyme are 11beta-hydroxysteroid and NADP + , whereas its 3 products are 11-oxosteroid , NADPH , and H + .   This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases , specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD + or NADP + as acceptor . The systematic name of this enzyme class is 11beta-hydroxysteroid : NADP + 11-oxidoreductase . Other names in common use include corticosteroid 11β-dehydrogenase , β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase , 11β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase , corticosteroid 11-reductase , and dehydrogenase , 11β-hydroxy steroid . This enzyme participates in c21-steroid hormone metabolism and androgen and estrogen metabolism ."}
{"_id": "1973_County_Championship", "title": "1973 County Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 County Championship was the 74th officially organised running of the County Championship . Hampshire won the Championship title ."}
{"_id": "1525_in_Ireland", "title": "1525 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1525 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1960_Ohio_Bobcats_football_team", "title": "1960 Ohio Bobcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 Ohio Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Ohio University during the 1960 college football season . In their third season under head coach Bill Hess , the Bobcats won the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) championship , compiled a perfect 10 -- 0 record ( 6 -- 0 against MAC opponents ) , outscored all opponents by a combined total of 269 to 34 , and were recognized as the NCAA College Division national champion ."}
{"_id": "1991_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships_–_Women's_60_metres_hurdles", "title": "1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres hurdles", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 60 metres hurdles event at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 9 March ."}
{"_id": "1960–61_FA_Cup_qualifying_rounds", "title": "1960–61 FA Cup qualifying rounds", "headings": "", "text": "The FA Cup 1960 -- 61 is the 80th season of the world 's oldest football knockout competition ; The Football Association Challenge Cup , or FA Cup for short . The large number of clubs entering the tournament from lower down the English football league system meant that the competition started with a number of preliminary and qualifying rounds . The 30 victorious teams from the Fourth Round Qualifying progressed to the First Round Proper ."}
{"_id": "1988–89_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1988–89 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 -- 89 Illinois Fighting Illini men 's basketball team represented the University of Illinois ."}
{"_id": "1974_Hamilton_Tiger-Cats_season", "title": "1974 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season was the 17th season for the team in the Canadian Football League and their 25th overall . The Tiger-Cats finished in 3rd place in the East division with a 7 -- 9 record , but lost the East Semi-Finals to the Ottawa Rough Riders . In 1974 , Tony Gabriel had a career year as he caught 61 passes for 795 yards to lead the East in pass receiving . It was also Gabriel 's last season in Hamilton . Hamilton sent Gabriel to the Ottawa Rough Riders at the end of the season because Gabriel suggested that the players should get a raise when the East increased the number of games played from 14 to 16 in 1974 ."}
{"_id": "1717_Arlon", "title": "1717 Arlon", "headings": "", "text": "1717 Arlon , provisional designation , is a binary Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 8.5 kilometers in diameter .   It was discovered on 8 January 1954 , by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle , Belgium , and later named for the Belgian town and provincial capital , Arlon ."}
{"_id": "1948_New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Awards", "title": "1948 New York Film Critics Circle Awards", "headings": "", "text": "14th New York Film Critics Circle Awards  January 21 , 1949 ( announced December 28 , 1948 )   The Treasureof the Sierra Madre  The 14th New York Film Critics Circle Awards , honored the best filmmaking of 1948 ."}
{"_id": "(A)_Senile_Animal", "title": "(A) Senile Animal", "headings": "", "text": "( A ) Senile Animal is an album by the Melvins , released on October 10 , 2006 . After bassist Kevin Rutmanis ' departure the two remaining members of the Melvins joined forces with Big Business , a duo consisting of Jared Warren on bass and Coady Willis on drums . Speaking to Kerrang ! in 2008 , Buzz Osborne said :   A music video for `` The Talking Horse '' was made and shown in 2007 .   The song `` A History of Bad Men '' appears in the film I Know Who Killed Me and in the TV show True Detective ."}
{"_id": "1923_Pottsville_Maroons_season", "title": "1923 Pottsville Maroons season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 Pottsville Maroons season was their 4th season in existence . The team played independently would go on to post a 7-3-2 record ."}
{"_id": "1983_New_Zealand_rugby_league_season", "title": "1983 New Zealand rugby league season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 New Zealand rugby league season was the 76th season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand ."}
{"_id": "1897_in_Canadian_football", "title": "1897 in Canadian football", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1981_BC_Lions_season", "title": "1981 BC Lions season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 BC Lions finished in third place in the West Division with a 10 -- 6 record .   Joe Paopao had an excellent season with 3777 yards passing and 28 passing touchdowns and running back Larry Key had 19 touchdowns in a bounceback season after missing most of the 1980 season due to injury . Wideout Ty Gray had a breakout season with 1428 yards receiving .   The Lions beat Winnipeg in the Wester Semi-final , but fell to the Eskimos 22-16 in the Western Final when Warren Moon hit Brian Kelly for a late 4th quarter touchdown . The Western Final included a game changing officiating error involving a Devon Ford kickoff return for a Lions touchdown when the officials incorrectly stated he stepped out-of-bounds . Television replays showed he clearly did not step out-of-bounds ( video replay was instituted 25 years later in 2006 ) .   Running back Larry Key and centre Al Wilson made the CFL all-star team .   First time in Lions history that every regular season ( 16 ) and playoff game ( 2 ) was televised ."}
{"_id": "1201_in_poetry", "title": "1201 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1937_Washington_Senators_season", "title": "1937 Washington Senators season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Washington Senators won 73 games , lost 80 , and finished in sixth place in the American League . They were managed by Bucky Harris and played home games at Griffith Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1954_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Ice_Hockey_Tournament", "title": "1954 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 NCAA Men 's Division I Ice Hockey Tournament was the culmination of the 1953 -- 54 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season , the 7th such tournament in NCAA history . It was held between March 11 and 13 , 1954 , and concluded with Rensselaer defeating Minnesota 5-4 in overtime . All games were played at the Broadmoor Ice Palace in Colorado Springs , Colorado .   This was the first championship game to go into overtime .   Rensselaer 's title was the only championship won by a team from the Tri-State League . Despite it 's low membership the Tri-State League would send at least one representative to the tournament every year from 1952 through 1964 before being dissolved in 1972 .   Minnesota 's victory in the semifinal over Boston College holds two separate records : the most goals scored by one team in an NCAA tournament ( 14 , tied with Michigan in 1953 ) and the largest single-game margin of victory in an NCAA tournament ( +13 ) .   Boston College , by being outscored 3-21 in their two games , also holds the worst single-tournament goal differential ( -18 ) . As of 2016"}
{"_id": "1987_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season", "title": "1987 Pittsburgh Pirates season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 106th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise ; and their 101st season in the National League . This was their 18th season at Three Rivers Stadium . The Pirates finished fifth in the National League East with a record of 80 -- 82 ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_Birmingham_City_F.C._season", "title": "1986–87 Birmingham City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 -- 87 Football League season was Birmingham City Football Club 's 84th in the Football League and their 34th in the Second Division , to which they were relegated in 1985 -- 86 . They finished in 19th position in the 22-team division , and avoided a second successive relegation only by two points . They entered the 1986 -- 87 FA Cup in the third round proper and lost to Walsall in the fourth , and were eliminated from the League Cup in the third round by Tottenham Hotspur . They entered the second season of the Full Members ' Cup , a competition created for teams in the top two divisions after English clubs were banned from UEFA competitions following the Heysel disaster , and lost in the second round away to Charlton Athletic in front of a crowd of only 821 .   The top scorer was Wayne Clarke with 19 goals , of which 16 were scored in league matches . The average attendance , of under 7,500 , was a record low for a season at St Andrew 's ."}
{"_id": "1968–69_Chicago_Black_Hawks_season", "title": "1968–69 Chicago Black Hawks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 -- 69 Chicago Black Hawks season was the Hawks ' 43rd season in the NHL , and the club was coming off a 4th-place finish in the East Division in 1967 -- 68 , as they earned 80 points , and qualified for the post-season for the tenth consecutive season . The Black Hawks then upset the second place New York Rangers in the NHL quarter-finals , before falling to the Montreal Canadiens in five games in the NHL semi-finals . But this season , the Blackhawks missed the postseason for the last time until 1998 ."}
{"_id": "10th_Goya_Awards", "title": "10th Goya Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th Goya Awards were presented in Madrid , Spain on 25 January 1996 .   Nobody Will Speak of Us When We 're Dead won the award for Best Film ."}
{"_id": "1988_Hardy_Cup", "title": "1988 Hardy Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Hardy Cup was the 1988 edition of the Canadian intermediate senior ice hockey championship ."}
{"_id": "...with_Love", "title": "...with Love", "headings": "", "text": "... with Love is the second studio album from Irish singer-songwriter , Mary Byrne . The album was released on 25 November 2011 in Ireland , and 5 March 2012 in the UK . The album was produced by Phil Coulter . The album peaked to number 10 on the Irish Albums Chart ."}
{"_id": "1995_Chicago_Cubs_season", "title": "1995 Chicago Cubs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Chicago Cubs season was the 124th season of the Chicago Cubs franchise , the 120th in the National League and the 80th at Wrigley Field . The Cubs finished third in the National League Central with a record of 73 -- 71 ."}
{"_id": "1142", "title": "1142", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1142 ( MCXLII ) was a common year starting on Thursday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1112_in_Italy", "title": "1112 in Italy", "headings": "", "text": "Events during the year 1112 in Italy ."}
{"_id": "1984_PBA_season", "title": "1984 PBA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 PBA season was the 10th season of the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) ."}
{"_id": "(+)-Menthofuran_synthase", "title": "(+)-Menthofuran synthase", "headings": "", "text": "- Menthofuran synthase ( , menthofuran synthase , - pulegone 9-hydroxylase , - MFS , cytochrome P450 menthofuran synthase ) is an enzyme with systematic name - pulegone , NADPH : oxygen oxidoreductase ( 9-hydroxylating ) . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction   - pulegone + NADPH + H + + O2 - menthofuran + NADP + + H2O   Menthofuran synthase is a heme-thiolate protein ( P-450 ) ."}
{"_id": "1998_Superbike_World_Championship", "title": "1998 Superbike World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Superbike World Championship was the eleventh FIM Superbike World Championship season . The season started on 22 March at Phillip Island and finished on 4 October at Sugo after 12 rounds .   The season saw the introduction of a revised qualifying system : after two timed qualifying sessions , the sixteen fastest riders were admitted to the newly created Superpole , which determined the first four rows of the starting grid ; during this session each rider went on the track in reverse qualifying order to take a single flying lap .   Carl Fogarty , who amassed three race victories during the season , won the riders ' championship for the third time after and ; Fogarty prevailed over Aaron Slight at the last round , while Troy Corser , who had entered the final event leading the standings , could not race due to injury . Ducati won the manufacturers ' championship ."}
{"_id": "1898_FA_Cup_Final", "title": "1898 FA Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1898 FA Cup Final was contested by Nottingham Forest and Derby County at Crystal Palace . Forest won 3 -- 1 , with goals from Arthur Capes ( 2 ) and John McPherson . Steve Bloomer scored for Derby . Numbered seats in the pavilion were 10s . 6d . Numbered seats in the covered stands were 5s ."}
{"_id": "1982_ECAC_South_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1982 ECAC South Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 ECAC South Men 's Basketball Tournament ( now known as the Colonial Athletic Association Men 's Basketball Tournament ) was held March 4 -- 6 at the Norfolk Scope in Norfolk , Virginia .   upset top-seeded in the championship game , 58 -- 57 , to win their second ECAC South men 's basketball tournament . The Monarchs , therefore , earned an automatic bid to the 1982 NCAA Tournament . JMU would ultimately also receive an at-large bid ."}
{"_id": "1948_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race", "title": "1948 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race , was the fourth annual running of the `` blue water classic '' Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race .   Hosted by the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia based in Sydney , New South Wales , the 1948 edition began on Sydney Harbour , at noon on Boxing Day ( 26 December 1948 ) , before heading south for 630 nautical miles ( 1,170 km ) through the Tasman Sea , past Bass Strait , into Storm Bay and up the River Derwent , to cross the finish line in Hobart , Tasmania .   The 1948 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race comprised a reduced fleet of 18 competitors . Wind conditions favoured the fleet , who found excellent going on their trip south .   Morna , skippered by Claude Plowman won line honours in a time of 4 days , 5 hours and 1 minute - breaking the record they set the previous year , and going under 5 days for the first time . The victory also gave the vessel and skipper three wins in-a-row , a record that would not be beaten until Wild Oats XI won four-in-a-row from 2005 to 2008 . Westward , skippered by GD Gibson was awarded handicap honours for the second year running ."}
{"_id": "1985_NSWRL_season", "title": "1985 NSWRL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 New South Wales Rugby League premiership was the seventy-eighth season of professional rugby league football in Australia . Thirteen teams competed for the J J Giltinan Shield and Winfield Cup during the season , which culminated in a grand final between the Canterbury-Bankstown and St. George clubs . This season NSWRL teams also competed for the 1985 National Panasonic Cup ."}
{"_id": "1280_in_Ireland", "title": "1280 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1280 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1911_All-Western_college_football_team", "title": "1911 All-Western college football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 All-Western college football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Western teams chosen by various selectors for the 1911 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1722_in_Russia", "title": "1722 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1722 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1990–91_2._Bundesliga", "title": "1990–91 2. Bundesliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 2 . Bundesliga season was the seventeenth season of the 2 . Bundesliga , the second tier of the German football league system . It was the last season in which the league consisted of West German clubs only . From 1991 -- 92 onwards clubs from the former East Germany joined the league .   FC Schalke 04 , MSV Duisburg and Stuttgarter Kickers were promoted to the Bundesliga while Rot-Weiss Essen , Preußen Münster , TSV Havelse and FC Schweinfurt 05 were relegated to the Oberliga ."}
{"_id": "1686_in_music", "title": "1686 in music", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1686 in music involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "139th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)", "title": "139th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)", "headings": "", "text": "The was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army . Its call sign was the . It was formed on 10 July 1945 in Dunhua as a triangular division . It was one of eight simultaneously created divisions , together with the 134th , 135th , 136th , 137th , 138th , 139th , 148th and 149th divisions . The nucleus for its formation were the 77th , 79th , and 80th transport guard units ."}
{"_id": "1917–18_Ottawa_Senators_season", "title": "1917–18 Ottawa Senators season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 -- 18 Ottawa Senators season was the team 's first season in the newly formed National Hockey League ( NHL ) and 33rd season of play overall . The Senators , along with the Montreal and Quebec franchises of the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) , voted to suspend the NHA and form the NHL . Ottawa would finish second and third in the first and second halves of the season , and did not qualify for the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1980_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Ice_Hockey_Tournament", "title": "1980 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 NCAA Men 's Division I Ice Hockey Tournament was the culmination of the 1979 -- 80 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season , the 33rd such tournament in NCAA history . It was held between March 22 and 29 , 1980 , and concluded with North Dakota defeating Northern Michigan 5-2 . The first round game was held at the home team venue while all succeeding games were played at the Providence Civic Center in Providence , Rhode Island ."}
{"_id": "1986_Individual_Speedway_Junior_European_Championship", "title": "1986 Individual Speedway Junior European Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Individual Speedway Junior European Championship , a motorcycle speedway racing tournament , was held on 13 July in Rivne ( now Ukraine ) . The winner was Igor Marko of the Soviet Union ."}
{"_id": "1921_Spring_Hill_Badgers_football_team", "title": "1921 Spring Hill Badgers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 Spring Hill Badgers football team represented the Spring Hill College during the 1921 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1992_Tour_de_France,_Stage_11_to_Stage_21", "title": "1992 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Tour de France was the 79th edition of Tour de France , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . The Tour began in San Sebastián in Spain with a prologue individual time trial on 4 July and Stage 11 occurred on 15 July with a hilly stage from Strasbourg . The race finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 26 July ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_European_Hockey_League", "title": "1998–99 European Hockey League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998-1999 European Hockey League was the third edition of the European Hockey League . The season started on September 15 , 1998 , and finished on February 14 , 1999 .   The tournament was won by Metallurg Magnitogorsk , who beat HC Dynamo Moscow in the final .   The points system used in the first round of the tournament was : the winner in regular time won 3 points ; in case of a tie , an overtime is played , the winner in overtime won 2 points and the loser in overtime won 1 point ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_FC_Lokomotiv_Gorna_Oryahovitsa_season", "title": "1990–91 FC Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 season was FC Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa 's fifth season in A PFG ."}
{"_id": "1926_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_football_team", "title": "1926 Illinois Fighting Illini football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1926 Big Ten Conference football season . In their 14th season under head coach Robert Zuppke , the Illini compiled a 6 -- 2 record and finished in a tie for sixth place in the Big Ten Conference . Charles E. Kassel was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Luxembourg_National_Division", "title": "1993–94 Luxembourg National Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Luxembourg National Division in season 1993/1994 ."}
{"_id": "...Sounds_Like_This", "title": "...Sounds Like This", "headings": "", "text": "... Sounds Like This is the third album from English progressive rock band Nektar , released in 1973 . It was the first Nektar album to be released in their home country of the United Kingdom . An attempt to recreate the band 's live sound , ... Sounds Like This was largely improvised and dominated by extensive instrumental jamming , in contrast to their usual concept and composition-driven albums . The different approach to recording , combined with a number of difficulties with the mixing , resulted in it being the band 's heaviest work ."}
{"_id": "1966_Argentine_Primera_División", "title": "1966 Argentine Primera División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 Argentine Primera División was the 75 ° season of top-flight football in Argentina . The season began on March 6 and ended on December 6 .   Racing Club won the championship ( 15 ° title ) with no teams relegated ."}
{"_id": "1579_in_Scotland", "title": "1579 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1579 in the Kingdom of Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1980_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season", "title": "1980 NCAA Division I-A football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season saw the U.S. state of Georgia take its first national title since World War II .   Nine days following the bowl games to close the 1979 season , tragedy struck when new LSU coach Bo Rein died when the plane he was flying in crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Virginia . Rein , who coached North Carolina State to the Atlantic Coast Conference championship in 1979 , was named on November 30 of that year as the successor to Charles McClendon , who coached LSU to an 137-59-7 mark from 1962 through 1979 . Jerry Stovall , a former LSU All-American and St. Louis Cardinals defensive back , was named to succeed Rein approximately 36 hours after the crash .   The Georgia Bulldogs starred freshman running back Herschel Walker , who made his NCAA debut against Tennessee . Down 15-2 at halftime , Georgia sent in Walker , the third string running back at the time , to try to light a spark . Walker ran over All-American safety Bill Bates , in a play that would set the tempo for the rest of his career .   This year was the final season in which long time rivals Rutgers and Princeton played against each other . The rivalry between the New Jersey schools has not been played since .   This year 's edition of Florida -- Georgia game was won on a last minute 92 yard pass from Georgia 's own endzone , known by the play by play call `` Run , Lindsay , run ! '' .   The Bulldogs ran through the rest of the season unscathed , beating Notre Dame in the Sugar Bowl . Walker rushed for 150 yards against Notre Dame , a defense which had not given up a hundred-yard game that whole season . He did this with a dislocated shoulder .   The Pittsburgh Panthers also had a stellar season , led by defensive end Hugh Green . The team went 11-1 and finished ranked # 2 , finishing the season with a rout of South Carolina and Heisman Trophy winner George Rogers in the Gator Bowl . 29 players from this team went on the play in the NFL .   Florida State defeated # 3 ranked Nebraska on the Cornhuskers ' home turf , and the following week defeated the # 2 ranked Pitt Panthers   It was an unusual year for the Pac-10 as 5 of its 10 members were placed on probation by the conference ( but not the NCAA ) including traditional powers USC and UCLA , along with both Oregon schools and Arizona State . So half the conference was ineligible for bowl games and it was feared that the 4th or 5th-place finisher would end up in the Rose Bowl . Ironically , USC and UCLA both got as high as # 2 in the polls before being upset . As it turned out , the probation did n't matter as Washington won the conference outright with a 6-1 record .   This year 's edition of the Holiday Bowl was a classic as the BYU staged a fourth quarter comeback , led by future NFL star Jim McMahon . Down 45-25 to SMU with less than four minutes left , McMahon threw three touchdown passes , including a Hail Mary as time expired , caught in the endzone by Clay Brown , despite being surrounded by three SMU defenders ."}
{"_id": "1975_in_Australia", "title": "1975 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "13th_Cavalry_Regiment", "title": "13th Cavalry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th Cavalry Regiment ( `` 13th Horse '' ) is a unit of the United States Army . The 1st and 2nd Squadrons are currently stationed at Fort Bliss , Texas , as part of the 1st Armored Division ."}
{"_id": "1995_Nebelhorn_Trophy", "title": "1995 Nebelhorn Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Nebelhorn Trophy was the Nebelhorn Trophy of the 1995 -- 96 figure skating season . The Nebelhorn Trophy is an international senior-level figure skating competition organized by the Deutsche Eislauf-Union and held annually in Oberstdorf , Germany . The competition is named after the Nebelhorn , a nearby mountain .   It was one of the first international senior competitions of the season . Skaters were entered by their respective national federations , rather than receiving individual invitations as in the Grand Prix of Figure Skating , and competed in four disciplines : men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing . The Fritz-Geiger-Memorial Trophy was presented to the country with the highest placements across all disciplines .   The 1995 Nebelhorn Trophy took place between August 29 and September 1 , 1995 ."}
{"_id": "1975_Uber_Cup", "title": "1975 Uber Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Uber Cup was the 8th edition of the Uber Cup , the women 's badminton team competition . The tournament took place in the 1974-75 badminton season , 14 countries competed . Indonesia won its first title in the Uber Cup , after beating the defending champion Japan in the Final Round in Jakarta ."}
{"_id": "100.000_dollari_per_Ringo", "title": "100.000 dollari per Ringo", "headings": "", "text": "100.000 dollari per Ringo is a 1965 Italian spaghetti western film directed by Alberto De Martino .   It was shown as part of a retrospective on Spaghetti Western at the 64th Venice International Film Festival ."}
{"_id": "1968_American_Soccer_League", "title": "1968 American Soccer League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of American Soccer League II in season 1968 ."}
{"_id": "1980_Ash_Wednesday_bushfires", "title": "1980 Ash Wednesday bushfires", "headings": "", "text": "The first Ash Wednesday fires were a series of bushfires that began in the Adelaide Hills , South Australia , on Ash Wednesday , 20 February 1980 . 51 homes and 25 other buildings were destroyed , and 75 farms were affected . 40 people were injured , with 150 left homeless . The fire burnt an area of 3770 ha , and caused an estimated $ 34,000,000 damage .   In 1983 , after the Ash Wednesday fires in February that year , the 1980 fire became known in South Australia as the `` first '' Ash Wednesday , or Ash Wednesday I."}
{"_id": "1976–77_WHA_season", "title": "1976–77 WHA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 -- 77 WHA season was the fifth season of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . Prior to the season , the Toronto Toros moved to Birmingham , AL and became the Bulls . The Cleveland Crusaders attempted to move to South Florida but legal problems resulted in them moving to Minnesota to become the second version of the Fighting Saints . They met with little success there and folded after playing 42 games . The remaining 11 teams competed in the league , playing 80 or 81 games in the regular season . The Avco World Trophy Winners were the Quebec Nordiques ."}
{"_id": "1913_St._Louis_Browns_season", "title": "1913 St. Louis Browns season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 St. Louis Browns season involved the Browns finishing 8th in the American League with a record of 57 wins and 96 losses ."}
{"_id": "1891_in_organized_crime", "title": "1891 in organized crime", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1890 in organized crime ,  other events of 1891 ,  1892 in organized crime and the  list of ` years in organized crime ' ."}
{"_id": "1993_Pacific_typhoon_season", "title": "1993 Pacific typhoon season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds ; it ran year-round in 1993 , but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean .   The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean , north of the equator and west of the international date line . Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes ; see 1993 Pacific hurricane season . Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Tropical depressions in this basin have the `` W '' suffix added to their number . Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA . This can often result in the same storm having two names ."}
{"_id": "1931–32_Scottish_Division_One", "title": "1931–32 Scottish Division One", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 -- 32 Scottish Division One season was won by Motherwell by five points over nearest rival Rangers . Dundee United and Leith Athletic finished 19th and 20th respectively and were relegated to the 1932 -- 33 Scottish Division Two ."}
{"_id": "1997_Internationaux_de_Strasbourg_–_Singles", "title": "1997 Internationaux de Strasbourg – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Lindsay Davenport was the defending champion but lost in the second round to Natasha Zvereva .   Steffi Graf won in the final 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 against Mirjana Lučić ."}
{"_id": "1973_Venezuelan_Primera_División_season", "title": "1973 Venezuelan Primera División season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 season of the Venezuelan Primera División , the top category of Venezuelan football , was played by 9 teams . The national champions were Portuguesa ."}
{"_id": "127th_Battalion_(12th_York_Rangers),_CEF", "title": "127th Battalion (12th York Rangers), CEF", "headings": "", "text": "The 127th ( 12th York Rangers ) Battalion , CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Toronto , Ontario , the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in York County . After sailing to England in August 1916 , the battalion was redesignated the 2nd Battalion , Canadian Railway Troops on November 8 , 1916 . The 127th ( 12th York Rangers ) Battalion , CEF had one Officer Commanding : Lieut-Col . F. F. Clarke , DSO .   As railway troops , the Battalion specialized in building light railway lines close to the front ( a Canadian specialty ) for the rapid movement of troops and supplies from established railway heads . The battalion prided itself on its rapid bridge-building skills and an improvised turntable it crafted on several occasions .   In April 1918 as the second great German offensive of the year rolled back over the old Somme Battlefield , the 127th was pressed into service as infantry near Amiens . Although initially trained as infantry , the battalion had not been employed as such but the men were apparently eager to show they could fight even if they were only armed with rifles . Combing through the chaos of Amiens , a large number of ` surplus ' Lewis guns were ` acquired ' and the battalion entered the line with considerably more firepower than might have been expected . At any rate , the German advance was being slowed up by exhausted troops and the usual logistical problems created in moving over World War I Battlefields . The attempt to dislodge the 127th was not a determined one and the battalion 's inordinate firepower debarred further attempts .   The position they secured remained the Allied frontline until the Amiens Offensive of August 8 , 1918 . Once relieved , the 127th returned to its previous duties ."}
{"_id": "1881–82_Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C._season", "title": "1881–82 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Season 1881 -- 82 was the seventh season in which Heart of Midlothian competed at a Scottish national level , entering the Scottish Cup for the seventh time ."}
{"_id": "18th_Golden_Globe_Awards", "title": "18th Golden Globe Awards", "headings": "", "text": "18th Golden Globe Awards  16 March 1961   Best Film - Drama :  Spartacus   Best Film - Comedy :  The Apartment   Best Film - Musical :  Song Without End  The 18th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film for 1960 films , were held on March 16 , 1961 ."}
{"_id": "1624_in_Ireland", "title": "1624 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1624 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1933_Penya_Rhin_Grand_Prix", "title": "1933 Penya Rhin Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 Penya Rhin Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at the Montjuïc circuit close to Barcelona in Catalonia , Spain on 25 June 1933 ."}
{"_id": "1975_European_Cup_Winners'_Cup_Final", "title": "1975 European Cup Winners' Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Final was a football match contested between Dynamo Kyiv of the Soviet Union and Ferencvárosi of Hungary . It was the final match of the European Cup Winners ' Cup 1974 -- 75 and the 15th European Cup Winners ' Cup Final . The final was held at St. Jakob Stadium in Basel , Switzerland . Dynamo won the match 3 -- 0 thanks to goals by Vladimir Onishchenko ( 2 ) and Oleh Blokhin ."}
{"_id": "1922_Kentucky_Derby", "title": "1922 Kentucky Derby", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 Kentucky Derby was the 48th running of the Kentucky Derby . The race took place on May 13 , 1922 . Horse Banker Brown scratched before the race ."}
{"_id": "1954–55_Iowa_Hawkeyes_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1954–55 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 -- 55 Iowa Hawkeyes men 's basketball team represented the University of Iowa in intercollegiate basketball during the 1954 -- 55 season . The team finished the season with a 19 -- 7 record ( 11-3 in Big Ten ) , won the Big Ten title , and made the school 's first trip to the Final Four ."}
{"_id": "1997_French_Open_–_Women's_Doubles", "title": "1997 French Open – Women's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Lindsay Davenport and Mary Joe Fernández were the defending champions , but played this year with different partners . Davenport teamed up with Jana Novotná and lost in third round to Conchita Martínez and Patricia Tarabini , while Fernández teamed up with Lisa Raymond , losing in the final .   Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva won the title , defeating Fernández and Raymond 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 in the final . It was the 6th Fren Open title , 16th Grand Slam title and 68th overall doubles title for Fernández , and the 6th French Open title , 17th Grand Slam title and 66th overall doubles title for Zvereva , in their respective careers ."}
{"_id": "1988_Football_League_Cup_Final", "title": "1988 Football League Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Football League Cup Final ( also known as the Littlewoods Challenge Cup Final for sponsorship reasons ) was an association football match between Luton Town and Arsenal on 24 April 1988 at Wembley Stadium , London . It was the final match of the 1987 -- 88 staging of the Football League Cup . Luton were making their first League Cup Final appearance , while the competition holders Arsenal were appearing in their fourth final .   Each club needed to get past five rounds to reach the showpiece event at Wembley . Both clubs made comfortable progress ; Luton scored 14 goals and conceded three , Arsenal on the other hand conceded two fewer . Luton for the final were without Darron McDonough who injured himself in training , but David Preece and Ricky Hill both returned to the side after lengthy periods of treatment . Goalkeeper Les Sealey was not fit in time to play , so Andy Dibble deputised in goal for only his sixth appearance of the season . Gus Caesar replaced David O'Leary in Arsenal 's starting eleven , as the Irishman was ruled out for the final having damaged his achilles weeks prior .   Arsenal entered the match as favourites , but went behind early when Brian Stein scored . Luton 's disciplined approach , coupled with a strong performance by Dibble , contained Arsenal to few chances throughout the game . The holders equalised and took the lead in quick succession through Martin Hayes and Alan Smith , but failed to seal the win when Nigel Winterburn missed a penalty . A revitalised Luton staged a late comeback ; Caesar 's failed clearance led to Danny Wilson equalising , and in the 90th minute , Brian Stein scored the winner after poor defending from Arsenal .   The 1988 final was Luton 's first major cup victory ; their manager Ray Harford later described it as the greatest win in his time at the club . Luton did not qualify for European football the following season , despite winning the League Cup as UEFA chose not to relax its ban on English teams . Arsenal manager George Graham in the meantime strengthened his squad as a result of his team 's poor defensive display . Caesar found his playing time limited in subsequent seasons , as the manager brought in Steve Bould . The 1988 final regarded as one of the best in the competition 's history and most exciting at Wembley , and has been likened to the `` five-minute '' FA Cup Final of 1979 ."}
{"_id": "1977_in_British_television", "title": "1977 in British television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of British television related events from 1977 ."}
{"_id": "192nd_Infantry_Brigade_(United_States)", "title": "192nd Infantry Brigade (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 192nd Infantry Brigade is an infantry brigade of the United States Army . It was first formed as part of the United States Army Reserve 's 96th Division . As part of the triangularization of the US Army before World War II , the Brigade was inactivated and the assets & personnel formed the 96th Reconnaissance Troop ."}
{"_id": "1176_in_Ireland", "title": "1176 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1176 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "111th_Illinois_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment", "title": "111th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1988–89_Cypriot_Cup", "title": "1988–89 Cypriot Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 -- 89 Cypriot Cup was the 47th edition of the Cypriot Cup . A total of 68 clubs entered the competition . It began on 16 November 1988 with the first preliminary round and concluded on 10 June 1989 with the final which was held at Tsirion Stadium . AEL Limassol won their 6th Cypriot Cup trophy after beating Aris 3 -- 2 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1978–79_Bahraini_Premier_League", "title": "1978–79 Bahraini Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Bahraini Premier League in the 1978/1979 season ."}
{"_id": "1996_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships", "title": "1996 World Ice Hockey Championships", "headings": "", "text": "1996 World Ice Hockey Championships may refer to :  1996 Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships  1996 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships"}
{"_id": "181st_Street_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)", "title": "181st Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)", "headings": "", "text": "181st Street is a station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway . It is located on Fort Washington Avenue and 181st Street , one of the main shopping districts of the Hudson Heights neighborhood of Washington Heights , and served by the A train at all times ."}
{"_id": "1984–85_Galatasaray_S.K._Men's_Basketball_season", "title": "1984–85 Galatasaray S.K. Men's Basketball season", "headings": "", "text": "Galatasaray SK Men 's 1984 -- 1985 season is the 1984 -- 1985 basketball season for Turkish professional basketball club Galatasaray SK .   The club competes in :  Turkish Basketball League"}
{"_id": "1995–96_Argentine_Primera_División", "title": "1995–96 Argentine Primera División", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1995/96 ."}
{"_id": "1939_in_television", "title": "1939 in television", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1939 in television involved some significant events .  Below is a list of television-related events during 1939 .   __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1956–57_Dundee_United_F.C._season", "title": "1956–57 Dundee United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 -- 57 season was the 49th year of football played by Dundee United , and covers the period from 1 July 1956 to 30 June 1957 . United finished in thirteenth place in the Second Division ."}
{"_id": "1894_Western_Reserve_football_team", "title": "1894 Western Reserve football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1894 Western Reserve football team represented Western Reserve University in the American city of Cleveland , Ohio , now known as Case Western Reserve University , during the 1894 college football season . The team 's coach was Charles O. Jenkins .   The football rivalry against Case began with the first ever matchup occurring .   The team outscored opponents by a combined 232-8 , including defeating John Heisman 's Oberlin College ."}
{"_id": ".32_Long_Colt", "title": ".32 Long Colt", "headings": "", "text": "The .32 Long Colt ( commonly called the .32 LC or simply .32 Colt ) is an American centerfire fire revolver cartridge ."}
{"_id": "15th_Regiment_Alabama_Infantry", "title": "15th Regiment Alabama Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 15th Regiment of Alabama Infantry was a Confederate volunteer infantry unit from the state of Alabama during the American Civil War . Recruited from six counties in the southeastern part of the state , it fought mostly with Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia , though it also saw brief service with Braxton Bragg and the Army of Tennessee in late 1863 before returning to Virginia in early 1864 for the duration of the war . Out of 1958 men listed on the regimental rolls throughout the conflict , 261 are known to have fallen in battle , with sources listing an additional 416 deaths due to disease . 218 were captured ( 46 died ) , 66 deserted and 61 were transferred or discharged . By the end of the war , only 170 men remained to be paroled .   The 15th Alabama is most famous for being the regiment that confronted the 20th Maine on Little Round Top during the Battle of Gettysburg on July 2 , 1863 . Despite several ferocious assaults , the 15th Alabama was ultimately unable to dislodge the Union troops , and was eventually forced to retreat in the face of a desperate bayonet charge led by the 20th Maine 's commander , Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain . This assault was recreated in Ronald F. Maxwell 's 1993 film Gettysburg ."}
{"_id": "1989_World_Amateur_Boxing_Championships", "title": "1989 World Amateur Boxing Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The Men 's 1989 World Amateur Boxing Championships were held in Moscow , Soviet Union from September 17 to October 1 , 1989 . The fifth edition of this competition , held a year after the Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , was organised by the world governing body for amateur boxing AIBA ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Élite_Ligue_season", "title": "1994–95 Élite Ligue season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 Élite Ligue season was the 74th season of the Élite Ligue , the top level of ice hockey in France . Eight teams participated in the league , and the Dragons de Rouen won their fifth league title ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_Regionalliga", "title": "1963–64 Regionalliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 Regionalliga was the inaugural Regionalliga season . The league operated in five regional divisions , Berlin , North , South , Southwest and West . The five league champions and the runners-up from the west , south , southwest and north then entered a promotion play-off to determine the two clubs to move up to the Bundesliga for the next season . Southwest champions Borussia Neunkirchen and northern runners-up Hannover 96 were promoted ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Wigan_Athletic_F.C._season", "title": "1996–97 Wigan Athletic F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1996 -- 97 English football season , Wigan Athletic F.C. competed in the Football League Third Division ."}
{"_id": "1932_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team", "title": "1932 Ohio State Buckeyes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented Ohio State University in the 1932 Big Ten Conference football season . The Buckeyes compiled a 4 -- 1 -- 3 record , the second time OSU 's had three ties in one season . They outscored their opponents 90 -- 41 ."}
{"_id": "1994_European_Fencing_Championships", "title": "1994 European Fencing Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 European Fencing Championships were held in Kraków , Poland . The competition consisted of individual events only ."}
{"_id": "1615_in_science", "title": "1615 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1615 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1980_Tezcatlipoca", "title": "1980 Tezcatlipoca", "headings": "", "text": "1980 Tezcatlipoca , provisional designation , is an eccentric , stony asteroid , classified as a near-Earth object of the Amor group of asteroids , approximately 6 kilometers in diameter .   It was discovered on 19 June 1950 , by American astronomer Albert G. Wilson and Swedish astronomer Åke Wallenquist at the U.S. Palomar Observatory in California . It was named after the Aztech deity Tezcatlipoca ."}
{"_id": "1952_Chicago_Cardinals_season", "title": "1952 Chicago Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Chicago Cardinals season was the 33rd season the team was in the league . The team improved on their previous output of 3 -- 9 , winning four games . They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the fourth consecutive season ."}
{"_id": "1934–35_NWHL_season", "title": "1934–35 NWHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 -- 35 NWHL season was the second season of the North West Hockey League , a minor professional ice hockey league in the Northwestern United States and Canada . Five teams participated in the league , and the Seattle Seahawks won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1988_Virginia_Slims_of_Arizona", "title": "1988 Virginia Slims of Arizona", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Virginia Slims of Arizona was a women 's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Phoenix , Arizona in the United States and was part of Tier V of the 1988 WTA Tour . The tournament ran from September 12 through September 18 , 1988 . The singles title was won by Manuela Maleeva ."}
{"_id": "1884–85_Newton_Heath_LYR_F.C._season", "title": "1884–85 Newton Heath LYR F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1884 -- 85 season was Newton Heath LYR 's second season of competitive football . Having entered the Lancashire Cup for the first time the previous year , they reached the Second Round this time around . However , it was to be the last time that the club entered a senior team in the competition until 1889 .   The Heathens also entered a team in the Manchester and District Challenge Cup for the first time in 1885 , and found much more success than in the Lancashire Cup ; they reached the final at the first attempt , where they lost 3 -- 0 to Hurst . Apart from the final , the team scored three goals or more in every round of the competition ."}
{"_id": "1995_Danamon_Open", "title": "1995 Danamon Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Danamon Open was a women 's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Gelora Senayan Stadium in Jakarta , Indonesia and was part of Tier III of the 1995 WTA Tour . The tournament ran from 2 January through 8 January 1995 ."}
{"_id": "1779_in_China", "title": "1779 in China", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1779 in China ."}
{"_id": "156th_Division", "title": "156th Division", "headings": "", "text": "In military terms , 156th Division or 156th Infantry Division may refer to :   156th Infantry Division ( Wehrmacht )  156th Infantry Division Vicenza ( Italian , World War II )"}
{"_id": "1980s_oil_glut", "title": "1980s oil glut", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980s oil glut was a serious surplus of crude oil caused by falling demand following the 1970s energy crisis . The world price of oil , which had peaked in 1980 at over US$ 35 per barrel ( equivalent to $ per barrel today , when adjusted for inflation ) , fell in 1986 from $ 27 to below $ 10 ( $ to $ today ) . The glut began in the early 1980s as a result of slowed economic activity in industrial countries ( due to the crises of the 1970s , especially in 1973 and 1979 ) and the energy conservation spurred by high fuel prices . The inflation-adjusted real 2004 dollar value of oil fell from an average of $ 78.2 in 1981 to an average of $ 26.8 per barrel in 1986 .   In June 1981 , The New York Times stated an `` Oil glut ! ... is here '' and Time Magazine stated : `` the world temporarily floats in a glut of oil , '' though the next week an article in The New York Times warned that the word `` glut '' was misleading , and that in reality , while temporary surpluses had brought down prices somewhat , prices were still well above pre-energy crisis levels . This sentiment was echoed in November 1981 , when the CEO of Exxon Corp also characterized the glut as a temporary surplus , and that the word `` glut '' was an example of `` our American penchant for exaggerated language . '' He wrote that the main cause of the glut was declining consumption . In the United States , Europe and Japan , oil consumption had fallen 13 % from 1979 to 1981 , due to `` in part , in reaction to the very large increases in oil prices by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and other oil exporters , '' continuing a trend begun during the 1973 price increases .   After 1980 , reduced demand and increased production produced a glut on the world market . The result was a six-year decline in the price of oil , which culminated by plunging more than half in 1986 alone ."}
{"_id": "1998_in_Latin_music", "title": "1998 in Latin music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events in Latin music ( i.e. music from the Spanish - and Portuguese-speaking areas Latin America , Europe , and the United States ) that took place in 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1925–26_Manchester_City_F.C._season", "title": "1925–26 Manchester City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 -- 26 season was Manchester City F.C. 's thirty-fifth season of league football and twelfth consecutive season in the Football League First Division , excluding the four years during the First World War in which no competitive football was played .   Coming off the back of a series of mid-table finishes and largely unimpressive FA Cup campaigns , manager David Ashworth 's resignation in November 1925 bizarrely resulted in both a first league relegation since 1909 and a first FA Cup final appearance since 1904 as well as a record 6 -- 1 victory over rivals Manchester United , with much of the second half of the campaign being run in Ashworth 's absence by a committee led by club Vice-Chairman Albert Alexander ."}
{"_id": "1891_in_Scotland", "title": "1891 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1891 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1954_in_paleontology", "title": "1954 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "'60s_on_6", "title": "'60s on 6", "headings": "", "text": "The '60s on 6 ( or just The '60s ) is a commercial-free , satellite radio station on the Sirius XM Radio platform . It plays music from the 1960s . Airing on XM since 2001 , the channel became available to Sirius subscribers replacing '60s Vibrations on November 12 , 2008 , following the merger of the two companies . The station currently broadcasts on channel 6 of both services , as well as on Dish Network channel 6006 . Lou Simon is currently the program director for the channel .   Like the other decades channels , The '60s on 6 works to recreate the feel of oldies hits radio . They use similar DJ habits , oldies PAMS jingles , period slang , and news updates . The channel was also used for XM 's annual rock and roll hits music chronology , IT .   The logo features a Peace sign for the zero in its logo .   As of 2008 , The '60s on 6 was the fifth most listened to station on the XM service , with a cume of 581,300 listeners per week , according to Arbitron analysis ."}
{"_id": "1982_Australian_Open_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1982 Australian Open – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Johan Kriek was the defending champion , and successfully defended his title , defeating Steve Denton 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 in the final to win the Men 's Singles title at the 1982 Australian Open , what was the rematch of the previous year .   The format of this year 's tournament was best of 5 sets in the first 2 rounds , best of 3 sets in rounds 3 and 4 , then best of 5 sets for the rest of the tournament ."}
{"_id": "1657_in_poetry", "title": "1657 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic_acid", "title": "1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid", "headings": "", "text": "1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid ( ACC ) is a disubstituted cyclic α-amino acid in which a three-membered cyclopropane ring is fused to the Cα atom of the amino acid .   ACC plays an important role in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone ethylene . It is synthesized by the enzyme ACC synthase from methionine and converted to ethylene by ACC oxidase .   ACC is also an exogenous partial agonist of the mammalian NMDA receptor ."}
{"_id": "1776_in_Russia", "title": "1776 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1776 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1977_Italian_Open_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1977 Italian Open – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Adriano Panatta was the defending champion but lost to Vitas Gerulaitis in the quarterfinals . Gerulaitis claimed the title after defeating Antonio Zugarelli in the final ."}
{"_id": "1979_European_Cup_Winners'_Cup_Final", "title": "1979 European Cup Winners' Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final was a football match contested between Barcelona of Spain and Fortuna Düsseldorf of West Germany . It was held at St. Jakob Stadium in Basel on 16 May 1979 ( the venue was decided in Bern by the UEFA Executive Committee on 27 September 1978 ) , Switzerland , and was the final match of the 1978 -- 79 European Cup Winners ' Cup and the 19th European Cup Winners ' Cup Final . Barcelona won 4 -- 3 after goals from José Vicente Sánchez , Juan Manuel Asensi , Carles Rexach , and Hans Krankl ."}
{"_id": "1,1-Diphenylethylene", "title": "1,1-Diphenylethylene", "headings": "", "text": "1,1-Diphenylethylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon with chemical formula C14H12 ."}
{"_id": "1899_Cornell_Big_Red_football_team", "title": "1899 Cornell Big Red football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1899 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1899 college football season . In their first season under head coach Percy Haughton , the Big Red compiled a 7 -- 3 record and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 134 to 52 . Three Cornell players received honors on the 1899 College Football All-America Team : quarterback George H. Young ( Outing-2 , New York Tribune-2 ) ; halfback George B. Walbridge ( Outing-2 ) ; and tackle Edward R. Alexander ( Camp-3 , New York Tribune-2 ; Leslie 's Weekly-2 ) ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Czech_1._Liga_season", "title": "1998–99 Czech 1. Liga season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 Czech 1 . liga season was the sixth season of the Czech 1 . liga , the second level of ice hockey in the Czech Republic . 14 teams participated in the league , and HC Znojemsti Orli won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Virginia_Cavaliers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1998–99 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 Virginia Cavaliers men 's basketball team represented the University of Virginia during the 1998 -- 99 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The team was led by first-year head coach Pete Gillen , and played their home games at University Hall in Charlottesville , Virginia as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference ."}
{"_id": "14832_Alechinsky", "title": "14832 Alechinsky", "headings": "", "text": "14832 Alechinsky , provisional designation , is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 4 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 27 August 1987 , by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at ESO 's La Silla Observatory site in northern Chile .   The S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family , one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0 -- 2.6 AU once every 3 years and 6 months ( 1,268 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 6 ° with respect to the ecliptic . The asteroid 's observation arc begins in 1987 , as no precoveries had been taken prior to its discovery .   According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA 's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer , the asteroid measures 4.4 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.194 , while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 -- which derives from 8 Flora , the largest member and namesake of this orbital family -- and calculates a diameter of 3.9 kilometers , based on an absolute magnitude of 14.2 .   In February 2013 , two rotational light-curves of this asteroid were obtained from photometric observations made at the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory , California . They gave a rotation period of and hours , with a brightness variation of 0.98 and 1.30 in magnitude , respectively . Such a high amplitude in magnitude typically indicates that the body has an elongated shape .   The minor planet was named in honor of Belgian painter and internationally prominent 20th century artist , Pierre Alechinsky ( b. 1927 ) , known for his treatment of colors , versatility and graphic humor . He was a member of the expressionist art group and avant-garde movement CoBrA , a name which was coined from the initials of the members ' home cities : Copenhagen , Brussels , and Amsterdam . Naming citation was published on 13 October 2000 ."}
{"_id": "1975–76_Hibernian_F.C._season", "title": "1975–76 Hibernian F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1975-76 season Hibernian , a football club based in Edinburgh , came third out of 10 clubs in the Scottish Premier Division and reached the fourth round of the Scottish Cup ."}
{"_id": "1892_Hampden–Sydney_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1892 Hampden–Sydney Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1892 Hampden -- Sydney football team represented Hampden -- Sydney College during the 1892 college football season . In the fall of 1892 , William Ford Bull brought together the first official football team at Hampden -- Sydney . The 1892 team played just one game , falling 0 -- 24 at home to Richmond College ."}
{"_id": "1110s", "title": "1110s", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1982_Baylor_Bears_football_team", "title": "1982 Baylor Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Baylor Bears football team represented Baylor University in the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Bears finished the season fifth in the Southwest Conference ."}
{"_id": "1959_NCAA_College_Division_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1959 NCAA College Division Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 NCAA College Division Basketball Tournament involved 32 schools playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men 's NCAA College Division college basketball as a culmination of the 1958-59 NCAA College Division men 's basketball season . It was won by the University of Evansville and Evansville 's Hugh Ahlering was the Most Outstanding Player ."}
{"_id": "1981–82_Liga_Artzit", "title": "1981–82 Liga Artzit", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 -- 82 Liga Artzit season saw Hapoel Lod win the title and win promotion to Liga Leumit . Hapoel Ramat Gan and Maccabi Yavne were also promoted .   Maccabi Kiryat Gat , Beitar Netanya and Hapoel Tiberias were all relegated to Liga Alef ."}
{"_id": "1984_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Women's_3000_metres", "title": "1984 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 3000 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 3000 metres event at the 1984 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 3 March ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_Philadelphia_Flyers_season", "title": "1985–86 Philadelphia Flyers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 -- 86 Philadelphia Flyers season was the Philadelphia Flyers ' 19th season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Flyers lost in the first round of the playoffs in five game to the New York Rangers ."}
{"_id": "1991_NHK_Trophy", "title": "1991 NHK Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 NHK Trophy was held in Hiroshima . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing ."}
{"_id": "1964–65_1re_série_season", "title": "1964–65 1re série season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 -- 65 1re série season was the 44th season of the 1re série , the top level of ice hockey in France . Five teams participated in the final round , and Chamonix Hockey Club won their 21st league title ."}
{"_id": "1991_All-Africa_Games", "title": "1991 All-Africa Games", "headings": "", "text": "The 5th All-Africa Games were held from September 20 to October 1 , 1991 , in Cairo , Egypt . Forty-three countries participated in eighteen sports .   For the first time the Games were held on a four-year cycle as planned . Egypt had hoped to use the Games to showcase the city of Cairo for a possible Olympic bid . The plan fell through after organizational difficulties once again plagued the Games . A stampede of spectators trying to get in to see the Opening Ceremonies got the Games off to a bad start . Many IOC officials and dignitaries were unable to make it into the stadium in the confusion and returned to their hotels to watch the ceremony on television .   African athletes had claimed seven world championships at the previous months World Athletics Championships . Only one , steeplechaser Moses Kiptanui , decided to participate in Cairo .   Highly partisan crowds , which were granted free admission to the events by the Egyptian government , filled the stadiums throughout the games , cheering the home team to another placing at the top of the medals table .   It was Namibia 's first participation in the world arena . The team proudly returned with four gold medals , two silver medals and seven bronze medals ."}
{"_id": "119th_Infantry_Division_(German_Empire)", "title": "119th Infantry Division (German Empire)", "headings": "", "text": "The 119th Infantry Division ( 119 . Infanterie-Division ) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I . The division was formed on March 25 , 1915 , and organized over the next several weeks . It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915 . The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.   The division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of regular infantry divisions which were being triangularized . The division 's 237th Infantry Brigade staff was formerly the staff of the 19th Infantry Brigade of the 10th Infantry Division , which came to the new division along with the 46th Infantry Regiment . The 46th Reserve Infantry Regiment was formerly part of the 10th Reserve Division . The 58th Infantry Regiment came from the 9th Infantry Division . The division was primarily recruited in the V Army Corps area ( Posen and Lower Silesia ) ."}
{"_id": "1246_Chaka", "title": "1246 Chaka", "headings": "", "text": "1246 Chaka ( 1932 OA ) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on July 23 , 1932 , by Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Union Observatory , South Africa . The eccentric asteroid measures about 18 kilometers in diameter and has a high albedo of 0.24 .   It was later named after Shaka , also Chaka or Tchaka , founder and one of the most influential monarchs of the Zulu Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1977_NBA_draft", "title": "1977 NBA draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 NBA draft was the 31st annual draft of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The draft was held on June 10 , 1977 , before the 1977 -- 78 season . In this draft , 22 NBA teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . The first two picks in the draft belonged to the teams that finished last in each conference , with the order determined by a coin flip . The Milwaukee Bucks won the coin flip and were awarded the first overall pick , while the Kansas City Kings , who obtained the New York Nets first-round pick in a trade , were awarded the second pick . The remaining first-round picks and the subsequent rounds were assigned to teams in reverse order of their win -- loss record in the previous season . A player who had finished his four-year college eligibility was eligible for selection . If a player left college early , he would not be eligible for selection until his college class graduated . Before the draft , six college underclassman were declared eligible for selection under the `` hardship '' rule . These players had applied and gave evidence of financial hardship to the league , which granted them the right to start earning their living by starting their professional careers earlier . Four former American Basketball Association ( ABA ) franchises who joined the NBA when both leagues merged , the Denver Nuggets , the Indiana Pacers , the New York Nets and the San Antonio Spurs , took part in the NBA Draft for the first time . Prior to the start of the season , the Nets relocated to New Jersey and became the New Jersey Nets . The draft consisted of 8 rounds comprising the selection of 170 players ."}
{"_id": "1925_Rochester_Jeffersons_season", "title": "1925 Rochester Jeffersons season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 Rochester Jeffersons season was their sixth and final season in the National Football League . The team improved on their previous record against league opponents of 0 -- 7 , losing only six games and logging a tie . They tied for sixteenth in the league .   The previous season saw the culmination of the team 's low scoring output , but their woes only improved slightly during the 1925 season . Between 1922 and 1924 , the team lost fifteen consecutive NFL games by a combined score of 360 -- 13 ( scoring only one touchdown for every 26 that their opponents scored ) . They were shut out during thirteen of these fifteen NFL games , including a six-game streak being outscored 179 -- 0 .   In 1925 , though , their scoring output improved , being outscored by a margin of only 111 -- 26 . Despite the improvement both on offense and defense , the team finished without a victory for the fourth consecutive season . This streak of 23 games without a victory is topped only by 1976 -- 77 Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 26 consecutive losses ) .   During their six-year existence , the team had logged a record of 8 -- 27 -- 4 , with only two victories against teams then in the NFL ( 45 -- 0 over the Tonawanda Kardex , which turned out to be Tonawanda 's only game in the NFL , and 27 -- 13 over the Columbus Panhandles , both during the 1921 season ) . These two victories were the last the team would experience . The Jeffersons were unable to log a victory over any team currently in the NFL , going 0 -- 5 against the Chicago Cardinals , Chicago Bears , Green Bay Packers , and New York Giants .   For the 1925 season , the Jeffersons were coached by Cecil `` Tex '' Grigg . Grigg also played on the team as a kicker while simultaneously coaching , successfully kicking two extra point attempts during the season . These were his only kicking attempts in his career . The 1925 season was his only year coaching , but Grigg did continue his playing days for two more seasons , one with the New York Giants and one with the Frankford Yellow Jackets . He would go on to play as a running back and scored five touchdowns in his career , including an interception return .   The team , one of the fourteen original teams in the National Football League , ceased operations after the 1925 season . Owner Leo Lyons , one of the founders of the NFL , ran out of money when the Jeffersons failed to draw sufficient crowds to attend their games . Because of a league-sanctioned suspension of operations , the team was still technically in existence through the 1926 and 1927 seasons , but Lyons allowed the franchise to expire on September 15 , 1928 , nearly three years after the team had played its last game ."}
{"_id": "1871_Troy_Haymakers_season", "title": "1871 Troy Haymakers season", "headings": "", "text": "The Troy Haymakers played their first season in 1871 as a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished sixth in the league with a record of 13 -- 15 ."}
{"_id": "1997_Ladies_European_Tour", "title": "1997 Ladies European Tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Ladies European Tour was a series of golf tournaments for elite female golfers from around the world which took place in 1997 . The tournaments were sanctioned by the Ladies European Tour ( LET ) ."}
{"_id": "100_Oaks_Mall", "title": "100 Oaks Mall", "headings": "", "text": "100 Oaks Mall ( sometimes written out as One Hundred Oaks Mall ) is a shopping mall located three miles south of downtown Nashville , Tennessee along Interstate 65 and Tennessee State Route 155 . Neighborhoods and cities around the area include Berry Hill , Woodbine and Oak Hill ."}
{"_id": "1198th_Operational_Evaluation_and_Training_Squadron", "title": "1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron was a unit at Norton Air Force Base , San Bernardino , California from 1965 to 1972 which conducted the initial testing of Lockheed C-130 Hercules transports modified for special operations . This went on under the project names of Thin Slice and Heavy Chain which led to the MC-130 Combat Talons , still a key component of Air Force Special Operations Command . Its initial commander was Lt. Col. Robert Marks ."}
{"_id": "1886_Atlantic_hurricane_season", "title": "1886 Atlantic hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1886 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the early summer and the first half of fall in 1886 . This is the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . It was a very active year , with ten hurricanes , seven of which struck the United States . Four hurricanes became major hurricanes ( Category 3 + ) . However , in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies , only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are known , so the actual total could be higher . An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated . Of the known 1886 cyclones , Hurricane Seven and Tropical Storm Eleven were first documented in 1996 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz . They also proposed large alterations to the known tracks of several other 1886 storms ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_IHF_Women's_Cup_Winners'_Cup", "title": "1986–87 IHF Women's Cup Winners' Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 -- 87 IHF Women 's Cup Winners ' Cup was the eleventh edition of IHF 's competition for European women 's handball national cup champions .   Kuban Krasnodar defeated 1977 and 1979 champion Berliner TSC in the final , becoming the first Soviet team to win the Cup Winners ' Cup . Semifinalist Chimistul Râmnicu Vâlcea ended a 5-year period of Yugoslav hegemony in the competition beating ŽRK Voždovac in the quarterfinals ."}
{"_id": "1st_Army_(Wehrmacht)", "title": "1st Army (Wehrmacht)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st Army ( 1 . Armee ) was a World War II field army ."}
{"_id": "1980_World_Series_of_Poker", "title": "1980 World Series of Poker", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) was a series of poker tournaments held at Binion 's Horseshoe ."}
{"_id": "1994_VFA_season", "title": "1994 VFA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Victorian Football Association season was the 113th season of the Australian rules football competition ; and , it was the final season contested under the administration of the Association as an independent body , before control of the competition was ceded to the Victorian State Football League at the end of the year . The premiership was won by the Sandringham Football Club , after it defeated Box Hill in the Grand Final on 25 September by nine points ; it was the fifth premiership won by the club ."}
{"_id": "(311999)_2007_NS2", "title": "(311999) 2007 NS2", "headings": "", "text": "is an asteroid orbiting near the of Mars ."}
{"_id": "1920–21_French_Rugby_Union_Championship", "title": "1920–21 French Rugby Union Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920-21 French Rugby Union Championship 1920-21 was won by US Perpignan that beat Toulose in the final .   The Championship , organized before by USFSA ( Union des sociétés françaises de sports athlétiques ) , for the first time was organized by the new Fédération française de rugby .   The Championship was open at the better club of the French regions .  After a prelimanry round , the eliminatory consisted of semifinals and finals ."}
{"_id": "1922_in_architecture", "title": "1922 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1922 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings ."}
{"_id": "1918_Washington_and_Lee_Generals_football_team", "title": "1918 Washington and Lee Generals football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented the Washington and Lee Generals of Washington and Lee during the 1918 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1939–40_Chicago_Black_Hawks_season", "title": "1939–40 Chicago Black Hawks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 -- 40 Chicago Black Hawks season was the team 's 14th season in the NHL , and they were coming off a disastrous 1938 -- 39 season , in which the Hawks were the only team in the 7 team league to not qualify for the playoffs . Paul Thompson , who finished the previous season as a player-coach with the Hawks , would retire from playing and become the full-time head coach of the team , and Chicago responded , as they improved by 20 points , finishing above .500 for the first time since 1935 -- 36 , and having their highest point total since 1934 -- 35 , as they would have a 23 -- 19 -- 6 record for 52 points , good for 4th place in the NHL standings .   Rookie Doug Bentley would lead the team with 12 goals , while Cully Dahlstrom would have team highs in assists ( 19 ) and points ( 30 ) . Joe Cooper led all defensemen with 11 points and had a team high 59 penalty minutes , while fellow blueliner Earl Seibert had another productive season , earning 10 points , despite missing some time due to injuries .   In goal , Mike Karakas would begin the season as the starter , however , after 17 games , he was loaned to the Montreal Canadiens for the remainder of the year after posting a 7 -- 9 -- 1 record and a 3.31 GAA . Paul Goodman would then be named the Hawks starting goalie , and he would respond with a 16 -- 10 -- 5 record , and a team high 1.94 GAA .   Chicago would return to the playoffs after a 1-year absence , as they would face the 3rd place team , the Toronto Maple Leafs in a best of 3 series in the 1st round . The Leafs would win the first game of the series by a score of 3 -- 2 in OT at Maple Leaf Gardens , and Toronto would then eliminate Chicago by a 2 -- 1 score in the 2nd game at Chicago Stadium to eliminate the Black Hawks ."}
{"_id": "1932_Arkansas_Razorbacks_football_team", "title": "1932 Arkansas Razorbacks football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas in the Southwest Conference ( SWC ) during the 1932 college football season . In their fourth year under head coach Fred Thomsen , the Razorbacks compiled a 1 -- 6 -- 2 record ( 1 -- 4 against SWC opponents ) , finished in last place in the SWC , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 133 to 65 ."}
{"_id": "1965_U.S._Open_(golf)", "title": "1965 U.S. Open (golf)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 U.S. Open was the 65th U.S. Open , held June 17 -- 21 at Bellerive Country Club in Town and Country , Missouri , a suburb west of St. Louis . Gary Player of South Africa defeated Kel Nagle of Australia in an 18-hole playoff to win his only U.S. Open title . Player was the first foreign-born winner of the U.S. Open since 1927 , and the win completed his career Grand Slam at age 29 . It was the fourth of his nine major titles .   The five-year-old course at Bellerive was the U.S. Open 's longest to date at 7191 yd , and had the potential to reach 7500 yd . The quality of the young course 's turf varied , with burned out or diseased areas which the USGA did not allow relief from . The field consisted of 136 professionals and 14 amateurs , with the top fifty and ties advancing after 36 holes . This was the first time that the U.S. Open was scheduled for four days , with the final round on Sunday . Previously the third and fourth rounds were both played on Saturday . The U.S. Women 's Open also changed to this format , held two weeks later in early July ."}
{"_id": "1992_AFC_Asian_Cup_qualification", "title": "1992 AFC Asian Cup qualification", "headings": "", "text": "The Japan ( hosts ) and Saudi Arabia ( holders ) qualified automatically for the 1992 AFC Asian Cup . Six other teams had to qualify for the event , scheduled from 29 October to 8 November . There were a total number of 20 participating teams in the qualifying tournament ."}
{"_id": "...explosante-fixe...", "title": "...explosante-fixe...", "headings": "", "text": "... explosante-fixe ... ( ... exploding-fixed ... ) is a piece of music composed by Pierre Boulez . Initially conceived in 1971 as a memorial for Igor Stravinsky , who died in April of that year , Boulez composed several different versions of the work between 1972 and 1993 , culminating in a piece for solo MIDI-flute and chamber orchestra ."}
{"_id": "1921_German_Ice_Hockey_Championship", "title": "1921 German Ice Hockey Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 German Ice Hockey Championship was the fifth season of the German Ice Hockey Championship , the national championship of Germany . Berliner Schlittschuhclub won the championship by defeating MTV Munchen 1879 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1973_Sacramento_State_Hornets_football_team", "title": "1973 Sacramento State Hornets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Sacramento State Hornets football team represented Sacramento State University The official name of Sacramento State is California State University , Sacramento . However , it is still commonly known as Sacramento State . See : Sacramento State during the 1973 NCAA Division II football season .   Sacramento State competed in the Far Western Conference ( FWC ) . The Hornets were led by head coach Ray Clemons in his thirteeenth season . They played home games at Hornet Stadium in Sacramento , California . The team finished the season with a record of one win and nine losses ( 1 -- 9 , 0 -- 5 FWC ) . Overall , the team was outscored by its opponents 106 -- 186 for the season ."}
{"_id": "1905_Norwegian_Football_Cup", "title": "1905 Norwegian Football Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 Norwegian Football Cup was the fourth season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament . The tournament was open for 1905 local association leagues ( kretsserier ) champions , except in Kristiania og omegn where a separate cup qualifying tournament was held . Odd won their third consecutive title ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_Blackpool_F.C._season", "title": "1965–66 Blackpool F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 -- 66 season was Blackpool F.C. 's 58th season ( 57th consecutive ) in the Football League . They competed in the 22-team Division One , then the top tier of English football , finishing thirteenth .   Ray Charnley was the club 's top overall scorer for the eighth consecutive season , with 19 goals . Alan Ball ( sixteen goals ) shared the accolade with him in the league ."}
{"_id": "1990_All-Ireland_Under-21_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1990 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship was the 27th staging of the All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1964 . The championship ended on 9 September 1990 .   The championship was won by Kilkenny who secured the title following a 2-11 to 1-11 defeat of Tipperary in the All-Ireland final . This was their fifth All-Ireland title , their first in six championship seasons .   Tipperary were the defending champions ."}
{"_id": "1980_in_motorsport", "title": "1980 in motorsport", "headings": "", "text": "The following is an overview of the events of 1980 in motorsport including the major racing events , motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year , championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year , births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people ."}
{"_id": "1996_Colorado_Buffaloes_football_team", "title": "1996 Colorado Buffaloes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Colorado Buffaloes football team represented the University of Colorado at Boulder during the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team played their home games at Folsom Field in Boulder , Colorado . They participated in the Big 12 Conference in the North Division . They were coached by head coach Rick Neuheisel .   With the bowl victory , Colorado recorded its third straight 10-win season for the first time in school history ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_NHL_season", "title": "1963–64 NHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 NHL season was the 47th season of the National Hockey League . Six teams each played 70 games . The Toronto Maple Leafs won their third consecutive Stanley Cup by defeating the Detroit Red Wings four games to three in the final series ."}
{"_id": "1929_The_Citadel_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1929 The Citadel Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel , The Military College of South Carolina in the 1929 college football season . Carl Prause served as head coach for the eighth season . The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association and played home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1943_Naples_post-office_bombing", "title": "1943 Naples post-office bombing", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 Naples post office bombing occurred on October 7 , 1943 , after the U.S. Fifth Army had captured Naples ( October 1 ) and reached the Volturno River ( October 6 ) . The Central Post Office Building , an imposing structure completed in 1936 and located in the center of the city , was looted by the Nazi troops during the occupation and after their retreat was occupied by families made homeless by the bombing and destruction heaped on the city during the insurrection , known as the `` Four days of Naples '' , that had taken place a few weeks earlier . On that morning a series of violent explosions ripped through the building and caused heavy damage to the surrounding buildings and the death of more than 100 people , including women , children and members of a 82nd Airborne Division unit . The unit was commanded by General Matthew B. Ridgway . An investigation determined that the explosion was the result of several time bombs planted by the Germans six days earlier .   A reporter from the Time and Life magazines , Will Lang Jr. , was no more than 300 feet from the explosion when it occurred . The shockwave threw him to the ground , and the impact sprained his right arm . A photographer for LIFE magazine , Robert Capa , and Acme News photographer Charles Corte began taking pictures of the shattered Post Office and the carnage lying in the streets . One of the physicians on hand was Brigadier General Edgar Hume whose office was across the street from the post office ."}
{"_id": "1985_Bristol_Open", "title": "1985 Bristol Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Bristol Open , also known as the West of England Grass Court Championships , was a men 's tennis tournament played on grass courts that was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix circuit . It was played at Bristol in Great Britain from 17 to 24 June 1985 . The final could not be played on the outdoor grass courts due to persistent rain and was moved to an indoor court at David Lloyds Racket Club in Heston . Marty Davis won the singles final in front of just a handful of spectators and commented `` I have n't really played in many finals , and I did n't really care if it had to be switched here or to the Falkand Islands , I was just delighted to win it '' ."}
{"_id": "1931–32_East_Stirlingshire_F.C._season", "title": "1931–32 East Stirlingshire F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 -- 32 season was East Stirlingshire Football Club 's eighth consecutive season in the Scottish Division Two , having been promoted from the inaugural Division Three in 1923 -- 24 . The club also competed in the Scottish Cup and the minor Stirlingshire Cup ."}
{"_id": "1947_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team", "title": "1947 Vanderbilt Commodores football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1947 college football season . The season featured the first top-20 ranking in the school history in 1947 , where the team was ranked # 10 after opening the season with two wins . The team defended its ranking with a defeat of # 18 Mississippi , the first time Vanderbilt played a ranked school while ranked ."}
{"_id": "1807_in_South_Africa", "title": "1807 in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __"}
{"_id": "1946_in_radio", "title": "1946 in radio", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1946 saw a number of significant events in radio broadcasting history .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1942–43_New_York_Rangers_season", "title": "1942–43 New York Rangers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 -- 43 New York Rangers season was the 17th season for the team in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . During the regular season , the Rangers posted an 11 -- 31 -- 8 record and finished with 30 points . The Rangers finished in last place in the NHL ."}
{"_id": "1440s_in_poetry", "title": "1440s in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1963_in_Brazilian_television", "title": "1963 in Brazilian television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Brazilian television related events from 1963 ."}
{"_id": "1973–74_UAE_Football_League", "title": "1973–74 UAE Football League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of UAE Football League in season 1973/74 ."}
{"_id": "10Kh", "title": "10Kh", "headings": "", "text": "10Kh was the designation for the initial series of Soviet Union pulse jet engine powered air-launched cruise missiles , reverse engineered from the Fieseler Fi 103 ( V-1 ) flying bomb , developed in the 1950s by OKB-52 under the leadership of Vladimir Nikolaevič Čelomej ( Chelomey ) and cancelled in the same decade ."}
{"_id": "1925_Czechoslovak_First_League", "title": "1925 Czechoslovak First League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Czechoslovak First League in the 1925 season . Jan Vaník was the league 's top scorer with 13 goals ."}
{"_id": "1890–91_in_Scottish_football", "title": "1890–91 in Scottish football", "headings": "", "text": "1890 -- 91 in Scottish football was the 18th season of competitive football in Scotland . This season saw the introduction of the Scottish Football League with ten teams competing ."}
{"_id": "1982_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1982 Georgia Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the University of Georgia during the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season . The offense scored 338 points while the defense allowed 160 points . Led by head coach Vince Dooley , the top ranked Bulldogs lost to number two Penn State 23-27 in the Sugar Bowl ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_Newport_County_A.F.C._season", "title": "1986–87 Newport County A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 -- 87 season was Newport County 's seventh consecutive season in the Third Division , their 40th in the third tier and 59th overall in the Football League . They finished the season in 24th place and were relegated to the Fourth Division for the 1987 -- 88 season .   Caretaker manager John Relish surprisingly was n't chosen to continue as manager despite saving the club from relegation the previous year , and Jimmy Mullen was instead brought in as player-manager . The club started the season okay , albeit somewhat inconsistently , and occupied mid-table until the start of November . Things went horribly wrong after that however , and the club ensured a second successive season spending three months without a win . A 1 -- 0 win over Doncaster on Valentine 's Day saw a temporary improvement in form , but a 5 -- 2 thumping at the hands of Notts County cost Mullen his job , with John Lewis stepping up to the manager 's job for the rest of the season . The club picked up enough points here and there to maintain an outside chance of survival until the final weeks of the season , but a dismal return of just one point from the last six games saw them finish rock-bottom ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Segunda_Divisão_B", "title": "1992–93 Segunda Divisão B", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 Segunda Divisão season was the 59th season of the competition and the 43rd season of recognised third-tier football in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1968_Illinois_earthquake", "title": "1968 Illinois earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Illinois earthquake ( a `` New Madrid event '' ) was the largest recorded earthquake in the U.S. Midwestern state of Illinois . Striking at 11:02 a.m. on November 9 , it measured 5.4 on the Richter scale . Although there were no fatalities , the event caused considerable structural damage to buildings , including the toppling of chimneys and shaking in Chicago , the region 's largest city . The earthquake was one of the most widely felt in U.S. history , affecting 23 states over an area of 580000 sqmi . In studying its cause , scientists discovered the Cottage Grove Fault in the Southern Illinois Basin .   Within the region , millions felt the rupture . Reactions to the earthquake varied : some people near the epicenter did not react to the shaking , while others panicked . A future earthquake in the region is extremely likely ; in 2005 , seismologists and geologists estimated a 90 % chance of a magnitude 6 -- 7 tremor before 2055 , likely originating in the Wabash Valley seismic zone on the Illinois -- Indiana border or the New Madrid fault zone ."}
{"_id": "1990_Newsweek_Champions_Cup_–_Singles", "title": "1990 Newsweek Champions Cup – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Miloslav Mečíř was the defending champion , but lost in the first round to Richey Reneberg .   Stefan Edberg won the title , defeating Andre Agassi 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 1 ) , 7 -- 6 ( 8 -- 6 ) in the final ."}
{"_id": "1974–75_DFB-Pokal", "title": "1974–75 DFB-Pokal", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 -- 75 DFB-Pokal was the 32nd season of the annual German football cup competition . The DFB-Pokal is considered the second-most important club title in German football after the Bundesliga championship . 128 teams competed in the tournament of seven rounds which began on 7 September 1974 and ended on 21 June 1975 . In the final Eintracht Frankfurt defeated MSV Duisburg 1 -- 0 , thereby defending their title from the previous season . It was Frankfurt 's second victory in the cup ."}
{"_id": "1809_in_archaeology", "title": "1809 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1809 CE in archaeology included many events , some of which are listed below ."}
{"_id": "1982_Cleveland_Indians_season", "title": "1982 Cleveland Indians season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1971_in_Canadian_television", "title": "1971 in Canadian television", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1986_North_Palm_Springs_earthquake", "title": "1986 North Palm Springs earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 North Palm Springs earthquake occurred on July 8 at with a moment magnitude of 6.0 and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of VII ( Very strong ) . The shock occurred in a complex setting along the San Andreas Fault Zone where it bisects San Gorgonio Mountain and San Jacinto Peak at the San Gorgonio Pass and was the first in a series of three earthquakes that affected southern California and the northern Owens Valley in July 1986 . Between 29 and 40 people were injured , and financial losses were estimated to be in the range of $ 4.5 to 6 million ."}
{"_id": "1959–60_Liga_Leumit", "title": "1959–60 Liga Leumit", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 -- 60 Liga Leumit season took place between September 1959 and June 1960 . Hapoel Petah Tikva won their second consecutive title , whilst Hapoel Ramat Gan were relegated . Rafi Levi of Maccabi Tel Aviv was the league 's top scorer with 19 goals .   The league used two points for a win and one for a draw ."}
{"_id": "1763_in_Russia", "title": "1763 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1763 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1994–95_Slovak_Superliga", "title": "1994–95 Slovak Superliga", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Slovak Superliga in season 1994/1995 ."}
{"_id": "154_Bertha", "title": "154 Bertha", "headings": "", "text": "154 Bertha is a main-belt asteroid . It was discovered by the French brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on November 4 , 1875 , but the credit for the discovery was given to Prosper . It is probably named after Berthe Martin-Flammarion , sister of the astronomer Camille Flammarion .   Observations performed at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs , Colorado in during 2007 produced a light curve with a period of 22.30 ± 0.03 hours and a brightness range of 0.10 ± 0.02 in magnitude . A 1998 measurement gave a value of 27.6 hours , which does n't fit the PDO data . In 2011 , observations from the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces , New Mexico were used to determine a rotation period of 25.224 ± 0.002 hours with a brightness variability of 0.10 ± 0.01 magnitude , ruling out previous studies .   This is classified as a C-type asteroid and it has an estimated diameter of about 187 km ."}
{"_id": "1952_Coupe_de_France_Final", "title": "1952 Coupe de France Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir , Colombes on May 4 , 1952 , that saw OGC Nice defeat FC Girondins de Bordeaux 5 -- 3 with goals by Victor Nuremberg , Luis Carniglia , Jean Belver , Abdelaziz Ben Tifour and Georges Césari ."}
{"_id": "1995_attack_on_the_Pakistani_embassy_in_Kabul", "title": "1995 attack on the Pakistani embassy in Kabul", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 attack on the Pakistan Embassy in Kabul occurred on 6 September 1995 when up to 5,000 protestors attacked and sacked the embassy of Pakistan in Kabul , Afghanistan , after the Taliban militia had captured Herat from the internationally recognised Islamic State of Afghanistan . One person was killed and twenty six others , including the Pakistani ambassador , were injured . The attack occurred due to the Afghan peoples belief that Pakistan had helped the Taliban to take the city ."}
{"_id": "1917_Western_State_Hilltoppers_football_team", "title": "1917 Western State Hilltoppers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 Western State Hilltoppers football team represented Western State Normal School ( later renamed Western Michigan University ) as an independent during the 1917 college football season . In their 11th season under head coach William H. Spaulding , the Hilltoppers compiled a 4 -- 3 record and outscored their opponents , 203 to 105 . Tackle Warren Allen was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1989_NHL_Supplemental_Draft", "title": "1989 NHL Supplemental Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 NHL Supplemental Draft took place in June 1989 ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_A_Group", "title": "1994–95 A Group", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Bulgarian A Football Group in the 1994 -- 1995 season ."}
{"_id": "1935_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1935 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Fourth-seeded Helen Moody defeated Helen Jacobs 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 in the final to win the Ladies ' Singles tennis title at the 1935 Wimbledon Championships ."}
{"_id": "1957_Titleholders_Championship", "title": "1957 Titleholders Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 Titleholders Championship was contested from March 14 -- 17 at Augusta Country Club . It was the 18th edition of the Titleholders Championship .   This event was won by Patty Berg ."}
{"_id": "1975_Oregon_Webfoots_football_team", "title": "1975 Oregon Webfoots football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon in the 1975 NCAA Division I football season ."}
{"_id": "1992_CECAFA_Cup", "title": "1992 CECAFA Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 CECAFA Cup was the 19th edition of the tournament . It was held in Tanzania , and was won by Uganda . The matches were played between November 15 -- 28 .   Tanzania sent two teams : Tanzania A and Tanzania B."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Atlanta_Hawks_season", "title": "1997–98 Atlanta Hawks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 NBA season was the Hawks ' 49th season in the National Basketball Association , and 30th season in Atlanta . Due to the demolition of The Omni , the Hawks played their home games at the Georgia Dome , and their original home from 1968 to 1972 , the Alexander Memorial Coliseum ( known as McDonald 's Center at the time ) . The Hawks got off to a fast start winning their first eleven games , but later on struggled posting a 7-game losing streak between December and January . They finished fourth in the Central Division with a solid 50 -- 32 record . Dikembe Mutombo was named Defensive Player of the Year for the second consecutive time , and was selected for the 1998 NBA All-Star Game along with Steve Smith , while forward Alan Henderson won the Most Improved Player of The Year award . However , in the first round of the playoffs , the Hawks lost in four games to the Charlotte Hornets .   On March 27 , 1998 , the Hawks set a single game regular season attendance record of 62,046 fans in a game against the Chicago Bulls at the Georgia Dome . However , they lost 89 -- 74 . Following the season , Christian Laettner signed as a free agent with the Detroit Pistons , and Eldridge Recasner signed with the Charlotte Hornets ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_Burnley_F.C._season", "title": "1986–87 Burnley F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 -- 1987 season was Burnley 's second season in the fourth tier of English football . They were managed by Brian Miller in his first full season in charge .   This season was the worst-ever Burnley season , finishing 22nd at Fourth Division ( near to be relegated to Football Conference , avoiding relegation by 1 point ) , and knocked-out in first round in both national cups ( FA Cup and League Cup ) ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_National_Basketball_League_season", "title": "1985–86 National Basketball League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 -- 86 Carlsberg National Basketball League season was the fourteenth season of the National Basketball League formed in 1972 .   The league was sponsored by Carlsberg for the second consecutive year and the Kingston Kings completed a Play Off 's & National Cup double but Manchester United won the League title ."}
{"_id": "1782_in_sports", "title": "1782 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1782 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1994_Epsom_Derby", "title": "1994 Epsom Derby", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Epsom Derby was a horse race which took place at Epsom Downs on Wednesday 1 June 1994 . It was the 215th running of the Derby , and it was won by the pre-race favourite Erhaab . The winner was ridden by Willie Carson and trained by John Dunlop ."}
{"_id": "1988_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1988 U.S. Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 United States Figure Skating Championships was an event organized by U.S. Figure Skating to determine the U.S. national champions . The event was one of the criteria used to select the U.S. teams for the 1988 Winter Olympics , as well as the 1988 World Championships . Medals were awarded in four colors : gold ( first ) , silver ( second ) , bronze ( third ) , and pewter ( fourth ) in four disciplines -- men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing -- across three levels : senior , junior , and novice . The 1988 Championships took place between January 4 and 10 , 1988 in Denver , Colorado ."}
{"_id": "1922_Buffalo_All-Americans_season", "title": "1922 Buffalo All-Americans season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 Buffalo All-Americans season was their third in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous output of 9 -- 1 -- 2 . They finished ninth in the league ."}
{"_id": "1985_Virginia_Slims_of_Dallas", "title": "1985 Virginia Slims of Dallas", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Virginia Slims of Dallas , also known as the `` VS of Dallas , '' was a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Dallas , Texas in the United States . It was part of the 1985 WTA Tour and was played from March 11 through March 17 , 1985 ."}
{"_id": "1973_in_Estonian_television", "title": "1973 in Estonian television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Estonian television related events from 1973 ."}
{"_id": "1867_San_Narciso_hurricane", "title": "1867 San Narciso hurricane", "headings": "", "text": "The San Narciso Hurricane was the ninth and last known hurricane of the 1867 Atlantic hurricane season . Forming late in the month of October , the hurricane , the costliest and deadliest storm of the 1867 Atlantic hurricane season , caused at least 811 deaths in Sankt Thomas ( Danish West Indies ) and Captaincy General of Puerto Rico and at least $ 1 million ( 1867 USD ) in damage ."}
{"_id": "1928–29_Sheffield_Shield_season", "title": "1928–29 Sheffield Shield season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1928 -- 29 Sheffield Shield season was the 33rd season of the Sheffield Shield , the domestic cricket competition of Australia . New South Wales won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1864_in_Norway", "title": "1864 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1896_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team", "title": "1896 Penn State Nittany Lions football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1896 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1896 college football season . The team was coached by Samuel Newton and played its home games on Beaver Field in University Park , Pennsylvania .   Despite the article title , the school did not adopt the Nittany Lion as its mascot until 1907 ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Denver_Nuggets_season", "title": "1991–92 Denver Nuggets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 NBA season was the Nuggets ' 16th season in the National Basketball Association , and 25th season as a franchise . To improve defensively , the Nuggets selected Georgetown center Dikembe Mutombo with the fourth pick in the 1991 NBA draft . Mutombo was a native of Zaire , and spoke 9 languages ( English , French , Portuguese , Spanish , and five African dialects ) . He had an immediate impact as the Nuggets showed improvement with an 8 -- 8 start to the season , then holding a 17 -- 26 record at the end of January . However , in the second half of the season , the Nuggets struggled losing nine consecutive games between February and March , then posting a 11-game losing streak near the end of the season . The Nuggets won just 7 of their last 39 games to post a record of 24 -- 58 , fifth in the Midwest Division .   Reggie Williams led the team in scoring with 18.2 points per game , and Mutombo made the All-Rookie First Team while being selected for the 1992 NBA All-Star Game . Meanwhile , top draft pick Mark Macon made the All-Rookie Second Team ."}
{"_id": "1938_Mississippi_State_Maroons_football_team", "title": "1938 Mississippi State Maroons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 Mississippi State Maroons football team represented Mississippi State College during the 1938 college football season . Spike Nelson took over as head coach after the sudden resignation of Ralph Sasse . Nelson instituted new cardinal and gold uniforms , rather than the traditional maroon and white , upsetting fans and alumni . Nelson also proved unpopular with players and was not retained after the season ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Hong_Kong_FA_Cup", "title": "1995–96 Hong Kong FA Cup", "headings": "", "text": "1995 -- 96 Hong Kong FA Cup was the 22nd staging of the Hong Kong FA Cup . It was competed by all of the 10 teams from Hong Kong First Division League . The competition kicked off on 17 March 1996 and finished on 21 April with the final .   South China captured the cup for the sixth time after beating Golden by 4-1 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1589_Fanatica", "title": "1589 Fanatica", "headings": "", "text": "1589 Fanatica , provisional designation , is a stony , Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 11 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 13 September 1950 , by Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at La Plata Astronomical Observatory in La Plata , Argentina . It was named after Eva Perón ."}
{"_id": "1970_Pau_Grand_Prix", "title": "1970 Pau Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Pau Grand Prix was a Formula Two motor race held on 5 April 1970 at the Pau circuit , in Pau , Pyrénées-Atlantiques , France . The Grand Prix was won by Jochen Rindt , driving the Lotus 69 . Henri Pescarolo finished second and Tim Schenken third ."}
{"_id": "1988–89_Clydebank_F.C._season", "title": "1988–89 Clydebank F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988-89 season was Clydebank 's twenty-third season in the Scottish Football League . They competed in the Scottish First Division and finished 3rd . They also competed in the Scottish League Cup and Scottish Cup ."}
{"_id": "(I_Wanna_Give_You)_Devotion", "title": "(I Wanna Give You) Devotion", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( I Wan na Give You ) Devotion '' is a house/rave themed club track by British dance outfit Nomad . The track was a top ten UK hit in 1991 , where it reached number 2 , and a number 1 Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart single in the United States , where it reached the top spot in June 1991 and stayed there for one week ."}
{"_id": "(5407)_1992_AX", "title": "(5407) 1992 AX", "headings": "", "text": "( 5407 ) 1992 AX is a Mars-crossing minor planet . It was discovered by Seiji Ueda and Hiroshi Kaneda in Kushiro , Hokkaidō , on January 4 , 1992 ."}
{"_id": "1899_U.S._National_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1899 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Malcolm Whitman defended his title by beating Jahial Parmly Paret in four sets in the challenge round ."}
{"_id": "14K", "title": "14K", "headings": "", "text": "14K may refer to :  14K ( Death Race ) a fictional character in the Death Race film series .  14K Triad , a Chinese criminal organization  Gnome-Rhône 14K , an aircraft engine of the 1920s and 1930s  14K , another term for Fourteener mountain peaks ( above 14,000 feet ) of Rocky Mountains in western North America ."}
{"_id": "1922_in_sports", "title": "1922 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1922 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_UMass_Minutemen_basketball_team", "title": "1994–95 UMass Minutemen basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 UMass Minutemen basketball team represented the University of Massachusetts Amherst during the 1994 -- 95 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The Minutemen , led by seventh year head coach John Calipari , played their home games at William D. Mullins Memorial Center and were members of the Atlantic 10 Conference . They finished the season 29 -- 5 , 13 -- 3 in A-10 play to finish in first place ."}
{"_id": "1924_Latvian_Football_Championship", "title": "1924 Latvian Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Latvian Higher League in the 1924 season ."}
{"_id": "1959_World_Archery_Championships", "title": "1959 World Archery Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 World Archery Championships was the 20th edition of the World Archery Championships . The event was held in Stockholm , Sweden in August 1959 and was organised by World Archery Federation ( FITA ) . It marked the first win in a run of 13 successive championship wins for the United States men 's team ."}
{"_id": "1989_Virginia_Slims_Championships", "title": "1989 Virginia Slims Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Virginia Slims Championships were the nineteenth WTA Tour Championships , the annual tennis tournament for the best female tennis players in singles on the 1989 WTA Tour . It was held in the week of 13 November 1989 , in Madison Square Garden in New York City , United States ."}
{"_id": "1640_in_music", "title": "1640 in music", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1920_SAFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1920 SAFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 SAFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football competition . beat 69 to 21 ."}
{"_id": "1937_Women's_Western_Open", "title": "1937 Women's Western Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Women 's Western Open was a golf competition held at Beverly Country Club , the 8th edition of the event . Helen Hicks won the championship in match play competition by defeating Bea Barrett in the final match , 6 and 5 .   Category : Women 's Western Open  Category : Golf in Illinois  Category : Sports in Chicago  Women 's Western Open  Women 's Western Open  Women 's Western Open"}
{"_id": "11th_Gurkha_Rifles", "title": "11th Gurkha Rifles", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Gurkha Rifles was a Gurkha regiment of the British Indian Army . It was formed in Mesopotamia and Palestine in May 1918 , saw active service in the First World War and the Third Anglo-Afghan War , and was disbanded in April 1922 ."}
{"_id": "1973_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_football_team", "title": "1973 San Diego State Aztecs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 San Diego State Aztecs football team represented California State University San DiegoSan Diego State University was officially named California State University , San Diego from 1972 -- 1973 . See : San Diego State during the 1973 NCAA Division I football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association.The Big West Conference was known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association from its founding in 1969 through 1987 . See : Big West Conference   The team was led by head coach Claude Gilbert , in his first year , and played their home games at San Diego StadiumQualcomm Stadium was known as San Diego Stadium from its opening in 1967 through 1980 . See : Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego , California . They finished the season as Conference Champion for the second consecutive year , with a record of nine wins , one loss and one tie ( 9 -- 1 -- 1 , 3 -- 0 -- 1 PCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1952_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team", "title": "1952 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1952 Big Ten Conference football season . In their second year under head coach Wes Fesler , the Golden Gophers compiled a 4 -- 3 -- 2 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 171 to 131 .   Halfback Paul Giel was named an All-American by the Associated Press , FWAA and Look Magazine . Giel received Chicago Tribune Silver Football , awarded to the most valuable player of the Big Ten . Giel , running back Bob MacNamara and guard Percy Zachary were named All-Big Ten first team . Giel finished third in voting for the Heisman Trophy .   Paul Giel was awarded the Team MVP Award .   Total attendance for the season was 270,292 , which averaged to 54,058 . The season high for attendance was against rival Iowa ."}
{"_id": "1981_Palanca_Awards", "title": "1981 Palanca Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature winners in the year 1981 ( rank/prize ,  title of winning entry , name of author ) .  __ NOTOC __"}
{"_id": "1990_Cameroonian_Premier_League", "title": "1990 Cameroonian Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "In the 1990 season of MTN Elite One , 16 teams competed . Union Douala won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1904_International_Cross_Country_Championships", "title": "1904 International Cross Country Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 International Cross Country Championships was held in St Helens , England , at the Haydock Park Racecourse on March 26 , 1904 .  A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald .  Complete results , medallists ,  and the results of British athletes were published ."}
{"_id": "1st_CIMIC_Battalion_(Romania)", "title": "1st CIMIC Battalion (Romania)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st CIMIC Battalion , ( Batalionul 1 Cooperare Civil-Militară ) is the only Civil-Military cooperation battalion of the Romanian Land Forces and was formed in September 2001 .   It is currently subordinated to the Romanian Staff Land Forces and its headquarters are located in Bucharest . The unit became completely operational in 2007 and it participated in peacekeeping missions in Afghanistan , Albania , Angola , Bosnia , Côte d'Ivoire , the Democratic Republic of Congo , Georgia , Iraq , Kosovo and Sudan ."}
{"_id": "1891–92_Football_League", "title": "1891–92 Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The Football League 1891 -- 1892 was the fourth season of English league football , and the last season of the football league running in a single division . Sunderland were the winners of the league which was their first ever league success . At the beginning of the season Stoke had left the Football Alliance and rejoined the Football League . Darwen also joined from the Alliance but they conceded 112 goals and finished bottom ."}
{"_id": "1605_in_art", "title": "1605 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1605 in art ."}
{"_id": "1909_Harvard_Crimson_football_team", "title": "1909 Harvard Crimson football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University The Crimson were led by second year head coach Percy Haughton and played their home games at Harvard Stadium . They finished the season with a 9 -- 1 record ."}
{"_id": "1966_European_Athletics_Championships", "title": "1966 European Athletics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 8th European Athletics Championships were held from 30 August to 4 September 1966 in the Nép Stadium in Budapest , Hungary . Contemporaneous reports on the event were given in the Glasgow Herald .   A new IAAF ruling was applied for the first time making gender verification for female events mandatory . As a consequence , all women competitors were forced to have a sex check . Several of the greatest women athletes missed this year 's championships , among them world record holders Iolanda Balaș ( high jump ) from Romania , as well as Tamara Press ( shot put ) and Tatyana Shchelkanova ( long jump ) , both from the Soviet Union ."}
{"_id": "184th_Attack_Squadron", "title": "184th Attack Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 184th Attack Squadron ( 184 ATKS ) is a unit of the Arkansas Air National Guard 188th Fighter Wing located at Fort Smith Air National Guard Station , Fort Smith , Arkansas . The 184th is equipped with the MQ-9 Reaper . In June 2014 the squadron transitioned from A-10C to the MQ-9 ."}
{"_id": "1927_Big_Ten_Conference_football_season", "title": "1927 Big Ten Conference football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Big Ten Conference football season was the 32nd season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference ( also known as the Western Conference ) and was a part of the 1927 college football season .   The 1927 Illinois Fighting Illini football team , under head coach Robert Zuppke , compiled a 7 -- 0 -- 1 record , won the Big Ten championship , led the conference in scoring defense ( 3.0 points allowed per game ) , and was recognized as the national champion under the Dickinson System rankings . Guard Russ Crane and center Robert Reitsch received first-team All-American honors .   The 1927 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team , under head coach Clarence Spears , compiled a 6 -- 0 -- 2 record , led the Big Ten in scoring offense ( 26.1 points per game ) , and was ranked No. 3 in the Dickinson System rankings . Fullback Herb Joesting was a consensus first-team All-American , and guard Harold Hanson also received first-team All-American honors from multiple selectors .   The 1927 Michigan Wolverines football team , under head coach Elton Wieman , compiled a 6 -- 2 record , shut out its first four opponents , and was ranked No. 7 in the Dickinson System rankings . Michigan end Bennie Oosterbaan was a consensus first-team All-American for the third consecutive year . Halfback Louis Gilbert was Michigan 's leading scorer and a first-team All-Big Ten player .   Chicago center Ken Rouse received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the most valuable player in the conference ."}
{"_id": "1986_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_4_×_400_metres_relay", "title": "1986 European Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 4 x 400 metres relay event at the 1986 European Athletics Championships was held in Stuttgart , then West Germany , at Neckarstadion on 31 August 1986 ."}
{"_id": "1213_Algeria", "title": "1213 Algeria", "headings": "", "text": "1213 Algeria , provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , approximately 32 kilometers in diameter . Discovered by Guy Reiss at Algiers Observatory in 1931 , it was named after the North African country of Algeria ."}
{"_id": "1975_in_New_Zealand_television", "title": "1975 in New Zealand television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of New Zealand television-related events in 1975 ."}
{"_id": "1998_in_the_European_Union", "title": "1998 in the European Union", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1998 in the European Union ."}
{"_id": "1994_Masters_Tournament", "title": "1994 Masters Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Masters Tournament was the 58th Masters Tournament , held April 7 -- 10 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta , Georgia .   José María Olazábal won the first of his two Masters titles , two strokes ahead of runner-up Tom Lehman , and became the sixth winner from Europe in the past seven Masters . Olazábal was the second champion from Spain , following Seve Ballesteros , the winner in 1980 and 1983 .   Larry Mize , the 1987 champion , led after each of the first two rounds , and Lehman assumed the 54-hole lead with one of two 69s on Saturday ; Olazábal had the other and was one stroke back , with Mize one behind in third . Lehman , age 35 , had yet to win on the PGA Tour .   In the final round , Olazábal , Lehman , and Mize shared the lead entering the back nine . Mize made three bogeys coming home and fell out of contention . Lehman bogeyed the par-3 12th to fall a stroke back , and at the par-5 15th hole , both Olazábal and Lehman had putts for eagle . Olazabal made his from 35 ft , but Lehman missed from fifteen ( 4.5 m ) , and the lead was two   After pars at 16 , Olazábal three-putted from off the 17th green for bogey , while Lehman missed a birdie from fifteen feet , and the lead was reduced to one at the final tee . Lehman 's one-iron found the left fairway bunker , the approach shot was well short of the green , and he bogeyed ; Olazábal put his approach into the gallery , but he scrambled for par and had a two-stroke   Fred Couples , the 1992 champion , did not enter due to back problems , withdrawing the previous Friday . Olazábal won his second green jacket five years later in 1999 . Lehman won his first tour event six weeks later at the Memorial , and won a major at The Open Championship in 1996 ."}
{"_id": "19th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)", "title": "19th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)", "headings": "", "text": "The was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army . Its tsūshōgō code name was the . It was also occasionally referred to in Korean accounts as Ranam Division , after the location of its main base . The 19th Division and the 20th Division were both raised as a garrison force for Korea . After Japan 's victory in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 , and subsequent occupation , and then annexation of Korea in 1910 , the need was felt for a dedicated garrison force , raised from people with local knowledge . The 19th Division was stationed in far northeast Korea , in what is now North Hamgyong Province . The division received its colors on 24 December 1915 and headquarters have moved to Yongsan District 16 April 1916 ; however , the division was not considered combat-ready until 1918 . The delay was due to limited funding available for the division to build its facilities in Korea and the need to recruit and train personnel from mainland Japan . In addition , the new division was beset with problems related to malaria and shigellosis at its main base at Ranam in northern Korea , having recorded 672 disease-related officers casualties during 1917 . As result , the headquarters have moved to Ranam-guyok only 10 April 1919 . The first commander of the 19th Division was Lieutenant General Tachibana Koichirō ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Scottish_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1993–94 Scottish Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 Scottish Challenge Cup was the fourth season of the competition , which was also known as the B&Q Cup for sponsorship reasons . It was competed for by the 26 clubs in the Scottish Football League Division One and Two . The defending champions were Hamilton Academical , who defeated Morton 3 -- 2 in the 1992 final .   The final was played on 12 December 1993 , between Falkirk and St Mirren at Fir Park in Motherwell . Falkirk won 3 -- 0 , to win the tournament for the first time ."}
{"_id": "19th_Field_Artillery_Regiment", "title": "19th Field Artillery Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th Field Artillery Regiment is a Field Artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed in 1916 ."}
{"_id": "1999_Oakland_Athletics_season", "title": "1999 Oakland Athletics season", "headings": "", "text": "The Oakland Athletics ' 1999 season involved the A 's finishing 2nd in the American League West with a record of 87 wins and 75 losses . In doing so , the Athletics finished with their first winning record since 1992 . The campaign was also the first of eight consecutive winning seasons for the Athletics ( the last of these coming in 2006 ) ."}
{"_id": "(31669)_1999_JT6", "title": "(31669) 1999 JT6", "headings": "", "text": "( 31669 ) 1999 JT6 is an Earth-crossing asteroid belonging to the Apollo family of asteroids which also crosses the orbit of Mars . 1999 JT6 is the asteroid 's temporary discovery name . It has now been assigned a permanent number from the Minor Planet Center ( 31669 ) indicating that its orbit has been confirmed , but has not ( at least so far ) been assigned a name . Only a small fraction of asteroids have been named .   It has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.00354 AU ( 328,978 miles ) , which is close enough to classify it as a Potentially Hazardous Asteroid ( PHA ) . It will make a close approach to Earth on 14 December 2076 at 0.0260 AU ( 2,506,321 miles ) and an even closer approach to the minor planet Ceres on 16 Feb 2084 at 0.0171 AU ( 1,587,064 miles ) ."}
{"_id": "(R)evolution", "title": "(R)evolution", "headings": "", "text": "( R ) evolution is the fifth album by Minimum Serious . It was released with Mercury Records ."}
{"_id": "1960_in_China", "title": "1960 in China", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1960 in the People 's Republic of China ."}
{"_id": "1951_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race", "title": "1951 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race , was the seventh annual running of the `` blue water classic '' Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race .   Hosted by the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia based in Sydney , New South Wales , the 1950 edition began on Sydney Harbour , at noon on Boxing Day ( 26 December 1951 ) , before heading south for 630 nautical miles ( 1,170 km ) through the Tasman Sea , past Bass Strait , into Storm Bay and up the River Derwent , to cross the finish line in Hobart , Tasmania .   The 1951 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race comprised a fleet of 14 competitors . Margaret Rintoul , skippered by AW Edwards won line honours in a new record time of 4 days , 2 hours and 29 minutes , giving both the vessel and skipper back-to-back victories . Struen Marie , skippered by T Williamson was awarded handicap honours on adjusted time ."}
{"_id": "1959_6-Hour_Le_Mans_Production_Car_Race", "title": "1959 6-Hour Le Mans Production Car Race", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 6-Hour Le Mans Production Car Race was staged on 1 June 1959 at the Caversham Race Circuit in Western Australia , Australia . The race , which was organised by the WA Sporting Car Club , was the fifth annual Six Hour Le Mans .   The race was won by Clem Dwyer and Vin Smith , driving a Triumph TR3A ."}
{"_id": "1927_Detroit_Tigers_season", "title": "1927 Detroit Tigers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Detroit Tigers season was a season in American baseball . It involved the Detroit Tigers attempting to win the American League , and they finished in fourth place .   Outfielder Harry Heilmann won his fourth American League batting title with a .398 batting average ."}
{"_id": "1916_College_Football_All-Southern_Team", "title": "1916 College Football All-Southern Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1916 College Football All-Southern Team consists of American football players selected to the College Football All-Southern Teams selected by various organizations in 1916 .   Georgia Tech posted the best SIAA record , and tied for the championship with Tennessee . Graham Vowell , Pup Phillips , and Irby Curry were selected for Walter Camp 's third-team All-American . Both Curry and Tommy Spence would die in France serving the United States in the First World War ."}
{"_id": "1970s_Topps", "title": "1970s Topps", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970s saw Topps go largely uncontested in the sports card market . The decade featured full runs of baseball , football , basketball , and hockey . Aside from issues like Kellogg 's cereal premiums which ran throughout the 70s there was not much in the way of major national card manufacturers to compete with . Topps maintained its license agreement with O-Pee-Chee in baseball and hockey . The company would have significantly more ground to cover given the growth of the professional sports leagues during the decade . Major League Baseball added four new teams in 1969 and two in 1977 ; the National Football League added two teams in 1976 ; the National Basketball Association gained three in 1970 , one in 1974 , and the American Basketball Association picked up one in 1972 ; the NHL acquired two teams in 1970 , 1972 , and 1974 . Soccer also made the Topps roster in the 70s , producing English and Scottish ` Footballers ' for distribution in the United Kingdom . Domestic soccer was not to be forgotten with a North American Soccer League sticker set in 1979 . The following are trading card sets issued by Topps in the 1970s . All cards listed are standard size ( 2 1/2 × 3 1/2 inches ) . Exceptions are noted ."}
{"_id": "1969–70_FC_Bayern_Munich_season", "title": "1969–70 FC Bayern Munich season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 -- 70 FC Bayern Munich season was the club 's fifth season in Bundesliga ."}
{"_id": "1999_Belgian_Open", "title": "1999 Belgian Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Belgian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Antwerp , Belgium that was part of Tier IV of the 1999 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from May 10 through May 16 , 1999 and carried the official name Flanders Women 's Open ."}
{"_id": "1840_in_science", "title": "1840 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1840 in science and technology involved some significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "1975–76_Eredivisie", "title": "1975–76 Eredivisie", "headings": "", "text": "The Dutch Eredivisie in the 1975/1976 season was contested by 18 teams . PSV won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Divizia_A", "title": "1994–95 Divizia A", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 Divizia A was the seventy-seventh season of Divizia A , the top-level football league of Romania ."}
{"_id": "144th_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Division", "title": "144th Guards Motor Rifle Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 32nd Rifle Division was first raised in 1934 at Vladivostok and organized as a Siberian Rifle Division . The division initially served Far Eastern Military District as part of the 39th Rifle Corps . It took part in a number of border skirmishes on the Manchurian border near Lake Khasan . By 1941 it consisted of the 17th , 113th , and 322nd Rifle Regiments and the 133rd and 154th Artillery Regiments ."}
{"_id": "1941_Fresno_State_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1941 Fresno State Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented Fresno State Normal SchoolCalifornia State University , Fresno was known as Fresno State Normal School from 1911 -- 1948 . See : Fresno State during the 1941 college football season .   Fresno State competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . The team was led by sixth-year head coach James Bradshaw and played home games at Ratcliffe Stadium on the campus of Fresno City College in Fresno , California . They finished the season as co-champions of the CCAA , with a record of four wins , three losses and two ties ( 4 -- 3 -- 2 , 2 -- 0 -- 1 CCAA ) . The Bulldogs outscored their opponents 118 -- 90 for the season , including shutting out their opponents four times ."}
{"_id": "1972_Rugby_League_World_Cup", "title": "1972 Rugby League World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The sixth Rugby League World Cup was held in France in October and November 1972 . Australia started as the favourites to retain the trophy they had won just two years previously . New Zealand had beaten all three of the other nations in 1971 and France were expected to be tough opponents on their home soil . In the event Great Britain confounded most expectations by running out worthy winners and levelling their tally of World Cup wins at 3 -- 3 with the Australians .   The final was held at Stade Gerland in Lyon . Great Britain played Australia and in the end , with scores level and unchanged after extra time , claimed the cup on league placing .   This was the last World Cup to be played under the four-tackle rule ."}
{"_id": "18th_Saturn_Awards", "title": "18th Saturn Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th Saturn Awards , honoring the best in science fiction , fantasy and horror film and television in 1991 , were held on March 13 , 1992 .   Below is a complete list of nominees and winners . Winners are highlighted in bold ."}
{"_id": "1013_Tombecka", "title": "1013 Tombecka", "headings": "", "text": "1013 Tombecka is a main-belt asteroid about 35 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered by Russian -- French astronomer Benjamin Jekhowsky at Algiers Observatory , Algeria , on January 17 , 1924 , and assigned a provisional designation of 1924 PQ . It was named in honor of secretary of the Faculty of Sciences of Paris , D. Tombeck ."}
{"_id": "1960_Argentine_Grand_Prix", "title": "1960 Argentine Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 Argentine Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Buenos Aires on 7 February 1960 . It was race 1 of 10 in the 1960 World Championship of Drivers and race 1 of 9 in the 1960 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers . This was the last Argentine Grand Prix until 1972 , and the last to be held on the No. 4 configuration of the circuit .   The race was won by Bruce McLaren , his second consecutive victory , having won his first at Sebring at the end of the 1959 season . Stirling Moss suffered a suspension failure while leading , and took over Maurice Trintignant 's Cooper , but was not scored points for third place as a result of the shared drive , a rule that had been in place since 1958 .   Venezuelan driver Ettore Chimeri participated in his only grand prix . He was killed two weeks later driving a Ferrari 250TR in Havana . He was the first driver from his country in Formula One , and the last until Johnny Cecotto in 1983 . It was the only grand prix appearances for Antonio Creus , Alberto Rodriguez Larreta and Roberto Bonomi . It was also the last grand prix appearances for the driver who scored Ferrari 's first World Championship race victory , José Froilán González , and experienced American driver Harry Schell , who would be killed during practice for a non-championship race at Silverstone .   Three other local drivers took part in the practice sessions for the race . The Scuderia Centro Sud Maserati ( № 10 ) was driven in the first practice session by Pedro Llano , as well as by eventual race driver Nasif Estéfano and Rodriguez Larreta . In the second practice session , Julio Pola shared Chimeri 's № 44 Maserati . Also , Oscar Cabalén shared Estéfano 's car in the qualifying session as a reserve driver ."}
{"_id": "1998_Arab_Nations_Cup", "title": "1998 Arab Nations Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Arab Nations Cup is the seventh edition of the Arab Nations Cup hosted by Qatar , in Doha . Saudi Arabia won their first title ."}
{"_id": "1947–48_Blackpool_F.C._season", "title": "1947–48 Blackpool F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947-48 season was Blackpool F.C. 's 40th season ( 37th consecutive ) in the Football League . They competed in the 22-team Division One , then the top tier of English football , finishing ninth . They also reached the FA Cup Final , in which they lost 4-2 to Manchester United ( see 1948 FA Cup Final ) .   Stan Mortensen was the club 's top scorer for the fourth consecutive season , with 31 goals ( 21 in the league and ten in the FA Cup , including a hat-trick against Tottenham in the semi-finals ) ."}
{"_id": "1922–23_Svenska_Serien", "title": "1922–23 Svenska Serien", "headings": "", "text": "Svenska Serien 1922 -- 23 , part of the 1922 -- 23 Swedish football season , was the ninth Svenska Serien season played . The league was divided into to regional divisions with AIK and GAIS winning the eastern and western divisions . GAIS won the competition after defeating AIK in a final play-off ."}
{"_id": "1977_ATP_Buenos_Aires", "title": "1977 ATP Buenos Aires", "headings": "", "text": "1977 ATP Buenos Aires may refer to :   1977 ATP Buenos Aires ( April )  1977 ATP Buenos Aires ( November )"}
{"_id": "1985_South_Australian_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1985 South Australian Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Mark Edmondson and Kim Warwick won in the final 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 against Nelson Aerts and Tomm Warneke ."}
{"_id": "10K_resolution", "title": "10K resolution", "headings": "", "text": "10K resolution is horizontal resolution of about 10,000 pixels . 10K resolution was added to HDMI 2.1 to support computer monitors . This resolution is expected to be used in computer monitors , and is not a standard format in digital television and digital cinematography , which feature 4K resolutions and 8K resolutions ."}
{"_id": "1857_in_Russia", "title": "1857 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1857 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1895_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team", "title": "1895 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1895 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the Oklahoma Sooners of the University of Oklahoma during the 1895 college football season and was its first football team ever fielded . The team completed its inaugural season with a 0 -- 1 record . The Sooners played their first football game in history against a town team from Oklahoma City and lost by a final score of 34 -- 0 . This was the program 's one and only season under the guidance of head coach John A. Harts , the next season he was gold prospecting in the Arctic ."}
{"_id": "1991_in_LGBT_rights", "title": "1991 in LGBT rights", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1991 ."}
{"_id": "'t_Zand,_Hattem", "title": "'t Zand, Hattem", "headings": "", "text": "' t Zand is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland . It is located in the municipality of Hattem , about 6 km west of the city of Zwolle ."}
{"_id": "1945_Detroit_Tigers_season", "title": "1945 Detroit Tigers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 Detroit Tigers was the team 's 45th since they entered the American League in 1901 . The team won the American League pennant , then went on to win the 1945 World Series , defeating the Chicago Cubs 4 games to 3 . It was the second World Series championship for the Tigers . Detroit pitcher Hal Newhouser was named the American League 's Most Valuable Player for the second consecutive season ."}
{"_id": "1881_Penn_Quakers_football_team", "title": "1881 Penn Quakers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1881 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1881 college football season . They finished with a 0 -- 5 record ."}
{"_id": "1925_NCAA_Men's_Basketball_All-Americans", "title": "1925 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 College Basketball All-American team , as chosen by the Helms Foundation . The player highlighted by gold indicates that he was chosen as the Helms Foundation Player of the Year ."}
{"_id": "1995_NCAA_Division_I_Women's_Volleyball_Tournament", "title": "1995 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 NCAA Division I Women 's Volleyball Tournament began with 48 teams and ended on December 16 , 1995 , when Nebraska defeated Texas 3 games to 1 in the NCAA championship match .   Nebraska defeated Texas 11-15 , 15-2 , 15-7 , 16-14 . Nebraska was led by Katie Crnich and Billie Winsett who each had 25 kills . After losing its second match of the season to then-No . 1 Stanford , Nebraska reeled off 31 consecutive matches to claim the NCAA title and had the program 's best season at 32-1 ( .970 % ) ."}
{"_id": "1902_in_sports", "title": "1902 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1902 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1185_in_Norway", "title": "1185 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1185 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1609_in_Ireland", "title": "1609 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1609 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "18th_Military_Police_Brigade_(United_States)", "title": "18th Military Police Brigade (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th Military Police Brigade is a military police brigade of the United States Army based in Grafenwoehr , Germany , with subordinate battalions and companies stationed throughout Germany . It provides law enforcement and force protection duties to United States Army Europe .   Activated during the Vietnam War , the Brigade oversaw all Military Police operations in the country for a large portion of the conflict , undertaking a wide variety of missions throughout the country and providing command and control for other military police groups in the region . After Vietnam , the Brigade deployed units to several other operations , namely Operation Desert Storm and Operation Provide Comfort . The brigade itself also deployed to Kosovo , supporting many of the units operating there attempting to settle unrest in the area due to the 1999 Bosnian War .   The brigade has also seen multiple deployments in the Global War on Terrorism to the Iraq War . Its primary responsibilities have been to train and equip the national Iraqi Police forces . The Brigade recently returned from its third deployment to Iraq , after serving for 15 months in the Baghdad area ."}
{"_id": "1997_Yokohama_Flügels_season", "title": "1997 Yokohama Flügels season", "headings": "", "text": "1997 Yokohama Flügels season"}
{"_id": "1998_OFC_Nations_Cup_Final", "title": "1998 OFC Nations Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 OFC Nations Cup Final was the final match of the 1998 OFC Nations Cup . It was held on 4 October in Brisbane between Australia and New Zealand . New Zealand won the match 1 -- 0 with Mark Burton scoring the only goal in the 24th minute . New Zealand won the right to play in the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup as the representative from the OFC ."}
{"_id": "11th_Kisei", "title": "11th Kisei", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Kisei was the 11th edition of the Kisei tournament . Since Koichi Kobayashi won the previous year , he is given an automatic place in the final . Eleven players battled in a knockout tournament to decide the final 2 . Those two would then play each other in a best-of-3 match to decide who would face Kobayashi . Masaki Takemiya became the challenger after beating Hideo Otake 2 games to 1 , but he would lose to Kobayashi 4 games to 1 in the final ."}
{"_id": "125th_Ohio_Infantry", "title": "125th Ohio Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 125th Ohio Volunteer Infantry ( or 125th OVI ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1926–27_French_Amateur_Football_Championship", "title": "1926–27 French Amateur Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of the French Amateur Football Championship in the 1926-27 season . The Championship was the main competition for the amateur football clubs from 1926 to 1929 . There were 3 divisions : Excellence , Honor and Promotion ."}
{"_id": "1814_in_birding_and_ornithology", "title": "1814 in birding and ornithology", "headings": "", "text": "Following the death of George Shaw James Francis Stephens takes over General Zoology , or Systematic Natural History  William Elford Leach describes the fasciated antshrike and the black-throated coucal in his Zoological Miscellany ( 1814 -- 1817 )  Edward Smith Stanley publishes Remarks on the birds of Abyssinia in A Voyage to Abyssinia , & Travels into the interior of that country , executed under the orders of the British Government in the years 1809 & 1810 by Henry Salt . He scientifically describes the striped kingfisher and the red-billed oxpecker .  The Linnaean Society of New England founded . Like many such societies it was short-lived .  Foundation of Natural History Museum at the University of Oslo    Category : Years in birding and ornithology  Category :1814 in science"}
{"_id": "1845_in_archaeology", "title": "1845 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1845 in archaeology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_St._Francis_Terriers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1991–92 St. Francis Terriers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 St. Francis Terriers men 's basketball team represented St. Francis College during the 1991 -- 92 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The team was coached by Ron Ganulin , who was in his first year at the helm of the St. Francis Terriers . The Terrier 's home games were played at the Generoso Pope Athletic Complex . The team has been a member of the Northeast Conference since 1981 .   The Terriers finished their season at 15 -- 14 overall and 8 -- 8 in conference play ."}
{"_id": "1903_in_film", "title": "1903 in film", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1903 in film involved many significant events in cinema ."}
{"_id": "1917_Argentine_Primera_División", "title": "1917 Argentine Primera División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 Argentine Primera División was the 26 ° season of top-flight football in Argentina . The season began on April 1 , and ended on December 30 .   Racing Club won its fifth consecutive league title . Sportivo Barracas made its debut in Primera División , while Gimnasia y Esgrima ( BA ) and Banfield were relegated at the end of the season ."}
{"_id": "1945_All-Ireland_Minor_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1945 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship was the 15th staging of the All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1928 . As a result of the Emergency it was the first championship to be staged since 1941 .   Cork entered the championship as the defending champions , however , they were beaten by Tipperary in the Munster semi-final .   On 2 September 1945 Dublin won the championship following a 3-14 to 4-6 defeat of Tipperary in the All-Ireland final . This was their first All-Ireland title ."}
{"_id": "1717_in_Russia", "title": "1717 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1717 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1926_U.S._National_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1926 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "René Lacoste defeated Jean Borotra 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Men 's Singles tennis title at the 1926 U.S. National Championships . It was Lacoste 's first U.S. Championships title and his third Grand Slam title overall ."}
{"_id": "1979_Avon_Championships_of_Detroit", "title": "1979 Avon Championships of Detroit", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Avon Championships of Detroit was a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Cobo Hall & Arena in Detroit , Michigan in the United States that was part of the 1979 Avon Championships circuit . It was the eighth edition of the tournament and was held from February 19 through February 25 , 1979 . Fifth-seeded Wendy Turnbull won the singles title and earned $ 30,000 first-prize money ."}
{"_id": "1977_Preakness_Stakes", "title": "1977 Preakness Stakes", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Preakness Stakes was the 102nd running of the $ 200,000 Grade 1 Preakness Stakes thoroughbred horse race . The race took place on May 21 , 1977 , and was televised in the United States on the ABC television network . Seattle Slew , who was jockeyed by Jean Cruguet , won the race by one and one half lengths over runner-up Iron Constitution . Approximate post time was 5:41 p.m. Eastern Time . The race was run on a fast track in a final time of 1:54 -2 / 5 . The Maryland Jockey Club reported total attendance of 77,346 , this is recorded as second highest on the list of American thoroughbred racing top attended events for North America in 1977 ."}
{"_id": "13th_FAI_World_Rally_Flying_Championship", "title": "13th FAI World Rally Flying Championship", "headings": "", "text": "13th FAI World Rally Flying Championship took place between July 26 -- August 3 , 2003 in Rustenburg in South Africa .   There were 51 crews from 14 countries : South Africa ( 7 ) , Poland ( 4 ) , France ( 4 ) , Czech Republic ( 4 ) , Austria ( 6 ) , United Kingdom ( 6 ) , Germany ( 6 ) , Russia ( 3 ) , Spain ( 3 ) , Chile ( 3 ) , Greece ( 2 ) , Hungary ( 1 ) , Cyprus ( 1 ) , Portugal ( 1 ) ."}
{"_id": "1906–07_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1906–07 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1906 -- 07 Illinois Fighting Illini men 's basketball team represented the University of Illinois ."}
{"_id": "1950–51_Serie_B", "title": "1950–51 Serie B", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1999_J.League_Cup", "title": "1999 J.League Cup", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of J. League Cup in the 1999 season ."}
{"_id": "1955–56_William_&_Mary_Indians_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1955–56 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 -- 56 William & Mary Indians men 's basketball team represented the College of William & Mary in intercollegiate basketball during the 1955 -- 56 NCAA men 's basketball season . Under the fourth year of head coach Boydson Baird , the team finished the season 12 -- 14 , 9 -- 7 in the Southern Conference . This was the 51st season of the collegiate basketball program at William & Mary , whose nickname is now the Tribe . William & Mary played its home games at Blow Gymnasium .   The Indians finished in 5th place in the conference and qualified for the 1956 Southern Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament , held at the Richmond Arena . However , for the second consecutive year William & Mary fell to Richmond in the quarterfinals ."}
{"_id": "1972_Torneo_Descentralizado", "title": "1972 Torneo Descentralizado", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Torneo Descentralizado , the top category of Peruvian football , was played by 16 teams . The season was divided into 3 stages . The first stage was contested in two groups : Metropolitan ( teams from Lima and Callao ) and Regional ( teams from the rest of the country ) ; each group winner qualified for the Championship Group . The second stage was the Descentralised ( league tournament ) ; the top 4 qualified for the Championship Group and the bottom 2 were relegated . Championship Group was contested by 6 teams in Lima ; neither team carried their previous records . The national champion was Sporting Cristal ."}
{"_id": "1749_Telamon", "title": "1749 Telamon", "headings": "", "text": "1749 Telamon , provisional designation , is a dark Jupiter Trojan from the Greek camp , approximately 70 kilometers in diameter . . It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 23 September 1949 .   The C-type Trojan asteroid shares the orbit of the gas giant Jupiter in the Greek Camp in the Lagrangian point of the Sun -- Jupiter system . It therefore orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.6 -- 5.7 AU once every 11 years and 8 months ( 4,268 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 6 ° with respect to the ecliptic . It has an albedo of 0.06 -- 0.07 , based on observations by the Akari and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer satellites .   Photometric observations of the body from 1995 were used to build a light-curve rendering a rotation period of 11.2 hours with a brightness variation of in magnitude , while another observation in 2010 rendered a period of 16.9 hours .   The asteroid was named by the discoverer after Telamon , from Greek mythology , who was an argonaut searching for the Golden Fleece , and father of Ajax and Teucer , after whom the minor planets 1404 Ajax and 2797 Teucer are named . Telamon banished his son Teucer ( as he had been banished by his own father ) when he returned home from the Trojan war without the remains of his brother . Naming citation was published before November 1977 ."}
{"_id": "1928–29_Swedish_football_Division_3", "title": "1928–29 Swedish football Division 3", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swedish football Division 3 in season 1928/1929 ."}
{"_id": "1989_Senior_PGA_Tour", "title": "1989 Senior PGA Tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Senior PGA Tour was the 10th season since the Senior PGA Tour officially began in 1980 ( it was renamed the Champions Tour in 2003 ) . The season consisted of 35 official money events with purses totalling $ 13,345,000 ( not including the PaineWebber Invitational , canceled due to Hurricane Hugo ) , including four majors . Bob Charles won the most tournaments , five . The tournament results , leaders , and award winners are listed below ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Saudi_Premier_League", "title": "1993–94 Saudi Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Al-Nassr won the championship for the fourth time after beating outsiders Al-Riyadh in the final .   The end of season playoffs were changed to one-legged affairs from the previous home-and-away two-legged matchups .   Allowed the team record 3 foreign players in this year , and preparations for the national team camps"}
{"_id": "1784_in_Sweden", "title": "1784 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1784 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1991_UCI_Road_World_Cup", "title": "1991 UCI Road World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 UCI Road World Cup was the third edition of the UCI Road World Cup . From the 1990 edition , the same events were retained , with the individual time trial finale event this year in Bergamo , Italy , ran as both the Grand Prix des Nations and the Trofeo Baracchi . The competition was won by Italian rider Maurizio Fondriest of ."}
{"_id": "118P/Shoemaker–Levy", "title": "118P/Shoemaker–Levy", "headings": "", "text": "118P/Shoemaker -- Levy ( also known as periodic comet Shoemaker -- Levy 4 ) is a comet discovered by astronomers Carolyn and Eugene M. Shoemaker and David Levy .   During the 2010 apparition the comet became as bright as apparent magnitude 11.5 .   The comet nucleus is estimated to be 4.8 kilometers in diameter .   On December 3 , 2015 , comet Shoemaker -- Levy 4 will pass 0.0442 AU from asteroid 4 Vesta .   This comet should not be confused with Comet Shoemaker -- Levy 9 ( D/1993 F2 ) which spectacularly crashed into Jupiter in 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1501_in_poetry", "title": "1501 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1959_Baltimore_Orioles_season", "title": "1959 Baltimore Orioles season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Baltimore Orioles season was the franchise 's sixth season in Baltimore , Maryland , and its 59th overall . It resulted with the Orioles finishing sixth in the American League with a record of 74 wins and 80 losses , 22 games behind the AL champion Chicago White Sox ."}
{"_id": "1943_in_art", "title": "1943 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1948_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team", "title": "1948 Ole Miss Rebels football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 1948 college football season . The Rebels were led by second-year head coach Johnny Vaught and played their home games at Hemingway Stadium in Oxford , Mississippi . Ole Miss finished with just one loss , to rival Tulane , to place second in the Southeastern Conference and 15th in the final AP Poll . They were not invited to a bowl game ."}
{"_id": "1981_Asian_Athletics_Championships", "title": "1981 Asian Athletics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The fourth Asian Championships in Athletics were held in 1981 in Tokyo , Japan ."}
{"_id": "1987_Baylor_Bears_football_team", "title": "1987 Baylor Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Baylor Bears football team represented the Baylor University in the 1987 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Bears finished the season fifth in the Southwest Conference ."}
{"_id": "1934_Western_State_Hilltoppers_football_team", "title": "1934 Western State Hilltoppers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Western State Hilltoppers football team represented Western State Normal School ( later renamed Western Michigan University ) as an independent during the 1934 college football season . In their sixth season under head coach Mike Gary , the Hilltoppers compiled a 7 -- 1 record and outscored their opponents , 104 to 52 . Halfback John Miller was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1949–50_Blackpool_F.C._season", "title": "1949–50 Blackpool F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949-50 season was Blackpool F.C. 's 42nd season ( 39th consecutive ) in the Football League . They competed in the 22-team Division One , then the top tier of English football , finishing seventh .   Stan Mortensen was the club 's top scorer for the sixth consecutive season , with 25 goals ( 22 in the league and three in the FA Cup ) ."}
{"_id": "1939_Ottawa_Rough_Riders_season", "title": "1939 Ottawa Rough Riders season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 Ottawa Rough Riders finished in 1st place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 5 -- 1 record , but lost the 27th Grey Cup to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ."}
{"_id": "1965_Pro_Bowl", "title": "1965 Pro Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Pro Bowl was the NFL 's fifteenth annual all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1964 season . The game was played on January 10 , 1965 , at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles , California in front of 60,698 . The coaches for the game were Don Shula of Baltimore Colts for the West and Blanton Collier of Cleveland Browns for the East . The West team won by a final score was 34 -- 14 .   The West dominated the East , 411 to 187 in total yards . West quarterback Fran Tarkenton of the Minnesota Vikings was named `` Back of the Game '' after he completed 8 of 13 passes for 172 yards . The `` Lineman of the Game '' honors went to the West 's Terry Barr of the Detroit Lions ; Barr had 106 yards receiving on three receptions .   Frank Ryan , the quarterback of the Cleveland Browns ' who had defeated the Baltimore Colts in the 1964 NFL Championship Game , was knocked out of the Pro Bowl when he was sacked in the third quarter by a group of defenders including the Colts ' Gino Marchetti . Some thought that Marchetti , who was playing in his tenth Pro Bowl , was trying to teach Ryan a lesson for considering running up the score against the Colts in the championship game . Marchetti denied this , and he and Ryan remained on good terms ."}
{"_id": "1950–51_Philadelphia_Warriors_season", "title": "1950–51 Philadelphia Warriors season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 -- 51 NBA season was the Warriors ' 5th season in the NBA ."}
{"_id": "1430_in_Ireland", "title": "1430 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1430 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1990_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team", "title": "1990 Alabama Crimson Tide football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Alabama Crimson Tide football team represented the University of Alabama for the 1990 College football season . The Crimson Tide was led by first-year head coach Gene Stallings , replacing Bill Curry who left for the University of Kentucky ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_Northern_Rugby_Football_League_season", "title": "1952–53 Northern Rugby Football League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 -- 53 Rugby Football League season was the 58th season of rugby league football ."}
{"_id": "1952_NBA_Playoffs", "title": "1952 NBA Playoffs", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 NBA Playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 1951 -- 52 season . The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion Minneapolis Lakers defeating the Eastern Conference champion New York Knicks 4 games to 3 in the NBA Finals .   For the first time in NBA history , all teams that made the playoffs the year before meet again , but this time with different outcomes . This would happen again in 1957 , in 1966 , and then 1973 before a few more teams add to the playoffs in 1975 , 1977 and 1984 .   The first NBA dynasty , the Lakers won their third NBA title in the last 4 years and what would become their first of 3 straight titles . If not for their division finals loss to the Rochester Royals the previous season , Minneapolis would have won 6 straight titles ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Philadelphia_76ers_season", "title": "1972–73 Philadelphia 76ers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 -- 73 Philadelphia 76ers season was their 24th season in the NBA and tenth in Philadelphia . Coming off a 30 -- 52 record in the previous season , the 76ers lost their first 15 games of the season and a few months later set a then-record 20 game losing streak in a single season .   Their record following the 20 game losing streak was 4 -- 58 , and the team at that point had just lost 34 of 35 games . The 76ers finished the season with a 9 -- 73 record , earning the nickname from the skeptical Philadelphia media of the `` Nine and 73-ers . '' The 76ers finished an NBA-record 59 games behind the Atlantic Division champion Boston Celtics . The nine wins by the 1972 -- 73 squad is the fourth fewest in NBA history -- to the six games won by the Providence Steamrollers in the 48-game 1947 -- 48 season , the seven games won by the Charlotte Bobcats in the lockout-shortened 66-game 2011 -- 12 season , and the eight games won by the Vancouver Grizzlies in the lockout-shortened 50-game 1998 -- 99 season .   The 73 losses , although threatened many times ( including by the 2015 -- 16 Sixers , who themselves lost 72 that season ) , remains the all-time low-water mark for any NBA franchise . The 76ers .110 winning percentage was the all-time worst mark in the NBA until the 2011 -- 12 Charlotte Bobcats finished with a .106 winning percentage , whilst their − 12.1 points per game point differential has been underdone only by the 2011 -- 12 Bobcats ( − 13.9 points per game ) and the 1992 -- 93 Dallas Mavericks ( − 15.2 points per game ) . Only six seasons earlier , the 76ers had set the NBA record for most wins in a season and the highest winning percentage ."}
{"_id": "1766_in_Canada", "title": "1766 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1766 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1981_Men's_World_Team_Squash_Championships", "title": "1981 Men's World Team Squash Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Men 's World Team Squash Championships were held in Sweden and took place from September 24 until October 3 , 1981 ."}
{"_id": "1936_Irish_Greyhound_Derby", "title": "1936 Irish Greyhound Derby", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 Irish Greyhound Derby took place during August with the final being held at Harold 's Cross Stadiumin Dublin on August 28 .   The winner Minstrel Rover won # 320 and was owned and trained by Michael Sheehan ."}
{"_id": "1982_Sligo_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1982 Sligo Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "This is a round-up of the 1982 Sligo Senior Football Championship . Tourlestrane were crowned champions in this year , after defeating St. Patrick 's in what was regarded as a hugely entertaining final . Tourlestrane had scuppered St. Mary 's hopes of a fourth successive title at the semi-final stage ."}
{"_id": "1964_in_organized_crime", "title": "1964 in organized crime", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1963 in organized crime ,  other events of 1964 ,  1965 in organized crime and the  list of ` years in Organized Crime ' ."}
{"_id": "1949_Team_Speedway_Polish_Championship", "title": "1949 Team Speedway Polish Championship", "headings": "", "text": "1949 Team Speedway Polish Championship season was the second season and is used to determine the Team Polish Champion ."}
{"_id": "1989–90_Birmingham_City_F.C._season", "title": "1989–90 Birmingham City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 -- 90 Football League season was Birmingham City Football Club 's 87th in the Football League and the first in their history in which they played in the third tier of the English football league system . After a sound start to the season , with six wins from the first ten games , their results worsened , and they eventually finished in seventh position in the 24-team Third Division , three points outside the playoff places . They entered the 1989 -- 90 FA Cup in the first round proper and lost in the third , eliminated by Oldham Athletic after a replay , and entered the League Cup at the first round and lost in the second , beaten 3-2 by West Ham United over two legs . They lost in the preliminary round of the Football League Trophy , a competition open to teams in the third and fourth tiers of the League .   Dennis Bailey was the club 's top scorer for the season , with 20 goals in all competitions , of which 18 came in the league .   In April 1989 , the club was sold to the Kumar brothers , owners of a Manchester-based fashion and leisurewear company . Dave Mackay was brought in as general manager , previous manager Garry Pendrey refused to stay on as part of Mackay 's staff , and Samesh Kumar became chairman ."}
{"_id": "1951_Oregon_State_Beavers_football_team", "title": "1951 Oregon State Beavers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State College in the 1951 NCAA college football season . The Beavers ended this season with four wins and six losses . The Beavers scored 204 points and allowed 180 points . The team was led by head coach Kip Taylor ."}
{"_id": "1881_Detroit_Wolverines_season", "title": "1881 Detroit Wolverines season", "headings": "", "text": "In 1881 , Detroit Mayor William G. Thompson bought most of the players from the defunct Cincinnati Reds franchise and formed the Detroit Wolverines , which joined the National League . The team finished the season with a 41 -- 43 record , good enough for fourth place in the NL race ."}
{"_id": "16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)", "title": "16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Congress of the Russian Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ) was held during 26 June - 13 July 1930 in Moscow . The congress of the Russian Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ) was attended by 1,268 voting delegates and 891 delegates with observer status . It elected the 16th Central Committee .   An exercise of devotion to Joseph Stalin , this is the last congress to be dominated by the original leadership of the Soviet Union ."}
{"_id": "1976_in_literature", "title": "1976 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1976 ."}
{"_id": "1902_Michigan_Agricultural_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1902 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1902 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team represented Michigan Agricultural College ( MAC ) in the 1902 college football season . In their second year under head coach George Denman , the Aggies compiled a 4 -- 5 record and were outscored by their opponents 208 to 93 , including a 119 to 0 loss to Michigan on October 8 , 1902 ."}
{"_id": "10G-PON", "title": "10G-PON", "headings": "", "text": "10G-PON ( also known as XG-PON ) is a 2010 computer networking standard for data links , capable of delivering shared Internet access rates up to 10 Gbit/s ( gigabits per second ) over existing dark fiber . This is the ITU-T 's next generation standard following on from G-PON or Gigabit-capable PON . Optical fibre is shared by many subscribers in a network known as FTTx in a way that centralises most of the telecommunications equipment , often displacing copper phone lines that connect premises to the phone exchange . Passive optical network ( PON ) architecture has become a cost-effective way to meet performance demands in access networks , and sometimes also in large optical local networks for `` Fibre-to-the-desk '' .   Passive optical networks are used for the `` Fibre-to-the-home '' or `` Fibre-to-the-premises '' last mile with splitters that connect each central transmitter to many subscribers . The 10 Gbit/s shared capacity is the downstream speed broadcast to all users connected to the same PON , and the 2.5 Gbit/s upstream speed uses multiplexing techniques to prevent data frames from interfering with each other . Users have a network device that converts optical signals to the signals used in building wiring , such as Ethernet and wired analogue plain old telephone service ."}
{"_id": "1956_Miami_Hurricanes_football_team", "title": "1956 Miami Hurricanes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Miami Hurricanes football team represented the University of Miami for the 1956 college football season . The Hurricanes played their home games at the Burdine Stadium in Miami , Florida . The team was coached by Andy Gustafson , in his ninth year as head coach for the Hurricanes ."}
{"_id": "1984_French_Open_–_Mixed_Doubles", "title": "1984 French Open – Mixed Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The Mixed Doubles tournament at the 1984 French Open was held from 26 May until 10 June 1984 on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France . Dick Stockton and Anne Smith won the title , defeating Laurie Warder and Anne Minter in the final ."}
{"_id": "1952_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game", "title": "1952 Major League Baseball All-Star Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 19th playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball . The game was held on July 8 , 1952 , at Shibe Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania the home of the Philadelphia Phillies of the National League . The game resulted in the National League defeating the American League 3 -- 2 in 5 innings . It was the first All-Star Game -- and to date , the only -- to be called early due to rain .   Mickey Mantle was selected an All-Star for the first time , as was pitcher Satchel Paige , who a day before the game turned 46 years old . Neither appeared in the game ."}
{"_id": "1928_Carnegie_Tech_Tartans_football_team", "title": "1928 Carnegie Tech Tartans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1928 Carnegie Tech Tartans football team represented the Carnegie Institute of Technology -- now known as Carnegie Mellon University -- in the 1928 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1984_CECAFA_Cup", "title": "1984 CECAFA Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 CECAFA Cup was the 12th edition of the tournament . It was held in Uganda , and was won by Zambia . The matches were played between December 1 -- 15 ."}
{"_id": "1997_European_Athletics_U23_Championships_–_Men's_400_metres_hurdles", "title": "1997 European Athletics U23 Championships – Men's 400 metres hurdles", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 400 metres hurdles event at the 1997 European Athletics U23 Championships was held in Turku , Finland , on 11 and 12 July 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1989_in_Israel", "title": "1989 in Israel", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1989 in Israel ."}
{"_id": "1974_New_York_Sets_season", "title": "1974 New York Sets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 New York Sets season was the inaugural season for the franchise in World Team Tennis ( WTT ) . The team had 15 wins and 29 losses and finished in last place in the Atlantic Section ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Taça_de_Portugal", "title": "1994–95 Taça de Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 Taça de Portugal was the 56th edition of the Portuguese football knockout tournament , organized by the Portuguese Football Federation ( FPF ) . The 1994 -- 95 Taça de Portugal began in September 1994 . The final was played on 10 June 1995 at the Estádio Nacional .   Porto were the previous holders , having defeated Sporting CP 2 -- 1 in a replay in the previous season 's final . Sporting CP defeated Marítimo , 2 -- 0 in the final to win their twelfth Taça de Portugal . As a result of Sporting CP winning the domestic cup competition , the Leões faced 1994 -- 95 Primeira Divisão winners Porto in the 1995 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira ."}
{"_id": "1983_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1983 Georgia Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the University of Georgia during the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season ."}
{"_id": "1802_in_Sweden", "title": "1802 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1802 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1979–80_Port_Vale_F.C._season", "title": "1979–80 Port Vale F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 -- 80 season was Port Vale 's 68th season of football in the Football League , and their second successive season ( eighth overall ) in the Fourth Division . One of the club 's worst ever seasons , Vale finished twentieth in the league , and exited both cup competitions at the first stage . They also lost a tremendous amount of money . There was also a managerial merry-go-round , with Dennis Butler replaced by Alan Bloor , who was in turned replaced by John McGrath , with Bill Bentley also spending a short period as caretaker-manager ."}
{"_id": "160s_BC", "title": "160s BC", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "12_Play", "title": "12 Play", "headings": "", "text": "12 Play is the debut studio album by American R&B and soul musician R. Kelly ; it was released on November 9 , 1993 , by Jive Records . The album follows his tenure with R&B group Public Announcement , with whom he released one album , Born into the 90 's ( 1992 ) . It went on to top the R&B albums chart for nine weeks straight , while reaching the second position on the US Billboard 200 chart .   The album features the sexually-themed singles `` Bump n ' Grind '' ( US ; number 1 ) , `` Your Body 's Callin ' '' ( US ; number 13 ) , and the more overtly direct `` Sex Me , Pts . 1 & 2 '' ( US ; number 20 ) . The album serves as the first of a trilogy of albums Kelly later released under the `` 12 Play '' moniker including TP-2 . com ( 2000 ) and TP-3 : Reloaded ( 2005 ) . Since its initial mixed response from critics , 12 Play has received more favorable retrospective criticism . This album earned Kelly the title King of R&B ."}
{"_id": "1627_in_music", "title": "1627 in music", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1627 in music involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1898_in_science", "title": "1898 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1898 in science and technology involved some significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "1947_SMU_Mustangs_football_team", "title": "1947 SMU Mustangs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 SMU Mustangs football team represented Southern Methodist University during the 1947 college football season . Coached by Matty Bell , SMU gained the Southwest Conference crown , posting a 9 -- 0 -- 2 record . SMU faced Penn State in the 1948 Cotton Bowl Classic ."}
{"_id": "1985_New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Awards", "title": "1985 New York Film Critics Circle Awards", "headings": "", "text": "51st New York Film Critics Circle Awards  January 26 , 1986   Best Picture :  Prizzi 's Honor  The 51st New York Film Critics Circle Awards honored the best filmmaking of 1985 . The winners were announced on December 18 , 1985 , and the awards were given on January 26 , 1986 ."}
{"_id": "1857_Grand_National", "title": "1857 Grand National", "headings": "", "text": "The 1857 Grand National was the 19th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool , England , on 4 March 1857 ."}
{"_id": "1945_in_fine_arts_of_the_Soviet_Union", "title": "1945 in fine arts of the Soviet Union", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1945 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts ."}
{"_id": "1943–44_1re_série_season", "title": "1943–44 1re série season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 -- 44 1re série season was the 26th season of the 1re série , the top level of ice hockey in France . Chamonix Hockey Club won their 10th championship ."}
{"_id": "1970_Birthday_Honours", "title": "1970 Birthday Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Queen 's Birthday Honours were appointments to orders and decorations of the Commonwealth realms to reward and highlight citizens ' good works , on the occasion of the official birthday of Queen Elizabeth II . They were announced in supplements to the London Gazette of 5 June 1970 .   At this time honours for Australians were awarded both in the United Kingdom honours on the advice of the premiers of Australian states , and also in a separate Australia honours list .   Recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honours ."}
{"_id": "1999_Soul_Train_Music_Awards", "title": "1999 Soul Train Music Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Soul Train Music Awards was held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , California and aired live in select cities on March 26 , 1999 ( and was later syndicated in other areas ) , honoring the best in R&B , soul , rap , jazz , and gospel music from the previous year . The show was hosted by Tyra Banks , Brian McKnight and Monica ."}
{"_id": "1371_in_Ireland", "title": "1371 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1371 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1935_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1935 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Fred Perry ( GBR ) defeated Gottfried von Cramm ( GER ) 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Gentlemen 's Singles tennis title at the 1935 Wimbledon Championships ."}
{"_id": "1907–08_ECAHA_season", "title": "1907–08 ECAHA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1907 -- 08 ECAHA season was the third season of the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association ( ECAHA ) . lasted from . Teams played a ten-game schedule . The Montreal Wanderers would win the league championship with a record of eight wins , two losses ."}
{"_id": "1939_English_Greyhound_Derby", "title": "1939 English Greyhound Derby", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 Greyhound Derby took place during June with the final being held on 24 June 1939 at White City Stadium . The winner Highland Rum received a first prize of # 1,250 . The attendance was 92,000 and the totalisator turnover for the final was # 14,341 and for the meeting it was # 114,780 which set a new record for a greyhound meeting . Using historic inflation ( 2016 ) this equates to # 7 million ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Austrian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1994–95 Austrian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 Austrian Hockey League season was the 65th season of the Austrian Hockey League , the top level of ice hockey in Austria . 10 teams participated in the league , and VEU Feldkirch won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_FIS_Ski_Jumping_World_Cup", "title": "1985–86 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985/86 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup was the 7th World Cup season in ski jumping . It began in Thunder Bay , Canada on 7 December 1985 and finished in Planica , Yugoslavia on 23 March 1986 . The individual World Cup was won by Matti Nykänen and Nations Cup by Austria ."}
{"_id": "1979_Pro_Bowl", "title": "1979 Pro Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Pro Bowl was the NFL 's 29th annual all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1978 season . The game was played on Monday , January 29 , 1979 , at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles , California before a crowd of 38,333 . The final score was NFC 13 , AFC 7 .   Bum Phillips of the Houston Oilers lead the AFC team against an NFC team coached by Los Angeles Rams head coach Ray Malavasi . The referee was Jerry Markbreit .   Ahmad Rashād of the Minnesota Vikings was named the game 's Most Valuable Player . Players on the winning NFC team received $ 5,000 apiece while the AFC participants each took home $ 2,500 .   As of 2012 this was the last Pro Bowl to be played on a Monday , and the last one to be played in Los Angeles . It was the last one to be played outside Hawaii until the 2010 Pro Bowl which was in Miami Gardens , Florida .   This was also the first Pro Bowl to have players sport their respective team helmets , a custom that still stands today ."}
{"_id": "1872_in_Wales", "title": "1872 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1872 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1741_in_Sweden", "title": "1741 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1741 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1993_Oregon_State_Beavers_football_team", "title": "1993 Oregon State Beavers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University in the Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10 ) during the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their third season under head coach Jerry Pettibone , the Beavers compiled a 4 -- 7 record ( 2 -- 6 against Pac-10 opponents ) , finished in a tie for last place in the Pac-10 , and were outscored by their opponents , 294 to 224 . The team played its home games at Parker Stadium in Corvallis , Oregon ."}
{"_id": "1961_Segunda_División_Peruana", "title": "1961 Segunda División Peruana", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Segunda División Peruana , the second division of Peruvian football ( soccer ) , was played by 10 teams . The tournament winner , KDT Nacional was promoted to the Primera División Peruana 1962 ."}
{"_id": "1957–58_Philadelphia_Warriors_season", "title": "1957–58 Philadelphia Warriors season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 -- 58 NBA season was the Warriors ' 12th season in the NBA ."}
{"_id": "1978_All-Ireland_Senior_Camogie_Championship_Final", "title": "1978 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "For more detail & team line-outs see separate entry for 1978 Senior Camogie Championship .   The 1978 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final was the 47th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1978 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship , an inter-county camogie tournament for the top teams in Ireland .   Cork bridged a five-year gap with an easy victory ."}
{"_id": "1927_Chicago_White_Sox_season", "title": "1927 Chicago White Sox season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1221_Avenue_of_the_Americas", "title": "1221 Avenue of the Americas", "headings": "", "text": "1221 Avenue of the Americas ( formerly also known as McGraw-Hill Building ) is a skyscraper located at 1221 Sixth Avenue , in Manhattan , New York City ."}
{"_id": "1958_Yorkshire_Cup", "title": "1958 Yorkshire Cup", "headings": "", "text": "1958 Yorkshire Cup   1958 was the fifty-first occasion on which the Yorkshire Cup competition had been held .   Leeds won the trophy by beating Wakefield Trinity by the score of 24-20 .  The match was played at Odsal in the City of Bradford , now in West Yorkshire . The attendance was 26,927 and receipts were # 3,833"}
{"_id": "1992_John_Hancock_Bowl", "title": "1992 John Hancock Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 John Hancock Bowl was college football bowl game played on December 31 , 1992 at Sun Bowl Stadium in El Paso , Texas . The game pitted the Baylor Bears against the Arizona Wildcats . It was final contest of the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season for both teams , and ended in a 20 -- 15 victory for Baylor . It was also the final game for Grant Teaff , the long-time Baylor coach , who previously announced his retirement ."}
{"_id": "1911_Open_Championship", "title": "1911 Open Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 Open Championship was the 51st Open Championship , held 26 -- 30 June at Royal St George 's Golf Club in Sandwich , England . Harry Vardon won the Championship for the fifth time after a playoff against Arnaud Massy .   There was no qualifying event and with 226 entries it was not possible for all the players to play 18 holes on the same day . The players were therefore divided into three `` sections '' . Sections A and B played on the first day , while section C played on the second morning . Section A played their second rounds on the second afternoon , while sections B and C played their second rounds on the third day .   By the start of the contest the number of contestants had been reduced to 222 , with 4 withdrawals . On the first day the Irish professional Michael Moran had the best round with a 72 . On the second morning the players in Section C discovered that a number of the holes had been moved since the first day . Later in the day a letter of protest was drawn up by a group of professionals and presented to the authorities : `` To the Committee of the Championship , 1911 - Gentlemen , we the undersigned competitors at this Championship meeting respectfully protest against the alteration of the course during the qualifying ( sic ) rounds . '' Play was somewhat easier on the second morning and the amateur Edward Blackwell led after a round of 71 with Moran joined on 72 by J.H. Taylor .   Of those in Section A , Ted Ray led after the second day with a score of 148 . The Committee replied to the professionals `` The Green Committee consider that in deciding to cut fresh holes each day they had adopted the best course possible under the terms of the competition , which were exceptional owing to the large entry , and though they regret that there was any dissatisfaction amongst the players , they decided that the protest could not be upheld . '' New holes were again cut on the third morning , so that Sections B and C played their second round to different holes to Section A. George Duncan led after two rounds with a score of 144 , four ahead of Ray , Taylor and Vardon on 148 . The leading 60 players and ties played 36 holes on the fourth day . The cut was at 162 ; 73 players made the cut with 15 players on 162 .   Duncan had a poor third round of 83 which left Vardon with a three shot lead over Sandy Herd , Taylor and Massy .   Vardon was among the early starters in the afternoon and scored 80 for a total of 303 . Harold Hilton , an amateur , reached the turn in 33 but took 43 for the last nine and finished a shot behind . Massy needed a 4 at the difficult final hole to tie . He reached the green with two woods and two putted to force a 36-hole playoff with Vardon .   Massy led the playoff after 10 holes but a 6 at the 14th and a disastrous 7 at the 17 meant that Vardon led by 5 after the first round . The lead extended to 7 after 27 holes and 10 after 34 holes . After Vardon reached the green in two at the 35th and Massy was in thick rough after two shots , Massy picked up his ball and conceded ."}
{"_id": "1961_Michigan_State_Spartans_football_team", "title": "1961 Michigan State Spartans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Michigan State Spartans football team represented Michigan State University in the 1961 Big Ten Conference football season . In their eighth season under head coach Duffy Daugherty , the Spartans compiled a 7 -- 2 overall record ( 5 -- 2 against Big Ten opponents ) , finished in third place in the Big Ten Conference , and were ranked # 8 in the final AP Poll .   Two Spartans were selected as first-team players on the 1961 All-Big Ten Conference football team . Halfback George Saimes received first-team honors from the Associated Press ( AP ) and United Press International ( UPI ) , and tackle Dave Behrman received first-team honors from the AP . Halfback Sherman Lewis received second-team all-conference honors from the AP . Dave Behrman also received first-team recognition from the AP and Football Writers Association of America on the 1961 College Football All-America Team .   The 1961 Spartans won all three of their annual rivalry games . In the annual Indiana -- Michigan State football rivalry game , the Spartans defeated the Hoosiers by a 35 to 0 score . In the Notre Dame rivalry game , the Spartans defeated the Fighting Irish by a 17 to 7 score . And , in the annual Michigan -- Michigan State football rivalry game , the Spartans defeated the Wolverines by a 28 to 0 score . In non-conference play , the Spartans also defeated Stanford , 31-3 ."}
{"_id": "1999_Gerry_Weber_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1999 Gerry Weber Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Yevgeny Kafelnikov was the defending champion , but did not take part in 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1939_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "1939 in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1939 in the United Kingdom . This year sees the start of World War II ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Primera_Divisió", "title": "1995–96 Primera Divisió", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Primera Divisió in the 1995/1996 season ."}
{"_id": "1892_Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons_football_team", "title": "1892 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1892 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest College during the 1892 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1991_in_Italian_television", "title": "1991 in Italian television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Italian television related events from 1991 ."}
{"_id": "1999_US_Open_–_Women's_Singles_Qualifying", "title": "1999 US Open – Women's Singles Qualifying", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1907_in_architecture", "title": "1907 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1907 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings ."}
{"_id": "111_Battalion", "title": "111 Battalion", "headings": "", "text": "111 Battalion was a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army ."}
{"_id": "1.-class_torpedo_boat", "title": "1.-class torpedo boat", "headings": "", "text": "The 1 . class torpedo boat was a designation in the Scandinavian countries for a type of fast steam ships on more than 80 tons ."}
{"_id": "1987_Los_Angeles_Film_Critics_Association_Awards", "title": "1987 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards were announced on 19 December 1987 and given on 21 January 1988 ."}
{"_id": "1988_Arab_Nations_Cup", "title": "1988 Arab Nations Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Arab Nations Cup is the fifth edition of the Arab Nations Cup hosted by Amman , Jordan . The defending champion Iraq won the title for the 4th time ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Cupa_României", "title": "1998–99 Cupa României", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 Cupa României was the 61st edition of Romania 's most prestigious football cup competition .   The title was won by Steaua Bucureşti against Rapid București ."}
{"_id": "1898–99_Belgian_First_Division", "title": "1898–99 Belgian First Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Belgian First Division in the 1898/1899 season ."}
{"_id": "1993_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Women's_400_metres", "title": "1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Women 's 400 metres event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart , Germany . There were a total of 37 participating athletes , with five qualifying heats and the final held on Tuesday 1993-08-17 ."}
{"_id": "1912_in_architecture", "title": "1912 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1912 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings ."}
{"_id": "1974_Gulf_Cup_of_Nations", "title": "1974 Gulf Cup of Nations", "headings": "", "text": "The 3rd Gulf Cup of Nations or Arabian Gulf Cup , was held in Kuwait , between March 15 to March 29 , 1974 . All matches were played Al Kuwait Sports Club Stadium .   The format of the competition was different from 1972 , as the finals were expanded from 5 to 6 teams , and therefore there was a new system for the championship , the teams were divided into 2 groups of 3 .   The tournament was won by the host country Kuwait , who beat neighbors Saudi Arabia 4-0 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1787_in_Canada", "title": "1787 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1787 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1982–83_Serie_A", "title": "1982–83 Serie A", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 -- 83 Serie A season was won by A.S. Roma ."}
{"_id": "1995_World_Polo_Championship", "title": "1995 World Polo Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 World Polo Championship was played in St. Moritz , Switzerland during 1995 and was won by Brazil . This event brought together six teams from around the world ."}
{"_id": "1961–62_Primeira_Divisão", "title": "1961–62 Primeira Divisão", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Portuguese Liga in the 1961/1962 season ."}
{"_id": "1997_Toyota_Princess_Cup_–_Singles", "title": "1997 Toyota Princess Cup – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Monica Seles won in the final 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 against Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ."}
{"_id": "1st_Filmfare_Awards", "title": "1st Filmfare Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st Filmfare Awards were held on March 21 , 1954 , honoring the best in Hindi cinema in 1953 . That year they were known as Clare Awards , after Clare Mendonca , film critic of The Times of India who had died in the same year ."}
{"_id": "1996_Chimbote_earthquake", "title": "1996 Chimbote earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Chimbote earthquake occurred on February 21 at about 130 km off the coast of northern Peru , near the Peru -- Chile Trench . It was an earthquake of magnitude Mw 7.4 ."}
{"_id": "1992_Skate_Canada_International", "title": "1992 Skate Canada International", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Skate Canada International was held in Victoria , British Columbia on November 5 -- 8 . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing ."}
{"_id": "1997_Davis_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone", "title": "1997 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "158th_New_York_State_Legislature", "title": "158th New York State Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The 158th New York State Legislature , consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly , met from January 2 to April 17 , 1935 , during the third year of Herbert H. Lehman 's governorship , in Albany ."}
{"_id": "1936_in_Wales", "title": "1936 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1936 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1634:_The_Galileo_Affair", "title": "1634: The Galileo Affair", "headings": "", "text": "1634 : The Galileo Affair is the fourth book and third novel published in the 1632 series . It is co-written by American authors Eric Flint and Andrew Dennis and was published in 2004 . It follows the activities of an embassy party sent from the United States of Europe ( Grantville ) to Venice , Italy , where the three young Stone brothers become involved with the local Committees of Correspondence and the Inquisition 's trial of Galileo Galilei ."}
{"_id": "1962–63_Yugoslav_Cup", "title": "1962–63 Yugoslav Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 -- 63 Yugoslav Cup was the 16th season of the top football knockout competition in SFR Yugoslavia , the Yugoslav Cup ( Kup Jugoslavije ) , also known as the `` Marshal Tito Cup '' ( Kup Maršala Tita ) , since its establishment in 1946 ."}
{"_id": "1998_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_triple_jump", "title": "1998 European Athletics Championships – Women's triple jump", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's tripl jump at the 1998 European Athletics Championships was held at the Népstadion on 19 and 20 August ."}
{"_id": "1385_in_Ireland", "title": "1385 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1385 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1956_in_China", "title": "1956 in China", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1956 in China . The country had an estimated population of 620 million people ."}
{"_id": "1993_in_American_television", "title": "1993 in American television", "headings": "", "text": "The following is a list of events affecting American television during 1993 . Events listed include television series debuts , finales , cancellations , and channel initiations , closures and rebrandings , as well as information about controversies and disputes ."}
{"_id": "1929–30_Hong_Kong_First_Division_League", "title": "1929–30 Hong Kong First Division League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Hong Kong First Division League in the 1929/1930 season ."}
{"_id": "1997_Golden_North_Salmon_Derby_boycott", "title": "1997 Golden North Salmon Derby boycott", "headings": "", "text": "A boycott of the 1997 Golden North Salmon Derby , held in Juneau , Alaska , was called for by the Alaska Native Brotherhood ( ANB ) because of the political stances of the Territorial Sportsmen Inc. ( TSI ) , the derby 's sponsor , on the issues of subsistence , Indian Country , the creation of five new Southeast native corporations passed over by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act , and the classification of halibut as a subsistence food . After a month of public debate and several days of mediated discussion an accord was signed by both groups , with TSI agreeing to not use derby funds for political advocacy , the ANB agreeing to call off the boycott , and periodic town hall meetings established for discussion on the issues raised by the ANB ."}
{"_id": "1999_European_Athletics_U23_Championships_–_Men's_4_×_100_metres_relay", "title": "1999 European Athletics U23 Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 4 x 100 metres relay event at the 1999 European Athletics U23 Championships was held in Göteborg , Sweden , at Ullevi on 31 July and 1 August 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1585_in_literature", "title": "1585 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1585 ."}
{"_id": "1998_in_Taiwan", "title": "1998 in Taiwan", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1998 in Taiwan , Republic of China . This year is numbered Minguo 87 according to the official Republic of China calendar ."}
{"_id": "1635:_The_Tangled_Web", "title": "1635: The Tangled Web", "headings": "", "text": "1635 : The Tangled Web is a novel in the alternate history 1632 series , written by Virginia DeMarce . Two of the stories were previously published in the online version of The Grantville Gazettes with the Prince and Abbot first published in Volume 8 and Mail Stop first published in Volume 9 . The rest of the stories are original material ."}
{"_id": "1,3-Dichloropropene", "title": "1,3-Dichloropropene", "headings": "", "text": "1,3-Dichloropropene , sold under diverse trade names , is an organochlorine compound . It is colorless liquid with a sweet smell . It dissolves in water and evaporates easily . It is used mainly in farming as a pesticide , specifically as a preplant fumigant and nematicide . It is widely used in the US and other countries , but is in the process of being phased out in the European Union ."}
{"_id": "1911_in_motorsport", "title": "1911 in motorsport", "headings": "", "text": "The following is an overview of the events of 1911 in motorsport including the major racing events , motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year , championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year , births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people ."}
{"_id": "1939_European_Amateur_Boxing_Championships", "title": "1939 European Amateur Boxing Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 European Amateur Boxing Championships were held in Dublin , Ireland from 18 to 22 April . It was the sixth edition of the bi-annual competition was organised by the European governing body for amateur boxing , EABA . There were 71 fighters from 12 countries participating ."}
{"_id": "1732_in_science", "title": "1732 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1732 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1927_Texas_Longhorns_football_team", "title": "1927 Texas Longhorns football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1927 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1605_in_poetry", "title": "1605 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1955–56_Beitar_Jerusalem_F.C._season", "title": "1955–56 Beitar Jerusalem F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 -- 56 Beitar Jerusalem season was the club 's 20th season since its establishment , in 1936 , and 8th since the establishment of the State of Israel .   At the start of the season , the league which started during the previous season was completed , with the club finishing 11th ( out of 14 ) , which meant the club had to compete in a promotion/relegation play-offs against the 12th placed club , Hapoel Kfar Saba , and the two Liga Bet winners , Maccabi Jaffa and Hapoel Kiryat Haim . The club lost all three play-offs matches and was relegated to the second division , which was renamed Liga Alef , and played in this division during the remainder of the season , finishing 10th ( out of 12 ) , which meant that the club had to face another promotion/relegation play-offs , which were delayed and were played at the beginning of the next season ."}
{"_id": "1131", "title": "1131", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1131 ( MCXXXI ) was a common year starting on Thursday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1911_Adelaide_Carnival", "title": "1911 Adelaide Carnival", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 Adelaide Carnival was the second edition of the Australasian Football Carnival , an Australian rules football interstate competition . It took place from 2 August to 12 August at Adelaide Oval , and was won by South Australia ."}
{"_id": "1684_in_Sweden", "title": "1684 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1684 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1976_2._deild_karla", "title": "1976 2. deild karla", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 season of 2 . deild karla was the 11th season of third-tier football in Iceland ."}
{"_id": "1978_Central_Michigan_Chippewas_football_team", "title": "1978 Central Michigan Chippewas football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Central Michigan Chippewas football team represented Central Michigan University in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their first season under head coach Herb Deromedi , the Chippewas compiled a 9 -- 2 record ( 8 -- 1 against MAC opponents ) , finished in second place in the MAC standings , held seven of eleven opponents to fewer than ten points , and outscored all opponents , 331 to 119 . The season marked the beginning of a school record 23-game unbeaten streak that ran from October 7 , 1978 , to October 11 , 1980 . The team played its home games in Perry Shorts Stadium in Mount Pleasant , Michigan , with attendance of 98,011 in five home games .   The team 's statistical leaders included quarterback Gary Hogeboom with 1,095 passing yards , Willie Todd with 746 rushing yards , and Brian Blank with 384 receiving yards . Linebacker Bryan Gross received the team 's most valuable player award . Offensive guard Tim Sopha , placekicker Rade Savich , and defensive back Robert Jackson received first-team All-MAC honors . Savich broke the school record with 15 field goals in a season and tied a school record with 38 point after touchdown kicks in a season .   Herb Deromedi , a native of Royal Oak , Michigan , was hired as Central Michigan 's head football coach in August 1978 . He had previously been the Chippewas ' defensive coordinator under head coach Roy Kramer . He replaced Kramer , who left the program to become the athletic director at Vanderbilt University . Deromedi remained the program 's head football coach for 16 years , compiling a 110 -- 55 -- 10 record . He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2007 ."}
{"_id": "1967_in_German_television", "title": "1967 in German television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of German television related events from 1967 ."}
{"_id": "1975_in_Portugal", "title": "1975 in Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1975 in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1981–82_South_Pacific_cyclone_season", "title": "1981–82 South Pacific cyclone season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 -- 82 South Pacific cyclone season was a near normal South Pacific tropical cyclone season , with 6 tropical cyclones occurring within the South Pacific Ocean basin between 160 ° E and 120 ° W during the season . After the season ended , the names Gyan and Isaac were removed and retired from the lists of names , after they caused significant impacts to South Pacific island nations .   During the season , tropical cyclones were monitored by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers in Nadi , Fiji , Brisbane , Australia and Wellington , New Zealand . During the season TCWC Nadi issued warnings and assigned names to any tropical cyclones that developed between the Equator and 25 ° S while TCWC Wellington issued warnings for any that were located to the south of 25 ° S . The United States Armed Forces through the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) and Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center ( NPMOC ) , also monitored the basin and issued unofficial warnings for American interests . TCWC Nadi , Brisbane and Wellington measured sustained windspeeds over a 10-minute which are compared to the modern day Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale . The JTWC and the NPMOC measured sustained windspeeds over a 1-minute period which are compared to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale ( SSHS ) .   __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "132nd_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)", "title": "132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)", "headings": "", "text": "The 132nd Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that remained in British India during World War I . During World War II it served with the 44th ( Home Counties ) Infantry Division in Belgium and France , later being evacuated at Dunkirk and seeing service again in North Africa at El Alamein before being disbanded in January 1943 ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_season", "title": "1997–98 NCAA Division I men's basketball season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season concluded in the 64-team 1998 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament whose finals were held at the Alamodome in San Antonio , Texas . The Kentucky Wildcats earned their seventh national championship by defeating the Utah Utes 78 -- 69 on March 30 , 1998 . They were coached by Tubby Smith and the NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player was Kentucky 's Jeff Shepherd .   In the 32-team 1999 National Invitation Tournament , the Minnesota Golden Gophers defeated the Penn State Nittany Lions at the Madison Square Garden in New York City .   Following the season , the 1998 NCAA Men 's Basketball All-American Consensus First team included Mike Bibby , Antawn Jamison , Raef LaFrentz , Paul Pierce , and Miles Simon . The consensus second team was composed of Vince Carter , Mateen Cleaves , Pat Garrity , Richard Hamilton , and Ansu Sesay ."}
{"_id": "120-cell_honeycomb", "title": "120-cell honeycomb", "headings": "", "text": "In the geometry of hyperbolic 4-space , the 120-cell honeycomb is one of five compact regular space-filling tessellations ( or honeycombs ) . With Schläfli symbol -LCB- 5,3,3,3 -RCB- , it has three 120-cells around each face . Its dual is the order-5 5-cell honeycomb , -LCB- 3,3,3,5 -RCB- ."}
{"_id": "1992_in_Turkey", "title": "1992 in Turkey", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1992 in Turkey ."}
{"_id": "1981–82_French_nuclear_tests", "title": "1981–82 French nuclear tests", "headings": "", "text": "The France 's 1981-1982 nuclear test series was a group of 22 nuclear tests conducted in 1981-1982 . These tests followed the 1979 -- 80 French nuclear tests series and preceded the 1983 -- 85 French nuclear tests series .   -RCB- 5 m +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Tyro  | 17:27:00  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Rim zone , Areas 1-2 , Moruroa Atoll : Dahlia6  | 5 m +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Iphiclès  | 17:23:00.6  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Rim zone , Areas 1-2 , Moruroa Atoll : Simone6  | 5 m +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Clymène  | 17:57:00.5  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Lagoon , Areas 5-7 , Moruroa Atoll : Janie1 ~  | 0 +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Lyncée  | 22:23:00.3  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Rim zone , Areas 1-2 , Moruroa Atoll : Ara5  | 5 m +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Eryx  | 17:17:00  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Rim zone , Areas 1-2 , Moruroa Atoll : Edith7  | 5 m +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Théras  | 17:43:00  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Rim zone , Areas 1-2 , Moruroa Atoll : Queen4  | 5 m +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Agénor  | 18:32:58.58  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Zoe and Yvonne Il. , Areas 3-4 , Moruroa Atoll : Fuschia2  | 5 m +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Léto  | 17:03:00  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Rim zone , Areas 1-2 , Moruroa Atoll : Francoise8  | 5 m +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Proclès  | 17:07:00.2  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Rim zone , Areas 1-2 , Moruroa Atoll : Dahlia5  | 5 m +  | underground shaft ,  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Cilix  | 16:58:01.1  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Rim zone , Areas 1-2 , Moruroa Atoll : Therese1  | 5 m +  | underground shaft ,  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  | First test located under the lagoon rather than under the rim .  | -  ! Cadmos  | 16:47:00.2  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Lagoon , Areas 5-7 , Moruroa Atoll : Requin2 ~  | 0 +  | underground shaft ,  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Aérope  | 17:33:00  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Rim zone , Areas 1-2 , Moruroa Atoll : Ara6  | 5 m +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Déiphobe  | 18:15:00  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Rim zone , Areas 1-2 , Moruroa Atoll : Queen5  | 5 m +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Rhésos  | 17:03:00.2  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Lagoon , Areas 5-7 , Moruroa Atoll : Krill1 ~  | 0 +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Evenos  | 17:07:00  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Rim zone , Areas 1-2 , Moruroa Atoll : Therese2  | 5 m +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Aeson  | 16:30 : ??  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Rim zone , Areas 1-2 , Moruroa Atoll : Dora7  | 5 m - 280 m  | underground shaft , safety experiment  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Laodice  | 17:00:00  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Rim zone , Areas 1-2 , Moruroa Atoll : Fuschia7  | 5 m +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Antilokos  | 17:02:00.2  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Zoe and Yvonne Il. , Areas 3-4 , Moruroa Atoll : Viviane3  | 5 m +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Pitane  | 17:13:00  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Rim zone , Areas 1-2 , Moruroa Atoll : Dahlia7  | 5 m +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Laios  | 18:02:00.0  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Lagoon , Areas 5-7 , Moruroa Atoll : Krill2 ~  | 0 +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -  ! Procris  | 17:02:00  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' | TAHT ( -10 hrs ) | | Rim zone , Areas 1-2 , Moruroa Atoll : Edith8  | 5 m +  | underground shaft , weapons development  |  | style = `` text-align : center ; '' |  |  |  |  | -RCB-"}
{"_id": "1773_English_cricket_season", "title": "1773 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1773 English cricket season saw a downturn in the fortunes of Hampshire and the Hambledon Club . They lost every known match played in 1773 and some of their defeats were heavy . Their poor results owed much to star bowler Thomas Brett being injured .   A grandstand was erected on two occasions at Bishopsbourne Paddock . The Surrey v Hampshire game in September was to have a stand built at Laleham Burway with the best accommodation provided there and at the White Hart at Chertsey by Thomas Swayne . Thomas Swayne was a Chertsey player who featured in a few games during the 1770s . On the other hand , another advertisement for cricket at Bourne warned spectators to leave their dogs at home , otherwise they will be shot !"}
{"_id": "1967_World_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1967 World Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 World Figure Skating Championships were held on an open-air ice rink in Vienna , Austria from February 28 to March 4 . At the event , sanctioned by the International Skating Union , medals were awarded in men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing ."}
{"_id": "1990_in_North_Korea", "title": "1990 in North Korea", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1990 in North Korea ."}
{"_id": "1-2-3_block", "title": "1-2-3 block", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1977_African_Cup_of_Champions_Clubs", "title": "1977 African Cup of Champions Clubs", "headings": "", "text": "The African Cup of Champions Clubs 1977 was the 13th edition of the annual international club football competition held in the CAF region ( Africa ) , the African Cup of Champions Clubs . It determined that year 's club champion of association football in Africa .   The tournament was played by 29 teams and used a knock-out format with ties played home and away . Hafia FC from Guinea won that final , and became CAF club champion for the third time ."}
{"_id": "1979_NCAA_Division_III_football_season", "title": "1979 NCAA Division III football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 NCAA Division III football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division III level , began in August 1979 , and concluded with the NCAA Division III Football Championship in December 1979 at Garrett-Harrison Stadium in Phenix City , Alabama . The Ithaca Bombers won their first Division III championship , defeating the Wittenberg Tigers by a final score of 14 − 10 in a re-match of the 1975 championship ( won by Wittenberg ) ."}
{"_id": "1919_New_Year_Honours", "title": "1919 New Year Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 New Year Honours were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire . The appointments were published in The London Gazette and The Times in January 1919 .   The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour , and arranged by honour , with classes ( Knight , Knight Grand Cross , etc. ) and then divisions ( Military , Civil , etc. ) as appropriate ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_UE_Lleida_season", "title": "1993–94 UE Lleida season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993-94 season was the 55th season in UE Lleida 's existence , and their 2nd year in La Liga , and covered the period from 1993-07-01 to 1994-06-30 ."}
{"_id": "1941–42_Segunda_División", "title": "1941–42 Segunda División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 -- 42 Segunda División season saw 24 teams participate in the second flight Spanish league . Betis and Zaragoza was promoted to Primera División . Real Unión , Levante and Cartagena were relegated to Tercera División ."}
{"_id": "1._FC_Pforzheim", "title": "1. FC Pforzheim", "headings": "", "text": "1 . FC Pforzheim was a German association football club playing in Pforzheim , Baden-Württemberg . The club was established on 5 May 1896 and was a founding member of the German Football Association in Leipzig in 1900 . In 2010 it merged with VfR Pforzheim to 1 . CfR Pforzheim ."}
{"_id": "1974_IIHF_European_U19_Championship", "title": "1974 IIHF European U19 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 IIHF European U19 Championship was the seventh playing of the IIHF European Junior Championships ."}
{"_id": "1861_in_music", "title": "1861 in music", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1968_LFF_Lyga", "title": "1968 LFF Lyga", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of LFF Lyga in the 1968 season ."}
{"_id": "1906–07_Netherlands_Football_League_Championship", "title": "1906–07 Netherlands Football League Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The Netherlands Football League Championship 1906/1907 was contested by seventeen teams participating in two divisions . The national champion would be determined by a play-off featuring the winners of the eastern and western football division of the Netherlands . HVV Den Haag won this year 's championship by beating PW 5-3 and 4-1 ."}
{"_id": "1943_Swedish_Ice_Hockey_Championship", "title": "1943 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship was the 21st season of the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship , the national championship of Sweden . Hammarby IF won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1990_UEFA_European_Under-16_Championship_squads", "title": "1990 UEFA European Under-16 Championship squads", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1948–49_Irish_League", "title": "1948–49 Irish League", "headings": "", "text": "The Irish League in season 1948 -- 49 comprised 12 teams , and Linfield won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1903_Cumberland_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1903 Cumberland Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1903 Cumberland Bulldogs football team represented Cumberland University in the 1903 college football season . The team was a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SIAA ) , compiling a 6 -- 1 -- 1 record . The Bulldogs notably beat Vanderbilt and tied John Heisman 's Clemson at year 's end in a game billed as the `` SIAA Championship Game . '' They also beat Alabama , LSU , and Tulane in five days . The school claims a share of the SIAA title . It has been called `` the best football team in the history of Cumberland . ''"}
{"_id": "1988_Intercontinental_Cup", "title": "1988 Intercontinental Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Intercontinental Cup was a football match played on 11 December 1988 between Nacional of Uruguay , winners of the 1988 Copa Libertadores , and PSV Eindhoven of Netherlands , winners of the 1987 -- 88 European Cup . The match was played at the neutral venue of the National Stadium in Tokyo in front of 62,000 fans . Santiago Ostolaza was named as man of the match ."}
{"_id": "1919_in_poetry", "title": "1919 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "-- From A Prayer for My Daughter by W. B. Yeats , first published this year   Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1942_in_Brazilian_football", "title": "1942 in Brazilian football", "headings": "", "text": "The following article presents a summary of the 1942 football ( soccer ) season in Brazil , which was the 41st season of competitive football in the country ."}
{"_id": "1882_in_Australia", "title": "1882 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1994_St._Louis_Cardinals_season", "title": "1994 St. Louis Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The St. Louis Cardinals 1994 season was the team 's 113th season in St. Louis , Missouri and the 103rd season in the National League . The Cardinals went 53-61 during the season and finished tied for 3rd place with the Pittsburgh Pirates in the National League Central division , 13 games behind the Cincinnati Reds . The season was cut short due to the infamous 1994 player 's strike .   Catcher Tom Pagnozzi won a Gold Glove this year ."}
{"_id": "1921_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships", "title": "1921 UCI Track Cycling World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling . They took place in Copenhagen , Denmark from 30 July to 8 August 1921 . Three events for men were contested , two for professionals and one for amateurs ."}
{"_id": "1961_Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons_football_team", "title": "1961 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1961 college football season . In its second season under head coach Billy Hildebrand , the team compiled a 4 -- 6 record and finished in seventh place in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) .   Halfback Alan White was selected by the Associated Press as a first-team player on the 1961 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team ."}
{"_id": "1984_1._deild_karla", "title": "1984 1. deild karla", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 season of 1 . deild karla was the 30th season of second-tier football in Iceland ."}
{"_id": "13_Cancri", "title": "13 Cancri", "headings": "", "text": "13 Cancri is a K-type giant star in the constellation Cancer . It has an apparent magnitude of +6.44 and is approximately 1030 light years from Earth .   Its designation is unusual as it is one of a very few stars which have a Bayer designation and are not in the Bright Star Catalog , although the designation ψ1 Cancri is rarely used ."}
{"_id": "1957_Maryland_Terrapins_football_team", "title": "1957 Maryland Terrapins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) college football in its fifth season as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference . They were led by second-year head coach Tommy Mont , who guided Maryland to a 5 -- 5 record , which proved to be the only non-losing season in his three-year tenure . One highlight of the season was the attendance of Elizabeth II and The Duke of Edinburgh at the game against North Carolina ."}
{"_id": "1766_in_architecture", "title": "1766 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1766 in architecture involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "11th_New_Hampshire_Volunteer_Infantry", "title": "11th New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th New Hampshire Volunteer Regiment was a Union army infantry regiment that participated in the American Civil War . It was raised in the New England state of New Hampshire , serving from October 4 , 1862 , to June 4 , 1865 .   On September 2 , 1862 , the regiment was organized and mustered in at Concord , New Hampshire . Among its notable officers was Walter Harriman , a future Governor of New Hampshire .   From September 11 to 14 , 1862 , the 11th moved to Washington , D.C. . It was attached to Briggs ' Brigade , Casey 's Division , Military District of Washington , until October 1862 , and then to the 2nd Brigade , 2nd Division , 9th Army Corps , Army of the Potomac , until March 1863 . From then , its assignments were :  2nd Brigade , 2nd Division , 9th Army Corps , Dept. of the Ohio , to June 1863 .  2nd Brigade , 2nd Division , 9th Army Corps , Army of the Tennessee , to August 1863 .  2nd Brigade , 2nd Division , 9th Army Corps , Dept. of the Ohio , to April 1864 .  2nd Brigade , 2nd Division , 9th Army Corps , Army of the Potomac , to June 1865 .   The regiment lost during its term of service 5 officers and 140 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded , and 1 officer and 151 enlisted men by disease , for a total of 297 fatalities ."}
{"_id": "1896_Minor_Counties_Championship", "title": "1896 Minor Counties Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1896 Minor Counties Championship was the second running of the Minor Counties Cricket Championship , and ran from 25 May to 29 August 1896 . Worcestershire won their first outright title , having shared the previous year 's championship . Buckinghamshire were runners-up and were the only other team to win more games than they lost . Thirteen teams competed in the championship , down one from the previous year . Bedfordshire , Cheshire and Lincolnshire were absent , while Glamorgan and Northumberland made their Minor Counties Championship debuts .   The leading run-scorer , Harry Foster , who played for Worcestershire , was the only batsman to score more than one century over the course of the season . The leading wicket-taker , Buckinghamshire 's George Nash , took the two largest match wicket hauls of the season : 14/100 and 12/102 against Northamptonshire and Oxfordshire , respectively ."}
{"_id": "1986_Motorcraft_Formula_Ford_Driver_to_Europe_Series", "title": "1986 Motorcraft Formula Ford Driver to Europe Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Motorcraft Formula Ford Driver to Europe Series was an Australian motor racing competition open to Formula Ford racing cars . It was the 17th Australian Formula Ford Series and the second to carry the Motorcraft Formula Ford Driver to Europe Series name .   The series was won by Warwick Rooklyn driving an Elwyn 003/004 ."}
{"_id": "16th_district_of_Budapest", "title": "16th district of Budapest", "headings": "", "text": "16th District the 16th district of Budapest , Hungary ."}
{"_id": "1910_Wisła_Kraków_season", "title": "1910 Wisła Kraków season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 season was Wisła Kraków 5th year as a club ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Algerian_Cup", "title": "1996–97 Algerian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 Algerian Cup was the 32nd edition of the Algerian Cup . USM Alger won the Cup by defeating CA Batna 1-0 . It was USM Alger third Algerian Cup in its history ."}
{"_id": "1985_LSU_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1985 LSU Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University during the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team was led by Bill Arnsparger in his second season and finished with an overall record of nine wins , two losses , and one tie ( 9 -- 2 -- 1 overall , 4 -- 1 -- 1 in the SEC ) ."}
{"_id": "1993_Big_South_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1993 Big South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Big South Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament took place from March 3 -- 6 , 1993 at the North Charleston Coliseum in North Charleston , South Carolina . For the third time in their school history , the Coastal Carolina Chanticleers won the tournament , led by head coach Russ Bergman .   Although Coastal Carolina won the tournament , due to participation of ineligible players , the Chanticleers victories and title were vacated , and no official conference champion for the tournament was declared ."}
{"_id": "1984_Eastern_League_season", "title": "1984 Eastern League season", "headings": "", "text": "The Eastern League season began on approximately April 1 and the regular season ended on approximately September 1 .   The Vermont Reds defeated the Waterbury Angels three games to two to win the Eastern League Championship Series ."}
{"_id": "1975_United_States_Grand_Prix", "title": "1975 United States Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 United States Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on October 5 , 1975 , at the Watkins Glen Grand Prix Race Course in Watkins Glen , New York . It was the 25th United States Grand Prix since the first American Grand Prize was held in 1908 and the 18th since the first United States Grand Prix at Riverside in 1958 .   The race was won by the new world champion , Austrian driver Niki Lauda driving a Ferrari 312T . Lauda took his fifth win for the season by a four-second margin over outgoing world champion , Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi in a McLaren M23 . Fittipaldi 's West German team mate Jochen Mass finished third . The second place allowed Fittipaldi to confirm runner 's up position in the points race after a half-season long battle with Argentine Brabham driver Carlos Reutemann , although Fittipaldi 's McLaren team would fall one point short of overhauling Brabham in the Constructors battle to be second behind Ferrari ."}
{"_id": "1905–06_Manchester_City_F.C._season", "title": "1905–06 Manchester City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 -- 06 season was Manchester City F.C. 's fifteenth season of league football and third consecutive season in the top flight of English football .   At the end of the season , Manchester City were investigated by the FA for allegations of awarding players bonuses , which was at the time against FA regulations . Consequently , the club were found guilty and seventeen players were fined , suspended from football until 1 January 1907 and were banned from representing Man City in future . The club was forced to shed most of its players , including its best performers and early club legends such as Billy Meredith , Sandy Turnbull and Billie Gillespie . Though several players followed guidance and moved to Manchester United ( then not a rival but a fellow community club ) or other league clubs , Gillespie refused to play his fine and instead moved to America . In addition to this , manager Tom Maley was banned from football for life , and left the club ."}
{"_id": "1973_FA_Cup_Final", "title": "1973 FA Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 FA Cup Final was the 92nd final of the FA Cup . It took place on 5 May 1973 at Wembley Stadium ( celebrating its 50th anniversary in this year ) and was contested between Leeds United , the previous season 's winners and one of the dominant teams in English football at the time , and Sunderland , then playing in the Second Division .   In one of the biggest shocks in the history of the competition , Sunderland won 1 -- 0 to become the first Second Division side to lift the Cup since West Bromwich Albion in 1931 . It remains Sunderland 's only major trophy since World War II . Sunderland 's team were the only FA Cup winners of the 20th century not to field any full internationals , although some of their players were capped later ."}
{"_id": "144th_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment", "title": "144th Indiana Infantry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 144th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between March 6 and August 5 , 1865 , during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1015_in_Norway", "title": "1015 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1015 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1959–60_Alpha_Ethniki", "title": "1959–60 Alpha Ethniki", "headings": "", "text": "Alpha Ethniki 1959-60 complete season ."}
{"_id": "1992_BMW_Open", "title": "1992 BMW Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 BMW Open was an Association of Tennis Professionals men 's tennis tournament held in Munich , Germany . It was the 76th edition of the edition of the tournament and was held from 27 April through 4 May 1992 . Magnus Larsson won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1984–85_A_Group", "title": "1984–85 A Group", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Bulgarian A Football Group in the 1984 -- 1985 season ."}
{"_id": "1989_World_Archery_Championships", "title": "1989 World Archery Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 World Archery Championships was the 35th edition of the World Archery Championships . The event was held in Lausanne , Switzerland in July 1989 and was organised by World Archery Federation ( FITA ) . Soviet archer Stanislav Zabrodsky , winner of the men 's individual recurve competition , set 4 world records during the competition ."}
{"_id": "1977–78_Yugoslav_First_League", "title": "1977–78 Yugoslav First League", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1900–01_Ottawa_Hockey_Club_season", "title": "1900–01 Ottawa Hockey Club season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1900 -- 01 Ottawa Hockey Club season was the team 's 16th season of play . The club won the 1901 Canadian Amateur Hockey League ( CAHL ) championship , but did not challenge for the Stanley Cup ."}
{"_id": "1943_Maryland_Terrapins_football_team", "title": "1943 Maryland Terrapins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1943 college football season . In their first season under head coach Clarence Spears , the Terrapins compiled a 4 -- 5 record ( 2 -- 0 in conference ) , finished in second place in the Southern Conference , and were outscored by their opponents 194 to 105 ."}
{"_id": "1987–88_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup", "title": "1987–88 FIS Cross-Country World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 -- 88 FIS Cross-Country World Cup started in La Clusaz , France , on 12 December 1987 and finished in Rovaniemi , Finland , on 27 March 1988 . Gunde Svan of Sweden won the overall men 's cup , and Marjo Matikainen of Finland won the women 's ."}
{"_id": "152nd_meridian", "title": "152nd meridian", "headings": "", "text": "152nd meridian may refer to :   152nd meridian east , a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian  152nd meridian west , a line of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian"}
{"_id": "1983–84_Yugoslav_First_League", "title": "1983–84 Yugoslav First League", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1921–22_Blackpool_F.C._season", "title": "1921–22 Blackpool F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921-22 season was Blackpool F.C. 's 21st season ( eighteenth consecutive ) in the Football League . They competed in the 22-team Division Two , then the second tier of English football , finishing nineteenth .   Harry Bedford was the club 's top scorer , with twelve goals ( eleven in the league and one in the FA Cup ) ."}
{"_id": "1970_FIFA_World_Cup", "title": "1970 FIFA World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 FIFA World Cup was the ninth FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international football championship for men 's national teams . Held from 31 May to 21 June in Mexico , it was the first World Cup tournament staged in North America , and the first held outside Europe and South America . Teams representing 75 nations from all six populated continents entered the competition , and its qualification rounds began in May 1968 . Fourteen teams qualified from this process to join host nation Mexico and defending champions England in the sixteen-team final tournament . El Salvador , Israel , and Morocco made their first appearances at the final stage , and Peru their first since 1930 .   The tournament was won by Brazil , which defeated another two-time former champion , Italy , 4 -- 1 in the final in Mexico City . The win gave Brazil its third World Cup title , which allowed them to permanently keep the Jules Rimet Trophy , and a new trophy was introduced in 1974 . The victorious team , led by Carlos Alberto and featuring players such as Pelé , Gérson , Jairzinho , Rivellino , and Tostão , is often cited as the greatest-ever World Cup team . They achieved a perfect record of wins in all six games in the finals , as well as winning all their qualifying fixtures .   Despite the issues of altitude and high temperature , the finals largely produced attacking football which created an average goals per game record not since bettered by any subsequent World Cup Finals . With the advancements in satellite communications , the 1970 Finals attracted a new record television audience for the FIFA World Cup as games were broadcast live around the world and , for the first time , in colour .   The World Cup returned to Mexico just sixteen years later in 1986 ."}
{"_id": "1936–37_Welsh_Cup", "title": "1936–37 Welsh Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 -- 37 FAW Welsh Cup is the 56th season of the annual knockout tournament for competitive football teams in Wales ."}
{"_id": "1986_Kangaroo_tour_of_Great_Britain_and_France", "title": "1986 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France was the sixteenth Kangaroo tour in which the Australian national rugby league team plays a number of tour matches against British and French teams , in addition to the Test matches . The next Kangaroo tour was staged in 1990 .   Australia continued its dominance , winning both Test series against Great Britain and France , going through the entire tour undefeated in a repeat of the 1982 Invincibles ' tour . The 1986 team became known as `` The Unbeatables '' . In twenty matches they scored 136 tries and conceded only 16 , posting 738 points for and 126 against . Terry Lamb became the first player to appear in every match on a Kangaroo Tour .   The team was coached by 1956/57 Kangaroo tourist Don Furner , who also coached the Canberra Raiders in the NSWRL that year . The squad was captained by Queensland captain Wally Lewis , the first time a Queensland based player had captained a Kangaroo tour since Tom Gorman led the 1929/30 tour . Peter Sterling was named as the tours vice-captain , while the tour managers were Gordon Treichel and John Fleming ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_Atlanta_Flames_season", "title": "1976–77 Atlanta Flames season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 -- 77 Atlanta Flames season was the fifth season for the franchise ."}
{"_id": "1962_Sugar_Bowl", "title": "1962 Sugar Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Sugar Bowl featured the top ranked Alabama Crimson Tide , and the 9th ranked Arkansas Razorbacks ."}
{"_id": "15,000_Miles_in_a_Ketch", "title": "15,000 Miles in a Ketch", "headings": "", "text": "15,000 Miles in a Ketch is a non-fiction book written by French explorer and sailor Captain Raymond Rallier du Baty , published by Thomas Nelson and Sons in 1922 . The book describes Captain du Baty 's experience on the voyage of the J.B. Charcot , a small French fishing ketch which weighed 48 tons . The aim of this voyage was to chart the subantarctic Kerguelen Islands , which they funded by hunting southern elephant seals in the local area and selling their oil . The crew set out from Boulogne in September 1907 . and sailed across the South Atlantic , Antarctic and Indian seas to outside Melbourne Harbour in July 1909 . The voyage totalled a distance of 15,000 miles , which is where the name of the novel originates ."}
{"_id": "1997_German_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1997 German Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 German Figure Skating Championships ( Deutsche Meisterschaften im Eiskunstlaufen ) were the German Figure Skating Championships for the 1996 -- 1997 season . They were the figure skating national championship that determined the national champions of Germany for that season . Skaters competed in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies singles , pair skating , and ice dancing .   The 1996 -- 1997 competition took place in Oberstdorf , Germany from January 2 through 5th , 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1960_Scotch_Cup", "title": "1960 Scotch Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 Scotch Cup , the men 's world curling championship , was hosted in Ayr , Edinburgh and Glasgow , Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1959_Transair_Douglas_Dakota_accident", "title": "1959 Transair Douglas Dakota accident", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __   The Transair Douglas Dakota accident was an aircraft accident that occurred on 19 August 1959 , when a Douglas Dakota operated by British airline Transair on a non-scheduled flight between Barcelona Airport in Spain to London-Gatwick Airport in the United Kingdom crashed in Spain . The aircraft , which was carrying 29 students home to England , had been chartered by the National Union of Students to conduct regular weekly flights from Gatwick to Barcelona . It was the first accident suffered by a Transair aircraft following the airline 's formation in 1947 ."}
{"_id": "1957–58_Manchester_United_F.C._season", "title": "1957–58 Manchester United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 -- 58 season was Manchester United 's 56th season in the Football League , and their 13th consecutive season in the top division of English football .   The season marked the biggest tragedy in the club 's history as eight players , three club officials and ten other passengers died as a result of their injuries in the Munich air disaster on 6 February 1958 on their way back from a European Cup quarter-final away to Red Star Belgrade . Centre-half Mark Jones , captain Roger Byrne , full-back Geoff Bent , winger David Pegg , right-half Eddie Colman , inside-right Bill Whelan and centre-forward Tommy Taylor were all killed instantly . Left-half Duncan Edwards was in hospital for two weeks before he too died on 21 February .   Winger Johnny Berry and centre-half Jackie Blanchflower were both injured to such an extent that they never played again , while several of the surviving players were unavailable for a considerable amount of time as they recovered from their injuries .   Manager Matt Busby was badly injured , and his assistant Jimmy Murphy ( who was not on that fateful flight ) took charge of the first team until the end of the season as Busby recovered from his injuries . Club secretary Walter Crickmer and coaches Tom Curry and Bert Whalley were all killed in the crash , which claimed a total of 23 lives .   Despite the decimation of their squad , a makeshift United side still managed to reach the FA Cup final that season , where they lost to Bolton Wanderers . They also reached the semi-finals of the European Cup . However , their league form suffered after the crash and their title challenge faded as they finished ninth in the final table .   With the United squad decimated by death and injuries in the aftermath of the Munich tragedy , a number of younger players broke through into the first team . These included winger Shay Brennan and forward Mark Pearson . Another notable new member of the side was goalkeeper Harry Gregg , signed in December 1957 a few weeks before the Munich crash , and who was hailed a hero for his rescue efforts in the crash .   United 's top scorer for the season was Dennis Viollet , who found the net 23 times in all competitions and 16 times in the league despite being out of action for some two months as he recovered from injuries sustained in the Munich crash ."}
{"_id": "1736_in_Russia", "title": "1736 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1736 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1721_in_Sweden", "title": "1721 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1721 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1770_in_science", "title": "1770 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1770 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1920_Cincinnati_Reds_season", "title": "1920 Cincinnati Reds season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball . The team finished third in the National League with a record of 82 -- 71 , 10 1/2 games behind the Brooklyn Robins ."}
{"_id": "1985_Air_Force_Falcons_football_team", "title": "1985 Air Force Falcons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Air Force Falcons football team represented the United States Air Force Academy in the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Falcons came within one victory of playing for the National Championship . In the Ram-Falcon Trophy match , the Falcons beat the Colorado State Rams to win the trophy ."}
{"_id": "1944_New_York_Yankees_season", "title": "1944 New York Yankees season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 New York Yankees season was the team 's 42nd season in New York , and its 44th season overall . The team finished in third place in the American League with a record of 83 -- 71 , finishing 6 games behind the St. Louis Browns . New York was managed by Joe McCarthy . The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1951_Wimbledon_Championships", "title": "1951 Wimbledon Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament ran from 25 June until 6 July . It was the 65th staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1951 ."}
{"_id": "1972_in_literature", "title": "1972 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1972 ."}
{"_id": "1922_in_science_fiction", "title": "1922 in science fiction", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1922 was marked , in science fiction , by the following events ."}
{"_id": "1987_Overseas_Final", "title": "1987 Overseas Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Overseas Final was the seventh running of the Overseas Final as part of the qualification for the 1987 Speedway World Championship Final to be held in Amsterdam in the Netherlands . The 1987 Final was held at the Odsal Stadium in Bradford , England on 5 June and was the second last qualifying round for Commonwealth and American riders .   The Top 9 riders qualified for the Intercontinental Final to be held in Vojens , Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1920_Philadelphia_Phillies_season", "title": "1920 Philadelphia Phillies season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1964–65_NHL_season", "title": "1964–65 NHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 -- 65 NHL season was the 48th season of the National Hockey League . Six teams each played 70 games . Jean Beliveau was the winner of the newly introduced Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player during the playoffs . The Montreal Canadiens won their first Stanley Cup since 1960 as they were victorious over the Chicago Black Hawks in a seven-game final series ."}
{"_id": "100th_Window", "title": "100th Window", "headings": "", "text": "100th Window is the fourth studio album by English trip-hop group Massive Attack . Of the band 's original core trio , the album only features Robert Del Naja . Andrew Vowles departed shortly after the release of Mezzanine , and Grant Marshall refused to participate in the making of the record . Released in February 2003 , 100th Window was written and produced by Del Naja and Neil Davidge , and features vocals from Horace Andy , Sinéad O'Connor and Damon Albarn ( performing as 2D ) . It is the first album by the band that made no use of samples , and contains none of the jazz or jazz fusion stylings of the Blue Lines or Protection recordings ."}
{"_id": "1963_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team", "title": "1963 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team was the representative of the University of Nebraska and member of the Big Eight Conference in the 1963 college football season . The team was coached by Bob Devaney and played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lincoln , Nebraska ."}
{"_id": "1946_Wightman_Cup", "title": "1946 Wightman Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 Wightman Cup was the 18th edition of the annual women 's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain . It was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London in England in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1988_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Women's_4_×_400_metres_relay", "title": "1988 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 4x400 metres relay event at the 1988 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Sudbury , Ontario , Canada , at Laurentian University Stadium on 30 and 31 July ."}
{"_id": "1968_NCAA_College_Division_football_rankings", "title": "1968 NCAA College Division football rankings", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 NCAA College Division football rankings are from the United Press International poll of College Division head coaches and from the Associated Press . The 1968 season was the eleventh year UPI published a Coaches Poll in what was termed the `` Small College '' division and the ninth year for the AP version of the poll . This was the first year AP had a `` Top 20 '' instead of a `` Top 10 '' .   The AP poll did not include Win/Loss records in the weekly rankings until the fifth week of polling . In the UPI poll , the Win/Loss records were published for the Top 10 in all weeks . If a team 's record was provided in one poll in a particular week , it 's been copied to the other poll ."}
{"_id": "1953–54_Philadelphia_Warriors_season", "title": "1953–54 Philadelphia Warriors season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953-54 NBA season was the Warriors ' 8th season in the NBA ."}
{"_id": "1982–83_National_Basketball_League_season", "title": "1982–83 National Basketball League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 -- 83 Just Juice National Basketball League season was the eleventh season of the National Basketball League formed in 1972 .   The league was sponsored by Just Juice for the second consecutive year and Crystal Palace won yet another league title but Sunderland claimed the Play Off 's and the Solent Stars successfully defended their National Cup crown.The league received a welcome boost when a new national TV channel called Channel 4 decided to show live action every Monday evening ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_Celtic_F.C._season", "title": "1985–86 Celtic F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1985 -- 86 Scottish football season , Celtic competed in the Scottish Premier Division ."}
{"_id": "1942_All-Pacific_Coast_football_team", "title": "1942 All-Pacific Coast football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 All-Pacific Coast football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Pacific Coast teams for the 1942 college football season . The organizations selecting teams in 1942 included the Associated Press ( AP ) and the United Press ( UP ) .   UCLA , Washington State , Stanford and USC finished first through fourth , respectively , in the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , and each of those teams placed two players named on the first teams selected by either the AP or UP . Conference champion UCLA was ranked # 13 in the final AP Poll and was represented by quarterback Bob Waterfield ( AP , UP ) and guard Jack Lescoulie ( AP , UP ) . Stanford was ranked # 12 in the final AP Poll and was represented by guard Chuck Taylor ( AP , UP ) , a College Football Hall of Fame inductee , and tackle Ed Stamm ( AP , UP ) .   Three players from teams outside the PCC received first-team honors from the AP : halfback Jesse Freitas and end Alyn Beals from the Santa Clara Broncos and tackle John Sanchez from the San Francisco Dons ."}
{"_id": "(S)-Equol", "title": "(S)-Equol", "headings": "", "text": "( S ) - Equol , or ( S ) - -4 ' ,7 - isoflavandiol , is the ( S ) - enantiomer of the naturally occurring isoflavandiol estrogen , equol . It is a non-steroidal , selective agonist of ERβ ( Ki = 16 nM ) , with 13-fold selectivity for ERβ over ERα . Relative to ( S ) - equol , ( R ) - equol is less potent and , in contrast , binds to ERα ( Ki = 50 nM ) with 3.5-fold selectivity over ERβ . Under the code name AUS-131 , ( S ) - equol is under development for the treatment of menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and benign prostatic hyperplasia . Human intestinal bacteria metabolize the soy isoflavone daidzein into ( S ) - equol , and it has been determined that ( S ) - equol is exclusively produced ."}
{"_id": "135_mm_/45_Italian_naval_gun", "title": "135 mm /45 Italian naval gun", "headings": "", "text": "The Cannone da 135/45 OTO 1937 was a 135 mm ( 5.3 in ) 45-caliber naval gun built for the Regia Marina in the late 1930s . Built as a response to the French Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1929 , it was meant to have the same range as the widespread 120 mm gun , but with less muzzle velocity and less dispersion ."}
{"_id": "1266_in_Scotland", "title": "1266 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1266 in the Kingdom of Scotland ."}
{"_id": "11th_Landwehr_Division_(German_Empire)", "title": "11th Landwehr Division (German Empire)", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Landwehr Division ( 11 . Landwehr-Division ) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I."}
{"_id": "1st_District_of_Columbia_Cavalry_Regiment", "title": "1st District of Columbia Cavalry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st District of Columbia Cavalry was a Union Army infantry regiment which fought in the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1898_Indiana_Hoosiers_football_team", "title": "1898 Indiana Hoosiers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1898 Indiana Hoosiers football team was an American football team that represented Indiana University Bloomington during the 1898 college football season . In their first season under head coach James H. Horne , the Hoosiers compiled a 4 -- 1 -- 2 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 90 to 30 ."}
{"_id": "1983_Australian_Individual_Speedway_Championship", "title": "1983 Australian Individual Speedway Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Australian Individual Speedway Championship was held at Speedway Park in Adelaide , South Australia on 21 January 1983 . Sydney rider Billy Sanders won his fifth Australian Championship and his record fourth in a row .   Sanders caused a stir when he famously told the unruly crowd that after the reception he got he might consider changing nationalities . He then told the crowd to `` Get Stuffed '' at the end of his victory speech while being unfairly booed following the unpopular decision by Adelaide-based meeting referee Sam Bass to exclude crowd favourite Phil Crump from their heat 14 clash which ultimately Crump the title . Sanders had won the start , but Crump had moved under him in turn 2 and sent the Sydney rider crashing into the concrete wall . To that point of the meeting , Crump had easily won his previous heats as well as twice breaking the 3 lap track record , while Sanders , who was also undefeated , had only just won his opening race after trailing Gary Guglielmi until finally passing him in the final turn . Ironically , in the re-run of the heat after Crump 's exclusion Sanders would lower Crump 's new track record by 5/100th 's of a second with a new time of 51.22 for 3 laps of the 430 m long clay surfaced track .   The leading local rider was Steve Baker who finished 8th with 7 points . Later in the year Baker would win the 1983 European ( World ) Under-21 Championship in Italy ."}
{"_id": "1922–23_Scottish_Division_Two", "title": "1922–23 Scottish Division Two", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 -- 23 Scottish Division Two was won by Queen 's Park who , along with second placed Clydebank , were promoted to the First Division . Arbroath finished bottom ."}
{"_id": "1961_WANFL_season", "title": "1961 WANFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 WANFL season was the 77th season of the various incarnations of the Western Australian National Football League ."}
{"_id": "1904–05_Wisconsin_Badgers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1904–05 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 -- 1905 Wisconsin Badgers men 's basketball team represented University of Wisconsin -- Madison . The head coach was Emmett Angell , coaching his first season with the Badgers . The team played their home games at the Red Gym in Madison , Wisconsin and was a member of the Western Conference ."}
{"_id": "1991_Formula_One_season", "title": "1991 Formula One season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Formula One season was the 45th season of FIA Formula One motor racing . It featured the 1991 FIA Formula One World Championship , which commenced on 10 March 1991 and ended on 3 November after sixteen races . Ayrton Senna won his third and last Drivers ' World Championship and McLaren-Honda won the Constructors ' Championship . Senna 's main title challenger was Nigel Mansell at Williams , who won five races on his return to the team compared to Senna 's seven . Senna 's fierce rival Alain Prost failed to win a race with Ferrari in stark contrast to his title challenge the year before and left the team even before the end of the season . 1991 also saw the debuts of future world champions Michael Schumacher and Mika Häkkinen ."}
{"_id": "1999_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team", "title": "1999 Michigan Wolverines football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team 's head coach was Lloyd Carr . The Wolverines played their home games at Michigan Stadium . That year Michigan Wolverines football competed in the Big Ten Conference in almost all intercollegiate sports including men 's college football . The 1999 Wolverines finished the season with a 10 -- 2 record ( 6 -- 2 in the Big Ten ) and defeated the Alabama Crimson Tide in the 2000 Orange Bowl . The team was ranked # 5 in both the final coaches and AP polls . The team was led by All-American and Academic All-American Rob Renes and his co-captains Tom Brady and Steve Hutchinson ."}
{"_id": "1905_in_architecture", "title": "1905 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1905 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings ."}
{"_id": "13th_Saskatchewan_Legislature", "title": "13th Saskatchewan Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan was elected in the Saskatchewan general election held in June 1956 . The assembly sat from February 14 , 1957 , to May 4 , 1960 . The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) led by Tommy Douglas formed the government . The Liberal Party led by Alexander Hamilton McDonald formed the official opposition .   James Andrew Darling served as speaker for the assembly ."}
{"_id": "1985_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Lacrosse_Championship", "title": "1985 NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Tournament was the 15th annual Division I NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship tournament . Twelve NCAA Division I college men 's lacrosse teams met after having played their way through a regular season , and for some , a conference tournament ."}
{"_id": "1992_Southern_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "title": "1992 Southern Conference Baseball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Southern Conference Baseball Tournament was held at College Park in Charleston , SC from April 23 through April 27 . Top seeded won the tournament and earned the Southern Conference 's automatic bid to the 1992 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament . It was the Catamounts sixth tournament win .   The tournament used a double-elimination format ."}
{"_id": "1987_Star_World_Championships", "title": "1987 Star World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Star World Championships were held in Chicago , United States in 1987 ."}
{"_id": "1940_St._Louis_Browns_season", "title": "1940 St. Louis Browns season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 St. Louis Browns season involved the Browns finishing 6th in the American League with a record of 67 wins and 87 losses ."}
{"_id": "1977–78_Duke_Blue_Devils_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1977–78 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 -- 78 Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team represented Duke University . The Head Coach was Bill Foster . The team played its home games in the Cameron Indoor Stadium in Durham , North Carolina , and was a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ."}
{"_id": "1979_National_League_Championship_Series", "title": "1979 National League Championship Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 National League Championship Series was played between the National League West champion Cincinnati Reds and the National League East champion Pittsburgh Pirates .   It was the fourth time in the 1970s that the Pirates and Reds had faced off for the pennant ; Cincinnati had won all three previous meetings in 1970 , 1972 and 1975 .   The Pirates won the series in a three-game sweep in what would be the last postseason appearance for both franchises until 1990 ."}
{"_id": "1998_European_Short_Course_Swimming_Championships_–_Men's_200_metre_freestyle", "title": "1998 European Short Course Swimming Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle", "headings": "", "text": "The finals and the qualifying heats of the men 's 200 metres freestyle event at the 1998 European Short Course Swimming Championships were held on the second day of the competition , on Saturday , 12 December 1998 in Sheffield , England ."}
{"_id": "1729_in_architecture", "title": "1729 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1729 in architecture involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1679_in_art", "title": "1679 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1679 in art ."}
{"_id": "1950s_in_jazz", "title": "1950s in jazz", "headings": "", "text": "By the end of the 1940s , the nervous energy and tension of bebop was replaced with a tendency towards calm and smoothness , with the sounds of cool jazz , which favoured long , linear melodic lines . It emerged in New York City , as a result of the mixture of the styles of predominantly white swing jazz musicians and predominantly black bebop musicians , and it dominated jazz in the first half of the 1950s . The starting point were a series of singles on Capitol Records in 1949 and 1950 of a nonet led by trumpeter Miles Davis , collected and released first on a ten-inch and later a twelve-inch as the Birth of the Cool . Cool jazz recordings by Chet Baker , Dave Brubeck , Bill Evans , Gil Evans , Stan Getz and the Modern Jazz Quartet usually have a `` lighter '' sound which avoided the aggressive tempos and harmonic abstraction of bebop . Cool jazz later became strongly identified with the West Coast jazz scene , but also had a particular resonance in Europe , especially Scandinavia , with emergence of such major figures as baritone saxophonist Lars Gullin and pianist Bengt Hallberg . The theoretical underpinnings of cool jazz were set out by the blind Chicago pianist Lennie Tristano , and its influence stretches into such later developments as Bossa nova , modal jazz , and even free jazz . See also the list of cool jazz and West Coast musicians for further detail .   Hard bop , an extension of bebop ( or `` bop '' ) music that incorporates influences from rhythm and blues , gospel music , and blues , especially in the saxophone and piano playing , developed in the mid-1950s , partly in response to the vogue for cool jazz in the early 1950s . The hard bop style coalesced in 1953 and 1954 , paralleling the rise of rhythm and blues . Miles Davis ' performance of `` Walkin ' '' the title track of his album of the same year , at the very first Newport Jazz Festival in 1954 , announced the style to the jazz world . The quintet Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers , fronted by Blakey and featuring pianist Horace Silver and trumpeter Clifford Brown , were leaders in the hard bop movement along with Davis . ( See also List of Hard bop musicians )   Modal jazz recordings , such as Miles Davis 's Kind of Blue , became popular in the late 1950s . Popular modal standards include Davis 's `` All Blues '' and `` So What '' ( both 1959 ) , John Coltrane 's `` Impressions '' ( 1963 ) and Herbie Hancock 's `` Maiden Voyage '' ( 1965 ) . Later , Davis 's `` second great quintet '' , which included saxophonist Wayne Shorter and pianist Herbie Hancock , recorded a series of highly acclaimed albums in the mid-to-late 1960s . Standards from these sessions include Shorter 's `` Footprints '' ( 1966 ) and Eddie Harris 's `` Freedom Jazz Dance '' ( 1966 ) .   In Brazil , a new style of music called bossa nova evolved in the late 1950s . The free jazz movement , coming to prominence in the late 1950s , spawned very few standards . Free jazz 's unorthodox structures and performance techniques are not as amenable to transcription as other jazz styles . However , `` Lonely Woman '' ( 1959 ) a blues by saxophonist Ornette Coleman , is perhaps the closest thing to a standard in free jazz , having been recorded by dozens of notable performers ."}
{"_id": "1993_Manchester_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1993 Manchester Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Patrick Galbraith and David Macpherson were the defending champions , but Galbraith did not participate this year . Macpherson partnered Steve DeVries , losing in the first round .   Ken Flach and Rick Leach won the title , defeating Stefan Kruger and Glenn Michibata 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1982_World_Judo_Championships", "title": "1982 World Judo Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 World Judo Championships were the 2nd edition of the women 's World Judo Championships , and were held in Paris , France from December 4 -- 5 , 1982 ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Luxembourg_National_Division", "title": "1991–92 Luxembourg National Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Luxembourg National Division in season 1991/1992 ."}
{"_id": "1858_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "1858 in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1858 in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1953–54_Syracuse_Nationals_season", "title": "1953–54 Syracuse Nationals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953-54 NBA season was the Nationals ' fifth season in the NBA ."}
{"_id": "-monas", "title": "-monas", "headings": "", "text": "The suffix - monas is used in microbiology for many genera and is intended to mean `` unicellular organism '' ."}
{"_id": "1943_in_Turkey", "title": "1943 in Turkey", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1943 in Turkey ."}
{"_id": "1999_World_Rally_Championship", "title": "1999 World Rally Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 World Rally Championship was the 27th season of the FIA World Rally Championship . The season consisted of 14 rallies . Tommi Mäkinen won his fourth drivers ' world championship driving for Mitsubishi , ahead of Richard Burns and Didier Auriol . The manufacturers ' title was won by Toyota , ahead of Subaru and Mitsubishi .   In an upset predicted two years earlier a two-wheel-drive car won a rally for the first time since Alain Oreille won the 1989 Rallye Côte d'Ivoire in his Renault 5 when Philippe Bugalski took his Citroën Xsara Kit Car to victory in the Rally Catalunya . Bugalski backed it up three weeks later winning the Tour de Corse . With such specialised tarmac cars now beating WRC cars while at the same time not competing in the FIA 2-Litre World Rally Cup designed for them a revamp of two-wheel-drive regulations was created for the 2000 season ."}
{"_id": "1996_Legg_Mason_Tennis_Classic_–_Singles", "title": "1996 Legg Mason Tennis Classic – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Andre Agassi was the defending champion but lost in the third round to Patrick Rafter .   Michael Chang won in the final 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 against Wayne Ferreira ."}
{"_id": "1992_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Michael Stich was the defending men 's singles champion at The Championships , Wimbledon in 1992 , but he was defeated by Pete Sampras in the quarterfinals .   Jim Courier was attempting to become the first man to win Grand Slams on hard court , clay and grass on the same calendar year after he won the Australian Open and French Open earlier in the year , and was also trying to win the Australian Open , French Open and Wimbledon in the same calendar year for the first time since Rod Laver in 1969 . He lost to qualifier Andrei Olhovskiy in the third round .   Andre Agassi won his first Wimbledon title on his third attempt , defeating Goran Ivanišević in the final , 6 -- 7 ( 8 -- 10 ) , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 . This was Agassi 's first Grand Slam tournament title and the first step towards completing an eventual career Grand Slam .   1992 was the last Wimbledon at which both three-time champion John McEnroe and two-time champion Jimmy Connors competed ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_French_Division_2", "title": "1965–66 French Division 2", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Division 2 in the 1965/1966 season ."}
{"_id": "1998_Boston_Cup", "title": "1998 Boston Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Boston Cup was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Longwood Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts in the United States that was part of Tier III of the 1998 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from August 10 through August 16 , 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_Yugoslav_Cup", "title": "1965–66 Yugoslav Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 -- 66 Yugoslav Cup was the 19th season of the top football knockout competition in SFR Yugoslavia , the Yugoslav Cup ( Kup Jugoslavije ) , also known as the `` Marshal Tito Cup '' ( Kup Maršala Tita ) , since its establishment in 1946 ."}
{"_id": "1993_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1993 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Steffi Graf defeated Jana Novotná 7 -- 6 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Ladies ' Singles title at the 1993 Wimbledon Championships . It was Graf 's third consecutive appearance in the women 's final , and her fifth Wimbledon championship victory . Novotná would appear in two more ladies ' finals , eventually winning the title in 1998 ."}
{"_id": "167th_meridian", "title": "167th meridian", "headings": "", "text": "167th meridian may refer to :   167th meridian east , a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian  167th meridian west , a line of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian"}
{"_id": "1983_European_Aquatics_Championships", "title": "1983 European Aquatics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 LEN European Aquatics Championships took place at the Stadio Olimpico del Nuoto in Rome , Italy between 22 August and 27 August 1983 . East Germany won all women 's events in the swimming competition , and also every silver medal available to them in individual events . Besides swimming there were titles contested in diving , synchronized swimming and water polo ( men ) . The 4 × 200 m freestyle relay for women was held for the first time ."}
{"_id": "1972_South_African_Gazelles_rugby_union_tour_in_Argentina", "title": "1972 South African Gazelles rugby union tour in Argentina", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 South African Gazelles rugby union tour in Argentina was a series of matches played by the Gazelles ( Under-23 South African selection ) in Argentina , between September and November 1972 .   It was the second tour of Argentina by this selection , after the 1966 tour and the fourth of a South African team .   The series between `` Gazelles '' and `` Pumas '' was tied with a victory for both ."}
{"_id": "1819_in_Wales", "title": "1819 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1819 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1945_Campeón_de_Campeones", "title": "1945 Campeón de Campeones", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 Campeon de Campeones was the 4th Mexican Super Cup football one-leg match played on 1 June 1945 .   League winners : Club España  Cup winners : Puebla"}
{"_id": "(9992)_1997_TG19", "title": "(9992) 1997 TG19", "headings": "", "text": "is a stony asteroid and eccentric Mars-crosser , approximately 4 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 8 October 1997 , by Japanese astronomers Tetsuo Kagawa and Takeshi Urata at Gekko Observatory near Shizuoka , Japan ."}
{"_id": "'A'_Is_for_A-l-i-v-e", "title": "'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e", "headings": "", "text": "'' ` A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' is the first episode , and the premiere of the fourth season of the American mystery drama television series Pretty Little Liars , and is the 72nd episode overall , which aired on ABC Family on June 11 , 2013 . The episode was written and directed by showrunner I. Marlene King , marking the second episode King has directed for the TV series .   In the episode , Aria , Emily , Hanna and Spencer tries to find answers by questioning Mona about her knowledge of `` A '' , in addition to the Liars dealing with different personal problems which they are facing . As they try to find out if Alison really is alive , Wilden 's body is discovered which leads the new police officer Holbrook to investigate the case . to Meanwhile , Jessica DiLaurentis moves back to Rosewood , which begins to concern the girls .   '' ` A ' is for A-l-i-v-e '' was watched by 2.97 million viewers and garnered a 1.3 rating , up from the previous episode , the third-season finale , and up 15 percent from the third-season premiere a year ago . The episode was met with positive reviews from television critics as many was pleased with the improvement of the show and the answers of questions which many was wondering about . Many also agreed that the premiere reminded critics about the first season ."}
{"_id": "1908_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team", "title": "1908 Vanderbilt Commodores football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1908 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season . The team 's head coach was Dan McGugin , who served his fifth season in that capacity . Members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association , the Commodores played eight home games in Nashville , Tennessee and finished the season with a record of 7 -- 2 -- 1 and 3 -- 0 -- 1 in SIAA .   1908 was a down year for Vanderbilt with a wealth of sophomores ; guided shrewdly by McGugin to its success ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_Baltimore_Bullets_season", "title": "1965–66 Baltimore Bullets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 -- 66 NBA season was the Bullets ' 5th season in the NBA and 3rd season in the city of Baltimore ."}
{"_id": "1972_Little_League_World_Series", "title": "1972 Little League World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The Little League World Series took place between August 22 and August 26 in Williamsport , Pennsylvania . The Taipei Little League of Taipei City , Republic of China defeated the Edison Little League of Hammond , Indiana in the championship game of the 26th Little League World Series ."}
{"_id": "1972_All-Ireland_Minor_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1972 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship was the 42nd staging of the All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship . The championship began on 15 August 1971 and ended on 5 September 1971 .   Cork were the defending champions .   On 4 September 1972 , Kilkenny won the championship following an 8-7 to 3-9 defeat of Cork in the All-Ireland final . This was their 8th All-Ireland title and their first in ten championship seasons ."}
{"_id": "1991_Copa_del_Rey_de_Baloncesto", "title": "1991 Copa del Rey de Baloncesto", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Copa del Rey was the 55th edition of the Spanish basketball Cup . It was organized by the ACB and its Final Eight was played in Zaragoza , in the Pabellón Príncipe Felipe between 22 and 25 February 1991 .   This edition was played by the 24 teams of the 1990 -- 91 ACB season . The four first qualified teams of the previous season qualified directly to the Final Eight while teams 5 to 8 joined the competition in the third round ."}
{"_id": "1529_in_India", "title": "1529 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1529 in India ."}
{"_id": "100%_Kelly_Key", "title": "100% Kelly Key", "headings": "", "text": "100 % Kelly Key is a compilation album by Brazilian pop singer Kelly Key , released on December 10 , 2007 , by Som Livre ."}
{"_id": "10th_Seiyu_Awards", "title": "10th Seiyu Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th Seiyu Awards was held on March 12 , 2016 at the JOQR Media Plus Hall in Minato , Tokyo ."}
{"_id": "18th_Hollywood_Film_Awards", "title": "18th Hollywood Film Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th Annual Hollywood Film Awards ceremony was held on Friday , November 14 , 2014 , and aired on CBS . Gala ceremony took place at the Hollywood Palladium in Los Angeles , California . The honorees for 2014 were :"}
{"_id": "1913_Országos_Bajnokság_I_(men's_water_polo)", "title": "1913 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)", "headings": "", "text": "1913 Országos Bajnokság I ( men 's water polo ) was the tenth water polo championship in Hungary . There were two teams who played one match for the title ."}
{"_id": "1966_All-Pacific-8_Conference_football_team", "title": "1966 All-Pacific-8 Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 All-Pacific-8 Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Pacific-8 Conference teams for the 1966 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1954–55_Fort_Wayne_Pistons_season", "title": "1954–55 Fort Wayne Pistons season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954-55 NBA season was the Pistons ' seventh season in the NBA and 14th season as a franchise ."}
{"_id": "1971_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_100_metres", "title": "1971 European Athletics Championships – Men's 100 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 100 metres at the 1971 European Athletics Championships was held in Helsinki , Finland , at Helsinki Olympic Stadium on 10 and 11 August 1971 ."}
{"_id": "1958_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_4_×_400_metres_relay", "title": "1958 European Athletics Championships – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 4 x 400 metres relay at the 1958 European Athletics Championships was held in Stockholm , Sweden , at Stockholms Olympiastadion on 23 and 24 August 1958 ."}
{"_id": "197th_Field_Artillery_Regiment", "title": "197th Field Artillery Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 197th Field Artillery Regiment is a regiment in the New Hampshire Army National Guard ."}
{"_id": "1864_in_poetry", "title": "1864 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_FDGB-Pokal", "title": "1972–73 FDGB-Pokal", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972-73 season was the 22nd competition for the FDGB-Pokal , the national football cup competition of East Germany .   As the second-tier DDR-Liga had been enlarged to 58 teams in the previous season , the competition had to be held in a new format . The first round proper was held -- after a play-off between Zentronik Sömmerda and HFC Chemie II -- with 72 teams : 15 Bezirkspokal winners ( designated with an asterisk ) , 55 DDR-Liga teams and the two teams relegated from the DDR-Oberliga in the 1971-72 season , Stahl Riesa and Vorwärts Stralsund .   After an intermediate round that saw the seven remaining Bezirkspokal winners and the 29 surviving DDR-Liga teams , the 14 current DDR-Oberliga teams joined in the second round proper . Only two Bezirkspokal winners ( Wismut Gera II and Fortschritt Krumhermersdorf ) took part in this round , together with 16 second-tier teams . Both Bezirkspokal winners were eliminated , as well as three top-flight teams : Sachsenring Zwickau , Vorwärts Frankfurt and Wismut Aue .   In contrast to the first rounds , the fixtures in the round of last 16 , the quarter - and semi-finals were played over two legs . If scores were level , extra time and a penalty shoot-out followed . The away goals rule was applied as well .   The reserve team of F.C. Hansa Rostock was the only second-tier club not eliminated in the round of last 16 and thus the club entered the quarter-finals with two teams . Hansa had eliminated defending champions FC Carl Zeiss Jena , but went out in the quarter final against 1 . FC Magdeburg . Last year 's finalist and new DDR-Oberliga champion Dynamo Dresden went out in the quarter finals against 1 . FC Lokomotive Leipzig who went on to beat Berliner FC Dynamo to reach the final against 1 . FC Magdeburg in Dessau . Magdeburg had beaten fellow DDR-Oberliga side FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt to secure their fourth final appearance since 1964 ( as SC Aufbau Magdeburg ) ."}
{"_id": "1991_Lesotho_coup_d'état", "title": "1991 Lesotho coup d'état", "headings": "", "text": "A coup d'état took place in Lesotho on 30 April 1991 , led by Colonel Elias Ramaena . It led to the resignation of Prime Minister Justin Lekhanya .   Colonel Ramaena besieged the government and forced Prime Minister Lekhanya to resign . During Ramaena 's two years in power , a new constitution restoring the powers of the Parliament was adopted . Multi-party elections were held on 27 March 1993 , with the assistance of the Secretariat of the Commonwealth , at the request of the government ."}
{"_id": "172nd_Ohio_Infantry", "title": "172nd Ohio Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 172nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry ( or 172nd OVI ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1926–27_Irish_League", "title": "1926–27 Irish League", "headings": "", "text": "The Irish League in season 1926 -- 27 comprised 12 teams , and Belfast Celtic won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1775_Zimmerwald", "title": "1775 Zimmerwald", "headings": "", "text": "1775 Zimmerwald , provisional designation , is a stony Eunomian asteroid and slow rotator from the middle region of the asteroid belt , approximately 10 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 13 May 1969 , by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern , Switzerland . It is named for the village of Zimmerwald , where the discovering observatory is located ."}
{"_id": "1891_Geneva_Golden_Tornadoes_football_team", "title": "1891 Geneva Golden Tornadoes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1891 Geneva Golden Tornadoes football team represented the Geneva College during the 1891 college football season . The team finished with a final record of 4 -- 2 ."}
{"_id": "1969_PGA_Championship", "title": "1969 PGA Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 PGA Championship was the 51st PGA Championship , played August 14 -- 17 at the South Course of NCR Country Club in Kettering , Ohio , a suburb south of Dayton . Raymond Floyd , age 26 , won the first of his four major titles , one stroke ahead of runner-up Gary Player .   Floyd held a five-shot lead after the third round , at 202 ( − 11 ) , and carded a 74 ( +3 ) on Sunday .   During the tournament 's third round , demonstrators tried to disrupt the play of Player and Jack Nicklaus . Ice was thrown in Player 's face and one spectator yelled while Nicklaus prepared to putt . Security was stepped up for the final round on Sunday .   This was the first PGA Championship after the formation of the `` Tournament Players Division '' in December 1968 , later renamed the PGA Tour . It also marked the permanent move of the PGA Championship to August , excluding 1971 , which was played in Florida in February . Except for 1965 , it had been played in July in the 1960s ; five times during the decade it was held the week immediately after The Open Championship in Britain , including 1968 . The new scheduling allowed more players to participate in both majors , cementing the concept of the modern grand slam .   The attendance on Sunday was 23,543 and a new record was set for the four days at 80,847 ; including practice days , the week 's attendance was 106,043 ."}
{"_id": "16th_Military_Police_Brigade_(United_States)", "title": "16th Military Police Brigade (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Military Police Brigade is a Military Police brigade of the United States Army headquartered at Fort Bragg , North Carolina . This military police unit was the only airborne-qualified military police brigade in the United States Army . It provides law enforcement and police duties to the Fort Bragg area , and for the XVIII Airborne Corps when deployed . As an airborne unit , it was authorized a beret flash and parachute wing trimming , and the shoulder sleeve insignia was authorized to be worn with an airborne tab . According to U.S. Army 's Institute of Heraldry , the shoulder sleeve insignia `` was amended to delete the airborne tab effective 16 October 2008 '' when jump status was terminated ."}
{"_id": "1884–85_in_English_football", "title": "1884–85 in English football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1884 -- 1885 season was the 14th season of competitive football in England ."}
{"_id": "1969_in_Scotland", "title": "1969 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1969 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "16th_century_in_literature", "title": "16th century in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of literary events and publications in the 16th century ."}
{"_id": "1885_Louisville_Colonels_season", "title": "1885 Louisville Colonels season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1885 Louisville Colonels season was a season in American baseball . The team ( formerly the Louisville Eclipse ) finished with a 53 -- 59 record , sixth place in the American Association ."}
{"_id": "1904_Democratic_National_Convention", "title": "1904 Democratic National Convention", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 Democratic National Convention was a United States presidential nominating convention that took place during the 1904 World 's Fair and the 1904 Summer Olympics in the Coliseum of the St. Louis Exposition and Music Hall in St. Louis , Missouri . The convention nominated Alton B. Parker of New York for President and Henry G. Davis of West Virginia for Vice President . The ticket lost the 1904 presidential election to the Republican Party ticket of Theodore Roosevelt and Charles W. Fairbanks ."}
{"_id": "1997_Fed_Cup_Americas_Zone", "title": "1997 Fed Cup Americas Zone", "headings": "", "text": "The Americas Zone was one of three zones of regional competition in the 1997 Fed Cup ."}
{"_id": "1901_College_Football_All-America_Team", "title": "1901 College Football All-America Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various individuals who chose College Football All-America Teams for the 1901 college football season . The only two individuals who have been recognized as `` official '' selectors by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) for the 1901 season are Walter Camp and Caspar Whitney , who had originated the College Football All-America Team 13 years earlier in 1889 . Camp 's 1901 All-America Team was published in Collier 's Weekly , and Whitney 's selections were published in Outing magazine ."}
{"_id": "(3R,6E)-nerolidol_synthase", "title": "(3R,6E)-nerolidol synthase", "headings": "", "text": "( 3R ,6 E ) - nerolidol synthase ( , terpene synthase 1 ) is an enzyme with systematic name ( 2E ,6 E ) - farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ( ( 3R ,6 E ) - nerolidol-forming ) . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction   ( 2E ,6 E ) - farnesyl diphosphate + H2O ( 3R ,6 E ) - nerolidol + diphosphate   The enzyme catalyses a step in the formation of ( 3E ) -4,8 - dimethylnona-1 ,3,7 - triene ."}
{"_id": "1813_crossing_of_the_Blue_Mountains", "title": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains", "headings": "", "text": "The 1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains was the expedition led by Gregory Blaxland , William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth , which became the first successful crossing of the Blue Mountains in New South Wales by European settlers . The crossing enabled the settlers to access and use the land west of the mountains for farming , and made possible the establishment of Australia 's first inland settlement at Bathurst ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_Serie_A_(ice_hockey)_season", "title": "1976–77 Serie A (ice hockey) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976-77 Serie A season was the 43rd season of the Serie A , the top level of ice hockey in Italy . Seven teams participated in the league , and HC Bozen won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1979_general_election", "title": "1979 general election", "headings": "", "text": "1979 general election may refer to :  Austrian legislative election , 1979  Danish general election , 1979  Portuguese legislative election , 1979  Spanish general election , 1979  Swedish general election , 1979  United Kingdom general election , 1979  Zimbabwe-Rhodesia general election , 1979"}
{"_id": "1965_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1965 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Roy Emerson defeated Fred Stolle 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Gentlemen 's Singles tennis title at the 1965 Wimbledon Championships ."}
{"_id": "1995_FIFA_World_Player_of_the_Year", "title": "1995 FIFA World Player of the Year", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 FIFA World Player of the Year award was won by George Weah . He is the first African player to win the award and the only one to date ."}
{"_id": "1997_Wisconsin_Badgers_football_team", "title": "1997 Wisconsin Badgers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin during the 1997 Big Ten Conference football season . They were led by eight year head coach Barry Alvarez and participated as members of the Big Ten Conference . The Badgers played their home games at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison , Wisconsin .   After suffering a humiliating loss at the hands of Donovan McNabb and the Syracuse Orangemen in their season opener , the Wisconsin Badgers sprang back to win eight of their next nine games . After defeating Boise State , San Jose State , and San Diego State , the Badgers won consecutive games with field goals as time expired against Indiana and Northwestern . In the course of this streak , the Badgers snapped a long losing streak at the hands of the Iowa Hawkeyes with a 13 -- 10 win , the first Wisconsin win over a Hayden Fry-coached team ever . After defeating Iowa , Barry Alvarez 's team fell apart down the stretch , losing to eventual national champion Michigan , Penn State , and Georgia in the Outback Bowl .   While the Badgers suffered a 3-game losing streak to close out the year , the 1997 campaign set the stage for the incredibly successful 1998 season ."}
{"_id": "1989–90_FC_Barcelona_season", "title": "1989–90 FC Barcelona season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 -- 90 season was the 91th season for FC Barcelona ."}
{"_id": "1943_Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons_football_team", "title": "1943 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1943 college football season . In its seventh season under head coach Peahead Walker , the team compiled a 4 -- 5 record and finished in fourth place in the Southern Conference ."}
{"_id": "1981_in_Palau", "title": "1981 in Palau", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1981 in the Republic of Palau ."}
{"_id": "1938_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1938 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Don Budge ( USA ) defeated Bunny Austin ( GBR ) 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 in the final to win the Gentlemen 's Singles tennis title at the 1938 Wimbledon Championships ."}
{"_id": "1986_National_League_Championship_Series", "title": "1986 National League Championship Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 National League Championship Series was a best-of-seven Major League Baseball postseason series between the NL East champion New York Mets and NL West champion Houston Astros . It is the lone MLB playoff series in which the opponents were two `` expansion '' teams that had begun play in the same season and was won by the Mets , four games to two , culminating with their 7 -- 6 , 16-inning triumph at Houston in Game 6 . New York then defeated the Boston Red Sox in the 1986 World Series , four games to three ."}
{"_id": "1993_Malaysian_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1993 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix was the second round of the 1993 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on the weekend of 4 April 1993 at the Shah Alam Circuit ."}
{"_id": "1967–68_United_States_network_television_schedule", "title": "1967–68 United States network television schedule", "headings": "", "text": "This was the television schedule on all three networks for the fall season beginning in September 1967 . All times are Eastern and Pacific .   New fall series are highlighted in bold .   Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research .   Yellow indicates the programs in the top 10 for the season .  Cyan indicates the programs in the top 20 for the season .  Magenta indicates the programs in the top 30 for the season ."}
{"_id": "1997_Victory_Bowl", "title": "1997 Victory Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Victory Bowl , the first edition of the annual game , was a college football bowl game played on Saturday , November 29 , 1997 , at Fawcett Stadium in Canton , Ohio . It featured the Olivet Nazarene Tigers against the MidAmerica Nazarene Pioneers . The Tigers won 56 -- 42 .   Victory Bowl  Category : Victory Bowl  Category : MidAmerica Nazarene Pioneers football bowl games  Category : Olivet Nazarene Tigers football bowl games  Category : Sports in Canton , Ohio"}
{"_id": "1543_in_Ireland", "title": "1543 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1543 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "100BaseVG", "title": "100BaseVG", "headings": "", "text": "100BaseVG is a 100 Mbit/s Ethernet standard specified to run over four pairs of category 3 UTP wires ( known as voice grade , hence the `` VG '' ) . It is also called 100VG-AnyLAN because it was defined to carry both Ethernet and token ring frame types .   100BaseVG was originally proposed by Hewlett-Packard , ratified by the ISO in 1995 and was practically extinct by 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1973_Ryder_Cup", "title": "1973 Ryder Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 20th Ryder Cup Matches were held at Muirfield in Gullane , East Lothian , Scotland .  The United States team won the competition by a score of 19 to 13 points . For the first time , what had previously been the `` Great Britain '' team was called `` Great Britain and Ireland '' , although golfers from the Republic of Ireland had played since 1953 , and from Northern Ireland since 1947 .   Muirfield had hosted the Open Championship the previous year , won by American Lee Trevino ."}
{"_id": "152_mm_towed_gun-howitzer_M1955_(D-20)", "title": "152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20)", "headings": "", "text": "The 152 mm gun-howitzer M1955 , also known as the D-20 , ( 152-мм пушка-гаубица Д-20 обр . 1955 г . ) is a manually loaded , towed 152 mm artillery piece , manufactured in the Soviet Union during the 1950s . It was first observed by the west in 1955 , at which time it was designated the M1955 . Its GRAU index is 52-P-546 ."}
{"_id": "1999_North_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_season", "title": "1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation . The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds , but cyclones tend to form between April and December , with peaks in May and November . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean .   The scope of this article is limited to the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere , east of the Horn of Africa and west of the Malay Peninsula . There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean -- the Arabian Sea to the west of the Indian subcontinent , abbreviated ARB by the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) ; and the Bay of Bengal to the east , abbreviated BOB by the IMD .   The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories . The tropical cyclone scale for this basin is detailed on the right . On average , 4 to 6 storms form in this basin every season .   The season produced an average number of storms but there was an above average number of intense cyclones . In May , a Category 3 cyclone struck Pakistan , leaving at 700 people dead or missing . In October , two very intense cyclones struck eastern India within two weeks of each other , leaving over 10,000 people dead and causing more than $ 4.5 billion ( 1999 US$ ) in damages .   __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1939_Arizona_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1939 Arizona Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona in the Border Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( BIAA ) during the 1939 college football season . In their first season under head coach Miles W. Casteel , the Wildcats compiled a 6 -- 4 record ( 1 -- 2 against BIAA opponents ) , finished in fourth place in the BIAA , and were outscored by their opponents , 113 to 109 . The team captain was Tom Hargis . The team played its home games at Arizona Stadium in Tucson , Arizona ."}
{"_id": "1930_in_aviation", "title": "1930 in aviation", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of aviation-related events from 1930 :"}
{"_id": "1950–51_in_English_football", "title": "1950–51 in English football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 -- 51 season was the 71st season of competitive football in England ."}
{"_id": "14th_parallel_south", "title": "14th parallel south", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 14 degrees south of the Earth 's equatorial plane . It crosses the Atlantic Ocean , Africa , the Indian Ocean , Australasia , the Pacific Ocean and South America ."}
{"_id": "1947–48_European_Rugby_League_Championship", "title": "1947–48 European Rugby League Championship", "headings": "", "text": "This was the eighth European Championship and was won for the fourth time by England ."}
{"_id": "1975_Torneo_di_Viareggio", "title": "1975 Torneo di Viareggio", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 winners of the Torneo di Viareggio ( in English , the Viareggio Tournament , officially the Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale ) , the annual youth football tournament held in Viareggio , Tuscany , are listed below ."}
{"_id": "1958_South_American_U-20_Championship", "title": "1958 South American U-20 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The South American Youth Championship 1958 was held in Santiago and Valparaíso , Chile ."}
{"_id": "1993_NCAA_Division_I_Women's_Swimming_and_Diving_Championships", "title": "1993 NCAA Division I Women's Swimming and Diving Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 NCAA Women 's Division I Swimming and Diving Championships were contested at the 12th annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of Division I women 's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States .   This year 's events were hosted at the University Aquatic Center at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis , Minnesota .   Stanford repeated as team champions , finishing 228.5 points ahead of Florida in the point standings . It was the Cardinal 's second consecutive and fourth overall team title ."}
{"_id": "1880_in_India", "title": "1880 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1880 in India ."}
{"_id": "1972_Atlantic_hurricane_season", "title": "1972 Atlantic hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Atlantic hurricane season had only four fully tropical named storms -- the fewest since 1930 . It officially began on June 1 , 1972 , and lasted until November 30 , 1972 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . The first storm , Subtropical Storm Alpha , developed on May 23 off the Southeast United States and struck Florida , causing minor damage and two fatalities . Although several other tropical depressions developed , only Tropical Depression Five is known to have affected land .   The most significant storm of the season was Hurricane Agnes , which at the time was the costliest United States hurricane , until Frederic in 1979 . After brushing the western tip of Cuba , the hurricane made landfall on the Florida Panhandle . It caused at least $ 2.1 billion ( 1972 USD ) in damage and 137 fatalities , mostly from inland flooding in Pennsylvania and New York . The strongest hurricane of the season was Betty , which reached peak winds of 105 mph ( 165 km/h ) while west of the Azores . Tropical Storm Carrie passed just offshore of Massachusetts , causing heavy rainfall and resulting in four fatalities , but leaving only $ 1.78 million in damage .   The remaining tropical systems -- Dawn , Charlie , and Delta -- caused no significant effects on land . A strong El Niño kept hurricane activity at a minimum , with only four tropical storms , three subtropical storms , and three hurricanes . It was also one of only five hurricane seasons since 1944 to have no major hurricanes -- the other years being 1968 , the 1986 , 1994 , and 2013 . In addition , the season was the first to name subtropical storms , using the Phonetic Alphabet , rather than the standard naming list . Collectively , the storms of the 1972 Atlantic hurricane season resulted in 137 deaths and over $ 2.1 billion in damage .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1875_in_literature", "title": "1875 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1875 ."}
{"_id": "1970_Chicago_Bears_season", "title": "1970 Chicago Bears season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Chicago Bears season was their 51st regular season completed in the National Football League . The club posted a 6 -- 8 record , another below .500 showing , but a significant improvement over their 1 -- 13 record of the previous season ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Doncaster_Rovers_F.C._season", "title": "1997–98 Doncaster Rovers F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1997 -- 98 English football season , Doncaster Rovers competed in the Football League Third Division . Doncaster had an awful season finishing bottom of the table and being relegated to the Football Conference . They lost 34 matches , setting a new league record ."}
{"_id": "11th_Reconnaissance_Squadron_(disambiguation)", "title": "11th Reconnaissance Squadron (disambiguation)", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Reconnaissance Squadron is an active United States Air Force Unit , originally constituted as the 11th Observation Squadron in February 1942 . It has held this designation since July 1995 .   11th Reconnaissance Squadron may also refer to :  The 524th Special Operations Squadron , designated the 11th Reconnaissance Squadron ( Light ) from January 1941 to August 1941  The 701st Tactical Air Support Squadron , designated the 11th Reconnaissance Squadron ( Heavy ) for seven days in 1942 ."}
{"_id": "1978_FIBA_World_Championship", "title": "1978 FIBA World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 FIBA World Championship was an international basketball competition hosted by Philippines from October 1 to 14 , 1978 .  Rizal Memorial Coliseum at Manila and Araneta Coliseum at Quezon City ( both cities in Metro Manila ) , were the venues for the event ."}
{"_id": "1990_Billboard_Music_Awards", "title": "1990 Billboard Music Awards", "headings": "", "text": "Here are the finalists and winners at the 1990 Billboard Music Awards ."}
{"_id": "1983_SANFL_season", "title": "1983 SANFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 South Australian National Football League season was the 103rd since 1877 of the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) Australian rules football competition .   The season commenced on Saturday 2 April 1983 and concluded on Saturday 1 October 1983 with the SANFL Grand Final at Football Park with defeating by 34 points to claim their eighth premiership and first since 1961 ."}
{"_id": "1996_Florida_Citrus_Bowl", "title": "1996 Florida Citrus Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Florida Citrus Bowl was a college football bowl game featuring the Ohio State Buckeyes of the Big Ten , against the Tennessee Volunteers of the SEC . The Buckeyes were sparked by their senior Heisman Trophy winner running back Eddie George . The Vols were led by sophomore quarterback Peyton Manning . Both teams entered the game with losses to rival teams .   The Buckeyes started off the season with a surprising win over Notre Dame . However , the media buzz around the Big Ten surrounded the Northwestern Wildcats who earned their way to an unbeaten conference run . Because the Buckeyes held the tiebreaker over the Wildcats , the only thing between the Buckeyes invitation into the Rose Bowl and a possible National Championship was their rival the Michigan Wolverines . However , running back Tim Biakabutuka led the Wolverines to a 31-23 upset , sending the ` Cats to the Rose Bowl .   Tennessee started off the season with victories over East Carolina and Georgia , before heading off to Gainesville to play the rival Gators . The Vols held a 30 -- 21 halftime lead only to be outscored 41 -- 7 in the second half , suffering a 62 -- 37 defeat . However , the team won their remaining 8 regular season games , including a 41 -- 14 win over Alabama . The Vols ended the season ranked third ."}
{"_id": "1448_Yellow_River_flood", "title": "1448 Yellow River flood", "headings": "", "text": "The 1448 Yellow River flood was a major natural disaster affecting over 2000 li ( about 700 miles ) of the Yellow River . The flood threatened to destroy the Grand Canal port of Linqing and led to the Ming dynasty constructing major public works in Shawan to prevent a recurrence . The banks and dikes only lasted four years until the 1452 flood ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Cuban_National_Series", "title": "1995–96 Cuban National Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 35th Cuban National Series was dominated by Villa Clara , seeking to match Industriales ' record of four straight titles from the early 1960s . However , the Leones were able to defend their record by upending the Naranjas in the final ."}
{"_id": "100%_Love_(2012_film)", "title": "100% Love (2012 film)", "headings": "", "text": "100 % Love is a 2012 Bengali romantic drama movie directed by Rabi Kinagi . The film is a remake of the 2007 Telugu film Aadavari Matalaku Ardhale Verule and starred Jeet and Koel Mallick in the lead roles . 100 % Love released on 20 January 2012 ."}
{"_id": "1992_Pre-Olympic_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1992 Pre-Olympic Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 European Olympic Basketball Tournament was the final qualifying tournament for basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , Spain . It was held in five other Spanish cities , Bilbao , Granada , Murcia , Badajoz and Zaragoza , from June 22 till July 5 . 25 FIBA Europe teams were divided into four groups . The best four from final round qualified directly for the Olympic Games ."}
{"_id": "1889_in_science_fiction", "title": "1889 in science fiction", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1889 was marked , in science fiction , by the following events ."}
{"_id": "1997_FINA_Short_Course_World_Championships_–_Men's_200m_Individual_Medley", "title": "1997 FINA Short Course World Championships – Men's 200m Individual Medley", "headings": "", "text": "The finals and the qualifying heats of the Men 's 200 metres Individual Medley event at the 1997 FINA Short Course World Championships were held on the last day of the championships , on Sunday 20 April 1997 in Gothenburg , Sweden ."}
{"_id": "1967_Scottish_Cup_Final", "title": "1967 Scottish Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Scottish Cup Final was played on 29 April 1967 at Hampden Park in Glasgow and was the final match of the 82nd Scottish Cup . The match was contested by Celtic and Aberdeen , and the match was won 2 -- 0 by Celtic with goals from Willie Wallace ."}
{"_id": "1924–25_Dumbarton_F.C._season", "title": "1924–25 Dumbarton F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Season 1924 -- 25 was the 48th Scottish football season in which Dumbarton competed at national level , entering the Scottish Football League for the 26th time and the Scottish Cup for the 37th time ."}
{"_id": "1972_Brazilian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1972 Brazilian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One non-championship race held at Interlagos on March 30 , 1972 .   This race was held because at that time the FIA regulations required a demonstration race to be held as a quality check , before a Grand Prix was admitted as a championship race ."}
{"_id": "1974_Detroit_Lions_season", "title": "1974 Detroit Lions season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Detroit Lions season was the 45th season in franchise history . It was the Lions ' final season playing at Tiger Stadium ; the team moved to the Pontiac Silverdome the following season and played home games there until the end of their 2001 season . Prior to the start of training camp , tragedy would strike the Lions , as Head Coach Don McCafferty died of a fatal heart attack at age 53 . He would later be replaced by Lions assistant Rick Forzano , who would guide the Lions to a 7 -- 7 record in their final season at Tiger Stadium . This would also be the last season until 2011 when Monday Night Football would air in the city of Detroit as a result of the Lions playing in Pontiac from 1975 to 2001 , following by sub par seasons while playing home games at Ford Field during its first eight years ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Anglo-Italian_Cup", "title": "1995–96 Anglo-Italian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Anglo-Italian Cup was the last ever Anglo-Italian Cup competition . The European football competition was played between eight clubs from England and eight clubs from Italy . Italian side Genoa lifted the trophy after beating English side Port Vale 5-2 ."}
{"_id": "1950_in_motorsport", "title": "1950 in motorsport", "headings": "", "text": "The following is an overview of the events of 1950 in motorsport including the major racing events , motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year , championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year , births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people ."}
{"_id": "1983_Memorial_Cup", "title": "1983 Memorial Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Memorial Cup was held May 7 -- 14 at the Memorial Coliseum in Portland , Oregon . It was the 65th annual Memorial Cup competition and determined the major junior ice hockey champion of the Canadian Hockey League ( CHL ) . Participating teams were the host team Portland Winter Hawks along with the Oshawa Generals , Verdun Juniors and Lethbridge Broncos who had won the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) , Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) and Western Hockey League ( WHL ) championships respectively . Portland won their first Memorial Cup , defeating Oshawa in the final game .   1983 was the first time the Memorial Cup tournament featured four teams ; it had previously involved three teams playing in a neutral host city since the round robin tournament format was adopted in 1972 . The Winter Hawks were the first team to host the tournament , and the first to both participate and win the title despite failing to capture their league championship ; they were eliminated by Lethbridge in the WHL finals . The Winter Hawks were also the first American team to win the Memorial Cup ."}
{"_id": "1887_Massachusetts_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1887 Massachusetts Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1887 Massachusetts Aggies football team represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1887 college football season . The team played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst , Massachusetts . Massachusetts finished the season with a record of 2 -- 3 ."}
{"_id": "1989_Dow_Classic_–_Singles", "title": "1989 Dow Classic – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Claudia Kohde-Kilsch was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Zina Garrison .   Martina Navratilova won in the final 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 against Garrison ."}
{"_id": "1992_All-Arena_Team", "title": "1992 All-Arena Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 All-Arena Team was chosen for its play during the 1992 Arena Football League season ."}
{"_id": "1881_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team", "title": "1881 Penn State Nittany Lions football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1881 Penn State Nittany Lions football team would reference the school 's first recorded game , beating Bucknell , then known as the University of Lewisburg , 9 -- 0 . Although this game was reported in two State College newspapers and the Mirror ( University of Lewisburg campus newspaper ) , Bucknell denies that this game ever happened . Penn State did not field teams from 1882 through 1886 .   Despite the article title , the school did not adopt the Nittany Lion as its mascot until 1907 ."}
{"_id": "1882–83_New_Zealand_cricket_season", "title": "1882–83 New Zealand cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1882 -- 83 New Zealand cricket season , the first class cricket consisted of six matches : an Auckland team went on a tour in December including three games , two on the South Island and in Wellington on the southern tip of the North Island , and three further local clashes .   Canterbury won both their matches in this season , but by close margins ( 27 runs over Auckland and four runs over Otago ) . Auckland also had a good record , with three wins and a loss after a first-innings lead to Canterbury , while Wellington won the annual clash with Nelson to end with a 1 -- 1 record .   Matches in Canterbury and Auckland were played with four-ball overs , the remainder with five-ball overs ."}
{"_id": "1957_in_Portugal", "title": "1957 in Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1957 in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1893_Penn_Quakers_football_team", "title": "1893 Penn Quakers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1893 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1893 college football season . The Quakers finished with a 12 -- 3 record in their second year under head coach and College Football Hall of Fame inductee , George Washington Woodruff . Significant games included victories over Navy ( 34 -- 0 ) , Penn State ( 18 -- 6 ) , Lafayette ( 82 -- 0 ) , and Cornell ( 50 -- 0 ) , and losses to national champion Princeton ( 0 -- 4 ) , Yale ( 6 -- 14 ) , and Harvard ( 4 -- 26 ) . The 1893 Penn team outscored its opponents by a combined total of 484 to 62 . No Penn players were honored on the 1893 College Football All-America Team , as all such honors went to players on the Princeton , Harvard and Yale teams ."}
{"_id": "1990_Australian_Open_–_Men's_Doubles", "title": "1990 Australian Open – Men's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Rick Leach and Jim Pugh were the defending champions , but lost in the semifinals to Grant Connell and Glenn Michibata.Pieter Aldrich and Danie Visser won the title , defeating Connell and Michibata 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , in the final ."}
{"_id": "119th_(Algoma)_Battalion,_CEF", "title": "119th (Algoma) Battalion, CEF", "headings": "", "text": "The 119th ( Algoma ) Battalion , CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Sault Ste. Marie , Ontario , the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in the Algoma district and on Manitoulin Island . After sailing to England in August 1916 , the battalion was absorbed into the 8th Reserve Battalion on April 16 , 1918 . The 119th ( Algoma ) Battalion , CEF had one Officer Commanding : Lieut-Col . T. P. T. Rowland ."}
{"_id": "1949_FIFA_Youth_Tournament_Under-18", "title": "1949 FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18", "headings": "", "text": "The FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18 1949 Final Tournament was held in the Netherlands ."}
{"_id": "1983_Football_League_Cup_Final", "title": "1983 Football League Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Football League Cup Final was a football match held on 26 March 1983 between League Cup holders Liverpool and Manchester United , who won the FA Cup later that year . Liverpool won the match 2 -- 1 ; Norman Whiteside scored the opener for Manchester United , before Alan Kennedy equalised with 15 minutes to go . The winner was scored in the eighth minute of extra-time by Ronnie Whelan .   Had Manchester United won the League Cup as well as the FA Cup that year , they would have become the first team ever to have won the two competitions in the same season . Instead , Liverpool won their third successive League Cup , and the second of three successive League and League Cup Doubles .   The match was played at Wembley Stadium in front of approximately 100,000 spectators .   Liverpool manager Bob Paisley collected the trophy , as it was his last major final in charge of Liverpool ."}
{"_id": "1965_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team", "title": "1965 Alabama Crimson Tide football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Alabama Crimson Tide football team ( variously `` Alabama '' , `` UA '' or `` Bama '' ) represented the University of Alabama in the 1965 college football season . It was the Crimson Tide 's 71st overall and 32nd season as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team was led by head coach Bear Bryant , in his eighth year , and played their home games at Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa , Legion Field in Birmingham and Ladd Stadium in Mobile , Alabama . They finished season with nine wins , one loss and one tie ( 9 -- 1 -- 1 overall , 6 -- 1 -- 1 in the SEC ) , as SEC champions and with a victory over Nebraska in the Orange Bowl . Alabama was also recognized as national champions by the AP Poll after their Orange Bowl win .   Alabama opened the season ranked No. 5 , but were upset by Georgia 18 -- 17 in the first game of the season . They rebounded with their first win of the season over Tulane and followed that with a 17 -- 16 win over in a game in which Alabama had to rally from a nine-point fourth quarter deficit for the victory . The next week , the Crimson Tide defeated Vanderbilt in Nashville before they returned home for their rivalry game against Tennessee . Against the Volunteers , the score was deadlocked 7 -- 7 in the closing seconds , but Alabama had driven to the Tennessee four-yard line . Ken Stabler believing that it was third down , threw the ball out of bounds with six seconds left to stop the clock . However , it was actually fourth down , possession went to Tennessee , and the game ended in a tie .   After the tie , the Crimson Tide won five in a row over Florida State , Mississippi State , LSU , and Auburn en route to Bryant 's fourth SEC title at Alabama . Because the Associated Press was holding its vote until after the bowl games instead of before for the first time , No. 4 Alabama still had a chance to win the national championship when they played No. 3 Nebraska in the Orange Bowl . On New Year 's Day , No. 1 Michigan State lost in the Rose Bowl and No. 2 Arkansas lost in the Cotton Bowl Classic , and Alabama defeated Nebraska 39 -- 28 in the Orange Bowl and captured its third AP National Championship in five years ."}
{"_id": "1975_Northwestern_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1975 Northwestern Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Northwestern Wildcats team represented Northwestern University during the 1975 Big Ten Conference football season . In their third year under head coach John Pont , the Wildcats compiled a 3 -- 8 record ( 2 -- 6 against Big Ten Conference opponents ) and finished in ninth place in the Big Ten Conference .   The team 's offensive leaders were quarterback Randy Dean with 1,315 passing yards , Greg Boykin with 1,105 rushing yards , and Scott Yelvington with 686 receiving yards . Three Northwestern players received All-Big Ten honors : ( 1 ) defensive back Pete Shaw ( AP-1 ; UPI-1 ) ; ( 2 ) center Paul Jasinskis ( AP-1 ; UPI-2 ) ; and ( 3 ) wide receiver Scott Yelvington ( UPI-2 ) ."}
{"_id": "1999_Exide_NASCAR_Select_Batteries_400", "title": "1999 Exide NASCAR Select Batteries 400", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Exide NASCAR Select Batteries 400 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race held on September 11 , 1999 , at Richmond International Raceway in Richmond , Virginia . Contested over 400 laps on the three -- quarter ( 1.2 km ) short track , it was the 25th race of the 1999 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season . Tony Stewart of Joe Gibbs Racing won the race , earning his first career Winston Cup Series win . Bobby Labonte finished second and Dale Jarrett finished third ."}
{"_id": "1889_in_architecture", "title": "1889 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1889 in architecture involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1931–32_New_York_Rangers_season", "title": "1931–32 New York Rangers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 -- 32 New York Rangers season was the sixth season for the team in the National Hockey League . In the regular season , the Rangers won the American Division with a 23 -- 17 -- 8 record . New York qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs , where the Rangers defeated the Montreal Canadiens 3 -- 1 to reach the Stanley Cup Finals for the third time in franchise history . In the Cup Finals , New York lost to the Toronto Maple Leafs , three games to none ."}
{"_id": "1983_Detroit_Grand_Prix", "title": "1983 Detroit Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Detroit Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on June 5 , 1983 , in Detroit , Michigan ."}
{"_id": "1997_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Ice_Hockey_Tournament", "title": "1997 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 NCAA Men 's Division I Ice Hockey Tournament involved 12 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men 's NCAA Division I college ice hockey . It began on March 21 , 1997 , and ended with the championship game on March 29 . A total of 11 games were played ."}
{"_id": "1973_Canadian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1973 Canadian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Mosport Park on 23 September 1973 . It was the fourteenth race of the 1973 World Championship of Drivers and the 1973 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers .   The 80-lap race was won by Peter Revson after starting from second on the grid , driving a McLaren M23 . This turned out to be Revson 's last victory and podium finish in Formula One . As of 2017 , this is the last Grand Prix to be won by an American born driver . Emerson Fittipaldi took second position for Team Lotus , while Jackie Oliver took his first podium in five years , and would turn out to be his last ."}
{"_id": "1903_Paris–Roubaix", "title": "1903 Paris–Roubaix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1903 Paris -- Roubaix was the eighth edition of the Paris -- Roubaix , a classic one-day cycle race in France . The single day event was held on 11 April 1903 and stretched 268 km from Paris to its end in a velodrome in Roubaix . The winner was Hippolyte Aucouturier from France ."}
{"_id": "12th_Open_Russian_Festival_of_Animated_Film", "title": "12th Open Russian Festival of Animated Film", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Open Russian Festival of Animated Film was held from March 1 -- 5 , 2007 , in Suzdal , Russia . The winners for the main award categories were announced on March 4 . The jury consisted of 33 professionals in professions related to animation . The Encyclopedia of Domestic Animation , the first attempt to cover the full history of Russian and Soviet animation , was premiered at the festival ."}
{"_id": "100%_(Negazione_album)", "title": "100% (Negazione album)", "headings": "", "text": "100 % is the seventh and last release for the Italian hardcore punk band Negazione ."}
{"_id": "1976_Football_League_Cup_Final", "title": "1976 Football League Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Football League Cup Final took place between Manchester City and Newcastle United on 28 February 1976 at Wembley Stadium . It was the sixteenth final and the tenth Football League Cup final to be played at Wembley . Manchester City won the match 2 -- 1 to win the competition for the second time . The match is best known for its winning goal , an overhead kick by Dennis Tueart ."}
{"_id": "1977_TANFL_season", "title": "1977 TANFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Tasmanian Australian National Football League ( TANFL ) premiership season was an Australian rules football competition staged in Hobart , Tasmania over fifteen ( 15 ) roster rounds and four ( 4 ) finals series matches between 16 April and 10 September 1977 ."}
{"_id": "1985_in_literature", "title": "1985 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1985 ."}
{"_id": "1908_in_paleontology", "title": "1908 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1963–64_Cypriot_First_Division", "title": "1963–64 Cypriot First Division", "headings": "", "text": "The Cypriot First Division 1963-64 championship was abandoned due to civil unrest in Cyprus at that time . Eleven teams participated ."}
{"_id": "1806_in_France", "title": "1806 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1806 in France ."}
{"_id": "1789:_Les_Amants_de_la_Bastille", "title": "1789: Les Amants de la Bastille", "headings": "", "text": "1789 : Les Amants de la Bastille is a French stage musical by Dove Attia and François Chouquet , with music written by Rod Janois , Jean-Pierre Pilot , Olivier Schultheis , William Rousseau and Dove Attia . It had its debut on 10 October 2012 at Palais des Sports de Paris . An accompanying double CD album was also successful in the French SNEP charts ."}
{"_id": "1979_Orange_Bowl", "title": "1979 Orange Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 edition of the Orange Bowl featured the Nebraska Cornhuskers and the Oklahoma Sooners .   This matchup was something of an anomaly , as it featured a rare rematch of two conference foes that had already played during the regular season . Nebraska had upset # 1 ranked Oklahoma 17 -- 14 on November 11 in Lincoln , and appeared headed towards a national championship showdown with Penn State . But unranked Missouri then stunned the # 2 ranked Huskers 35 -- 31 the following week , dropping the Huskers into a tie with Oklahoma for the Big Eight championship and knocking them out of the national championship picture .   Penn State instead faced Alabama for the national title in the Sugar Bowl , and the Orange Bowl found itself with a selection dilemma . Nebraska earned the Big Eight 's automatic Orange Bowl berth by virtue of its victory over the Sooners , but , with Penn State and Notre Dame ( which accepted an invitation to the Cotton Bowl Classic ) off the board , the Orange Bowl committee decided to set up a bowl rematch with Oklahoma to create the best possible matchup . This was the last time a non-championship postseason bowl featured two teams from the same conference until the 2015 Arizona Bowl , and remains the last non-championship bowl to be a rematch of a regular-season conference game .   Nebraska scored first on a 21-yard touchdown pass from Tom Sorley to Tim Smith giving Nebraska a 7 -- 0 lead . Oklahoma tied the score on a 3-yard scamper by Heisman Trophy winner Billy Sims , and then went ahead when Thomas Lott scored on a 3-yard touchdown run to take a 14 -- 7 lead into the locker room .   The revenge-minded Sooners then took control . In the third quarter , Sims scored his second TD on an 11-yard touchdown run . Both sides traded field goals before Lott scored on a 2-yard touchdown run , increasing Oklahoma 's lead to 31 -- 10 .   Nebraska rallied late , with Rick Berns scoring on a 1-yard touchdown run , and then Sorley threw a 2-yard strike to Junior Miller , but by then the game had ticked down to its final seconds , as OU prevailed 31 -- 24 , to finish the season 11 -- 1 , avenging its only loss of the 1978 season . Nebraska finished 9 -- 3 .   The game was broadcast on NBC . The traditional halftime Festival of Lights show was a tribute to `` the greatest entertainment phenomenon in America in 1978 : Disco ! '' Besides dancing to recorded disco songs , there was an appearance by K.C & the Sunshine Band ."}
{"_id": "1972_Ruisui_earthquake", "title": "1972 Ruisui earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Ruisui earthquake ( also known as the 1972 Juisui earthquake ) occurred on April 24 at . The magnitude of this earthquake was given as Ms 7.2 by the United States Geological Survey and ML 6.9 by the Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan . The epicenter was located near Ruisui Township , Hualien County , Taiwan . The intensity was shindo 4 in Taipei and Hualien . Five people were reported dead . The Ruisui Bridge ( Chinese : 瑞穗大橋 ) was destroyed . The water treatment plant in Ruisui was damaged .   This earthquake was caused by the Juisui Fault with a vertical movement of 70 cm . The Juisui Fault is a segment of the 150 km long Longitudinal Valley Fault , which is a left-lateral fault with a reverse component . The boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Plate lies along the Longitudinal Valley Fault ."}
{"_id": "1957-58_Benelux_Cup", "title": "1957-58 Benelux Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957-58 Benelux Cup was won by Feijenoord Rotterdam in the final against RSC Anderlecht ."}
{"_id": "1939_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1939 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1984_Miami_Classic", "title": "1984 Miami Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 Miami Classic was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Miami , Florida in the United States that was part of the 1984 Virginia Slims World Championship Series . The tournament was held from April 2 through April 8 , 1984 ."}
{"_id": "1905_in_Canadian_football", "title": "1905 in Canadian football", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "11th_Division_(Spain)", "title": "11th Division (Spain)", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Division ( 11ª División ) was a division of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War . It was formed in January 1937 in Madrid beginning with the 1st Mixed Brigade which in turn had originated in the Fifth Regiment .   Nicknamed División Líster , it would become one of the elite divisions , as well as one of the most battle-hardened formations , of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces ."}
{"_id": "1976_Torneo_Descentralizado", "title": "1976 Torneo Descentralizado", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Torneo Descentralizado , the top category of Peruvian football , was played by 16 teams . The national champion was Unión Huaral ."}
{"_id": "1986_SEC_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1986 SEC Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 SEC Men 's Basketball Tournament took place from March 5 -- 8 , 1986 at Rupp Arena in downtown Lexington , Kentucky , home to the University of Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team . Kentucky won the SEC tournament championship title and the SEC 's automatic bid to the 1986 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball tournament by defeating Alabama 83-72 .   Coverage of the first round , the quarterfinals and semifinals was produced and regionally syndicated by the Lorimar Sports Network , the sports broadcasting arm of Lorimar-Telepictures . The semifinals of this tournament marks the LSN 's final broadcast before going defunct ; Jefferson-Pilot Teleproductions would win syndication rights to SEC Basketball before the following season . The championship game in this tournament was nationally televised by NBC ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_Duleep_Trophy", "title": "1965–66 Duleep Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 -- 66 Duleep Trophy was the fifth season of the Duleep Trophy , a first-class cricket tournament contested by five zonal teams of India : Central Zone , East Zone , North Zone , South Zone and West Zone .   South Zone won the title , defeating Central Zone in the final ."}
{"_id": "1812_Overture", "title": "1812 Overture", "headings": "", "text": "The Year 1812 , festival overture in E major , Op. 49 , popularly known as the 1812 Overture , is an overture written in 1880 by Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky to commemorate Russia 's defence of its motherland against Napoleon 's invading Grande Armée in 1812 .   The overture debuted in Moscow on August 20 , 1882 , conducted by Ippolit Al ` tani under a tent near the then-unfinished Cathedral of Christ the Saviour , which also memorialized the 1812 defense of Russia . The overture was conducted by Tchaikovsky himself in 1891 at the dedication of Carnegie Hall , in what became the first time a major European composer visited the United States . The overture is best known for its climactic volley of cannon fire , ringing chimes , and brass fanfare finale . It has also become a common accompaniment to fireworks displays at outdoor concerts throughout the world . The 1812 Overture went on to become one of Tchaikovsky 's most popular works , along with his ballet scores to The Nutcracker , The Sleeping Beauty , and Swan Lake ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Leeds_United_A.F.C._season", "title": "1991–92 Leeds United A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 season was Leeds United A.F.C. 's 73rd season in their history , their 37th in the top tier of English football and their 2nd consecutive and final season in the Football League First Division before its rebranding as the FA Premier League ."}
{"_id": "1697_in_music", "title": "1697 in music", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1697 in music involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1995_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship", "title": "1995 FIFA U-17 World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The FIFA U-17 World Championship 1995 , the sixth edition of the tournament , was held in the cities of Guayaquil , Portoviejo , Quito , Ibarra , Cuenca , and Riobamba in Ecuador between 3 and 20 August 1995 . Players born after 1 August 1978 could participate in this tournament . Ecuador was originally to have hosted the 1991 FIFA U-17 World Championship but due to an outbreak of cholera , that tournament was moved to Italy ."}
{"_id": "1943_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "1943 in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1943 in the United Kingdom . This year is dominated by World War II ."}
{"_id": "1894_Carlisle_Indians_football_team", "title": "1894 Carlisle Indians football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1894 Carlisle Indians football team represented the Carlisle Indians football team of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School during the 1894 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1945_in_Ireland", "title": "1945 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1945 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1996_Oregon_State_Beavers_football_team", "title": "1996 Oregon State Beavers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University in the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Beavers ended the season with two wins and nine losses . 1996 was Oregon State 's 26th consecutive losing season . The Beavers scored 216 points and allowed 388 points . The 388 points allowed remains the most allowed by an Oregon State team since 1987 . The team was led by head coach Jerry Pettibone for the sixth year . Pettibone resigned at the end of the season . The Beavers hired Mike Riley to replace Pettibone in 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1928_Yale_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1928 Yale Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1928 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1928 college football season . The Bulldogs finished with a 4 -- 4 record under first-year head coach Mal Stevens ."}
{"_id": "1916–17_Luxembourg_National_Division", "title": "1916–17 Luxembourg National Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Luxembourg National Division in season 1916/1917 ."}
{"_id": "1988_Ariadne_Classic", "title": "1988 Ariadne Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Ariadne Classic was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Milton Tennis Centre in Brisbane in Australia and was part of Tier V of the 1988 WTA Tour . The tournament ran from 28 December 1987 through 3 January 1988 ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_in_Russian_futsal", "title": "1995–96 in Russian futsal", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1970_NCAA_Men's_Water_Polo_Championship", "title": "1970 NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 NCAA Men 's Water Polo Championship was the second annual tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA men 's college water polo . Tournament matches were played at the Belmont Plaza Pool in Long Beach , California during December 1970 .   UC Irvine defeated UCLA in the final , 7 -- 6 ( in three overtimes ) , to win their first championship . UCLA was the defending national champion .   For the second consecutive year , the leading scorer for the tournament was Ben Gage from UC Santa Barbara ( 17 goals ) . The awards for All-Tournament Team and Most Outstanding Player were not given out until 1972 ."}
{"_id": "19_Standards_(Quartet)_2003", "title": "19 Standards (Quartet) 2003", "headings": "", "text": "19 Standards ( Quartet ) 2003 is a live album 4CD box set by American composer and saxophonist Anthony Braxton recorded in Europe in 2003 and released on the Leo label in 2010 ."}
{"_id": "1919_Rose_Bowl", "title": "1919 Rose Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 Rose Bowl , known at the time as the Tournament East-West Football Game , was a bowl game played on January 1 , 1919 , at Tournament Park in Pasadena , California . It was the 5th Rose Bowl Game . With the war just over , the game was played with players from the Mare Island Marines of California and the Great Lakes Navy from Great Lakes , Illinois ."}
{"_id": "1941–42_in_English_football", "title": "1941–42 in English football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 -- 42 season was the third season of special wartime football in England during the Second World War ."}
{"_id": "1993_college_football_season", "title": "1993 college football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 college football season may refer to :   1993 NCAA Division I-A football season  1993 NCAA Division I-AA football season  1993 NCAA Division II football season  1993 NCAA Division III football season  1993 NAIA Division I football season  1993 NAIA Division II football season"}
{"_id": "1888_in_Wales", "title": "1888 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1888 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": ".nc", "title": ".nc", "headings": "", "text": ". nc is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for New Caledonia .   The second-level domain . nc.us , within the . us country code domain , is for the U.S. state of North Carolina , and . nc.tr , within the . tr country code domain , is for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( `` TRNC '' ) , but neither has a connection with the . nc ccTLD .   Only companies registered in New Caledonia are permitted to register . nc domain names .   Many generic terms are prohibited from registration ( those linked with crimes ) ; there are also many reserved for particular circumstances . These include `` administration '' , `` bible '' , `` blog '' , `` cabinets '' , `` colonisation '' , `` flag '' , `` justice '' , `` mail '' , `` nation '' , `` offense '' , `` outrage '' , `` presses '' , `` registries '' , `` temple '' , `` union '' , `` vote '' and hundreds more .   The following 2nd level domains are available for third-level domain name registration :  asso.nc"}
{"_id": "1158", "title": "1158", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1158 ( MCLVIII ) was a common year starting on Wednesday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1977_Fijian_constitutional_crisis", "title": "1977 Fijian constitutional crisis", "headings": "", "text": "Fiji 's parliamentary election of March 1977 precipitated a constitutional crisis , which was the first major challenge to the country 's democratic institutions since independence in 1970 .   Politics in the years before and after independence had been dominated by the conflicting interests of the ethnic Fijian and Indo-Fijian communities . At that time , Indo-Fijians slightly outnumbered ethnic Fijians , but by holding a virtual monopoly of the ethnic Fijian vote and by making significant inroads into the Indo-Fijian electorate ( taking almost a quarter of their votes in the election of 1972 ) , Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara 's Alliance Party had maintained its grip on power . A split in the indigenous vote in 1977 , however , resulted in a narrow win for the Indo-Fijian-dominated National Federation Party ( NFP ) . Sidiq Koya , the NFP leader , was expected to become Prime Minister .   Instead , the Governor-General , Ratu Sir George Cakobau , called on Mara to form a caretaker government , pending new elections scheduled for September . The events that led to his decision , and his reasons for it , are still mired in controversy , with different parties involved telling different versions of the situation , and conspiracy theories have abounded . What is known is that a leadership struggle immediately following the election seriously fractured the NFP . It failed to name a Cabinet for three days , and a crisis began to develop . A prominent NFP parliamentarian , Jai Ram Reddy , wondered aloud on national radio whether his party was ready to form a government , and whether it would in fact be able to do so . Ratu Mara claimed in his 1996 autobiography , `` The Pacific Way '' , that NFP politicians had approached him and asked him to remain in office , but with an NFP Cabinet ; he claimed to have refused .   Some accused Reddy of sabotaging the formation of a government in order to challenge Koya for the leadership of the party , a charge that has never been proven . Other possible traitors within the NFP were also named . Fiji Labour Party leader Mahendra Chaudhry claimed in his 2004 book , `` Children of the Indus '' , that parliamentarians Chand Ramrakha and Irene Jai Narayan had betrayed their own leader by telling the Governor-General that not all NFP caucus members would support Koya for Prime Minister . `` There is also some basis to the story that Karam Ramrakha and Irene Jai Narayan had informed Ratu George secretly that Koya did not enjoy the support of all NFP parliamentarians . Regrettably , at the hour of his triumph Koya had been stabbed in the back by his own people , '' he wrote ( page 130 ) . Ramrakha , now a lawyer based in Sydney , Australia , sued for defamation , saying that the claim was false and had damaged his reputation .   Others , both in Fiji and abroad , accused the Governor-General , a high chief in the Fijian chiefly hierarchy , of deliberate bias , and took his usurping of a popular election to preserve the government of his fellow-chief ( and distant cousin ) , Ratu Mara , as an indication that the indigenous Fijian elite would not tolerate an Indo-Fijian-led government . Proponents of this theory point to the coups of 1987 and of 2000 , both of which toppled governments dominated or led by Indo-Fijians , as evidence of their belief . Whether this controversial opinion is true or not , few doubt that Cakobau was pleased to be able to reappoint the government dominated by indigenous Fijians .   In a public statement , Ratu Cakobau defended his actions thus :   `` In the recent general election , the people of Fiji did not give a clear mandate to either of the major political parties . It therefore became the duty of the Governor-General under the Constitution to appoint as Prime Minister the Member of the House of Representatives who appeared to him best able to command the support of the majority of the Members of the House . The Governor-General has not been able to act sooner as it was not until this afternoon that he was informed who had been elected leader of the National Federation Party . The Governor-General , after taking all relevant circumstances into account , has come to the firm conclusion that the person best able to command support of the majority of the Members is the Leader of the Alliance Party , Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara . In compliance with the Constitution and acting in his own deliberate judgment the Governor-General has accordingly appointed Ratu Sir Kamisese as Prime Minister . ''   The September election called to resolve the impasse resulted in a landslide win for the Fijian Alliance , which remained in power for another decade .   Constitutional  Category : Constitutional crises"}
{"_id": "0Y", "title": "0Y", "headings": "", "text": "0Y ( zero Y ) or 0-Y may refer to :  0 ( year )  0y , the notation for zero yellow in CMYK"}
{"_id": "1980_Royal_Tru-Orange_season", "title": "1980 Royal Tru-Orange season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Royal Tru-Orange season was the sixth season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) . The team change its name to San Miguel Beermen beginning the All-Filipino Conference ."}
{"_id": "1899–1900_Scottish_Football_League", "title": "1899–1900 Scottish Football League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of the Scottish Football League in season 1899 -- 1900 ."}
{"_id": "1986_Indiana_Hoosiers_football_team", "title": "1986 Indiana Hoosiers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented Indiana University during the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season . They participated as members of the Big Ten Conference . The Hoosiers played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington , Indiana . The team was led by Bill Mallory , who was serving in his third year as head coach of the Hoosiers . The Hoosiers participated in the All-American Bowl against Florida State , losing 13 -- 27 ."}
{"_id": "113th_Infantry_Division_(German_Empire)", "title": "113th Infantry Division (German Empire)", "headings": "", "text": "The 113th Infantry Division ( 113 . Infanterie-Division ) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I . The division was formed on March 25 , 1915 , and organized over the next several weeks . It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915 . The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.   The division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of regular infantry divisions which were being triangularized . The division 's 225th Infantry Brigade staff was formerly the staff of the 44th Reserve Infantry Brigade of the 22nd Reserve Division , which came to the new division along with the 32nd Reserve Infantry Regiment . The 36th Füsilier Regiment was formerly part of the 8th Infantry Division . The 48th Infantry Regiment came from the 5th Infantry Division . The 32nd Reserve Infantry Regiment was raised in the Thuringian states , primarily the Reuss principalities . The 36th Füsiliers was a `` Magdeburg '' regiment , raised in the Prussian Province of Saxony . The 48th Infantry was a Brandenburg regiment . The 48th Infantry was replaced by the 66th Infantry , another Magdeburg regiment , making the division primarily Prussian Saxon and Thuringian in character . Cavalry support came in the form of cuirassiers from the Rhineland . The artillery and combat engineer units were newly formed ."}
{"_id": "1904_Bethany_Terrible_Swedes_football_team", "title": "1904 Bethany Terrible Swedes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 Bethany Terrible Swedes football team represented Bethany College during the 1904 college football season . The team notably beat Oklahoma 36 -- 9 ."}
{"_id": "1925_Paraguayan_Primera_División_season", "title": "1925 Paraguayan Primera División season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 season of the Paraguayan Primera División , the top category of Paraguayan football , was played by 10 teams . The national champions were Olimpia ."}
{"_id": "1906_SAFA_Grand_Final", "title": "1906 SAFA Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1906 SAFA Grand Final was an Australian rules football competition . Port Adelaide beat North Adelaide by 60 to 39 ."}
{"_id": "1963_in_paleontology", "title": "1963 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1879_in_Brazil", "title": "1879 in Brazil", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1879 in Brazil ."}
{"_id": "1975–76_Boston_Celtics_season", "title": "1975–76 Boston Celtics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 -- 76 Boston Celtics season was their 30th in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and concluded with their 13th championship ."}
{"_id": "1946–47_Swedish_football_Division_3", "title": "1946–47 Swedish football Division 3", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swedish football Division 3 in season 1946/1947 . At the end of this season major re-structuring of the Swedish third tier took place with the number of divisions reduced from 16 sections to 4 sections . There were no promotions to Division 2 and most of the third tier teams were relegated to Division 4 for the 1947-48 season ."}
{"_id": "1936_Kansas_State_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1936 Kansas State Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1936 college football season . The team 's head football coach was Wesley Fry , in his second year at the helm of the Wildcats . The Wildcats played their home games in Memorial Stadium . The Wildcats finished the season with a 4 -- 3 -- 2 record with a 2 -- 1 -- 2 record in conference play . They finished in third place in the Big Six Conference . The Wildcats scored 143 points and gave up 89 points ."}
{"_id": "1993_US_Open_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1993 US Open – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Stefan Edberg was the defending champion but lost in the second round to Karel Novacek .   Pete Sampras defeated Cédric Pioline 6-4 , 6-4 , 6-3 in the final to win the Men 's Singles title at the 1993 US Open ."}
{"_id": "1931_in_Denmark", "title": "1931 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1931 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1939–40_Serie_A", "title": "1939–40 Serie A", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "(Old_Dogs,_Children_and)_Watermelon_Wine", "title": "(Old Dogs, Children and) Watermelon Wine", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( Old Dogs , Children And ) Watermelon Wine '' is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Tom T. Hall . It was released in November 1972 as the second and final single from the album , The Storyteller . The song was Hall 's third number one on the U.S. country singles chart . '' ( Old Dogs , Children And ) Watermelon Wine '' spent one week at the top and a total of thirteen weeks on the chart . On June 1 , 2014 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked '' ( Old Dogs , Children and ) Watermelon Wine '' # 93 in their list of the 100 greatest country songs ."}
{"_id": "1903_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "1903 in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1903 in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1957_Italian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1957 Italian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 8 September 1957 at Monza . It was the eighth and final race in the 1957 World Championship of Drivers ."}
{"_id": "1995_ICF_Canoe_Slalom_World_Championships", "title": "1995 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Nottingham , United Kingdom under the auspices of International Canoe Federation . Nottingham became the first city to host the canoe slalom and canoe sprint world championships , having hosted the sprint championships previously in 1981 ."}
{"_id": "1912_Baylor_football_team", "title": "1912 Baylor football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1912 Baylor football team represented Baylor University during the 1912 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1996_Docklands_bombing", "title": "1996 Docklands bombing", "headings": "", "text": "The London Docklands bombing ( also known as the Canary Wharf bombing or South Quay bombing ) occurred on 9 February 1996 , when the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) detonated a powerful truck bomb in Canary Wharf , one of the two financial districts of London . The blast devastated a wide area and caused an estimated # 150 million worth of damage . Although the IRA had sent warnings 90 minutes beforehand , the area was not fully evacuated . Two people were killed and more than 100 were injured , some permanently .   It marked an end to the IRA 's seventeen-month ceasefire . The IRA had agreed to a ceasefire in August 1994 , on the understanding that Sinn Féin would be allowed to take part in peace negotiations . When the British government then demanded full IRA disarmament as a precondition for talks , the IRA resumed its campaign . After the bombing , the British government dropped its demand . A few months later , the IRA detonated another more powerful truck bomb in Manchester .   IRA member James McArdle was convicted of the bombing in 1998 . He had been a member of an IRA sniper team in South Armagh . He was released two years later , under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement ."}
{"_id": "1640s", "title": "1640s", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "11th_World_Scout_Jamboree", "title": "11th World Scout Jamboree", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th World Scout Jamboree was held 1 -- 11 August 1963 in Marathon , Greece ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_Bulgarian_Cup", "title": "1986–87 Bulgarian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 -- 87 Bulgarian Cup was the 47th season of the Bulgarian Cup . CSKA Sofia won the competition , beating Levski Sofia 2 -- 1 in the final at the Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_Juventus_F.C._season", "title": "1983–84 Juventus F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Juventus F.C. finished the season as Serie A champions . They also won the European Cup Winners ' Cup and participated in the Coppa Italia ."}
{"_id": "1997_NAIA_football_season", "title": "1997 NAIA football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 NAIA football season , as part of the 1997 college football season in the United States , was the 42nd season of college football sponsored by the NAIA . It was the first season after 27 season of the NAIA 's two-division structure .   The season was played from August to November 1997 , culminating in the 1997 NAIA Football National Championship , played this year on December 20 , 1997 at Jim Carroll Stadium in Savannah , Tennessee .   Findlay defeated Willamette in the championship game , 14 -- 7 , to win their fourth NAIA national title ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_UEFA_Champions_League", "title": "1997–98 UEFA Champions League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 UEFA Champions League was the 43rd season of the UEFA Champions League , UEFA 's premier club football tournament , and the sixth since its rebranding from the `` European Champion Clubs ' Cup '' or `` European Cup '' . The tournament was won 1 -- 0 by Real Madrid , winning for the first time in 32 years , beating Juventus who were playing in a third consecutive final . It started a run of three victories in five seasons for the Spanish club .   This season was the first to have six groups , as opposed to four in the previous tournament , which meant that only two group runners-up qualified for the quarter finals as opposed to all the second-placed teams . It was also the first to have two qualifying rounds instead of just one . After three years of entering the UEFA Cup , champions of smaller nations returned to the Champions League . For the first time , the runners-up of eight domestic leagues ( three teams : Germany ( Bayer Leverkusen , Bayern Munich , Borussia Dortmund as UEFA Champions League title holder ) ; two teams : England ( Newcastle United , Manchester United ) , France ( AS Monaco , Paris Saint-Germain ) , Netherlands ( Feyenoord , PSV Eindhoven ) , Italy ( Juventus , Parma ) , Portugal ( Porto , Sporting CP ) , Spain ( Barcelona , Real Madrid ) and Turkey ( Beşiktaş , Galatasaray ) were entered into the competition . The runners-up entered the second qualifying round , while the league winners entered directly the group stage ( except for Turkey where both winner and runner-up entered the second qualifying round ) .   Borussia Dortmund , the defending champions , were eliminated in the semi-finals by eventual winners Real Madrid .   Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Slovakia and the Republic of Macedonia all entered their champions for the first time , while the champion of Yugoslavia returned to this competition for the first time after 1991-92 season and the abolishment of UN ban ."}
{"_id": ".kw", "title": ".kw", "headings": "", "text": ". kw is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for Kuwait ."}
{"_id": "1999_Copa_Colsanitas", "title": "1999 Copa Colsanitas", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Copa Colsanitas was a women 's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Club Campestre El Rancho in Bogotá in Colombia that was part of Tier IVa of the 1999 WTA Tour . It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from February 15 through February 21 , 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1946_Sugar_Bowl", "title": "1946 Sugar Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 Sugar Bowl matched the Oklahoma A&M Cowboys and the St. Mary 's Gaels ."}
{"_id": "1557_in_France", "title": "1557 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1557 in France"}
{"_id": "1957_NFL_Championship_Game", "title": "1957 NFL Championship Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 National Football League championship game was the 25th annual championship game , held on December 29 at Briggs Stadium in Detroit , Michigan .   The Detroit Lions ( 8 -- 4 ) , winners of the Western Conference , hosted the Cleveland Browns ( 9 -- 2 -- 1 ) , champions of the Eastern Conference . Detroit had won the regular season game 20 -- 7 three weeks earlier on December 8 , also at Briggs Stadium , but lost quarterback Bobby Layne with a broken right ankle late in the first half . Reserve quarterback Tobin Rote , a starter the previous year with Green Bay , filled in for Layne and won that game with Cleveland , the next week at Chicago , and the tiebreaker playoff game at San Francisco .   It was the fourth pairing of the two teams in the championship game ; they met previously in 1952 , 1953 , and 1954 . The Browns were favored by three points , but the home underdog Lions scored two touchdowns in each quarter and won in a rout , 59 -- 14 .   As of 2016 , this was the last playoff game played in the city of Detroit other than Super Bowl XL in 2006 . The Lions other two home playoff games since 1957 ( 1991 and 1993 ) were played at the Pontiac Silverdome in nearby Pontiac , Michigan ."}
{"_id": "1950_Claxton_Shield", "title": "1950 Claxton Shield", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Claxton Shield was the 11th annual Claxton Shield ; it was held in Sydney , New South Wales . The participants were South Australia , New South Wales , Victoria , Western Australia and Queensland . The series was won by New South Wales , their fifth Shield title .   The quality of the competition received a lift as many American servicemen married and settled down in Australia . The Australian Baseball Council was criticised by the New South Wales board for not allowing two interstate players from competing in the Shield , one of which being Graeme Hole ( test cricketer ) from South Australia and the other being Queensland state cricketer Alan Smith . Both were top-ranking pitchers , but were knocked back due to them not having their six-month residential qualifications .   Queensland secured its first Claxton Shield win on 30 July when they defeated Western Australia 2 -- 1 in a 15-inning game played . At that time , it was the longest Shield game in history and was played in front of 10,000 spectators who braved the rainy July weather ."}
{"_id": "1_vs._100_(Australian_game_show)", "title": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show)", "headings": "", "text": "1 vs. 100 is an Australian spin-off game show based on the American version of the same name and the original Dutch version created by Endemol . The game pits one person against 100 others for a chance to win one million dollars . The program is hosted by former Nine Network CEO and personality Eddie McGuire .   The Australian version of the show premiered on 29 January 2007 at 8:30 pm on the Nine Network and is recorded in the Melbourne Docklands Central City Studios .   The format of the Australian show is based on series 2 of the US show ( those US shows that aired after 1 December 2006 ) . The prize ladder is half the value of the US ladder ( in Australian dollars ) , with a single million-dollar jackpot for eliminating all 100 players .   A second season of the show started airing on Friday , 6 June 2008 to 13 June 2008 ( except for NSW and QLD ) , but it was put on hiatus then cancelled ( and its website removed ) ."}
{"_id": "114_Tauri", "title": "114 Tauri", "headings": "", "text": "114 Tauri ( 114 Tau ) is a blue main-sequence star in the constellation Taurus . Its apparent magnitude is 4.88 ."}
{"_id": "1993_Individual_Speedway_Junior_World_Championship", "title": "1993 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship"}
{"_id": "1725_in_Norway", "title": "1725 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1725 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1919_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1919 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 33rd staging of Ireland 's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition . Kildare were the winners ."}
{"_id": "1825_in_Ireland", "title": "1825 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1825 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1478", "title": "1478", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1478 ( MCDLXXVIII ) was a common year starting on Thursday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1986_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships", "title": "1986 UCI Track Cycling World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling . They took place in Colorado Springs , United States in 1986 . Fourteen events were contested , 12 for men ( 5 for professionals , 7 for amateurs ) and 2 for women ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_ECHL_season", "title": "1997–98 ECHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 ECHL season was the tenth season of the ECHL . Before the start of the season , the league saw the Knoxville Cherokees move to Florence , SC and welcomed expansion teams in New Orleans , LA and Upper Marlboro , MD. . The Louisiana IceGators finished the regular season first overall and the Hampton Roads Admirals won their record setting third overall ECHL championship ( 1st Kelly Cup ) , defeating the Pensacola Ice Pilots 4 games to 2 ."}
{"_id": "1476_in_Ireland", "title": "1476 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1476 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1998_Wimbledon_Championships", "title": "1998 Wimbledon Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on : grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon in London in England . It was the 112th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 22 June to 5 July 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1886_in_architecture", "title": "1886 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1886 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings ."}
{"_id": "1970–71_Eerste_Divisie", "title": "1970–71 Eerste Divisie", "headings": "", "text": "The Dutch Eerste Divisie in the 1970/1971 season was contested by 16 teams . FC Den Bosch won the championship . Due to the disbandment of the Tweede Divisie at the end of this season , there was no relegation ."}
{"_id": "1993_All-Pacific-10_Conference_football_team", "title": "1993 All-Pacific-10 Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 All-Pacific-10 Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Pacific-10 Conference teams for the 1993 Pacific-10 Conference football season . The UCLA Bruins , Arizona Wildcats , and USC Trojans could all claim a conference championship , posting 6 -- 2 conference records . UCLA wide receiver J. J. Stokes was voted Pac-10 Offensive Player of the Year . Arizona defensive tackle Rob Waldrop was voted Pac-10 Defensive Player of the Year ."}
{"_id": "1886_in_Portugal", "title": "1886 in Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1886 in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1969_College_Baseball_All-America_Team", "title": "1969 College Baseball All-America Team", "headings": "", "text": "An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position -- who in turn are given the honorific `` All-America '' and typically referred to as `` All-American athletes '' , or simply `` All-Americans '' . Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit , the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media . Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889 .   From 1947 to 1980 , the American Baseball Coaches Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA ."}
{"_id": "1440", "title": "1440", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1440 ( MCDXL ) was a leap year starting on Friday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1941_California_Golden_Bears_football_team", "title": "1941 California Golden Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley during the 1941 college football season . Under head coach Stub Allison , the team compiled an overall record of 4 -- 5 and 3 -- 4 in conference ."}
{"_id": "1900_Boston_Beaneaters_season", "title": "1900 Boston Beaneaters season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "11th_New_Brunswick_Legislature", "title": "11th New Brunswick Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between January 20 , 1835 , and August 18 , 1837 .   The assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick Sir Archibald Campbell .   Charles Simonds was chosen as speaker for the house ."}
{"_id": "140th_Street_(IRT_Ninth_Avenue_Line)", "title": "140th Street (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)", "headings": "", "text": "140th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line . It had 2 levels . The lower level was built first and had two tracks and two side platforms and served local trains . The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had one track that served express trains that bypassed this station . It opened on September 17 , 1879 and closed on June 11 , 1940 . The next southbound stop was 135th Street . The next northbound stop was 145th Street ."}
{"_id": "1881_in_Australian_literature", "title": "1881 in Australian literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1881 .   For an overview of world literature see 1881 in literature .   See also :  1880 in Australian literature ,  1881 in Australia ,  1882 in Australian literature ."}
{"_id": "1935–36_in_Scottish_football", "title": "1935–36 in Scottish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 -- 36 season was the 63rd season of competitive football in Scotland and the 46th season of the Scottish Football League ."}
{"_id": "1861_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "1861 in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1861 in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1994_Australia_national_soccer_team_season", "title": "1994 Australia national soccer team season", "headings": "", "text": "The Australia national soccer team results in 1994 . Australia participated in the 1994 edition of the Kirin Cup finishing second in that friendly tournament ."}
{"_id": "1971_Ottawa_Rough_Riders_season", "title": "1971 Ottawa Rough Riders season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Ottawa Rough Riders finished the season in 3rd place in the CFL East division with a 6 -- 8 record and lost in the East Semi-Final game to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats ."}
{"_id": "1950_Chicago_Cardinals_season", "title": "1950 Chicago Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Chicago Cardinals season was the 31st season the team was in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous output of 6 -- 5 -- 1 , winning only five games . They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the second consecutive season ."}
{"_id": "1789_in_music", "title": "1789 in music", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1963_Imola_Grand_Prix", "title": "1963 Imola Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 4th Imola Grand Prix was a motor race , run to Formula One rules , held on 21 April 1963 at the Autodromo di Castellaccis . The previous three Imola Grands Prix were sports car races held in the mid-1950s , and this was the first Formula One event held at the circuit . From 1981 , the circuit was the venue for the San Marino Grand Prix .   The race was run over 50 laps of the circuit , and was won by British driver Jim Clark in a Lotus 25 , lapping the entire field except for second-placed Jo Siffert . Trevor Taylor set the fastest lap after losing more than ten laps with a gear selector problem ."}
{"_id": "1980_NSL_Cup", "title": "1980 NSL Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 NSL Cup was the fourth season of the NSL Cup , which was the main national association football knockout cup competition in Australia . All 14 NSL teams from around Australia entered the competition , as well as a further 18 from various state leagues around Australia ."}
{"_id": "1997_in_the_environment", "title": "1997 in the environment", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events relating to the environment in 1997 . They relate to environmental law , conservation , environmentalism and environmental issues ."}
{"_id": "1983_Miami_Redskins_football_team", "title": "1983 Miami Redskins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami University in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season . In its first season under head coach Tim Rose , the team compiled a 4 -- 7 record ( 3 -- 5 against MAC opponents ) , finished in seventh place in the MAC , and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 189 to 152 .   The team 's statistical leaders included Todd Rollins with 1,262 passing yards , Jay Peterson with 842 rushing yards , and Tom Murphy with 610 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1203_in_poetry", "title": "1203 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "12th_Brigade", "title": "12th Brigade", "headings": "", "text": "12th Brigade or 12th Infantry Brigade may refer to :"}
{"_id": "1947_Bulgarian_Cup", "title": "1947 Bulgarian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Bulgarian Cup was the 7th season of the Bulgarian Cup ( in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army ) . In the tournament entered the 10 winners of regional cup competitions . Levski Sofia won the competition , beating Botev Plovdiv 1 -- 0 in the final at the Yunak Stadium in Sofia ."}
{"_id": "1963_Navy_Midshipmen_football_team", "title": "1963 Navy Midshipmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy in the 1963 college football season . The Midshipmen were led by head coach Wayne Hardin in his fifth year , finished the year with an overall record of nine wins and two losses and with a loss against Texas in the Cotton Bowl Classic .   Quarterback Roger Staubach won the Heisman Trophy and the Maxwell Award while leading the Midshipmen to a 9 -- 1 regular season record and a final ranking of No . # 2 in the nation . He led Navy to victory over their annual rivalry with Notre Dame , which would be the Midshipmen 's last win over Notre Dame until 2007 . In the Crab Bowl Classic , Navy defeated Maryland by a score of 42 -- 7 . There was talk of cancelling the 1963 Army-Navy game in the aftermath of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy , but his widow , Jacqueline , insisted that the game should be played . No. 2 Navy accepted an invitation to play in the 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic versus No. 1 Texas , the second No. 1 versus No. 2 bowl game in college football history ."}
{"_id": "1936_English_cricket_season", "title": "1936 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 English cricket season saw Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 1936 win its first-ever County Championship .   India toured England to compete in a test series with England winning 2-0 ."}
{"_id": "1960–61_European_Cup", "title": "1960–61 European Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 -- 61 European Cup was the sixth season of the European Cup , UEFA 's premier club football tournament . The competition was won by Benfica , who won 3 -- 2 in the final against Barcelona , who had knocked out Spanish rivals Real Madrid , winners of the first five tournaments , in the first round . Benfica was the first Portuguese team to reach the final and to win the tournament ."}
{"_id": "1950_Rose_Bowl", "title": "1950 Rose Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game played between Ohio State University and University of California at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . The game was a rematch of the 1921 Rose Bowl where both Ohio State and Cal played in the teams ' first bowl game . Ohio State came out with the win , 17 -- 14 . The MVP was Fred `` Curly '' Morrison of Ohio State . The game took place on January 2 , 1950 , because New Year 's Day had fallen on a Sunday ."}
{"_id": "1938_Kansas_State_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1938 Kansas State Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1938 college football season . The team 's head football coach was Wesley Fry , in his fourth year at the helm of the Wildcats . The Wildcats played their home games in Memorial Stadium . The Wildcats finished the season with a 4 -- 4 -- 1 record with a 1 -- 3 -- 1 record in conference play . They finished in fifth place in the Big Six Conference . The Wildcats scored 108 points and gave up 134 points ."}
{"_id": "1996_PBA_Governors'_Cup", "title": "1996 PBA Governors' Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) Governors ' Cup was the third and last conference of the 1996 PBA season . It started on September 29 and ended on December 17 , 1996 . The tournament is an Import-laden format , which requires an import or a pure-foreign player for each team ."}
{"_id": "1376", "title": "1376", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1376 ( MCCCLXXVI ) was a leap year starting on Tuesday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Serie_B", "title": "1992–93 Serie B", "headings": "", "text": "This article contains information on the 1992-1993 season of Serie B , the second highest football league in Italy ."}
{"_id": "1917_World_Series", "title": "1917 World Series", "headings": "", "text": "In the 1917 World Series , the Chicago White Sox beat the New York Giants four games to two . The Series was played against the backdrop of World War I , which dominated the American newspapers that year and next .   The strong Chicago White Sox club had finished the 1917 season with a 100 -- 54 record : their first and only one-hundred-win season in franchise history as of 2016 . The Sox 's next World Series winner in 2005 would finish the regular season with a 99 -- 63 record .   The Sox won Game 1 of the Series in Chicago 2 -- 1 behind a complete game by Eddie Cicotte . Happy Felsch hit a home run in the fourth inning that provided the winning margin . The Sox beat the Giants in Game 2 by a score of 7 -- 2 behind another complete game effort by Red Faber to take a 2 -- 0 lead in the Series .   Back in New York for Game 3 , Cicotte again threw a complete game , but the Sox could not muster a single run against Giants starter Rube Benton and lost 2 -- 0 . In Game 4 the Sox were shut out again 5 -- 0 by Ferdie Schupp . Faber threw another complete game , but the Series was even at 2 -- 2 going back to Chicago .   Reb Russell started Game 5 in Chicago , but only faced three batters before giving way to Cicotte . Going into the bottom of the seventh inning , Chicago was down 5 -- 2 , but they rallied to score three in the seventh and three in the eighth to win 8 -- 5 . Faber pitched the final two innings for the win . In Game 6 the Sox took an early 3 -- 0 lead and on the strength of another complete game victory from Faber ( his third of the Series ) won 4 -- 2 and clinched the World Championship . Eddie Collins was the hitting hero , batting .409 over the six game series while Cicotte and Faber combined to pitch 50 out of a total 52 World Series innings to lead the staff .   The decisive game underscored the Giants ' post-season frustrations , featuring a famous rundown in which Giants ' third baseman Heinie Zimmerman futilely chased the speedy Eddie Collins toward home plate with what would be the Series-winning run . Catcher Bill Rariden had run up the third base line to start a rundown , expecting pitcher Rube Benton or first baseman Walter Holke to cover the plate . However , neither of them budged , forcing Zimmerman to chase Collins while pawing helplessly in the air with the ball in an attempt to tag him . Two years before the issue of baseball betting reached its peak , Zimmerman found himself having to publicly deny purposely allowing the run to score , i.e. to deny that he had `` thrown '' the game . In truth , McGraw blamed Benton and Holke for failing to cover the plate . A quote often attributed to Zim , but actually invented by writer Ring Lardner some years later , was that when asked about the incident Zim replied , `` Who the hell was I supposed to throw to , Klem ( umpire Bill Klem , who was working the plate ) ? '' Conventional wisdom has it that Collins was much faster than Zimmerman , but existing photos of the play show that Zimmerman was only a step or two behind Collins , who actually slid across the plate while Zim jumped over him to avoid trampling him . Zimmerman would eventually be banned for life due to various accusations of corruption .   The great athlete Jim Thorpe , better known for football in general , made his only World Series `` appearance '' during Game 5 , where he was listed in the lineup card as starting in right field ; but for his turn at bat in the top of the first inning he was replaced by a left-handed hitting Dave Robertson .   The White Sox , who were essentially dismantled following the 1920 season by baseball commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis due to the Black Sox Scandal in the 1919 World Series , did not make it to another World Series until , and did not win another World Series until ."}
{"_id": "1985_H&M_World_Women's_Curling_Championship", "title": "1985 H&M World Women's Curling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 H&M World Women 's Curling Championship , the women 's world curling championship , was held from March 17 -- 23 at the Rosenlundshallen in Jönköping , Sweden ."}
{"_id": "1948_World_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1948 World Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion .   The 1948 competitions for men , ladies , and pair skating took place from February 11 to 15 in Davos , Switzerland . These were the second World Figure Skating Championships after World War II . Skaters from Germany and Japan were still not allowed to compete ."}
{"_id": "1.25-meter_band", "title": "1.25-meter band", "headings": "", "text": "The 1.25 meter , 220 MHz or 222 MHz band is a portion of the VHF radio spectrum internationally allocated for amateur radio use on a primary basis in ITU Region 2 , and it comprises frequencies from 220 MHz to 225 MHz . In the United States and Canada , the band is available on a primary basis from 222 to 225 MHz , with the addition of 219 to 220 MHz on a limited , secondary basis . It is not available for use in ITU Region 1 ( except in Somalia ) or ITU Region 3 . The license privileges of amateur radio operators include the use of frequencies within this band , which is primarily used for local communications ."}
{"_id": "1921_in_motorsport", "title": "1921 in motorsport", "headings": "", "text": "The following is an overview of the events of 1921 in motorsport including the major racing events , motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year , championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year , births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people ."}
{"_id": "1852_in_art", "title": "1852 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1852 in art ."}
{"_id": "1964_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Women", "title": "1964 FIBA World Championship for Women", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 FIBA World Championship for Women was hosted in Peru from 1964 . The Soviet Union won the tournament ."}
{"_id": "1982_Estonian_SSR_Football_Championship", "title": "1982 Estonian SSR Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Estonian SSR Football Championship was won by Tempo ."}
{"_id": "1989_Topps", "title": "1989 Topps", "headings": "", "text": "This a list with brief descriptions of Topps trading card products for 1989 . All sets listed are standard size ( 2 1/2 × 3 1/2 inches ) unless noted ."}
{"_id": "1941_Army_Cadets_football_team", "title": "1941 Army Cadets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1941 college football season . In their first year under head coach Earl Blaik , the Cadets compiled a 5 -- 3 -- 1 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 105 to 87 . The season represented a four-game improvement on the prior year 's record of 1 -- 7 -- 1 . In the annual Army -- Navy Game , the Cadets lost to the Midshipmen by a 14 to 6 score . The Cadets also lost to Harvard and Penn and played Notre Dame to a scoreless tie .   Army halfback Hank Mazur was selected by Life magazine as a third-team player on the 1941 College Football All-America Team ."}
{"_id": "1973_New_Zealand_rugby_league_season", "title": "1973 New Zealand rugby league season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 New Zealand rugby league season was the 66th season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand ."}
{"_id": "1980–81_ice_hockey_Bundesliga_season", "title": "1980–81 ice hockey Bundesliga season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980-81 Ice hockey Bundesliga season was the 23rd season of the Ice hockey Bundesliga , the top level of ice hockey in Germany . 12 teams participated in the league , and SC Riessersee won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1911_Cornell_Big_Red_football_team", "title": "1911 Cornell Big Red football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1911 college football season . In their second season under head coach Daniel A. Reed , the Big Red compiled a 7 -- 3 record and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 101 to 52 . Tackle William Edward Munk was selected by Walter Camp as a second-team player , and by Baseball Magazine as a first-team player , on the 1911 College Football All-America Team ."}
{"_id": "1994_Stella_Artois_Championships_–_Singles", "title": "1994 Stella Artois Championships – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Michael Stich was the defending champion but lost in the third round to Jamie Morgan .   Todd Martin won in the final 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 4 ) , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 4 ) against Pete Sampras ."}
{"_id": "1983_IMSA_GT_Championship", "title": "1983 IMSA GT Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Camel GT Championship season was the 13th season of the IMSA GT Championship auto racing series . It was for GTP class prototypes and GTO and GTU class Grand Tourer-style racing cars . It began February 5 , 1983 , and ended November 27 , 1983 , after seventeen rounds ."}
{"_id": "1990_Women's_British_Open_Squash_Championship", "title": "1990 Women's British Open Squash Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Hi-Tec British Open Squash Championships was held at the lambs Squash Club with the later stages being held at Wembley in London from 16 -- 23 April 1990 . The event was won for the seventh consecutive year by Susan Devoy who defeated Suzanne Horner ( née Burgess ) in the final ."}
{"_id": "1926_Dayton_Triangles_season", "title": "1926 Dayton Triangles season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 Dayton Triangles season was their seventh in the league . The team improved on their previous output of 0 -- 7 , winning one game . They tied for sixteenth in the league ."}
{"_id": "1680_in_England", "title": "1680 in England", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1680 in the Kingdom of England ."}
{"_id": "1997_Liga_Deportiva_Universitaria_de_Quito_season", "title": "1997 Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito season", "headings": "", "text": "Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito 's 1997 season was the club 's 67th year of existence , the 44th year in professional football , and the 37th in the top level of professional football in Ecuador ."}
{"_id": "1938_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team", "title": "1938 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1938 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1932_Arizona_State_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1932 Arizona State Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 Arizona State Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Arizona State Teachers College ( later renamed Arizona State University ) in the Border Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( BIAA ) during the 1932 college football season . In their third and final season under head coach Ted Shipkey , the Bulldogs compiled a 4 -- 3 -- 1 record ( 2 -- 2 -- 1 against BIAA opponents ) and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 182 to 92 . Paul Griffin was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1954_National_Service_riots", "title": "1954 National Service riots", "headings": "", "text": "In December 1953 , the British colonial government in Singapore passed the National Service Ordinance , requiring all male British subjects and Federal citizens between the ages of 18-20 to register for part-time National Service ( Thum , 2012 ) . The dateline for registration was on the 12th May 1954 and those who fail to register would either be jailed or fined . On the 12th May 1954 , students from the Chinese Middle Schools still did not register themselves for National Service . In light of the impending deadline for registration and with  requests from the Chinese students , Chief Secretary William Goode would later meet representatives from the affected student body in the government house on 13 May 1954 ( Thum , 2012 ) .   On 13 May 1954 , students gathered to present their petition to Chief Secretary William Goode . However , the peaceful demonstration turned into a clash between the police and students . More than 2 dozen people were injured and 48 students were arrested ( Quee , Tan , & Hong , 2011 ) . The demonstration of 13 May 1954 was followed by further demonstrations and proved a key moment in galvanizing popular opposition to colonial rule ."}
{"_id": "1993_Tel_Aviv_Open", "title": "1993 Tel Aviv Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Tel Aviv Open was a tennis tournament played on hard courts that was part of the World Series of the 1993 ATP Tour . It was played at the Israel Tennis Centers at Ramat HaSharon near Tel Aviv in Israel from October 11 through October 18 , 1993 ."}
{"_id": "1981_Australian_Open_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1981 Australian Open – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Brian Teacher was the defending champion , but did not compete this year .   Johan Kriek defeated Steve Denton 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 1 ) , 6 -- 7 ( 1 -- 7 ) , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Men 's Singles title at the 1981 Australian Open ."}
{"_id": "1997_Davis_Cup_Asia/Oceania_Zone_Group_III", "title": "1997 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group III", "headings": "", "text": "The Group III tournament was held March 26 -- 30 , in Doha , Qatar , on outdoor hard courts . The eight teams were divided into two round-robin pools . The top two teams from each pool advanced to a promotion pool , while the bottom two were placed in a relegation pool . In contrast to earlier ( and later ) practice , the promotion and relegation pools took the form of play-off brackets , instead of using round-robin play ."}
{"_id": "1979_KFK_competitions_(Ukraine)", "title": "1979 KFK competitions (Ukraine)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 KFK competitions in Ukraine were part of the 1979 Soviet KFK competitions that were conducted in the Soviet Union . It was 15th season of the KFK in Ukraine since its introduction in 1964 . The winner eventually qualified to the 1980 Soviet Second League ."}
{"_id": "1982_Busch_500", "title": "1982 Busch 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Busch 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series racing event that took place on August 28 , 1982 , at Bristol International Speedway in Bristol , Tennessee ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Lebanese_Premier_League", "title": "1995–96 Lebanese Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Lebanese Premier League in the 1995/1996 season ."}
{"_id": "1990_IIHF_European_U18_Championship", "title": "1990 IIHF European U18 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 IIHF European U18 Championship was the twenty-third playing of the IIHF European Junior Championships ."}
{"_id": "1982_King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_Stakes", "title": "1982 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes was a horse race held at Ascot Racecourse on Saturday 24 July 1982 . It was the 32nd running of the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes .   The winner was Tony Ward 's Kalaglow , a four-year-old grey colt trained at Pulborough in West Sussex by Guy Harwood and ridden by the British jockey Greville Starkey . Kalaglow 's victory was the first in the race for his owner , trainer and jockey . Kalaglow was the first of only two greys to win the race , the other being Daylami in 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1931_English_cricket_season", "title": "1931 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 English cricket season was notable for the first tour by a New Zealand Test team which included three test matches in which England won 1-0 . The 1931 County Championship was won by Yorkshire County Cricket Club ."}
{"_id": "1995_San_Francisco_49ers_season", "title": "1995 San Francisco 49ers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 San Francisco 49ers season was the team 's 46th year with the National Football League , and 50th season of overall existence .   Fresh from their trip to the Super Bowl , the 49ers lost cornerback Deion Sanders to Dallas and running back Ricky Watters to Philadelphia . Despite a mediocre 5-4 start , the 49ers went 11-5 and for the fourth straight time , they repeated as NFC West champions . However , a stunning 27-17 loss to Brett Favre and the Green Bay Packers in the Divisional Game stripped the 49ers of their title defense . This would be the first of three consecutive seasons that the Packers ended the 49ers ' season .   Jerry Rice had his best season , catching a career-high 122 receptions along with 1,848 receiving yards and 15 total touchdowns .   It was also the final season the 49ers wore their Super Bowl era uniforms ."}
{"_id": "1929_Kollaa", "title": "1929 Kollaa", "headings": "", "text": "1929 Kollaa , provisional designation , is a stony Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 7 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland , on 20 January 1939 .   The bright V-type asteroid is a member of the Vesta family . Vestian asteroids have a composition akin to cumulate eucrite meteorites and are thought to have originated deep within 4 Vesta 's crust , possibly from the Rheasilvia crater , a large impact crater on its southern hemisphere near the South pole , formed as a result of a subcatastrophic collision . The asteroid Vesta is the main-belt 's second-most-massive body after 1 Ceres .   1929 Kollaa orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.2 -- 2.5 AU once every 3 years and 8 months ( 1,326 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 8 ° with respect to the ecliptic . As no precoveries were taken , the asteroid 's observation arc begins with its discovery .   It has a well-defined rotation period of 2.98 hours , derived from two rotational light-curve analysis . In March 2004 , photometric observations at the U.S. Magdalena Ridge Observatory in New Mexico rendered a period of hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 in magnitude . In 2008 a second , concurring period was obtained by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini at his private Observatoire de Bédoin in France . It gave a period of hours and an amplitude 0.22 in magnitude .   According to the surveys carried out by NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and its subsequent NEOWISE mission , the body measures 6.7 and 7.7 kilometers in diameter , respectively , and its surface has an albedo 0.39 . while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.40 and calculates a diameter of 6.4 kilometers .   The minor planet is named after the Kollaa River in Karelia , the focal point of violent battles during the Finnish Winter War ( 1939 -- 40 ) . Naming citation was published on 1 August 1980 ."}
{"_id": "1994_French_Open_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1994 French Open – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Sergi Bruguera was the defending champion , and he successfully defended his title by defeating compatriot Alberto Berasategui in the first ever all-Spanish men 's singles final .   Pete Sampras had the chance to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam tournaments at once , having won the previous year 's Wimbledon , U.S. Open and this year 's Australian Open titles . He lost to Jim Courier in the quarterfinals ."}
{"_id": "1971_World_Weightlifting_Championships", "title": "1971 World Weightlifting Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Men 's World Weightlifting Championships were held in Lima , Peru from September 18 to September 26 , 1971 . There were 144 men from 30 nations in the competition ."}
{"_id": "1896–97_Northern_Football_League", "title": "1896–97 Northern Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1896 -- 97 Northern Football League season was the eighth in the history of the Northern Football League , a football competition in Northern England ."}
{"_id": "1931–32_in_Scottish_football", "title": "1931–32 in Scottish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 -- 32 season was the 59th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 42nd season of the Scottish Football League ."}
{"_id": "1983_USC_Trojans_football_team", "title": "1983 USC Trojans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California ( USC ) in the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their first year under head coach Ted Tollner , the Trojans compiled a 4 -- 6 -- 1 record ( 5 -- 2 against conference opponents ) , finished in fourth place in the Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10 ) , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 238 to 210 .   Quarterback Sean Salisbury led the team in passing , completing 142 of 248 passes for 1,882 yards with ten touchdowns and nine interceptions . Michael Harper led the team in rushing with 151 carries for 685 yards and six touchdowns . Timmie Ware led the team in receiving yards with 23 catches for 481 yards and five touchdownss ."}
{"_id": "1965_Hawthorn_Football_Club_season", "title": "1965 Hawthorn Football Club season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Hawthorn Football Club season was the clubs 41st season in the Victorian Football League . As of the 2016 AFL season the 1965 season is the last time the Hawks have finished bottom of the ladder ."}
{"_id": "1992_NCAA_Division_I_Women's_Volleyball_Tournament", "title": "1992 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 NCAA Division I Women 's Volleyball Tournament began with 32 teams and ended on December 19 , 1992 , when Stanford defeated UCLA 3 games to 1 in the NCAA championship match .   Stanford won the program 's first NCAA title after three previous runner-up finishes . UCLA was the top ranked team in the country and was undefeated coming into the match . The Bruins were the two time defending national champions , and became the first university to appear in three straight NCAA title matches , equaling its previous AIAW national title match streak from 1974 through 1976 . UCLA 's 43 match win streak was snapped with the loss .   The 1992 Final Four was held at The Pit in Albuquerque , New Mexico ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_FIS_Ski_Jumping_Continental_Cup", "title": "1994–95 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994/95 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup was the 4th in a row ( 2nd official ) Continental Cup winter season in ski jumping for men .   Other competitive circuits this season included the World Cup and Grand Prix ."}
{"_id": "1949_Indiana_Hoosiers_football_team", "title": "1949 Indiana Hoosiers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented the Indiana Hoosiers in the 1949 Big Nine Conference football season . They participated as members of the Big Ten Conference . The Hoosiers played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington , Indiana . The team was coached by Clyde B. Smith , in his second year as head coach of the Hoosiers ."}
{"_id": "1704_in_Denmark", "title": "1704 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1704 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "12th_Vermont_Infantry", "title": "12th Vermont Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Regiment , Vermont Volunteer Infantry ( or 12th VVI ) was a nine months ' infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It served in the eastern theater , predominantly in the Defenses of Washington , from October 1862 to July 1863 . It was a member of the 2nd Vermont Brigade ."}
{"_id": "1950–51_Panhellenic_Championship", "title": "1950–51 Panhellenic Championship", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of the Panhellenic Championship in the 1950 -- 51 season ."}
{"_id": "1888_in_organized_crime", "title": "1888 in organized crime", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1887 in organized crime ,  other events of 1888 ,  1889 in organized crime and the  list of ` years in Organized Crime ' ."}
{"_id": "1876_in_baseball", "title": "1876 in baseball", "headings": "", "text": "After a tumultuous five-year existence , the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players ( NA ) folded following the 1875 season . The National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs ( NL ) was formed in Chicago , Illinois by businessman , and owner of the Chicago White Stockings ( now known as , the Chicago Cubs ) , William Hulbert , for the purpose of replacing the NA , which he believed to have been corrupt , mismanaged , full of rowdy , drunken ballplayers , and under the influence of the gambling community . One of the new rules put into place by the new league was that all teams had to be located in cities that had a population of 75,000 or more . The initial NL season began with eight teams , and they were asked to play seventy games between April 22 and October 21 . The NL is considered to be the first `` major league '' , although it has been argued that the NA can make that claim ."}
{"_id": ".30_Newton", "title": ".30 Newton", "headings": "", "text": "The .30 Newton cartridge was designed by Charles Newton for Fred Adolph , a gunsmith , in 1913 , and was originally known as the .30 Adolf Express . The Newton Arms Company was the only manufacturer of commercial rifles chambered for this cartridge . It should not be confused with the .30 Belted Newton ( a.k.a. .30 -338 ) , which is a different cartridge not designed by Charles Newton . Although suitable for any large North American game , it is an obsolete round no longer manufactured . Before World War II , loaded cartridges were once offered by Western Cartridge Company . Buffalo Arms currently sells unloaded brass ."}
{"_id": "1874–75_Northwich_Victoria_F.C._season", "title": "1874–75 Northwich Victoria F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1874 -- 75 season was Northwich Victoria 's 1st season playing solely Association Football . Before this year , club played both Rugby and Association Football as well as hare and hounds . The club 's first game was against Stedman College on a field in the nearby village of Comberbach ."}
{"_id": "1989_World_Badminton_Grand_Prix", "title": "1989 World Badminton Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 World Badminton Grand Prix was the seventh edition of the World Badminton Grand Prix finals . It was held in Singapore , from December 6 to December 10 , 1989 ."}
{"_id": "1501_in_India", "title": "1501 in India", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1501 in India ."}
{"_id": "1928_in_Argentine_football", "title": "1928 in Argentine football", "headings": "", "text": "1928 in Argentine football saw the Primera División league expanded to include 36 teams . They played in a single league with each team playing the other only once .   Huracán won its 4th . title in Primera ."}
{"_id": "147_BC", "title": "147 BC", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 147 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar . At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aemilianus and Drusus ( or , less frequently , year 607 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 147 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years ."}
{"_id": "1965_BBC2_Floodlit_Trophy", "title": "1965 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "1965 was the inaugural season of the BBC2 Floodlit Trophy competition .   Castleford winning the trophy by beating St. Helens by the score of 4-0  The match was played at Knowsley Road , Eccleston , St Helens , Merseyside . The attendance was 11,510 and receipts were # 3,548  This was to be the first of Castleford 's three victories in successive seasons in the first three Floodlit competitions"}
{"_id": "1913_Boston_Braves_season", "title": "1913 Boston Braves season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 Boston Braves season was a season in Major League Baseball . The Braves finished fifth in the National League with a record of 69 wins and 82 losses ."}
{"_id": "1997_RCA_Championships_–_Singles", "title": "1997 RCA Championships – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Pete Sampras was the defending champion , but lost in the third round to Magnus Larsson .   Jonas Björkman won the title , defeating Carlos Moyá in the final 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 3 ) ."}
{"_id": "1808_in_birding_and_ornithology", "title": "1808 in birding and ornithology", "headings": "", "text": "Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot commences Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amérique septentrionale . Desray , Paris ( 1807-1808 ) .  Alexander Wilson commences the nine-volume American Ornithology ( 1808 -- 1814 ) , illustrating 268 species of birds , 26 of which had not previously been described .  John William Lewin 's Birds of New Holland with their Natural History published in London . He writes the first description of the Regent bowerbird in this work .  Coenraad Jacob Temminck publishes Histoire naturelle générale des pigeons et des gallinacés . Sepps , Amsterdam 1808 -- 15 .   Category : Years in birding and ornithology  Birding"}
{"_id": "1952_Men's_British_Open_Squash_Championship", "title": "1952 Men's British Open Squash Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Open Championship was held at the Lansdowne Club in London from 02-7 April . Hashim Khan won his second consecutive title defeating four times champion Mahmoud Karim in the final ."}
{"_id": "1-2-AX_working_memory_task", "title": "1-2-AX working memory task", "headings": "", "text": "The 1-2-AX working memory task is a task which requires working memory to be solved . It can be used as a test case for learning algorithms to test their ability to remember some old data . This task can be used to demonstrate the working memory abilities of algorithms like PBWM or Long short-term memory .   It is an extension of the A-X version of the continuous performance task ."}
{"_id": "1290s_BC", "title": "1290s BC", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1939_NCAA_Swimming_and_Diving_Championships", "title": "1939 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships were contested March 24 , 1938 at the third annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men 's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States .   This year 's event was hosted at the Intramural Sports Building at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor .   For the third consecutive year , Michigan topped rivals Ohio State in the team standings , earning the host Wolverines their third national title . Michigan were coached by Matt Mann ."}
{"_id": "1969_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_–_Men's_Downhill", "title": "1969 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's Downhill", "headings": "", "text": "Men 's Downhill World Cup 1968/1969"}
{"_id": "1247_in_Ireland", "title": "1247 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1247 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1268_Libya", "title": "1268 Libya", "headings": "", "text": "1268 Libya is a 94 km outer main belt asteroid of with an eccentricity of 0.10 .   The asteroid was discovered on April 29 , 1930 , by C. Jackson in Johannesburg ."}
{"_id": "1921–22_Magyar_Kupa", "title": "1921–22 Magyar Kupa", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 -- 22 Magyar Kupa ( English : Hungarian Cup ) was the 6th season of Hungary 's annual knock-out cup football competition ."}
{"_id": "1989_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships_–_Women's_200_metres", "title": "1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 200 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 200 metres event at the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held at the Budapest Sportcsarnok in Budapest on 4 March ."}
{"_id": "1397_in_Ireland", "title": "1397 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1397 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "18th_Satellite_Awards", "title": "18th Satellite Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th Satellite Awards is an award ceremony honoring the year 's outstanding performers , films , television shows , Blu-ray discs , and interactive media , were presented by the International Press Academy in Century City , Los Angeles on February 23 , 2014 as part of the 2013-14 film awards season . Nominations were announced on December 2 , 2013 ."}
{"_id": "1902–03_Brentford_F.C._season", "title": "1902–03 Brentford F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1902 -- 03 English football season , Brentford competed in the Southern League First Division . An appalling season led to a bottom-place finish in the First Division , but the Bees retained their First Division status with a victory over Second Division champions Fulham in a promotion-relegation test match ."}
{"_id": "179_BC", "title": "179 BC", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 179 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar . At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Flaccus and Fulvianus ( or , less frequently , year 575 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 179 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years ."}
{"_id": "1958_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_football_team", "title": "1958 Illinois Fighting Illini football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1958 Big Ten Conference football season . In their 17th year under head coach Ray Eliot , the Illini compiled a 4 -- 5 record and finished in sixth place in the Big Ten Conference . Center Gene Cherney was selected as the team 's most valuable player ."}
{"_id": "1999_Honduran_Segunda_División", "title": "1999 Honduran Segunda División", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "138P/Shoemaker–Levy", "title": "138P/Shoemaker–Levy", "headings": "", "text": "138P/Shoemaker -- Levy , also known as Shoemaker -- Levy 7 , is a periodic comet in the solar system . The comet last came to perihelion on 11 June 2012 , but only brightened to about apparent magnitude 20.5 .   This comet should not be confused with Comet Shoemaker -- Levy 9 ( D/1993 F2 ) , which crashed into Jupiter in 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1936_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1936 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 50th staging of Ireland 's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition . Mayo won their first title ."}
{"_id": "1882_Colorado_College_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1882 Colorado College Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1882 Colorado College Tigers football team represented Colorado College during the 1882 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1955_in_the_Vietnam_War", "title": "1955 in the Vietnam War", "headings": "", "text": "In 1955 , the Prime Minister of South Vietnam Ngô Đình Diệm faced a severe challenge to his rule over South Vietnam from the Bình Xuyên criminal gang and the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo religious sects . In the Battle of Saigon in April , Diệm 's army eliminated the Bình Xuyên as a rival and soon also reduced the power of the sects . The United States , which had been wavering in its support of Diệm before the battle , strongly supported him afterwards .  Diệm declined to enter into talks with North Vietnam concerning an election in 1956 to unify the country . Diệm called a national election in October and easily defeated Head of State Bảo Đại , thus becoming President of South Vietnam .   In communist North Vietnam , Ho Chi Minh initiated a land reform program that was accomplished with many executions and imprisonments of `` landlords . '' Ho was unable to get the support of China and the Soviet Union to press for preliminary talks that would lead to the 1956 elections called for in the Geneva Accord ."}
{"_id": "1991_Summer_Universiade", "title": "1991 Summer Universiade", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Summer Universiade , also known as the XVI Summer Universiade , took place in Sheffield , England . In the host country it was generally referred to as the World Student Games .   Sheffield City Council saw the event as a catalyst for urban renewal after industrial decline . It set up a company , Universiade GB Ltd , to run the games . Lack of central government funding and television sponsorship meant the event was in doubt until the Council guaranteed the money itself , in the face of complaints from local ratepayers . New facilities built for the event included the centrepiece Don Valley Stadium and other arenas , while the Lyceum Theatre was renovated for the associated cultural events . The opening ceremony attracted publicity when Helen Sharman , Britain 's first astronaut , tripped and dropped the games torch . The flames were finally lit by the ignitor in the flame bowl itself as the torch had gone completely out ."}
{"_id": "152nd_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment", "title": "152nd Indiana Infantry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 152nd Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between March 16 and August 30 , 1865 , during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1938_NFL_Championship_Game", "title": "1938 NFL Championship Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 NFL Championship Game was the sixth championship game played in the history of the National Football League . It was played on December 11 at the Polo Grounds in New York City , with an attendance of 48,120 , a record crowd for a title game .   The game matched the New York Giants ( 8 -- 2 -- 1 ) , champions of the Eastern Division , against the Western Division champion Green Bay Packers ( 8 -- 3 -- 0 ) . The Giants had won the regular season game with Green Bay 15 -- 3 at the Polo Grounds three weeks earlier on November 20 , but Green Bay was without hall of fame end Don Hutson ; there was no clear favorite for the title game .   This was the Giants ' fourth championship game appearance , their previous victory was in the famous `` Sneakers game '' of 1934 and they were runners-up in 1933 and 1935 . It was the Packers ' second trip , winning in 1936 . New York also won the 1927 NFL title when the championship was awarded to the team with the best season record . Green Bay had similarly won three straight league titles in 1929 , 1930 , and 1931 .   After trailing two points at halftime , Green Bay took the lead in the third quarter with a short field goal , but New York responded with a touchdown and held on through a scoreless fourth quarter to win , 23 -- 17 .   With the victory , the Giants became the first team to win two championship games since the league split into two divisions in 1933 . The two teams met again in the title game the following year in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , with different results .   The Giants ' next title was in 1956 , won at Yankee Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1872_Republican_National_Convention", "title": "1872 Republican National Convention", "headings": "", "text": "The 1872 Republican National Convention was held in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , June 5 -- 6 , 1872 . President Ulysses S. Grant was unanimously nominated for a second term by the convention 's 752 delegates . Vice-President Schuyler Colfax was for some time considered a potential rival to Grant for the nomination , and had declared himself open to the prospect should Grant decide not to run for a second term , a stance that alienated him from both the President and his many supporters . Further damage resulted when a small movement within the Liberal Republican Party sought to enter his name for their presidential nomination . While neither amounted to more than speculation , it likely cost him his chances for renomination . Colfax narrowly missed the mark , garnering 321.5 delegates to Massachusetts Senator Henry Wilson 's 399.5 , President Grant being among those many notables who remained on the sidelines as the balloting had taken place ."}
{"_id": "1715_in_architecture", "title": "1715 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1715 in architecture involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1733_in_art", "title": "1733 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1733 in art ."}
{"_id": "1966_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_marathon", "title": "1966 European Athletics Championships – Men's marathon", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's marathon at the 1966 European Athletics Championships was held in Budapest , Hungary , on 4 September 1966 ."}
{"_id": "1961_Meadowdale_SCCA_National_Championship_Races", "title": "1961 Meadowdale SCCA National Championship Races", "headings": "", "text": "The July 23 , 1961 , race at Meadowdale International Raceway was the eighth racing event of the eleventh season of the Sports Car Club of America 's 1961 Championship Racing Series .   A&B Production Results"}
{"_id": "1980_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_rankings", "title": "1980 NCAA Division I-A football rankings", "headings": "", "text": "Two human polls comprised the 1980 National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I-A football rankings . Unlike most sports , college football 's governing body , the NCAA , does not bestow a national championship , instead that title is bestowed by one or more different polling agencies . There are two main weekly polls that begin in the preseason -- the AP Poll and the Coaches ' Poll ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_NFL_playoffs", "title": "1991–92 NFL playoffs", "headings": "", "text": "The National Football League playoffs for the 1991 season began on December 28 , 1991 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Washington Redskins defeating the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVI , 37 -- 24 , on January 26 , 1992 , at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis , Minnesota ."}
{"_id": "1982–83_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season", "title": "1982–83 Toronto Maple Leafs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 -- 83 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 66th season of the franchise , 56th season as the Maple Leafs ."}
{"_id": "1934_Big_Ten_Conference_football_season", "title": "1934 Big Ten Conference football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Big Ten Conference football season was the 39th season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference ( also known as the Western Conference ) and was a part of the 1934 college football season .   The 1934 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team , under head coach Bernie Bierman , compiled an undefeated 8 -- 0 record , won the Big Ten championship , led the conference in scoring offense ( 33.8 points per game ) , and was selected as the national champion by eight of the selectors recognized as official by the NCAA . Fullback Pug Lund received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the most valuable player of the Big Ten . Three Minnesota players were selected as consensus first-team All-Americans : Lund , end Frank Larson , and guard Bill Bevan .   The 1934 Illinois Fighting Illini football team , under head coach Robert Zuppke , compiled a 7 -- 1 record and was ranked No. 4 under the Dickinson System . The lone setback was a 7-3 loss at Wisconsin . Halfback Bud Lindberg was selected as the team 's most valuable player . Quarterback Jack Beynon was selected as a first-team All-Big Ten player .   The 1934 Ohio State Buckeyes football team , in the program 's first year under Francis Schmidt , compiled a 7 -- 1 record , led the Big Ten in scoring defense ( 4.3 points allowed per game ) , and was ranked No. 8 under the Dickinson System . Guard Regis Monahan and end Merle Wendt were selected as first-team All-Americans ."}
{"_id": "1999_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_4_×_400_metres_relay", "title": "1999 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "The Men 's 4 × 400 metres relay event at the 1999 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Estadio Olímpico de Sevilla on August 28 and August 29 .   After Antonio Pettigrew later admitted to taking banned substances , the winning US team was retrospectively disqualified ."}
{"_id": "1995_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships_–_Women's_triple_jump", "title": "1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's triple jump", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's triple jump event at the 1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 10 -- 11 March ."}
{"_id": "1997_Major_League_Baseball_season", "title": "1997 Major League Baseball season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Major League Baseball season was the inaugural season for Interleague play , as well as the final season in the American League for the Milwaukee Brewers before moving to the NL the following season . The Florida Marlins ended the season as the World Champions defeating the Cleveland Indians in a seven-game World Series , four games to three ."}
{"_id": "1941_Toronto_Argonauts_season", "title": "1941 Toronto Argonauts season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Toronto Argonauts season was the 55th season for the team since the franchise 's inception in 1873 . The team finished in second place in the Eastern Rugby Football Union with a 5 -- 1 -- 0 record and qualified for the playoffs , but lost the two-game total-points ERFU Final series to the Ottawa Rough Riders ."}
{"_id": "1955–56_Hibernian_F.C._season", "title": "1955–56 Hibernian F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1955 -- 56 season Hibernian , a football club based in Edinburgh , came fourth out of 18 clubs in the Scottish First Division ."}
{"_id": "1995_NatWest_Trophy", "title": "1995 NatWest Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 NatWest Trophy was the 15th NatWest Trophy . It was an English limited overs county cricket tournament which was held between 27 June and 2 September 1995 . The tournament was won by Warwickshire County Cricket Club who defeated Northamptonshire County Cricket Club by 4 wickets in the final at Lord 's ."}
{"_id": "1991_Toronto_Blue_Jays_season", "title": "1991 Toronto Blue Jays season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Toronto Blue Jays season was the franchise 's fifteenth season of Major League Baseball . It resulted in the Blue Jays finishing first in the American League East with a record of 91 wins and 71 losses . The team 's paid attendance of 4,001,527 led the major leagues , as the Jays became the first team in MLB history to draw four million fans in a season . Toronto lost the ALCS to the eventual world champion Minnesota Twins in five games ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Cypriot_Fourth_Division", "title": "1997–98 Cypriot Fourth Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 Cypriot Fourth Division was the 13th season of the Cypriot fourth-level football league . SEK won their 1st title ."}
{"_id": "1979_Men's_British_Open_Squash_Championship", "title": "1979 Men's British Open Squash Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 British Open Championships was held at the Wembley Squash Centre in London from 31 March - 8 April 1979 . Geoff Hunt won his sixth title defeating Qamar Zaman in a repeat of the 1978 final ."}
{"_id": "1903_Uruguayan_Primera_División", "title": "1903 Uruguayan Primera División", "headings": "", "text": "The Uruguayan Championship 1903 was the fourth official championship of Uruguayan football history ."}
{"_id": "17_Avenue_SW_(Calgary)", "title": "17 Avenue SW (Calgary)", "headings": "", "text": "17 Avenue SW is a major east -- west arterial road in the south-west quadrant of the city of Calgary , Alberta , Canada .   Between the Calgary Stampede Grounds and 14 Street SW , it is a commercial street , with bars , restaurants , nightclubs , and shops , which has been designated a Business Revitalization Zone . Officially named 17th Ave Retail and Entertainment District .   From 14th Street to Sarcee Trail , it is flanked by a mix of residential and commercial space , with small strip malls , a retirement home , and denser commercial developments in the Westbrook Mall area . West of Sarcee Trail it runs through suburban neighbourhoods and acreages , by Rundle College and Westside Recreation Centre .   The west extension of the C-Train light rail transit system runs along 17 Avenue west of 33 Street SW , as does the rapid bus transit ."}
{"_id": "1949_in_fine_arts_of_the_Soviet_Union", "title": "1949 in fine arts of the Soviet Union", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1949 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian fine arts ."}
{"_id": "1996_Austrian_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1996 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix was the tenth round of the 1996 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on 4 August 1996 at the A1-Ring ."}
{"_id": "1791_in_Norway", "title": "1791 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1911_in_India", "title": "1911 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1911 in India ."}
{"_id": "1975_NSWRFL_season", "title": "1975 NSWRFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the 68th season of Sydney 's professional rugby league football competition , Australia 's first . Twelve teams , including six of 1908 's foundation clubs and another six from across Sydney competed for the J. J. Giltinan Shield during the season , which culminated in a grand final match for the WD & HO Wills Cup between the Eastern Suburbs and St. George clubs . NSWRFL teams also competed for the 1975 Amco Cup ."}
{"_id": "1935_Copa_del_Presidente_de_la_República_Final", "title": "1935 Copa del Presidente de la República Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 Copa del Presidente de la República Final was the 35th final of the Copa del Rey , the Spanish football cup competition . Sevilla FC beat CD Sabadell FC 3 -- 0 ."}
{"_id": "1942_Rutgers_Queensmen_football_team", "title": "1942 Rutgers Queensmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1942 college football season . In February 1942 , following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Rutgers head coach Harman , who had led the team to a 26-7-1 record from 1938 to 1941 , joined the United States Navy . In April 1942 , Harry Rockafeller , who had coached the team from 1927 to 1930 , resumed responsibility as Rutgers ' head football coach . In their fifth , non-consecutive season under head coach Harry Rockafeller , the Queensmen compiled a 3 -- 4 -- 1 record and were outscored by their opponents 113 to 100 ."}
{"_id": "1911–12_Primera_Fuerza_season", "title": "1911–12 Primera Fuerza season", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Primera Fuerza in season 1911-12 ."}
{"_id": "1989_Tour_de_France", "title": "1989 Tour de France", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Tour de France was the 76th edition of the Tour de France , a race of 21 stages and a prologue , over 3285 km .   All of the decisive racing took place in the time trials and mountain stages . There was no significant changes among the genuine contenders in the plain stages . In the four individual races against the clock , Fignon managed no better against LeMond than matching his time in the prologue . In the other three individual time trials LeMond gained time on his principal rival . In the closest tour in history , 1986 Tour champion Greg LeMond was trailing two-time champion Laurent Fignon by fifty seconds at the start of the final stage , a time trial into Paris . LeMond rode for an average speed of 54.55 km/h ( 34.093 mph ) , the second fastest time trial ever ridden in the Tour de France , and won the stage . Fignon 's time in the stage was fifty-eight seconds slower than LeMond 's , costing him the victory and giving LeMond his second Tour title . The final margin of victory was only eight seconds . From stage 5 onwards , LeMond and Fignon were the only two men to lead the race . The two men were never separated by more than 53 seconds throughout the 1989 Tour . Defending Tour winner Pedro Delgado finished third to join LeMond and Fignon on the podium .   The strength of the PDM team was reflected by not only winning the team classification and having four cyclists in the top ten of the general classification , but also by winning four of the five secondary individual classifications : Sean Kelly won both the points and intermediate sprints classifications , Gert-Jan Theunisse won the mountains classification and Steven Rooks won the combination classification . The young rider classification was won by French Fabrice Philipot from the Toshiba team ."}
{"_id": "1962–63_Kuwaiti_Premier_League", "title": "1962–63 Kuwaiti Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Kuwaiti Premier League in the 1962/1963 season ."}
{"_id": "1930_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team", "title": "1930 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1930 college football season . In their first year under head coach Fritz Crisler , the Golden Gophers compiled a 3 -- 4 -- 1 record , shut out four opponents ( including a scoreless tie with Stanford ) , and outscored all opponents by a combined score of 126 to 81 . Out of 126 points scored by the Golden Gophers , most were scored in two games against schools from South Dakota who the Golden Gophers defeated by a combined score of 107 to 0 .   Guard Biggie Munn was selected as the team 's Most Valuable Player . Munn was also selected by the United Press as a first-team player on the 1930 All-Big Ten Conference football team .   Total attendance for the season was 167,728 , which averaged to 27,955 . The season high for attendance was against Northwestern ."}
{"_id": "1960_Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football_team", "title": "1960 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team represented Rutgers University in the 1960 college football season . In their first season under head coach John F. Bateman , the Scarlet Knights compiled an 8 -- 1 record , won the Middle Three Conference championship , outscored their opponents 225 to 69 . The team 's statistical leaders included Sam Mudie with 452 passing yards , Steve Simms with 613 rushing yards , and Arnie Byrd with 269 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "'t_Zand", "title": "'t Zand", "headings": "", "text": "' t Zand may refer to several settlements :   In Belgium :  in Bruges   In the Netherlands :  ' t Zand , Alphen-Chaam in North Brabant  ' t Zand , Hattem in Gelderland  ' t Zand , Nijmegen in Gelderland  ' t Zand , Schagen in North Holland  ' t Zand , Werkendam in North Brabant  Het Zand , Utrecht in Utrecht  ' t Zandt in Groningen"}
{"_id": "1999_Pan_Pacific_Swimming_Championships_–_Women's_200_metre_individual_medley", "title": "1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Women's 200 metre individual medley", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 200 metre individual medley competition at the 1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 24 -- 25 at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre . The last champion was Kristine Quance of US .   This race consisted of four lengths of the pool , one each in backstroke , breaststroke , butterfly and freestyle swimming ."}
{"_id": "1996_Australian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1996 Australian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 10 March 1996 at Melbourne . It was the first time this race was held in Melbourne , taking over from Adelaide as the host of the Australian Grand Prix . It was the first time the Australian World Championship round had been held at the site of a previous Australian Grand Prix venue , albeit on a vastly different circuit , with the surrounds of the Albert Park Lake having played host to the Australian Grand Prix in 1953 and 1956 . This was the debut race of the future world champion Jacques Villeneuve ."}
{"_id": "1685_in_art", "title": "1685 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1685 in art ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Scottish_First_Division", "title": "1991–92 Scottish First Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 Scottish First Division season was won by Dundee , who were promoted along with Partick Thistle to the Premier Division . Montrose and Forfar Athletic were relegated ."}
{"_id": "1993_European_Youth_Summer_Olympic_Days", "title": "1993 European Youth Summer Olympic Days", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 European Youth Summer Olympic Days was the second edition of multi-sport event for European youths between the ages of 12 and 18 . It was held in Valkenswaard , Netherlands from 3 to 9 July ."}
{"_id": "1919_in_music", "title": "1919 in music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1919 ."}
{"_id": "1939_UCLA_Bruins_football_team", "title": "1939 UCLA Bruins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 UCLA Bruins football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Los Angeles during the 1939 college football season . In their first year under head coach Babe Horrell , the Bruins compiled a 6 -- 0 -- 4 record ( 5 -- 0 -- 3 conference ) , finished in second place in the Pacific Coast Conference , played # 3-ranked USC to a scoreless tie , and were ranked # 7 in the final AP Poll ."}
{"_id": "1994_Detroit_Tigers_season", "title": "1994 Detroit Tigers season", "headings": "", "text": "The Detroit Tigers ' 1994 season had a record of 53-62 in a strike-shortened season . The season ended with the Tigers in 5th place in the newly formed American League East Division . The season featured the return of former star Kirk Gibson , the return of Ernie Harwell to the television broadcast booth and the 18th season of the Alan Trammell and Lou Whitaker double play combination ."}
{"_id": "11th_Indian_Cavalry_Brigade", "title": "11th Indian Cavalry Brigade", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Indian Cavalry Brigade was a cavalry brigade of the British Indian Army that saw active service in the Indian Army during the First World War . It took part in the Mesopotamian campaign and was broken up soon after the end of the war ."}
{"_id": "1999_Dubai_World_Cup", "title": "1999 Dubai World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Dubai World Cup was a horse race held at Nad Al Sheba Racecourse on Sunday 28 March 1999 . It was the 4th running of the Dubai World Cup .   The winner was Hamdan Al Maktoum 's Almutawakel , a four-year-old bay colt trained in Dubai by Saeed bin Suroor and ridden by Richard Hills . Almutawakel 's victory was the first in the race for his owner , trainer and jockey .   Almutawakel had been campaigned on turf in Europe in 1997 and 1998 , recording his most important success Prix Jean Prat at Chantilly Racecourse in May 1998 . The 1999 Dubai World Cup attracted a strong field including Silver Charm ( the previous year 's winner ) and Victory Gallop from North America , while the Godolphin stable were represented by Daylami and High-Rise . Racing on dirt for the first time Almutawakel took the lead in the straight and won by three-quarters of a length from Malek with Victory Gallop three-quarters of a length away in third ."}
{"_id": "1954_Los_Angeles_Rams_season", "title": "1954 Los Angeles Rams season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 Los Angeles Rams season was the team 's 17th year with the National Football League and the ninth season in Los Angeles ."}
{"_id": "1872_Democratic_National_Convention", "title": "1872 Democratic National Convention", "headings": "", "text": "The 1872 Democratic National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held at Ford 's Grand Opera House on East Fayette Street , ( between North Howard and North Eutaw Streets ) in Baltimore , Maryland on July 9 to 10 , 1872 . It resulted in the nomination of newspaper publisher Horace Greeley , ( 1811-1872 ) , of New York and Governor Benjamin Gratz Brown , ( 1826-1885 ) , of Missouri for President and Vice President , a ticket previously nominated by the rump Liberal Republican faction convention meeting also in Baltimore 's newly built premier Opera House of nationally well-known theatre owner/operator John T. Ford , ( 1829-1894 ) , ( infamous as the owner of the Ford 's Theatre in Washington , D.C. where 16th President Abraham Lincoln had been assassinated in April 1865 ) of the major Republican Party which had already re-nominated incumbent 18th President Ulysses S. Grant , ( 1822-1885 ) , of the regular Republicans for another term .   The convention was called to order by Democratic National Committee chairman August Belmont . Thomas Jefferson Randolph served as the convention 's temporary chairman and James R. Doolittle served as permanent president . At six hours in length , stretched over two days , the convention was the shortest meeting of a major political party convention in history ."}
{"_id": "1992_South_American_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics", "title": "1992 South American Junior Championships in Athletics", "headings": "", "text": "The 24th South American Junior Championships in Athletics were held in Lima , Peru from August 21 -- 23 , 1992 ."}
{"_id": "1982_World_Taekwondo_Championships", "title": "1982 World Taekwondo Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 World Taekwondo Championships are the 5th edition of the World Taekwondo Championships , and were held in Guayaquil , Ecuador from February 24 to February 27 , 1982 . A total of 229 athletes from 35 nations took part in the championships ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Swindon_Town_F.C._season", "title": "1997–98 Swindon Town F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1997 -- 98 English football season , Swindon Town F.C. competed in the Football League First Division ."}
{"_id": "1998_Japan_Women's_Football_League", "title": "1998 Japan Women's Football League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of L. League in the 1998 season . Nikko Securities Dream Ladies won the championship ."}
{"_id": "11:59", "title": "11:59", "headings": "", "text": "11:59 may refer to :   11:59 ( album ) , by Ryan Star  `` 11:59 '' ( Star Trek : Voyager ) , a 1999 episode of the television series Star Trek : Voyager  `` 11:59 '' , a song by Blondie from Parallel Lines  `` Eleven-Fifty-Nine '' , a 2016 episode of the television series Arrow"}
{"_id": "1938_Cleveland_Rams_season", "title": "1938 Cleveland Rams season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 Cleveland Rams season was the team 's second year with the National Football League and the third season in Cleveland ."}
{"_id": "1._FC_Heidenheim", "title": "1. FC Heidenheim", "headings": "", "text": "1 . FC Heidenheim 1846 is a German association football club from the city of Heidenheim , Baden-Württemberg .   The club achieved its greatest success in 2013 -- 14 when it won promotion to the 2 . Bundesliga for the first time ."}
{"_id": "1504_in_art", "title": "1504 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1975_Australian_Tourist_Trophy", "title": "1975 Australian Tourist Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Australian Tourist Trophy was a motor race staged at the Calder circuit in Victoria , Australia on 25 May 1975 . The race was open to Production Sports Cars and was recognized by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport as an Australian national title race . It was the thirteenth Australian Tourist Trophy and the first to be awarded since 1968 . The race , which was contested over two heats , was won by Peter Warren driving a Bolwell Nagari ."}
{"_id": "1972_in_animation", "title": "1972 in animation", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1972 in animation involved some events .   __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1873_in_literature", "title": "1873 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1873 ."}
{"_id": "1988_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_shot_put", "title": "1988 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's shot put", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's shot put event at the 1988 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 5 March ."}
{"_id": "151_Battalion", "title": "151 Battalion", "headings": "", "text": "151 South African Infantry Battalion was a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army ."}
{"_id": "1957–58_Swedish_Division_I_season", "title": "1957–58 Swedish Division I season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 -- 58 Swedish Division I season was the 14th season of Swedish Division I. Djurgardens IF won the league title by finishing first in the final round ."}
{"_id": "1947_Lancashire_Cup", "title": "1947 Lancashire Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Rugby League Lancashire Cup competition   1947 was the thirty-fifth occasion on which the Lancashire Cup completion had been held .  Wigan won the trophy by beating Belle Vue Rangers by the score of 10-7  The match was played at Wilderspool , Warrington , now in the County Palatine of Chester but ( historically in the county of Lancashire ) . The attendance was 23,310 and receipts were # 3,043 .  This was the second of Wigan 's record breaking run of six consecutive Lancashire Cup victories .  It was also to be the second of two consecutive finals to be competed for by these two teams ."}
{"_id": "1980_Italian_Open_(tennis)", "title": "1980 Italian Open (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Italian Open was a combined men 's and women 's tennis tournament that was played on outdoor clay courts . For the first time in the history of the tournament the men and women competed in different locations . The men 's event was held at the traditional location of Foro Italico in Rome , while the women played in Perugia . It was the 37th edition of the tournament . The men 's tournament was part of the 1980 Volvo Grand Prix while the women 's tournament was part of the Colgate Series ( Category AA ) . The women 's event was played from 5 May through 11 May 1980 while the men 's event was organized from 19 May through 25 May 1980 . First-seeded Guillermo Vilas , runner-up in 1976 and 1979 , won the men 's singles title and the accompanying $ 28,000 first-prize money . The women 's singles title was won by first-seeded Chris Evert-Lloyd , her third Italian Open title after 1974 and 1975 ."}
{"_id": "1901_Federal_Flag_Design_Competition", "title": "1901 Federal Flag Design Competition", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 Federal Flag Design Competition was an Australian government initiative announced by Prime Minister Edmund Barton to find a flag for the newly federated Commonwealth of Australia . In terms of its essential elements the winning entry is the official flag of Australia .   After Federation on 1 January 1901 and following receipt of a request from the British government to design a new flag , the new Commonwealth Government held an official competition for a new federal flag in April . The competition attracted 32,823 entries , including those originally sent to the one held earlier by the Review of Reviews . One of these was submitted by an unnamed governor of a colony . The two contests were merged after the Review of Reviews agreed to being integrated into the government initiative . The # 75 prize money of each competition were combined and augmented by a further # 50 donated by Havelock Tobacco Company . Each competitor was required to submit two coloured sketches , a red ensign for the merchant service and public use , and a blue ensign for naval and official use . The designs were judged on seven criteria : loyalty to the Empire , Federation , history , heraldry , distinctiveness , utility and cost of manufacture . The majority of designs incorporated the Union Flag and the Southern Cross , but native animals were also popular , including one that depicted a variety of indigenous animals playing cricket . The entries were put on display at the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne and the judges took six days to deliberate before reaching their conclusion . Five almost identical entries were chosen as the winning design , and their designers shared the # 200 ( 2015 : $ 29,142.12 ) prize money . They were Ivor Evans , a fourteen-year-old schoolboy from Melbourne ; Leslie John Hawkins , a teenager apprenticed to an optician from Sydney ; Egbert John Nuttall , an architect from Melbourne ; Annie Dorrington , an artist from Perth ; and William Stevens , a ship 's officer from Auckland , New Zealand . The five winners received # 40 each . The differences from the present flag were the six-pointed Commonwealth Star , while the components stars in the Southern Cross had different numbers of points , with more if the real star was brighter . This led to five stars of nine , eight , seven , six and five points respectively .   A simplified version of the competition-winning design was submitted to the British Parliament in December 1901 . Prime Minister Edmund Barton announced in the Commonwealth Gazette that Edward VII had officially recognised the design as the Flag of Australia on 11 February 1903 . This version made all the stars in the Southern Cross seven-pointed apart from the smallest , and is the same as the existing flag except the six-pointed Commonwealth Star ."}
{"_id": "1989_Northern_Transvaal_Currie_Cup_season", "title": "1989 Northern Transvaal Currie Cup season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1947_Texas_A&M_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1947 Texas A&M Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1947 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1979_NCAA_Division_I_Basketball_Championship_Game", "title": "1979 NCAA Division I Basketball Championship Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 NCAA Division I Basketball Championship Game was the final of the 1979 NCAA Division I Basketball Tournament and determined the national champion in the 1978 -- 79 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The game was held on March 26 , 1979 , at the Special Events Center in Salt Lake City , Utah . It pitted the Indiana State Sycamores , who entered the contest undefeated for the season , against the Michigan State Spartans . Spartans guard Magic Johnson and Sycamores forward Larry Bird faced each other , setting up a rivalry between the two after they turned professional . Michigan State won the game by a score of 75 -- 64 to claim the school 's first national championship in men 's college basketball . The 1979 NCAA tournament final had the highest Nielsen ratings of any game in the history of American basketball ."}
{"_id": "1972_in_Canadian_television", "title": "1972 in Canadian television", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1977_CFL_Draft", "title": "1977 CFL Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 CFL Draft composed of 10 rounds where 106 Canadian football players were chosen from eligible Canadian universities and Canadian players playing in the NCAA . A total of 18 players were selected as territorial exemptions , with the Montreal Alouettes being the only team to make no picks during this stage of the draft . Through a trade with the Calgary Stampeders , the Ottawa Rough Riders selected first overall in the draft ."}
{"_id": "...Must_Come_Down_(Bugs)", "title": "...Must Come Down (Bugs)", "headings": "", "text": "'' ... Must Come Down '' is the second episode of season two of the BBC technological thriller , Bugs . The original airdate was 13 April 1996 ."}
{"_id": "1995_Copa_do_Brasil", "title": "1995 Copa do Brasil", "headings": "", "text": "The Copa do Brasil 1995 is the 7th staging of the Copa do Brasil .   The competition started on February 14 , 1995 , and concluded on June 21 , 1995 , with the second leg of the final , held at the Olímpico in Porto Alegre , in which Corinthians lifted the trophy for the first time after defeating 1-0 ."}
{"_id": "1972_in_video_gaming", "title": "1972 in video gaming", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1577", "title": "1577", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 1577 ( MDLXXVII ) was a common year starting on Tuesday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1990_Bangladesh_anti-Hindu_violence", "title": "1990 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence", "headings": "", "text": "In 1990 , a series of attacks against the Bengali Hindus in Bangladesh occurred in late October and early November , following a rumour that the Babri mosque in Ayodhya in India had been demolished.The attacks on the Hindus began on 30 October and continued till 2 November ."}
{"_id": "1933–34_Blackpool_F.C._season", "title": "1933–34 Blackpool F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933-34 season was Blackpool F.C. 's 33rd season ( 30th consecutive ) in the Football League . They competed in the 22-team Division Two , then the second tier of English football , finishing eleventh .   Sandy MacFarlane succeeded Harry Evans as manager prior to the start of the season .   Jimmy Hampson was the club 's top scorer for the seventh consecutive season , with thirteen goals ."}
{"_id": "1894_in_Wales", "title": "1894 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1894 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1962_Australia_Cup", "title": "1962 Australia Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Australia Cup was the first season of the Australia Cup , which was the main national association football knockout cup competition in Australia . 16 teams from around Australia entered the competition . The competition consisted of four clubs from Victoria and Sydney 's competition , three from Queensland and South Australia and two from Northern New South Wales . The winner of the Australia Cup received # 5,000 .   The inaugural season of the Cup was won by Yugal who defeated St George Budapest 8 -- 1 at Wentworth Park in the final . The third place playoff , between Juventus and Juventus ( from Melbourne and Adelaide respectively ) , was won by the South Australian team on penalty kicks ."}
{"_id": "1975_world_oil_market_chronology", "title": "1975 world oil market chronology", "headings": "", "text": "January 1 : U.S. Federal oil depletion allowance eliminated for large producers .  January 13 : Business Week publishes Kissinger interview hinting at military action against oil countries in case of `` actual strangulation . ''  April 7 -- 15 : Preliminary meeting in Paris on world economic crisis between oil-exporting ( Algeria , Saudi Arabia , Iran , Venezuela ) , oil-importing ( European countries , United States , Japan ) , and non-oil Third World countries ( India , Brazil , Zaire ) . Talks collapse after nations fail to decide whether agenda should focus on oil/energy issues or have a broader economic scope .  April 9 : Twenty-four OECD members sign an agreement to establish a $ 25 billion lending facility to provide assistance to industrial nations hurt by high oil prices .  June 13 : World Bank establishes its `` Third Window , '' a fund to make loans to countries too rich to qualify for `` soft '' no-interest loans , but too distressed to afford loans at the prevailing normal lending rates . Action represents significant cooperation between oil-exporting and industrial nations .  September 24 : OPEC announces a 15 percent increase in government per barrel revenues as of October 1 .  October 28 : Venezuela and foreign oil companies agree on nationalization as of January 1 , 1976 .  December 1 : Kuwait and Gulf and BP agree on terms of nationalization .  December 9 : Iraq completes nationalization by taking over the BP , CFP , and Shell shares of the Basrah Petroleum Company .  December 22 : U.S. President Gerald Ford signs the Energy Policy and Conservation Act ( EPCA ) effective February 1976 . Authorizes the establishment of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve ( SPR ) , participation in International Energy Program , and oil price regulation .   | -  | width = `` 30 % '' align = `` center '' | previous year :1974 world oil market chronology  | width = `` 40 % '' align = `` center '' | This article is part of theChronology of world oil market events ( 1970-2005 )  | width = `` 30 % '' align = `` center '' | following year :1976 world oil market chronology  | -   Category : Oil market timelines  World oil market chronology  Category :1970 s economic history  World Oil Market Chronology , 1975"}
{"_id": "1998_Estonian_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1998 Estonian Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Estonian Figure Skating Championships ( Eesti Meistrivõistlused 1998 ) were the Estonian Figure Skating Championships of the 1998 figure skating season . Skaters competed in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies singles , pair skating and ice dancing on the senior and junior levels for the title of national champion of Estonia .   The 1998 championships were held in Tallinn , Estonia from March 13 to March 15 , 1998 ."}
{"_id": "13th_AVN_Awards", "title": "13th AVN Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th AVN Awards ceremony , organized by Adult Video News ( AVN ) honored the best pornographic films of 1995 and took place on January 7 , 1996 at the Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts in Paradise , Nevada , beginning at 8:15 p.m. PST / 11:15 p.m. EST. . During the ceremony , AVN presented AVN Awards in 97 categories . The ceremony , taped for broadcast in the United States by Spice Networks , was produced and directed by Gary Miller and Mark Stone . Comedian Bobby Slayton hosted the show for the first time , alongside actress co-hosts Jenna Jameson and Julia Ann . Hall of Fame inductees were honored at a gala held a month earlier .   Latex won the most statuettes , taking 11 . Other winners included Blue Movie with four awards and gay video The Renegade with three ."}
{"_id": "1919–20_PCHA_season", "title": "1919–20 PCHA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 -- 20 PCHA season was the ninth season of the professional men 's ice hockey Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) league . Season play ran from December 26 , 1919 , until March 10 , 1920 . The season was enlarged to 22 games per team . The Seattle Metropolitans club would place first during the regular season and then won the play-off with Vancouver Millionaires to take the PCHA championship . The Mets then played in the 1920 Stanley Cup Finals series against Ottawa Senators , National Hockey League ( NHL ) champions . The Senators won the best-of-five series three games to two ."}
{"_id": "1574_in_Ireland", "title": "1574 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1574 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1957–58_Seattle_Chieftains_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1957–58 Seattle Chieftains men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 -- 58 Seattle Chieftains men 's basketball team ( now known as Redhawks ) represented Seattle University . Led by Elgin Baylor , the Chieftains appeared in the NCAA men 's basketball championship game ."}
{"_id": "1936_French_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1936 French Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Gottfried von Cramm defeated Fred Perry 6 -- 0 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 in the final to win the Men 's Singles tennis title at the 1936 French Championships ."}
{"_id": "'Moteng", "title": "'Moteng", "headings": "", "text": "` Moteng is a community council located in the Butha-Buthe District of Lesotho . Its population in 2006 was 16,838 ."}
{"_id": "13th_(Service)_Battalion_(Wandsworth),_East_Surrey_Regiment", "title": "13th (Service) Battalion (Wandsworth), East Surrey Regiment", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1968_in_country_music", "title": "1968 in country music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in 1968 ."}
{"_id": "1959_Chicago_Cardinals_season", "title": "1959 Chicago Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Chicago Cardinals season was the team 's 40th and final season in Chicago . The Cardinals opened the season with a 49 -- 21 home win over the Washington Redskins at Soldier Field , but finished with a record of two wins and ten losses , last place in the Eastern Conference . They tied with the Los Angeles Rams for the worst record in the 12-team league .   Their final home game in Chicago was on November 29 , a 31 -- 7 loss to the cross-town rival Bears at Soldier Field . The home games of October 25 and November 22 , both losses , were played in Minnesota at Metropolitan Stadium in Bloomington , the future home of the expansion Minnesota Vikings , starting two years later in 1961 .   In March 1960 , the Chicago Cardinals relocated to St. Louis and became the St. Louis Cardinals , bringing the NFL back to Missouri ."}
{"_id": "1998_World_Monuments_Watch", "title": "1998 World Monuments Watch", "headings": "", "text": "The World Monuments Watch is a flagship advocacy program of the New York-based private non-profit organization World Monuments Fund ( WMF ) and American Express to call to action and challenge government authorities responsible for important cultural resources to identify sites immediately at risk , and to stimulate public awareness of the tremendous need to preserve and create sustainable uses for significant heritage made by man ."}
{"_id": "1,1,2,2,3,3-Hexachloropropane", "title": "1,1,2,2,3,3-Hexachloropropane", "headings": "", "text": "1,1,2,2,3,3-Hexachloropropane is a compound of chlorine , hydrogen , and carbon ."}
{"_id": "1409", "title": "1409", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1409 ( MCDIX ) was a common year starting on Tuesday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "185th_Paratroopers_Division_Folgore", "title": "185th Paratroopers Division Folgore", "headings": "", "text": "185th Paratroopers Division Folgore or 185ª Divisione Paracadutisti Folgore was a Parachute Division of the Italian Army ( in Italian Regio Esercito ) during World War II ."}
{"_id": "1973_Davis_Cup_Europe_Zone", "title": "1973 Davis Cup Europe Zone", "headings": "", "text": "The Europe Zone was one of the three zones of competition in the 1973 Davis Cup . Two sub-zones were played , with the winner of each advancing to the Inter-Zonal Zone ."}
{"_id": "1971–72_Birmingham_City_F.C._season", "title": "1971–72 Birmingham City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 -- 72 Football League season was Birmingham City Football Club 's 69th in the Football League and their 31st in the Second Division . They finished in second place in the 22-team division , so were promoted to the First Division for 1972 -- 73 , despite never having been in the promotion positions until after the final game of the season .   They entered the 1971 -- 72 FA Cup in the third round proper and progressed to the semi-final , in which they lost to Leeds United . This was the third year of five in which the losing semifinalists were required to compete in a `` Match for third place '' ; following a goalless 90 minutes , Birmingham beat Stoke City in a penalty shootout , the first time this method had been used to determine the result of an FA Cup match . They lost to Queens Park Rangers in their opening match in the second round of the League Cup , and finished fourth of the six English entrants in the third staging of the Anglo-Italian Cup , a tournament held after the end of the league season .   Twenty-five players made at least one appearance in nationally organised first-team competition , and there were ten different goalscorers . Defender Roger Hynd , midfielder Alan Campbell and centre-forward Bob Latchford played in all 53 first-team matches over the season . Latchford finished as leading goalscorer with 30 goals , of which 23 came in league competition . The average attendance in Second Division matches exceeded 32,000 ."}
{"_id": "1968_San_Diego_Chargers_season", "title": "1968 San Diego Chargers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 San Diego Chargers season began with the team trying to improve on their 8 -- 5 -- 1 record in 1967 ."}
{"_id": "1949–50_Oberliga_(ice_hockey)_season", "title": "1949–50 Oberliga (ice hockey) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949-50 Oberliga season was the second season of the Oberliga , the top level of ice hockey in Germany . Eight teams participated in the league , and SC Riessersee won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1931_in_country_music", "title": "1931 in country music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1931 ."}
{"_id": "1888_Williams_Ephs_football_team", "title": "1888 Williams Ephs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1888 Williams Ephs football team represented the Williams College during the 1888 college football season . The team finished with a final record of 4 -- 4 ."}
{"_id": "1965_in_Kuwait", "title": "1965 in Kuwait", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1965 in Kuwait ."}
{"_id": "1950_The_Citadel_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1950 The Citadel Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel , The Military College of South Carolina in the 1950 college football season . J. Quinn Decker served as head coach for the fifth season . The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Conference and played home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1982–83_Japan_Ice_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1982–83 Japan Ice Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 -- 83 Japan Ice Hockey League season was the 17th season of the Japan Ice Hockey League . Six teams participated in the league , and the Oji Eagles won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1926_State_of_the_Union_Address", "title": "1926 State of the Union Address", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 State of the Union Address was given by Calvin Coolidge , the 30th United States President , on December 6 , 1926 , to the United States House of Representatives , and Senate . It was his fourth address to a joint session . He said ,"}
{"_id": "1992_Air_Force_Falcons_football_team", "title": "1992 Air Force Falcons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Air Force Falcons football team represented the United States Air Force Academy in the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team was led by ninth-year head coach Fisher DeBerry and played its home games at Falcon Stadium . It finished the regular season with a 7 -- 5 record overall and a 4 -- 4 record in Western Athletic Conference games . The team was selected to play in the Liberty Bowl , in which it lost to ."}
{"_id": "1988_Eagle_Classic_–_Doubles", "title": "1988 Eagle Classic – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Rick Leach and Jim Pugh were the defending champions .   Scott Davis and Tim Wilkison won the title , defeating Leach and Pugh 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1919_Big_Ten_Conference_football_season", "title": "1919 Big Ten Conference football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 Big Ten Conference football season was the 24th season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference ( also known as the Western Conference ) and was a part of the 1919 college football season .   The 1919 Illinois Fighting Illini football team , under head coach Robert Zuppke , compiled a 6 -- 1 record , won the Big Ten championship , and was selected retroactively as the national champion by the Billingsley Report and Boand System , and as a co-national champion by the College Football Researchers Association , Parke H. Davis , and Jeff Sagarin ( using his alternate ELO-Chess methodology ) . Fullback Jack Crangle and guard Jack Depler received first-team All-Big Ten honors .   The 1919 Ohio State Buckeyes football team , under head coach John Wilce , also compiled a 6 -- 1 record and led the conference in scoring defense ( 1.7 points allowed per game ) . Ohio State defeated Michigan for the first time in the history of the Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry . However , the Buckeyes lost to Illinois by two points in the final game of the season and finished in second place in the conference standings . Halfback Chic Harley was selected , for the third time , as a consensus first-team All-American .   Wisconsin center Charles Carpenter was a consensus first-team All-American . Chicago led the Big Ten in scoring offense with 29.3 points per game ."}
{"_id": "1968_FIBA_Africa_Championship_for_Women", "title": "1968 FIBA Africa Championship for Women", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 FIBA Africa Championship for Women was the 2nd FIBA Africa Championship for Women , played under the rules of FIBA , the world governing body for basketball , and the FIBA Africa thereof . The tournament was hosted by the United Arab Republic from September 9 to 15 , 1968 .   The United Arab Republic ended the round-robin tournament with a 4 -- 0 unbeaten record to win their second title ."}
{"_id": "1967_Individual_Ice_Speedway_World_Championship", "title": "1967 Individual Ice Speedway World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Individual Ice Speedway World Championship ."}
{"_id": "1973_Czechoslovak_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1973 Czechoslovak Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Czechoslovak Figure Skating Championships was held January 13 - 14 in Liptovsky Mikulas . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing ."}
{"_id": "1916_NSWRFL_season", "title": "1916 NSWRFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1916 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the ninth season of Sydney 's top-level professional rugby league competition , Australia 's first . Eight teams from across the city contested during the season which culminated in a grand final between Balmain and South Sydney ."}
{"_id": "18th_SS_Volunteer_Panzergrenadier_Division_Horst_Wessel", "title": "18th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Horst Wessel", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __   The 18th SS Volunteer Panzer Grenadier Division Horst Wessel was formed in 1944 around a cadre from the 1 SS Infantry Brigade and included mainly ethnic Germans ( Volksdeutsche ) from Hungary . The 1st battalion of about 1000 men was attached to SS Division Horst Wessel and sent to Galicia .   It was used for `` rear-security '' duties until it was sent to the Eastern front , with the exception of one regiment that fought the Slovak National Uprising in August 1944 . It later fought as a single unit in Hungary and later in Czechoslovakia where it was destroyed .   The Division was named after SA member , Horst Wessel , known for being the author of the lyrics to the Nazi party anthem , the Horst Wessel Song , and glorified by the Nazi regime as a martyr of the party 's early years ."}
{"_id": "1940_Palestine_League", "title": "1940 Palestine League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 Palestine League was the eighth season of league football in the British Mandate for Palestine . The defending champions were Hapoel Tel Aviv .   Eight clubs took part in the league . The league was played between 27 January and 29 June 1940 . All clubs completed their schedule of 14 matches .   The championship was won by defending champions Hapoel Tel Aviv ."}
{"_id": "1989–90_Liverpool_F.C._season", "title": "1989–90 Liverpool F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 -- 90 season was the 98th season in Liverpool F.C. 's existence , and their 27th consecutive year in the top flight . This article covers the period from 1 July 1989 to 30 June 1990 .   Liverpool finished the season as league champions for the 18th time , and looked on course for another double , only to be knocked off course in the final stages for the third season running -- this time by a dramatic 4 -- 3 semi-final defeat against a Crystal Palace side they had beaten 9 -- 0 in the league earlier in the season . They did finish the season nine points ahead of runners-up Aston Villa in the league , but had faced a stiff challenge from Villa for much of the season and earlier in the season from neighbouring Everton .   The autumn of 1989 saw the departure of striker John Aldridge to Spain . Aldridge had lost his place in the starting line-up to a resurgent Ian Rush , who had returned to the club a year earlier after an unhappy season in Italy . Injury-plagued defender Jim Beglin was transferred to Leeds United just before the start of the season , with the defence being bolstered by the arrival of Swedish star Glenn Hysén ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Cypriot_Second_Division", "title": "1998–99 Cypriot Second Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 Cypriot Second Division was the 44th season of the Cypriot second-level football league . Anagennisi Deryneia won their 1st title ."}
{"_id": "14th_century_in_North_American_history", "title": "14th century in North American history", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th century in North American history provides a timeline of events occurring within the North American continent from 1301 CE to 1400 CE in the Gregorian calendar . This time period ( from 1000 BCE -- present ) is known as the Post-archaic period ( Post-archaic stage ) . Although this timeline segment may include some European or other world events that profoundly influenced later American life , it focuses on developments within Native American communities . The archaeological records supplements indigenous recorded and oral history .   Because of the inaccuracies inherent in radiocarbon dating and in interpreting other elements of the archaeological record , most dates in this timeline represent approximations that may vary a century or more from source to source . The assumptions implicit in archaeological dating methods may also yield a general bias in the dating in this timeline ."}
{"_id": "1950–51_United_States_network_television_schedule_(weekday)", "title": "1950–51 United States network television schedule (weekday)", "headings": "", "text": "Talk shows are highlighted in yellow , local programming is white , reruns of prime-time programming are orange , game shows are pink , soap operas are chartreuse , news programs are gold and all others are light blue . New series are highlighted in bold .   Note : The DuMont Television Network still missing in the schedules . All Monday -- Friday Shows for all networks beginning in September 1950 ."}
{"_id": "1st_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)", "title": "1st Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st Armoured Brigade was a regular British Army unit formed on 3 September 1939 , by the redesignation of the 1st Light Armoured Brigade ."}
{"_id": "1886_Boston_Beaneaters_season", "title": "1886 Boston Beaneaters season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1156_in_Ireland", "title": "1156 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1156 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1996_Copenhagen_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1996 Copenhagen Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Martin Sinner was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Tim Henman .   Cédric Pioline won in the final 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 ( 9 -- 7 ) against Kenneth Carlsen ."}
{"_id": "1932_Tunis_Grand_Prix", "title": "1932 Tunis Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 Tunis Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at the Carthage Street Circuit in Tunis , the capital of colonial Tunisia , on 17 April 1932 . Achille Varzi , in a privateer Bugatti , won the 37 lap race ahead of fellow Bugatti driver Marcel Lehoux , with Philippe Étancelin , in an Alfa Romeo , claiming third position . The leading drivers in the voiturette class were Louis Joly , Pierre Veyron and Luigi Castelbarco ."}
{"_id": "1921–22_Isthmian_League", "title": "1921–22 Isthmian League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 -- 22 season was the 13th in the history of the Isthmian League , an English football competition .   Wimbledon and Wycombe Wanderers were newly admitted . Ilford were champions for the second season in a row , winning their third Isthmian League title ."}
{"_id": "1936_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1936 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Fred Perry ( GBR ) defeated Gottfried von Cramm ( GER ) 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 in the final to win the Gentlemen 's Singles tennis title at the 1936 Wimbledon Championships . Perry 's victory was notable as the last Wimbledon won by a British male until Andy Murray won in 2013 ."}
{"_id": "1933–34_Welsh_Cup", "title": "1933–34 Welsh Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 -- 34 FAW Welsh Cup is the 53rd season of the annual knockout tournament for competitive football teams in Wales ."}
{"_id": "1891_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team", "title": "1891 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1891 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1891 college football season . It was the only season under head coach Edward `` Dad '' Moulton and it saw Minnesota 's first out-of-state trip with a pair of games in Iowa . The first of these games was against Grinnell and ended up in a 12-12 tie . The second game was Minnesota 's first meeting with long-time rival Iowa and resulted in an easy 42-4 Minnesota victory ."}
{"_id": "13th/18th_Royal_Hussars", "title": "13th/18th Royal Hussars", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th/18th Royal Hussars ( Queen Mary 's Own ) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army . It was formed by the amalgamation of the 13th Hussars and the 18th Royal Hussars in 1922 and , after service in the Second World War , it amalgamated with the 15th/19th The King 's Royal Hussars to form the Light Dragoons in 1992 ."}
{"_id": "1995_Ameritech_Cup_–_Doubles", "title": "1995 Ameritech Cup – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva were the defending champions but only Zvereva competed that year with Lori McNeil .   McNeil and Zvereva lost in the semifinals to Marianne Werdel and Tami Whitlinger-Jones .   Gabriela Sabatini and Brenda Schultz won in the final 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 against Werdel and Whitlinger-Jones ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Heineken_Cup_pool_stage", "title": "1997–98 Heineken Cup pool stage", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 Heineken Cup pool stage took place in September and October 1997 . The winner of each pool advanced to the quarter-finals , with the runners-up and best third placed team entering the quarter-final play offs for the final three quarter final places ."}
{"_id": "13th_Light_Brigade_(Netherlands)", "title": "13th Light Brigade (Netherlands)", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th Light Brigade ( 13 Lichte Brigade is one of the three brigades of the Royal Netherlands Army . The other ones are 11th Airmobile Brigade and 43rd Mechanized Brigade . The brigade is a fully motorized brigade , equipped with Fennek , Boxer and Bushmaster wheeled , armoured vehicles ."}
{"_id": "1989_Australian_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1989 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix was the second round of the 1989 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on the weekend of 7 -- 9 April 1989 at Phillip Island and was the first ever World Championship Motorcycle Grand Prix to take place in Australia ."}
{"_id": "1998_in_South_African_sport", "title": "1998 in South African sport", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1997 in South African sport ,  1998 in South Africa ,  1999 in South African sport and the  Timeline of South African sport ."}
{"_id": "1980–81_British_Home_Championship", "title": "1980–81 British Home Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980-81 British Home Championship was the only British Home Nations international football championship , other than the years of the First World War and Second World War , which was not completed and thus failed to produce a winner . As with the rugby union 1972 Five Nations Championship the cause of this cancellation was The Troubles in Northern Ireland . The championship was scheduled to be played in May 1981 after the termination of the domestic season . On 5 May , however , the Provisional Irish Republican Army hunger strike leader Bobby Sands died in the Maze Prison , invoking a storm of protest and violence by republicans in Northern Ireland . Thus the English and Welsh FAs , whose teams were scheduled to travel to Windsor Park later in the month , declined to play , rendering the tournament incomplete and void .   Scotland were the only team to complete all their matches , including defeating Northern Ireland in Glasgow , and were in a strong position , having also beaten England . Wales had beaten Scotland and played a tame draw with England and so too would have claimed victory with a win or draw in Belfast . England had lost one and drawn one and were not in a challenging position , whilst Northern Ireland lost their only game . Five months later , in October 1981 , Scotland were able to play a qualifying match for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Northern Ireland without significant difficulties ."}
{"_id": "1987_WAC_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1987 WAC Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Western Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 5 -- 8 at the Pit at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque , New Mexico .   Wyoming defeated tournament hosts in the championship game , 64 -- 62 , to clinch their first WAC men 's tournament championship .   The Cowboys , in turn , received an automatic bid to the 1987 NCAA Tournament . The tournament 's top two seeds , UTEP and BYU , also earned at-large bids to the tournament ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Luton_Town_F.C._season", "title": "1993–94 Luton Town F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1993 -- 94 English football season , Luton Town F.C. competed in the Football League First Division ."}
{"_id": "1982–83_USAC_Championship_Car_season", "title": "1982–83 USAC Championship Car season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 -- 83 USAC Championship Car season consisted of four races , beginning in Springfield , Illinois , on August 14 , 1982 , and concluding in Speedway , Indiana , on May 29 , 1983 . The USAC National Champion and Indianapolis 500 winner was Tom Sneva ."}
{"_id": "14th_Northwest_Territories_Legislative_Assembly", "title": "14th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly was the 22nd assembly of the territorial government . This assembly lasted from 1999 until its dissolution in 2003 . This was the first assembly in the new Northwest Territories that was split in half to create Nunavut . As a result of division membership dropped from 24 to 19 seats with the political map being radically altered ."}
{"_id": "1979_Washington_Redskins_season", "title": "1979 Washington Redskins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 season of the Washington Redskins in American professional football began with the team trying to improve on their 8 -- 8 record from 1978 . While the Redskins were able to improve their record ; finishing 10 -- 6 , the Redskins were eliminated from playoff contention on the final week of the season when , facing the Dallas Cowboys with the NFC East title on the line , Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach led a last-minute comeback to defeat Washington 35 -- 34 to win the division ; which combined with the Chicago Bears defeating the St. Louis Cardinals 42 -- 6 , resulted in the Redskins losing a points tiebreaker for the final wild-card slot .   The Redskins hosted the Packers in Week 14 . It was Washington 's penultimate game at RFK in 1979 . As they left RFK 17 years later and moved to a new stadium in Landover , it was also the two teams ' final meeting at Washington for 25 years ."}
{"_id": "1952_Philadelphia_Eagles_season", "title": "1952 Philadelphia Eagles season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Philadelphia Eagles season was their 20th in the league . The team improved on their previous output of 4 -- 8 , winning seven games . The team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the third consecutive season ."}
{"_id": "1969_Houston_Oilers_season", "title": "1969 Houston Oilers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Houston Oilers season was their tenth and final in the American Football League before moving to the National Football League when the two merged . The team equaled their 1968 record of 7 -- 7 ( .500 ) , finishing 6 -- 6 -- 2 . They qualified for the playoffs , but lost in the Divisional Round to the Oakland Raiders ."}
{"_id": "1953_Albanian_Cup", "title": "1953 Albanian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "1953 Albanian Cup was the seventh season of Albania 's annual cup competition . It began in Spring 1953 with the First Round and ended in May 1953 with the Final match . Dinamo Tirana were the defending champions , having won their third Albanian Cup last season . The cup was won by Dinamo Tirana .   The rounds were played in a one-legged format similar to those of European competitions . If the number of goals was equal , the match was decided by extra time and a penalty shootout , if necessary ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Houston_Rockets_season", "title": "1997–98 Houston Rockets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 NBA season was the Rockets ' 31st season in the National Basketball Association , and 27th season in Houston . The Rockets went on a nine-game winning streak early into the season winning 12 of their first 17 games . However , they began to show their age and the wear and tear of long playoff runs as they played mediocre basketball all season . Hakeem Olajuwon missed most of the first half of the season due to injuries only playing just 47 games . The Rockets finished fourth in the Midwest Division with a 41 -- 41 record , and qualified the playoffs as the # 8 seed . In the first round of the playoffs , in a rematch of last season 's Western Conference Finals , the Rockets took a 2 -- 1 series lead over the top-seeded Utah Jazz . However , they would lose the series in five games . Following the season , Clyde Drexler retired to take over the head coaching job at the University of Houston , Kevin Willis was traded to the Toronto Raptors , and Mario Elie signed as a free agent with the San Antonio Spurs ."}
{"_id": "1977_Winston_500", "title": "1977 Winston 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Winston 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race that took place on May 1 , 1977 , at Alabama International Motor Speedway ( now Talladega Superspeedway ) in Talladega , Alabama . The tenth of 30 races of the 1977 Winston Cup Grand National season , the Winston 500 started 41 cars .   The race 's pole was won by A.J. Foyt , driving a Chevrolet Laguna racecar . His pole speed was 192 mph . Benny Parsons qualified second while the race 's defending champion Buddy Baker timed in 20th . Darrell Waltrip qualified 11th a month following a breakthrough win in the Rebel 500 at Darlington ."}
{"_id": "1924–25_in_Scottish_football", "title": "1924–25 in Scottish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 -- 25 season was the 52nd season of competitive football in Scotland and the 35th season of the Scottish Football League ."}
{"_id": "1952_Australian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1952 Australian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula Libre motor race held at the Mount Panorama Circuit near Bathurst , in New South Wales , Australia on 14 April 1952 . The race had 43 starters and was held over 38 laps of the six kilometre circuit , a total distance of 235 kilometres . A crowd of 15,000 watched the race , which was organised by the Australian Sporting Car Club .   The race , which is recognised by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport as the seventeenth Australian Grand Prix , was won by Doug Whiteford driving a Talbot-Lago T26C Formula One car . It was Whiteford 's second Australian Grand Prix victory ."}
{"_id": "1977–78_Boston_Bruins_season", "title": "1977–78 Boston Bruins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 -- 78 Boston Bruins season was the Bruins ' 54th season in the NHL . The season involved participating in the Stanley Cup finals ."}
{"_id": "1907_European_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1907 European Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The European Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition in which elite figure skaters compete for the title of European Champion .   The 1907 Championships were held on January 26th and 27th in Berlin , Germany .   Skaters in the 1907 Europeans competed only in the categories of men 's singles ."}
{"_id": "1997_Hockey_East_Men's_Ice_Hockey_Tournament", "title": "1997 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Hockey East Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 13th Tournament in the history of the conference . It was played between March 6 and March 15 , 1997 . Quarterfinal games were played at home team campus sites , while the final four games were played at the Fleet Center in Boston , Massachusetts , the home venue of the NHL 's Boston Bruins . By winning the tournament , Boston University received the Hockey East 's automatic bid to the 1997 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament ."}
{"_id": "1060", "title": "1060", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1060 ( MLX ) was a leap year starting on Saturday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1891_in_association_football", "title": "1891 in association football", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the association football events of the year 1891 throughout the world ."}
{"_id": "1971_Torneo_Godó", "title": "1971 Torneo Godó", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Torneo Godó or Trofeo Conde de Godó was a men 's tennis tournament that took place on outdoor clay courts in Barcelona , Spain . It was the 18th edition of the event and was part of the 1971 World Championship Tennis circuit , although it was also open to non-WCT players . It was held from October 18 through October 24 , 1971 . Manuel Orantes , an independent pro , won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1906_Penn_Quakers_football_team", "title": "1906 Penn Quakers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1906 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1906 college football season . The Quakers finished with a 7 -- 2 -- 3 record in their fifth year under head coach Carl S. Williams . Significant games included a 24 to 6 loss to the Carlisle Indians , a 17 to 0 victory over Michigan , and a scoreless tie with Cornell The 1906 Penn team outscored its opponents by a combined total of 186 to 58 .   Eight players on the 1906 Penn team received recognition on the 1906 College Football All-America Team . They are ends Izzy Levene ( WC-3 ; CW-2 ; NYS-2 ; CC-2 ; NYT-2 ) and Hunter Scarlett ( NYM-1 ) , tackle Dexter Draper ( WC-2 ; NYS-1 ; NYT-2 ) , guard Gus Ziegler ( WC-2 ; CW-1 ; NYS-2 ; CC-2 ; NYM-1 ; NYT-2 ) , center William Thomas Dunn ( WC-1 ) , and halfbacks Bill Hollenback ( WC-2 ; CW-1 ; NYS-1 ; NYM-1 ) , Bob Folwell ( NYT-1 ) and Edward Green ( NYT-2 ) ."}
{"_id": "1995_NCAA_Division_III_football_season", "title": "1995 NCAA Division III football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 NCAA Division III football season , part of the college football season organized by the NCAA at the Division III level in the United States , began in August 1995 , and concluded with the NCAA Division III Football Championship , also known as the Stagg Bowl , in December 1995 at Salem Football Stadium in Salem , Virginia . The Wisconsin -- La Crosse Eagles won their second Division III championship by defeating the Rowan Profs , 36 − 7 . The Gagliardi Trophy , given to the most outstanding player in Division III football , was awarded to Chris Palmer , wide receiver from St. John 's ( MN ) ."}
{"_id": "1994_in_sumo", "title": "1994 in sumo", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the events in professional sumo during 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1966_Wyoming_Cowboys_football_team", "title": "1966 Wyoming Cowboys football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 Wyoming Cowboys football team represented the University of Wyoming in the 1966 college football season . The Cowboys offense scored 355 points while the defense allowed 89 points . Led by head coach Lloyd Eaton , the Cowboys competed in the 1966 Sun Bowl . The Cowboys had the nation 's best rushing defense ."}
{"_id": "1989_World_Snooker_Championship", "title": "1989 World Snooker Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 World Snooker Championship ( also referred to as the 1989 Embassy World Snooker Championship for the purposes of sponsorship ) was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 15 April -- 1 May 1989 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield , England .   Steve Davis won in the final 18 -- 3 against John Parrott . This was Davis ' sixth and last world title , and also his last appearance in the World Championship final . The tournament was sponsored by cigarette manufacturer Embassy ."}
{"_id": "1995_Women's_World_Open_Squash_Championship", "title": "1995 Women's World Open Squash Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Women 's Pak Fah Yeow World Open Squash Championship was the women 's edition of the 1995 World Open , which serves as the individual world championship for squash players . The event took place in Hong Kong between 23 June and 26 June 1995 . Michelle Martin won her third World Open title , defeating Sarah Fitzgerald in the final ."}
{"_id": "1993_FIRS_Intercontinental_Cup", "title": "1993 FIRS Intercontinental Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 FIRS Intercontinental Cup was the sixth edition of the roller hockey tournament known as the Intercontinental Cup , played in April 1993 . HC Liceo La Coruña won the cup , defeating CDU Estudiantil ."}
{"_id": "1990_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game", "title": "1990 Major League Baseball All-Star Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 61st playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball . The game was held on July 10 , 1990 , at Wrigley Field in Chicago , the home of the Chicago Cubs of the National League . The game resulted in the American League defeating the National League 2-0 . The game is remembered for a rain delay in the 7th inning that resulted in CBS airing Rescue 911 during the delay . This is also the first game -- and so far the only one -- to feature two players bearing the same name : Greg Olson . One was a pitcher , represented the AL squad and Baltimore Orioles and featured three G 's in the first name and the other was a catcher , represented the NL squad and Atlanta Braves and featured only two G 's in the first name .   The pregame ceremonies celebrated the 85th anniversary of the Great Lakes Naval Training Station which , as with previous All-Star Games held in Chicago , provided the colors presentation . After Wayne Messmer sang O Canada , recording artist ( and native Chicagoan ) Richard Marx sang the National Anthem . The last All-Star Game previously held at Wrigley Field was represented by Ernie Banks who threw out the ceremonial first pitch ."}
{"_id": "1989_U.S._Women's_Hard_Court_Championships_–_Doubles", "title": "1989 U.S. Women's Hard Court Championships – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Lori McNeil and Helena Suková were the defending champions but did not compete that year .   Katrina Adams and Pam Shriver won in the final 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 against Patty Fendick and Jill Hetherington ."}
{"_id": "1982_Cook_Islands_Round_Cup", "title": "1982 Cook Islands Round Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 season of the Cook Islands Round Cup was the thirteenth recorded season of top flight association football competition in the Cook Islands , with any results between 1951 and 1969 currently unknown . Titikaveka won the championship , their twelfth recorded championship , and second in a row following a run of nine consecutive titles in the 1970s ."}
{"_id": "'74_Jailbreak", "title": "'74 Jailbreak", "headings": "", "text": "'74 Jailbreak is an EP by Australian rock band AC/DC , comprising five tracks that had previously been released only in Australia . It was released in 1984 in the United States , Canada , Brazil and Japan . The song `` Jailbreak '' was also released as a single and a video . The EP was reissued worldwide in 2003 as part of the AC/DC Remasters series .   The first track is from the Australian version of Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap ( 1976 ) , while the rest are from the Australian version of the band 's debut album , High Voltage , recorded in 1974 and released early the following year ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_A_Group", "title": "1990–91 A Group", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Bulgarian A Football Group in the 1990 -- 1991 season ."}
{"_id": "1964_in_Norway", "title": "1964 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1964 in Norway ."}
{"_id": ".56-56_Spencer", "title": ".56-56 Spencer", "headings": "", "text": "The .56 -56 Spencer was an American black powder rifle cartridge .   Designed for the Spencer rifle and carbine , patented 6 March 1860 , it was employed by cavalry during the American Civil War , first appearing at Sharpsburg in rifle form . No Spencer carbines were on issue at the Battle of Gettysburg , though two units under Custer had the rifles . The .56 -56 was loaded with a slug of 350 -- 360 gr ( 22.7 -- 23.3 g ) over 42 -- 45 gr ( 2.7 -- 2.9 g ) of black powder . It was loaded by a variety of companies , and was also used in the Ballard and Joslyn carbines . It is a short-ranged cartridge , ineffective on anything larger than deer . Commercially loaded ammunition continued to be available into the 1920s ."}
{"_id": "1938_British_Mount_Everest_expedition", "title": "1938 British Mount Everest expedition", "headings": "", "text": "Led by Bill Tilman , the 1938 British Mount Everest expedition was a low-key , low-cost expedition which was unlucky in encountering a very early monsoon . The weather conditions defeated the attempts to reach the summit . The North Col was climbed for the first time from the west and an altitude of 27200 ft was reached on the North Ridge ."}
{"_id": "1631_in_Denmark", "title": "1631 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1631 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1502", "title": "1502", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1502 ( MDII ) was a common year starting on Saturday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1993_ECAC_Hockey_Men's_Ice_Hockey_Tournament", "title": "1993 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 ECAC Hockey Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 32nd tournament in league history . It was played between March 9 and March 20 , 1993 . Preliminary and quarterfinal games were played at home team campus sites , while the ` final four ' games were , for the first time , played at the Olympic Arena ( subsequently renamed Herb Brooks Arena ) in Lake Placid , New York.The third place game was brought back after a three year hiatus . By winning the tournament , Clarkson received the ECAC 's automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament ."}
{"_id": "1987–88_DDR-Oberliga", "title": "1987–88 DDR-Oberliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 -- 88 DDR-Oberliga was the 39th season of the DDR-Oberliga , the first tier of league football in East Germany .   The league was contested by fourteen teams . Berliner FC Dynamo won the championship , the club 's last of ten consecutive East German championships from 1978 to 1988 . BFC Dynamo also won the FDGB-Pokal , thereby becoming the second club after Dynamo Dresden to win the double in East Germany .   Andreas Thom of Berliner FC Dynamo was the league 's top scorer with 20 goals , with Thom also taking out the seasons East German Footballer of the year award .   On the strength of the 1987 -- 88 title BFC Dynamo qualified for the 1988 -- 89 European Cup where the club was knocked out in an East-West German encounter by SV Werder Bremen in the first round . Sixth-placed club FC Carl Zeiss Jena qualified for the 1988 -- 89 European Cup Winners ' Cup as the seasons FDGB-Pokal runners-up and was knocked out by Sampdoria second round . Second-placed 1 . FC Lokomotive Leipzig qualified for the 1988 -- 89 UEFA Cup where it was knocked out by S.S.C. Napoli in the second round while third-placed Dynamo Dresden lost to VfB Stuttgart in the semi-finals ."}
{"_id": "1976_Australian_Open", "title": "1976 Australian Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts at the Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne in Australia and was held from 26 December 1975 to 4 January 1976 . It was the 64th edition of the Australian Open and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year . The singles titles were won by Australians Mark Edmondson and Evonne Goolagong Cawley ."}
{"_id": "1974_British_Airways_bombing_attempt", "title": "1974 British Airways bombing attempt", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 British Airways bombing attempt was a failed bombing attack on a British Airways flight on 23 July 1974 . The Provisional IRA claimed responsibly for the failed attack . It is the only time that the IRA has tried to bomb an passenger aircraft in flight , and was the second terrorist incident involving a bomb aboard an aircraft in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1993_US_Open_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1993 US Open – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Monica Seles was the two-time defending champion , she was unable to participate due to a stabbing incident in April of this year .   Steffi Graf defeated Helena Suková 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 in the final to win the Women 's Singles tennis title at the 1993 U.S. Open . It was Graf 's third U.S. Open title and Suková 's fourth and final appearance in a Grand Slam final ."}
{"_id": "1953–54_Michigan_Wolverines_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1953–54 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 -- 54 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team represented the University of Michigan in intercollegiate basketball during the 1953 -- 54 season . The team finished the season with an overall record of 9 -- 13 and 3 -- 11 against Big Ten Conference opponents .   William Perigo was in his second year as the team 's head coach . Jim Barron was the team 's leading scorer with 377 points in 22 games for an average of 17.1 points per game . Ray Pavichevich was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "'Bout_It", "title": "'Bout It", "headings": "", "text": "` Bout It is the second studio album from contemporary R&B singer Jesse Powell , released September 8 , 1998 , via Silas Records . It was his first album to chart on the Billboard 200 , peaking at # 63 .   Three singles were released from the album : `` I Was n't with It '' , `` You '' ( which also appeared on his debut album ) and '' ` Bout It , ` Bout It '' . `` You '' is Powell 's only hit to date on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at # 10 in 1999 .   The album was certified gold by the RIAA on June 8 , 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1988_German_Formula_Three_Championship", "title": "1988 German Formula Three Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 German Formula Three Championship ( 1988 Deutsche Formel-3-Meisterschaft ) was a multi-event motor racing championship for single-seat open wheel formula racing cars held across Europe . The championship featured drivers competing in two-litre Formula Three racing cars which conformed to the technical regulations , or formula , for the championship . It commenced on 3 April at Zolder and ended at Hockenheim on 16 October after twelve rounds .   WTS Liqui Moly Equipe driver Joachim Winkelhock won the championship . He led the championship battle from the start of the season with a series of three consecutive wins . Otto Rensing lost seven points to Winkelhock and finished as runner-up with wins at Hockenheim and Nürburgring . Frank Biela won at Mainz Finthen and Hungaroring ( the Hungarian track was in the schedule of German F3 for the first and the last time ) and completed the top-three in the drivers ' standings . Michael Bartels , Hanspeter Kaufmann and Wolfgang Kaufmann were the other race winners . Daniel Müller clinched the B-Cup championship title . The season was marred by the death of Csaba Kesjár in an accident ."}
{"_id": "1977_Whitbread_Awards", "title": "1977 Whitbread Awards", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1978–79_Saudi_Premier_League", "title": "1978–79 Saudi Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978-79 season was the first season involving foreign players . Al-Hilal won the championship for a second time .   Al-Tai and Al-Riyadh were relegated just one season after being promoted ."}
{"_id": "(un)arranged_marriage", "title": "(un)arranged marriage", "headings": "", "text": "The young-adult novel ( Un ) Arranged Marriage is the first novel by the British-Indian author Bali Rai ( born 1971 in Leicester , England ) ."}
{"_id": "141_Minutes_from_the_Unfinished_Sentence", "title": "141 Minutes from the Unfinished Sentence", "headings": "", "text": "141 Minutes from the Unfinished Sentence ( 141 perc a befejezetlen mondatból ) is a 1975 Hungarian drama film directed by Zoltán Fábri . It was entered into the 9th Moscow International Film Festival where Fábri won a Special Prize for Directing ."}
{"_id": "1983_County_Championship", "title": "1983 County Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Schweppes County Championship was the 84th officially organised running of the County Championship . Essex won the Championship title .   The Championship was sponsored by Schweppes for the sixth and final time ."}
{"_id": "1992_Tel_Aviv_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1992 Tel Aviv Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Leonardo Lavalle was the defending champion , but did not participate this year .   Jeff Tarango won the tournament , beating Stéphane Simian in the final , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 ."}
{"_id": "1989_Brazilian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1989 Brazilian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Jacarepaguá , Rio de Janeiro on 26 March 1989 . It was the first race of the 1989 Formula One season ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Ukrainian_First_League", "title": "1993–94 Ukrainian First League", "headings": "", "text": "Ukrainian First League 1993 -- 94 was the third season of the Ukrainian First League which was won by Prykarpattia Ivano-Frankivsk . The season started on August 15 , 1993 , and its final round ( 40th ) was played on July 3 , 1994 . In the last round Evis Mykolaiv ( Shipbuilders ) snatched the ticket to the Ukrainian Premier League from under the nose of Polihraftekhnika Oleksandriya ( a point ahead of the Shipbuilders ) by beating Naftovyk Okhtyrka 2:1 after allowing the first goal .   It is also worth of noting that the newly promoted club from Cherkasy was leading the league during the winter break and along with the Oleksandria club was the main contender for promotion . The second half of the season for Dnipro was terrible and they placed in the mid-table after the final round ."}
{"_id": "1999_New_York_Underground_Film_Festival", "title": "1999 New York Underground Film Festival", "headings": "", "text": "These are the films shown at the 6th New York Underground Film Festival , held from March 10 -- 14 , 1999"}
{"_id": "1917_Brooklyn_Robins_season", "title": "1917 Brooklyn Robins season", "headings": "", "text": "With World War I looming over the season , the 1917 Brooklyn Robins fell into 7th place ."}
{"_id": "1925_Central_Michigan_Dragons_football_team", "title": "1925 Central Michigan Dragons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 Central Michigan Dragons football team represented Central Michigan Normal School , later renamed Central Michigan University , as an independent during the 1925 college football season . In their second and final season under head coach Lester Barnard , the Central Michigan football team compiled a 4 -- 1 -- 3 record , shut out six of eight opponents , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 93 to 20 . The team 's victories included games against Northern State Teachers ( 8-0 ) , Valparaiso ( 41-0 ) , and Detroit City College ( 18 -- 6 ) . It played three scoreless ties ( Detroit frosh , Western State Teachers , and Albion ) , and its sole loss was to Alma College by a 14 -- 0 score .   After the 1925 season , Lester Barnard resigned as the team 's head football coach and accepted a coaching position at Kalamazoo College , where his twin brother Chester was also a coach . In his two years as head coach at Central Michigan , Barnard compiled a record of 11 -- 2 -- 3 , and his teams shut out 12 of 16 opponents and outscored all opponents , 251 to 39 ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_Philadelphia_Flyers_season", "title": "1979–80 Philadelphia Flyers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 -- 80 Philadelphia Flyers season was the Philadelphia Flyers ' 13th season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . This team owns the longest unbeaten streak in North American sports history in 35 consecutive games without a loss , from October 14 to January 6 . The Flyers reached the Stanley Cup Finals but lost in six games to the New York Islanders ."}
{"_id": "'Ole_language", "title": "'Ole language", "headings": "", "text": "Ole , also called Olekha or Black Mountain Monpa , is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by about 1000 people in the Black Mountains of Wangdue Phodrang and Trongsa Districts in western Bhutan . The term ` Ole refers to a clan of speakers ."}
{"_id": "1999_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Mixed_Doubles", "title": "1999 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Wimbledon Championships -- Mixed Doubles was the mixed doubles event of the hundred-and-thirteenth edition of Wimbledon , the third Grand Slam of the year . Serena Williams and Max Mirnyi were the defending champions but only Mirnyi competed that year with Mary Pierce .   Pierce and Mirnyi lost in the second round to Barbara Rittner and Martin Damm .   Lisa Raymond and Leander Paes won in the final 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 against Anna Kournikova and Jonas Björkman ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Luxembourg_National_Division", "title": "1995–96 Luxembourg National Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Luxembourg National Division in season 1995/1996 ."}
{"_id": "1976_in_Germany", "title": "1976 in Germany", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1976 in Germany ."}
{"_id": "1968–69_Dallas_Chaparrals_season", "title": "1968–69 Dallas Chaparrals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 -- 69 Dallas Chaparrals season was the second season of the Chaparrals in the American Basketball Association . Once again , the Chaps lost to the New Orleans Buccaneers in the playoffs , this time in the Semifinals ."}
{"_id": "1388_Aphrodite", "title": "1388 Aphrodite", "headings": "", "text": "1388 Aphrodite , provisional designation 1935 SS , is a main-belt asteroid , discovered by Belgian astronomer Eugène Joseph Delporte at Royal Observatory of Belgium on September 24 , 1935 . It measures about 25 kilometers in diameter and is a member of the Eos family .   It was named after Aphrodite , the Greek goddess of love , beauty , and sexuality , and daughter of Zeus and Dione ."}
{"_id": "1983_ABN_World_Tennis_Tournament_–_Singles", "title": "1983 ABN World Tennis Tournament – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "First-seeded Guillermo Vilas was the defending champion of the singles event at the ABN World Tennis Tournament , but lost in the final against second-seeded Gene Mayer 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 ( 11 -- 9 ) ."}
{"_id": "1954_in_art", "title": "1954 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1991_Senior_League_World_Series", "title": "1991 Senior League World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Senior League World Series took place from August 11 -- 17 in Kissimmee , Florida , United States . Pingtung , Taiwan defeated Pearl City , Hawaii twice in the championship game . It was Taiwan 's fourth straight title ."}
{"_id": "1994_Federation_Cup_Asia/Oceania_Zone_–_Knockout_Stage", "title": "1994 Federation Cup Asia/Oceania Zone – Knockout Stage", "headings": "", "text": "The Knockout Stage of the 1994 Federation Cup Asia/Oceania Zone was the final stage of the Zonal Competition involving teams from Asia and Oceania . Those that qualified for this stage placed first and second in their respective pools .   The four teams were then randomly drawn into a two-stage knockout tournament , with the winner qualifying for the World Group ."}
{"_id": "1894_North_Carolina_A&M_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1894 North Carolina A&M Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1894 North Carolina A&M Aggies football team represented the North Carolina A&M Aggies of North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts during the 1894 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1973–74_Cupa_României", "title": "1973–74 Cupa României", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 -- 74 Cupa României was the 36th edition of Romania 's most prestigious football cup competition .   The title was won by Jiul Petroşani against Politehnica Timişoara ."}
{"_id": "112th_Regiment_of_Foot_(King's_Royal_Musqueteers)", "title": "112th Regiment of Foot (King's Royal Musqueteers)", "headings": "", "text": "The 112th Regiment of Foot ( King 's Royal Musqueteers ) was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1761 to 1763 . It was raised in October 1761 , taking its name from George III , and was disbanded in 1763 ."}
{"_id": "1706_in_Spain", "title": "1706 in Spain", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1706 in Spain ."}
{"_id": "105th_meridian_west", "title": "105th meridian west", "headings": "", "text": "The meridian 105 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 105th meridian west forms a great circle with the 75th meridian east .   It serves as the reference meridian for the seventh time zone west of Greenwich , known as UTC-07 or the Mountain Time Zone in North America .   In the United States , Interstate Highway I-25 roughly parallels the meridian from Douglas , Wyoming to Las Vegas , New Mexico , and from Wellington , Colorado to the Prospect Road interchange ( in Fort Collins , Colorado ) , I-25 happens to be almost exactly aligned along the 105th meridian west . The meridian bisects Denver , Colorado , passing through Denver Union Station . Throughout the Denver metro area , Kalamath Street is the road that most closely corresponds to the 105th meridian ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_Primeira_Divisão", "title": "1965–66 Primeira Divisão", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Portuguese Liga in the 1965/1966 season ."}
{"_id": "1967_Campeonato_Brasileiro_Série_A", "title": "1967 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A", "headings": "", "text": "1967 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A may stand for :  1967 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A ( Taça Brasil )  1967 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A ( Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa )"}
{"_id": "...Best_II", "title": "...Best II", "headings": "", "text": "... Best II is a compilation album by The Smiths . It was released in November 2 , 1992 by the new owner of their back catalogue , WEA ( Sire Records in the United States ) . Its highest British chart position was # 29 ; it did not chart in the U.S."}
{"_id": "1979–80_IIHF_European_Cup", "title": "1979–80 IIHF European Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979-1980 European Cup was the 15th edition of the European Cup , IIHF 's premier European club ice hockey tournament . The season started on October 11 , 1979 , and finished on August 24 , 1980 .   The tournament was won by CSKA Moscow , who won the final group ."}
{"_id": "1692_in_literature", "title": "1692 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1692 ."}
{"_id": "1986_Chicago_White_Sox_season", "title": "1986 Chicago White Sox season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Chicago White Sox season was the White Sox 's 87th season . They finished with a record 72-90 , good enough for 5th place in the American League West , 20 games behind of the 1st place California Angels ."}
{"_id": "1998_New_York_Mets_season", "title": "1998 New York Mets season", "headings": "", "text": "The New York Mets ' 1998 season was the 37th regular season for the Mets . They finished the season with a record of 88-74 . Despite placing 2nd in the National League East , the Mets fell one game short of playoff contention following a catastrophic collapse during the final week of the season . They were managed by Bobby Valentine . They played home games at Shea Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1989_Australian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1989 Australian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Adelaide on 5 November 1989 . It took place in wet conditions , and was stopped and restarted following a first-lap collision . Andrea de Cesaris spun at the same corner on two consecutive laps . As Formula One cars are not as fast in wet conditions as they are in the dry , the race was stopped at the two-hour mark with 70 laps being completed , 11 short of the scheduled 81 laps ."}
{"_id": "1497_in_Ireland", "title": "1497 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1497 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1940_Bulgarian_Cup_Final", "title": "1940 Bulgarian Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 Bulgarian Cup Final was the 3rd final of the Bulgarian Cup ( in this period the tournament was named Tsar 's Cup ) , and was contested between FC 13 Sofia and Sportklub Plovdiv on 13 October 1940 at Levski Playground in Sofia . FC 13 won the final 2 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1995_Brownlow_Medal", "title": "1995 Brownlow Medal", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Brownlow Medal was the 68th year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Australian Football League ( AFL ) home and away season . Paul Kelly of the Sydney Swans won the medal by polling twenty-one votes during the 1995 AFL season . For the first time , the State Government legalised betting on the Brownlow Medal , a move which concerned some due to the high potential for corruption . The pre-count favourites for the medal were Wayne Carey ( 3/1 ) , Wayne Campbell ( 7/2 ) , Peter Matera ( 10/1 ) , James Hird and Craig Bradley ( each 12/1 ) . Eventual winner Paul Kelly was considered a 25/1 outside chance ."}
{"_id": "1921_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team", "title": "1921 Penn State Nittany Lions football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1921 college football season . Known as the `` Mystery Team '' , the team was coached by Hugo Bezdek and played its home games in New Beaver Field in University Park , Pennsylvania ."}
{"_id": "1961_Fresno_State_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1961 Fresno State Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented Fresno State CollegeCalifornia State University , Fresno was known as Fresno State College from 1949 -- 1971 . See : Fresno State during the 1961 College Division football season .   The team was led by third-year head coach Cecil Coleman and played home games at Ratcliffe Stadium on the campus of Fresno City College in Fresno , California . They finished the season as champions of the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) for the fourth consecutive year , with an unbeaten , untied record of ten wins and zero losses ( 10 -- 0 , 5 -- 0 CCAA ) . This was the seventh conference title in eight years for the Bulldogs .   At the end of the season , Fresno State took part in a charity bowl game , the 1961 Mercy Bowl against Bowling Green . The game was played as a special fundraiser in memory of sixteen Cal Poly San Luis Obispo football players killed in a plane crash following a game against Bowling Green a year earlier ."}
{"_id": "1925_California_Golden_Bears_football_team", "title": "1925 California Golden Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley in the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) during the 1925 college football season . In their 10th and final year under head coach Andy Smith , the team compiled a 6 -- 3 record ( 2 -- 2 against PCC opponents ) , finished in fifth place in the PCC , and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 192 to 49 ."}
{"_id": "1998_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1998 Canadian Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Canadian Figure Skating Championships were the Canadian Figure Skating Championships for the 1997 -- 98 figure skating season . The Canadian Championships are the figure skating national championship which determines the national champions of Canada . The event was organized by Skate Canada , the nation 's figure skating governing body .   Skaters competed at the senior , junior , and novice levels in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing . The results of this competition were used to pick the Canadian teams to the 1998 Winter Olympics and 1998 World Figure Skating Championships .   The competition was held on January 7 -- 11 , 1998 in Hamilton , Ontario ."}
{"_id": "1742_in_science", "title": "1742 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1742 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1985_Bristol_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1985 Bristol Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Johan Kriek was the defending champion , but did not participate this year .   Martin Davis won the title , defeating Glenn Layendecker 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1,2-Butanediol", "title": "1,2-Butanediol", "headings": "", "text": "1,2-Butanediol is a vic-diol ( glycol ) first described by Charles-Adolphe Wurtz in 1859 . It is produced industrially as a byproduct of the production of 1,4-butanediol from butadiene , and is also a byproduct of the catalytic hydrocracking of starches and sugars such as sorbitol to ethylene glycol and propylene glycol . The catalytic hydrocracking of starches and sugars has been successfully commercialized by S2G Biochem Inc. in partnership with International Polyol Chemical , Inc. , as of 2007 . http://www.s2gbiochem.com/technology.html It is used to produce polyester resins and plasticizers , and is a potential feedstock for the industrial production of α-ketobutyric acid , a precursor to many amino acids ."}
{"_id": "16_In_Webster_Groves", "title": "16 In Webster Groves", "headings": "", "text": "16 In Webster Groves was a 1966 award-winning documentary one-hour TV special produced by CBS News focusing on the experiences of adolescents growing up and living in Webster Groves , Missouri , United States .   Produced by Arthur Barron and narrated by Charles Kuralt , the program was inspired by a survey conducted by the University of Chicago . It showed the middle-American , middle-class town to be a superficially friendly , prosperous , progressive , religious , charitable , arts-and-education oriented bedroom community whose adolescent culture , with the complicity ( and , by inference , example and encouragement ) of the adult population , was in fact clique-ridden , status-oriented , hypercompetitive , hypocritical , prejudiced , and materialistic . In stark contrast to the popular view in the mid-1960s that young people were rebelling against the values of their parents , the program depicted the Webster Groves teenagers as unimaginative and conformist . One sixteen-year-old girl , for example , declares that her dream is to live in a house down the street from the one she lives in now . That interview , and others with a cross section of sixteen-year-olds in the community , including minorities and exchange students , and consensual filming of their normal activities , both in school and at recreation , provided the content of the program .   A 2006 retrospective article in the local newspaper Riverfront Times indicated that , after the documentary aired , many the town 's citizens felt that their community had been unfairly portrayed . For example , when the documentary showed students running away from school in an apparent eagerness to leave , it was not mentioned that they were actually rushing out to see the CBS helicopter . Another time when the students were all portrayed as depressed , the real reason for that depression was not mentioned ( the funeral of a popular student ) . Writer Jonathan Franzen , who was 16 in Webster Groves about ten years after the program aired , said '' -LSB- T -RSB- he Webster Groves depicted in it bears minimal resemblance to the friendly , unpretentious town I knew when I was growing up . But it 's useless to contradict TV ... '' .   In response to the protest , CBS returned to Webster Groves and made a follow-up , 16 In Webster Groves Revisited , which was essentially the same material with some added footage of residents venting . In the sequel , Kuralt said `` One sociologist suggested we ought to call it Forty in Webster Groves . ''"}
{"_id": "1911_German_football_championship", "title": "1911 German football championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 German football championship , the 9th edition of the competition , was won by Viktoria 89 Berlin , defeating VfB Leipzig 3 -- 1 in the final .   For Viktoria it was the second national championship , having previously won the 1908 edition . Together with two losing finals in 1907 and 1909 it marked the end of the clubs most successful era and also equaled VfB Leipzigs record of two championships won . Leipzig , champions in 1903 and 1906 would twice more appear in the final , winning in 1913 and losing in 1914 .   Viktoria 's Willy Worpitzky was the top scorer of the 1911 championship with four goals .   Eight clubs qualified for the competition played in knock-out format , the champions of each of the eight regional football championships . It was the last season where two rival football associations from Berlin send their champions to the German championship , with the two merging at the end of the season ."}
{"_id": ".470_Nitro_Express", "title": ".470 Nitro Express", "headings": "", "text": "The .470 Nitro Express is a cartridge developed by Joseph Lang in England for very large or dangerous game hunting . This cartridge is used almost exclusively in single shot and double express rifles for hunting in the tropics or hot climate . It is in wide use in the Southern and Central-East African region , favoured by hunting guides , primarily while out for Cape buffalo and elephant ."}
{"_id": "1870_in_Germany", "title": "1870 in Germany", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1870 in Germany ."}
{"_id": "1985_in_Canadian_television", "title": "1985 in Canadian television", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1993_Big_Sky_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1993 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Big Sky Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 10 -- 12 at the Kibbie Dome at the University of Idaho in Moscow , Idaho .   defeated top-seeded , hosts in the championship game , 80 -- 68 , to clinch their third Big Sky men 's basketball tournament title .   The Broncos , in turn , received an automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Tournament . No other Big Sky members were invited ."}
{"_id": "10th_Bodil_Awards", "title": "10th Bodil Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th Bodil Awards was held in 1957 in Copenhagen , Denmark , honouring the best in Danish and foreign film of 1956 .   The recipient of the Bodil Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Birgit Sadolin , arrived with from Sønderborg at the last minute to run onto stage and be hailed for her role in .   Be Dear to Me directed by Annelise Hovmand , and actor Peter Malberg for his role in the same film , each received an award .   got a Bodil Award for Best Documentary for Ellehammerfilmen , and the neighbouring Sweden won Best European Film with Ingmar Bergman 's Smiles of a Summer Night .   For the first time the critics had not been able to choose an American film - U.S. producers had boycotted the Danish market ."}
{"_id": "1985_IAAF_World_Indoor_Games", "title": "1985 IAAF World Indoor Games", "headings": "", "text": "The World Indoor Games were arranged by the IAAF and held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy in Paris , France from January 18 to January 19 , 1985 . In 1987 the championship was renamed to the IAAF World Indoor Championships and gained official status . There were a total number of 319 participating athletes from 69 countries ."}
{"_id": "1Q", "title": "1Q", "headings": "", "text": "1Q may refer to :   First quarter of a calendar year  Sirena ( airline ) 's IATA code  1q , an arm of Chromosome 1 ( human )  SSH 1Q ( WA ) ; see Washington State Route 505  AH-1Q , a model of Bell AH-1 Cobra  P4M-1Q , a model of Martin P4M Mercator  A3D-1Q , a model of Douglas A-3 Skywarrior  AD-1Q , a model of Douglas A-1 Skyraider"}
{"_id": "1968_NBA_Playoffs", "title": "1968 NBA Playoffs", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 NBA Playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 1967-68 season . The tournament concluded with the Eastern Division champion Boston Celtics defeating the Western Division champion Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals .   The Celtics won their 10th NBA title , first under player/coach Bill Russell after Red Auerbach 's retirement .   In the Eastern Division Finals , the Celtics became the first team in NBA history to rally from a 3-1 series deficit to win , as they knocked off the defending champion 76ers in 7 . In the West , the Lakers swept the Warriors in 4 games .   It was the first time since 1954 that the top team in a division failed to make the Division Finals ; from 1955 -- 1966 the league gave the regular-season division champion a first-round bye ."}
{"_id": "1441", "title": "1441", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1441 ( MCDXLI ) was a common year starting on Sunday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1998_Karl_Schäfer_Memorial", "title": "1998 Karl Schäfer Memorial", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Karl Schäfer Memorial was the Karl Schäfer Memorial figure skating competition of the 1998 -- 1999 figure skating season . The competition is also known as the Vienna Cup . Skaters competed in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies singles , and ice dancing .   The competition took place in Vienna , Austria from October 7 through 10th , 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1114_in_Italy", "title": "1114 in Italy", "headings": "", "text": "Events during the year 1114 in Italy ."}
{"_id": "1998_Challenge_Bell_–_Singles", "title": "1998 Challenge Bell – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Brenda Schultz-McCarthy was the defending champion , but decided not to participate this year .   Tara Snyder won her first career singles title , defeating Chanda Rubin 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 ( 8 -- 6 ) in the final ."}
{"_id": "1971–72_Maltese_Premier_League", "title": "1971–72 Maltese Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Maltese Premier League in season 1971/1972 ."}
{"_id": "1985_Air_Canada_Silver_Broom", "title": "1985 Air Canada Silver Broom", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Air Canada Silver Broom , the men 's world curling championship , was held from March 25-31 at the Kelvin Hall in Glasgow , Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1982–83_Cupa_României", "title": "1982–83 Cupa României", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 -- 83 Cupa României was the 45th edition of Romania 's most prestigious football cup competition .   The title was won by Universitatea Craiova against Politehnica Timișoara ."}
{"_id": "1988–89_Hibernian_F.C._season", "title": "1988–89 Hibernian F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Season 1988 -- 89"}
{"_id": "1965_Latvian_SSR_Higher_League", "title": "1965 Latvian SSR Higher League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Latvian Higher League in the 1965 season ."}
{"_id": "1871_in_baseball", "title": "1871 in baseball", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1821_in_science", "title": "1821 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1821 in science and technology involved some significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "1931_Ekstraklasa", "title": "1931 Ekstraklasa", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Ekstraklasa in season 1931 ."}
{"_id": "'s-Hertogenbosch_Oost_railway_station", "title": "'s-Hertogenbosch Oost railway station", "headings": "", "text": "'s - Hertogenbosch Oost railway station serves the city of 's - Hertogenbosch in the North Brabant province of the Netherlands ."}
{"_id": "1987_in_LGBT_rights", "title": "1987 in LGBT rights", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1987 ."}
{"_id": "1950_Japan_Series", "title": "1950 Japan Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Japan Series was the Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) championship series for the 1950 season . It was the first Japan Series and featured the Pacific League champions , the Mainichi Orions , against the Central League champions , the Shochiku Robins ."}
{"_id": "(436724)_2011_UW158", "title": "(436724) 2011 UW158", "headings": "", "text": ", provisionally known as , is a stony , walnut-shaped asteroid and fast rotator , classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group , approximately 300 meters in diameter . It was discovered on 25 October 2011 , by Pan-STARRS at Haleakala Observatory on the island of Maui , Hawaii , in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1942_Arizona_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1942 Arizona Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona in the Border Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( BIAA ) during the 1942 college football season . In their fourth season under head coach Miles W. Casteel , the Wildcats compiled a 6 -- 4 record ( 4 -- 2 against BIAA opponents ) , finished in fourth place in the BIAA , and outscored their opponents , 189 to 139 . The team captain was Murl M. McCain , Jr. . The team played its home games in Arizona Stadium in Tucson , Arizona ."}
{"_id": "1997_Úrvalsdeild", "title": "1997 Úrvalsdeild", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Úrvalsdeild in the 1997 season ."}
{"_id": "1977_Davis_Cup_Eastern_Zone", "title": "1977 Davis Cup Eastern Zone", "headings": "", "text": "The Eastern Zone was one of three zones of competition in the 1977 Davis Cup . Australia won the zone and advanced to the Inter-Zonal Zone .   Australia advanced to Inter-Zonal Zone ."}
{"_id": "1997_Catalan_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1997 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix was the thirteenth round of the 1997 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on 14 September 1997 at the Circuit de Catalunya ."}
{"_id": "1831_in_paleontology", "title": "1831 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "14th_Alpini_Regiment", "title": "14th Alpini Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th Alpini Regiment ( 14 ° Reggimento Alpini ) was a short lived ( 1993 -- 2005 ) light Infantry regiment of the Italian Army , specializing in Mountain Combat . Part of the Alpine Brigade Julia it was based in the city of Venzone and consisted of the single Tolmezzo battalion . The Alpini are a mountain infantry corps of the Italian Army , that distinguished itself in combat during World War I and World War II .   Regimental Command  Command and Logistic Support Company  Alpini Battalion Tolmezzo  6th Alpini Company `` La bella ''  12th Alpini Company `` La terribile ''  72nd Alpini Company `` La cazzuta ''  114th Mortar Company  212th Anti-Tank Company `` Val Tagliamento '' ( from 2001 onwards )"}
{"_id": "19LIVE86", "title": "19LIVE86", "headings": "", "text": "19LIVE86 is the first live album by the Serbian rock band Ekatarina Velika , released in 1987 . The album marks EKV 's rising popularity following the commercial success of their third album S vetrom uz lice . It was recorded on November 2 , 1986 , at one of the five sold out performances in the famous Kulušić club in Zagreb ."}
{"_id": "123_(film)", "title": "123 (film)", "headings": "", "text": "123 is a 2002 Indian romantic comedy film directed by K. Subash . It was simultaneously shot in Tamil , Kannada , and Telugu . The film starred real-life brothers Prabhu Deva , Raju Sundaram and Nagendra Prasad in lead roles alongside Jyothika , while Deva composed the film 's music . Based on the Marathi play All The Best , 123 released in June 2002 mixed to positive reviews ."}
{"_id": "1981_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Championships_in_Athletics", "title": "1981 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics were held at the Estadio Olímpico Juan Pablo Duarte in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic between 10 -- 12 July ."}
{"_id": ".li", "title": ".li", "headings": "", "text": ". li is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for Liechtenstein . The . li TLD was created in 1993 . The domain is sponsored and administered by the University of Liechtenstein in Vaduz . Registration of . li domain names used to be managed by SWITCH , administrator of Switzerland 's . ch ccTLD . In February 2013 , SWITCH discontinued its . li registration service for private customers , delegating it to a number of recognized partner firms .   There are no requirements to apply for the extension . Registrations of internationalized domain names have been accepted since March 2004 ."}
{"_id": "1955_South_American_Basketball_Championship", "title": "1955 South American Basketball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The South American Basketball Championship 1955 was the 16th South American Basketball Championship , and played in Cúcuta , Colombia . The tournament was won by Uruguay ."}
{"_id": "1989_Hockey_East_Men's_Ice_Hockey_Tournament", "title": "1989 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Hockey East Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 5th Tournament in the history of the conference . It was played between March 3 and March 11 , 1989 . Quarterfinal games were played at home team campus sites , while the final four games were played at the newly opened Conte Forum in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts , the home venue of the Boston College Eagles . This was the final year the Hockey East championship was decided at a home venue to one of its member teams ( as of 2014 ) . By winning the tournament , Maine received the Hockey East 's automatic bid to the 1989 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament ."}
{"_id": "1991_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Men's_Doubles", "title": "1991 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The Men 's Doubles tournament at the 1991 Wimbledon Championships was held from 24 June to 7 July 1991 on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in the Wimbledon district in London , England . Rick Leach and Jim Pugh were the defending champions , but lost in the first round to Goran Ivanisevic and John McEnroe . John Fitzgerald and Anders Järryd won the title , defeating Javier Frana and Leonardo Lavalle in the final ."}
{"_id": "1830_in_Australia", "title": "1830 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "16_&_1", "title": "16 & 1", "headings": "", "text": "16 & 1 is the seventh studio album by Canadian country music group Doc Walker . It was released on August 29 , 2011 by Open Road Recordings . The album includes covers of Bob Seger 's `` Get Out of Denver '' and the Crash Test Dummies ' `` I Think I 'll Disappear Now . ''   16 & 1 was nominated for Country Album of the Year at the 2012 Juno Awards ."}
{"_id": "1947_in_jazz", "title": "1947 in jazz", "headings": "", "text": "This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1947 ."}
{"_id": "1981_Blue_Swords", "title": "1981 Blue Swords", "headings": "", "text": "Blue Swords ( German : Pokal der Blauen Schwerter ) is an senior level international figure skating competition organized in East Germany . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles and pair skating ."}
{"_id": "1651_in_England", "title": "1651 in England", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1651 which occurred in the Commonwealth of England ."}
{"_id": "1992_in_Armenia", "title": "1992 in Armenia", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1992 in Armenia ."}
{"_id": "1961_Naples_Grand_Prix", "title": "1961 Naples Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th Naples Grand Prix was a motor race , run to Formula One rules , held on 14 May 1961 at Posillipo Circuit , Naples . The race was run over 60 laps of the circuit , and was won by Italian driver Giancarlo Baghetti in a Ferrari 156 in only his second Formula One race , having also won his first . Baghetti went on to win his next Formula One race as well , his first World Championship race , and is the only driver to have achieved this feat .   This race was held on the same day as the 1961 Monaco Grand Prix , therefore very few of the top drivers of the day were in action in Naples . Baghetti took a comfortable victory despite only starting third on the grid , with pole-sitter Gerry Ashmore finishing second after the other main challenger and early leader Roy Salvadori suffered a puncture . Lorenzo Bandini had led for a lap before Baghetti took over on lap 4 , and he held the lead until the chequered flag ."}
{"_id": "1972_British_Saloon_Car_Championship", "title": "1972 British Saloon Car Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 British Saloon Car Championship was the 15th season of the championship . Bill McGovern became the first driver to win three BTCC titles , making it three back-to-back titles with his Sunbeam Imp ."}
{"_id": "1991_Davis_Cup", "title": "1991 Davis Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Davis Cup was the 80th edition of the most important tournament between national teams in men 's tennis . A total of 87 nations participated in the tournament . In the final , France defeated the United States at the Palais des Sports de Gerland in Lyon , France , on 29 November - 1 December . During the tournament , Yugoslavia was in the process of dissolving . Croatian tennis players Goran Ivanišević and Goran Prpić withdrew from the team after the declaration of Croatian independence , with the team losing its subsequent draw against France ."}
{"_id": "1994_OFC_U-20_Championship", "title": "1994 OFC U-20 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The OFC U-20 Championship 1994 was held in Fiji . It also served as qualification for the 1995 FIFA World Youth Championship ."}
{"_id": "(Don't)_Give_Hate_a_Chance", "title": "(Don't) Give Hate a Chance", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( Do n't ) Give Hate A Chance '' is the third and final single from British funk/acid jazz band Jamiroquai 's sixth studio album , Dynamite . The song was written by Jason Kay , Rob Harris and Matt Johnson . It was produced by Kay and Mike Spencer . The single was released on 7 November 2005 , peaking on the UK Singles Chart at # 27 ."}
{"_id": "1920_presidential_election", "title": "1920 presidential election", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 presidential election may refer to :   Chilean presidential election , 1920  Guatemalan presidential election , April 1920  Guatemalan presidential election , August 1920  Panamanian presidential election , 1920  United States presidential election , 1920"}
{"_id": "1981_Texas_A&M_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1981 Texas A&M Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M University in the 1981 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Southwest Conference ( SWC ) . The Aggies were led by head coach Tom Wilson in his fourth season and finished with a record of seven wins and five losses ( 7 -- 5 overall , 4 -- 4 in the SWC ) and with a victory in the Independence Bowl ."}
{"_id": "1548_in_Norway", "title": "1548 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1548 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "101_Aquarii", "title": "101 Aquarii", "headings": "", "text": "101 Aquarii ( abbreviated 101 Aqr ) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius . 101 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation , although it also bears the Bayer designation b3 Aquarii . The combined apparent visual magnitude of the pair is 4.71 , which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye from the suburbs . The distance of this star from Earth is estimated as 290 ly based upon parallax measurements .   The brighter member of this system has an apparent magnitude of 4.81 . It is an A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A0 V . This star is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 1 km/s . The fainter companion is a magnitude 7.43 star at an angular separation of 0.840 arcseconds ."}
{"_id": "14_Songs_(Paul_Westerberg_album)", "title": "14 Songs (Paul Westerberg album)", "headings": "", "text": "14 Songs is the first official solo album from Paul Westerberg , former leader of The Replacements . In many ways , it 's his second solo album , given that the final Replacements album , All Shook Down , was heavily packed with session musicians and marginalized the other three band members .   The album features contributions from Ian McLagan , former keyboardist for the Faces , a band that Westerberg has often cited as a favorite .   In an interview included with a special edition of the album , he explained that he started the record jamming with drummer Josh Kelly and former Georgia Satellites bassist Rick Price , but found that the combination was n't working , requiring him to seek other players . ( The only song featuring Kelly and Price is the opener , `` Knockin ' On Mine . '' ) He also revealed that the album title was a reference to Nine Stories , by J.D. Salinger ."}
{"_id": "1937_Maryland_Terrapins_football_team", "title": "1937 Maryland Terrapins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) college football during the 1937 college football season as a member of the Southern Conference . The highlight of the season was a 13 -- 0 shutout of 17th-ranked Syracuse . In the homecoming game , Charlie Weidinger completed a pass to William Bryant for a 13 -- 7 go-ahead over Florida . The Terrapins ' two losses came against Penn and Penn State , the latter being the second game in a rivalry that would bedevil Maryland throughout its entire duration . At the end of the season , Maryland was declared the Southern Conference champions , the team 's first major conference title ."}
{"_id": "1991_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_400_metres_hurdles", "title": "1991 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 400 metres hurdles", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Men 's 400 metres Hurdles event at the 1991 IAAF World Championships in Tokyo , Japan . There were a total number of 36 participating athletes , with five qualifying heats , two semi-finals and the final held on Tuesday August 27 , 1991 ."}
{"_id": "1988_Austrian_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1988 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix was the seventh round of the 1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on the weekend of 10 -- 12 June 1988 at the Salzburgring ."}
{"_id": "1923–24_Isthmian_League", "title": "1923–24 Isthmian League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 -- 24 season was the 15th in the history of the Isthmian League , an English football competition .   At the end of the previous season West Norwood resigned from the league . St Albans City joined the competition from Athenian League and became champions in their inaugural season ."}
{"_id": "1954_in_France", "title": "1954 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1954 in France ."}
{"_id": "1989_Athens_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1989 Athens Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Horst Skoff was the defending champion but did not compete that year .   Ronald Agénor won in the final 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 against Kent Carlsson ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_FA_Trophy", "title": "1986–87 FA Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 -- 87 FA Trophy was the eighteenth season of the FA Trophy ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Liverpool_F.C._season", "title": "1994–95 Liverpool F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994-95 season was Liverpool 's first full season under the management of Roy Evans , who had succeeded Graeme Souness halfway through 1993-94 .   The season saw Liverpool win the League Cup for a record fifth time , beating Bolton Wanderers 2-1 in the final at Wembley with two goals from Steve McManaman . They improved on last season 's eighth-place finish to reach fourth place in the final table , their best final position in four years , although they never really looked like serious title contenders .   Early in the season , Evans bolstered his defence by signing John Scales from Wimbledon and Phil Babb from Coventry City . In attack , Robbie Fowler was top scorer with 25 goals in the league and 31 in all competitions , while the ageing Ian Rush continued to thrive with 12 in the league and 19 in all competitions .   Heading out of the Anfield exit door early in the season was midfielder Don Hutchison to West Ham United , while January saw exit of defender Steve Nicol to Notts County after 13 years at Anfield . The club suffered a tragedy on 2 January 1995 when 19-year-old midfielder Ian Frodsham , who was on a professional contract but had yet to play a first team game , died of cancer of the spine ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Lebanese_Premier_League", "title": "1992–93 Lebanese Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Lebanese Premier League in the 1992/1993 season ."}
{"_id": "1928_in_Mandatory_Palestine", "title": "1928 in Mandatory Palestine", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1928 in the British Mandate of Palestine ."}
{"_id": "1403", "title": "1403", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1403 ( MCDIII ) was a common year starting on Monday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1978_Missouri_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1978 Missouri Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Missouri Tigers football team represented the University of Missouri during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Big Eight Conference ( Big 8 ) . The team was led by head coach Warren Powers , in his first year , and they played their home games at Faurot Field in Columbia , Missouri . They finished the season with a record of eight wins and four losses ( 8 -- 4 , 4 -- 3 Big 8 ) and with a victory over LSU in the ."}
{"_id": "1912_in_aviation", "title": "1912 in aviation", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of aviation-related events from 1912 :"}
{"_id": "1934–35_Gauliga", "title": "1934–35 Gauliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 -- 35 Gauliga was the second season of the Gauliga , the first tier of the football league system in Germany from 1933 to 1945 .   The league operated in sixteen regional divisions , of which two , the Gauliga Ostpreußen and Gauliga Pommern , were sub-divided into two regional groups again , with the league containing 172 clubs all up , six less than the previous season . The league champions entered the 1935 German football championship , won by FC Schalke 04 who defeated VfB Stuttgart 6 -- 4 in the final . It was Schalke 's second national championship and the club would go on to win six all up during the Gauliga era of German football from 1933 to 1945 .   No club remained unbeaten during the league season but five teams finished with just one defeat , those being Yorck Boyen Insterburg , Stettiner SC , Eimsbütteler TV , SV Werder Bremen and FC Hanau 93 . At the other end of the table two clubs finished the season without a win , Viktoria Recklinghausen and Germania Karlsdorf . Hannover 96 scored the most amount of goals of any Gauliga club with 80 while Bremer SV conceded the most with 84 . VfL 06 Benrath and Eimsbütteler TV achieved the highest points totals with 32 each while Viktoria Recklinghausen , Komet Stettin and FC Mannheim-Lindenhof earned the least with four points each to their name .   The 1934 -- 35 season saw the introduction of a cup competition , the Tschammerpokal , now the DFB-Pokal . The inaugural 1935 edition was won by 1 . FC Nürnberg , defeating German champion FC Schalke 04 2 -- 0 on 8 December 1935 , preventing Schalke from winning the double , something the club would achieve two years later in 1937 as the only club in the pre-Bundesliga era ."}
{"_id": "1933_Texas_A&M_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1933 Texas A&M Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1933 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1883_Yale_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1883 Yale Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1883 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1883 college football season . The team finished with an 8 -- 0 record and was retroactively named as the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation , Billingsley Report , National Championship Foundation and Parke H. Davis ."}
{"_id": "1766_in_art", "title": "1766 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1766 in art ."}
{"_id": "1928–29_Campeonato_Regional_de_Madrid", "title": "1928–29 Campeonato Regional de Madrid", "headings": "", "text": "The 1928 -- 29 Campeonato Regional de Madrid was the 27th season of the Campeonato Regional de Madrid , Madrid 's football league . Real Madrid , Athletic de Madrid and Racing de Madrid was qualified to 1928 -- 29 Copa del Rey ."}
{"_id": "1908_Ottawa_Rough_Riders_season", "title": "1908 Ottawa Rough Riders season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 Ottawa Rough Riders finished in 1st place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 5 -- 1 record and qualified for the IRFU playoffs for the first time since its inception in the previous year . The Rough Riders were defeated by the Hamilton Tigers in a league playoff ."}
{"_id": "1996_Kroger_St._Jude_International_–_Singles", "title": "1996 Kroger St. Jude International – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Todd Martin was the defending champion but lost in the final 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 2 ) against Pete Sampras ."}
{"_id": "1954–55_Boston_Celtics_season", "title": "1954–55 Boston Celtics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954-55 NBA season was the Celtics ' 9th season in the NBA ."}
{"_id": "12th_Hong_Kong_Film_Awards", "title": "12th Hong Kong Film Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Hong Kong Awards ceremony , honored the best films of 1992 and took place on 23 April 1993 at Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts , Wan Chai , Hong Kong . The ceremony was hosted by Lydia Shum and John Sham , during the ceremony awards are presented in 16 categories ."}
{"_id": "1829–51_cholera_pandemic", "title": "1829–51 cholera pandemic", "headings": "", "text": "The second cholera pandemic ( 1829 -- 1849 ) , also known as the Asiatic Cholera Pandemic , was a cholera pandemic that reached from India across western Asia to Europe , Great Britain and the Americas , as well as east to China and Japan . Cholera caused more deaths , more quickly , than any other epidemic disease in the 19th century . It is exclusively a human disease , and it can spread through many means of travel , such as by persons via caravan , ship , and aeroplanes . Cholera is known most popularly to spread through warm fecal-contaminated river waters and contaminated foods . The causative microorganisms ( Cholera vibrio ) flourish by reaching humans . It is treatable with oral re-hydration therapy and preventable with adequate sanitation and water treatment ."}
{"_id": "1040_AM", "title": "1040 AM", "headings": "", "text": "The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1040 kHz : 1040 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency . WHO in Des Moines , Iowa is the dominant station on 1040 AM ."}
{"_id": "1919_(Feb-May)_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_Victory_season", "title": "1919 (Feb-May) Northern Rugby Football Union Victory season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 ( Feb-May ) Northern Rugby Football Union season was the fifth season of Rugby league 's Wartime Emergency League football . Each club again played a differing number of fixtures , depending upon the closeness of neighbours , ease of travel etc. , with York playing only 4 games and Barrow 5 while Warrington played 17 and Hull F.C. and Leeds 16 ."}
{"_id": "1959–60_Soviet_League_season", "title": "1959–60 Soviet League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 -- 60 Soviet Championship League season was the 14th season of the Soviet Championship League , the top level of ice hockey in the Soviet Union . 18 teams participated in the league , and CSKA Moscow won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1997_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_qualifying", "title": "1997 UEFA European Under-18 Championship qualifying", "headings": "", "text": "This article features the 1997 UEFA European Under-18 Championship qualifying stage . Matches were played 1996 through 1997 . Two qualifying rounds were organised and seven teams qualified for the main tournament , joining host Iceland ."}
{"_id": "1982_Southeastern_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "title": "1982 Southeastern Conference Baseball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Southeastern Conference Baseball Tournament was held at Perry Field in Gainesville , FL from May 14th through May 16th . won their second consecutive tournament and earned the Southeastern Conference 's automatic bid to the 1982 NCAA Tournament ."}
{"_id": "1910–11_Indiana_Hoosiers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1910–11 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 -- 11 Indiana Hoosiers men 's basketball team represented Indiana University . Their head coach was Oscar Rackle , who was in his 1st and only year . The team played its home games at the Old Assembly Hall in Bloomington , Indiana , and was a member of the Western Conference .   The Hoosiers finished the regular season with an overall record of 11 -- 5 and a conference record of 5 -- 5 , finishing 6th in the Western Conference ."}
{"_id": "1995_Australian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1995 Australian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Australian Grand Prix ( formally the LX EDS Australian Grand Prix ) was a Formula One motor race held on 12 November 1995 at the Adelaide Street Circuit , Adelaide . The race , contested over 81 laps , was the seventeenth and final race of the 1995 Formula One season , and the eleventh and last Australian Grand Prix to be held at Adelaide before the event moved to Melbourne the following year .   In a race of attrition , all the front-running cars retired except for the pole-sitting Williams-Renault of Damon Hill . Hill won by two clear laps from the Ligier-Mugen-Honda of Olivier Panis , with Gianni Morbidelli achieving his best-ever F1 result with third in a Footwork-Hart . Of the 23 drivers who started , only eight finished , the lowest number in the 1995 season .   The race had an attendance of 210,000 -- an F1 record until 2000 , when 250,000 people attended that year 's United States Grand Prix at Indianapolis ."}
{"_id": "1996_Castleford_Tigers_season", "title": "1996 Castleford Tigers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Castleford Tigers season was the club 's 1st year in the Super League . The club finished in 9th place . Castleford also competed in the Challenge Cup , but were knocked out in the Fourth Round by St. Helens ."}
{"_id": "1995_in_basketball", "title": "1995 in basketball", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1188_Gothlandia", "title": "1188 Gothlandia", "headings": "", "text": "1188 Gothlandia ( 1930 SB ) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on September 30 , 1930 , by Josep Comas Solà at Barcelona ."}
{"_id": "1967–68_Nationalliga_A_season", "title": "1967–68 Nationalliga A season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967-68 Nationalliga A season was the 30th season of the Nationalliga A , the top level of ice hockey in Switzerland . Eight teams participated in the league , and HC La Chaux-de-Fonds won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1987–88_QMJHL_season", "title": "1987–88 QMJHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 -- 88 QMJHL season was the 19th season in the history of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League . Ten teams played 70 games each in the schedule . Patrice Lefebvre of the Shawinigan Cataractes becomes the last player in Canadian Hockey League history to record a 200-point season . The Hull Olympiques finished first overall in the regular season , winning their second Jean Rougeau Trophy , and won their second President 's Cup , defeating the Drummondville Voltigeurs in the finals ."}
{"_id": "1966–67_WIHL_season", "title": "1966–67 WIHL season", "headings": "", "text": "1966-67 was the 20th season of the Western International Hockey League ."}
{"_id": "1998_Swedish_Football_Division_3", "title": "1998 Swedish Football Division 3", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swedish football Division 3 in season 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1896_in_Denmark", "title": "1896 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1896 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1961_U.S._Women's_Open_Golf_Championship", "title": "1961 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 U.S. Women 's Open Golf Championship was the 16th U.S. Women 's Open , held June 29 to July 1 at the Lower Course of Baltusrol Golf Club in Springfield , New Jersey .   Mickey Wright , age 26 , won the third of her four U.S. Women 's Open titles , six strokes ahead of runner-up Betsy Rawls , a four-time winner and the defending champion . It was Wright 's third win at the U.S. Women 's Open in four years , and the sixth of her thirteen major titles .   After opening with a par 72 on Thursday to co-lead , Wright shot an 80 ( +8 ) in the second round on Friday and dropped four shots back after 36 holes . A three-under 69 on Saturday morning regained the lead after 54 holes , two strokes ahead of Rawls .   The Lower Course has hosted the U.S. Open four times ( two won by Jack Nicklaus ) and a PGA Championship , won by Phil Mickelson . The U.S. Women 's Open returned to Baltusrol in 1985 , but was played on the Upper Course ."}
{"_id": "1995_Zapatista_Crisis", "title": "1995 Zapatista Crisis", "headings": "", "text": "With President Carlos Salinas de Gortari 's economic and political reforms , the NAFTA agreement , Mexico was getting propelled as an important player in the world economy . When an unsolved ethnic situation was brewing in the Mexican county , that is when the Zapatistas uprising happened . The Mexican Government started immediate peace talks . In the early days of the new government administration , President Zedillo took a series of erratic decisions that completely broke with the previous administration 's agreements and with his own action plan previously defined ."}
{"_id": "1975_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1975 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 89th staging of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship , the Gaelic Athletic Association 's premier inter-county Gaelic football tournament . The championship began on 25 May 1975 and ended on 28 September 1975 .   Dublin were the defending champions . London fielded a team in the senior championship for the first time .   On 28 September 1975 , Kerry won the championship following a 2-12 to 0-11 defeat of Dublin in the All-Ireland final . This was their 23rd All-Ireland title , their first in five championship seasons .   Dublin 's Jimmy Keaveney was the championship 's top scorer with 1-38 . Kerry 's John O'Keeffe was the choice for Texaco Footballer of the Year ."}
{"_id": "1974_Virginia_Slims_Championships", "title": "1974 Virginia Slims Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Virginia Slims Championships were the third season-ending WTA Tour Championships , the annual tennis tournament for the best female tennis players in singles on the 1974 Virginia Slims circuit . It was held from October 14 -- 19 , in Los Angeles , United States . The 16 best performers of the circuit qualified for the championship as well as the four best doubles teams . Third-seeded Evonne Goolagong won the singles title and the accompanying $ 32,000 first prize ."}
{"_id": "13/13/13", "title": "13/13/13", "headings": "", "text": "13/13/13 is a 2013 American horror film written and directed by James Cullen Bressack for The Asylum ."}
{"_id": "1969_Australian_Formula_2_Championship", "title": "1969 Australian Formula 2 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Australian Formula 2 Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title open to racing cars complying with Australian Formula 2 . The title , which was the third Australian Formula 2 Championship , was contested concurrently with the 1969 Sam Hordern Memorial Trophy which was staged at Warwick Farm in New South Wales , Australia on 7 December 1969 . The championship was won by Max Stewart driving a Mildren Waggott ."}
{"_id": "1978_Bossier_City_tornado_outbreak", "title": "1978 Bossier City tornado outbreak", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Bossier City tornado outbreak was an outbreak of 11 tornadoes that occurred during the early morning hours of December 3 , 1978 , in Louisiana and Arkansas . The outbreak produced several significant ( F2 -- F5 ) tornadoes , several of which were long tracked . The first and most destructive of the tornadoes was a violent F4 tornado touched down on the eastern bank of the Red River in Bossier City , Louisiana , at approximately 1:50 a.m. CST . The tornado produced a path up to .5 mi wide and nearly 4 mi long through the heart of Bossier City . The only two deaths to occur in Bossier City were two young girls who were killed when a car was thrown through their bedroom wall . The Bossier City tornado became the fifth tornado in American history to produce at least $ 100 million ( non-adjusted ) in damage ."}
{"_id": "1996_NCAA_Men's_Water_Polo_Championship", "title": "1996 NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 NCAA Men 's Water Polo Championship was the 28th annual tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA men 's collegiate water polo . Tournament matches were played at Canyonview Pool in La Jolla , San Diego , California during December 1996 .   UCLA defeated USC in the final , 8 -- 7 , to win their fifth national title . The Bruins ( 24 -- 6 ) were coached by Guy Baker .   The Most Outstanding Player of the tournament was Matt Swanson from UCLA . Swanson , along with seven other players , comprised the All-Tournament Team .   The tournament 's leading scorers , with 5 goals each , were Hrvoje Cismic ( USC ) , Brian Stahl ( Massachusetts ) , and Marko Zagar ( USC ) ."}
{"_id": "1886_Detroit_Wolverines_season", "title": "1886 Detroit Wolverines season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1886 Detroit Wolverines had the best winning percentage of any major league baseball team to play in Detroit . They compiled a record of 87 -- 36 for a .707 winning percentage . Nevertheless , the Wolverines finished in second place , 2 1/2 games behind the Chicago White Stockings ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_Liga_Española_de_Baloncesto", "title": "1963–64 Liga Española de Baloncesto", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 season was the 8th season of the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto . Real Madrid won the title ."}
{"_id": "1987_US_Open_–_Women's_Doubles", "title": "1987 US Open – Women's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver were the defending champions and won in the final 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 against Kathy Jordan and Elizabeth Smylie ."}
{"_id": "1970_Lamar_Tech_Cardinals_football_team", "title": "1970 Lamar Tech Cardinals football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Lamar Tech Cardinals football team represented the Lamar State College of Technology in the 1970 NCAA football season as a member of the Southland Conference . The Cardinals played their home games at Cardinal Stadium now named Provost Umphrey Stadium in Beaumont , Texas The Cardinals competed at the NCAA College Division level in 1970 . The team finished the season with a 3 -- 7 overall record and a 1 -- 3 conference record ."}
{"_id": "108th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)", "title": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 108th Infantry Regiment is a regiment of the New York Army National Guard . It was first formed in 1898 and has been in continuous existence since 1907 . As National Guardsmen , Soldiers of the 108th Infantry can be called upon to serve the state and federal governments . The 108th has served in the Spanish -- American War , the Mexican Border War , World War I , World War II , Iraq , and Afghanistan ."}
{"_id": "1952_SANFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1952 SANFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 SANFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football championship match . beat 153 to 43 ."}
{"_id": "100%_Hell", "title": "100% Hell", "headings": "", "text": "100 % Hell is the sixth album of the Italian Extreme Metal band Necrodeath . Cronos of Venom is the guest vocalist on February 5 , 1984 , Federica Badalini of Soul Takers plays keyboards on Identity Crisis , Sonya Scarlet of Theatres des Vampires make a duet with Flegias on 100 % Hell ."}
{"_id": "1917_in_Italy", "title": "1917 in Italy", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1916 in Italy ,  other events of 1917 ,  1918 in Italy .   Events from the year 1917 in Italy ."}
{"_id": "1906_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1906 Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1906 Challenge Cup was the 10th staging of rugby league 's oldest knockout competition , the Challenge Cup .   The final was contested by Bradford and Salford at Headingley Stadium in Leeds .   The final was played on Saturday 28 April 1906 , where Bradford Park Avenue beat Hull KR 5-0 at Headingley in front of a crowd of 15,834 .   Bradford won the Cup in their first appearance in the final ."}
{"_id": "1._deild_karla", "title": "1. deild karla", "headings": "", "text": "Inkassodeildin ( E . The Inkasso League ) is a football league in Iceland . It is the second division in the Icelandic football league system . The league was founded in 1955 and current champions are KA .  The league was expanded to 12 teams for the 2007 season , after having only 10 teams for many years . Since 2008 the top three divisions have all had 12 teams ."}
{"_id": "1930_(album)", "title": "1930 (album)", "headings": "", "text": "1930 is an album by the Japanese noise musician Merzbow ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Cupa_României", "title": "1993–94 Cupa României", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 Cupa României was the 56th edition of Romania 's most prestigious football cup competition .   The title was won by Gloria Bistrița against Universitatea Craiova ."}
{"_id": "1930_Mississippi_A&M_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1930 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team represented the Mississippi A&M Aggies of Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi during the 1930 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1554_in_literature", "title": "1554 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1554 ."}
{"_id": "1334_Lundmarka", "title": "1334 Lundmarka", "headings": "", "text": "1334 Lundmarka , provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , approximately 30 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 16 July 1934 , by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany , and named after Swedish astronomer Knut Lundmark ."}
{"_id": "1956_Atlantic_hurricane_season", "title": "1956 Atlantic hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Atlantic hurricane season featured a low number of tropical cyclones , although every tropical storm and hurricane affected land . There were twelve tropical storms , a third of which became hurricanes . One of the hurricanes strengthened to the equivalent of a major hurricane , which is a Category 3 or greater on the Saffir-Simpson scale . The strongest hurricane of the season was Betsy , which was also the most damaging storm of the season : it destroyed 15,000 houses and left $ 40 million in damage in Puerto Rico . Betsy was also the deadliest of the season , having killed 18 people in the French West Indies , two from a shipwreck in the Caribbean Sea , and 16 in Puerto Rico . Tropical Storm Dora struck Mexico in September and killed 27 people .   The season officially started on June 15 , although an unnamed storm developed about a week prior over the western North Atlantic Ocean . A later storm that formed over the Gulf of Mexico on June 12 alleviated drought conditions in the south-central United States . Hurricane Anna developed in late July and hit Mexico . Tropical storms Carla and Ethel both formed near the Bahamas and moved northeastward until dissipating . The lone hurricane that hit the contiguous United States was Hurricane Flossy . One of the final storms of the year , Greta , was an unusually large hurricane that produced high waves from Florida to the Lesser Antilles . It developed in the western Caribbean and moved across much of the southeastern United States , causing $ 24.8 million in damage and 15 deaths . There were also several tropical depressions , as well as one subtropical cyclone , in the season ."}
{"_id": "1951_in_Chile", "title": "1951 in Chile", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1951 in Chile ."}
{"_id": "1986_Grand_Prix_de_Tennis_de_Toulouse_–_Singles", "title": "1986 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse was a men 's tennis tournament played on Indoor Carpet in Toulouse , France that was part of the Regular Series of the 1986 Grand Prix tennis circuit . It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was held from 6 October -- 12 October ."}
{"_id": "1938_New_Mexico_A&M_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1938 New Mexico A&M Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 New Mexico A&M Aggies football team represented New Mexico State University in the 1938 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1956_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season", "title": "1956 Nippon Professional Baseball season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Nippon Professional Baseball season was the seventh season of operation of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) ."}
{"_id": "16_Biggest_Hits_(Ricky_Van_Shelton_album)", "title": "16 Biggest Hits (Ricky Van Shelton album)", "headings": "", "text": "16 Biggest Hits is a budget priced compilation album from country music artist Ricky Van Shelton . This is one of many similar compilations released by various record labels to capitalize on its catalogue and especially Ricky Van Shelton . This was his last overall album for Columbia Records . It was re-released on March 24 , 2009 ."}
{"_id": "1905–06_Drexel_Blue_and_Gold_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1905–06 Drexel Blue and Gold men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 -- 06 Drexel Blue and Gold men 's basketball team represented Drexel Institute of Art , Science and Industry during the 1905 -- 06 men 's basketball season . The Blue and Gold , led by 1st year head coach W.S. Brokaw , played their home games at Main Building ."}
{"_id": "1525_in_art", "title": "1525 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1973–74_Los_Angeles_Lakers_season", "title": "1973–74 Los Angeles Lakers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973-74 NBA season was the Lakers ' 26th season in the NBA and 14th season in Los Angeles . Having lost to the New York Knicks in the previous season 's NBA Finals , the Lakers would make it to the NBA Playoffs , posting a 47-35 record , only to lose to the Milwaukee Bucks in five games .   Following the season , Jerry West retired after 14 seasons with the Lakers . He would later return to the Lakers as the head coach from 1976 to 1979 ."}
{"_id": ".NET_Framework_version_history", "title": ".NET Framework version history", "headings": "", "text": "Microsoft started development on the . NET Framework in the late 1990s originally under the name of Next Generation Windows Services ( NGWS ) . By late 2001 the first beta versions of . NET 1.0 were released . The first version of . NET Framework was released on 13 February 2002 , bringing managed code to Windows NT 4.0 , 98 , 2000 , ME and XP .   Since the first version , Microsoft has released nine more upgrades for . NET Framework , seven of which have been released along with a new version of Visual Studio . Two of these upgrades , . NET Framework 2.0 and 4.0 , have upgraded Common Language Runtime ( CLR ) . New versions of . NET Framework replace older versions when the CLR version is the same .   The . NET Framework family also includes two versions for mobile or Embedded device use . A reduced version of the framework , the . NET Compact Framework , is available on Windows CE platforms , including Windows Mobile devices such as smartphones . Additionally , the . NET Micro Framework is targeted at severely resource-constrained devices ."}
{"_id": "1999_FIA_GT_Homestead_3_Hours", "title": "1999 FIA GT Homestead 3 Hours", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 FIA GT Homestead 3 Hours was the eighth round the 1999 FIA GT Championship season . It took place at the Homestead-Miami Speedway , Florida , United States , on September 26 , 1999 .   This event was originally intended to share the weekend with a United States Road Racing Championship event . However , the USRRC championship was cancelled midway through the season , leaving the FIA GT Championship to run on their own . In order to increase the number of participants for the FIA GT event , as well as to allow USRRC teams to compete , a National GT ( N-GT ) designation was used for cars which had run in the USRRC 's GT2 and GT3 classes . This would be the first time the FIA GT Championship used two classes of cars since the end of the 1998 season , and the cancellation of GT1 .   Cars running in the N-GT class would not be eligible for points in the FIA GT Championship ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Mersin_İdmanyurdu_season", "title": "1996–97 Mersin İdmanyurdu season", "headings": "", "text": "Mersin İdmanyurdu ( also Mersin İdman Yurdu , Mersin İY , or MİY ) Sports Club ; located in Mersin , east Mediterranean coast of Turkey in 1996 -- 97 . Mersin İdmanyurdu ( MİY ) participated in Second League 1996 -- 97 season for the 23rd time . After first stage MİY played in promotion group . MİY had finished the promotion group in 4th place and were later eliminated in promotion play-offs . The team also participated in Turkish Cup ( Türkiye Kupası ) in 1996 -- 97 and were eliminated at Round 3 .   H. Okan Merzeci was president . Kasım Gündüz managed the team during the season . Türkay Başaran and Fazlı Ulusoy were mostly appeared players with 36 appearances . Bünyamin Kubat was the league and season top goalscorer with 13 goals in league ."}
{"_id": "1926_NCAA_Swimming_and_Diving_Championships", "title": "1926 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships were contested as part of the third annual NCAA swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men 's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States .   The championship was hosted by the United States Naval Academy at Scott Natatorium in Annapolis , Maryland .   Only individual championships were officially contested during the first thirteen-NCAA sponsored swimming and diving championships . Unofficial team standings were kept but a team title was not officially awarded until 1937 .   Navy is acknowledged as this year 's unofficial team champion , the second such title ( and second consecutive ) for the Midshipmen ."}
{"_id": "1970_European_Badminton_Championships", "title": "1970 European Badminton Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 2nd European Badminton Championships were held in Port Talbot ( Wales ) , between 17 and 19 April 1970 , and hosted by the European Badminton Union and the Welsh Badminton Union ."}
{"_id": "1891_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team", "title": "1891 Penn State Nittany Lions football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1891 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1891 college football season . The team played its home games on the Old Main lawn in University Park , Pennsylvania .   Despite the article title , the school did not adopt the Nittany Lion as its mascot until 1907 ."}
{"_id": "1773_in_Wales", "title": "1773 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1773 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1933_International_University_Games", "title": "1933 International University Games", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 International University Games were organised by the Confederation Internationale des Etudiants ( CIE ) and held in Turin , Italy . Held from 1 -- 10 September , 27 nations competed in nine sports . Women competed only in the athletics , swimming , fencing , and tennis events ( the latter two being debut events for women ) . This edition marked the first appearance of African athletes at the competition , as South Africa and Egypt sent delegations for the first time ."}
{"_id": "1979_Gillette_Cup", "title": "1979 Gillette Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Gillette Cup was the seventeenth Gillette Cup , an English limited overs county cricket tournament . It was held between 27 June and 8 September 1979 . The tournament was won by Somerset County Cricket Club who defeated Northamptonshire County Cricket Club by 45 runs in the final at Lord 's ."}
{"_id": "17th_New_Brunswick_Legislature", "title": "17th New Brunswick Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between July 17 , 1856 , and April 1 , 1857 .   The assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick John Henry Thomas Manners-Sutton .   Charles Simonds was chosen as speaker for the house ."}
{"_id": "1963_German_Grand_Prix", "title": "1963 German Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Nürburgring on August 4 , 1963 . It was race 6 of 10 in both the 1963 World Championship of Drivers and the 1963 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers . The 15-lap race was won by Ferrari driver John Surtees after he started from second position . Jim Clark finished second for the Lotus team and BRM driver Richie Ginther came in third ."}
{"_id": "1926_in_science_fiction", "title": "1926 in science fiction", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1926 was marked , in science fiction , by the following events ."}
{"_id": "1867_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "1867 in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1867 in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1974_Baltimore_Colts_season", "title": "1974 Baltimore Colts season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Baltimore Colts season was the 22nd season for the team in the National Football League . The Baltimore Colts finished the National Football League 's 1974 season with a record of 2 wins and 12 losses , and finished fifth in the AFC East .   Head coach Howard Schnellenberger was fired after three games , after an argument with owner Robert Irsay over whether Marty Domres or Bert Jones should start at quarterback for the Colts . General manager Joe Thomas took over the head coaching duties for the remainders of the season , but could direct the team to only two wins , both on the road , as the Colts failed to win a home game during the 1974 season . This would be the last time the Colts would fail to win a home game in a non-strike season until their abysmal 1-15 1991 season , when the team was in Indianapolis ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Real_Madrid_C.F._season", "title": "1992–93 Real Madrid C.F. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 season was the 62th season for Real Madrid C.F. in La Liga ."}
{"_id": "1899_Argentine_Primera_División", "title": "1899 Argentine Primera División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1899 Primera División was the 8 ° season of top-flight football in Argentina . The season began on May 14 and ended on September 9 .   The league was reduced to only 4 teams due to Palermo A.C. , United Banks and Banfield left the Association . Banfield registered to recently created Segunda División . Belgrano A.C. won its first Primera División title .   Lanús Athletic only completed 2 games , with the other 4 fixtures being awarded to their opponents . The game between Lomas and Lobos was awarded to Lobos ."}
{"_id": "1959_Mitropa_Cup", "title": "1959 Mitropa Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Mitropa Cup was the 19th season of the Mitropa football club tournament . It was won by Honvéd who beat MTK in the two-legged final 6 -- 5 on aggregate ."}
{"_id": "1-UP_Studio", "title": "1-UP Studio", "headings": "", "text": ", formerly , is a Japanese Nintendo-funded and owned video game developer founded on June 30 , 2000 in Tokyo , Japan . On February 1 , 2013 , the company announced that due to their recent co-development efforts with Nintendo , that they were undergoing a change in internal structure , which included changing the name of their company to 1-UP Studio ."}
{"_id": "126th_New_York_State_Legislature", "title": "126th New York State Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The 126th New York State Legislature , consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly , met from January 7 to April 23 , 1903 , during the third year of Benjamin B. Odell , Jr. 's governorship , in Albany ."}
{"_id": "1677_in_science", "title": "1677 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1677 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1646_in_music", "title": "1646 in music", "headings": "", "text": "Musical events of the year 1646 in music :"}
{"_id": "1883_English_cricket_season", "title": "1883 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1883 English cricket season saw the first of four successive titles won by Notts , and the beginning of the `` Great Revival '' of Surrey , who had been among the weaker counties since 1866 ."}
{"_id": "1._deild", "title": "1. deild", "headings": "", "text": "1 . deild is the second tier league of football in the Faroe Islands . It was founded in 1976 . The league is organised by the Faroe Islands Football Association . It was originally the top level of Faroe Islands football but was replaced by the Faroe Islands Premier League in 2005 .   It currently has 10 participating clubs . At the end of each season , two teams are relegated and two promoted from what is now the 2 . deild , pending the fact that the winning team in any given division does not already have a senior team in the division it is being promoted to . In such cases the team that finished second will be promoted instead . If a team is relegated to a division where one of its teams are already playing , the second best team will move one division down , thereby saving another team from relegation ."}
{"_id": "1926–27_Duke_Blue_Devils_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1926–27 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 -- 27 Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team represented Duke University during the 1926 -- 27 men 's college basketball season . The head coach was George Buchheit , coaching his third season with the Blue Devils . The team finished with an overall record of 4 -- 10 ."}
{"_id": "173rd_Support_Battalion_(United_States)", "title": "173rd Support Battalion (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 173rd Brigade Support Battalion is a Combat Support Battalion of the United States Army based in Vicenza , Italy . It is a subordinate unit of the 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team ."}
{"_id": "1957_Mitropa_Cup", "title": "1957 Mitropa Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 Mitropa Cup was the 17th season of the Mitropa football club tournament . It was won by Vasas who beat Vojvodina in the two-legged final 5 -- 2 on aggregate ."}
{"_id": "1927_Navy_Midshipmen_football_team", "title": "1927 Navy Midshipmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1927 college football season . In their second season under head coach Bill Ingram , the Midshipmen compiled a 6 -- 3 record , shut out two opponents , and outscored all opponents by a combined score of 192 to 84 .   The annual Army -- Navy Game was played on November 26 , 1927 , at the Polo Grounds in New York City . Army won by a 14 to 9 score ."}
{"_id": "1895_in_association_football", "title": "1895 in association football", "headings": "", "text": "The following are association football events in the year 1895 throughout the world ."}
{"_id": "1988_Stella_Artois_Championships_–_Doubles", "title": "1988 Stella Artois Championships – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Guy Forget and Yannick Noah were the defending champions but only Forget competed that year with Henri Leconte .   Forget and Leconte lost in the semifinals to Ken Flach and Robert Seguso .   Flach and Seguso won in the final 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 against Pieter Aldrich and Danie Visser ."}
{"_id": "1990_European_Women's_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships", "title": "1990 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th European Women 's Artistic Gymnastics Championships were held in Piraeus , Greece , at Peace and Friendship Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1997_US_Open_–_Women's_Doubles", "title": "1997 US Open – Women's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva were the defending champions , but were defeated in the final by Lindsay Davenport and Jana Novotná with a score of 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 .   It was the 17th doubles title , 2nd Grand Slam for Davenport and the 67th title , 9th Grand Slam for Novotná , in their respective careers ."}
{"_id": "1990_Sligo_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1990 Sligo Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "This is a round-up of the 1990 Sligo Senior Football Championship . Shamrock Gaels claimed their first ever senior title in this year , in their first final appearance , defeating fellow outsiders Curry in the process . This year 's final was the first which Tubbercurry did not contest since 1982 ."}
{"_id": "1966–67_Manchester_United_F.C._season", "title": "1966–67 Manchester United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 -- 67 season was Manchester United 's 65th season in the Football League , and their 22nd consecutive season in the top division of English football . They finished the season as league champions for the seventh time in their history and the fifth under the management of Matt Busby , but this would be their last top division title for 26 years .   United 's top scorer this season was Denis Law , with 23 in the league and 25 in all competitions ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_in_Scottish_football", "title": "1952–53 in Scottish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 -- 53 season was the 80th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 56th season of the Scottish Football League ."}
{"_id": "1972_Peach_Bowl", "title": "1972 Peach Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Peach Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game between the NC State Wolfpack and the West Virginia Mountaineers ."}
{"_id": "1898_in_rail_transport", "title": "1898 in rail transport", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1997_Rally_El_Corte_Inglés", "title": "1997 Rally El Corte Inglés", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Rallye El Corte Inglés was the 21st Rally Islas Canarias/Rallye El Corte Inglés , a rally held as part of the European Rally Championship and the Spanish Rally Championship .   In 1997 , Jesús Puras ( Citroën ZX Kit Car ) had his first of three wins in this event , finishing ahead of Bruno Thiry and Juha Kankkunen ."}
{"_id": "1920_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1920 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 34th staging of Ireland 's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition . Tipperary were the winners ."}
{"_id": "1996_Eliteserien", "title": "1996 Eliteserien", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 season of the Eliteserien , the highest women 's football ( soccer ) league in Norway , began on 21 April 1996 and ended on 13 October 1996 .   18 games were played with 3 points given for wins and 1 for draws . Number nine and ten were relegated , while two teams from the First Division were promoted through a playoff round . After the season had ended , Sprint/Jel øy changed its name to Athene Moss .   Trondheims-Ørn won the league , losing only one game ."}
{"_id": "...Nightmare", "title": "...Nightmare", "headings": "", "text": "... nightmare is the fourth release for the Italian hardcore punk band Negazione ."}
{"_id": "1980_Buffalo_State_Bengals_football_team", "title": "1980 Buffalo State Bengals football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Buffalo State Bengals football team represents Buffalo State College . They are led by first year head coach Les Dugan and play their home games at Coyer Field ."}
{"_id": "1975–76_Cincinnati_Stingers_season", "title": "1975–76 Cincinnati Stingers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 -- 76 Cincinnati Stingers season was the Stingers ' first season of operation in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) ."}
{"_id": "1802_in_Australia", "title": "1802 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "105th_Mahratta_Light_Infantry", "title": "105th Mahratta Light Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 105th Mahratta Light Infantry were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army . The regiment traces their origins to 1768 , when they were raised as the 3rd Battalion , Bombay Sepoys .   The regiments first action was during the Mysore Campaign in the Third Anglo-Mysore War . This campaign was followed by the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War , during which the regiment fought in both the major battles the Battle of Seedaseer and the Battle of Seringapatam . They were then used in the punitive expedition in the Beni Boo Ali campaign in 1821 , against the pirates in Eastern Arabia and the Persian Gulf . The regiment was involved in the Siege of Kahun next during the First Afghan War . A detachment of 140 men held off the besieging force from May to September , before being forced to surrender . China was the regiments next destination during the Second Opium War . They were then part of the force used in the annexation of Burma during the Second Burmese War , this being their final action in the 19th century .   After World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments . In 1922 , the 105th Mahratta Light Infantry became the 2nd Battalion 5th Mahratta Light Infantry . After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army ."}
{"_id": "1914_in_Russia", "title": "1914 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1914 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1994_Virginia_Slims_of_Chicago_–_Singles", "title": "1994 Virginia Slims of Chicago – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Monica Seles was the defending champion but did not compete that year .   Natasha Zvereva won in the final 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 against Chanda Rubin ."}
{"_id": "1980_Jordan_League", "title": "1980 Jordan League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Jordan League in the 1980 season ."}
{"_id": "184th_Reconnaissance_Aviation_Regiment", "title": "184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment ( 184 . izviđački avijacijski puk , 184 . извиђачки авијацијски пук ) was an aviation regiment established in 1948 as the Night Bomber Aviation Regiment ( -LSB- Vazduhoplovni noćni bombarderski puk , links = no -RSB- , Ваздухопловни ноћни бомбардерски пук ) , then the 184th Light Night Bomber Aviation Regiment , before adopting its final name from 1952 until its disestablishment in 1966 . It was equipped with a number of reconnaissance aircraft , from the Soviet-made Polikarpov Po-2 to the North American F-86D Sabre ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_ice_hockey_Bundesliga_season", "title": "1965–66 ice hockey Bundesliga season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 -- 66 Ice hockey Bundesliga season was the eighth season of the Ice hockey Bundesliga , the top level of ice hockey in Germany . 10 teams participated in the league , and EC Bad Tolz won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1958–59_Beşiktaş_J.K._season", "title": "1958–59 Beşiktaş J.K. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958-59 season was the club 's 40th official season and their 56th year in existence . The club participated in the final season of the İstanbul Football League finishing in 5th place , behind Fenerbahçe , Galatasaray , Karagümrük and İstanbulspor . By finishing in the top 8 , the team qualified for the inaugural season of the new national league ; Turkish First Football League . By winning the Turkish Federation Cup a season ago Beşiktaş qualified for the European Cup , but lost to Real Madrid 1-3 on aggregate ( 0-2 away , 1-1 home ) in the first round . Real Madrid however would go on to win the cup for a 4th time . Beşiktaş was placed into the `` White Group '' along with Fenerbahçe , Altay , Izmirspor , Ankaragücü , Hacettepe , Beykoz and İstanbulspor . Beşiktaş finished 2nd place behind Fenerbahçe missing the final match , where Fenerbahçe would beat Galatasaray for the title ."}
{"_id": "1623_in_Italy", "title": "1623 in Italy", "headings": "", "text": "An incomplete series of events which occurred in Italy in 1623 :   Treaty of Paris - A treaty signed in France by the Savoys and the Venetians , thus also an Italian treaty ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Boston_Celtics_season", "title": "1996–97 Boston Celtics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 NBA season was the 51st season for the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association . Celebrating its 50th anniversary as one of the NBA 's original franchise , the Celtics struggled all season losing players like Dino Radja , Dana Barros , Dee Brown , Greg Minor and Pervis Ellison to injuries . The team suffered through their worst season posting a 13-game losing streak between February and March , then losing ten straight games near the end of the season . The Celtics lost 34 of their final 38 games finishing last place in the Atlantic Division with an awful 15 -- 67 record , which was the team 's worst record in franchise history . Top draft pick Antoine Walker led the team with 17.5 points and 9.0 rebounds per game , while being selected to the All-Rookie First Team .   Following the season , head coach M.L. Carr was fired , Rick Fox signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Lakers , David Wesley signed with the Charlotte Hornets , Todd Day signed with the Miami Heat , and second-year forward Eric Williams was traded to the Denver Nuggets . This was also Radja 's final season in the NBA . After failing his physical exam voiding a trade with the Philadelphia 76ers during the offseason , he returned to play in Europe ."}
{"_id": "1995_NFL_expansion_draft", "title": "1995 NFL expansion draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 National Football League expansion draft was held on February 15 , 1995 . The two new expansion teams , the Carolina Panthers and the Jacksonville Jaguars alternated picks from lists of unprotected players from existing franchises . Existing NFL teams made six players available , and the new teams were required to pick a minimum of 30 and a maximum of 42 players . Each time one of the expansion franchises selected a player from an existing team , that team was then permitted to remove a remaining player from its list of available players .   In addition to these draft picks , the Panthers received the first pick in the 1995 NFL Draft , and the Jaguars were given the second pick .   The Panthers ultimately picked 35 players , while the Jaguars picked 36 ."}
{"_id": "115th_Pennsylvania_Infantry", "title": "115th Pennsylvania Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 115th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1978_World_Amateur_Boxing_Championships", "title": "1978 World Amateur Boxing Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The Men 's 1978 World Amateur Boxing Championships were held in Belgrade , Yugoslavia from May 6 to 20 . The second edition of this competition , held two years before the Summer Olympics in Moscow , Soviet Union was organised by the world governing body for amateur boxing AIBA ."}
{"_id": "1987_360_km_of_Jarama", "title": "1987 360 km of Jarama", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Gran Premio Fortuna was the opening round of the 1987 World Sports-Prototype Championship . It took place at the Circuito Permanente Del Jarama , Spain on March 22 , 1987 ."}
{"_id": "1981_in_poetry", "title": "1981 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "16th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)", "title": "16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Infantry Division of the German Army was formed in 1934 . On 26 August 1939 the division was mobilized for the invasion of Poland ( 1939 ) . It participated in the Battle of France in 1940 . The division was then split , resulting in two independent units : The 16th Panzer Division and the 16th Motorized Infantry Division . The latter , from 1944 onward , combined with other non 16th elements , was known as the 116th Panzer Division ."}
{"_id": "149th_meridian_west", "title": "149th meridian west", "headings": "", "text": "The meridian 149 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 149th meridian west forms a great circle with the 31st meridian east ."}
{"_id": "1946–47_Maltese_Premier_League", "title": "1946–47 Maltese Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Maltese Premier League in season 1946/1947 ."}
{"_id": "1995_German_Grand_Prix", "title": "1995 German Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 German Grand Prix ( formally the XXIV Grosser Mobil 1 Preis von Deutschland ) was a Formula One motor race held on 30 July 1995 at the Hockenheimring , Hockenheim . It was the ninth race of the 1995 Formula One season . The 45-lap race was won by Benetton driver Michael Schumacher after he started from second position . David Coulthard finished second for the Williams team and Ferrari driver Gerhard Berger came in third . It also was the first race since the death of Argentine five-time world champion Juan Manuel Fangio , who died the Monday after the previous F1 round , the British Grand Prix ."}
{"_id": "1993_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_Britain", "title": "1993 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain was a series of thirteen matches played by the New Zealand national rugby union team ( the All Blacks ) in England , Scotland and Wales from October to December 1993 . Twelve of the matches took place in England or Scotland with only the final match against the Barbarians being played in Wales . New Zealand won twelve of their thirteen games , losing only the international match against England -- they won the other international against Scotland"}
{"_id": "1974_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_800_metres", "title": "1974 European Athletics Championships – Men's 800 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 800 metres at the 1974 European Athletics Championships was held in Roma , Italy , at Stadio Olimpico on 2 , 3 , and 4 September 1974 ."}
{"_id": "1983_BYU_Cougars_football_team", "title": "1983 BYU Cougars football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 BYU Cougars football team represented the Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) . The team was led by head coach LaVell Edwards , in his twelfth year , and played their home games at Cougar Stadium in Provo , Utah . They finished the season with a record of eleven wins and one loss ( 11 -- 1 , 7 -- 0 WAC ) , and with a victory over Missouri in the Holiday Bowl . The Cougars offense scored 505 points while the defense allowed 247 points ."}
{"_id": "1924–25_Prima_Divisione", "title": "1924–25 Prima Divisione", "headings": "", "text": "The winner was Bologna F.C. ."}
{"_id": "1884_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1884 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "125th_Street_(IRT_Second_Avenue_Line)", "title": "125th Street (IRT Second Avenue Line)", "headings": "", "text": "125th Street was an express station on the demolished IRT Second Avenue Line . It had three tracks and two island platforms . The next stop to the north was 129th Street for terminating trains and 133rd Street for through trains . The next stop to the south was 121st Street for local trains and 86th Street for express trains . The station closed on June 11 , 1940 ."}
{"_id": "1750_Eckert", "title": "1750 Eckert", "headings": "", "text": "1750 Eckert , provisional designation , is a stony slow rotating Hungaria asteroid and Mars-crosser from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 7 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 15 July 1950 , by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany . It was named after American astronomer Wallace Eckert ."}
{"_id": "1903–04_Michigan_State_Normal_Normalites_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1903–04 Michigan State Normal Normalites men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1903-04 team finished with a record 2-5 . It was the first year for head coach Wilbur P. Bowen . Wilbur Bowen became Eastern Michigan 's first athletic director in 1903 . The team captain was Wilbur Morris ."}
{"_id": "1962–63_2._Oberliga", "title": "1962–63 2. Oberliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 -- 63 2 . Oberliga was the fourteenth 2 . Oberliga season , the second tier of the football league system in West Germany . The league operated in three regional divisions , South , Southwest and West . In Northern Germany and West Berlin the 2 . Oberliga did not existed , local Amateurligas taking their place instead as the second tier of the league system .   It was the last season of the 2 . Oberliga as , following the 1962 -- 63 season , the Bundesliga was introduced which the best Oberliga teams qualified for while the best 2 . Oberliga teams went to the new Regionalligas , the new second tier of the league system . Those teams not qualified for the Regionalligas dropped to the third tier , the Amateurligas . The new Regionalligas covered the same regions as the previous 2 . Oberligas , the Regionalliga Süd taking over from the 2 . Oberliga Süd , the Regionalliga Südwest from the 2 . Oberliga Südwest and the Regionalliga West from the 2 . Oberliga West . In the two regions without 2 . Oberligas Regionalligas were also formed , the Regionalliga Nord and Regionalliga Berlin ."}
{"_id": "1998_Bank_of_the_West_Classic", "title": "1998 Bank of the West Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Bank of the West Classic was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Taube Tennis Center in Stanford , California in the United States that was part of Tier II of the 1998 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from July 27 through August 2 , 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1990_All-Pro_Team", "title": "1990 All-Pro Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 All-Pro Team is composed of the National Football League players that were named to the Associated Press , Newspaper Enterprise Association , Pro Football Writers Association , Pro Football Weekly , and The Sporting News All-Pro Teams in 1990 . Both first and second teams are listed for the AP and NEA teams . These are the five teams that are included in Total Football II : The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League ."}
{"_id": "1995_Australian_Open_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1995 Australian Open – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Steffi Graf was the defending champion , however , she did not defend the title and withdrew due to an injury .   Mary Pierce defeated Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 6 -- 3 6 -- 2 in the final to win the Women 's Singles title at the 1995 Australian Open .   This was notable the first Grand Slam appearance of future World No. 1 and Grand Slam champion Martina Hingis competed in the main draw ."}
{"_id": "115th_Regiment_of_Foot_(Prince_William's)", "title": "115th Regiment of Foot (Prince William's)", "headings": "", "text": "The 115th Regiment of Foot ( Prince William 's ) was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1794 to 1795 . It was raised in May 1794 , named for its colonel Prince William Frederick , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh , but was disbanded the following year ."}
{"_id": "1996_Singer_Cup", "title": "1996 Singer Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Singer Cup was a triangular cricket tournament held between 1 and 7 April 1996 in Singapore . The competition featured the national cricket teams of India , Sri Lanka and Pakistan . The tournament was won by Pakistan , which defeated Sri Lanka in the final on 7 April ."}
{"_id": "1997_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_60_metres_hurdles", "title": "1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 60 metres hurdles", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 60 metres hurdles event at the 1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on March 8 -- 9 ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Bolton_Wanderers_F.C._season", "title": "1993–94 Bolton Wanderers F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 1994 season was the 115th season in Bolton Wanderers F.C. 's existence , and their first season back in the Football League First Division for nine years following promotion from the Football League Second Division . It covers the period from 1 July 1993 to 30 June 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1979_ABN_World_Tennis_Tournament_–_Singles", "title": "1979 ABN World Tennis Tournament – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Jimmy Connors was the defending champion of the singles event at the ABN World Tennis Tournament , but did not participate in this edition . First-seeded Björn Borg won the title after a victory in the final against third-seeded John McEnroe 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 ."}
{"_id": "1985_IAAF_World_Indoor_Games_–_Men's_800_metres", "title": "1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 800 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 800 metres event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 18 and 19 January ."}
{"_id": "17_June_2008_Baghdad_bombing", "title": "17 June 2008 Baghdad bombing", "headings": "", "text": "The 17 June 2008 Baghdad bombing was a suicide car bomb attack on a bus stop in northern Baghdad , the capital city of Iraq , on 17 June 2008 , killing 51 people and wounding 75 .   The attack happened in the Shia neighbourhood of Hurriya . The explosion struck during the early evening rush hour , when the bus stop was crowded with waiting passengers ."}
{"_id": "113_and_117_Foregate_Street,_Chester", "title": "113 and 117 Foregate Street, Chester", "headings": "", "text": "113 and 117 Foregate Street consist of a pair of shops on the north side of Foregate Street , Chester , Cheshire , England . Each of the buildings is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building . The buildings flank a passage leading to the block of flats numbered 115 and known as Parker 's Buildings ; this is also a Grade II listed building ."}
{"_id": "1961_All-Ireland_Senior_Camogie_Championship", "title": "1961 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship was the high point of the 1961 season in Camogie . The championship was won by Dublin who defeated Tipperary by a ten-point margin in the final ."}
{"_id": "1977–78_Algerian_Cup", "title": "1977–78 Algerian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 -- 78 Algerian Cup is the 16th edition of the Algerian Cup . JS Kawkabi are the defending champions , having beaten NA Hussein Dey 2 -- 1 in the previous season 's final ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup", "title": "1997–98 FIS Cross-Country World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 FIS Cross-Country World Cup started in Beitostølen , Norway , on 22 November 1997 and finished at Holmenkollen , Oslo , Norway , on 14 March 1998 . Thomas Alsgaard of Norway won the overall men 's cup , and Larisa Lazutina of Russia won the women 's ."}
{"_id": "1991_World_Table_Tennis_Championships", "title": "1991 World Table Tennis Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 World Table Tennis Championships were held in Chiba from April 24 to May 6 , 1991 ."}
{"_id": "1840_in_Sweden", "title": "1840 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1840 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1968_Australian_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1968 Australian Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Roy Emerson was the defending champion but did not compete that year .   William Bowrey won in the final 7 -- 5 , 2 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 against Juan Gisbert , Sr. . ."}
{"_id": "1973_Virginia_Slims_Championships", "title": "1973 Virginia Slims Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Virginia Slims Championships were the second season-ending WTA Tour Championships , the annual tennis tournament for the best female tennis players in singles on the 1973 Virginia Slims circuit . It was held from October 15 to 23 , 1973 in Boca Raton , United States ."}
{"_id": "1955_Michigan_State_Spartans_football_team", "title": "1955 Michigan State Spartans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 Michigan State Spartans football team represented Michigan State University in the 1955 Big Ten Conference football season . In their third season in Big Ten play and their second season under head coach Duffy Daugherty , the Spartans compiled a 9 -- 1 overall record ( 5 -- 1 against Big Ten opponents ) and were ranked No. 2 behind Oklahoma in the final AP Poll .   Three Michigan State players were selected by the AP as first-team players on the 1955 All-Big Ten Conference football team : quarterback Earl Morrall , tackle Norm Masters , and guard Carl Nystrom . Halfback Jerry Planutis was selected for the second team .   The 1955 Spartans won two of their three annual rivalry games . In the annual Indiana -- Michigan State football rivalry game , the Spartans defeated the Hoosiers by a 20 -- 13 score . In the Notre Dame rivalry game , the Spartans defeated the Fighting Irish by a 21 -- 14 score . And , in the annual Michigan -- Michigan State football rivalry game , the Spartans suffered their only loss , losing to the Wolverines by a 14 -- 7 score .   In non-conference play , the Spartans also defeated Stanford , 38 -- 14 , and defeated UCLA , 17 -- 14 , in the 1956 Rose Bowl ."}
{"_id": "1999_Citrix_Tennis_Championships", "title": "1999 Citrix Tennis Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Citrix Tennis Championships was an ATP tournament held in Delray Beach , Florida , United States . The tournament was held from May 3 to May 10 ."}
{"_id": "166th_Aero_Squadron", "title": "166th Aero Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 166th Aero Squadron was a Air Service , United States Army unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.   The squadron was assigned as a Day Bombardment Squadron , performing long-range bombing attacks on roads and railroads ; destruction of materiel and massed troop formations behind enemy lines . It also performed strategic reconnaissance over enemy-controlled territory , and tactical bombing attacks on enemy forces in support of Army offensive operations .   After the 1918 Armistice with Germany , the squadron was assigned to the United States Third Army as part of the Occupation of the Rhineland in Germany . It returned to the United States in June 1919 and became part of the permanent United States Army Air Service in 1921 , being re-designated as the 49th Squadron ( Bombardment ) .   The current United States Air Force unit which holds its lineage and history is the 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron , assigned to the 53d Wing , Barksdale Air Force Base , Louisiana ."}
{"_id": "1802_in_South_Africa", "title": "1802 in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __"}
{"_id": "1989–90_Boston_Celtics_season", "title": "1989–90 Boston Celtics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 -- 90 NBA season was the 44th season for the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association . With Larry Bird returning after playing just six games in the 1988 -- 89 season , the Celtics struggled around .500 during the first month of the season , but would win 11 of their next 15 games , finishing second in the Atlantic Division with a solid 52 -- 30 record . Bird led the way averaging 24.3 points , 9.5 rebounds and 7.5 assists per game , while being selected for the 1990 NBA All-Star Game , and selected to the All-NBA Second Team . In the first round of the playoffs , the Celtics looked ready to make a serious run as they jumped out to a 2 -- 0 series lead over the 5th-seeded New York Knicks . However , they would collapse as they lost three straight games , losing 3 -- 2 to the Knicks . Following the season , Dennis Johnson retired and head coach Jim Rodgers was fired ."}
{"_id": "1910_Mercer_Baptists_football_team", "title": "1910 Mercer Baptists football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 Mercer Baptists football team represented Mercer University in the 1910 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1971_Australian_Open", "title": "1971 Australian Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Australian Open , also known under its sponsored name Dunlop Australian Open , was a tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts at the White City Stadium in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia from 7 to 14 March . The tournament was originally scheduled to be played in Melbourne but was moved to Sydney on account of a $ 125,000 sponsorship deal with Dunlop . The tournament date was moved from its regular January slot to March to accommodate scheduling requirements made by the commercial promotors World Championship Tennis and National Tennis League . It was the 59th edition of the Australian Open , the 17th and final one held in Sydney , and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year . The tournament was part of the 1971 World Championship Tennis circuit . The singles titles were won by Australians Ken Rosewall and Margaret Court . The tiebreak was introduced for all sets except the deciding set ."}
{"_id": "1897_U.S._National_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1897 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Juliette Atkinson won the singles title by defeating reigning champion Elisabeth Moore 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 in the Challenge Round of the 1897 U.S. Women 's National Singles Championship , reversing the result of the previous Championships . Atkinson had won the right to challenge Moore by defeating Edith Kenderdine 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 0 in the final of the All Comers ' competition . The event was played on outdoor grass courts and held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Wissahickon Heights , Chestnut Hill , Philadelphia from June 15 through June 19 , 1897 ."}
{"_id": "1992_European_Cup_Final", "title": "1992 European Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 European Cup Final was a football match held on 20 May 1992 at Wembley Stadium , London , between Sampdoria of Italy and Barcelona of Spain . Barcelona won the game 1 -- 0 after extra time , thanks to a Ronald Koeman free kick , to record their first triumph in the competition . It was the first to have a group stage involving the eight second-round winners split into two groups , and the winner of each one met in the final . In doing so , they became the second Spanish club to win the tournament and the 19th overall ."}
{"_id": "1654_in_Denmark", "title": "1654 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1654 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1945_in_radio", "title": "1945 in radio", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1945 in radio involved some significant events .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1932_Great_Britain_Lions_tour", "title": "1932 Great Britain Lions tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 Great Britain Lions tour was a tour by the Great Britain national rugby league team of Australia and New Zealand which took place between May and August 1932 . The tour involved a schedule of 26 games , 18 in Australia including a three-test series against Australia for the Ashes and a further 8 in New Zealand including a three-test series against New Zealand .   Captained by Welshman Jim Sullivan the Lions returned home having won 23 , lost 2 and drawn 1 of their games . They won the Ashes against Australia 2 -- 1 and made a clean sweep against New Zealand winning all three test matches .   Despite being a British team - 6 of the squad were Welsh - the team played as , and were universally referred to by both the press at home and away , as England ."}
{"_id": "1932–33_Scottish_Division_One", "title": "1932–33 Scottish Division One", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 -- 33 Scottish Division One season was won by Rangers by three points over nearest rival Motherwell . Morton and East Stirlingshire finished 19th and 20th respectively and were relegated to the 1933 -- 34 Scottish Second Division ."}
{"_id": "1960_Yorkshire_Cup", "title": "1960 Yorkshire Cup", "headings": "", "text": "1960 Yorkshire Cup   1960 was the fifty-third occasion on which the Yorkshire Cup competition had been held .   Wakefield Trinity won the trophy by beating Huddersfield by the score of 16-10  The match was played at Headingley , Leeds , now in West Yorkshire . The attendance was 17,456 and receipts were # 2,937  This was Wakefield Trinity 's first of two consecutive triumphs and the club 's third appearance out of five in a period of nine years ( which included four as cup winners and one as runner-up )"}
{"_id": "1996_Philadelphia_Wings_season", "title": "1996 Philadelphia Wings season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Philadelphia Wings season marked the team 's tenth season of operation ."}
{"_id": "1789_in_literature", "title": "1789 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1789 ."}
{"_id": "1969_Uber_Cup", "title": "1969 Uber Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Uber Cup was the fifth edition of the Uber Cup , the women 's badminton team competition . The tournament took place in the 1968-1969 badminton season , 18 countries competed . Japan won its second title in the Uber Cup , after beating the Indonesia team in the Final Round in Tokyo , Japan ."}
{"_id": "1968_in_Luxembourg", "title": "1968 in Luxembourg", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "170-176_John_Street_Building", "title": "170-176 John Street Building", "headings": "", "text": "170-176 John Street is a commercial building erected in 1840 facing Burling Slip ( now filled in ) on John Street along the East River in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan . It is one of possibly two surviving granite Greek Revival buildings in all of New York .   It was originally known as the Hickson W. Field building ; later , it was used as a ship chandlery and known as the Baker , Carver & Morrell Building . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 ."}
{"_id": "1,2-alpha-mannosidase", "title": "1,2-alpha-mannosidase", "headings": "", "text": "1,2-alpha-mannosidase may refer to :  alpha-Mannosidase , an enzyme  Mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase , an enzyme"}
{"_id": "10th_General_Assembly_of_Prince_Edward_Island", "title": "10th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island represented the colony of Prince Edward Island between November 3 , 1818 , and 1820 .   The Assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Prince Edward Island , Charles Douglass Smith . Angus McAulay was elected speaker ."}
{"_id": "1980s_in_science_and_technology", "title": "1980s in science and technology", "headings": "", "text": "This page contains the math and technological developments of the 1980s .   This article is a summary of the 1980s in science and technology ."}
{"_id": "1974_BBC2_Floodlit_Trophy", "title": "1974 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "1974 was the tenth occasion on which the BBC2 Floodlit Trophy competition had been held .  This year there was another new name on the trophy when  Salford won the trophy by beating Warrington by the score of 10-5 in a replay .  The final was played at The Willows , Salford , ( historically in the county of Lancashire ) . The attendance was 4,473 , receipts were # 1913 and the score 0-0  The replay was at Wilderspool . The attendance was 5,778 , receipts were # 2434 and the score 10-5  This was the first ( and only ) Floodlit final to require a replay after a drawn first match"}
{"_id": "1992_Manchester_bombing", "title": "1992 Manchester bombing", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Manchester bombing was an attack by the Provisional IRA in December 1992 . Two bombs exploded , wounding 65 people and damaging many buildings in the city of Manchester ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_Serie_A", "title": "1983–84 Serie A", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 -- 84 Serie A season was won by Juventus F.C. . It was a tight championship , with reigning champions AS Roma providing strong opposition to the Bianconeri , who obtained the point they needed by drawing 1-1 against Avellino on 6 May , taking the title with one match to spare ."}
{"_id": "1953_Speedway_National_League", "title": "1953 Speedway National League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 National League Division One was the eighth post-war season of the highest tier of motorcycle speedway in Great Britain . New Cross Rangers left the league . Wembley Lions won their fifth consecutive title and their eighth overall ."}
{"_id": "1898_New_Year_Honours", "title": "1898 New Year Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The New Year Honours 1898 were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by members of the British Empire . They were published on 1 January 1898 .   The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour , and arranged by honour , with classes ( Knight , Knight Grand Cross , etc. ) and then divisions ( Military , Civil , etc. ) as appropriate ."}
{"_id": "1999_Cleveland_Browns_season", "title": "1999 Cleveland Browns season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Cleveland Browns season was the Browns 51st season overall and 47th in the NFL . It marked the return of professional football to the city of Cleveland , Ohio for the first time since the 1995 season , when the franchise was deactivated following the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , which ultimately established the Baltimore Ravens ."}
{"_id": "1979_CFL_Draft", "title": "1979 CFL Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 CFL Draft composed of seven rounds where 81 Canadian football players were chosen from eligible Canadian universities and Canadian players playing in the NCAA . A total of 18 players were selected as territorial exemptions , with all nine teams making at least one selection in this stage of the draft ."}
{"_id": "1982_Cotton_Bowl_Classic", "title": "1982 Cotton Bowl Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Cotton Bowl Classic was a post-season college football game played on January 1 , 1982 . It pitted the # 6 Texas Longhorns against the # 3 Alabama Crimson Tide . Both teams entered the matchup with identical 9 -- 1 -- 1 records ."}
{"_id": "1956_Grand_National", "title": "1956 Grand National", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Grand National was the 110th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool , England , on 24 March 1956 .   It is probably best remembered for Devon Loch 's sudden and inexplicable fall on the final straight , just 40 yards from a certain victory . The incident is almost always replayed during television build-up coverage on Grand National day .   Owned by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and ridden by Dick Francis , the well-fancied Devon Loch held a five-length lead over his nearest challenger , E.S.B. , on the run-in to the finishing post , when he suddenly half-jumped into the air and landed in a bellyflop on his stomach , allowing E.S.B. to overtake and win . Although Francis tried to cajole the horse , it was unable to continue ."}
{"_id": "1977_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_Italy_and_France", "title": "1977 New Zealand rugby union tour of Italy and France", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 New Zealand rugby union tour of Italy and France was a series of nine matches played by the New Zealand national rugby union team ( the All Blacks ) in Italy and France in October and November 1977 . The All Blacks won eight of their nine games , losing only the first of the two internationals against France ."}
{"_id": "1978_NFL_season", "title": "1978 NFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 NFL season was the 59th regular season of the National Football League . The league expanded the regular season from a 14-game schedule to 16 . Furthermore , the playoff format was expanded from 8 teams to 10 teams by adding another wild card from each conference . The wild card teams played each other , with the winner advancing to the playoff round of eight teams .   The season ended with Super Bowl XIII when the Pittsburgh Steelers defeated the Dallas Cowboys at the Orange Bowl in Miami .   The average salary for a player in 1978 was under $ 62,600 , up 13.2 percent over the previous year . Fran Tarkenton was the highest-paid quarterback at $ 360,000 and running back O. J. Simpson was the highest paid player , at just under $ 733,400 ."}
{"_id": "1880_Princeton_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1880 Princeton Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1880 Princeton Tigers football team represented the College of New Jersey in the 1880 college football season . The team finished with a 4 -- 0 -- 1 record and was retroactively named co-national champion by the National Championship Foundation and Parke H. Davis . This season marked the tenth national championship in 12 years , and one of 11 in a 13-year period between 1869 and 1881 ."}
{"_id": "1795–1820_in_Western_fashion", "title": "1795–1820 in Western fashion", "headings": "", "text": "Fashion in the period 1795 -- 1820 in European and European-influenced countries saw the final triumph of undress or informal styles over the brocades , lace , periwigs and powder of the earlier 18th century . In the aftermath of the French Revolution , no one wanted to appear to be a member of the French aristocracy , and people began using clothing more as a form of individual expression of the true self than as a pure indication of social status . As a result , the shifts that occurred in fashion at the turn of the 19th century granted people the opportunity to present new public exterior identities that provided insights into their individual private selves . Katherine Aaslestad indicates how `` fashion , embodying new social values , emerged as a key site of confrontation between tradition and change . ''   For women 's dress , the day to day outfit of the skirt and jacket style were practical and tactful , recalling the working class woman . Women 's fashions followed classical ideals , and tightly laced corsets were temporarily abandoned in favor of a high-waisted , natural figure . This natural figure was emphasized by being able to see the body beneath the clothing . Visible breasts were part of this classical look , and some characterized the breasts in fashion as solely aesthetic and sexual .   In Britain , Beau Brummell introduced trousers , perfect tailoring , and unadorned , immaculate linen as the ideals of men 's fashion . In Germany , republican city-states relinquished their traditional , modest , and practical garments and started to embrace the French and English fashion trends of short-sleeved chemise dresses and Spencer jackets . American fashion trends emulated French dress , but in a toned down manner with shawls and tunics to cope with the sheerness of the chemise . However , in Spain , members of the Aristocracy , as well as citizens of the lower class , united and rebelled against French enlightenment ideals and fashion by dressing as majas and majos to contain their Spanish pride .   By the end of the eighteenth century , a major shift in fashion was taking place that extended beyond changes in mere style to changes in philosophical and social ideals . Prior to this time , the style and traditions of the `` Ancien Régime '' prevented the conceptualization of `` the self '' . Instead , one 's identity was considered malleable ; subject to change depending on what clothes one was wearing . However , by the 1780s , the new , `` natural '' style allowed one 's inner self to transcend their clothes .   During the 1790s , there was a new concept of the internal and external self . Before this time , there had only been one self , which was expressed through clothing . When going to a masquerade ball , people wore specific clothing , so they could not show their individuality though their clothing . Since , for everyday dress , most people wore similar clothing , people used accessories to show their individuality . These accessories and the detail on the clothing were more important than the shape of the dress .   Incorporated in this new `` natural '' style was the importance of ease and comfort of one 's dress . Not only was there a new emphasis on hygiene , but also clothing became much lighter and more able to be changed and washed frequently . Even upper class women began wearing cropped dresses as opposed to dresses with long trains or hoops that restricted them from leaving their homes . In a sense , women were influenced by male fashion , such as tailored waistcoats and jackets to emphasize women 's mobility . This new movement toward practicality of dress showed that dress no longer was a way to categorize between classes or genders ; dress was meant to suit one 's personal daily routine . It was also during this time period that the fashion magazine and journal industry began to take off . They were most often monthly ( often competing ) periodicals that allowed men and women to keep up with the ever-changing styles ."}
{"_id": "1927–28_League_of_Ireland", "title": "1927–28 League of Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 -- 28 League of Ireland was the seventh season of the League of Ireland and was won by Bohemians ."}
{"_id": "1996_Brickyard_400", "title": "1996 Brickyard 400", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Brickyard 400 , the 3rd running of the event , was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race held on August 3 , 1996 , at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway , Indiana . The race was the nineteenth of the 1996 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season . Jeff Gordon of Hendrick Motorsports won the pole position with a speed of 176.419 mph , while Robert Yates Racing 's Dale Jarrett won the race .   The track had been repaved , and speeds had been reported to have increased by 5 mph ."}
{"_id": "1588", "title": "1588", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __"}
{"_id": "1861_in_Ireland", "title": "1861 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1861 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_IIHF_European_Cup", "title": "1992–93 IIHF European Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992-1993 European Cup was the 28th edition of the European Cup , IIHF 's premier European club ice hockey tournament . The season started on October 9 , 1992 , and finished on December 30 , 1992 .   The tournament was won by Malmö IF , who beat Dynamo Moscow in the final ."}
{"_id": "1996_Páginas_Amarillas_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1996 Páginas Amarillas Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Jana Novotná won in the final 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 against Magdalena Maleeva ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_FIS_Ski_Jumping_World_Cup", "title": "1991–92 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991/92 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup was the 13th World Cup season in ski jumping and the 2nd official World Cup season in ski flying . It began in Thunder Bay , Canada on 1 December 1991 and finished in Planica , Slovenia on 29 March 1992 . The individual World Cup was won by Toni Nieminen and Nations Cup by Austria .   Lower competitive circuit this season included the Europa/Continental Cup ."}
{"_id": "17th_parallel_south", "title": "17th parallel south", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 17 degrees south of the Earth 's equatorial plane . It crosses the Atlantic Ocean , Africa , the Indian Ocean , Australasia , the Pacific Ocean and South America ."}
{"_id": "1999_Men's_World_Team_Squash_Championships", "title": "1999 Men's World Team Squash Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Men 's Al-Ahram World Team Squash Championships were held in Egypt and took place from September 17 until September 22 , 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1987_Dhivehi_League", "title": "1987 Dhivehi League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Dhivehi League in the 1987 season ."}
{"_id": "1955_Summer_International_University_Sports_Week", "title": "1955 Summer International University Sports Week", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 Summer International University Sports Week were organised by the International University Sports Federation ( FISU ) and held in San Sebastián , Spain . At these games a number of Athletic events were contested ."}
{"_id": "1998_Memphis_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1998 Memphis Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Memphis Tigers football team represented the University of Memphis in the 1998 NCAA Division I-A football season . Memphis competed as a member of the Conference USA . The team was led by head coach Rip Scherer , who was fired at the conclusion of the season . The Tigers played their home games at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1100s", "title": "1100s", "headings": "", "text": "1100s may refer to :  The period from 1100 to 1199 , almost synonymous with the 12th century ( 1101 -- 1200 )  The period from 1100 to 1109 , known as the 1100s decade"}
{"_id": "1916_TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_team", "title": "1916 TCU Horned Frogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1916 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University ( TCU ) in the 1916 college football season . The Horned Frogs finished the season 6 -- 2 -- 1 overall . The team was coached by Milton Daniel in his first year as head coach . The Frogs played their home games at Clark Field , which was located on campus in Fort Worth , Texas ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_Edmonton_Oilers_season", "title": "1985–86 Edmonton Oilers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 -- 86 Edmonton Oilers season was the Oilers ' seventh season in the NHL , and they were coming off back to back Stanley Cup Championships . Edmonton would win the Presidents Trophy , as they finished with 119 points , which was a league high and tied the franchise record which was set in the 1983 -- 84 season . The Oilers won the Smythe Division for the 5th consecutive season , and were heavy favourites to win their third-straight Stanley Cup . It was also the fifth consecutive season in which they scored at least 400 goals . However , the Oilers were defeated by the Calgary Flames in the second round ."}
{"_id": "1912_in_Sweden", "title": "1912 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "thumb | 200px |  thumb | right | upright | Fanny Durack and Mina Wylie , the gold and silver medallists in the first women 's individual swimming event  Events from the year 1912 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1989_European_Tour", "title": "1989 European Tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 European Tour was the 18th official season of golf tournaments known as the PGA European Tour . It marked the tour 's first visit to Asia , with the inaugural Karl Litten Desert Classic .   The Order of Merit was won by Northern Ireland 's Ronan Rafferty ."}
{"_id": "1999_State_of_Origin_series", "title": "1999 State of Origin series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 State of Origin series saw the 18th year that the annual three-game series between the Queensland and New South Wales representative rugby league football teams was contested entirely under ` state of origin ' selection rules . The series was drawn and the shield retained by the previous year 's victors , Queensland . Each team claimed victory in a game and the deciding fixture finished at 10-all . It was the first series to end in a draw .   __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1370s_in_poetry", "title": "1370s in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_Liga_Artzit", "title": "1983–84 Liga Artzit", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 -- 84 Liga Artzit season saw Hapoel Haifa win the title and promotion to Liga Leumit . Hapoel Kfar Saba and Hapoel Petah Tikva were also promoted .   Hapoel Beit She'an , Hapoel Nazareth Illit and Hapoel Beit Shemesh were all relegated to Liga Alef ."}
{"_id": "1995_AFL_draft", "title": "1995 AFL draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 AFL draft was held at the conclusion of the 1995 Australian Football League ( AFL ) season .   The AFL draft is the annual draft of new unsigned players by Australian rules football clubs that participate in the main competition of that sport , the Australian Football League .   Clubs receive picks based on the position in which they finish on the ladder during the season , although these picks can be swapped around by teams for trading players ."}
{"_id": "1967_in_Norway", "title": "1967 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1967 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "\"Civilized\"_Sexual_Morality_and_Modern_Nervous_Illness", "title": "\"Civilized\" Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness", "headings": "", "text": "`` Civilized '' Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness ( Die „ kulturelle `` Sexualmoral und die moderne Nervosität ) is an article published by Sigmund Freud in 1908 , in the journal Sexual-Probleme ( `` Sexual Problems '' ) .   Referencing Christian von Ehrenfels ' distinction between cultural and natural sexual morality , Freud explains the etiological significance of cultural sexual morality as a reason for neurosis . At the beginning , Freud states that cultural sexual mores impose constraints on the individual , which can cause damage to the person , which in turn threatens the culture as a whole . While von Ehrenfels argues primarily on the basis of Social Darwinism , saying social sexual morality may prevent male sexual selection in reproduction , Freud focuses on the consequences of socially-imposed repression of the sexual instinct as a cause of neurosis .   Culture is based on renunciation of drives . There is therefore a tension between a person 's body , which seeks fulfilment of drives , and the demands of culture to renounce desire . Those who can not conform to these requirements imposed by society are either viewed as criminals and perverts - if they can not fulfil society 's demand for renunciation - or escape into neurosis when the drives are suppressed to such an extent that neurotic substitute pleasures are developed in their stead . Neurosis is thus the negative counterpart of perversion , `` because they -LSB- neurotics -RSB- have the same appetites as the positive perverts in a ` repressed ' state . ''   Freud said that the `` perverse '' part of the sex drive is caused by a disturbance in development . The sex drive was originally meant for deriving pleasure , not only at the genitals but also at other erogenous zones ; but education has the purpose of limiting autoeroticism and directing love towards objects other than oneself , finally achieving the `` primacy of genitals put into the service of procreation '' . Thus Freud was one of the first people who said that sexuality by itself does not generate any internal conflict , and explained that the conflict arises only through interaction with the outside world , with its social norms and its expectation of repression of instincts , which leads to disease ( repression thesis ) . The suppressed perverse drives are ideally channeled through sublimation and harnessed for cultural work . The sex drive in humans is aperiodic and is divorced from reproduction . Therefore , it can be metonymically shifted and applied to other areas . Thus , culture benefits to a great extent - and is even dependent - on sexual energy that is redirected through sublimation . Therefore , Freud concluded that a complete renunciation of the sex drive is detrimental to culture . Abstinence only produces `` brave weaklings '' , but not great thinkers with bold ideas . Freud thus describes the dilemma of culture , which simultaneously calls for renunciation while still needing the sexual instinct to preserve itself . The repression model that imposes cultural sexual morality should therefore be abandoned in favor of a sublimation , displacement , and distribution model of sexual energies ."}
{"_id": ".25_Remington", "title": ".25 Remington", "headings": "", "text": "The .25 Remington ( also known as the .25 Remington Auto-Loading ) is an American rifle cartridge . A rimless , smokeless powder design , this cartridge was considered to be very accurate by period firearm experts and suitable for game up to deer and black bear .   The .25 Remington cartridge dates to 1906 and its introduction by Remington in the Model 8 rifle . Other rifles chambered for the .25 Remington include the Remington 14 slide-action , Remington 30 bolt action , Stevens 425 lever-action , and Standard Arms rifles . Due to their similar dimensions , the .25 Remington , .30 Remington , and .32 Remington together were known as the Remington Rimless cartridge series . Firearm manufacturers generally offered all three of these cartridges as chamberings in a rifle model rather than just one of the series . The series was competitive with Winchester Repeating Arms Company 's contemporary lever action offerings : .25 -35 Winchester , .30 -30 , and .32 Winchester Special .   The .25 Remington case was shortened and necked down to .22 caliber to form Lysle Kilbourn 's wildcat .22 Kilbourn Magnum Junior and the rimless version of Leslie Lindahl 's wildcat .22 Chucker .   Harvey Donaldson also used the .25 Remington case in early experiments that would eventually lead to the creation of the .219 Donaldson Wasp . Donaldson later switched his experimentation to Winchester .219 Zipper brass after the launch of that cartridge in 1937 ."}
{"_id": "1995_Football_League_Third_Division_play-off_Final", "title": "1995 Football League Third Division play-off Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Football League Third Division play-off Final was a football match played at Wembley Stadium on 27 May 1995 , to determine the third and final team to gain promotion from the Third Division to the Second Division of the Football League in the 1994 -- 95 season .   It was contested by Chesterfield , who finished third in the Third Division table , and Bury , who finished fourth . The teams reached the final by defeating Mansfield Town and Preston North End respectively in the two-legged semi-finals .   Chesterfield won the match 2 -- 0 thanks to goals from Tony Lormor and Phil Robinson to gain promotion back to the third tier of English football five seasons after being relegated . For the club 's manager , John Duncan , it was his second success with Chesterfield as a manager , having won the Fourth Division title in 1985 . His counterpart , Mike Walsh , parted company with Bury less than four months later ."}
{"_id": "1985_Women's_European_Volleyball_Championship", "title": "1985 Women's European Volleyball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Women 's European Volleyball Championship was the fourteenth edition of the event , organised by Europe 's governing volleyball body , the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball . It was hosted in several cities in the Netherlands from 29 September to 6 October 1985 , with the final round held in Arnhem ."}
{"_id": "172nd_Battalion_(Rocky_Mountain_Rangers),_CEF", "title": "172nd Battalion (Rocky Mountain Rangers), CEF", "headings": "", "text": "The 172nd ( Rocky Mountain Rangers ) Battalion , CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Kamloops , British Columbia , the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in Kamloops and district . After sailing to England in October 1916 , the battalion was absorbed into the 24th Reserve Battalion on January 1 , 1917 . The 172nd ( Rocky Mountain Rangers ) Battalion , CEF had one Officer Commanding : Lieut-Col . J. R. Vicars ."}
{"_id": "1949_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season", "title": "1949 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the inaugural F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix season . The season consisted of six Grand Prix races in five classes : 500cc , 350cc , 250cc , 125cc and Sidecars 600cc . It began on 17 June , with Isle of Man TT and ended with Nations Grand Prix on 4 September ."}
{"_id": "1969_European_Karate_Championships", "title": "1969 European Karate Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 European Karate Championships , the 4th edition , was held in the sports complex of Crystal Palace in London , England , from May 2 to 4 , 1969 ."}
{"_id": "10th_Massachusetts_Regiment", "title": "10th Massachusetts Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th Massachusetts Regiment was a military regiment in the American Revolutionary War . It was authorized on 16 September 1776 in the Continental Army under Colonel Marshall at Boston , Massachusetts as eight companies of volunteers from Worcester , Middlesex , Essex , Bristol , Hampshire , Plymouth , and Suffolk counties of the colony of Massachusetts and Cheshire county of the colony of New Hampshire . On 13 August 1777 the regiment was assigned to 3d Massachusetts Brigade in the Northern Department . The brigade was reassigned to the main Continental Army on 27 October 1777 . On 20 November 1778 the brigade was reassigned to the Highland 's Department and on 12 May 1779 was re-organized to nine companies . On 1 January 1781 the regiment was reassigned to the 1st Massachusetts Brigade of the Highland 's Department . On 18 June 1781 the regiment was reassigned to the New Hampshire Brigade . This brigade was reassigned from the Highland 's Department to the Northern Department on 14 October 1781 . The regiment was relieved from this brigade on 12 November 1781 and assigned to the Highland 's Department . On 29 August 1782 the regiment was assigned to the New Hampshire Brigade in the Northern Department . It was relieved from this brigade on 26 October 1782 and assigned to the Highland 's Department . The regiment was disbanded on 15 November 1783 at West Point , New York . The regiment would see action at the Battle of Saratoga and the Battle of Monmouth .   Colonel Thomas Marshall was commanding officer of the 10th Massachusetts Regiment from 6 November 1776 until 1 January 1781 . Colonel Benjamin Tupper was commanding officer from 1 January 1781 until 1 January 1783 ."}
{"_id": "1982–83_Tercera_División", "title": "1982–83 Tercera División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 -- 83 Tercera División season was the 6th season since establishment as the 4th tier ."}
{"_id": "101st_Logistic_Brigade", "title": "101st Logistic Brigade", "headings": "", "text": "101 Logistic Brigade came into being during 1999 and is subordinate to HQ Force Troops Command . It was formerly known as the Combat Services Support Group ( UK ) ( CSSG ( UK ) ) . Under the Army 2020 plan , it has shifted under 3rd Division ( United Kingdom ) ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_Iraq_FA_Premier_League", "title": "1965–66 Iraq FA Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 -- 66 Iraq FA Premier League was the 11th season of what is now known as the League of the Institutes ( the top division of Iraqi football from 1948 to 1974 ) , and the first under the name of Premier League ; it was open to teams from Baghdad . It kicked off on 15 October 1965 and ended on 2 June 1966 . This was the first season in the history of Iraqi football that featured a double round-robin format where each team played all the other teams in the league twice , once home and once away . Al-Firqa Al-Thalatha won their first league title , which was also the first title in the history of the Army clubs that were merged to form Al-Jaish in 1974 . Al-Firqa Al-Thalatha also beat runners-up Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya 1 -- 0 in the one-match Al-Muthabara Cup ."}
{"_id": "1996_Canadian_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1996 Canadian Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Canadian Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition held by Skate Canada , the nation 's figure skating governing body . Skaters compete at the senior , junior , and novice levels in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing . There was also a senior fours competition . The top finishers are named to Canada 's world team , which competes at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships , the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships , and the World Figure Skating Championships . The competition took place from February 7 to 11 in Ottawa , Ontario ."}
{"_id": "1941_National_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1941 National Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 National Challenge Cup was the 28th edition of the United States Football Association 's annual open cup . Today , the tournament is known as the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup . Teams from the American Soccer League II competed in the tournament , based on qualification methods in their base region .   Pawtucket F.C. from Pawtucket , Rhode Island won the tournament for first time defeating , Detroit Chrysler of Detroit , Michigan in the process ."}
{"_id": "1975–76_French_Division_1", "title": "1975–76 French Division 1", "headings": "", "text": "AS Saint-Etienne won Division 1 season 1975/1976 of the French Association Football League with 57 points ."}
{"_id": "1934_in_Norway", "title": "1934 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1934 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1914_SAFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1914 SAFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1914 SAFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football competition . Port Adelaide beat North Adelaide by 93 to 14 ."}
{"_id": "1963_in_South_Vietnam", "title": "1963 in South Vietnam", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1963 in South Vietnam ."}
{"_id": "1987_New_England_Patriots_season", "title": "1987 New England Patriots season", "headings": "", "text": "The New England Patriots finished the National Football League 's strike-shortened 1987 season with a record of eight wins and seven losses , and finished tied for second in the AFC East Division ."}
{"_id": "1785_in_France", "title": "1785 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1785 in France ."}
{"_id": "1960_Buffalo_Bills_season", "title": "1960 Buffalo Bills season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 Buffalo Bills season was the team 's first season in the American Football League ( AFL ) . Home games were played at War Memorial Stadium in Buffalo , New York . Head Coach Buster Ramsey 's Bills compiled a 5 -- 8 -- 1 record , placing them third in the AFL Eastern Division .   Unlike most of the offensive-minded AFL , the Bills focused on defense , allowing the third-fewest points in the league ( 303 ) . Their defensive line boasted Laverne Torczon and Chuck McMurtry ( both of whom were 1st Team All-AFL in 1960 ) , as well as a mobile , hard-hitting middle linebacker in Archie Matsos , who was AFL All-Star in each of the three seasons he spent in Buffalo . The Bills ' defense led the league in fewest passing yards allowed ( 2,130 ) and most passes intercepted ( 33 ) , with NFL veterans Richie McCabe and Jim Wagstaff in their secondary .   The Bills ' offense , however , was not as competent . The 1960 Bills had the worst passing attack in the AFL , throwing for 2,346 yards . Former Cleveland Browns quarterback Tommy O'Connell started the season 1 -- 3 before being replaced by Johnny Green . Green would go 3 -- 3 as a starter , despite only completing 39 % of his passes .  Richie Lucas , the Bills ' first ever draft pick , was a bust , both at quarterback and at halfback , throwing only 49 passes all season .   The Bills did show glimmers of hope on offense , however , by showcasing running back Wray Carlton and flanker Elbert `` Golden Wheels '' Dubenion , who would later go on to be AFL All-Stars for the Bills in the mid-1960s ."}
{"_id": "1_Anti-Aircraft_Corps_(United_Kingdom)", "title": "1 Anti-Aircraft Corps (United Kingdom)", "headings": "", "text": "1 Anti-Aircraft Corps ( 1 AA Corps ) was a high-level formation of Britain 's Anti-Aircraft Command from 1940 to 1942 . It defended Southern England and Wales during the Blitz and the middle years of World War II ."}
{"_id": "1250_in_poetry", "title": "1250 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1992–93_Olympique_de_Marseille_season", "title": "1992–93 Olympique de Marseille season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1992 -- 93 French football season , Olympique de Marseille competed in French Division 1 ."}
{"_id": "1929_Major_League_Baseball_season", "title": "1929 Major League Baseball season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 Major League Baseball season ."}
{"_id": "1731", "title": "1731", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1920_Big_Ten_Conference_Men's_Golf_Championship", "title": "1920 Big Ten Conference Men's Golf Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 Big Ten Conference Men 's Golf Championship was held October 22 -- 23 , 1920 at the Olympia Fields Country Club in Olympia Fields , Illinois . The team champion was Drake with a match play score of 28 down ."}
{"_id": "1987_Meath_Intermediate_Football_Championship", "title": "1987 Meath Intermediate Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Meath Intermediate Football Championship is the 61st edition of the Meath GAA 's premier club Gaelic football tournament for intermediate graded teams in County Meath , Ireland . The tournament consists of 19 teams . The championship starts with a group stage and then progresses to a knock out stage .   This was Bellewstown 's first ever year the grade as they were promoted from the J.F.C. after claiming the 1986 Meath Junior Football Championship title , beating Simonstown Gaels in the final .   Ballivor were relegated from the S.F.C. last year , and returned to the middle grade after a 5-year absence .   On 18 October 1987 , Oldcastle claimed their 1st Intermediate championship title when they defeated Dunderry 5-6 to 3-4 in the final at Kells ."}
{"_id": "1993_Japanese_Touring_Car_Championship", "title": "1993 Japanese Touring Car Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Japanese Touring Car Championship season was the 9th edition of the series and the last to be run under Group A regulations . It began at Mine Central Circuit on 14 March and finished after nine events at Fuji Speedway on 31 October . The championship was won by Masahiko Kageyama , driving for Team Impul ."}
{"_id": "1894", "title": "1894", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1967_Blue_Swords", "title": "1967 Blue Swords", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Blue Swords ( Pokal der Blauen Schwerter ) was an international senior-level figure skating competition organized in Karl-Marx-Stadt , East Germany . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating and ice dancing . East Germany 's Günter Zöller outscored the Soviet Union 's Vladimir Kurenbin for gold in the man 's category . East Germans swept the ladies ' podium , led by Beate Richter , who won her first gold medal at the event after three previous podium results . Soviet ice dancers Lyudmila Pakhomova / Aleksandr Gorshkov defeated the defending champions , Annerose Baier / Eberhard Rüger of East Germany , who had beaten them a year earlier ."}
{"_id": "1954–55_Syracuse_Nationals_season", "title": "1954–55 Syracuse Nationals season", "headings": "", "text": "With the NBA struggling financially and down to just 8 teams , Nationals owner Danny Biasone suggested that the league limit the amount of time taken for a shot . Biasone was upset with the stalling tactics of opposing teams . During the summer of 1954 , Biasone had gotten together some of his pros and a group of high school players and timed them with a stopwatch . Most shots were taken within 12 seconds , Biasone discovered . Biasone calculated that a 24-second shot clock would allow at least 30 shots per quarter and assist in increasing scoring . The result would speed up a game that often ended with long periods of teams just holding the ball . Quickness and athletic ability became prized as they never had been before . Excessive fouling did n't disappear completely , but just about everyone concluded that the clock was good for the game . The shot clock was a success with the result that scoring was up 14 points per game league wide . In the first season of the shot clock , the Nats would take first place in the Eastern Division with a 43 -- 29 record ."}
{"_id": "1983_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Soccer_Championship", "title": "1983 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Championship was the 24th organized men 's college soccer tournament by the National Collegiate Athletic Association , to determine the top college soccer team in the United States . The Indiana Hoosiers won their second consecutive national title by defeating the Columbia Lions in the championship game , 1-0 , after one overtime period . The final match was played on December 10 , 1983 , in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , at Lockhart Stadium for the second straight year ."}
{"_id": "1754_in_Russia", "title": "1754 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1754 in Russia"}
{"_id": "107_Piscium", "title": "107 Piscium", "headings": "", "text": "107 Piscium ( abbreviated 107 Psc ) is a K-type main sequence star in the constellation of Pisces , about 24.4 light years away from the Earth . 107 Piscium is the Flamsteed designation . It has an apparent visual magnitude which varies between 5.14 and 5.26 ."}
{"_id": "1573_in_India", "title": "1573 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1573 in India ."}
{"_id": "1998_in_Luxembourg", "title": "1998 in Luxembourg", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1974_Ice_Hockey_World_Championships", "title": "1974 Ice Hockey World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Ice Hockey World Championships were the 41st Ice Hockey World Championships and the 52nd European Championships in ice hockey . The tournament took place in Finland from 5 April to 20 April and the games were played in the capital , Helsinki . Six teams took part in the main tournament , all playing each other twice . The Soviet Union won the world championships for the 13th time , and also won their 16th European title . For the first time in ice hockey World Championship history , two players were suspended for doping . They were the Swede Ulf Nilsson and the Finn Stig Wetzell who tested positive for the forbidden substance ephedrine . Both players were suspended for the rest of the tournament . Nilsson tested positive after Sweden 's game against Poland , which Sweden won 4-1 . The game was awarded to Poland as a 5-0 walkover . The Finn , Wetzell , tested positive after Finland 's match against Czechoslovakia , which Finland won 5-2 , which was also awarded to Czechoslovakia as a 5-0 walkover . The Finns were able to defeat the Czechs again on the last day , which would have earned them their first medal in history , if not for the positive drug test ."}
{"_id": "1972_Eastern_Michigan_Hurons_football_team", "title": "1972 Eastern Michigan Hurons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Eastern Michigan Hurons football team represented Eastern Michigan University as an independent during the 1972 college football season . In their sixth season under head coach Dan Boisture , the Hurons compiled a 6 -- 4 record and outscored their opponents , 202 to 162 . The team opened the season losing three of its first four games but ended the season with a 5 -- 1 record in the final six games , including a 28 -- 3 victory over Central Michigan ."}
{"_id": "1940_VFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1940 VFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Melbourne Football Club and Richmond Football Club , held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 28 September 1940 . It was the 44th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League , staged to determine the premiers for the 1940 VFL season . The match , attended by 70,330 spectators , was won by Melbourne by a margin of 39 points , marking that club 's fourth premiership victory .   This was Melbourne 's second successive premiership , having defeated Collingwood in the 1939 VFL Grand Final ."}
{"_id": "1990_in_British_music", "title": "1990 in British music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a summary of 1990 in music in the United Kingdom , including the official charts from that year ."}
{"_id": "1975_in_Rhodesia", "title": "1975 in Rhodesia", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1975 in the Republic of Rhodesia ."}
{"_id": "1959_Bowling_Green_Falcons_football_team", "title": "1959 Bowling Green Falcons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green State University in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1959 college football season . In their fifth season under head coach Doyt Perry , the Falcons compiled a perfect 9 -- 0 record ( 6 -- 0 against MAC opponents ) , won the MAC championship , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 274 to 83 . The team was voted by the United Press International Board of Coaches as the 1959 national small college champion . The team was inducted as a group into the Bowling Green Hall of Fame in 2013 .   The team 's statistical leaders were Bob Colburn with 788 passing yards , Chuck Comer with 361 rushing yards , and Bernie Casey with 264 receiving yards . Colburn and tackle Bob Zimpfer were selected by the UPI as first-team All-Ohio players . Colburn received the team 's Most Valuable Player award . Jack Harbaugh , who later gained fame as a football coach , set a school record with three interceptions in a 1959 game against Delaware ."}
{"_id": "1999_Bangabandhu_Cup", "title": "1999 Bangabandhu Cup", "headings": "", "text": "1999 Bangabandhu Cup was the second season of the Bangabandhu Cup , after the first edition was held in 1996-7 . The second edition ran from 27 August 1999 to 7 September 1999 . The first game was a Group D encounter between Japan League XI and Indonesian Football Club Semen Padang . Japan League XI went on to win the cup after defeating Ghana Olympic team 3-2 in the finals .   Bangabandhu Cup was discontinued since the 1999 edition due to ever-changing political scenario of the country coinciding with the receding popularity of the football in Bangladesh . Bangabandhu Gold Cup was relaunched again in 2015 . The third edition is set to start from 29 January 2015 ."}
{"_id": "1904_Washington_Senators_season", "title": "1904 Washington Senators season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 Washington Senators won 38 games , lost 113 , and finished in eighth place in the American League . They were managed by Malachi Kittridge and Patsy Donovan and played home games at National Park ."}
{"_id": "1959_Indiana_Hoosiers_football_team", "title": "1959 Indiana Hoosiers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented the Indiana Hoosiers in the 1959 Big Ten Conference football season . They participated as members of the Big Ten Conference . The Hoosiers played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington , Indiana . The team was coached by Phil Dickens , in his second year as head coach of the Hoosiers ."}
{"_id": "1976_Taxi_Aereo_el_Venado_Douglas_DC-4_accident", "title": "1976 Taxi Aereo el Venado Douglas DC-4 accident", "headings": "", "text": "The Taxi Aereo el Venado Douglas DC-4 accident occurred on 15 January 1976 when DC-4 HK-127 , crashed 50 km from Bogota when it hit a mountain and was destroyed killing all 13 on board ."}
{"_id": "19th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)", "title": "19th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th Infantry Division was a formation of the German Wehrmacht during World War II ."}
{"_id": "1912_in_film", "title": "1912 in film", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1912 in film involved some significant events .   __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1993–94_Manchester_City_F.C._season", "title": "1993–94 Manchester City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 season was Manchester City 's fifth consecutive season in the top tier of English football , and their second in the Premier League ."}
{"_id": "1932–33_FC_Basel_season", "title": "1932–33 FC Basel season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 -- 33 season was the Fussball Club Basel 1893 's 40th season in their existence and their 33rd consecutive season in the top flight of Swiss football . They played their home games in the Landhof , in the Quarter Kleinbasel ."}
{"_id": "1911_SAFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1911 SAFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 SAFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football competition . West Adelaide beat Port Adelaide by 51 to 46 ."}
{"_id": "1931_European_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1931 European Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 European Figure Skating Championships were the European Figure Skating Championships of the 1930-1931 season . Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU Member Nations competed for the title of European Champion . Skaters competed in the disciplines of ladies ' singles , men 's singles , and pair skating .   In 1931 , the European Championships were held in Vienna , Austria ."}
{"_id": "1998_Vail_arson_attacks", "title": "1998 Vail arson attacks", "headings": "", "text": "On the morning of October 19 , 1998 a group of people part of the Earth Liberation Front set fires to several lifts and buildings at Vail Ski Resort . This was one of the worst ecoterrorism attacks in the history of the United States , causing $ 12 million in damages , which caught the attention of the nation . The fires were set at Two Elk Lodge , and destroyed multiple buildings on Vail Mountain , including Two Elk Restaurant . In 2006 , Chelsea Dawn Gerlach and Stanislas Gregory Meyerhoff both pleaded guilty to the attacks . Only Josephine Sunshine Overaker still remains at large ."}
{"_id": ".17_Winchester_Super_Magnum", "title": ".17 Winchester Super Magnum", "headings": "", "text": ".17 Winchester Super Magnum , is a rimfire rifle cartridge developed by the ammunition company Winchester in 2012 . It descended from the .27 caliber nail gun blank by necking down the blank case to take a .17 caliber ( 4.5 mm ) bullet . Initial loadings were with a 20 grain bullet , delivering muzzle velocities around 3000 ft/s ."}
{"_id": "1915–16_Sheffield_United_F.C._season", "title": "1915–16 Sheffield United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915-16 season was the 27th season in existence for Sheffield United . Following the outbreak of World War I the English Football League and cup competitions were suspended , instead the team played in two regional competitions competing in the Midland section . With players away on active service or engaged in the war effort the first team squad was augmented by a series of guest players . These players were usually local born footballers who were home on leave from the army or had returned to the city to take up their former professions . Some were former Blades players whilst others would go on to sign for the club after the end of the war .   At this time the club did not employ a manager , with the team being selected by the Football Committee although the club secretary , John Nicholson , undertook many of the duties now associated with a team manager ."}
{"_id": "1880s_in_Zimbabwe", "title": "1880s in Zimbabwe", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1929–30_Real_Madrid_C.F._season", "title": "1929–30 Real Madrid C.F. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929-30 was the 24th season in Real Madrid C.F. 's existence , and was their 2nd year in the Primera División , and covers the period from 1929-07-01 to 1930-06-30 ."}
{"_id": "1965_CFL_season", "title": "1965 CFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Canadian Football League season is considered to be the 12th season in modern-day Canadian football , although it is officially the eighth Canadian Football League season ."}
{"_id": "\"In\"_Jazz_for_the_Culture_Set", "title": "\"In\" Jazz for the Culture Set", "headings": "", "text": "`` In '' Jazz for the Culture Set is the debut album led by the American jazz drummer Dannie Richmond recorded in 1965 and released on the Impulse ! label ."}
{"_id": "1999_in_Swedish_football", "title": "1999 in Swedish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 season in Swedish football , starting January 1999 and ending December 1999 :"}
{"_id": "1979–80_UC_Irvine_Anteaters_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1979–80 UC Irvine Anteaters men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 -- 80 UC Irvine Anteaters men 's basketball team represented the University of California , Irvine during the 1979 -- 80 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The Anteaters were led by eleventh year head coach Tim Taft and played their home games at the Bren Events Center . They were members of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association . They finished the season 4 -- 18 and 1 -- 13 in PCAA play ."}
{"_id": "1992_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_qualifying", "title": "1992 UEFA European Under-18 Championship qualifying", "headings": "", "text": "This article features the 1992 UEFA European Under-18 Championship qualifying stage . Matches were played 1990 through 1992 . Eight group winners qualified for the main tournament in Germany ."}
{"_id": "1804_Haiti_massacre", "title": "1804 Haiti massacre", "headings": "", "text": "The 1804 Haiti massacre was carried out against the remaining white population of native French people and French Creoles ( or Franco-Haitians ) in Haiti by Haitian soldiers under orders from Jean-Jacques Dessalines , who had decreed that all suspected of conspiring in the acts of the expelled army should be put to death . Throughout the nineteenth century , these events were well known in the United States , where they were called `` the horrors of St. Domingo '' and they polarized Southern public opinion on the question of the abolition of slavery .   The massacre , which took place throughout Haiti , occurred from early February 1804 until 22 April 1804 and resulted in the deaths of 3,000 to 5,000 men , women , and children .   Squads of soldiers moved from house to house , torturing and killing entire families . Even whites who had been friendly and sympathetic to the black population were imprisoned and later killed . A second wave of massacres targeted white women and children ."}
{"_id": "1781_in_music", "title": "1781 in music", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1993–94_Romanian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1993–94 Romanian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 Romanian Hockey League season was the 64th season of the Romanian Hockey League . Five teams participated in the league , and Steaua Bucuresti won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1769_in_Norway", "title": "1769 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1769 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1919_Washington_Senators_season", "title": "1919 Washington Senators season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 Washington Senators won 56 games , lost 84 , and finished in seventh place in the American League . They were managed by Clark Griffith and played home games at National Park ."}
{"_id": "1998_WTA_German_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1998 WTA German Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Lindsay Davenport and Jana Novotná were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year , Davenport with Natasha Zvereva and Novotná with Chanda Rubin .   Novotná and Rubin lost in the quarterfinals to Lisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs .   Davenport and Zvereva won in the final 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 against Alexandra Fusai and Nathalie Tauziat ."}
{"_id": "1985_RTHK_Top_10_Gold_Songs_Awards", "title": "1985 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards ( Chinese : 1985年度十大中文金曲得獎 ) was held in 1985 for the 1984 music season . This is the first ceremony to offer the `` Golden Needle Award '' ."}
{"_id": "1590_in_art", "title": "1590 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "15th_Brigade", "title": "15th Brigade", "headings": "", "text": "15th Brigade or 15th Infantry Brigade may refer to :"}
{"_id": "1975_Custom_Credit_Indoor_Tennis_Tournament_–_Doubles", "title": "1975 Custom Credit Indoor Tennis Tournament – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Ross Case and Geoff Masters were the defending champions but lost in the final -LSB- 8 -- 6 -RSB- to Brian Gottfried and Raúl Ramírez ."}
{"_id": "1965_Long_Beach_State_49ers_football_team", "title": "1965 Long Beach State 49ers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Long Beach State 49ers football team represented California State College , Long BeachCalifornia State University , Long Beach was officially known as California State College , Long Beach , from 1964 -- 1971 . In common usage it is also sometimes known as Long Beach State . See : Cal State Long Beach during the 1965 College Division football season . The 49ers competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) .   The team was led by head coach Don Reed , in his eighth year , and they played home games at Veterans Stadium adjacent to the campus of Long Beach City College in Long Beach , California . They finished the season with a record of nine wins and one loss ( 9 -- 1 , 4 -- 1 CCAA ) . The 49ers were ranked in the AP small college football poll after their upset of then No. 3-ranked San Diego State . They were ranked as high as No. 5 , but finished No. 9 after their loss to No. 3 Los Angeles State ."}
{"_id": "1947_Gisborne_earthquakes_and_tsunami", "title": "1947 Gisborne earthquakes and tsunami", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Gisborne earthquakes and tsunami occurred east of Gisborne , offshore New Zealand 's North Island . Both earthquakes are estimated to have measured at most 7.1 on the moment magnitude scale . The first earthquake , which struck offshore Poverty Bay on 26 March is estimated to have been between 7 -- 7.1 Mw , and generated a tsunami with a maximum measured run up height of 10 metres . The tsunami caused widespread damage along the north-east coast of the North Island , but was not observed outside of New Zealand . Seven weeks later , a second earthquake struck offshore Tolaga Bay on 17 May , and was estimated to have been between 6.9 -- 7.1 Mw . It also generated a tsunami , with a maximum measured run up height of 6 metres . Despite occurring at low tide and being less powerful the second time around , the tsunami caused small amounts of damage along the east coast and is noted for washing away construction materials ironically being used to repair damage from the previous tsunami .  No one died in either of the 1947 tsunamis , but the toll could have been high had they struck during summer holidays , when the beaches are crowded ."}
{"_id": "1991_Prix_de_l'Arc_de_Triomphe", "title": "1991 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe was a horse race held at Longchamp on Sunday 6 October 1991 . It was the 70th running of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe .   The winner was Suave Dancer , a three-year-old colt trained in France by John Hammond . The winning jockey was Cash Asmussen ."}
{"_id": "1993_Liberty_Bowl", "title": "1993 Liberty Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Liberty Bowl was a college football bowl game played at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis , Tennessee on December 28 , 1993 as part of the 1993 -- 94 bowl season . The Louisville Cardinals accepted their invitation after their victory over the Navy Midshipmen . The Michigan State Spartans of the Big Ten Conference also accepted their invitation . The Louisville Cardinals defeated the Michigan State Spartans by a score of 18 -- 7 ."}
{"_id": "1798_in_Ireland", "title": "1798 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1798 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1986_Bavarian_Tennis_Championships", "title": "1986 Bavarian Tennis Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Bavarian Tennis Championships was a Grand Prix Tennis Circuit held in Munich , Germany . The tournament was held from 5 May through 12 May 1986 . It is now part of the ATP Tour ."}
{"_id": "1982_Tour_of_Flanders", "title": "1982 Tour of Flanders", "headings": "", "text": "The 66th running of the Tour of Flanders cycling classic was held on Sunday , 4 April 1982 . Belgian rider René Martens claimed a surprise victory after breaking away solo on the Muur van Geraardsbergen . Eddy Planckaert won the sprint for second at 20 seconds , ahead of Rudy Pevenage . It was by and large Martens ' biggest career victory . 51 of 212 riders finished ."}
{"_id": "1978_Virginia_Slims_of_Washington", "title": "1978 Virginia Slims of Washington", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Virginia Slims of Washington was a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the GWU Smith Center & Capital Center in Washington D.C. , District of Columbia in the United States that was part of the 1978 Virginia Slims World Championship Series . It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from January 2 through January 8 , 1978 . First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title and earned $ 20,000 first-prize money ."}
{"_id": "1927_Women's_British_Open_Squash_Championship", "title": "1927 Women's British Open Squash Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Ladies Open Championships was held at the Queen 's Club , West Kensington in London from 28 November - 4 December 1926 . Cecily Fenwick won her second successive title defeating Nancy Cave in a repeat of the 1926 final . This championship was held during 1926 but in the 1926/27 season so is attributed as being the 1927 event . Joyce Cave was still unable to compete due to a wrist injury ."}
{"_id": "1997_Argentine_Grand_Prix", "title": "1997 Argentine Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Argentine Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez in Buenos Aires , Argentina on 13 April 1997 . It was the third race of the 1997 Formula One season and the 600th World Championship event . The 72-lap race was won by Williams driver Jacques Villeneuve after he started from pole position . Eddie Irvine finished second for the Ferrari team and Jordan driver Ralf Schumacher came in third ."}
{"_id": "143_Records", "title": "143 Records", "headings": "", "text": "143 Records is the record label of producer David Foster . 143 is a sub-label of Warner Bros. . Records . The numbers 1-4-3 are derived from the words `` I love you . ''"}
{"_id": "1966–67_DDR-Oberliga_(ice_hockey)_season", "title": "1966–67 DDR-Oberliga (ice hockey) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966-67 DDR-Oberliga season was the 19th season of the DDR-Oberliga , the top level of ice hockey in East Germany . Eight teams participated in the league . SG Dynamo Weißwasser and SC Dynamo Berlin won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_OHL_season", "title": "1992–93 OHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 OHL season was the 13th season of the Ontario Hockey League . Sixteen teams each played 66 games . The Peterborough Petes won the J. Ross Robertson Cup , defeating the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds . The Cornwall Royals become the Newmarket Royals . The Detroit Compuware Ambassadors are renamed the Detroit Junior Red Wings ."}
{"_id": "1580s_in_England", "title": "1580s in England", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the 1580s in England ."}
{"_id": "1978_Topps", "title": "1978 Topps", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list with brief descriptions of Topps sports card products for 1978 ."}
{"_id": "1975–76_Houston_Aeros_season", "title": "1975–76 Houston Aeros season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 -- 76 Houston Aeros season was the Aeros ' fourth season of operation in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . The Aeros again qualified first for the playoffs and made it to the Avco Cup Final but lost the championship to the Winnipeg Jets . This was the first season that the Aeros played in the Summit after three seasons at Sam Houston Coliseum ."}
{"_id": "1927_Providence_Steam_Roller_season", "title": "1927 Providence Steam Roller season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Providence Steam Roller season was their third in the league . The team improved on their previous season 's output of 5 -- 7 -- 1 , winning eight games . They finished fifth in the league ."}
{"_id": "(R)-limonene_synthase", "title": "(R)-limonene synthase", "headings": "", "text": "In enzymology , a ( R ) - limonene synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   geranyl diphosphate - ( 4R ) - limonene + diphosphate   Hence , this enzyme has one substrate , geranyl diphosphate , and two products , - ( 4R ) - limonene and diphosphate .   This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases , specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates . The systematic name of this enzyme class is geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase -LSB- cyclizing , - ( 4R ) - limonene-forming -RSB- . Other names in common use include - limonene synthase , and geranyldiphosphate diphosphate lyase -LSB- - ( R ) - limonene-forming -RSB- . This enzyme participates in monoterpenoid biosynthesis ."}
{"_id": "1894_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Ladies'_Singles", "title": "1894 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Blanche Hillyard ( née Bingley ) defeated Edith Austin 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 in the All Comers ' Final , and then defeated the reigning champion Lottie Dod by a walkover in the Challenge Round to win the Ladies ' Singles tennis title at the 1894 Wimbledon Championships ."}
{"_id": "1969_in_Somalia", "title": "1969 in Somalia", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1969 in Somalia ."}
{"_id": "1977–78_Liga_Gimel", "title": "1977–78 Liga Gimel", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 -- 78 Liga Gimel season saw 108 clubs competing in 8 regional divisions for promotion to Liga Bet .   Hapoel Afula , Maccabi Shefa - ` Amr , Hapoel Ein Mahil , Maccabi Or Akiva , Hapoel Tira , Hapoel Azor , Maccabi Shikun HaMizrah and Maccabi Be'er Sheva won their regional divisions and promoted to Liga Bet .   Maccabi Acre , Hapoel Daliyat al-Karmel , Maccabi Bat Yam and Hapoel Bnei Lakhish were also promoted , as both Liga Leumit and Liga Artzit expanded from 14 to 16 clubs each ."}
{"_id": "1947_Swedish_Ice_Hockey_Championship", "title": "1947 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship was the 25th season of the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship , the national championship of Sweden . AIK won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1936_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season", "title": "1936 Pittsburgh Pirates season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 55th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise ; the 50th in the National League . The Pirates finished fourth in the league standings with a record of 84 -- 70 ."}
{"_id": "1992_USAC_FF2000_Western_Division_Championship", "title": "1992 USAC FF2000 Western Division Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 USAC FF2000 Western Division Championship was the third season of the series . It was the first season since the east/west split of the series by the United States Auto Club . Greg Moore won the series championship for Team Viper in a Swift DB-6"}
{"_id": "1934–35_Prima_Divisione", "title": "1934–35 Prima Divisione", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 -- 35 Prima Divisione was the third level league of the 35th Italian football championship .   In 1928 , FIGC had decided a reform of the league structure of Italian football . The top-level league was the National Division , composed by the two divisions of Serie A and Serie B. Under them , there were the local championship , the major one being the First Division , that in 1935 will take the name of Serie C . In order to allow the new league structure for 1935-36 season , the winners of the eight groups of First Division would be admitted to the final rounds , where two tickets of promotion to Serie B were available , while the last eight clubs of each group had to be relegated to the Regional Leagues ."}
{"_id": "1992_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_long_jump", "title": "1992 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's long jump", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's long jump event at the 1992 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held in Palasport di Genova on 29 February ."}
{"_id": "1944_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1944 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1935_Yorkshire_Cup", "title": "1935 Yorkshire Cup", "headings": "", "text": "1935 Yorkshire Cup   The Yorkshire Cup competition was a knock-out competition between ( mainly professional ) rugby league clubs from the county of Yorkshire . The actual area was at times increased to encompass other teams from outside the county such as Newcastle , Mansfield , Coventry , and ( as applying for this season ) even London ( in the form of Acton & Willesden . The competition always took place early in the season , in the Autumn , with the final taking place in ( or just before ) December ( The only exception to this was when disruption of the fixture list was caused during , and immediately after , the two World Wars )  1935 was the twenty-eighth occasion on which the Yorkshire Cup competition had been held .   Leeds won the trophy by beating York by the score of 3-0  The match was played at Thrum Hall , Halifax , now in West Yorkshire . The attendance was 14,616 and receipts were # 1,113  This was Leeds ' fifth of six victories in a period of ten years , during which time they won every Yorkshire Cup final in which they appeared . Also the second of two consecutive victories which they would enjoy ."}
{"_id": "1999_Clásico_RCN", "title": "1999 Clásico RCN", "headings": "", "text": "The 39th edition of the annual Clásico RCN was held from August 13 to August 22 , 1999 , in Colombia . The stage race with an UCI rate of 2.4 started in Villa de Leyva and finished in Medellín ."}
{"_id": "1992_European_Acrobatics_Championships", "title": "1992 European Acrobatics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th European Acrobatics Championships was held in Rennes , France 25 -- 28 November 1992 ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Nationalliga_A", "title": "1995–96 Nationalliga A", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swiss National League A in the 1995 -- 96 football season ."}
{"_id": "111th_Street_(IND_Fulton_Street_Line)", "title": "111th Street (IND Fulton Street Line)", "headings": "", "text": "111th Street is a station on the IND Fulton Street Line of the New York City Subway , located on Liberty Avenue at 111th Street in Richmond Hill , Queens . The station is served by the A train at all times ."}
{"_id": "1955_NCAA_football_rankings", "title": "1955 NCAA football rankings", "headings": "", "text": "Two human polls comprised the 1955 National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) football rankings . Unlike most sports , college football 's governing body , the NCAA , does not bestow a national championship , instead that title is bestowed by one or more different polling agencies . There are two main weekly polls that begin in the preseason -- the AP Poll and the Coaches ' Poll ."}
{"_id": "1964_Copa_del_Generalísimo_Juvenil", "title": "1964 Copa del Generalísimo Juvenil", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Copa del Generalísimo Juvenil was the 14th staging of the youth football tournament . The competition began on May 24 , 1964 , and ended on July 7 , 1964 , with the final ."}
{"_id": "1999_French_Open_–_Men's_Singles_Qualifying", "title": "1999 French Open – Men's Singles Qualifying", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1881_Columbia_Lions_football_team", "title": "1881 Columbia Lions football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1881 Columbia Lions football team represented Columbia University in the 1881 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1999_WTA_Madrid_Open", "title": "1999 WTA Madrid Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 WTA Madrid Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Madrid , Spain that was part of Tier III of the 1999 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from May 17 through May 23 , 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1936_Australian_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1936 Australian Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Joan Hartigan defeated Nancye Wynne 6-4 , 6-4 in the final to win the Women 's Singles title at the 1936 Australian Championships ."}
{"_id": "1930_County_Championship", "title": "1930 County Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 County Championship was the 37th officially organised running of the County Championship . Lancashire County Cricket Club won the championship title for the sixth time ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Cardiff_City_F.C._season", "title": "1997–98 Cardiff City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 season was Cardiff City F.C. 's 71st season in the Football League . They competed in the 24-team Division Three , then the fourth tier of English football , finishing twenty-first .   The season also saw the launch of the FAW Premier Cup with Cardiff reaching the final before losing 2-1 to Wrexham ."}
{"_id": "1859_in_Denmark", "title": "1859 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1859 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1934_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_pole_vault", "title": "1934 European Athletics Championships – Men's pole vault", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's pole vault at the 1934 European Athletics Championships was held in Turin , Italy , at the Stadio Benito Mussolini on 7 September 1934 ."}
{"_id": "10th_Class", "title": "10th Class", "headings": "", "text": "10th Class ( 10th క్లాస్ ) is a 2006 Telugu Romance film directed by Chandu and produced by Venkata Shyam Prasad under SP Entertainments ( p ) ltd. . The film stars Bharath and Kadhal Saranya in the lead roles ."}
{"_id": "1947–48_Port_Vale_F.C._season", "title": "1947–48 Port Vale F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 -- 48 season was Port Vale 's 36th season of football in the Football League , and their third full season in the Third Division South . Gaining just three of their sixteen victories away from home , they were very much a club of two teams . Manager Gordon Hodgson continued his policy of developing young players , whilst work on the new stadium continued . Their club record run without failing to score reached 33 games , ending on 13 March 1948 , having begun on 19 October 1946 ."}
{"_id": "1995_in_Rwanda", "title": "1995 in Rwanda", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1995 in Rwanda ."}
{"_id": "1997_St._Petersburg_Open", "title": "1997 St. Petersburg Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 St. Petersburg Open was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Petersburg Sports and Concert Complex in Saint Petersburg in Russia and was part of the World Series of the 1997 ATP Tour . The tournament ran from March 17 through March 23 , 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1987–88_Venezuelan_Primera_División_season", "title": "1987–88 Venezuelan Primera División season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 -- 88 season of the Venezuelan Primera División , the top category of Venezuelan football , was played by 14 teams . The national champions were Marítimo ."}
{"_id": "1991_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships_–_Senior_women's_race", "title": "1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race", "headings": "", "text": "The Senior women 's race at the 1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Antwerpen , Belgium , at the Linkeroever Racecourse on March 24 , 1991 . A report on the event was given in the New York Times .   Complete results , medallists ,  and the results of British athletes were published ."}
{"_id": "1993_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup", "title": "1993 Alpine Skiing World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 27th World Cup season began in November 1992 in Sestriere , Italy , and concluded in March 1993 in Åre , Sweden . Marc Girardelli of Luxembourg won his fifth overall title , which is the most in World Cup history , jointly held with Austrian Marcel Hirscher . Anita Wachter of Austria won the women 's overall title .   A break in the schedule was for the 1993 World Championships , held in Morioka , Japan , from February 4-14 .   Lack of snow in Europe caused the schedule to be significantly rearranged . All of the races at the classic sites of Wengen and Kitzbühel were cancelled . Snowmaking was installed at Kitzbühel that summer ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Chicago_Blackhawks_season", "title": "1998–99 Chicago Blackhawks season", "headings": "", "text": "They missed the playoffs in back to back seasons for the first time since the 1957-58 season ."}
{"_id": "1930_Copa_del_Rey", "title": "1930 Copa del Rey", "headings": "", "text": "The Copa del Rey 1930 ( known at that time as King Alfonso XIII 's Cup ) was the 30th edition of the Copa del Rey , the Spanish football cup competition .   The competition started on April 6 , 1930 , and concluded on June 1 , 1930 , with thefinal , held at the Montjuïch Stadium in Barcelona . Athletic Bilbao won their tenth title ."}
{"_id": "1455_in_Ireland", "title": "1455 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1455 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1926–27_Swiss_Cup", "title": "1926–27 Swiss Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926-27 Swiss Cup was the second season of Switzerland 's annual cup competition . The competition began on 6 September 1926 and ended on 11 April 1927 . Grasshopper Club Zurich defeated FC Young Fellows Zürich 3-1 in the Final ."}
{"_id": "1998_Campionati_Internazionali_di_San_Marino_–_Doubles", "title": "1998 Campionati Internazionali di San Marino – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1942–43_Allsvenskan", "title": "1942–43 Allsvenskan", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Allsvenskan in season 1942/1943 ."}
{"_id": "1092", "title": "1092", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1092 ( MXCII ) was a leap year starting on Thursday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1920_Rochester_Jeffersons_season", "title": "1920 Rochester Jeffersons season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 Rochester Jeffersons season was the franchise 's inaugural season in the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) and thirteenth as an American football team . The Jeffersons entered 1920 coming off a six-win , two-loss , two-tie ( 6 -- 2 -- 2 ) record in the New York Pro Football League ( NYPFL ) where it lose the championship game to the Buffalo Prospects . Several representatives from another professional football league , the Ohio League , wanted to form a new national league , and thus the APFA was created .   Ownership , roster , and coaching nearly stayed the same for the 1920 season . The team opened the season with a 10 -- 0 victory over the non-APFA All-Buffalo . The only time the Jeffersons played a game against an APFA team was week six , when they lost to the Buffalo All-Americans . The team ended with a 6 -- 3 -- 2 record , which was good enough for them to finish sixth place in the final standings . The sportswriter Bruce Copeland compiled the 1920 All-Pro list , but no players from the Jeffersonss were on it . As of 2012 , no player from the 1920 Rochester Jeffersons has been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame ."}
{"_id": "1865_Memphis_earthquake", "title": "1865 Memphis earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1865 Memphis earthquake struck southwest Tennessee near the Mississippi River in the United States on August 17 that year . Soon after the magnitude 5.0 earthquake hit , observers said the earth appeared to undulate and waves formed in nearby rivers . The force of the earthquake felled and cracked chimneys in Memphis and New Madrid , Missouri on the other side of the Mississippi . Shaking from the earthquake spread as far as St. Louis , Missouri ; Jackson , Mississippi ; and Illinois . Apart from the 1811 -- 12 New Madrid earthquakes , only three major events have struck the state of Tennessee , in 1843 , 1865 , and 1895 . Several minor events have taken place as well ."}
{"_id": "1925_Washington_State_Cougars_football_team", "title": "1925 Washington State Cougars football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 Washington State Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Washington State College during the 1925 college football season . Head coach Albert Exendine led the team to a 2 -- 3 mark in the PCC and 3 -- 4 -- 1 overall ."}
{"_id": "1902–03_Scottish_Cup", "title": "1902–03 Scottish Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1902 -- 03 Scottish Cup was the 30th season of Scotland 's most prestigious football knockout competition . The Cup was won by Rangers when they beat Heart of Midlothian 2-0 in the final after two replays ."}
{"_id": "1897_Army_Cadets_football_team", "title": "1897 Army Cadets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1897 college football season . In their first season under head coach Herman Koehler , the Cadets compiled a 6 -- 1 -- 1 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 194 to 41 . The Cadets suffered their only loss against Harvard by a 10 to 0 score and played Yale to a 6 -- 6 tie . The Army -- Navy Game was not played in 1897 .   Three Army Cadets were honored on the 1897 College Football All-America Team . Halfback William Nesbitt received second-team honors from Walter Camp . Quarterback Leon Kromer received second-team honors from the New York Sun . Tackle Wallace Scales received second-team honors from Walter Camp and The New York Sun ."}
{"_id": "1932_All-Pro_Team", "title": "1932 All-Pro Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 All-Pro Team consisted of American football players chosen by various selectors for the All-Pro team of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 1932 NFL season . Teams were selected by , among others , seven of the eight NFL coaches for the Associated Press ( AP ) , the United Press , and Collyer 's Eye ( CE ) .   Five players were selected for the first team by all three selectors : Portsmouth Spartans quarterback Dutch Clark ; Chicago Bears fullback Bronko Nagurski ; New York Giants end Ray Flaherty ; Green Bay Packers tackle Cal Hubbard ; and Chicago Bears guard Zuck Carlson ."}
{"_id": "1897–98_Stoke_F.C._season", "title": "1897–98 Stoke F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 -- 98 season was Stoke 's ninth season in the Football League .   It was another season of struggle for Stoke who finished bottom of the First Division on goal average level on points with five teams . They entered the test matches for the second time against Newcastle United and Burnley and again came out victorious . However it was in controversial circumstances as in the final test match against Burnley , both sides needed a draw to be in the First Division for next season and for 90 minutes the Stoke and Burnley players did n't attempt to win and the match finished in a 0 -- 0 draw . After this obvious exploitation of the rules the league scrapped the test match system in favour of automatic promotion and relegation ."}
{"_id": "1848_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "1848 in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1848 in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1965_San_Francisco_Giants_season", "title": "1965 San Francisco Giants season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 San Francisco Giants season was the Giants ' 83rd year in Major League Baseball , their eighth year in San Francisco since their move from New York following the 1957 season , and their sixth at Candlestick Park . The team finished in second place in the National League with an 95 -- 67 record , 2 games behind the Los Angeles Dodgers ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_in_Russian_futsal", "title": "1999–2000 in Russian futsal", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1994_CA-TennisTrophy_–_Singles", "title": "1994 CA-TennisTrophy – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Goran Ivanišević was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Andre Agassi .   Agassi won in the final 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 4 ) , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 against Michael Stich ."}
{"_id": "1984_Barneveld_tornado_outbreak", "title": "1984 Barneveld tornado outbreak", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 Barneveld , Wisconsin , tornado outbreak is a significant severe weather and tornado event that took place across the central United States from North Dakota to Kansas on June 7 -- 8 , 1984 . The tornado outbreak produced several significant tornadoes including an F5/EF5 tornado which traveled through Barneveld , Wisconsin , in the early hours of June 8 , 1984 . The entire outbreak killed at least 13 people across three states including 9 in Barneveld alone ."}
{"_id": "1961_Wightman_Cup", "title": "1961 Wightman Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Wightman Cup was the 33rd edition of the annual women 's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain . It was held at the Saddle & Cycle Club in Chicago , Illinois in the United States ."}
{"_id": "(I_Would)_Die_for_You", "title": "(I Would) Die for You", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( I Would ) Die for You '' ( often shortened to `` Die for You '' ) is a song released by Antique . It was the Greek entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2001 , performed in English and Greek ( the first Greek entry not to be performed entirely in Greek ) by Antique , a duo consisting of Elena Paparizou and Nikos Panagiotidis , both born and raised in Sweden by Greek parents . Prior to entering the Contest the group had had two Top 10 hits in both Greece and Sweden , `` Opa Opa '' and `` Dinata Dinata '' . '' ( I Would ) Die for You '' was released as a CD single by Bonnier Music and EMI International following the contest . The CD single was certified platinum in Greece and gold in Sweden . The song was included on Antique 's second album , Die for You , released as Die for You/Tha Pethaina Gia Sena in the Greek market ."}
{"_id": "1534_in_art", "title": "1534 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1977_Men's_European_Volleyball_Championship", "title": "1977 Men's European Volleyball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Men 's European Volleyball Championship was the tenth edition of the event , organized by Europe 's governing volleyball body , the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball . It was hosted in Oulu and Helsinki , Finland from September 25 to October 2 , 1977 , with the final round held in Helsinki ."}
{"_id": "1956_National_Invitation_Tournament", "title": "1956 National Invitation Tournament", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1942–43_Brentford_F.C._season", "title": "1942–43 Brentford F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1942 -- 43 English football season , Brentford competed in the Football League South , due to the cessation of competitive football for the duration of the Second World War . Early in a mid-table season for the club , inside forward Len Townsend notably scored six goals in a 9 -- 4 victory over Brighton & Hove Albion , the most-ever in any match by a Brentford player ."}
{"_id": "1950_German_football_championship", "title": "1950 German football championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 German football championship , the 40th edition of the competition , was the culmination of the 1949 -- 50 football season in Germany . VfB Stuttgart won their first championship in a one-leg knock-out tournament . It was the third championship after the end of World War II .   VfB Stuttgart appeared in their second final , having lost to FC Schalke 04 in 1935 . Losing finalists Kickers Offenbach appeared in a championship final for the first time .   For the first time 16 teams competed for the title , including the runners-up of the Berlin championship . However , East German side Union Oberschöneweide did not receive a travel permit , like SG Planitz two years earlier . Their players nevertheless traveled to Kiel to play Hamburger SV and eventually founded SC Union 06 Berlin . Originally , the first three teams from the DDR-Oberliga had been slated to appear in the championship , but the two football associations eventually could not agree on a mode of play and their places were given to West German Oberliga sides ."}
{"_id": "1966_in_Japan", "title": "1966 in Japan", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1966 in Japan ."}
{"_id": "1964–65_South-West_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_season", "title": "1964–65 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 -- 65 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season was an active cyclone season ."}
{"_id": "(15807)_1994_GV9", "title": "(15807) 1994 GV9", "headings": "", "text": ", also written ( 15807 ) 1994 GV9 , is a trans-Neptunian object of the cubewano class . It was discovered on April 15 , 1994 , by David C. Jewitt and Jun Chen at the Observatories at Mauna Kea , near Hilo . Very little is known about the object .   is the second cubewano to be given an official Minor Planet Center catalog number . The first cubewano is ."}
{"_id": "1973_All-Ireland_Minor_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1973 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship was the 43rd staging of the All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship . The championship began on 5 August 1973 and ended on 2 September 1973 .   Kilkenny were the defending champions .   On 2 September 1973 , Kilkenny won the championship following a 4-5 to 3-7 defeat of Galway in the All-Ireland final . This was their 9th All-Ireland title and their second championship title in succession ."}
{"_id": "1989–90_Duke_Blue_Devils_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1989–90 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 -- 90 Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team represented Duke University . The Head Coach was Mike Krzyzewski . The team played its home games in the Cameron Indoor Stadium in Durham , North Carolina , and was a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ."}
{"_id": "1909_Greater_Antilles_hurricane", "title": "1909 Greater Antilles hurricane", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 Greater Antilles hurricane was a rare , late-season tropical cyclone that caused extensive damage and loss of life in Jamaica and Haiti . Forming out of a large disturbance in early November , the hurricane began as a minimal tropical storm over the southwestern Caribbean Sea on November 8 . Slowly tracking northwestward , the system gradually intensified . Late on November 11 , the storm brushed the eastern tip of Jamaica before attaining hurricane status . The following afternoon , the storm made landfall in northwest Haiti with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km/h ) . After moving over the Atlantic Ocean , the hurricane further intensified and attained its peak winds of 105 mph ( 165 km/h ) on November 13 . The system rapidly transitioned into an extratropical cyclone the following day before being absorbed by a frontal system northeast of the Lesser Antilles .   Including rainfall from the precursor to the hurricane , rainfall in Jamaica peaked at 114.50 in Silver Hill Plantation . These extreme rains led to widespread flooding that killed 30 people and left $ 7 million in damage throughout the country . The worst damage in Haiti was caused rains exceeding 24 in that led to catastrophic flooding . At least 166 people are known to have been killed in the country ; however , reports indicate that hundreds likely died during the storm ."}
{"_id": "1999_ABC_Champions_Cup", "title": "1999 ABC Champions Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The ABC Champions Cup 1999 was the 10th staging of the ABC Champions Cup , the basketball club tournament of Asian Basketball Confederation . The tournament was held in Beirut , Lebanon between May 22 , 1999 , and May 29 ."}
{"_id": "1919_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1919 Georgia Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 Georgia Bulldogs football team Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1919 college football season . completed the season with a 4 -- 2 -- 3 record . The Bulldogs won their first four games , but struggled in the last five games . The two losses came against Alabama and Auburn . This was Coach Cunningham 's last season as the head coach for Georgia . The record for the decade was the same as the coach 's record : 43 -- 18 -- 9 ."}
{"_id": "1973_Richmond_500", "title": "1973 Richmond 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Richmond 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series ( now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ) racing event that took place on February 25 , 1973 , at Richmond Fairgrounds Raceway ( now Richmond International Raceway ) in Richmond , Virginia .   This race would essentially jumpstart what would become the `` year of the smaller engine '' while declining sponsorship interests for the drivers resulted in NASCAR keeping the bigger gas-guzzling engines from being abolished completely . Only manual transmission vehicles were allowed to participate in this race ; a policy that NASCAR has retained to the present day ."}
{"_id": "1948_in_literature", "title": "1948 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1948 ."}
{"_id": "1824_in_Chile", "title": "1824 in Chile", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1824 in Chile ."}
{"_id": "1961_NCAA_Golf_Championship", "title": "1961 NCAA Golf Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 NCAA Division I Men 's Golf Championship was the 23rd annual tournament to determine the national champions of NCAA Division I men 's collegiate golf . It was contested in 1961 at the Purdue University Golf Course in Lafayette , Indiana . Host team Purdue won the team title and Jack Nicklaus from Ohio State won the individual title over Purdue 's Mark Darnell ."}
{"_id": "1897_St._Louis_Browns_season", "title": "1897 St. Louis Browns season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 St. Louis Browns season was the team 's 16th season in St. Louis , Missouri and its 6th season in the National League . The Browns went 29 -- 102 during the season and finished 12th in the National League ."}
{"_id": "1931_SANFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1931 SANFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 SANFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football competition . North Adelaide beat Sturt 115 to 77 ."}
{"_id": "1956_NCAA_College_Division_football_season", "title": "1956 NCAA College Division football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 College Division football season saw the NCAA split member schools into two divisions : larger schools were part of the University Division , later known as NCAA Division I , and smaller schools were placed in the College Division , later split into NCAA Division II and NCAA Division III ."}
{"_id": "1966_FIBA_Europe_Under-18_Championship", "title": "1966 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship was an international basketball competition held in Italy in 1966 ."}
{"_id": "1543_in_science", "title": "1543 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1543 in science and technology marks the beginning of the European Scientific revolution and included many events , some of which are listed here ."}
{"_id": "1920_Atlantic_hurricane_season", "title": "1920 Atlantic hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 Atlantic hurricane season featured tropical storms and hurricanes only in the month of September . Although no `` hurricane season '' was defined at the time , the present-day delineation of such is June 1 to November 30 . The first system , a hurricane , developed on September 7 while the last , a tropical depression , transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 27 . Of note , four of the six cyclones co-existed with another tropical cyclone during the season .   Of the season 's six tropical cyclones , five became tropical storms and four strengthened into hurricanes . Furthermore , none of these strengthened into a major hurricane -- Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale -- marking the seventh such occurrence since 1900 . The strongest hurricane of the season peaked as only as a strong Category 2 with winds of 110 mph ( 175 km/h ) . The second hurricane caused one death and $ 1.45 million ( 1920 USD ) in damage in Louisiana , the third left one fatality in North Carolina , and the fifth storm indirectly killed one person in Florida .   The season 's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 30 . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph ( 63 km/h ) , which is tropical storm strength .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1882_in_Russia", "title": "1882 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1882 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1954_Romanian_blizzard", "title": "1954 Romanian blizzard", "headings": "", "text": "A massive snowstorm hit Romania in February 1954 .   Heavy snowfall that month was recorded on the following dates : 1-4 , 7-9 , 17-19 and 22-24 . Wind speed reached 126 km/h in Bucharest on February 3 , a record that still stands . The maximum quantity of snow was recorded on the 3rd in Grivița : 115.9 L/m2 in 24 hours , another unbroken record . The thickest layer of snow , 173 cm , appeared in Călărași on February 3-4 and also remains a record . Snowdrifts reached 5 m in the southeast of the country ."}
{"_id": "1888–89_Welsh_Cup", "title": "1888–89 Welsh Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1888 -- 89 FAW Welsh Cup was the 12th edition of the annual knockout tournament for competitive football teams in Wales . The competition was won by Bangor ."}
{"_id": "1952_Campeonato_Argentino_de_Rugby", "title": "1952 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby was won by the selection of Buenos Aires Province ( `` Provincia '' ) that beat in the final the selection of Capital per 6-0 .  Nine teams partecipaded with the debut of Mar del Plata selection"}
{"_id": "1991_Base_Realignment_and_Closure_Commission", "title": "1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission preliminary list was released by the United States Department of Defense in 1991 as part of the Base Realignment and Closure Commission . It recommended closing 28 major United States military bases ."}
{"_id": "1924_Dayton_Triangles_season", "title": "1924 Dayton Triangles season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 Dayton Triangles season was their fifth in the league . The team improved on their previous output of 1 -- 6 -- 1 . They finished thirteenth in the league ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_Football_League", "title": "1952–53 Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 -- 1953 season was the 54th completed season of The Football League ."}
{"_id": "15th_(Imperial_Service)_Cavalry_Brigade", "title": "15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade", "headings": "", "text": "The 15th ( Imperial Service ) Cavalry Brigade was a brigade-sized formation that served alongside British Empire forces in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign , during the First World War . Originally called the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade it was formed from Imperial Service Troops provided by the Indian Princely States of Hyderabad , Mysore , Patiala and Jodhpur , which each provided a regiment of lancers . A maximum of three regiments served in the brigade at any one time . The states of Bhavnagar , Kashmir , Kathiawar and Idar provided smaller detachments for the brigade , which was at times reinforced by other British Empire regiments and artillery batteries when on operations .   In October 1914 , the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade was moved by sea to Egypt to become part of the Force in Egypt defending the Suez Canal . In the first three years of the war , the soldiers were involved in several small-scale battles connected to the First Suez Offensive , but spent most of their time patrolling in the Sinai Desert and along the west bank of the canal . It was not until November 1917 as part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force that the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade was involved in the Third Battle of Gaza . The following year the brigade joined the 5th Cavalry Division when it became the 15th ( Imperial Service ) Cavalry Brigade and played an active role in the British victory over Turkish forces in Palestine .   In total , eighty-four men from the brigade were killed in action or died of their wounds and another 123 were wounded . Several memorials were erected to commemorate the brigade in the Middle East and in India . The anniversary of the brigade 's most famous victory , the Battle of Haifa , is still celebrated today by its successors in the Indian Army ."}
{"_id": "15_Inolvidables", "title": "15 Inolvidables", "headings": "", "text": "15 Inolvidables may refer to :   15 Inolvidables ( Marco Antonio Solís album )  15 Inolvidables de Siempre Grupo Bryndis  15 Inolvidables En La Voz De Agustin Lara"}
{"_id": "1999_in_hip_hop_music", "title": "1999 in hip hop music", "headings": "", "text": "This article summarizes the events , album releases , and album release dates in hip hop music for the year 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1999_in_sumo", "title": "1999 in sumo", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the events in professional sumo during 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1997_Gold_Coast_Classic", "title": "1997 Gold Coast Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Gold Coast Classic was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Hope Island Resort Tennis Centre in Hope Island , Queensland in Australia that was part of Tier III of the 1997 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from 30 December 1996 through 5 January 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1961_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season", "title": "1961 Pittsburgh Steelers season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1998_Shanghai_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1998 Shanghai Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Shanghai Open was a men 's tennis tournament played on Indoor Carpet in Shanghai , China that was part of the International Series of the 1998 ATP Tour . It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from 5 October -- 12 October ."}
{"_id": "1977_Prix_de_l'Arc_de_Triomphe", "title": "1977 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe was a horse race held at Longchamp on Sunday 2 October 1977 . It was the 56th running of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe .   The winner was Alleged , a three-year-old colt trained in Ireland by Vincent O'Brien and ridden by Lester Piggott . Alleged became the fourth Irish-trained horse to win the race twice after Ballymoss ( also trained by O'Brien ) in 1957 and Levmoss in 1970 . Piggott had previously won the race on Rheingold in 1973 ."}
{"_id": "1956_Copa_del_Generalísimo", "title": "1956 Copa del Generalísimo", "headings": "", "text": "The Copa del Generalísimo 1956 is the 54th staging of the Spanish Cup . The competition began on May 6 , 1956 , and concluded on June 24 , 1956 , with the final ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_Scottish_Cup", "title": "1952–53 Scottish Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 -- 53 Scottish Cup was the 68th staging of Scotland 's most prestigious football knockout competition . The Cup was won by Rangers who defeated Aberdeen in the replayed final ."}
{"_id": "1968_Sun_Bowl", "title": "1968 Sun Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Sun Bowl featured the Arizona Wildcats and the Auburn Tigers ."}
{"_id": "1992_French_Open_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1992 French Open – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Jim Courier successfully defended the title and defeated Petr Korda 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 in the final to win the Men 's Singles at the 1992 French Open ."}
{"_id": "1510s_BC", "title": "1510s BC", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1902_in_archaeology", "title": "1902 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1902 in archaeology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1693_Hertzsprung", "title": "1693 Hertzsprung", "headings": "", "text": "1693 Hertzsprung , provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt , approximately 39 kilometers in diameter .   It was discovered on 5 May 1935 , by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Leiden Southern Station , annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa ."}
{"_id": "1831_in_Iran", "title": "1831 in Iran", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that have happened in 1831 in the Qajar dynasty ."}
{"_id": "1937_Provincial_Speedway_League", "title": "1937 Provincial Speedway League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Provincial Speedway League was the second season of the Provincial League . Seven speedway teams started the season . From the previous season 's finishers , Plymouth had dropped out but Leicester , Birmingham ( Hall Green ) and Norwich Stars joined up . Leicester withdrew mid-season and their record was expunged . Liverpool Merseysiders also withdrew mid-season but their entry was taken over by Belle Vue . Bristol Bulldogs were the champions and moved up to the National League for the following season .   Due to the brevity of the season , teams also competed for the Provincial Trophy in a league format . Leicester had already folded before the competition started and as with the league , Belle Vue replaced Liverpool Merseysiders . Nottingham won the Provincial Trophy and completed a double by winning the Provincial League Coronation Cup ."}
{"_id": ".download", "title": ".download", "headings": "", "text": "The domain name download is a generic top-level domain ( gTLD ) in the Domain Name System of the Internet . It was admitted in the expansion of the top-level domain initiative of ICANN . It is intended to be used by companies or individuals offering downloadable content globally .   The domain launched in 2013-2014 . Domain name registrations will be available from ICANN accredited registrars .   Second-level subdomains , e.g. example.download , may be registered . It will also be possible to register an e-mail address of the form name@example.download ."}
{"_id": "1880_in_association_football", "title": "1880 in association football", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the association football events of the year 1880 throughout the world ."}
{"_id": "1987_Arena_Football_League_season", "title": "1987 Arena Football League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Arena Football League season was the first season , also known as the `` demonstration season '' , of the Arena Football League ( AFL ) . The league champions were the Denver Dynamite , who defeated the Pittsburgh Gladiators in ArenaBowl I."}
{"_id": "1955_Australian_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1955 Australian Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Ken Rosewall defeated Lew Hoad 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Men 's Singles tennis title at the 1955 Australian Championships ."}
{"_id": "1999_in_Scottish_television", "title": "1999 in Scottish television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of events in Scottish television from 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1997_Oceania_Cup", "title": "1997 Oceania Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Oceania Cup was an international rugby league football tournament played in the Pacific region . The tournament was operated and contested by Super League-aligned countries during the Super League war as an alternative to the Pacific Cup .   Six teams contested the Cup . The 1997 tournament went ahead following the previous year 's cancellation due to the unavailability of Australian teams when the tournament was replaced with a Pacific Challenge Series . Western Samoa withdrew from the tournament in disagreement with Super League-aligned authorities over promises that they believed were given to them .   The tournament was originally scheduled to have two pools , one based in New Zealand and one in Tonga , and the final was to be played as a curtain raiser to the Super League Tri-Series final ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Moldovan_National_Division", "title": "1994–95 Moldovan National Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Moldovan National Division in the 1994-1995 season ."}
{"_id": "1973–74_Portland_Trail_Blazers_season", "title": "1973–74 Portland Trail Blazers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 -- 74 season was the fourth season of the Portland Trail Blazers in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Blazers finished at 27 -- 55 , a six-game improvement from the previous season ."}
{"_id": "1._Hannoversches_Infanterie-Regiment_Nr._74", "title": "1. Hannoversches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 74", "headings": "", "text": "1 . Hannoversches Infanterie-Regiment Nr . 74 ( 1st Hanoverian Infantry Regiment Nr . 74 ) was an active infantry regiment in the Prussian Army ( 1866 to 1871 ) and German Imperial Army ( 1871 to 1918 ) ."}
{"_id": "1961–62_European_Cup", "title": "1961–62 European Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 -- 62 European Cup was the seventh season of the European Cup . The competition was won by Benfica for the second time in a row , beating Real Madrid 5 -- 3 at the Olympisch Stadion in Amsterdam .   Malta entered its champion for the first time this season ."}
{"_id": "1993_Atlantic_Coast_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "title": "1993 Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament was held in Greenville , SC from May 15 through May 20 . won the tournament and earned the Atlantic Coast Conference 's automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament ."}
{"_id": "1934_Stanford_Indians_football_team", "title": "1934 Stanford Indians football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Stanford Indians football team represented Stanford University in the 1934 college football season . In head coach Tiny Thornill 's second season , the Indians allowed only 14 points during the entire regular season , logged seven shutout victories , and were undefeated in the Pacific Coast Conference . The team represented the conference in the Rose Bowl , losing to Alabama , 29 -- 13 ."}
{"_id": "17th_Party_Congress", "title": "17th Party Congress", "headings": "", "text": "17th Party Congress may refer to :  The 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China , Beijing 2007 .  The 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party , Soviet Union 1934 ."}
{"_id": "1994_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_triple_jump", "title": "1994 European Athletics Championships – Men's triple jump", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Men 's Triple Jump event at the 1994 European Championships in Helsinki , Finland . There were a total number of 20 participating athletes , with two qualifying groups and the final held on 13 August 1994 . The top twelve and ties , and all those reaching 16.80 metres advanced to the final . The qualification round was held in Thursday August 11 , 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1450s", "title": "1450s", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1961_Bolivarian_Games", "title": "1961 Bolivarian Games", "headings": "", "text": "The IV Bolivarian Games ( Spanish : Juegos Bolivarianos ) were a multi-sport event held between December 3 -- 16 , 1961 , at the Estadio Municipal in Barranquilla , Colombia . The Games were organized by the Bolivarian Sports Organization ( ODEBO ) . Bolivia was the only eligible country not to send a delegation .   The Games were officially opened by Colombian president Alberto Lleras Camargo . Torch lighter was hurdler Jaime Aparicio . The athlete 's oath was sworn by local athlete Rafael Cotes .   A detailed history of the early editions of the Bolivarian Games between 1938 and 1989 was published in a book written ( in Spanish ) by José Gamarra Zorrilla , former president of the Bolivian Olympic Committee , and first president ( 1976-1982 ) of ODESUR . Gold medal winners from Ecuador were published by the Comité Olímpico Ecuatoriano ."}
{"_id": "1978_Maryland_Terrapins_football_team", "title": "1978 Maryland Terrapins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their seventh season under head coach Jerry Claiborne , the Terrapins compiled a 9 -- 3 record ( 5 -- 1 in conference ) , finished in second place in the Atlantic Coast Conference , and outscored their opponents 261 to 167 . The team ended its season with a 42-0 loss to 1978 in the 1978 Sun Bowl . The team 's statistical leaders included Tim O'Hare with 1,388 passing yards , Steve Atkins with 1,261 rushing yards , and Dean Richards with 575 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1998_Volvo_Women's_Open", "title": "1998 Volvo Women's Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Volvo Women 's Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Pattaya in Thailand that was part of Tier IV of the 1998 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from November 16 through November 22 , 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1923_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_Final", "title": "1923 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the 36th All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1923 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland . The match was held at Croke Park , Dublin , on 14 September 1924 , between Galway and Limerick . The Munster champions lost to the Connacht men on a score line of 7-3 to 4-5 ."}
{"_id": "1891_U.S._National_Championships_(tennis)", "title": "1891 U.S. National Championships (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "List of champions of the 1891 U.S. National Championships ( now known as the US Open ) . The men 's tournament was held from 22 August to 31 August on the outdoor grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport , Rhode Island . The women 's tournament was held from 23 June to 27 June on the outdoor grass courts at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Philadelphia , PA. . It was the 11th U.S. National Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year. :"}
{"_id": "1954_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_200_metres", "title": "1954 European Athletics Championships – Women's 200 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 200 metres at the 1954 European Athletics Championships was held in Bern , Switzerland , at Stadion Neufeld on 28 and 29 August 1954 ."}
{"_id": ".30_Remington", "title": ".30 Remington", "headings": "", "text": "The .30 Remington cartridge was created in 1906 by Remington Arms . It was Remington 's rimless answer to the popular .30 -30 Winchester cartridge . Factory ammunition was produced until the late 1980s , but now it is a prospect for handloaders . Load data for the .30 -30 Winchester can be used safely for the .30 Remington ."}
{"_id": "1975_Topps", "title": "1975 Topps", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list with brief descriptions of Topps sports card products for 1975 ."}
{"_id": "1926_Tour_de_France", "title": "1926 Tour de France", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 Tour de France was the 20th edition of the Tour de France , taking place from 20 June to 18 July . It consisted of 17 stages with a total distance of 5745 km , ridden at an average speed of 24.064 km/h .   The longest tour in history , the route traced closely the borders of France . It was the first time that the race started outside Paris ; in this way riders were forced to climb the mountains in the east of the country twice , once at the beginning of the race , and again at the end . The race was won by Belgian cyclist Lucien Buysse ."}
{"_id": "1998_ATP_Tour_World_Championships", "title": "1998 ATP Tour World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 ATP Tour World Championships ( also known for the doubles event as the Phoenix ATP Tour World Doubles Championship for sponsorship reasons ) was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts . The surface was called `` GreenSet On Wood '' which had a wood base coated in synthetic material and provided a medium-pace surface . It was the 29th edition of the year-end singles championships , the 25th edition of the year-end doubles championships , and both were part of the 1998 ATP Tour . The singles event took place at the EXPO 2000 Tennis Dome in Hanover , Germany , from 24 November through 29 November 1998 , and the doubles event at the Hartford Civic Center in Hartford , Connecticut , United States , from 18 November through 22 November 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Boston_Celtics_season", "title": "1994–95 Boston Celtics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 NBA season was the 49th season for the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association . It was also the last season of play at Boston Garden . Prior to the season , the Celtics signed All-Star forward and unrestricted free agent Dominique Wilkins ( a controversial move late in Wilkins ' career ) , while signing other free agents Pervis Ellison and second-year guard David Wesley . The Celtics struggled most of the season , but managed to win eight of their final twelves games finishing third in the Atlantic Division with a 35 -- 47 record . Despite finishing six games under .500 , the Celtics qualified for the playoffs as the # 8 seed in the Eastern Conference , and earned a road win over the # 1 seed Orlando Magic in Game 2 ( seizing the `` theoretical home court advantage '' for the series ) . However , the Magic defeated the Celtics at Boston Garden in both Games 3 and 4 to close out the series . Following the season , Wilkins and Xavier McDaniel both left to play in Greece , and head coach Chris Ford was fired ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Cleveland_Cavaliers_season", "title": "1991–92 Cleveland Cavaliers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 NBA season was the 22nd season of the National Basketball Association in Cleveland , Ohio . During the offseason , the Cavaliers signed unrestricted free agent John Battle . After two straight seasons of injuries , the Cavaliers would finally play the entire season without any significant loss of manpower . After a 13 -- 9 start to the season , the team posted an 11-game winning streak , finishing the season 2nd in the Central Division with a 57 -- 25 record , and tying the franchise high set in the 1988 -- 89 season . Mark Price and Brad Daugherty were both selected for the 1992 NBA All-Star Game and named to the All-NBA Third Team . In the first round of the playoffs , the Cavaliers defeated the New Jersey Nets in the four games , then in the semifinals defeated Larry Bird and the Boston Celtics in a full seven game series . However , in the Eastern Conference Finals , they would lose to Michael Jordan and the Chicago Bulls four games to two ."}
{"_id": "1925_Toronto_Argonauts_season", "title": "1925 Toronto Argonauts season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 Toronto Argonauts season was the 39th season for the team since the franchise 's inception in 1873 . The team finished in fourth place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 2 -- 4 -- 0 record and failed to qualify for the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1955–56_Hapoel_Ramat_Gan_F.C._season", "title": "1955–56 Hapoel Ramat Gan F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 -- 56 Hapoel Ramat Gan season was the club 's 30th season since its establishment in 1927 , and 8th since the establishment of the State of Israel .   At the start of the season , the league which started during the previous season was completed , with the club finishing 10th . The new league season , with the top division being renamed Liga Leumit , began on 3 December 1955 and was completed on 3 June 1956 , with the club finishing 9th .   During the season , the club also competed in the State Cup , which was also carried over the summer break . The club eliminated Maccabi Petah Tikva in the quarter finals , winning 1 -- 0 in extra time , and losing at the semi-final to Hapoel Petah Tikva 0 -- 2 .   In addition , during the break between the completion of the 1954 -- 55 league and the beginning of the 1955 -- 56 league , the club participated in the Netanya 25th anniversary cup , along with Beitar Tel Aviv , Maccabi Petah Tikva and Hapoel Ramat Gan . In the competition , which was played as a round-robin tournament , the club finished second ."}
{"_id": "1938–39_French_Division_2", "title": "1938–39 French Division 2", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Division 2 in the 1938/1939 season ."}
{"_id": "1,4-Butanediol", "title": "1,4-Butanediol", "headings": "", "text": "1,4-Butanediol , colloquially known as BD , is the organic compound with the formula HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH . It is a colorless viscous liquid . It is one of four stable isomers of butanediol ."}
{"_id": "1948_Pulitzer_Prize", "title": "1948 Pulitzer Prize", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1948 ."}
{"_id": "1337x", "title": "1337x", "headings": "", "text": "1337x is a website that provides a directory of torrent files and magnet links used for peer-to-peer file sharing through the BitTorrent protocol . According to the TorrentFreak news blog , 1337x is the sixth most popular torrent website as of June 2016 ."}
{"_id": "1995_Fed_Cup_Asia/Oceania_Zone_Group_II_–_Pool_B", "title": "1995 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group II – Pool B", "headings": "", "text": "Group B of the 1995 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group II was one of two pools in the Asia/Oceania Zone Group I of the 1995 Fed Cup . Four teams competed in a round robin competition , with the top two teams advancing to the knockout stage and the bottom team being relegated down to Group II for 1996 ."}
{"_id": "1803_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1803 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": "There is a lessening of the sealing rush at Bass Strait as the rookeries become thinner , and as a result sealers return to Dusky Sound and explore the surrounding coast . Little of the movements of these ships is actually recorded as a veil of secrecy still surrounds their activities while the various ships try to make the most of any discoveries before the competition arrives . They occasionally meet local Māori but little information regarding these encounters survives . There are again around half a dozen whalers off the north-east coast of New Zealand , a few of which call into the Bay of Islands . The first Māori to join a whaling ship , and possibly the first to leave New Zealand in 10 years , does so early in the year ."}
{"_id": "1775_(TV_pilot)", "title": "1775 (TV pilot)", "headings": "", "text": "1775 was a 1992 pilot episode for a CBS situation comedy , similar in style to the BBC situation comedy Blackadder . Set in colonial Philadelphia during the run-up to the American Revolution , the series was to follow the exploits of innkeeper Jeremy Proctor and his family . The series was not picked up by CBS .   A similar idea for a situation comedy was mentioned by Andrew Alexander in a commentary track for SCTV ."}
{"_id": "1959_in_Denmark", "title": "1959 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1959 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1954_Mestaruussarja", "title": "1954 Mestaruussarja", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 season was the twenty-fourth completed season of Finnish Football League Championship , known as the Mestaruussarja ."}
{"_id": "1960_Baltimore_Orioles_season", "title": "1960 Baltimore Orioles season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing second in the American League with a record of 89 wins and 65 losses , eight games behind the AL Champion New York Yankees ."}
{"_id": "1997_Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_football_team", "title": "1997 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1997 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their tenth year under head coach David Rader , the Golden Hurricane compiled a 2 -- 9 record . The team 's statistical leaders included quarterback John Fitzgerald with 2,003 passing yards , Charlie Higgins with 1,043 rushing yards , and Damon Savage with 1,084 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1951–52_New_York_Rangers_season", "title": "1951–52 New York Rangers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 -- 52 New York Rangers season was the 26th season for the team in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Rangers compiled a 23 -- 34 -- 13 record during the regular season , and finished with 59 points . Their fifth-place finish caused them to miss the NHL playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1992_Barber_Saab_Pro_Series", "title": "1992 Barber Saab Pro Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Barber Saab Pro Series season was the seventh season of the series . Zerex continued to support the racing series . All drivers used Saab powered Goodyear shod Mondiale chassis . Swede Robert Amren won the championship ."}
{"_id": "100Most", "title": "100Most", "headings": "", "text": "100Most ( Chinese : 100毛 ) is a satirical weekly magazine published in Hong Kong , featuring graphics , jokes and reports . Disrespectful and stridently non-conformist in tone , the publication describes its characteristics as `` short '' , `` hilarious '' and `` Hong Kong style '' . The slogan of 100Most is `` 看得完 ， 剛剛好 '' ( English : `` Just Right '' ) .   The magazine was founded by Roy Tsui , Bu and Chan Keung , mainstays of `` Black Paper '' . Its first issue appeared on 7 March 2013 . The name 100Most is translated from its Chinese name 100毛 . 毛 means hair or 10 cents in Mandarin Chinese literally . 100 represents the 100 focuses listed out in each issue .   100Most is one of the most famous magazines in Hong Kong , according to Roy Tsui , each issue reaching 80-90 % sales . The target reader of this magazine is mainly post-eighties . The magazine is published every Thursday , with special editions issued on an unscheduled basis ."}
{"_id": "1939_in_Scotland", "title": "1939 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1939 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1951_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season", "title": "1951 Nippon Professional Baseball season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 Nippon Professional Baseball season was the second season of operation of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) ."}
{"_id": "1918_Norwegian_Football_Cup", "title": "1918 Norwegian Football Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 Norwegian Football Cup was the 17th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament . The tournament was open for all members of NFF . Kvik ( Fredrikshald ) won their first title , having beaten Brann in the final . This was second consecutive year that Brann lost the final ."}
{"_id": "1897_Washington_football_team", "title": "1897 Washington football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 Washington football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1897 college football season . In its first season under coach Carl L. Clemans , the team compiled a 1 -- 2 record and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 26 to 16 . For the consecutive year , Jack Lindsay was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1809_English_cricket_season", "title": "1809 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "In the 1809 English cricket season , Thomas Lord opened his Middle Ground after refusing to pay increased rent at the Old Ground ."}
{"_id": "1919_Dartmouth_football_team", "title": "1919 Dartmouth football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 Dartmouth football team represented Dartmouth College in the 1919 college football season ."}
{"_id": "133rd_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry", "title": "133rd New York Volunteer Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 133rd New York Volunteer Infantry ( aka `` 2nd Regiment Metropolitan Guard '' ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "11th_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka", "title": "11th Parliament of Sri Lanka", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Parliament of Sri Lanka was a meeting of the Parliament of Sri Lanka , with the membership determined by the results of the 2000 parliamentary election held on 10 October 2000 . The parliament met for the first time on 18 October 2000 and was dissolved on 10 October 2001 ."}
{"_id": "1985_Danish_1st_Division", "title": "1985 Danish 1st Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Danish 1st Division season was the 40th season of the Danish 1st Division league championship , governed by the Danish Football Association .   The Danish champions qualified for the European Cup 1986-87 qualification , while the second placed team qualified for the qualification round of the UEFA Cup 1986-87 . The four lowest placed teams of the tournament was directly relegated to the Danish 2nd Division . Likewise , the Danish 2nd Division champions and runners-up were promoted to the 1st Division ."}
{"_id": "1996_Kent_State_Golden_Flashes_football_team", "title": "1996 Kent State Golden Flashes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Kent State Golden Flashes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State University in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their fourth season under head coach Jim Corrigall , the Golden Flashes compiled a 2 -- 9 record ( 1 -- 7 against MAC opponents ) , finished in last place in the MAC , and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 492 to 255 .   The team 's statistical leaders included Astron Whatley with 1,132 rushing yards , Todd Goebbel with 2,419 passing yards , and Eugene Baker with 1,215 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1924_LFF_Lyga", "title": "1924 LFF Lyga", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of LFF Lyga in the 1924 season ."}
{"_id": "1979_Gulf_Cup_of_Nations", "title": "1979 Gulf Cup of Nations", "headings": "", "text": "The 5th Gulf Cup of Nations or Arabian Gulf Cup , took place from March 23 to April 9 in Baghdad , Capital of Iraq . Originally , this tournament was scheduled in 1978 to take part in Abu Dhabi , but the Emirates withdrew from organizing the tournament . Iraq won the tournament by winning all its games and scoring 23 goals . Kuwait came second after losing its first game in the history of this tournament . Iraqi Player Hussein Saeed became top-scorer of this edition , scoring 10 goals ( a record that stands till today ) , his teammates Hadi Ahmed and Raad Hammoudi were voted as best player and best goalkeeper of the khaleeje 5 ."}
{"_id": ".3ds", "title": ".3ds", "headings": "", "text": "3DS is one of the file formats used by the Autodesk 3ds Max 3D modeling , animation and rendering software .   It was the native file format of the old Autodesk 3D Studio DOS ( releases 1 to 4 ) , which was popular until its successor ( 3D Studio MAX 1.0 ) replaced it in April 1996 . Having been around since 1990 ( when the first version of 3D Studio DOS was launched ) , it has grown to become a de facto industry standard for transferring models between 3D programs , or for storing models for 3D resource catalogs ( along with OBJ , which is more frequently used as a model archiving file format ) .   While the 3DS format aims to provide an import/export format , retaining only essential geometry , texture and lighting data , the related MAX format ( now superseded by the PRJ format ) also contains extra information specific to Autodesk 3ds Max , to allow a scene to be completely saved/loaded ."}
{"_id": "1906_in_organized_crime", "title": "1906 in organized crime", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1905 in organized crime ,  other events of 1906 ,  1907 in organized crime and the  list of ` years in organized crime ' ."}
{"_id": "19th_Division_(United_States)", "title": "19th Division (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "There have been a number of 19th Divisions in the history of the United States Army .   19th Division : A National Guard division established in early 1917 consisting of Arizona , California , Colorado , Nevada , New Mexico , and Utah . By the end of that same year , the 19th Division became the 40th Division ( later 40th Infantry Division ) .  19th Division ( World War I ) : Organized in 1918 as a regular army and national army division for World War I , the 19th Division did not go overseas and demobilized in February 1919 at Camp Dodge , Iowa .  19th Infantry Division : a `` phantom '' division in World War II .   During the Second World War the division remained inactive . However , it saw service of a kind as a `` phantom division '' as part of Allied deception measures . It was assigned to SHAEF for use in Operation Fortitude South , but was never actually utilized during that endeavor .   The division 's order of battle included the following fictional units :   Headquarters , 19th Infantry Division  572d Infantry Regiment  573d Infantry Regiment  578th Infantry Regiment  Divisional Troops   In July 1944 the Division was redesignated as the 109th Infantry Division ."}
{"_id": "1982_Peruvian_Segunda_División", "title": "1982 Peruvian Segunda División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Segunda División Peruana , the second division of Peruvian football ( soccer ) , was played by 6 teams . The tournament winner , Unión Gonzales Prada was promoted to the 1982 Copa Perú ."}
{"_id": "1877_in_music", "title": "1877 in music", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about music-related events in 1877 ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Second_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia", "title": "1994–95 Second League of FR Yugoslavia", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Second League of FR Yugoslavia ( Дpугa caвeзнa лигa , Druga savezna liga ) for the 1994 -- 95 season ."}
{"_id": "1710_AM", "title": "1710 AM", "headings": "", "text": "While 1710 kHz appears on many radios , it is unused even by TIS stations , exception being TIS ( WQFG689 ) licensed with a waiver to the Hudson County , New Jersey . This is because aeronautical radio navigation may use 1708 kHz . It has also been a popular frequency with both Part 15 and North American MW pirate radio station operators especially in the Midwest and east coast of the United States .   KHMV-LP , a low-power FM station licensed to Half Moon Bay , California , also broadcasts on 1710 AM , and identifies on both its website and on the air as `` KFMB 100.9 FM • AM 1710 . ''   The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1710 kHz :"}
{"_id": "1918_in_Mexico", "title": "1918 in Mexico", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1918 in Mexico ."}
{"_id": "101_Rent_Boys", "title": "101 Rent Boys", "headings": "", "text": "101 Rent Boys is a 2000 documentary film that explores the lives of male prostitutes in the Los Angeles , California area . Created by film-makers Randy Barbato and Fenton Bailey , the movie depicts 101 hustlers , being paid each $ 50 for their time , which come from diverse ethnic , regional , and economic backgrounds . Picked up on and around Santa Monica Boulevard , the men discuss a variety of things , many referring to their personal history as well commenting on the nature of their work ."}
{"_id": "1974_Arab_League_summit", "title": "1974 Arab League summit", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Arab League summit was a meeting of Arab leaders held in Rabat , Morocco in 1974 . Leaders to twenty Arab countries were present , including King Hussein of Jordan and Anwar Sadat of Egypt , together with representatives of the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . A unanimous resolution was passed which , for the first time , declared the PLO to be the `` sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people . '' Furthermore , the Arab League resolved that the `` oil-rich Arab states ... -LSB- provide -RSB- multi-annual financial aid to the -LSB- states in confrontation with Israel -RSB- and the PLO '' ( Sela 158 ) .   The summit shaped the future of the conflict in several ways . First , it forced King Hussein to relinquish his claim to be able to speak for the Palestinians and to acknowledge that a future Palestinian state would have to be independent of Jordan . Second , it `` weakened the American position . -LSB- U.S. Secretary of State Henry -RSB- Kissinger agreed with the Israelis that it was preferable to negotiate with Hussein rather than with the PLO '' ( Bickerton 176 ) ."}
{"_id": "1996_UCLA_Bruins_football_team", "title": "1996 UCLA Bruins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California , Los Angeles in the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season . The season was highlighted by the 25-yard Skip Hicks touchdown run in the second overtime that won the game for the Bruins over the crosstown-rival USC Trojans ."}
{"_id": "1922_Scottish_Cup_Final", "title": "1922 Scottish Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 Scottish Cup Final was played on 15 April 1922 at Hampden Park in Glasgow and was the final of the 44th staging of the Scottish Cup . Greenock Morton ( named Morton F.C. at the time ) and Rangers contested the match , Morton won the match 1 -- 0 with Jimmy Gourlay scoring the only goal of the game in the 20th minute .   The match was hard fought , with Morton defending aggressively . Rangers captain Cunningham went off on 30 minutes with a fractured jaw and Rangers played the remainder of the game with ten men . Rangers had the bulk of play and missed a number of chances to score .   The victory was Greenock Morton 's sole Scottish Cup victory ."}
{"_id": "1965_Football_League_Cup_Final", "title": "1965 Football League Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Football League Cup Final , the fifth to be staged since the competition 's inception , was contested between Leicester City and Chelsea over two legs . Leicester , the holders , were aiming to become the first side to retain the trophy while Chelsea were seeking to become the first London side to win it . Chelsea won 3 -- 2 on aggregate , with all the goals coming in the first leg ."}
{"_id": "1921–22_Belgian_First_Division", "title": "1921–22 Belgian First Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Belgian First Division in the 1921/1922 season ."}
{"_id": "1936_in_television", "title": "1936 in television", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1936 in television involved some significant events .  Below is a list of television-related events during 1936 .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1747_in_music", "title": "1747 in music", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1910_in_Denmark", "title": "1910 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1910 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1983_ECAC_South_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1983 ECAC South Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 ECAC South Men 's Basketball Tournament ( now known as the Colonial Athletic Association Men 's Basketball Tournament ) was held March 10 -- 12 at the Robins Center in Richmond , Virginia . The champion , , received an automatic bid to the 1983 NCAA Tournament ; it was JMU 's third-ever NCAA Tournament berth . The runner-up , William & Mary , received an at-large bid to the 1983 National Invitation Tournament ; it was W&M 's first-ever postseason berth of any kind ."}
{"_id": "1985_Dutch_Open_(tennis)", "title": "1985 Dutch Open (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Dutch Open was a Grand Prix tennis tournament staged in Hilversum , Netherlands . The tournament was played on outdoor clay courts and was held from July 22 to July 28 , 1985 . It was the 29th edition of the tournament ."}
{"_id": "1981_Pro_Bowl", "title": "1981 Pro Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Pro Bowl was the NFL 's 31st annual all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1980 season . The game was played on Sunday , February 1 , 1981 , at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu , Hawaii . The final score was NFC 21 , AFC 7 .   Sam Rutigliano of the Cleveland Browns led the AFC team against an NFC team coached by Atlanta Falcons head coach Leeman Bennett . The referee was Gordon McCarter ."}
{"_id": "1721_in_Scotland", "title": "1721 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1721 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": ".38_S&W", "title": ".38 S&W", "headings": "", "text": "The .38 S&W ( 9 × 20mmR ) is a revolver cartridge developed by Smith & Wesson in 1877 for use in the S&W .38 Single Action . Though similar in name , it is not interchangeable with the later .38 Smith & Wesson Special due to a different case shape and slightly larger bullet diameter ."}
{"_id": "1999_BC_Lions_season", "title": "1999 BC Lions season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 BC Lions finished in first place in the West Division with a 13 -- 5 record . They appeared in the West Final ."}
{"_id": "1995_in_Estonian_football", "title": "1995 in Estonian football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 season was the fourth full year of competitive football ( soccer ) in Estonia since gaining independence from the Soviet Union on 20 August 1991 ."}
{"_id": "1911_in_South_Africa", "title": "1911 in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1939_All-Ireland_Minor_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1939 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship was the 12th staging of the All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1928 .   Cork entered the championship as the defending champions in search of a record-equalling third successive title .   On 3 September 1939 Cork won the championship following a 5-2 to 2-2 defeat of Kilkenny in the All-Ireland final . This was their third All-Ireland title in-a-row and their fourth title overall ."}
{"_id": "1955_New_York_Giants_(MLB)_season", "title": "1955 New York Giants (MLB) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 73rd season . The team finished in third place in the National League with an 80-74 record , 18 1/2 games behind the Brooklyn Dodgers . The season ended with the Phillies turning a triple play with the winning run at home plate ."}
{"_id": "1999_German_Athletics_Championships", "title": "1999 German Athletics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 German Athletics Championships were held at the Steigerwaldstadion in Erfurt on 2 -- 4 July 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1743_in_Russia", "title": "1743 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1743 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1985_Estonian_SSR_Football_Championship", "title": "1985 Estonian SSR Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Estonian SSR Football Championship was won by Pärnu Kalakombinaat/MEK ."}
{"_id": "...In_Your_Eyes", "title": "...In Your Eyes", "headings": "", "text": "... In Your Eyes is Mary MacGregor 's second album . It is out of print and has never been issued on CD ."}
{"_id": "1972_NCAA_University_Division_football_rankings", "title": "1972 NCAA University Division football rankings", "headings": "", "text": "Two human polls comprised the 1972 National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) football rankings . Unlike most sports , college football 's governing body , the NCAA , does not bestow a national championship , instead that title is bestowed by one or more different polling agencies . There are two main weekly polls that begin in the preseason -- the AP Poll and the Coaches ' Poll ."}
{"_id": "1980–81_National_Hurling_League", "title": "1980–81 National Hurling League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 -- 81 National Hurling League was the 50th season of the National Hurling League ( NHL ) , an annual hurling competition for the GAA county teams . It was won by ."}
{"_id": "1962–63_Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup", "title": "1962–63 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The fifth Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was played over the 1962 -- 63 season . There were five representative teams for some major European cities , four of which lost out in the first round . Valencia CF beat NK Dinamo Zagreb over two legs to defend their title ."}
{"_id": "1993_Arizona_Rattlers_season", "title": "1993 Arizona Rattlers season", "headings": "", "text": "The Arizona Rattlers season marked the 2nd season for the franchise . The Rattlers sold out every home during the season ."}
{"_id": "108th_meridian_east", "title": "108th meridian east", "headings": "", "text": "The meridian 108 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Indian Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 108th meridian east forms a great circle with the 72nd meridian west ."}
{"_id": "1964_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1964 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship of 1964 was the 78th staging of Ireland 's premier hurling knock-out competition . Tipperary won the championship , beating Kilkenny 5-13 to 2-8 in the final at Croke Park , Dublin ."}
{"_id": "1795_in_science", "title": "1795 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1795 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1948_Australian_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1948 Australian Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Nancye Bolton defeated Marie Toomey 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 in the final to win the Women 's Singles title at the 1948 Australian Championships ."}
{"_id": "1959_in_South_Africa", "title": "1959 in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1994–95_Juventus_F.C._season", "title": "1994–95 Juventus F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Juventus Football Club won the league title for the first time in nine years . The Scudetto was won in the wake of defender Andrea Fortunato 's death from cancer during the course of the season . The title was dedicated to the 23-year-old , who had been established in the starting line-up before he got sick .   This first Serie A success since the 1985 -- 86 season was accompanied by a Coppa Italia win over Parma . The Turin club won both legs , 1 -- 0 at the Stadio delle Alpi and 2 -- 0 at the Stadio Ennio Tardini .   In the UEFA Cup , Juventus again met Parma in the final , having previously beaten Borussia Dortmund . This time , however , Juventus were defeated by Parma ( 0 -- 1 , 1 -- 1 ) , thus denying them a season treble ."}
{"_id": "1984_Tournament_of_the_Americas", "title": "1984 Tournament of the Americas", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 Tournament of the Americas , known now as the FIBA Americas Championship , was a basketball championship hosted by Brazil from 15 24 May 1984 . The games were played in Sao Paulo . This FIBA Americas Championship was to earn the three berths allocated to the Americas for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles and five berths for the 1986 FIBA World Championship in Moscow . The United States did not participate in the tournament , as the team had already claimed a berth in the Olympics as the host team . Brazil won the tournament by going undefeated in the round robin . Canada and Uruguay claimed the other two Olympic berths ."}
{"_id": "1972_in_Germany", "title": "1972 in Germany", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1972 in Germany ."}
{"_id": "1941_Western_Michigan_Broncos_football_team", "title": "1941 Western Michigan Broncos football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Western State Hilltoppers football team was an American football team that represented Western Michigan College of Education ( later renamed Western Michigan University ) during the 1941 college football season . In their 13th and final season under head coach Mike Gary , the Hilltoppers compiled an 8 -- 0 record , shut out four opponents , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 183 to 27 . The team played its home games at Waldo Stadium in Kalamazoo , Michigan .   End Bob Metzger was the team captain . For the second consecutive year , halfback Horace Coleman received the team 's most outstanding player award .   With the United States entry into World War II after the Attack on Pearl Harbor , Mike Gary left his position as head football coach at Western Michigan and served three years in the Naval Air Corps with the rank of commander ."}
{"_id": "1918–19_National_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1918–19 National Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 -- 19 National Challenge Cup was the sixth National Challenge cup held by the United States Football Association . Bethlehem Steel won their fourth title in a 2-0 victory over Paterson F.C. ."}
{"_id": "1985_Los_Angeles_Raiders_season", "title": "1985 Los Angeles Raiders season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Los Angeles Raiders season was their 26th in the league . They improved upon their previous season 's output of 11 -- 5 , winning 12 games . The team qualified for the playoffs for the fourth straight season ."}
{"_id": "1941–42_Ranji_Trophy", "title": "1941–42 Ranji Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 -- 42 Ranji Trophy was the eighth season of the Ranji Trophy . Bombay regained the title after six years defeating Mysore ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Polska_Liga_Hokejowa_season", "title": "1991–92 Polska Liga Hokejowa season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 Polska Liga Hokejowa season was the 57th season of the Polska Liga Hokejowa , the top level of ice hockey in Poland . 10 teams participated in the league , and Unia Oswiecim won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1985_IAAF_World_Indoor_Games_–_Women's_60_metres_hurdles", "title": "1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's 60 metres hurdles", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 60 metres hurdles event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 18 January ."}
{"_id": "1997_Sybase_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1997 Sybase Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Pete Sampras was the defending champion and won the final 3 -- 6 , 5 -- 0 after Greg Rusedski was forced to retire ."}
{"_id": "1999_Torneo_Internazionali_Femminili_di_Palermo_–_Doubles", "title": "1999 Torneo Internazionali Femminili di Palermo – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Internazionali Femminili di Palermo -- Doubles was the doubles event of the twelfth edition of the second most prestigious women 's tennis tournament held in Italy . Pavlina Nola and Elena Wagner were the defending champions , but Nola did not compete this year . Wagner therefore competed with Laurence Courtois as the third seed , and was defeated in the semifinals by second seeds Tina Križan and Katarina Srebotnik .   Križan and Srebotnik then ended up winning the tournament by defeating home players Giulia Casoni and Maria-Paola Zavagli in the final ."}
{"_id": "1897–98_Football_League", "title": "1897–98 Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 -- 1898 season was the tenth season of The Football League ."}
{"_id": "1986_Washington_Redskins_season", "title": "1986 Washington Redskins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Washington Redskins began with the team trying to improve on their 10 -- 6 record from 1985 and return to the playoffs after missing them the previous year . The Redskins finished with a 12 -- 4 record , good for second place in the NFC East , and qualified for the playoffs as a wild card . They defeated the Los Angeles Rams in the NFC Wild Card Game at RFK Stadium , then upset the defending champion Chicago Bears in the Divisional Playoffs . The season came to an end in the NFC Championship Game when the Redskins were defeated by their division rivals , the New York Giants ."}
{"_id": "1974–75_Philadelphia_Flyers_season", "title": "1974–75 Philadelphia Flyers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 -- 75 Philadelphia Flyers season was the Philadelphia Flyers eighth season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Flyers repeated as Stanley Cup champions . The 1974 -- 75 Flyers were the last Stanley Cup champion to be composed entirely of Canadian-born players ."}
{"_id": "1934–35_Slovenian_Republic_League", "title": "1934–35 Slovenian Republic League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 -- 35 Slovenian Republic League was the 16th season of the Slovenian Republic League . Ilirija have won the league ."}
{"_id": "1329", "title": "1329", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1329 ( MCCCXXIX ) was a common year starting on Sunday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1872_in_Scotland", "title": "1872 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1872 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1991_Thriftway_ATP_Championships_–_Singles", "title": "1991 Thriftway ATP Championships – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Stefan Edberg was the defending champion , but lost to Pete Sampras in the quarterfinals .   Guy Forget won the title , defeating Sampras 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 4 ) , 6 -- 4 in the final ."}
{"_id": "16_Biggest_Hits", "title": "16 Biggest Hits", "headings": "", "text": "16 Biggest Hits may refer to :  16 Biggest Hits ( Alabama album ) , 2007  16 Biggest Hits ( Lynn Anderson album ) , 2006  16 Biggest Hits ( Clint Black album ) , 2006  16 Biggest Hits ( Johnny Cash album ) , 1999  16 Biggest Hits ( Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash album ) , 2006  16 Biggest Hits ( Charlie Daniels album ) , 2006  16 Biggest Hits ( John Denver album ) , 2006  16 Biggest Hits ( Diamond Rio album ) , 2008  16 Biggest Hits ( Merle Haggard album ) , 1998  16 Biggest Hits ( Alan Jackson album ) , 2007  16 Biggest Hits ( Waylon Jennings album ) , 2005  16 Biggest Hits ( George Jones album ) , 1998  16 Biggest Hits ( Lonestar album ) , 2006  16 Biggest Hits ( Patty Loveless album ) , 2007  16 Biggest Hits ( Ronnie Milsap album ) , 2007  16 Biggest Hits ( Willie Nelson album ) , 1998  16 Biggest Hits ( Roy Orbison album ) , 1999  16 Biggest Hits ( Dolly Parton album ) , 2007  16 Biggest Hits ( Collin Raye album ) , 2002  16 Biggest Hits ( Ricky Van Shelton album ) , 1999"}
{"_id": "1924_Tour_of_Flanders", "title": "1924 Tour of Flanders", "headings": "", "text": "The eighth running of the Tour of Flanders cycling classic was held on Tuesday , 18 March 1924 . Belgian track specialist Gerard Debaets won the race after a solo breakaway . René Vermandel and Felix Sellier completed the podium . 17 of 63 riders finished ."}
{"_id": "1963_in_motorsport", "title": "1963 in motorsport", "headings": "", "text": "The following is an overview of the events of 1963 in motorsport including the major racing events , motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year , championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year , births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people ."}
{"_id": "1999_Copenhagen_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1999 Copenhagen Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Croatian Indoors was a men 's tennis tournament played on Carpet courts in Copenhagen , Denmark , that was part of the International Series of the 1999 ATP Tour . It was the twelfth edition of the tournament and was held 2 -- 9 February 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1987–88_Yugoslav_First_League", "title": "1987–88 Yugoslav First League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 -- 88 Yugoslav First League season was the 42nd season of the First Federal League ( Prva savezna liga ) , the top level association football competition of SFR Yugoslavia , since its establishment in 1946 . The season began on 2 August 1987 and ended on 12 June 1988 . Red Star led by Velibor Vasović won their 16th title with a single points ahead of previous season 's champions Partizan ."}
{"_id": "1978_in_archaeology", "title": "1978 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1978 in archaeology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "13_Faces_of_Death", "title": "13 Faces of Death", "headings": "", "text": "13th Faces of Death was an album released by the death metal band Embalmer on October 13 , 2006 . It was the band 's first and only full-length album . A number of songs , including `` Rotten Body Fluids , '' `` There Was Blood Everywhere , '' and `` Into the Oven , '' were re-recorded for this full-length album .   Reviews were generally positive , such as one from CD Baby that claimed that 13 Faces Of Death is `` guaranteed to peel back your face . ''"}
{"_id": "1937–38_OB_I_bajnoksag_season", "title": "1937–38 OB I bajnoksag season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937-38 OB I bajnokság season was the second season of the OB I bajnokság , the top level of ice hockey in Hungary . Five teams participated in the league , and BKE Budapest won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1935_Oregon_State_Beavers_football_team", "title": "1935 Oregon State Beavers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University in the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) during the 1935 college football season . In their third season under head coach Lon Stiner , the Beavers compiled a 6 -- 4 -- 1 record ( 2 -- 3 -- 1 against PCC opponents ) , finished in seventh place in the PCC , and outscored their opponents , 175 to 100 . The team played its home games at Bell Field in Corvallis , Oregon ."}
{"_id": "1893–94_Newton_Heath_F.C._season", "title": "1893–94 Newton Heath F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1893 -- 94 season was Newton Heath 's second season in the Football League . They finished last in the First Division for the second consecutive season , meaning that they faced a Test match against Liverpool in order to retain their top-flight status . They lost the match , which was played at Ewood Park , Blackburn , 2 -- 0 and were relegated to the Second Division . In the FA Cup , the Heathens managed to reach the Second Round before being knocked out by Blackburn Rovers , losing 5 -- 1 in a replay .   The club also entered teams in the Lancashire and Manchester Senior Cups in 1893 -- 94 , but were knocked out in the first round of both competitions . In the latter half of the season , a Newton Heath team also competed in the Palatine League in an attempt to add more league fixtures to the calendar . However , the experiment was unsuccessful , as the team lost four of their eight games ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Livingston_F.C._season", "title": "1999–2000 Livingston F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Season 1999-00 saw Livingston compete in the Scottish First Division . They also competed in the Bell 's Challenge Cup , League Cup and the Scottish Cup ."}
{"_id": "1978_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_1500_metres", "title": "1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 1500 metres", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Men 's 1,500 metres event at the 1978 European Championships in Prague , Czechoslovakia . The final was held on 3 September 1978 ."}
{"_id": "1918_Colorado_Mines_Orediggers_football_team", "title": "1918 Colorado Mines Orediggers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 Colorado Mines Orediggers football team represented the Colorado School of Mines in the 1918 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1953_All-Atlantic_Coast_Conference_football_team", "title": "1953 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by the Associated Press ( AP ) for the All-Atlantic Coast Conference ( `` ACC '' ) team for the 1953 college football season . The 1953 Maryland Terrapins football team , which was ranked # 1 in the final AP and UPI polls , placed four players on the All-ACC team . The Duke Blue Devils football team also placed four players on the All-ACC team , while South Carolina placed three players on the first team ."}
{"_id": "1927_Five_Nations_Championship", "title": "1927 Five Nations Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Five Nations Championship was the thirteenth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship following the inclusion of France into the Home Nations Championship . Including the previous Home Nations Championships , this was the fortieth series of the annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship . Ten matches were played between 1 January and 2 April . It was contested by England , France , Ireland , Scotland and Wales ."}
{"_id": "1982_in_marathon_running", "title": "1982 in marathon running", "headings": "", "text": "This page lists the World Best Year Performances in the year 1982 in the Marathon for both men and women . Australia 's Robert de Castella broke the men 's world record on December 6 , 1981 , at the Fukuoka Marathon , clocking a total time of 2:08:18 ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Ukrainian_Transitional_League", "title": "1993–94 Ukrainian Transitional League", "headings": "", "text": "Ukrainian Third League 1993-94 was the second season of the fourth level .   The season started on August 21 , 1993 , with the last games played on July 3 , 1994 . It was won by Sirius Zhovti Vody ."}
{"_id": "1540s_in_architecture", "title": "1540s in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "__ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1902_New_York_Giants_season", "title": "1902 New York Giants season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1902 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 20th season . The team finished in eighth place , last , in the National League with a 48-88 record , 53.5 games behind the Pittsburgh Pirates ."}
{"_id": "1999_BMW_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1999 BMW Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 BMW Open was a men 's tennis tournament played on Clay courts in Munich , Germany that was part of the World Series of the 1999 ATP Tour . It was the eighty-third edition of the tournament and was held from April 26 -- May 3 .   Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde were the defending champions , but did not participate this year .   Daniel Orsanic and Mariano Puerta won the title , defeating Massimo Bertolini and Cristian Brandi 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1989_Taipei_Women's_Championship", "title": "1989 Taipei Women's Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Taipei Women 's Championship was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Taipei on Taiwan in the Republic of China that was part of Tier V of the 1989 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from April 24 through April 30 , 1989 ."}
{"_id": "1993_Five_Nations_Championship_squads", "title": "1993 Five Nations Championship squads", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1953–54_New_York_Rangers_season", "title": "1953–54 New York Rangers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 -- 54 New York Rangers season saw the Rangers finish in fifth place in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) with a record of 29 wins , 31 losses , and 10 ties for 68 points ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Ekstraklasa", "title": "1990–91 Ekstraklasa", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Ekstraklasa in season 1990/1991 ."}
{"_id": "1966–67_Coupe_de_France", "title": "1966–67 Coupe de France", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 -- 67 Coupe de France was its 50th edition . It was won by Olympique Lyonnais which defeated FC Sochaux-Montbéliard in the Final ."}
{"_id": "1773_in_paleontology", "title": "1773 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1963_Allan_Cup", "title": "1963 Allan Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Allan Cup was the Canadian national senior ice hockey championship for the 1962-63 Senior `` A '' season . The event was hosted by the Windsor Bulldogs and Windsor , Ontario . The 1963 playoff marked the 55th time that the Allan Cup has been awarded ."}
{"_id": "1999_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Women's_100_metres", "title": "1999 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Women 's 100 metres event at the 1999 IAAF World Championships in Seville , Spain . There were a total number of 51 participating athletes , with seven qualifying heats , four quarter-finals , two semi-finals and the final held on Sunday 22 August 1999 at 21:00 h."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Greek_Cup", "title": "1993–94 Greek Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The Greek Cup 1993 -- 94 was the 52nd edition of The Greek Football Cup , or Greek Cup for short ."}
{"_id": "1914_Australasian_Championships_–_Singles", "title": "1914 Australasian Championships – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Arthur O'Hara Wood defeated Gerald Patterson 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 5 -- 7 , 6-1 in the final to win the Men 's Singles tennis title at the 1914 Australasian Championships ."}
{"_id": "1991_Individual_Speedway_Junior_World_Championship", "title": "1991 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship"}
{"_id": "187th_Infantry_Division_(German_Empire)", "title": "187th Infantry Division (German Empire)", "headings": "", "text": "The 187th Infantry Division ( 187 . Infanterie-Division ) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I."}
{"_id": "1949_Women's_European_Volleyball_Championship", "title": "1949 Women's European Volleyball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 Women 's European Volleyball Championship was the first edition of the event , organised by Europe 's governing volleyball body , the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball . It was hosted in Prague , Czechoslovakia from 10 to 18 September 1949 ."}
{"_id": "1994_Copa_Libertadores", "title": "1994 Copa Libertadores", "headings": "", "text": "The Copa Libertadores 1994 was won by Vélez Sársfield against São Paulo Futebol Clube in the penalty shootout . Vélez 's goalkeeper José Chilavert scored one of the penalty kicks and saved another one ."}
{"_id": "1948_Miami_hurricane", "title": "1948 Miami hurricane", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Miami hurricane ( Air Weather Service designation : Fox ) caused no fatalities in Florida , despite moving across the Miami area as a hurricane . The ninth tropical storm and fifth hurricane of the 1948 season , the storm developed from a large low pressure area over the northwestern Caribbean Sea on October 3 . The storm intensified into a tropical storm early the next day and a hurricane several hours later . Fox then significantly deepened , peaking with winds of 125 mph ( 205 km/h ) early on October 5 . Around that time , Fox made landfall in eastern Pinar del Río Province of Cuba . Fox crossed the island and emerged into the Straits of Florida . Late on October 5 , the hurricane struck Bahia Honda Key , Florida , with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km/h ) and two hours later , hit Flamingo . Fox emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Fort Lauderdale early on October 6 . The storm moved northeastward and later curved to the east-northeast . Late on October 7 , Fox made landfall on Bermuda with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km/h ) . Fox weakened over the next several days and later executed a large cyclonic loop . By October 16 , it became extratropical while well east-southeast of Newfoundland .   In Cuba , homes and cattle were swept away by flash flooding . Eleven deaths and about 300 injuries were attributed to the tropical cyclone . Damage in the country reached about $ 6 million . The storm brought strong winds to Florida , with a sustained wind speed of 122 mph at Naval Air Station Key West . Heavy rainfall exceeding 9.5 in in Miami and three tornadoes also contributed to the damage in South Florida . Throughout the state , 674 homes were severely damaged or destroyed , while 45 other buildings were demolished . Overall , damage in Florida reached $ 5.5 million and there were no deaths , but 36 injuries , none of which were serious . In Bermuda , buildings were unroofed and the sides of some structures were knocked down . Electrical light wires and telephone lines were toppled across the island . Damage totaled over $ 1 million ."}
{"_id": "1977_Cork_Senior_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1977 Cork Senior Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 89th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887 . The championship ended on 18 September 1977 .   Glen Rovers entered the championship as the defending champions .   On 18 September 1977 , St. Finbarr 's won the championship following a 1-17 to 1-5 defeat of Glen Rovers in the final . This was their 19th championship title and their first in three championship seasons . The attendance of 34,151 at the county final remains a record ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Birmingham_City_F.C._season", "title": "1972–73 Birmingham City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 -- 73 Football League season was Birmingham City Football Club 's 70th in the Football League and their 39th in the First Division , to which they were promoted as Second Division runners-up in 1971 -- 72 . After spending much of the season in the lower reaches of the table , eight wins and a draw from the last ten matches brought them up to tenth position in the 22-team division . They entered the 1972 -- 73 FA Cup at the third round proper and lost in that round to Swindon Town , and entered the League Cup in the second round , eliminated in the fourth by Blackpool .   Twenty-seven players made at least one appearance in nationally organised first-team competition , and there were fourteen different goalscorers . Centre-forward Bob Latchford played in all but one of the 48 first-team matches over the season , and finished as leading goalscorer with 20 goals , of which 19 came in league competition . The home attendance in First Division matches never fell below 30,000 ."}
{"_id": "1932_UCI_Road_World_Championships", "title": "1932 UCI Road World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 UCI Road World Championships took place in Rome , Italy ."}
{"_id": "1973_LPGA_Championship", "title": "1973 LPGA Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 LPGA Championship was the 19th LPGA Championship , held June 7 -- 10 at Pleasant Valley Country Club in Sutton , Massachusetts , southeast of Worcester .   Mary Mills , the 1964 champion , won her second LPGA Championship , a stroke ahead of Betty Burfeindt . It was her third and final major title ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_Eintracht_Frankfurt_season", "title": "1963–64 Eintracht Frankfurt season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 Eintracht Frankfurt season was the 64th season in the club 's football history . In 1963 -- 64 the club played in the Bundesliga , the newly found top tier of German football . It was the club 's 1st season in the Bundesliga .   The season ended up with Eintracht reaching the German cup final for the first time , losing to TSV 1860 München ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_NK_Rijeka_season", "title": "1993–94 NK Rijeka season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 season was the 48th season in Rijeka 's history . It was their 3rd season in the Prva HNL and 20th successive top tier season ."}
{"_id": "1928_Wisła_Kraków_season", "title": "1928 Wisła Kraków season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1928 season was Wisła Kraków 20th year as a club ."}
{"_id": "0010x0010", "title": "0010x0010", "headings": "", "text": "0010x0010 is a Dutch-born Audiovisual artist , currently living in Los Angeles ."}
{"_id": "1965_Central_Michigan_Chippewas_football_team", "title": "1965 Central Michigan Chippewas football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Central Michigan Chippewas football team represented Central Michigan University in the Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( IIAC ) during the 1965 college football season . In their 15th season under head coach Kenneth `` Bill '' Kelly , the Chippewas compiled a 5 -- 5 record ( 3 -- 1 against IIAC opponents ) , lost four straight games to start the season , won four straight to end the season , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 193 to 144 .   The team 's statistical leaders included quarterback Pat Boyd with 1,604 passing yards , halfback Jim Acitelli with 445 rushing yards , and halfback Wally Hempton with 605 receiving yards . Boyd threw a school record 17 interceptions in 1965 , but also set a school record for passing yards in a season and received the team 's most valuable player award . Eight Central Michigan players ( Hempton , Acitelli , halfack Don Krueger , tackles Norb Miller and John Plec , offensive guard/defensive end Lyle Spalding , center Tom Stoops , and defensive guard Paul Verska ) received first-team honors on the All-IIAC team ."}
{"_id": "1839_in_birding_and_ornithology", "title": "1839 in birding and ornithology", "headings": "", "text": "Alcide d'Orbigny describes the Cuban pygmy owl in Ramón de la Sagra 's monumental Historia física , política y natural de la isla de Cuba  1839-1840 Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Krauss , Johan August Wahlberg and Adulphe Delegorgue : fr : Adulphe Delegorgue explore Natal  Juan Gundlach leaves Europe for Cuba  1839-1843 James Clark Ross expedition to Antarctica  Frédéric de Lafresnaye describes the spot-crowned woodcreeper in Revue Zoologique , par la Société Cuvierienne ( Paris ) , René Primevère Lesson contributes the description of the black-headed honeyeater to the same journal  Foundation of Musée d'histoire naturelle de Mons  Foundation of Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Aix en Provence   Ongoing events  William Jardine and Prideaux John Selby with the co-operation of James Ebenezer Bicheno Illustrations of ornithology various publishers ( Four volumes ) 1825 and -LSB- 1836 -- 43 -RSB- . Although issued partly in connection with the volume of plates , under the same title ( at the time of issue ) , text and plates were purchasable separately and the publishers ... express the hope , also voiced by the author in his preface to the present work , that the text will constitute an independent work of reference . Vol . I was issued originally in 1825 -LSB- by A. Constable , Edinburgh -RSB- , with nomenclature according to Temminck  Category : Years in birding and ornithology  Category :1840 in science"}
{"_id": "10th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam", "title": "10th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam was elected by the Central Committee on 25 April in the aftermath of the 10th National Congress . The Politburo was dissolved on 12 January 2011 , at the beginning of the 11th National Congress ."}
{"_id": "179th_meridian_west", "title": "179th meridian west", "headings": "", "text": "The meridian 179 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 179th meridian west forms a great circle with the 1st meridian east ."}
{"_id": "1994_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season", "title": "1994 NCAA Division I-A football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season was the main college football season sanctioned by the NCAA . The season began in August 1994 and ended on January 2 , 1995 . Nebraska , who finished the season undefeated , ended the year ranked # 1 in both the Associated Press and Coaches polls . This was the first national championship of coach Tom Osborne 's career at Nebraska , despite coming close in two prior attempts ; in 1983 , his team lost to Miami after Osborne , with his team trailing 31-30 late in the game , elected to try for the lead instead of the tie and failed . In the previous season , Osborne 's team lost to eventual national champion Florida State on a missed field goal as time expired .   Although Osborne 's team finished the season unbeaten , the national championship picture again was engulfed in controversy . For much of the second half of the season , Nebraska and Penn State were regarded as the top two teams in the country . This raised the possibility of a split national championship for the third time since 1990 , due in large part to the system in place that had been concocted to avoid a split title .   Following the 1991 season , where Miami and Washington split the national championship in the AP and Coaches ' polls , the Bowl Coalition was founded . The Coalition consisted of six bowls , with the Orange , Fiesta , Cotton , and Sugar bowls were all considered potential hosts for a national championship game . Since three of these bowls already had specific tie-ins with conferences , an agreement was struck where the conferences would agree to release those teams from their contractual obligations in order to achieve a # 1 vs # 2 matchup . For the first two years of the Coalition , this did occur without incident as the Sugar and Orange Bowls in 1993 and 1994 featured # 1 vs. # 2 matchups in their respective games .   The problem with this as far as 1994 was concerned was that the Rose Bowl , which featured the Pac-10 and Big Ten champions playing each other , was not included in the Coalition and thus a team that finished # 1 or # 2 in the polls from those two conferences could not be considered by the Coalition to be its national champion . Nebraska , as a member of the Big Eight Conference , was part of the coalition while Penn State was not . As Nebraska went on to win the conference title , it earned an automatic bid to the Orange Bowl to face off against # 3 Miami , who won the Big East title and was # 2 in the Coalition pool . Thus Miami , who as recently as two years earlier was in the Coalition championship game , had a chance to stake a claim as the national champion with a win ( as they would have been awarded the Coaches ' Trophy ) and all but ensure a split title with Penn State provided they defeated # 13 Oregon in the Rose Bowl .   On January 1 , 1995 , Nebraska defeated Miami in the Orange Bowl 24-17 and clinched the championship . The next day Penn State defeated Oregon in the Rose Bowl by a count of 38-20 and secured the # 2 spot in the polls .   In the offseason that followed , the Bowl Coalition was disbanded and in its place came the Bowl Alliance , which attempted to serve the same purpose by rotating a national championship game between the Sugar , Fiesta , and Orange Bowls . Like the Bowl Coalition before it , the Bowl Alliance did not include the Rose Bowl and two of the three national championship games did not feature a # 1 vs. # 2 matchup , with the 1997 season seeing another split national championship ."}
{"_id": "1347", "title": "1347", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1347 ( MCCCXLVII ) was a common year starting on Monday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "18th_King_Edward's_Own_Cavalry", "title": "18th King Edward's Own Cavalry", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th King Edward 's Own Cavalry was a regular cavalry regiment in the British Indian Army . It was formed in 1921 by the amalgamation of the 6th King Edward 's Own Cavalry and the 7th Hariana Lancers . These regiments served the British Crown from before the Indian Mutiny to World War II ."}
{"_id": "1937_Fordham_Rams_football_team", "title": "1937 Fordham Rams football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Fordham Rams football team represented the Fordham University during the 1937 college football season . Once again , the Rams ' Offense dominated with over 100 points scored in just the first two games , and the Defense held every opponent to no more than 7 points per game , and shut out five teams , including No. 1 ranked Pittsburgh , and No. 19 ranked North Carolina . The Rams ' went undefeated with a 7-0-1 record , reaching No. 3 in the National AP Rankings , only giving up 16 points all season ."}
{"_id": "1957_Topps_Planes_Cards", "title": "1957 Topps Planes Cards", "headings": "", "text": "Issued in 1957 by Topps , the Planes Cards are a type of non-sports card . They show World War II planes from all over the world . There are 242 cards in total in the set ; the Blue-backs and the Red-backs . The Blue-back cards can be purchased for about $ 5 each while the Red-backs can be purchased for about $ 10 each . The Planes set can be bought for about $ 1000 ."}
{"_id": "1950–51_Michigan_Wolverines_men's_ice_hockey_season", "title": "1950–51 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 -- 51 Michigan Wolverines men 's ice hockey team represented the University of Michigan in intercollegiate college ice hockey during the 1950 -- 51 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season . The head coach was Vic Heyliger and the team captain was Gil Burford . The team won the 1951 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament . The team 's leading scorer was Neal `` The Seal '' Celley , who broke Michigan 's single-season scoring record with 79 points ( 40 goals , 39 assists ) ."}
{"_id": "1986_1._deild_karla", "title": "1986 1. deild karla", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 season of 1 . deild karla was the 32nd season of second-tier football in Iceland ."}
{"_id": "1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide", "title": "1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide", "headings": "", "text": "1-Ethyl-3 - ( 3-dimethylaminopropyl ) carbodiimide ( EDC , EDAC or EDCI ) is a water-soluble carbodiimide usually obtained as the hydrochloride . It is typically employed in the 4.0-6 .0 pH range . It is generally used as a carboxyl activating agent for the coupling of primary amines to yield amide bonds . Additionally , EDC can also be used to activate phosphate groups in order to form phosphomono-esters and phosphodiesters . Common uses for this carbodiimide include peptide synthesis , protein crosslinking to nucleic acids , but also in the preparation of immunoconjugates . EDC is often used in combination with N-hydroxysuccinimide ( NHS ) for the immobilisation of large biomolecules ."}
{"_id": "1980s_in_Hong_Kong", "title": "1980s in Hong Kong", "headings": "", "text": "1980s in Hong Kong marks a period when the territory was known for its wealth and trademark lifestyle . Hong Kong would be recognised internationally for its politics , entertainment and skyrocketing real estate prices ."}
{"_id": "1922_Oregon_Agricultural_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1922 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team represented Oregon Agricultural College ( now known as Oregon State University ) in the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) during the 1922 college football season . In their third season under head coach R. B. Rutherford , the Beavers compiled a 3 -- 4 record ( 1 -- 3 against PCC opponents ) , finished in a tie for fifth place in the PCC , and outscored their opponents , 44 to 42 . Fullback Gap Powell was the team captain . The team played its home games at Bell Field in Corvallis , Oregon ."}
{"_id": "1962_in_British_music", "title": "1962 in British music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a summary of 1962 in music in the United Kingdom , including the official charts from that year ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Louisville_Cardinals_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1991–92 Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991-92 Louisville Cardinals men 's basketball team represented the University of Louisville in the 1991 -- 92 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The head coach was Denny Crum and the team finished the season with an overall record of 19-11 ."}
{"_id": "1971_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_4_×_100_metres_relay", "title": "1971 European Athletics Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 4 x 100 metres relay at the 1971 European Athletics Championships was held in Helsinki , Finland , at Helsinki Olympic Stadium on 14 and 15 August 1971 ."}
{"_id": "1993_Supertaça_Cândido_de_Oliveira", "title": "1993 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was the 15th edition of the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira , the annual Portuguese football season-opening match contested by the winners of the previous season 's top league and cup competitions ( or cup runner-up in case the league - and cup-winning club is the same ) . The 1993 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was contested over two legs , and opposed Benfica and Porto of the Primeira Liga . Porto qualified for the SuperCup by winning the 1992 -- 93 Primeira Divisão , whilst Benfica qualified for the Supertaça by winning the 1992 -- 93 Taça de Portugal .   The first leg which took place at the Estádio da Luz , saw Benfica defeat Porto 1 -- 0 as a result of a late Rui Águas goal . The second leg which took place at the Estádio das Antas saw Porto defeat Benfica 1 -- 0 ( 1 -- 1 on aggregate ) , which led to the Supertaça being replayed in August 1994 . The replay which took place at Estádio Municipal de Coimbra , saw the Dragões defeat the Encarnados 4 -- 3 on penalties which would claim the Portistas a seventh Supertaça ."}
{"_id": "1918_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1918 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 32nd staging of Ireland 's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition . Wexford won a record fourth title in a row , an achievement which has never been completed ."}
{"_id": "1978–79_Drexel_Dragons_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1978–79 Drexel Dragons men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 -- 79 Drexel Dragons men 's basketball team represented Drexel University during the 1978 -- 79 men 's basketball season . The Dragons , led by 2nd year head coach Eddie Burke , played their home games at the Daskalakis Athletic Center and were members of the East Coast Conference ( ECC ) .   The team finished the season 18 -- 9 , and finished in 5th place in the ECC East in the regular season ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Heineken_Cup", "title": "1997–98 Heineken Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 Heineken Cup was the third edition of the Heineken Cup European rugby union club competition . Competing professional club teams from France , Ireland , Italy , Wales , England and Scotland , were divided into five pools of four , in which teams played home and away matches against each other . The pool winners automatically qualified for the knock-out stages . The five runners-up and the best third placed team entered the play-offs , where they competed for the remaining three quarter final positions ."}
{"_id": "1830_in_Algeria", "title": "1830 in Algeria", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1830 in United States ."}
{"_id": "1715_in_science", "title": "1715 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1715 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "(C6H10O5)n", "title": "(C6H10O5)n", "headings": "", "text": "( C6H10O5 ) n may refer to :  In photosynthesis is a polymer of glycogen : C6H12O6 - > ( C6H10O5 ) n + ( n-1 ) H2O  Polymers sharing that molecular formula :  Polydextrose  Glucan compounds :  Cellulose  Curdlan  Pullulan  Glycogen"}
{"_id": "1981_Daytona_500", "title": "1981 Daytona 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Daytona 500 , the 23rd running of the event , was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race held at the Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach , Florida . It was held on Sunday , February 15 , 1981 .   During the preceding season , NASCAR had completely stopped tracking the year model of all the vehicles and most teams did not take stock cars to the track under their own power anymore ."}
{"_id": "1969–70_La_Liga", "title": "1969–70 La Liga", "headings": "", "text": "La Liga 1969-70 season was the 39th since its establishment . The season started on September 13 , 1969 , and finished on April 19 , 1970 . It consisted of the following clubs :"}
{"_id": "1228", "title": "1228", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1228 ( MCCXXVIII ) was a leap year starting on Saturday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1962_Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_football_team", "title": "1962 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1962 college football season . In their second year under head coach Glenn Dobbs , the Golden Hurricane compiled a 5 -- 5 record ( 3 -- 0 against Missouri Valley Conference opponents ) and won the conference championship . The team 's statistical leaders included Stu McBirnie with 1,169 passing yards , Hank Dorsch with 250 rushing yards , and John Simmons with 860 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1973_DeKalb–Peachtree_Airport_Learjet_24_crash", "title": "1973 DeKalb–Peachtree Airport Learjet 24 crash", "headings": "", "text": "On February 26 , 1973 , a private Learjet 24 crashed shortly after take-off from DeKalb -- Peachtree Airport in Chamblee , Georgia , United States . The aircraft , registration N454RN , owned by a private corporation , struck birds shortly after lifting off . Air traffic control advised the flight crew of smoke trailing from their left engine ; the crew said they would not be able to return to the airport . The aircraft impacted the roof of an apartment building and came to rest in a ravine . All five passengers and two crew members aboard the aircraft were killed ; a person in the apartment building suffered severe burns .   A subsequent investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) confirmed the aircraft had impacted birds during take-off . Due to loss of power in the left engine , the flight crew were unable to control their aircraft before it struck the roof of the apartment building . The investigation further determined the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) and officials at DeKalb -- Peachtree Airport were aware of the danger of birds at the airport after a landfill site had opened in the vicinity of the airport ten years before the accident ."}
{"_id": "1977–78_Vancouver_Canucks_season", "title": "1977–78 Vancouver Canucks season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1978_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup", "title": "1978 Alpine Skiing World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th World Cup season began in December 1977 and concluded in March 1978 . Ingemar Stenmark of Sweden won his third consecutive overall title . Hanni Wenzel of Liechtenstein won the women 's overall title .   A break in the schedule was for the 1978 World Championships , held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , Bavaria , West Germany , between January 29 and February 5 , 1978 .   During this season , no combined was scheduled for the World Cup . Combined was resumed in the following season 1978/79 ."}
{"_id": "1998_World_Indoor_Bowls_Championship", "title": "1998 World Indoor Bowls Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 SAGA World World Indoor Bowls Championship was held at Preston Guild Hall , Preston , England , from 13 -- 23 January 1998 .   In the Singles the unseeded Paul Foster won his first title beating Mervyn King in the final .  In the Pairs Richard Corsie and Graham Robertson won defeating Andy Thomson and Gary Smith in the final .   The Women 's World Championship took place at the Selwyn Samuel Centre in Llanelli from April 22-28 . The event was won by Caroline McAllister ."}
{"_id": "1934_Mannin_Moar", "title": "1934 Mannin Moar", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Mannin Moar ( formally known as II Mannin Moar ) was a Grand Prix that was held on 2 June 1934 at a street circuit in Douglas , Isle of Man , United Kingdom . It was the twelfth round of the 1934 Grand Prix season , but it did not count towards the championship . The race , contested over 50 laps of 3.659 mi , or 5.889 km , was won by Brian Lewis driving a Alfa Romeo Tipo B after starting from pole position ."}
{"_id": "1942_All-Ireland_Senior_Camogie_Championship", "title": "1942 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 All Ireland Camogie Championship was won by Dublin , beating Cork in a replayed final . Cork thought they had won the initial final at the Mardyke when Renee Fitzgerald scored first an equalising , then a late winning goal . Referee Sean Gleeson said he had blown the whistle before Ftzgerald 's second goal . The replay was the first All Ireland final to have a match programme and the first to be broadcast by Radio Éireann ."}
{"_id": "1997_European_Road_Championships", "title": "1997 European Road Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 European Road Championships were held in Villach , Austria , in September 1997 . Regulated by the European Cycling Union . The event consisted of a road race and time trial for under-23 women and under-23 men ."}
{"_id": "1923_in_science", "title": "1923 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1923 in science and technology involved some significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "1950_Pepperdine_Waves_football_team", "title": "1950 Pepperdine Waves football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Pepperdine Waves football team represented George Pepperdine CollegePepperdine University was known as George Pepperdine College from 1937 -- 1970 . More commonly it was simply called Pepperdine College . See : Pepperdine during the 1950 College Division football season .   Pepperdine competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . The team was led by second-year head coach Ray Richards and played home games at Gilmore Stadium in Los Angeles , California . They finished the season with a record of four wins and five losses ( 4 -- 5 , 2 -- 2 CCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1962_in_literature", "title": "1962 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1962 ."}
{"_id": "1989_Purdue_Boilermakers_football_team", "title": "1989 Purdue Boilermakers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Purdue Boilermakers football team represented Purdue University during the 1989 NCAA Division I-A football season ."}
{"_id": "1958_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_long_jump", "title": "1958 European Athletics Championships – Men's long jump", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's long jump at the 1958 European Athletics Championships was held in Stockholm , Sweden , at Stockholms Olympiastadion on 19 and 20 August 1958 ."}
{"_id": "123rf", "title": "123rf", "headings": "", "text": "123rf is a picture agency founded in 2005 and headquartered in Malaysia . Originally , 123rf exercised exclusively rights of photos . In the past few years , 123RF expanded the portfolio and served the growing market of the web-based content industry . In addition to over 78 million image marketing rights , the company also has databases for vector graphics , icons , video and audio files . The marketing is mainly carried out by about 450 employees , whom work from 40 offices around the globe ."}
{"_id": "1815_in_Russia", "title": "1815 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1815 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1974_Campeonato_Argentino_de_Rugby", "title": "1974 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby was won by the selection of Buenos Aires that beat in the final the selection of Cuyo"}
{"_id": "1986_West_Berlin_discotheque_bombing", "title": "1986 West Berlin discotheque bombing", "headings": "", "text": "On 5 April 1986 , three people were killed and around 230 injured when La Belle discothèque was bombed in the Friedenau district of West Berlin . The entertainment venue was commonly frequented by United States soldiers , and two of the dead and 79 of the injured were American servicemen .   A bomb placed under a table near the disc jockey 's booth exploded at 01:45 CET , instantly killing Nermin Hannay , a Turkish woman , and US Army sergeant Kenneth T. Ford . A second US Army sergeant , James E. Goins , died from his injuries two months later . Some of the victims were left permanently disabled due to the injuries caused by the explosion .   Libya was accused by the US government of sponsoring the bombing , and US President Ronald Reagan ordered retaliatory strikes on Tripoli and Benghazi in Libya ten days later . The strikes reportedly killed 15 -- 30 people , and were condemned by the United Nations General Assembly . The operation was widely seen as an attempt to kill Colonel Gaddafi .   A 2001 trial in the US found that the bombing had been `` planned by the Libyan secret service and the Libyan Embassy . ''"}
{"_id": "1986_Metro_Manila_Film_Festival", "title": "1986 Metro Manila Film Festival", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Metro Manila Film Festival was held in 1986 .   NCV productions ' Halimaw sa Banga romped away 10 of the 12 awards given including the Best Director and Best Actor for Mario O'Hara - Banga Episode and Best Actress for Liza Lorena - Banga Episode among others . The film also garnered the Third Best Picture Award . Romy Vitug won the Best Cinematography Award for Celso Ad . Castillo 's Payaso while the director 's son , Chris Ad Castillo , received the Best Supporting Actor Award for Augusto Buenaventura 's Bagets Gang ."}
{"_id": "1951_in_Laos", "title": "1951 in Laos", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1951 in Laos ."}
{"_id": "136th_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment", "title": "136th Indiana Infantry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 136th Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between May 21 and September 2 , 1864 , during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "11×60mm_Mauser", "title": "11×60mm Mauser", "headings": "", "text": "The 11mm Mauser ( also known as the 11x60mmR Mauser or .43 Mauser ) was a black-powder cartridge developed for the Mauser Model 1871 rifle , and used later in the 71/84 variant . It is no longer in production , however it is available from custom loaders and handloading can be done to replenish spent ammunition ."}
{"_id": "1955_Dutch_TT", "title": "1955 Dutch TT", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 Dutch TT was the sixth round of the 1955 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on 16 July 1955 at the Circuit van Drenthe , Assen .   A new 4.7 mile ( 7.7 km ) circuit had been built at Assen for the Dutch TT ; the public road version was no longer used after 1954 . This track set the foundation for future Dutch TT 's ."}
{"_id": "1958_Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football_team", "title": "1958 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team represented Rutgers University in the 1958 college football season . In their third season under head coach John Stiegman , the Scarlet Knights compiled an 8 -- 1 record , outscored their opponents 301 to 77 , and were ranked No. 20 in the final AP Poll . The team 's statistical leaders included Bruce Webster with 513 passing yards , Billy Austin with 747 rushing yards , and Bob Simms with 468 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_WHL_season", "title": "1995–96 WHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 WHL season was the 30th season for the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) . Seventeen teams completed a 72-game season . The Brandon Wheat Kings won the President 's Cup ."}
{"_id": "18_Gramercy_Park", "title": "18 Gramercy Park", "headings": "", "text": "18 Gramercy Park is a historic building in Manhattan , New York City , USA . Built as a hotel in 1927 , it was a women 's temporary residence owned by The Salvation Army from 1963 to 2008 . It was redesigned by Robert A. M. Stern Architects as a luxury residential building in 2012 .   The 19-story building was completed in 1927 . It was built as a women 's hotel and designed by the architectural firm Murgatroyd & Ogden . It was acquired by The Salvation Army and turned into temporary housing for single women from 1963 to 2008 . It was then known as the Parkside Evangeline .   The building was sold by the Salvation Army to Eastgate Realty for US$ 60 million in 2010 . The investors were the Zeckendorf family and Israeli billionaire Eyal Ofer .   In 2012 , the building was redesigned into a residential building with 16 apartments by Robert A. M. Stern Architects . The duplex penthouse was purchased by Leslie Alexander , the owner of the Houston Rockets basketball team in 2012 , reportedly for US$ 42 million .   Residents have a key to Gramercy Park , a private park ."}
{"_id": "1437_in_Ireland", "title": "1437 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1437 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1975_Mr._Olympia", "title": "1975 Mr. Olympia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Mr. Olympia contest was an IFBB professional bodybuilding competition held November 4 -- 11 , 1975 in Pretoria , South Africa . It was the 11th Mr. Olympia competition and the feature event of the 1975 IFBB International Congress .   The event was filmed for the 1977 docudrama Pumping Iron which featured the rivalry between competitors Arnold Schwarzenegger and Lou Ferrigno as they trained for the contest . Although not released until two years after the event , the success of the film made Arnold Schwarzenegger an international celebrity , contributed to his success as Hollywood actor , and helped establish bodybuilding as a professional sport ."}
{"_id": "1983_NCAA_Rifle_Championships", "title": "1983 NCAA Rifle Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 NCAA Rifle Championships were contested at the fourth annual tournament to determine the team and individual national champions of NCAA co-ed collegiate rifle shooting in the United States . The championship was held at Xavier University in Cincinnati , Ohio .   West Virginia , with a team score of 6,166 , won their first team title , finishing 18 points ahead of three-time defending champion Tennessee Tech . The Mountaineers were coached by Olympian Edward Etzel .   The individual champions were , for the smallbore rifle , David Johnson ( West Virginia ) and , for the air rifle , Ray Slonena ( Tennessee Tech ) ."}
{"_id": "1988–89_Phoenix_Suns_season", "title": "1988–89 Phoenix Suns season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 -- 89 Phoenix Suns season was the 20th season for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association . Cotton Fitzsimmons , Suns head coach for the ' 70 -- '71 and ' 71 -- '72 seasons , returned to the franchise where he got his first head coaching position . The Suns also enjoyed the benefits of a trade which brought Tom Chambers to the Valley of the Sun , who would have an All-Star season his first year in Phoenix . The Suns ' regular seasons successes were carried on through the playoffs , sweeping Denver in the first round and defeating Golden State four games to one in the Western Conference Semifinals . The Suns saw their playoff fortunes reverse in the Conference Finals when they met the season 's MVP Magic Johnson and the top-seeded Los Angeles Lakers , getting swept four games to zero . All home games were played at Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum .   Chambers headed a triplet of Suns who averaged 20 points or more for the season , with Chambers leading the way at 25.7 points per game . Eddie Johnson , who would earn the season 's Sixth Man Award , came off the bench for 21.5 per while second-year point guard Kevin Johnson obtained his 20.4 average through a starting role . Johnson , enjoying his first full season with the Suns after a midseason trade the year before , earned Most Improved Player of the Year Award while finishing third behind future Hall of Famers John Stockton and Magic Johnson in assists per game with a 12.2 average . Johnson blossomed in his role with the Suns , appearing in 81 games and finishing second in the league in average minutes per game ."}
{"_id": "1964–65_Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C._season", "title": "1964–65 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1964 -- 65 season Hearts competed in the Scottish First Division , the Scottish Cup , the Scottish League Cup , the Summer Cup and the East of Scotland Shield ."}
{"_id": "1997_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season", "title": "1997 Pittsburgh Steelers season", "headings": "", "text": "The Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise 's 65th season as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League .   This season was considered a transitional year due to many key free agent losses in the offseason , as well as the first season of Kordell Stewart starting at quarterback .   The Steelers finished with an 11 -- 5 record , their fourth consecutive AFC Central top seed , and their sixth straight playoff appearance . In doing so , Steelers head coach Bill Cowher tied Hall of Fame coach Paul Brown with most consecutive playoff appearances to start a head coaching career in the NFL -- a record Cowher still co-owns with Brown , as the Steelers missed the playoffs the following year .   The Steelers had 572 rushing attempts in 1997 , the most in the 1990s . Their 2,479 total rushing yards were the third-most of the decade by any team .   The Steelers would host the AFC Championship Game for the third time in four years ; however , they would ultimately lose to the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos ."}
{"_id": "1992_Tercera_División_play-offs", "title": "1992 Tercera División play-offs", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Tercera División play-offs to Segunda División B from Tercera División ( Promotion play-offs ) were the final playoffs for the promotion from 1991 -- 92 Tercera División to 1992 -- 93 Segunda División B . The first four teams of each group ( excluding reserve teams ) took part in the play-off ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Omani_League", "title": "1997–98 Omani League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 Omani League was the 23rd edition of the top football league in Oman . Oman Club were the defending champions , having won the previous 1996 -- 97 Omani League season . Al-Nasr S.C.S.C. emerged as the champions of the 1997 -- 98 Omani League with a total of 38 points ."}
{"_id": "1867_Open_Championship", "title": "1867 Open Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1867 Open Championship was the eighth Open Championship and was held on 26 September at Prestwick Golf Club . Tom Morris , Sr. won the championship for the fourth time , by two shots from Willie Park , Sr. . Tom Morris , Sr. was 46 years old and remains the oldest Open Championship winner .   For the first time , an amateur , William Doleman , led after a first round of 55 , a stroke ahead of Robert Andrew . Doleman had a second round 66 and dropped out of contention . Tom Morris , after a round of 54 , went into the lead with Willie Park and Robert Andrew two shots behind . Andrew had a final round of 65 to drop him out of the prize money . Andrew Strath had the best final round of 56 to finish third , while young Tom Morris finished with prize money for the first time ."}
{"_id": "1977_BBC2_Floodlit_Trophy", "title": "1977 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy was the thirteenth occasion on which the BBC2 Floodlit Trophy competition had been held . This year there was another new name added when Hull Kingston Rovers won the trophy by beating St. Helens in the final by the score of 26-11 . The match was played at Craven Park ( 1 ) , in Hull , East Riding of Yorkshire . The attendance was 10,099 , and the receipts were # 6,586 ."}
{"_id": "1983_in_Scottish_television", "title": "1983 in Scottish television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of events in Scottish television from 1983 ."}
{"_id": "1980_Adelaide_State_of_Origin_Carnival", "title": "1980 Adelaide State of Origin Carnival", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Adelaide State of Origin Carnival was the 21st Australian National Football Carnival , an Australian rules football competition . It was just the second carnival to take place under the State of Origin format .   Four states took part , the hosts South Australia , Tasmania , Victoria and the reigning carnival champions Western Australia . Football Park hosted all the fixtures , which took place in October after the football season had ended ."}
{"_id": "1931_Montana_Grizzlies_football_team", "title": "1931 Montana Grizzlies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 Montana Grizzlies football team represented the University of Montana in the 1931 college football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) . The Grizzlies were led by first-year head coach Bunny Oakes , played their home games at Dornblaser Field and finished the season with a record of one win and six losses ( 1 -- 6 , 0 -- 5 PCC ) ."}
{"_id": "1911_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1911 Georgia Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1911 college football season . The Bulldogs completed the season with a 7 -- 1 -- 1 record . The only blemishes on the season were a loss to Vanderbilt and a tie with Auburn . Vanderbilt went on to win its second straight SIAA conference title . The season provided second consecutive victories over Alabama and Georgia Tech and the first victory in a number of years against Sewanee . The captain of the 1911 team and one of the star players was quarterback George Cecil Woodruff . Woodruff became the third Georgia player to later become head coach of the Bulldogs when he assumed that role in 1923 .   The 1911 season was Georgia 's 20th football season . After 20 years of football , the Bulldogs had played 127 games and had a 60 -- 55 -- 12 record ( .520 winning percentage ) ."}
{"_id": "1962_North_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_season", "title": "1962 North Indian Ocean cyclone season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 North Indian Ocean cyclone season had no bounds , but cyclones tend to form between April and December , with peaks in May and November . The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean . There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean -- the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India . The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories . An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November . Cyclones occurring between the meridans 45 ° E and 100 ° E are included in the season by the IMD ."}
{"_id": "1876_in_Japan", "title": "1876 in Japan", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1876 in Japan ."}
{"_id": "1994_Sugar_Bowl", "title": "1994 Sugar Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Sugar Bowl took place on January 1 , 1994 , in the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana between the Florida Gators , the champions of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) , and West Virginia Mountaineers , winners of the Big East Conference . The Mountaineers came into the game undefeated , with slim national championship hopes , while Florida came in 10 -- 2 and ranked # 8 ."}
{"_id": "1921_in_organized_crime", "title": "1921 in organized crime", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1920 in organized crime ,  other events of 1921 ,  1922 in organized crime and the  list of ` years in Organized Crime ' ."}
{"_id": "1233_in_poetry", "title": "1233 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1990–91_UNLV_Runnin'_Rebels_basketball_team", "title": "1990–91 UNLV Runnin' Rebels basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 UNLV Runnin ' Rebels basketball team represented the University of Nevada , Las Vegas in NCAA Division I men 's competition in the 1990 -- 91 season . The Runnin ' Rebels , coached by Jerry Tarkanian , entered the season as defending national champions and entered the 1991 NCAA tournament unbeaten , but lost in the national semifinal to eventual champions Duke when Anderson Hunt 's desperation three in the final seconds bounced off the backboard and into the hands of a Duke player , Bobby Hurley . They had been the last team to finish the regular season unbeaten before St. Joseph 's did it in 2004 . They were the last team to enter the NCAA tournament unbeaten until Wichita State did it in 2014 and Kentucky in 2015 .   The team played its home games in the Thomas & Mack Center , and was a member of the Big West Conference ; it would join the Western Athletic Conference in 1996 and become a charter member of its current conference , the Mountain West Conference , in 1999 .   The nickname `` Runnin ' Rebels '' is unique to men 's basketball at UNLV . The default nickname for men 's sports teams at the school is simply `` Rebels '' , while all women 's teams are known as `` Lady Rebels '' ."}
{"_id": "1842_Hynek", "title": "1842 Hynek", "headings": "", "text": "1842 Hynek , provisional designation , is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 8 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 14 January 1972 , by Czech astronomer Luboš Kohoutek at the Hamburger Bergedorf Observatory and named after the discoverer 's father ."}
{"_id": "1959_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team", "title": "1959 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1959 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1965_Országos_Bajnokság_I_(men's_water_polo)", "title": "1965 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)", "headings": "", "text": "1965 Országos Bajnokság I ( men 's water polo ) was the 59th water polo championship in Hungary . There were ten teams who played two-round match for the title ."}
{"_id": "'Cuz_I_Can_(Pink_song)", "title": "'Cuz I Can (Pink song)", "headings": "", "text": "'' ` Cuz I Can '' is a song written by Pink , Max Martin and Lukasz Gottwald for Pink 's fourth album , I 'm Not Dead , from which it was released as a promotional single for the album . It was one of the five album tracks that leaked onto the internet in July 2005 ."}
{"_id": "1938", "title": "1938", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1995_Australian_Men's_Hardcourt_Championships", "title": "1995 Australian Men's Hardcourt Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Adelaide International was a men 's tennis tournament held in Adelaide , Australia and played on outdoor hard courts . The event was part of the ATP World Series of the 1995 ATP Tour . It was the 18th edition of the tournament and was held from 2 January through 9 January 1995 .   Jim Courier won his 1st title of the year , and 15th of his career ."}
{"_id": "1996_Latvian_Higher_League", "title": "1996 Latvian Higher League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 season in the Latvian Higher League , named Virslīga , was the sixth domestic competition since the Baltic nation gained independence from the Soviet Union on 6 September 1991 . Tenth teams competed in this edition , with Skonto FC claiming the title ."}
{"_id": "1713_in_science", "title": "1713 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1713 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1929_Pacific_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1929 Pacific Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 Pacific Tigers football team represented the College of the Pacific ( COP ) University of the Pacific ( UOP ) was known as College of the Pacific from 1911 -- 1961 . See : University of the Pacific during the 1929 college football season .   COP competed in the Far Western Conference ( FWC ) . The team was led by ninth-year head coach Erwin Righter , and played home games at Baxter Stadium in Stockton , California . The team finished with three wins , four losses and one tie ( 3 -- 4 -- 1 , 1 -- 3 -- 1 FWC ) . Overall , the Tigers were outscored by their opponents 67 -- 88 for the season ."}
{"_id": "1845_in_Chile", "title": "1845 in Chile", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1845 in Chile ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_S.S._Lazio_season", "title": "1994–95 S.S. Lazio season", "headings": "", "text": "S.S. Lazio finished in second place in Serie A this season and reached the quarter final of the UEFA Cup ."}
{"_id": "1889_Iowa_Hawkeyes_football_team", "title": "1889 Iowa Hawkeyes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1889 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa during the 1889 college football season . On September 26 , 1889 , Martin Sampson , who would later score the first touchdown in school history , led a meeting regarding the organization of an S.U.I. football team . It was this suggestion that earned Sampson the title of coach and captain of the team . In the following days , Iowa sent out a challenge to any team in the state of Iowa for a game of football . The one team to accept Iowa 's challenge : Iowa College . The Hawkeyes were no strangers to the Pioneers , as the two schools had met on the baseball diamond in the 20 years before . The game date was set for November 16 , and the preparations for the game began .   Preparations were difficult at Iowa , as proper management and leadership was obviously lacking at team practices . That was hardly the case with practices at Iowa College . With the help of Frank Everest and Lou Van Giesen , two men with playing experience back east , the Pioneers were able to field a competitive team . Iowa was outmatched , and lost the game , 24 -- 0 . Although a rematch was scheduled to be played on Thanksgiving , it was canceled due to inclement weather . With that , Iowa College had won the first championship west of the Mississippi River ."}
{"_id": "1849_in_Denmark", "title": "1849 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1849 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1987–88_Biathlon_World_Cup", "title": "1987–88 Biathlon World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 -- 88 Biathlon World Cup was a multi-race tournament over a season of biathlon , organised by the UIPMB ( Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne et Biathlon ) . The season started on 17 December 1987 in Hochfilzen , Austria , and ended on 20 March 1988 in Jyväskylä , Finland . It was the eleventh season of the Biathlon World Cup . The women 's European Cup changed its name to World Cup .   The first round of the World Cup in Hochfilzen had scheduled individuals , sprints and relays , but the sprints and relays were cancelled due to heavy rainfall destroying the tracks . The sprint races were later held in Keuruu , with the rest of that World Cup round being held in Jyväskylä ."}
{"_id": "1913_Ottoman_coup_d'état", "title": "1913 Ottoman coup d'état", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 Ottoman coup d'état ( January 23 , 1913 ) , also known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte ( Bâb-ı Âlî Baskını ) , was a coup d'état carried out in the Ottoman Empire by a number of Committee of Union and Progress ( CUP ) members led by Ismail Enver Bey and Mehmed Talaat Bey , in which the group made a surprise raid on the central Ottoman government buildings , the Sublime Porte ( Bâb-ı Âlî ) . During the coup , the Minister of the Navy Nazım Pasha was assassinated and the Grand Vizier , Kâmil Pasha , was forced to resign . After the coup , the government fell into the hands of the Committee of Union and Progress , now under the leadership of the triumvirate known as the `` Three Pashas '' , made up of Enver , Talaat , and Djemal Pasha .   In 1911 , the Freedom and Accord Party ( also known as the Liberal Union or Liberal Entente ) , Kâmil Pasha 's party , was formed in opposition to the CUP and almost immediately won the by-elections in Istanbul . Alarmed , the CUP rigged the general elections of 1912 with electoral fraud and violence against Freedom and Accord , earning them the nickname `` Election of Clubs '' ( Sopalı Seçimler ) . In response , the Savior Officers ( Halâskâr Zâbitân ) of the army , partisans of Freedom and Accord determined to see the CUP fall , rose up in anger and caused the fall of the CUP 's post-election Mehmed Said Pasha government . A new government was formed under Ahmed Muhtar Pasha , but it too was dissolved after a few months in October 1912 after the sudden outbreak of the First Balkan War .   After gaining the permission of sultan Mehmed V to form a new government in late October 1912 , Freedom and Accord leader Kâmil Pasha sat down to diplomatic talks with Bulgaria after the unsuccessful First Balkan War . With the Bulgarian demand for the cession of the former Ottoman capital city of Edirne ( Adrianople ) looming and the outrage among the Turkish populace as well as the CUP leadership , the CUP carried out the raid on the Sublime Porte . After the coup , opposition parties like Freedom and Accord were subject to heavy repression and their leaders arrested or exiled to Europe , while many CUP members were put into power . Coup leader Enver Bey ( later Pasha ) , soon to be Minister of War , withdrew the Ottoman Empire from the ongoing London Peace Conference and moved it closer to Germany ahead of World War I."}
{"_id": "1991_Tampa_Bay_Storm_season", "title": "1991 Tampa Bay Storm season", "headings": "", "text": "The Tampa Bay Storm season was the fifth season for the Arena Football League franchise , and its first season as the Tampa Bay Storm . The team was sold to Bob Gries in 1990 , and he quickly moved the team from Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania to St. Petersburg , Florida . The team played their home games at the Florida Suncoast Dome ."}
{"_id": "1908–09_in_Scottish_football", "title": "1908–09 in Scottish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 -- 09 season was the 36th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 19th season of the Scottish Football League ."}
{"_id": "1988–89_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup", "title": "1988–89 FIBA European Champions Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 -- 89 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 32nd season of the European top-tier level professional FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) , which was won by Jugoplastika , after they beat Maccabi Elite 75-69 . The culminating 1989 EuroLeague Final Four was held at Olympiahalle , Munich , FR Germany , on 4 -- 6 April 1989 . Dino Rađa was named Final Four MVP ."}
{"_id": "1997_Movistar_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1997 Movistar Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Gustavo Kuerten and Fernando Meligeni were the defending champions , but Kuerten did not participate this year . Meligeni partnered Luis Lobo , losing in the quarterfinals .   Hendrik Jan Davids and Andrew Kratzmann won the title , defeating Julián Alonso and Nicolás Lapentti 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1962_Syracuse_Orangemen_football_team", "title": "1962 Syracuse Orangemen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1962 NCAA University Division football season . The offense scored 159 points while the defense allowed 110 points ."}
{"_id": "1948_Stockholm_Grand_Prix", "title": "1948 Stockholm Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Stockholm Grand Prix was a Grand Prix race held according to the then new Formula Two rules , at Skarpnäck Airfield outside Stockholm on 30 May 1948 . It was won by B. Bira in a Simca-Gordini T15 entered by Equipe Gordini .   The circuit was 1.37 mi long and had five turns in an overall triangular shape .   It was the only running of the Stockholm Grand Prix ."}
{"_id": "104th_Street_(IRT_Ninth_Avenue_Line)", "title": "104th Street (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)", "headings": "", "text": "104th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line . It had two levels . The lower level was built first and had two tracks and two side platforms and served local trains . The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had one track that served express trains that bypassed this station . It opened on June 21 , 1879 and closed on June 11 , 1940 . The next southbound stop was 99th Street . The next northbound stop was 110th Street . This had a view of the Suicide Curve at 110th Street ."}
{"_id": "1995_British_Grand_Prix", "title": "1995 British Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 British Grand Prix ( formally the XLVIII British Grand Prix ) was a Formula One motor race held on 16 July 1995 at Silverstone Circuit , Silverstone , Northamptonshire , England . It was the eighth round of the 1995 Formula One season . The 61-lap race was won by Johnny Herbert for the Benetton team after he started from fifth position . Jean Alesi finished second in a Ferrari , with David Coulthard third in a Williams car . The remaining points-scoring positions were filled by Olivier Panis ( Ligier ) , Mark Blundell ( McLaren ) and Heinz-Harald Frentzen ( Sauber ) . Herbert 's victory was his first in Formula One , and the Benetton team 's fifth of the season .   The race was dominated , however , by the fight between World Drivers ' Championship protagonists , Michael Schumacher ( Benetton ) and Damon Hill ( Williams ) . Hill , who started from a pole position achieved during qualifying sessions held in variable weather conditions , retained his lead during the opening stages of the race whilst Schumacher , who was alongside him on the starting grid , fell behind Alesi in the run to the first corner . Despite being held up behind the slower Ferrari until it made a pit stop , Schumacher used a more favourable one-stop strategy to move ahead of Hill , who made two pit stops for fuel and tyres , on lap 41 . Four laps later , Hill attempted to pass Schumacher , but the two collided and were forced to retire from the race . This promoted Herbert and Coulthard , who were battling for third place , into the fight for the lead . Coulthard passed Herbert , but dropped to third , behind Alesi , after incurring a stop-go penalty for speeding in the pit lane ."}
{"_id": "12_de_Octubre_(Panama_Metro)", "title": "12 de Octubre (Panama Metro)", "headings": "", "text": "12 de Octubre is a Panama Metro station on Line 1 . Construction of the station began on 17 March 2012 and it was one of the first 11 stations when the metro began operations on 6 April 2014 . It is the first of six elevated stations when travelling towards the terminus of San Isidro .   Located in the district of the same name , the station is the closest to Panamá Viejo , the original site of Panama city . In its first year of operations , 12 de Octubre was the eighth most used station of the twelve on the network at that time , carrying 8 % of the system 's users at peak times ."}
{"_id": "1949_NCAA_Tennis_Championships", "title": "1949 NCAA Tennis Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 NCAA Tennis Championships were the 4th annual tournaments to determine the national champions of NCAA men 's singles , doubles , and team collegiate tennis in the United States .   San Francisco captured the team championship , their first in program history . The Dons finished three points ahead of Rollins , Tulane , and Washington ( 7 -- 4 ) ."}
{"_id": "1987_FIBA_Oceania_Championship", "title": "1987 FIBA Oceania Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The FIBA Oceania Championship for Men 1987 was the qualifying tournament of FIBA Oceania for the 1988 Summer Olympics . The tournament was held in Timaru and Christchurch . For the first time , a team other than Australia and New Zealand competed after French Polynesia decided to send a team to the tournament . won its 8th consecutive Oceania Championship to qualify for Olympics ."}
{"_id": "1892_Brooklyn_Grooms_season", "title": "1892 Brooklyn Grooms season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1892 Brooklyn Grooms season was a season in American baseball . The team finished the first half of the split season in second place , just 2.5 games behind the Boston Beaneaters . However , they faded in the second half , finishing 9.5 games behind the second-half champion Cleveland Spiders and missing out on the postseason playoff . Their combined record was 95 -- 59 , third best overall in the league .   The season was a tragic one , as outfielder Hub Collins left a game on May 14 because he was feeling ill . A week later he was dead , the victim of typhoid fever . The team put on a benefit game to raise money for his widow on May 29 . One bright spot , however , was first baseman Dan Brouthers , who won the batting title with a .335 average ."}
{"_id": "1953_Tampa_Spartans_football_team", "title": "1953 Tampa Spartans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 Tampa Spartans football team represented the University of Tampa in the 1953 college football season . It was the Spartans ' 17th season and competed as a member of the NAIA . The team was led by head coach Marcelino Huerta , in his second year , and played their home games at Phillips Field in Tampa , Florida . They finished with a record of six wins and six losses ( 6 -- 6 ) ."}
{"_id": "1925_Rock_Island_Independents_season", "title": "1925 Rock Island Independents season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 Rock Island Independents season was their sixth and final season in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous league record of 5 -- 2 -- 2 , losing three NFL games . They finished eighth in the league ."}
{"_id": "1959_Allan_Cup", "title": "1959 Allan Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Allan Cup was the Canadian national senior ice hockey championship for the 1958-59 Senior `` A '' season . The event was hosted by the Whitby Dunlops and Toronto , Ontario . The 1959 playoff marked the 51st time that the Allan Cup has been awarded ."}
{"_id": "1989_lunar_eclipse", "title": "1989 lunar eclipse", "headings": "", "text": "Two total lunar eclipses occurred in 1989 :   20 February 1989 lunar eclipse  17 August 1989 lunar eclipse"}
{"_id": "14th_Landwehr_Division_(German_Empire)", "title": "14th Landwehr Division (German Empire)", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th Landwehr Division ( 14 . Landwehr-Division ) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I."}
{"_id": "1968_Denver_Broncos_season", "title": "1968 Denver Broncos season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Denver Broncos season was the ninth season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) . The Broncos improved their record from the previous season by posting a record of five wins and nine losses . They finished fourth in the AFL 's Western division for the sixth straight season .   There were threats of the Broncos relocating to Birmingham , Alabama , Atlanta and Chicago .   The 1968 season was the first in which Denver wore their trademark `` D '' logo on their helmets . They would wear this uniform through the 1973 season , altering the shade of orange in their jerseys in 1974 . Their helmets would remain the same until changing for the 1997 season . In 1968 Bears Stadium was sold to the city of Denver , which renamed it Mile High Stadium and built the upper deck along the west side , thus raising capacity to 50,657 ."}
{"_id": "1977_NHL_Amateur_Draft", "title": "1977 NHL Amateur Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 NHL Amateur Draft was held at the Mount Royal Hotel in Montreal , Quebec . Players were drafted at 20 years of age in 1977 ."}
{"_id": "1871_in_Argentina", "title": "1871 in Argentina", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": ".465_H&H_Magnum", "title": ".465 H&H Magnum", "headings": "", "text": "The .465 Holland & Holland Magnum also known as the .465 Holland & Holland Belted Magnum or more simply as the .465 H&H Magnum , is a modern big bore firearms cartridge introduced by Holland & Holland in 2003 together with the .400 H&H Magnum . The .465 H&H Magnum is a .468 caliber , belted , rimless bottlenecked cartridge . The cartridge is a necked-up , shoulder-lowered tapered cartridge based on the .378 Weatherby Magnum case ."}
{"_id": "1950s_in_Irish_television", "title": "1950s in Irish television", "headings": "", "text": "The following is a list of events related to television in Ireland during the 1950s . The television service for the Irish Republic did not begin until 1961 , but preparations for its introduction were being made throughout the 1950s , while in Northern Ireland the first television service came on air in 1955 with the launch of the BBC television service for Northern Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1873_Philadelphia_White_Stockings_season", "title": "1873 Philadelphia White Stockings season", "headings": "", "text": "The Philadelphia White Stockings played their first season in 1873 as a member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished second in the league with a record of 36-17"}
{"_id": "1943_in_Malaya", "title": "1943 in Malaya", "headings": "", "text": "1943 In Malaya . Malaya under Japanese occupation ."}
{"_id": "14_Bis_(band)", "title": "14 Bis (band)", "headings": "", "text": "14 Bis is a Brazilian pop-rock band . The band took its name from Santos-Dumont 's 14 Bis airplane .   The band was formed in 1979 in the state of Minas Gerais , when the members of two bands , O Terço and `` Bendegó '' decided to merge . Flávio Venturini and Vermelho , two founding members of 14 Bis , were also members of the Clube da Esquina band .   Música popular brasileira is a strong element in many of 14 Bis compositions . The influence of progressive rock and caipira ( hillbilly ) is evident in many of its compositions , such as in their use of analog keyboards and complex vocal arrangements .   The group reached the peak of their success during the 1980s with notable compositions and performance of popular Brazilian songs . Due to the mild , often happy and soothing theme of many of its compositions , the band was quite popular among children ."}
{"_id": "1953–54_Luxembourg_National_Division", "title": "1953–54 Luxembourg National Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Luxembourg National Division in season 1953/1954 ."}
{"_id": "1686_in_science", "title": "1686 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1686 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1800_in_birding_and_ornithology", "title": "1800 in birding and ornithology", "headings": "", "text": "Georg Adolf Suckow , 1800-1801 .   François Marie Daudin  Johann Conrad Susemihl began a 22 part work on the birds of Germany , '' '' completed in 1817 .  Jacques Labillardière published the very popular Relation du Voyage à la Recherche de la Pérouse .  Death of Johann Hermann  Death of Jean-Baptiste Audebert  Death of François-Nicolas Martinet  Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour sailed from France as a naturalist on Nicolas Baudin 's expedition to Australia . In April 1803 he fell ill and had to be put ashore at Timor . He spent the next three years on Java returning to France in July 1807 with a large collection of plants and birds . Many of the new bird species found on the Baudin Expedition were described by Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot in ( 1816 -- 1819 ) . The specimens are in Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris .   Category : Years in birding and ornithology  Category :1800 in science"}
{"_id": "1981_Edmonton_Eskimos_season", "title": "1981 Edmonton Eskimos season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Edmonton Eskimos finished in 1st place in the Western Conference with a 14 -- 1 -- 1 record and won their fourth consecutive Grey Cup championship after winning the 69th Grey Cup ."}
{"_id": "1909_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final", "title": "1909 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the 22nd All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1909 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship , an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland .   Kerry won by double scores , their scorers being as follows : Johnny Skinner ( 1-02 ) ; Paddy Mullane ( 0-03 ) ; Jack Kennelly ( 0-02 ) ; Tom Costello ( Gaelic footballer ) ( 0-01 ) ; Dick Fitzgerald   This was also the first Championship meeting of Kerry and Louth ."}
{"_id": "1993_DPR_Korea_League", "title": "1993 DPR Korea League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of DPR Korea League in the 1993 season ."}
{"_id": "1993_California_Golden_Bears_football_team", "title": "1993 California Golden Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley in the Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10 ) during the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their second year under head coach Keith Gilbertson , the Golden Bears compiled a 9 -- 4 record ( 4 -- 4 against Pac-10 opponents ) , finished in a tie for fifth place in the Pac-10 , and outscored their opponents by a combined score of 411 to 303 .   The team 's statistical leaders included Dave Barr with 2,619 passing yards , Lindsey Chapman with 1,037 rushing yards , and Mike Caldwell with 962 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_División_de_Honor_de_Futsal", "title": "1991–92 División de Honor de Futsal", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 season of the División de Honor de Futsal was the 3rd season of top-tier futsal in Spain . It was played in two rounds . At first round teams were drawn in two groups of 10/11 teams every one , advancing eight first to second round for title . Two/three last advanced to second round for permanence ."}
{"_id": "1965_Quantico_Marines_Devil_Dogs_football_team", "title": "1965 Quantico Marines Devil Dogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Quantico Marines Devil Dogs football team represented the Quantico Marine Base in the 1965 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1998_ANZ_Tasmanian_International_–_Doubles", "title": "1998 ANZ Tasmanian International – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Naoko Kijimuta and Nana Miyagi were the defending champions but did not compete that year .   Virginia Ruano Pascual and Paola Suárez won in the final 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 against Julie Halard-Decugis and Janette Husárová ."}
{"_id": "1990_AFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1990 AFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Collingwood Football Club and the Essendon Football Club , held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 6 October 1990 . It was the 94th annual Grand Final of the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , staged to determine the premiers for the 1990 AFL season . The match , attended by 98,944 spectators , was won by Collingwood by a margin of 48 points , marking that club 's 14th premiership victory ."}
{"_id": "1893_VAMC_football_team", "title": "1893 VAMC football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1893 VAMC football team represented Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College in the 1893 college football season . The team was led by their head coach E. A. Smyth and finished with a record of zero wins and two losses ( 0 -- 2 ) ."}
{"_id": "1998_Abierto_Mexicano_Telcel", "title": "1998 Abierto Mexicano Telcel", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Abierto Mexicano Telcel was a men 's tennis tournament played on Clay in Mexico City , Mexico that was part of the International Series of the 1998 ATP Tour . It was the sixth edition of the tournament and was held from 26 October -- 1 November ."}
{"_id": "1934_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1934 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Fred Perry ( GBR ) defeated Jack Crawford ( AUS ) 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 5 in the final to win the Gentlemen 's Singles tennis title at the 1934 Wimbledon Championships ."}
{"_id": "1._FK_Příbram", "title": "1. FK Příbram", "headings": "", "text": "1 . FK Příbram is a Czech football club from Příbram . It is the legal successor to Dukla Prague , a club which won 11 national league titles between 1953 and 1982 ."}
{"_id": "1997_U.S._Men's_Clay_Court_Championships", "title": "1997 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 U.S. Men 's Clay Court Championships was an Association of Tennis Professionals men 's tennis tournament held in Orlando , Florida in the United States . It was the 29th edition of the tournament and was held from April 21 to April 28 . Michael Chang won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1972_in_chess", "title": "1972 in chess", "headings": "", "text": "Events in chess in 1972 ;"}
{"_id": "1957_Long_Beach_State_49ers_football_team", "title": "1957 Long Beach State 49ers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 Long Beach State 49ers football team represented Long Beach State CollegeCalifornia State University , Long Beach was known as Long Beach State College from 1950 -- 1963 . See : Long Beach State during the 1957 College Division football season . The 49ers were in their third year of existence . 1957 was the first year the 49ers played in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . They had played as an independent since they started in 1955 .   The team was led by head coach Mike DeLotto , in his third year , and played home games at Veterans Stadium adjacent to the campus of Long Beach City College in Long Beach , California . They finished the season with a record of three wins and five losses ( 3 -- 5 , 0 -- 3 CCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1982_French_Open_–_Women's_Doubles", "title": "1982 French Open – Women's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The Women 's Doubles tournament at the 1982 French Open was held from 24 May until 6 June 1982 on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France . Martina Navratilova and Anne Smith won the title , defeating Rosemary Casals and Wendy Turnbull in the final ."}
{"_id": "1953_Torneo_di_Viareggio", "title": "1953 Torneo di Viareggio", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 winners of the Torneo di Viareggio ( in English , the Viareggio Tournament , officially the Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale ) , the annual youth football tournament held in Viareggio , Tuscany , are listed below ."}
{"_id": "1997_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_3000_metres_steeplechase", "title": "1997 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase", "headings": "", "text": "These are the results of the Men 's 3000 metres steeplechase event at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics held in Athens , Greece on 3 , 4 and 6 August ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Serbian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1991–92 Serbian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 Serbian Hockey League season was the first season of the league after the Yugoslav Ice Hockey League was dissolved after the 1990 -- 91 season . KHK Crvena Zvezda won the inaugural Serbian Championship ."}
{"_id": "1947_Paris–Roubaix", "title": "1947 Paris–Roubaix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Paris -- Roubaix was the 45th edition of the Paris -- Roubaix , a classic one-day cycle race in France . The single day event was held on 6 April 1947 and stretched 246 km from Paris to the finish at Roubaix Velodrome . The winner was Georges Claes from Belgium ."}
{"_id": "1993_Bournemouth_bombing", "title": "1993 Bournemouth bombing", "headings": "", "text": "On 13 August 1993 , the IRA planted 8 bombs around the British town of Bournemouth of which 5 were detonated in 2 separate attacks . In the first , 4 bombs out of 6 were detonated in the town centre destroying a Maples furniture store and damaging 3 other shops . Later that day , a bomb went off on Bournemouth Pier which caused structural damage and another was defused by police . Only minor injuries were reported .   The morning before the bombings occurred a bomb warning was called into the Brighton police . The caller claimed to be with the IRA and warned police of possible attacks on the town of Bournemouth , as well as , the cities of Brighton and Torquay ."}
{"_id": "1910_Arkansas_Razorbacks_football_team", "title": "1910 Arkansas Razorbacks football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas during the 1910 college football season . In their third year under head coach Hugo Bezdek , the Razorbacks compiled a 7 -- 1 record , shut out five of eight opponents , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 221 to 19 .   The 1910 seasons was the first in which the Arkansas football team was nicknamed `` Razorbacks '' instead of Cardinals . According to team lore , the change was inspired when coach Bezdek congratulated his undefeated 1909 team by saying they `` fought like a band of wild razorback hogs '' . However , the razorback was gaining fame by 1906 as an indigenous Arkansan hog `` that has no fear or reason '' , and there are published accounts of the nickname being in use for the football team well prior to the 1910 season . Also , in March 1910 , the Arkansas Land Congress adopted a resolution to advertise the State of Arkansas by sending one of the state 's razor back hogs on a cross-country publicity tour to refute the saying that `` even hogs can not be raised in Arkansas . '' One source suggests the nickname dates to 1905 .   On October 22 , 1910 , Texas Southwestern scored to lead 12 -- 8 with less than two minutes to play . On the ensuing kickoff return , Steve Creekmore threw a lateral pass all the way across field to Russell May who went down the sideline 75 yards for a touchdown and the 13 -- 12 victory . Touchdowns were worth five points in 1910 ."}
{"_id": "1996_Gulf_Cup_of_Nations", "title": "1996 Gulf Cup of Nations", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th Gulf Cup of Nations or Arabian Gulf Cup , was held in Oman , in October 1996 .   The tournament was won by Kuwait for the 8th time   Iraq continued to be banned from the tournament because of invasion of Kuwait in 1990 ."}
{"_id": "1986_NatWest_Trophy", "title": "1986 NatWest Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 NatWest Trophy was the 6th NatWest Trophy . It was an English limited overs county cricket tournament which was held between 25 June and 6 September 1986 . The tournament was won by Sussex County Cricket Club who defeated Lancashire County Cricket Club by 7 wickets in the final at Lord 's ."}
{"_id": "11th_meridian_west", "title": "11th meridian west", "headings": "", "text": "The meridian 11 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , the Atlantic Ocean , Africa , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 11th meridian west forms a great circle with the 169th meridian east ."}
{"_id": "1920_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final", "title": "1920 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the 33rd All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1920 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship , an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland ."}
{"_id": ".realtor", "title": ".realtor", "headings": "", "text": ". realtor is an active generic top-level domain ( gTLD ) intended for real estate brokers who are members of the National Association of Realtors or the Canadian Real Estate Association . The registry for . realtor is run by Real Estate Domains ( RED ) . The sole registrar of . realtor domains is Real Estate Domains LLC ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Reading_F.C._season", "title": "1992–93 Reading F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1992 -- 93 English football season , Reading F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division .  In 1991 , following the breakaway of the 22 First Division clubs to form the Premier League , the Football League divisions were renamed . As a result of the re-branding , the Third Division was renamed the Second Division . Reading went on to finish 8th in the league , missing out on the play-offs by 3 points , reached the Third round of the FA Cup and the Second round of both the League Cup and League Trophy ."}
{"_id": "16th_(Schleswig-Holstein)_Hussars_\"Emperor_Francis_Joseph_of_Austria,_King_of_Hungary\"", "title": "16th (Schleswig-Holstein) Hussars \"Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria, King of Hungary\"", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th ( Schleswig-Holstein ) Hussars `` Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria , King of Hungary '' were a cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army . The regiment was formed in 1866 . It fought in the Franco-Prussian war and World War I . In 1872 it was named after Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria , who became its colonel-in-chief . The regiment was stationed in Gottorf Castle until its disbanding in 1918 ."}
{"_id": "114th_Guards_Airborne_Division", "title": "114th Guards Airborne Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 114th Guards Airborne Division was a Red Army airborne division . It was first formed as the 14th Guards Airborne Division . In December 1944 , it was converted to the 114th Guards Rifle Division and became an airborne unit again in June 1946 ."}
{"_id": "1968_in_Chile", "title": "1968 in Chile", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1968 in Chile ."}
{"_id": "1949_Washington_Redskins_season", "title": "1949 Washington Redskins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 Washington Redskins began with the team trying to improve on their 7 -- 5 record from 1948 ."}
{"_id": "1885_in_poetry", "title": "1885 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_IIHF_European_Cup", "title": "1983–84 IIHF European Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983-1984 European Cup was the 19th edition of the European Cup , IIHF 's premier European club ice hockey tournament . The season started on October 5 , 1983 , and finished on August 12 , 1984 .   The tournament was won by CSKA Moscow , who won the final group ."}
{"_id": "1994_African_Cup_Winners'_Cup", "title": "1994 African Cup Winners' Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 African Cup Winners ' Cup football club tournament was won by DC Motema Pembe in two-legged final victory against Kenya Breweries , who were later renamed to Tusker F.C. in 1999 . This was the twentieth season that the tournament took place for the winners of each African country 's domestic cup . Thirty-five sides entered the competition and despite the relatively small number of competitors , nine teams were either disqualified or decided to withdraw during the preliminary and first rounds of the competition , where AS Cimelta and Black Africa withdrew before 1st leg of the preliminary round , Al Ahly withdraw before the 1st leg of the first round due to political reasons while Renaissance withdrew after the 1st leg of the first round . On the other hand , teams from Benin , Uganda and Zimbabwe were disqualified because their federations were in debt to CAF ; Power Dynamos were disqualified because the Zambian federation did not name its entrant in time as well as the Mauritanian side ASC SNIM . Another two teams withdrew before the 1st leg of the second round , Rayon Sports from Rwanda and LPRC Oilers from Liberia ."}
{"_id": "1926_Haskell_Indian_Nations_Fighting_Indians_football_team", "title": "1926 Haskell Indian Nations Fighting Indians football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 Haskell Indian Nations Fighting Indians football team represented the Haskell Indian Nations Fighting Indians football team during the 1926 college football season . The team led the nation with 558 points , and Mayes McLain posted a record 38 touchdowns . Prior to the Rose Bowl , they had a scrimmage with Stanford and won .   McLain opened the 1926 season with two touchdowns in a 65 -- 0 victory over Drury College and followed the next week with eight touchdowns and seven extra point kicks in a 57 -- 0 rout of Wichita . After scoring 55 points against Wichita , The Wichita Eagle wrote , `` McLain put up the most astonishing exhibition of football ever seen in Wichita . ''"}
{"_id": "1069", "title": "1069", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1069 ( MLXIX ) was a common year starting on Thursday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1,6-alpha-L-fucosidase", "title": "1,6-alpha-L-fucosidase", "headings": "", "text": "In enzymology , a 1,6-alpha-L-fucosidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   Hydrolysis of 1,6-linkages between alpha-L-fucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in glycopeptides such as immunoglobulin G glycopeptide and fucosyl-asialo-agalacto-fetuin   This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases , specifically those glycosidases that hydrolyse O - and S-glycosyl compounds . The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,6-L-fucosyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide fucohydrolase . This enzyme is also called alpha-L-fucosidase ."}
{"_id": "1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene", "title": "1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene", "headings": "", "text": "1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene is a nitrated benzene-derivative that is classified as a high explosive , being moderately explosive in liquid form and extremely explosive in its dry powder form . It has a clear to light yellow sludgy appearance . It will detonate under strong shock . High temperatures , whether by sudden heating of any quantity , or by the accumulation of heat when large quantities are burning , will also cause detonation . The material can react vigorously with reducing materials and is incompatible with sodium dichromate or sulfuric acid . It must be stored in a cool , ventilated place , away from acute fire hazards and easily oxidized materials . It also reacts violently with aluminium , boron phosphide , cyanides , esters , PN2H , phosphorus , NaCN , SnC12 , sodium hypophosphite , thiocyanates , etc. . When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of NOx . It is an extremely powerful oxidizing agent which may cause violent reaction with reducing materials ."}
{"_id": "1997_Estoril_Open_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1997 Estoril Open – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Thomas Muster was the defending champion , but did not participate this year .   Àlex Corretja won the tournament , beating Francisco Clavet in the final , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 ."}
{"_id": "1849_in_Russia", "title": "1849 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1849 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1983_in_sports", "title": "1983 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1983 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1984_World_Indoor_Bowls_Championship", "title": "1984 World Indoor Bowls Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 Embassy World Indoor Bowls Championship was held at the Coatbridge indoor bowling club , North Lanarkshire , Scotland , from 7 -- 12 February 1984 .   Jim Baker won the title beating Nigel Smith in the final 21-18 ."}
{"_id": "1967_Svenska_Cupen_Final", "title": "1967 Svenska Cupen Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Svenska Cupen final took place on 1 November 1967 at Idrottsparken in Norrköping . It was the first final since 1953 and the second consecutive final between Allsvenskan sides Malmö FF and IFK Norrköping . IFK Norrköping played their fifth final in total and Malmö FF played their seventh final in total . Malmö FF won their third consecutive final and their sixth title with a 2 -- 0 victory ."}
{"_id": "1915_in_Australian_literature", "title": "1915 in Australian literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1915 .   For an overview of world literature see 1915 in literature .   See also :  1914 in Australian literature ,  1915 in Australia ,  1916 in Australian literature ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Albanian_Superliga", "title": "1995–96 Albanian Superliga", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Albanian Superliga in the 1995/1996 season ."}
{"_id": "1936_Oklahoma_A&M_Cowboys_football_team", "title": "1936 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team represented Oklahoma A&M College in the 1936 college football season . This was the 36th year of football at A&M and the first under Ted Cox who formerly coached at Tulane . The Cowboys played their home games at Lewis Field in Stillwater , Oklahoma . They finished the season 1 -- 9 , 1 -- 2 in the Missouri Valley Conference ."}
{"_id": "1938_Cincinnati_Reds_season", "title": "1938 Cincinnati Reds season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball . The team finished fourth in the National League with a record of 82 -- 68 , 6 games behind the Chicago Cubs ."}
{"_id": "1953_Yugoslav_Women's_Basketball_League", "title": "1953 Yugoslav Women's Basketball League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 Yugoslav Women 's Basketball League is the 9th season of the Yugoslav Women 's Basketball League , the highest professional basketball league in Yugoslavia for women 's . Championships is played in 1953 and played four teams . Champion for this season is Crvena zvezda ."}
{"_id": "15_ATV", "title": "15 ATV", "headings": "", "text": "15 ATV is the Aruba NBC affiliate , broadcasting on Channel 15 on SETAR 's Cable TV system and Channel 8 on terrestrial television in the NTSC television standard . The station has the call-sign of PJA-TV ( following the standard in the Netherlands and Netherlands Antilles , with PJ callsigns ) , though it goes by its branding of `` ATV '' . The station is an NBC licensee , the only one not located in the United States ( following the 2014 closure of VSB-TV in Bermuda ) , airing many American television programs for the tourists in the area , with programming from WNBC New York City during primetime and overnight hours . 15 ATV also broadcasts several local productions , including Noticia Awenochi , Time Out , Mesa Rondo , 15 On 15 , Pulso Latino , Trend Alert , Stylish Living and live coverage of events and breaking news .   15 ATV 's studios are located at Royal Plaza Mall in downtown Oranjestad ."}
{"_id": "1859_in_Chile", "title": "1859 in Chile", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1859 in Chile ."}
{"_id": "1816_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "1816 in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1816 in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1977_Australian_Open_(December)", "title": "1977 Australian Open (December)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Australian Open ( December ) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . The tournament was held from 19 to 31 December 1977 . Due to a scheduling change two Australian Opens took place in 1977 with the first taking place in January ."}
{"_id": "1976_Cameroonian_Premier_League", "title": "1976 Cameroonian Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of MTN Elite one in season 1976 ."}
{"_id": "1989_LPGA_Tour", "title": "1989 LPGA Tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 LPGA Tour was the 40th season since the LPGA Tour officially began in 1950 . The season ran from January 13 to November 5 . The season consisted of 33 official money events . Betsy King won the most tournaments , six . She also led the money list with earnings of $ 654,132 .   There were seven first-time winners in 1989 : Tina Barrett , Elaine Crosby , Allison Finney , Lori Garbacz , Tammie Green , Robin Hood , and Dottie Mochrie .   The tournament results and award winners are listed below ."}
{"_id": "1933_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season", "title": "1933 Pittsburgh Pirates season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 52nd season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise ; the 47th in the National League . The Pirates finished second in the league standings with a record of 87 -- 67 ."}
{"_id": "1884–85_Leicester_Fosse_F.C._season", "title": "1884–85 Leicester Fosse F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1884 -- 85 season was the first season in which Leicester Fosse competed in a senior football competition , though they would not play competitive football until 1887 and did not join the Football League until 1892 , so only friendly matches were played ."}
{"_id": "1536_in_India", "title": "1536 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1536 in India ."}
{"_id": "1988_Italian_Open_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1988 Italian Open – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Steffi Graf was the defending champion but did not compete that year .   Gabriela Sabatini won in the final 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 against Helen Kelesi ."}
{"_id": "1937_Oregon_State_Beavers_football_team", "title": "1937 Oregon State Beavers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University in the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) during the 1937 college football season . In their fifth season under head coach Lon Stiner , the Beavers compiled a 3 -- 3 -- 3 record ( 2 -- 3 -- 3 against PCC opponents ) , finished in sixth place in the PCC , and outscored their opponents , 69 to 60 . The team played its home games at Bell Field in Corvallis , Oregon ."}
{"_id": "1964_in_Iran", "title": "1964 in Iran", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1964 in Iran ."}
{"_id": "10.5_cm_Cannon_Model_1927", "title": "10.5 cm Cannon Model 1927", "headings": "", "text": "The 10.5 cm Cannon Model 1927 was a heavy field gun used by the Netherlands and Hungary during World War II . Dutch guns were known as the 10-veld . Hungary purchased a license and built them as the 31 M. Captured weapons were designated by the Wehrmacht as the schwere 10.5 cm Kanone 335 ( h ) . Four were bought by the Swedish coastal artillery as the 10.5 cm kanon m/27 . They were later upgraded to m/34 standard as the m/27 -34 . They were transferred to the field artillery in 1942 . The Dutch appear to have bought guns with both 40 and 42 caliber barrel lengths .   The gun was designed for motor traction with spoked steel wheels with rubber rims . The spades were removed and placed onto the trail legs for transport ."}
{"_id": "1936_Latvian_Higher_League", "title": "1936 Latvian Higher League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Latvian Higher League in the 1936 season ."}
{"_id": "17th_New_York_State_Legislature", "title": "17th New York State Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th New York State Legislature , consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly , met from January 7 to March 27 , 1794 , during the seventeenth year of George Clinton 's governorship , in Albany ."}
{"_id": "1989–90_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "title": "1989–90 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 -- 90 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 1989 and concluded with the 1990 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 1 , 1990 , at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit , Michigan . This was the 43rd season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 95th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}
{"_id": "1966–67_Algerian_Cup", "title": "1966–67 Algerian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 -- 67 Algerian Cup is the 5th edition of the Algerian Cup . CR Belcourt are the defending champions , having beaten RC Kouba 3 -- 1 in the previous season 's final ."}
{"_id": "1876_New_York_Mutuals_season", "title": "1876 New York Mutuals season", "headings": "", "text": "After five seasons in the National Association , the 1876 New York Mutuals finished with a record of 21 -- 35 , good for 6th place in the National League . It would prove to be their only season in the league , as they were expelled from the league as punishment for refusing to make a late-season road trip during the season ."}
{"_id": "1913_Nordic_Games", "title": "1913 Nordic Games", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 Nordic Games was the fifth Nordic Games and was held in Stockholm in February 1913 . It was formally international sports competitions in many disciplines , but because of the communications of the time it was still mostly domestic sportspeople participating .   Among the sports were winter sports like bandy , speed skating and skiing but also motorsports and equestrian sports ."}
{"_id": "1990_in_Irish_television", "title": "1990 in Irish television", "headings": "", "text": "the following list of events relating to television from Ireland from 1990"}
{"_id": "1966_World_Outdoor_Bowls_Championship", "title": "1966 World Outdoor Bowls Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 Men 's World Outdoor Bowls Championship was held at Kyeemagh , New South Wales , Australia , from 10 -- 23 October 1966 .   David Bryant won the singles which was held in a round robin format .   The pairs and triples gold went to Australia which helped them win the overall team competition called the WM Leonard Cup . The fours gold was claimed by New Zealand ."}
{"_id": "1926_Milwaukee_Badgers_season", "title": "1926 Milwaukee Badgers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 Milwaukee Badgers season was their fifth and final season in the National Football League . The team improved on their previous output of 0 -- 6 , winning two games . They finished fifteenth in the league ."}
{"_id": "1956–57_Irish_League", "title": "1956–57 Irish League", "headings": "", "text": "The Irish League in season 1956 -- 57 comprised 12 teams , and Glenavon won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1972_in_British_music", "title": "1972 in British music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a summary of 1972 in music in the United Kingdom , including the official charts from that year ."}
{"_id": "1580_in_Scotland", "title": "1580 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1580 in the Kingdom of Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1996_Nottingham_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1996 Nottingham Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Javier Frana was the defending champion but lost in the first round to Marc-Kevin Goellner .   Jan Siemerink won in the final 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 0 ) against Sandon Stolle ."}
{"_id": "1981_U.S._Clay_Court_Championships", "title": "1981 U.S. Clay Court Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 U.S. Clay Court Championships was a men 's Grand Prix and women 's Toyota Series tennis tournament held in Indianapolis in the United States and played on outdoor clay courts . It was the 13th edition of the tournament and was held from August 3 through August 9 , 1981 . Second-seeded José Luis Clerc and top-seeded Andrea Jaeger won the singles titles ."}
{"_id": "...And_Finally", "title": "...And Finally", "headings": "", "text": "... And Finally is the second and final studio album by Northern Irish rock band Scheer . It was released in 2000 through the band 's own record label Schism Records , following the band 's demise in 1998 . The recording of the album started in 1997 ; nevertheless , its release was postponed indefinitely due to a contractual disagreement with 4AD record label ."}
{"_id": "1896–97_in_Scottish_football", "title": "1896–97 in Scottish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1896 -- 97 season of Scottish football was the 24th season of competitive football in Scotland and the seventh season of the Scottish Football League ."}
{"_id": "1999_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Soccer_Championship", "title": "1999 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Championship was the 40th organized men 's college soccer tournament by the National Collegiate Athletic Association , to determine the top college soccer team in the United States . The Indiana Hoosiers won their fifth national title by defeating the Santa Clara Broncos in the championship game , 1 -- 0 . The semifinal matches on December 10 , 1999 , and the final match on December 12 were played in Charlotte , North Carolina at Ericsson Stadium . All the other games were played at the home field of the higher seeded team ."}
{"_id": "1916_Yale_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1916 Yale Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1916 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1916 college football season . The Bulldogs finished with an 8 -- 1 record under first-year head coach Tad Jones . The team outscored its opponents by a combined score of 182 to 44 and suffered its only loss to Brown . Yale guard Clinton Black was a consensus pick for the 1916 College Football All-America Team , and four other Yale players ( ends Charles Comerford and George Moseley , halfback Harry LeGore , and a guard with the surname Fox ) also received first-team All-American honors from at least one selector in 1916 ."}
{"_id": "1794_razees", "title": "1794 razees", "headings": "", "text": "In 1794 , three 64-gun third-rate ships were cut down to 44-gun fifth-rate frigates with a primary armament of 24-pounder guns , in a process known as razeeing . This was in response to rumours then circulating of very large French frigates supposed to be under construction . By Admiralty Order of 11 August 1794 , two 64-gun ships of the Intrepid class - Anson and Magnanime - were to be cut down by one deck level . By a subsequent Admiralty Order of 8 September 1794 , a third 64-gun ship - the Indefatigable of the Ardent class - which had been launched but never commissioned in 1784 , was similarly to be cut down .   The conversion retained the primary armament of twenty-six 24-pounder guns on the gun deck ( but this deck became the upper deck rather than the lower deck ) , while the secondary armament became eight 12-pounder guns and four 32-pounder carronades on the quarter deck , and four 12-pounder guns and two 32-pounder carronades on the forecastle ; the complement was reduced to 310 men ."}
{"_id": "1994_Virginia_Slims_of_Florida_–_Doubles", "title": "1994 Virginia Slims of Florida – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva were the defending champions but did not compete that year .   Jana Novotná and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario won in the final 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 against Manon Bollegraf and Helena Suková ."}
{"_id": "1964_Australian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1964 Australian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Australian Grand Prix was a motor race held at the Sandown Park circuit in suburban Melbourne , Victoria , Australia on 9 February 1964 . The race had 19 starters .   It was the twenty ninth Australian Grand Prix and was also Round 5 of the 1964 Tasman Series and Round 1 of the 1964 Australian Drivers ' Championship . Defending winner Jack Brabham won his third and last AGP .   A `` science-fiction '' version of the 1964 Australian Grand Prix was depicted five years before it took place in the USA film `` On the Beach '' ( 1959 ) , based on the Nevil Shute novel of the same title ."}
{"_id": "1989–90_NBA_season", "title": "1989–90 NBA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 -- 90 NBA season was the 44th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Detroit Pistons winning their second NBA Championship , beating the Portland Trail Blazers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals ."}
{"_id": "1966–67_Segunda_Divisão", "title": "1966–67 Segunda Divisão", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 -- 67 Segunda Divisão season was the 33rd season of the competition and the 33rd season of recognized second-tier football in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1907_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team", "title": "1907 Michigan Wolverines football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1907 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1907 college football season . The team 's head football coach was Fielding H. Yost in his seventh season at Michigan . The team finished the season with a record of 5 -- 1 , allowing an average of one point per game . The team did not give up a single first down in its first four games and won its first five games by shutouts , outscoring its opponents by a combined score of 107 to 0 . In the final game of the season , the Wolverines lost , 6 -- 0 , to the Penn Quakers . The Quakers were in the early stages of a 23-game winning streak that was broken by the 1909 Michigan team .   Center Germany Schulz was selected as a first-team All-American by Walter Camp . In 1951 , Schulz was selected as the greatest center in football history in a poll conducted by the National Football Foundation and became one of the initial inductees into the College Football Hall of Fame . Halfback Paul Magoffin was the team captain and led the team in scoring with 35 points and seven touchdowns . Right tackle Walter Rheinschild was the second leading scorer with 25 points . Five Michigan players received All-Western honors : Schulz , Magoffin , Rheinschild , `` Octy '' Graham , and Harry S. Hammond ."}
{"_id": "17th_Brigade_(Australia)", "title": "17th Brigade (Australia)", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th Brigade was an infantry brigade in the Australian Army . First formed in 1917 during World War I , it did not see any action . Reformed during World War II , it took part in fighting in Libya , Greece and New Guinea before being disbanded in 1946 . Today , its name is perpetuated by the 17th Combat Service Support Brigade , which was raised as a logistics formation in May 2006 ."}
{"_id": "1608_in_Quebec", "title": "1608 in Quebec", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1607 in Quebec  other events of 1608 ,  1609 in Quebec"}
{"_id": "1944_Governor_General's_Awards", "title": "1944 Governor General's Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 Governor General 's Awards for Literary Merit were the ninth rendition of the Governor General 's Awards , Canada 's annual national awards program which then comprised literary awards alone . The awards recognized Canadian writers for new English-language works published in Canada during 1944 and were presented in 1945 . There were no cash prizes .   As every year from 1942 to 1948 , there two awards for non-fiction , and four awards in the three established categories , which recognized English-language works only ."}
{"_id": "1985_Mr._Olympia", "title": "1985 Mr. Olympia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Mr. Olympia contest was an IFBB professional bodybuilding competition held on October 26 , 1985 , at the Forest National Theatre in Brussels , Belgium ."}
{"_id": "1031,_A_Number_of_Things_From...", "title": "1031, A Number of Things From...", "headings": "", "text": "1031 , A Number Of Things From ... is a 1998 demo-compilation released by a Detroit metal band Halloween to help raise money to keep the band going after a reunion with original members Rick Craig and Bill Whyte . The compilation includes five tracks from the 1990 release Vicious Demos and a number of unreleased tracks recorded through the years with different lineups ."}
{"_id": "1998_Tulane_Green_Wave_football_team", "title": "1998 Tulane Green Wave football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Tulane Green Wave football team represented Tulane University in the 1998 college football season . The Green Wave finished with a record of 12 wins and no losses , one of only two NCAA Division 1-A teams to complete the season undefeated , the other being the BCS champion Tennessee Volunteers .   Despite finishing undefeated , the Green Wave were not considered for a BCS game , let alone a berth in the 1999 Fiesta Bowl -- that year 's national title game -- because it was felt they had not played a legitimate schedule . They did not play a single ranked team all season , and the only AQ conference member on their schedule was a Rutgers team that finished tied for sixth in the Big East . They defeated Brigham Young University in the Liberty Bowl . The Green Wave finished the season ranked seventh in the nation in both the AP Poll and Coaches ' Poll -- in both cases , its highest rankings in school history since the 1939 Tulane football season when they were ranked No. 5 in the AP Poll .   The Green Wave won all of their games by six points or more . The combined 538 points set a single-season school record ."}
{"_id": "1917_AAA_Championship_Car_season", "title": "1917 AAA Championship Car season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 AAA Championship Car season consisted of 21 races , beginning in Los Angeles , California on March 4 and concluding there on November 29 . The de facto National Champion as poled by the American automobile journal Motor Age was Earl Cooper . The Indianapolis 500 was not held this year . Points were not awarded by the AAA Contest Board during the 1917 season . Champions of the day were decided by Chris G. Sinsabaugh , an editor at Motor Age , based on merit and on track performance . The points table was created retroactively in 1927 -- all championship results should be considered unofficial ."}
{"_id": "1932_Chatham_Cup", "title": "1932 Chatham Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 Chatham Cup was the tenth annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand .   The competition was run on a regional basis , with seven regional associations ( Auckland , Walkato , Wellington , Manawatu , Buller , Canterbury , and Otago ) each holding separate qualifying rounds .   Teams taking part in the final rounds are known to have included Auckland YMCA , Hamilton Wanderers , St. Andrews ( Manawatu ) , Wellington Marist , Riccarton , Millerton All Blacks and Maori Hill ( Dunedin ) ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_European_Cup_(handball)", "title": "1979–80 European Cup (handball)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 -- 80 European Cup was the 20th edition of Europe 's premier club handball tournament ."}
{"_id": "1955–56_United_States_network_television_schedule", "title": "1955–56 United States network television schedule", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 -- 56 United States network television schedule was for the period that began in September 1955 and ran through March 1956 .   The $ 64,000 Question had debuted on CBS during summer 1955 and became the # 1 program on U.S. television . The three networks `` rushed to copy this latest hit format , quickly filling prime time with similar contests '' . ( It would not be until fall 1958 that it would be confirmed that several of these new quiz shows were rigged . )   For years , ABC had `` struggled to cobble together a TV schedule '' , but following the network 's major success with Disney-produced series Disneyland in 1954 , other Hollywood film companies began embracing television . MGM assembled clips for MGM Parade on ABC ; ABC also hired Warner Bros. for a Tuesday night program called Warner Brothers Presents . The hour-long umbrella series featured TV adaptations of three Warner Brothers movies : Cheyenne , Casablanca , and Kings Row . Of the three new series , only Cheyenne was a hit with viewers , and ABC began contracting with other Hollywood studios for Westerns . Immediately following Warner Brothers Presents , ABC scheduled The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp . This Western was also produced in conjunction with a Hollywood studio : Desilu Productions .   CBS had its own Western hit with Gunsmoke , which also debuted in fall 1955 . Over the next few years , `` the rush to Westerns had become a virtual stampede so that , by the fall of 1959 , viewers had their choice from a staggering twenty-eight different Western-based prime time series . '' Around 1955 , live drama anthologies , the staple of early television programming , were being phased out by the networks in favor of filmed fare : Westerns , police dramas , quiz shows , and adventure series .   The struggling DuMont Television Network offered little during the 1955 -- 56 television season . DuMont 's final program line-up consisted of What 's the Story on Wednesday nights at 9:30 and Boxing From St. Nicholas Arena on Monday nights at 9:00 . By September 23 , What 's the Story was off the air . DuMont honored its few remaining network commitments until August 6 , 1956 , when it ceased operations as a major television network . DuMont hoped to go into independent television production ; the company 's studio facilities and Electronicam system were used to produce CBS 's The Honeymooners during the 1955 -- 1956 season . DuMont 's loss was ABC 's gain , as some of DuMont 's most popular programs , including Life Is Worth Living , Chance of a Lifetime , Life Begins at Eighty , and Down You Go , found their way onto ABC 's 1955 -- 1956 prime time schedule .   The crumbling and eventual death of the old DuMont Network meant the 1955 -- 1956 television season would be the first year in which the three major remaining U.S. television networks would be the only full-time commercial participants in prime time , a situation that was to remain for the next 30 years until Fox began network operations in October 1986 , although Fox would not enter prime time until Sunday , April 5 , 1987 ."}
{"_id": "1993_European_Fencing_Championships", "title": "1993 European Fencing Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 European Fencing Championships were held in Vienna , Austria . The competition consisted of individual events only ."}
{"_id": "1983_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team", "title": "1983 Penn State Nittany Lions football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1983 college football season . The team was coached by Joe Paterno and played its home games in Beaver Stadium in University Park , Pennsylvania ."}
{"_id": "1967_Vancouver_Royal_Canadians_season", "title": "1967 Vancouver Royal Canadians season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Vancouver Royal Canadians season was the first season in the history of the Vancouver Royal Canadians soccer club . The club played in the United Soccer Association ( USA ) , a league that used clubs from Europe and South America to represent American and Canadian cities . First division Football League side Sunderland A.F.C , who finished 17th in the 1966 -- 67 Football League , was the club that represented Vancouver in the USA . The club played its home games at Empire Stadium in Vancouver , British Columbia .   Following the 1967 season , the USA and the National Professional Soccer League merged to form the North American Soccer League . The San Francisco Golden Gate Gales of the USA merged with Vancouver , and the club was renamed the Vancouver Royals for the inaugural season of the NASL ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_rankings", "title": "1996–97 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 NCAA Division I men 's basketball rankings was made up of two human polls , the AP Poll and the Coaches Poll , in addition to various other preseason polls ."}
{"_id": "1981_South_African_Grand_Prix", "title": "1981 South African Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 South African Grand Prix was a Formula Libre motor race held on 7 February 1981 at Kyalami .   The race was originally scheduled to be the opening round of the 1981 FIA Formula One World Championship . However , the ongoing FISA-FOCA war resulted in Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile ( FISA ) insisting on a date change which was not acceptable to the race organisers . Approval was ultimately given for the race to go ahead on its original date but as a Formula Libre race rather than as a round of the Formula One World Championship . The downgraded race was supported by the Formula One Constructors Association ( FOCA ) aligned teams but not by the teams of the manufacturers , whose allegiances lay with FISA . Every team present fielded cars which were fitted with sliding side skirts , aerodynamic devices which were illegal in Formula One for 1981 but acceptable under Formula Libre regulations . The absence of the manufacturer and/or turbocharged engine teams ( Alfa Romeo , Ferrari , Renault , Ligier and Osella ) meant that all 19 cars in the race were powered by Ford Cosworth engines ."}
{"_id": "1989_NCAA_Division_I_Women's_Swimming_and_Diving_Championships", "title": "1989 NCAA Division I Women's Swimming and Diving Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 NCAA Women 's Division I Swimming and Diving Championships were contested at the eighth annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of Division I women 's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States .   This year 's events were hosted at the Indiana University Natatorium in Indianapolis , Indiana .   Stanford topped the team standings , finishing just 63.5 points ahead of five-time defending champions Texas ; it was the Cardinal 's second overall title and first since 1983 ."}
{"_id": "1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane", "title": "1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane", "headings": "", "text": "1-Chloro-1 ,1 - difluoroethane , also known by trade names including Freon 142b is a haloalkane with the chemical formula CH3CClF2 . It is primarily used as a  refrigerant ."}
{"_id": "1994_Honduran_Cup", "title": "1994 Honduran Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Honduran Cup was the fifth edition , Marathón won its first and only title after beating Real Maya in the final game ."}
{"_id": "1982_National_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1982 National Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 National Challenge Cup was the 69th edition of the USSF 's annual open soccer championship . Teams from the North American Soccer League declined to participate . The New York Pancyprian-Freedoms defeated Maccabee A.C. in the final game in extra time by a score of 4-3 ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Bradford_City_A.F.C._season", "title": "1999–2000 Bradford City A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1999 -- 2000 English football season , Bradford City competed in the FA Premier League ."}
{"_id": "1989_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_–_Men's_Downhill", "title": "1989 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's Downhill", "headings": "", "text": "Men 's Downhill World Cup 1988/1989"}
{"_id": "1952–53_Segunda_División", "title": "1952–53 Segunda División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 -- 53 Segunda División season saw 32 teams participate in the second flight Spanish league . Osasuna and Real Jaén were promoted to Primera División . Gimnàstic , Huesca , Burgos , Córdoba , Atl . Baleares , Plus Ultra and Cacereño were relegated to Tercera División ."}
{"_id": "1263_in_Scotland", "title": "1263 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1263 in the Kingdom of Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1966_Indianapolis_500", "title": "1966 Indianapolis 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 50th International 500-Mile Sweepstakes was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway , Indiana on Monday , May 30 , 1966 . The official program cover for the race celebrated both the 50th running of the race , and sesquicentennial ( 150th anniversary ) of Indiana statehood .   Eleven of the 33 starters were eliminated in a first-lap accident right after receiving the green flag on the main stretch . Only A. J. Foyt was injured , hurting his hand scaling the catch fence trying to escape the wreck scene . Only seven cars , the fewest finishers ever , were still running by the end of the race .   First-time starter Jackie Stewart led by over a lap late in the race in John Mecom 's Lola T90-Ford . However , inside ten laps to go , his oil pressure dropped too low due to a broken scavenge pump . Stewart parked the car , and walked back to the pits . Fellow rookie Graham Hill inherited the lead and led a total of 10 laps to win , the first rookie winner since 1927 . Despite parking the car , Stewart was voted the rookie of the year over Hill .   Defending race winner Jim Clark spun twice during the race , and finished second . For the second year in a row , the Wood Brothers from the NASCAR Grand National circuit were invited to work pit stops , this time for Dan Gurney . However , the car dropped out of the race in the crash on the opening lap ."}
{"_id": "(455502)_2003_UZ413", "title": "(455502) 2003 UZ413", "headings": "", "text": ", also written as 2003 UZ413 , is a trans-Neptunian object ( TNO ) with an absolute magnitude of 4.4 . It has a 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune , which makes it a plutino . It is likely large enough to be a dwarf planet .   It has been observed 79 times over 15 oppositions , with precovery images back to 1954 ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_Boston_Bruins_season", "title": "1963–64 Boston Bruins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 Boston Bruins season was the 40th season for the franchise . The Bruins missed the playoffs for the fifth consecutive season . Goaltender Ed Johnston appeared in every game , becoming the final goaltender in NHL history to play every minute of every game ."}
{"_id": "1945_College_Football_All-America_Team", "title": "1945 College Football All-America Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1945 . The nine selectors recognized by the NCAA as `` official '' for the 1945 season are ( 1 ) Collier 's Weekly , as selected by Grantland Rice , ( 2 ) the Associated Press , ( 3 ) the United Press , ( 4 ) the All-America Board , ( 5 ) the American Football Coaches Association ( AFCA ) , ( 6 ) the Football Writers Association of America ( FWAA ) , ( 7 ) the International News Service ( INS ) , ( 8 ) Look magazine , ( 9 ) the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) and ( 10 ) the Sporting News ."}
{"_id": "1960_Open_Championship", "title": "1960 Open Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 Open Championship was the 89th Open Championship , played 6 -- 9 July at the Old Course in St Andrews , Scotland . In the centenary year of the Open Championship , Kel Nagle prevailed over Arnold Palmer by a single stroke ; this year marked the championship 's re-emergence as a major stop for American players .   The total prize money was increased by forty percent , from # 5,000 to # 7,000 . The winner 's share was increased to # 1,250 with # 900 for second , # 700 for third , # 500 for fourth , # 400 for fifth , # 300 for sixth , # 250 for seventh , # 200 for eighth , # 150 for ninth , and # 130 for tenth . The next fifteen places each received # 60 with # 50 for next seven and then # 40 for the next eighteen . The # 50 prize for winning the qualification event was unchanged while the four prizes for the lowest score in each round were was increased to # 50 . For the centenary event there was a special prize for the winner in the form of a replica of the claret jug .   Qualifying took place on 4 -- 5 July , Monday and Tuesday , with 18 holes on the Old Course and 18 holes on the New Course . A maximum of 100 players could qualify . Gary Player led the qualifiers as medalist at 135 , and the qualifying score was 147 and 74 players qualified ; 28 players on 148 were not included . Dick Metz , who had won the World Senior Golf Championship at Gleneagles on 3 July , was one of those on 148 who just failed to qualify .   Roberto De Vicenzo opened the tournament proper with consecutive rounds of 67 on Wednesday and Thursday to take a two-stroke lead over Nagle . In the third round , De Vicenzo 's drive on the 14th ended up on top of a wall and he finished the round with a score of 75 , allowing Nagle to take a two-shot lead . Palmer , who had won the U.S. Open three weeks earlier by erasing a seven-shot deficit in the final round , was four back after 54-holes . The final round on Friday afternoon was delayed until Saturday due to a heavy rainfall that flooded portions of the course ; the first postponement in over fifty years . When play resumed the next day , Palmer and Nagle both went out in 34 . Still four-strokes behind , Palmer began another charge on the back . He made up strokes on the 13th and 15th , made a 4 on the 17th , then made birdie at the last . Nagle was standing over a crucial par putt on the Road Hole 17th when he heard the roar signifying Palmer 's birdie at 18 . He managed to collect himself and hole the putt , then made a safe 4 at the last to win the title by a single shot over Palmer .   Already 39 at the time of his victory , this was Nagle 's first top ten finish in a major championship . Although little-known outside of Australia at the time of the tournament , he went on to have success throughout the next decade and came close to winning another major at the 1965 U.S. Open , losing to Gary Player in an 18-hole playoff .   Palmer had won the first two majors at the Masters and U.S. Open , and was attempting to equal Ben Hogan 's 1953 season with a third consecutive major . His appearance established the British Open as an important tournament for American golfers and , although Palmer himself skipped the tournament a few times afterward , the best American players began crossing the Atlantic with regularity from then on . Palmer won the next two Opens in 1961 and 1962 .   The appearance of Palmer , already the most popular golfer in the world , proved to be a turning point for the Open Championship . Until the 1960s , few Americans made the trip to the Open Championship , with the lengthy ocean-voyage and high costs of traveling to Britain often more than they stood to win in the tournament . Even Palmer , winner of the first two majors of the year , had to play in the 36-hole qualifier immediately preceding it . The 1960 event included only four Americans following the qualifier , and only two made the cut . Ten years later , 24 Americans were in the field of 134 . For many years , the event often conflicted with the PGA Championship in the U.S. , a more lucrative major which gradually moved to late July and then August ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Ýokary_Liga", "title": "1998–99 Ýokary Liga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998-99 Turkmenistan Higher League ( Ýokary Liga ) season was the seventh season of Turkmenistan 's professional football league . Nine teams competed in 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1961_Sun_Bowl", "title": "1961 Sun Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Sun Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game between the Villanova Wildcats and the Wichita Shockers ( now known as Wichita State ) ."}
{"_id": "1995_Italian_Open_–_Women's_Doubles", "title": "1995 Italian Open – Women's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Mary Joe Fernández and Natasha Zvereva were the defending champions and won in the final 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 against Conchita Martínez and Patricia Tarabini ."}
{"_id": "(Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene", "title": "(Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene", "headings": "", "text": "( Bis ( trifluoroacetoxy ) iodo ) benzene , , is a hypervalent iodine compound used as a reagent in organic chemistry . It can be used to carry out the Hofmann rearrangement under acidic conditions ."}
{"_id": "1989_Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers_season", "title": "1989 Winnipeg Blue Bombers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Winnipeg Blue Bombers finished in 3rd place in the East Division with a 7 -- 11 record ."}
{"_id": "1535", "title": "1535", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 1535 ( MDXXXV ) was a common year starting on Friday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1893–94_Northwich_Victoria_F.C._season", "title": "1893–94 Northwich Victoria F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1893-94 season was Northwich Victoria 's second , and final season in the Football League . They competed in the 15 team Football League Second Division , which they had been a founding member of the previous season . The league was then the second tier of English football , where they finished 15th ."}
{"_id": "18th_Robert_Awards", "title": "18th Robert Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th Robert Awards ceremony was held in 2001 in Copenhagen , Denmark . Organized by the Danish Film Academy , the awards honoured the best in Danish and foreign film of 2000 ."}
{"_id": "1915_Mississippi_A&M_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1915 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team represented the Mississippi A&M Aggies of Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi during the 1915 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1969_Washington_Redskins_season", "title": "1969 Washington Redskins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Washington Redskins began with the team trying to improve on their 5 -- 9 record from 1968 , and they did so by hiring legendary Green Bay Packers head coach Vince Lombardi . Sam Huff ( a future member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame ) came out of retirement specifically to play for Lombardi ."}
{"_id": "1986_FIFA_World_Cup_Final", "title": "1986 FIFA World Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 FIFA World Cup Final was the final and deciding game of the 1986 FIFA World Cup , held in Mexico . The match was held at the Estadio Azteca in Mexico City on 29 June 1986 and had an attendance of 114,600 . It was contested by Argentina and West Germany . Argentina won the match 3 -- 2 in normal time ."}
{"_id": "169th_Aviation_Regiment_(United_States)", "title": "169th Aviation Regiment (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 169th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army ."}
{"_id": "1960_NFL_Championship_Game", "title": "1960 NFL Championship Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 National Football League championship game was the 28th NFL title game . The game was played on Monday , December 26 , at Franklin Field in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .   In addition to the landmark 1958 championship game , in which the Baltimore Colts defeated the New York Giants in sudden death overtime , the 1960 game has also been called a key event in football history . The game marked the lone playoff defeat for Packers coach Vince Lombardi before his Packers team established a dynasty that won five NFL championships , including the first two Super Bowls , in a span of seven seasons .   The American Football League was in its first season and held its inaugural title game less than a week later . First-year NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle convinced owners to move the league 's headquarters from Philadelphia to New York City , and with Congressional passage of the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 received an antitrust exemption that allowed the league to negotiate a common broadcasting network representing all of its teams , helping cement football 's ascendancy as a national sport .   This was the second and last NFL championship game played in Philadelphia , and the only one at Franklin Field . A dozen years earlier , the 1948 title game was held in the snow at Shibe Park and was also an Eagles ' victory .   Ticket prices for the game were ten and eight dollars ."}
{"_id": "1982_NCAA_Rifle_Championships", "title": "1982 NCAA Rifle Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 NCAA Rifle Championships were contested at the third annual tournament to determine the team and individual national champions of NCAA co-ed collegiate rifle shooting in the United States . The championship was held at the Virginia Military Institute in Lexington , Virginia during March 1982 .   Tennessee Tech , with a team score of 6,138 , once again won the team title ; the Golden Eagles finished ahead of West Virginia , runners-up for the third consecutive year , with a score of 6,136 . Tennessee Tech was coached by James Newkirk .   Both individual champions were repeat winners from the previous year : Kurt Fitz-Randolph ( Tennessee Tech ) for smallbore rifle and John Rost ( West Virginia ) for air rifle ."}
{"_id": "1988_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_200_metres", "title": "1988 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 200 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 200 metres event at the 1988 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 5 and 6 March ."}
{"_id": "1973_in_Iran", "title": "1973 in Iran", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1973 in Iran ."}
{"_id": "1881–82_Kilmarnock_F.C._season", "title": "1881–82 Kilmarnock F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Season 1881 -- 82 was the ninth Scottish football season in which Kilmarnock competed at a national level , entering the inaugural Scottish Cup ."}
{"_id": "1884_Birthday_Honours", "title": "1884 Birthday Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The 1884 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire . The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the Queen , and were published in The London Gazette in May and June 1884 .   The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour , and arranged by honour , with classes ( Knight , Knight Grand Cross , etc. ) and then divisions ( Military , Civil , etc. ) as appropriate ."}
{"_id": "1865_in_Chile", "title": "1865 in Chile", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1865 in Chile ."}
{"_id": "1974_in_film", "title": "1974 in film", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1974 in film involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1911_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team", "title": "1911 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1911 college football season . In their seventh year under head coach Bennie Owen , the Sooners compiled an 8 -- 0 record , and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 282 to 15 ."}
{"_id": "1870s_in_Western_fashion", "title": "1870s in Western fashion", "headings": "", "text": "1870s fashion in European and European-influenced clothing is characterized by a gradual return to a narrow silhouette after the full-skirted fashions of the 1850s and 1860s ."}
{"_id": "1555_in_Norway", "title": "1555 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1555 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1964_Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football_team", "title": "1964 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team represented Rutgers University in the 1964 college football season . In their fifth season under head coach John F. Bateman , the Scarlet Knights compiled a 6 -- 3 record , won the Middle Three Conference championship , and outscored their opponents 149 to 115 . The team 's statistical leaders included Roger Kalinger with 916 passing yards , Bob Brendel with 464 rushing yards , and Jack Emmer with 306 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1988_CONCACAF_U-20_Tournament", "title": "1988 CONCACAF U-20 Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The CONCACAF Under-20 Championship 1988 was held in Guatemala , although it has also been reported that the tournament was held in Trinidad and Tobago . It also served as qualification for the 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship ."}
{"_id": "1897–98_British_Home_Championship", "title": "1897–98 British Home Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897-98 British Home Championship was the fifteenth edition of the annual football tournament played between the British Home Nations . England won the trophy after whitewashing all three opponents and taking the maximum six points . Scotland came second after winning two of their games whilst Ireland came third following a close victory over Wales in Llandudno .   Ireland 's win over Wales was the first match of the tournament and gave Ireland a short lived advantage in the competition . England ended this advantage in the second game with a close 3 -- 2 win over the Irish in Belfast and Scotland joined the other two on two points with a 5 -- 2 thrashing of the Welsh . Scotland then briefly took the lead with a win over Ireland in Belfast before England joined them by beating Wales by the same scoreline in Wrexham . In the final and deciding match , played at Celtic Park in Glasgow , the Scots were defeated by a fast and powerful England side who ran out 3 -- 1 winners and took the trophy ."}
{"_id": "1994_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics", "title": "1994 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships was held in Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago , between 8 -- 10 July 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Belarusian_Extraliga_season", "title": "1995–96 Belarusian Extraliga season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995-96 Belarusian Extraliga season was the fourth season of the Belarusian Extraliga , the top level of ice hockey in Belarus . Four teams participated in the league , and Polimir Novopolotsk won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1936_Pulitzer_Prize", "title": "1936 Pulitzer Prize", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1936"}
{"_id": "1971_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_pentathlon", "title": "1971 European Athletics Championships – Women's pentathlon", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's pentathlon at the 1971 European Athletics Championships was held in Helsinki , Finland , at Helsinki Olympic Stadium on 13 and 14 August 1971 ."}
{"_id": "1923_Green_Bay_Packers_season", "title": "1923 Green Bay Packers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 Green Bay Packers season was their third season in the National Football League . The club posted a 7 -- 2 -- 1 record under player/coach Curly Lambeau earning them third place . This was the Packers first season in Bellevue Park ."}
{"_id": "1896_Greensburg_Athletic_Association_season", "title": "1896 Greensburg Athletic Association season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1896 Greensburg Athletic Association season was their seventh season in existence . The team finished 6-1-1 ."}
{"_id": "1983_in_paleontology", "title": "1983 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1994_Houston_Astros_season", "title": "1994 Houston Astros season", "headings": "", "text": "The Houston Astros ' 1994 season was a season in American baseball . It involved the Houston Astros attempting to win the inaugural season of the National League Central division ; they finished in second place . First baseman Jeff Bagwell was a unanimous selection for the National League Most Valuable Player Award . Despite nearly the last two months of the being cancelled due to the 1994 -- 95 strike , Bagwell set a then-club record for home runs with 39 and a club record for batting average ( .368 ) and slugging percentage ( .750 ) ."}
{"_id": "1999_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1999 World Junior Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The World Junior Figure Skating Championships is an annual event sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which younger figure skaters compete for the title of World Junior Champion . The 1999 competition took place between November 21 and 29 , 1998 in Zagreb , Croatia . Due to the large number of participants , the men 's and ladies ' qualifying groups were split into groups A and B.   It was the last World Junior Figure Skating Championships to be held in the fall . After the 1999 Championships ( which were called such even though they took place in the fall of 1998 ) , the event was moved to the spring ."}
{"_id": "1946_Houston_Cougars_football_team", "title": "1946 Houston Cougars football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 Houston Cougars football team represented the University of Houston in the 1946 college football season as a member of the Lone Star Conference ( LSC ) . The Cougars were led by head coach Jewell Wallace in his first season and finished with a record of four wins and six losses ( 4 -- 6 overall , 1 -- 4 in the LSC ) ."}
{"_id": "1993_Volkswagen_Cup_–_Singles", "title": "1993 Volkswagen Cup – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Lori McNeil was the defending champion but was beaten in the semifinals by Miriam Oremans , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 .   Martina Navratilova won in the final 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 against Oremans ."}
{"_id": ".kaufen", "title": ".kaufen", "headings": "", "text": ". kaufen is a proposed top-level domain ( TLD ) in ICANN 's New gTLD Program . The applicant is Demand Media ( United TLD Holdco Ltd. ) . The proposed application succeeded and was delegated to the Root Zone on 29 December 2013 ."}
{"_id": "1st_Florida_Cavalry_Regiment_(Union)", "title": "1st Florida Cavalry Regiment (Union)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st Florida Cavalry Regiment was a Cavalry regiment from Florida that served in the Union Army between October 29 , 1863 , and November 17 , 1865 , during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "(3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate_dehydrogenase", "title": "(3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate dehydrogenase", "headings": "", "text": "In enzymology , a ( 3S ,4 R ) -3,4 - dihydroxycyclohexa-1 ,5 - diene-1 ,4 - dicarboxylate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   ( 3S ,4 R ) -3,4 - dihydroxycyclohexa-1 ,5 - diene-1 ,4 - dicarboxylate + NAD + 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + CO2 + NADH   Thus , the two substrates of this enzyme are ( 3S ,4 R ) -3,4 - dihydroxycyclohexa-1 ,5 - diene-1 ,4 - dicarboxylate and NAD + , whereas its 3 products are 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate , CO2 , and NADH .   This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases , specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD + or NADP + as acceptor . The systematic name of this enzyme class is ( 3S ,4 R ) -3,4 - dihydroxycyclohexa-1 ,5 - diene-1 ,4 - dicarboxylate : NAD + oxidoreductase . Another name in common use is ( 1R ,2 S ) - dihydroxy-3 ,5 - cyclohexadiene-1 ,4 - dicarboxylate dehydrogenase . This enzyme employs one cofactor , iron ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Newcastle_United_F.C._season", "title": "1991–92 Newcastle United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1991-92 season , English football team Newcastle United participated in the Football League Second Division .   The season started with a lot of promise but quickly deteriorated into a relegation battle . Manager Ossie Ardiles struggled to add to his squad of talented youngsters due to lack of funds , the truth being the club was severely in debt . At one point it had looked like Newcastle would be relegated and could go out of business .   Sir John Hall had all but taken control of the club , and replaced Ardiles with Kevin Keegan on 5 February 1992 . An improvement in form helped Newcastle to narrowly avoid relegation from the Second Division , with their survival only confirmed on the last day of the season . They finished 20th , two places above the relegation zone .   .   __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1957–58_Liga_Alef", "title": "1957–58 Liga Alef", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 -- 58 Liga Alef season saw Beitar Jerusalem win the title . However , there was no promotion to Liga Leumit or relegation to Liga Bet , after the Israel Football Association decided to abandon the league before the end of the season , due to suspicions of bribery ."}
{"_id": "1933_Big_Ten_Conference_football_season", "title": "1933 Big Ten Conference football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 Big Ten Conference football season was the 38th season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference ( also known as the Western Conference ) and was a part of the 1933 college football season .   Michigan compiled a 7 -- 0 -- 1 record , extended its unbeaten streak to 22 games , shut out five of eight opponents , gave up an average of 2.3 points per game , outscored opponents 131 to 18 , and was the Big Ten champion . In December 1933 , Michigan was awarded the Knute K. Rockne Trophy as the No. 1 team in the country under the Dickinson System . Two other Big Ten teams also finished among the top five teams in the post-season Dickinson ratings : Minnesota at No. 3 and Ohio State at No. 5 . Center Chuck Bernard and tackle Francis Wistert were consensus first-team picks for the 1933 College Football All-America Team .   Ohio State finished in third place with a 7 -- 1 and its sole loss being against Michigan .   Iowa quarterback/halfback Joe Laws received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the most valuable player in the conference ."}
{"_id": "1911–12_in_Swedish_football", "title": "1911–12 in Swedish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 -- 12 season in Swedish football , starting January 1911 and ending July 1912 :"}
{"_id": "1982_in_LGBT_rights", "title": "1982 in LGBT rights", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1982 ."}
{"_id": "1915_U.S._National_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1915 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Molla Bjurstedt won the singles title of the 1915 U.S. Women 's National Singles Championship by defeating Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 in the final of the All Comer 's tournament . The defending champion , Mary Browne , did not participate in this edition and therefore no challenge round was played . The event was played on outdoor grass courts and held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Wissahickon Heights , Chestnut Hill , Philadelphia from June 8 through June 13 , 1915 ."}
{"_id": "156th_meridian", "title": "156th meridian", "headings": "", "text": "156th meridian may refer to :   156th meridian east , a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian  156th meridian west , a line of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian"}
{"_id": "1st_Battalion_Nebraska_Veteran_Volunteer_Cavalry", "title": "1st Battalion Nebraska Veteran Volunteer Cavalry", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st Battalion Nebraska Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry battalion that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1921_in_Afghanistan", "title": "1921 in Afghanistan", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  See also : 1920 in Afghanistan , other events of 1921 , and 1922 in Afghanistan ."}
{"_id": "10_Downing_Street_Guard_Chairs", "title": "10 Downing Street Guard Chairs", "headings": "", "text": "The 10 Downing Street Guard Chairs are two antique chairs . In the early 19th century , 10 Downing Street was guarded by two men who sat outside the building in leather chairs made by Thomas Chippendale . There was a drawer underneath the chair which was filled with hot coals to keep the guards warm whilst on duty . The chairs were made with a circular back and hood , both to shield the guards from bad weather and to improve the surrounding acoustics , thereby allowing the guard to hear better from a wider angle ."}
{"_id": "14th_National_Congress_of_Kuomintang", "title": "14th National Congress of Kuomintang", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th National Congress of Kuomintang was the fourteenth national congress of Kuomintang , held on 16 -- 22 August 1993 at Taipei International Convention Center in Xinyi District , Taipei , Taiwan ."}
{"_id": "1937_UCI_Road_World_Championships", "title": "1937 UCI Road World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 UCI Road World Championships took place in Copenhagen , Denmark . Only eight riders finished the Professional Road Race ."}
{"_id": "1D", "title": "1D", "headings": "", "text": "1D may refer to :  Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor  Astra 1D , a satellite  Canon EOS-1D , Canon 's first professional digital camera  Long March 1D , a satellite  One-dimensional space in physics and mathematics  One Direction , a British-Irish pop music band"}
{"_id": "1946_Philadelphia_Phillies_season", "title": "1946 Philadelphia Phillies season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1988_African_Cup_of_Nations", "title": "1988 African Cup of Nations", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 African Cup of Nations was the 16th edition of the Africa Cup of Nations , the soccer championship of Africa ( CAF ) . It was hosted by Morocco , who replaced original host Zambia . Just like in 1986 , the field of eight teams was split into two groups of four . The tournament final was held in Casablanca at Stade Mohamed V. Cameroon won its second championship , beating Nigeria in the final 1 − 0 .   This tournament has the least goals-per-game average in Africa Cup of Nations tournaments ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Scottish_League_Cup", "title": "1997–98 Scottish League Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 Scottish League Cup was the 52nd staging of Scotland 's second most prestigious football knockout competition . The competition was won by Celtic , who defeated Dundee United 3 -- 0 in the Final . The Final was played at Ibrox Stadium because Hampden Park was being redeveloped , work which was completed in time for the 1999 Scottish Cup Final ."}
{"_id": "1935_Speedway_National_League", "title": "1935 Speedway National League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 National League Division One was the fourth season of the highest tier of motorcycle speedway in Great Britain . Walthamstow relocated to Hackney Wick Wolves . Plymouth Devils and Birmingham dropped out so there were only 7 teams , 6 of which were located in London . The only non-London club , Belle Vue Aces , won their third consecutive national title . Bluey Wilkinson of West Ham Hammers topped the rider averages ."}
{"_id": "1968–69_Bulgarian_Cup", "title": "1968–69 Bulgarian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 -- 69 Bulgarian Cup was the 29th season of the Bulgarian Cup ( in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army ) . CSKA Sofia won the competition , beating Levski Sofia 2 -- 1 in the final at the Vasil Levski National Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1955–56_Serie_A", "title": "1955–56 Serie A", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "16th_Air_Army", "title": "16th Air Army", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Red Banner Air Army ( 16-я воздушная Краснознамённая армия ) was the most important formation of the Special Purpose Command . Initially formed during the Second World War as a part of the Soviet Air Force , it was from its 2002 reformation to its 2009 disbandment the tactical air force component of the Moscow Military District . The 16th Air Army took part in the Battle of Berlin with 28 Aviation divisions and 7 Separate aviation regiments , and was located in East Germany until 1994 . Withdrawn to Kubinka in that year , the army was disbanded and reformed as a corps in 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1955_World_Weightlifting_Championships", "title": "1955 World Weightlifting Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 Men 's World Weightlifting Championships were held in Munich , West Germany , from October 12 to October 16 , 1955 . There were 108 men in action from 25 nations ."}
{"_id": "1999_Challenge_Bell_–_Doubles", "title": "1999 Challenge Bell – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Lori McNeil and Kimberly Po were the defending champions , but lost in the quarterfinals to Amy Frazier and Katie Schlukebir .   Frazier and Schlukebir went on to win the title , defeating Cara Black and Debbie Graham 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1990_New_Year_Honours", "title": "1990 New Year Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The New Year Honours 1990 were appointments by most of the Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries , and honorary ones to citizens of other countries . They were announced on 30 December 1989 to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 1990 ."}
{"_id": "1996_in_paleontology", "title": "1996 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1998_Solheim_Cup", "title": "1998 Solheim Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The fifth Solheim Cup took place from September 18 to September 20 , 1998 , at Muirfield Village , Dublin , Ohio , United States . The United States team retained the cup beating the European team by 16 points to 12 ."}
{"_id": "(Do_You_Love_Me)_Just_Say_Yes", "title": "(Do You Love Me) Just Say Yes", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( Do You Love Me ) Just Say Yes '' is a song written by Bob DiPiero , John Scott Sherrill and Dennis Robbins , and recorded by American country music group Highway 101 . It was released in June 1988 as the first single from the album Highway 101 , Volume 2 . '' ( Do You Love Me ) Just Say Yes '' was Highway 101 's third number one on the country chart . The song spent one week at that position and twenty weeks on the chart . It also reached Number One on the RPM Country Tracks charts in Canada ."}
{"_id": "(Life_May_Be)_A_Big_Insanity", "title": "(Life May Be) A Big Insanity", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( Live May Be ) A Big Insanity '' is a pop song by German singer Sandra . The song was written by Michael Cretu and Klaus Hirschburger . It was released in April 1990 as the album 's second single . The song 's B-side , `` The Skin I 'm in '' , appeared on Sandra 's fourth studio album Paintings in Yellow . The song was a minor hit , being a top twenty hit in Israel and a top 30 in Germany ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_Albanian_Cup", "title": "1979–80 Albanian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "1979 -- 80 Albanian Cup was the twenty-eighth season of Albania 's annual cup competition . It began on August 1979 with the First Round and ended on May 1980 with the Final matches . The winners of the competition qualified for the 1980-81 first round of the UEFA Cup . KS Vllaznia were the defending champions , having won their third Albanian Cup last season . The cup was won by KF Partizani .   The rounds were played in a two-legged format similar to those of European competitions . If the aggregated score was tied after both games , the team with the higher number of away goals advanced . If the number of away goals was equal in both games , the match was decided by extra time and a penalty shootout , if necessary ."}
{"_id": "1962_Oakland_Raiders_season", "title": "1962 Oakland Raiders season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Oakland Raiders season began with the team trying to improve on their 2 -- 12 record from 1961 . The 1962 season was the third season in Oakland and in the American Football League . It ended with the Raiders finishing in last place in the AFL West . They won only one game and lost 13 while playing their home games at Frank Youell Field in Oakland .   Oakland 's 0.071 winning percentage in 1962 is the lowest in the history of the American Football League ."}
{"_id": "1993-01-27_The_Flood_Zone,_Richmond,_VA", "title": "1993-01-27 The Flood Zone, Richmond, VA", "headings": "", "text": "1993-01-27 The Flood Zone , Richmond , VA is a live album by Dave Matthews Band , and is the tenth volume in the band 's DMBlive series of download-only concert recordings . ( The releases are not given unique album titles . ) The album was recorded at The Flood Zone in Richmond , Virginia , on January 27 , 1993 . It is notable for being the first official release to include original DMB keyboardist Peter Griesar . It is also the first official release of the song `` Spotlight '' . Dave Matthews has previously noted his distaste for that song ."}
{"_id": "1970–71_United_States_network_television_schedule_(Saturday_morning)", "title": "1970–71 United States network television schedule (Saturday morning)", "headings": "", "text": "This was the United States broadcast television schedule on all three commercial television networks on Saturday mornings for the season beginning in the fall of 1970 and ending in the spring of 1971 . All times are Eastern and Pacific .   New series in bold .   Asterisk denotes repeats of a live action series previously aired on network primetime or in syndication"}
{"_id": "1905–06_Auburn_Tigers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1905–06 Auburn Tigers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 -- 06 Auburn Tigers men 's basketball team represented Auburn University in the 1957 -- 58 college basketball season . This was the first men 's basketball team ever to represent Auburn University . The team 's head coach was Mike Donahue , who was in his first season at Auburn . The team played their home games at The Gymnasium in Auburn , Alabama . They finished the season 5 -- 1 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1939_New_York_Yankees_season", "title": "1939 New York Yankees season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 New York Yankees season was the team 's 37th season in New York , and its 39th overall . The team finished with a record of 106 -- 45 , winning their 11th pennant , finishing 17 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox . New York was managed by Joe McCarthy . The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium . In the World Series , they beat the Cincinnati Reds in 4 games . This marked the first time any team had won four consecutive World Series ."}
{"_id": "1969_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers'_Conference", "title": "1969 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference was the seventeenth Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations . It was held in the United Kingdom in January 1969 , and was hosted by that country 's Prime Minister , Harold Wilson .   Five newly independent member countries participated for the first time : Botswana , Barbados , Lesotho , Mauritius and Swaziland .   On the issue of the rogue colony of Rhodesia , Britain re-committed itself to the policy of No independence before majority rule ( NIBMAR ) which it had adopted at the last Prime Ministers ' conference in September 1966 .   Also discussed was the Biafra crisis in Nigeria and discrimination against South Asian communities living in Africa and Black and Asian immigrants living in the UK ."}
{"_id": "147th_meridian_west", "title": "147th meridian west", "headings": "", "text": "The meridian 147 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 147th meridian west forms a great circle with the 33rd meridian east ."}
{"_id": "1998_Rado_Open", "title": "1998 Rado Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Rado Open was a men 's tennis tournament played on Clay in Gstaad , Switzerland that was part of the International Series of the 1998 ATP Tour . It was the thirty-first edition of the tournament and was held from 6 July -- 12 July 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_DFB-Pokal", "title": "1996–97 DFB-Pokal", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 DFB-Pokal was the 54th season of the annual German football cup competition . Sixty-four teams competed in the tournament of six rounds which began on 9 August 1996 and ended on 16 June 1997 . In the final , VfB Stuttgart defeated third tier Energie Cottbus 2 -- 0 , thereby claiming their third title ."}
{"_id": "1961_SANFL_season", "title": "1961 SANFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 South Australian National Football League season was the 82nd season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia ."}
{"_id": "1996_Padilla_car_crash", "title": "1996 Padilla car crash", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Padilla car crash involved an American Marine whose car swerved off the road , killing Rojita Kinjo , 36 , and her daughters , Mitsuko , 10 , and Mariko , 1 . The crash happened only a few months after the infamous 1995 Okinawan rape incident where on September 4 , 1995 , three U.S. servicemen rented a van and then kidnapped and raped a 12-year-old 6th-grade Japanese girl . The Padilla car crash caused an uproar in Okinawa due to raw emotions still left over from the rape incident and the continued American presence on the island chain ."}
{"_id": "1956_All-Pro_Team", "title": "1956 All-Pro Team", "headings": "", "text": "The Associated Press ( AP ) , Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) , New York Daily News ( NYDN ) , The Sporting News ( SN ) , and United Press ( UP ) were among selectors of All-Pro teams comprising players adjudged to be the best at each position in the National Football League ( NFL ) during the 1956 NFL season . The AP , NEA , NYDN , and UPI selected a first and second team ."}
{"_id": "1939_PGA_Championship", "title": "1939 PGA Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 PGA Championship was the 22nd PGA Championship , held July 9 -- 15 at Pomonok Country Club in Queens , New York . Then a match play championship , Henry Picard won his only PGA Championship , defeating Byron Nelson with a birdie at the 37th hole . It was the second of his two major titles ; he won the Masters in 1938 . Nelson won the U.S. Open three months earlier and the next PGA Championship in 1940 . Beginning in 1939 , he made five finals in six PGA Championships , and won his second title in 1945 .   Picard had not trailed and led by two as late as the 26th hole , but the match was squared on the 29th green and Nelson led by one after 32 holes . Both birdied the par-5 33rd and Picard sank a curling putt from over 20 ft for par to halve the 34th hole and stay one back . They halved the par-3 35th at par and both had birdie putts on the 36th green . Nelson missed his from 10 ft feet while Picard sank his from three to square up the match . On the extra hole , both again had birdie putts : Picard made his from ten feet while Nelson missed his from six .   Defending champion Paul Runyan lost in the quarterfinals to Dick Metz .   This PGA Championship was held during the 1939 New York World 's Fair . The golf course no longer exists ; Pomonok Country Club disbanded in 1949 and the property was developed for residences ."}
{"_id": "1987_Georgia_Southern_Eagles_football_team", "title": "1987 Georgia Southern Eagles football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Georgia Southern Eagles football team represented the Georgia Southern Eagles of Georgia Southern University during the 1987 NCAA Division I-AA football season . The Eagles played their home games at Paulson Stadium in Statesboro , Georgia . The team was coached by Erk Russell , in his sixth year as head coach for the Eagles ."}
{"_id": "1971–72_Football_League_Cup", "title": "1971–72 Football League Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 -- 72 Football League Cup was the 12th season of the Football League Cup , a knock-out competition for England 's top 92 football clubs . The tournament started on 17 August 1971 and ended with the final at Wembley on 4 March 1972 .   Stoke City won the tournament after defeating Chelsea in the final at Wembley Stadium , London .   Entry for all football league clubs became compulsory this season ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Utah_Jazz_season", "title": "1996–97 Utah Jazz season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 NBA season was the Jazz 's 23rd season in the National Basketball Association , and 18th season in Salt Lake City , Utah . For the season , the Jazz changed their logo that more closely reflects the state of Utah featuring purple mountains , and sky blue in the script . The new colors seemed to agree with the Jazz as they went on a 15-game winning streak after a 2 -- 2 start to the season . The Jazz then posted a 31 -- 4 record after the All-Star break , and finished first place in the Western Conference with a franchise best record of 64 -- 18 . Karl Malone averaged 27.4 points and 9.9 rebounds per game as he took home MVP honors . He was also selected for the 1997 NBA All-Star Game along with John Stockton .   In the playoffs , the Jazz got off to a flying start in the first round sweeping the Los Angeles Clippers in the three straight games . In the semifinals , they continued to roll easily knocking the Los Angeles Lakers four games to one . In the Western Conference Finals , they took a 2 -- 0 series lead over the Houston Rockets . However , the Rockets would even the series at two games a piece as Eddie Johnson hit a dramatic buzzer beater to win Game 4 . After taking Game 5 at home , Game 6 would be another battle and appeared to be heading for overtime , as Stockton nailed a three-point buzzer beater that launched the Jazz to the NBA Finals for the first time in franchise history . In their first trip to the finals , the Jazz lost in six games to the Chicago Bulls .   The Jazz 's new logo and uniforms would both last until 2004 ."}
{"_id": "1990_Uganda_Super_League", "title": "1990 Uganda Super League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Ugandan Super League was the 23rd season of the official Ugandan football championship , the top-level football league of Uganda ."}
{"_id": "1970_Iowa_Hawkeyes_football_team", "title": "1970 Iowa Hawkeyes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1970 Big Ten Conference football season . This was Ray Nagel 's fifth and final season as head coach of the Hawkeyes ."}
{"_id": "1986_Minnesota_Twins_season", "title": "1986 Minnesota Twins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Minnesota Twins finished a 71-91 , sixth in the AL West . 1,255,453 fans attended Twins games , the second lowest total in the American League ."}
{"_id": "1999_Australian_Individual_Speedway_Championship", "title": "1999 Australian Individual Speedway Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Australian Individual Speedway Championship was held at the Olympic Park Speedway in Mildura , Victoria on 13 February 1999 .   Former World # 3 Todd Wiltshire won his first Australian Championship defeating Jason Lyons in a runoff after both finished on 14 points . Adelaide 's Nigel Sadler finished third after defeating Perth 's Frank Smart and local youngster Travis McGowan in a runoff after all three riders finished on 10 points .   Despite the championship being run on his home track , defending champion Leigh Adams did not ride in the Australian Final for the first time since 1991 where he had been forced to withdraw after breaking his wrist in a crash in Adelaide three weeks before the event ."}
{"_id": "1943_Major_League_Baseball_season", "title": "1943 Major League Baseball season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 Major League Baseball season , saw the New York Yankees defeat the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1943 World Series .   In order to conserve rail transport during World War II , the 1943 Spring training was limited to an area east of the Mississippi River and north of the Ohio River . The Chicago White Sox held camp in French Lick , Indiana , the Washington Senators in College Park , Maryland , and the New York Yankees in Asbury Park , New Jersey ."}
{"_id": "18th_parallel", "title": "18th parallel", "headings": "", "text": "18th parallel may refer to :  18th parallel north , a circle of latitude in the Northern Hemisphere  18th parallel south , a circle of latitude in the Southern Hemisphere"}
{"_id": "1946_Indianapolis_500", "title": "1946 Indianapolis 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 30th International 500-Mile Sweepstakes was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Thursday , May 30 , 1946 . This was the first Indianapolis 500 presided over by new track owner Tony Hulman . The track had closed in late 1941 due to World War II , and over the next four years , the facility fell into a terrible state of disrepair . Hulman purchased the Speedway in November 1945 , and quickly went to work cleaning up the grounds , which had become overwhelmed by overgrowth and weeds . The Speedway re-opened , and the 1946 race was considered a rousing success .   Race winner George Robson would be killed in a racing crash just months after the victory .   The 1946 running of the 500 was the first of sixty-one consecutive years ( 1946-2006 ) that featured popular fixture Tom Carnegie on the Speedway public address system .   During the pre-race ceremonies , James Melton performed the song `` Back Home Again in Indiana . '' It was the first time the traditional song had been performed before the start of the race ."}
{"_id": "08/15", "title": "08/15", "headings": "", "text": "08/15 may refer to :   MG 08/15 , machine gun  08/15 ( film series )  08/15 ( film ) , first part of the film series"}
{"_id": "155_North_Wacker", "title": "155 North Wacker", "headings": "", "text": "155 North Wacker is a 48 story skyscraper located in Chicago , Illinois designed by Goettsch Partners and was developed by the John Buck Company . It stands 638 feet ( 195 m ) . It has received LEED silver pre-certification . The construction started in 2007 and was completed in 2009 ."}
{"_id": "111th_New_York_State_Legislature", "title": "111th New York State Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The 111th New York State Legislature , consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly , met from January 3 to July 20 , 1888 , during the fourth year of David B. Hill 's governorship , in Albany ."}
{"_id": "1940_in_architecture", "title": "1940 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1940 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Cupa_României", "title": "1995–96 Cupa României", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Cupa României was the 58th edition of Romania 's most prestigious football cup competition .   The title was won by Steaua Bucureşti against Gloria Bistrița ."}
{"_id": "16th_United_States_Colored_Infantry", "title": "16th United States Colored Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th United States Colored Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men commanded by white officers and was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22 , 1863 ."}
{"_id": "15_April_2013_Iraq_attacks", "title": "15 April 2013 Iraq attacks", "headings": "", "text": "A wave of bombings and shootings across Iraq killed at least 75 people and injured more than 356 others on 15 April . The attacks came just days before the provincial elections which will be held on 20 April ."}
{"_id": "1884_in_France", "title": "1884 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1884 in France ."}
{"_id": "1990_United_States_Grand_Prix", "title": "1990 United States Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 United States Grand Prix was the opening motor race of the 1990 Formula One season held on March 11 , 1990 , in Phoenix , Arizona . It was the 32nd United States Grand Prix since the American Grand Prize was first held in 1908 , and the 25th under Formula One regulations since the first United States Grand Prix was held at Sebring , Florida in 1959 . It was the second to be held on the streets of Phoenix and ran over 72 laps of the 4 km-circuit .   The race was won by Brazilian Ayrton Senna , driving a McLaren MP4/5B by eight seconds over French driver Jean Alesi in his comparatively under-funded Tyrrell 018 . Throughout the race , the pair enthralled fans with some fabulous and daring passing for the lead .   It was Alesi 's first podium finish , with Belgian driver Thierry Boutsen in a Williams FW13B coming home third ."}
{"_id": "1991_Philadelphia_Wings_season", "title": "1991 Philadelphia Wings season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Philadelphia Wings season marked the team 's fifth season of operation ."}
{"_id": "1927_Italian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1927 Italian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Italian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Monza on 4 September 1927 and run to Formula Libre regulations .   It was part of the 1927 AIACR World Manufacturers ' Championship season ."}
{"_id": "1961–62_Creighton_Bluejays_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1961–62 Creighton Bluejays men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 -- 62 Creighton Bluejays men 's basketball team represented Creighton University during the 1961 -- 62 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The Bluejays , led by third year head coach John J. ` Red ' McManus , played their home games at the Omaha Civic Auditorium . They finished the season 21-5 . The Creighton Bluejays earned a bid into the 1962 NCAA Tournament where they defeated Memphis State in the Midwest Region Quarterfinals round before falling in the Midwest Region Semifinals to the # 2 ranked , and eventual 1962 National Champion , Cincinnati Bearcats . The Bluejays defeated Texas Tech in the Midwest Region Third Place game .   Before the season started , Red appeared before the Quarterback Club in Omaha and with his first words stated that Creighton was going to a post season tournament . A majority of the people felt that McManus had a fatal case of over-optimism . The previous year 's 8-17 record was far from good . McManus worked tirelessly to turn Creighton into a basketball power . He utilized sharp recruiting and tough coaching to put the Bluejays back on the road to fame . The hard work paid off . Sophomore Paul Silas would blossom into a force in the middle , leading the nation in rebounding for the 1961-62 and 1962-63 seasons ."}
{"_id": "1989_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships_–_Women's_60_metres", "title": "1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 60 metres event at the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held at the Budapest Sportcsarnok in Budapest on 3 March ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Liga_Indonesia_Premier_Division", "title": "1997–98 Liga Indonesia Premier Division", "headings": "", "text": "This article is concerned with the Indonesian football results of Liga Indonesia season 1997/1998 . 31 teams involved in this season . The 1997/98 Liga Indonesia did not finish due to some issues with the PSSI ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Tunisian_Ligue_Professionnelle_1", "title": "1996–97 Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 season was the 71st season of top-tier football in Tunisia ."}
{"_id": "1508_in_science", "title": "1508 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1508 in science and technology included a number of events , some of which are listed here ."}
{"_id": "1952_NASCAR_Grand_National_Series", "title": "1952 NASCAR Grand National Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 NASCAR Grand National Series was the fourth season of the premier stock car racing championship sanctioned by NASCAR . Once the season was concluded , driver Tim Flock was crowned the Grand National champion after winning 8 of the 33 events that he competed in . This was the first year that NASCAR scheduled its events to avoid the conflicts of having two races , at two different tracks , on the same day . The only exception was on June 1 , when races were held at both Toledo Speedway in Ohio , and Hayloft Speedway in Augusta , Georgia . Herb Thomas finished second to Flock after competing in 32 races , and Lee Petty finished third in the standings that year . Throughout the 1952 season , a total of 261 drivers entered at least one of the 34 events . Virtually every American car manufacturer ( at the time ) had at least one of their cars start that season .   1952 was also the first season that sponsors such as Pure Oil Co ( which later became Union 76 , and eventually Unocal ) , and Champion Spark Plug Inc. started paying contingency award monies in exchange for the publicity they would receive by drivers sponsoring their products ."}
{"_id": "1996_European_Judo_Championships", "title": "1996 European Judo Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 European Judo Championships were the 7th edition of the European Judo Championships , and were held in The Hague , Netherlands on 19 May 1996 ."}
{"_id": "1744_in_Norway", "title": "1744 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1744 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1._Heaviest_Artillery_Regiment", "title": "1. Heaviest Artillery Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The Polish 1 . Heaviest Artillery Regiment was formed in mid-1920 and saw limited combat at the end of the Polish-Soviet War in 1920 . At the time , the unit was equipped with 210 mm mortars and 149.1 mm cannons . By 1921 the regiment was motorized and 155 mm howitzers were added . In 1934 , the unit was moved to Gora Kalwaria ."}
{"_id": "1999–00_Ranji_Trophy", "title": "1999–00 Ranji Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 00 Ranji Trophy was the 66th season of the Ranji Trophy . Mumbai defeated Hyderabad by 297 runs in the final . V. V. S. Laxman set new seasonal records of 1415 runs and eight hundreds . Kanwaljit Singh 's 62 wickets is the second best for a season , after Bishan Bedi 's 64 wickets in 1974-75 ."}
{"_id": "13th_G-15_summit", "title": "13th G-15 summit", "headings": "", "text": "The Thirteenth G-15 summit was held in Havana , Cuba on September 14 , 2006 . The group 's meeting was coordinated to take place at the same time as a non-aligned summit of 116 developing nations in the Cuban capital .   The summit agenda of the Group of 15 ( G-15 ) encompassed a range of issues . The summit theme was `` Rural and Agricultural Development and the Management of Water Resources . ''   The gathering brought together leaders , representatives and policymakers from non-aligned nations . African G-15 nations are Algeria , Egypt , Kenya , Nigeria , Senegal , and Zimbabwe . Those from Asia are India , Indonesia , Iran , Malaysia , and Sri Lanka . Latin American G-15 nations include Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Jamaica , Mexico , Peru and Venezuela ."}
{"_id": "1687_in_Norway", "title": "1687 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1687 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1935–36_Indiana_Hoosiers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1935–36 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 -- 36 Indiana Hoosiers men 's basketball team represented Indiana University . Their head coach was Everett Dean , who was in his 12th year . The team played its home games in The Fieldhouse in Bloomington , Indiana , and was a member of the Big Ten Conference .   The Hoosiers finished the regular season with an overall record of 18 -- 2 and a conference record of 11 -- 1 , finishing 1st in the Big Ten Conference ."}
{"_id": "1968_in_science", "title": "1968 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1968 in science and technology involved some significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "13th_Army_Band_(United_States)", "title": "13th Army Band (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th Army Band , is the , `` best kept secret in the National Guard , '' according to Florida 's Adjutant General , Major General Michael A. Calhoun .   The band is under the direction of CW2 Stephen K. Rivero and is currently located in Fort Lauderdale , Florida ."}
{"_id": "1837_in_Wales", "title": "1837 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1837 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Luxembourg_National_Division", "title": "1998–99 Luxembourg National Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of the Luxembourg National Division in the 1998 -- 99 season ."}
{"_id": "1893_Carlisle_Indians_football_team", "title": "1893 Carlisle Indians football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1893 Carlisle Indians football team represented the Carlisle Indians football team of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School during the 1893 college football season . The sport was reinstituted after a long absence . The Indians were coached by W. G. Thompson in the school 's first year of organized intercollegiate football recognized by the NCAA . The Indians were consistently outsized by the teams they scheduled , and they in turn relied on speed and guile to remain competitive . The team compiled a record of 2 -- 1 ; outscored opponents 60 to 16 . Richard Henry Pratt laid out the fundamental rule of Carlisle football ; `` Promise me that you 'll never slug . ''"}
{"_id": "1981–82_FA_Trophy", "title": "1981–82 FA Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 -- 82 FA Trophy was the thirteenth season of the FA Trophy ."}
{"_id": "1999_Malaysian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1999 Malaysian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Malaysian Grand Prix ( formally the I Petronas Malaysian Grand Prix ) was a Formula One motor race held on 17 October 1999 at the Sepang International Circuit near Sepang , Malaysia . It was the fifteenth race of the 1999 Formula One season . The 56-lap race was won by Eddie Irvine driving a Ferrari car from a second position start . Michael Schumacher , in his first race back since breaking his leg during that season 's British Grand Prix at Silverstone , and who started from pole position , finished second with Mika Häkkinen finishing third driving for McLaren ."}
{"_id": "12th_Illinois_Cavalry", "title": "12th Illinois Cavalry", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Illinois Cavalry Regiment was a volunteer cavalry regiment which served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1990_BMW_Open", "title": "1990 BMW Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 BMW Open was an Association of Tennis Professionals tennis tournament held in Munich , Germany . The tournament was held from 30 April through 7 May 1990 ."}
{"_id": "1992_(album)", "title": "1992 (album)", "headings": "", "text": "1992 is the eighth studio album by American rapper The Game . It was released on October 14 , 2016 , by Blood Money Entertainment and eOne Music . The album features a single guest appearance by R&B singer Jeremih and a prominent -LSB- uncredited -RSB- feature by Jason Derulo , as well as uncredited appearances by Osbe Chill , Lorine Chia and Sonyae Elise ."}
{"_id": "1971–72_Cleveland_Cavaliers_season", "title": "1971–72 Cleveland Cavaliers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 -- 72 Cleveland Cavaliers season was the second season of NBA basketball in Cleveland , Ohio . The Cavaliers finished the season with a 23 -- 59 record , finishing last in the Central Division and 7th in the Eastern Conference . Rookie top pick Austin Carr was named to the All-Rookie team and John Johnson and Butch Beard were named All-Stars ."}
{"_id": "1944–45_Swedish_football_Division_2", "title": "1944–45 Swedish football Division 2", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swedish football Division 2 in season 1944/1945 ."}
{"_id": "1895_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1895 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1895 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the ninth staging of Ireland 's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition . Tipperary were the champions ."}
{"_id": "1931_Grand_National", "title": "1931 Grand National", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 Grand National was the 90th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool , England , on 27 March 1931 .   The steeplechase was won by Grakle , at odds of 100/6 . The nine-year-old was ridden by jockey Bob Lyall and trained by Tom Coulthwaite for owner Cecil Taylor , who collected the # 9,310 prize .   Gregalach , winner in 1929 , finished in second place ; Annandale was third and Rhyticere fourth . Forty-three horses ran and all but two returned safely to the stables . Swift Roland was fatally injured at Becher 's Brook when another faller landed on him , and Drin was euthanised after incurring a leg fracture at Valentine 's Brook ."}
{"_id": "1992_Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1992 Mississippi State Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Mississippi State Bulldogs football team represented Mississippi State University during the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season ."}
{"_id": "1_California", "title": "1 California", "headings": "", "text": "1 California , California One , 1st California , California First , or variant thereof , may refer to :  One California , San Francisco office building  One California Plaza , Los Angeles office building  OneCalifornia Bank , bank  OneCalifornia , political opposition group to Six Californias  `` 1 California '' is a San Francisco Muni bus line   California 1  California State Route 1   1st California  First California Mortgage  California Battalion  1st California Infantry  1st Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry  1st California Veteran Infantry Battalion  1st Battalion of Native Cavalry , California Volunteers   California 1st  California 's 1st district ( disambiguation )  California 's 1st congressional district  California 's 1st State Assembly district  California 's 1st State Senate district"}
{"_id": "1917_in_Romania", "title": "1917 in Romania", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "115_Squadron_(Israel)", "title": "115 Squadron (Israel)", "headings": "", "text": "115 Squadron , also known as the Flying Dragon or Red Squadron , is the Israeli Air Force 's aggressor squadron . Based at Ovda , it is the sole IAF squadron to operate fixed-wing aircraft , helicopters and also ground-based assets ."}
{"_id": "1973_Individual_Ice_Speedway_World_Championship", "title": "1973 Individual Ice Speedway World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Individual Ice Speedway World Championship ."}
{"_id": "1997_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_football_team", "title": "1997 Illinois Fighting Illini football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign during the 1997 Big Ten Conference football season . They participated as members of the Big Ten Conference . Their home games were played at Memorial Stadium in Champaign , Illinois . The team 's head coach was Ron Turner , who was in his first season with the Illini . Illinois had a record of 0 -- 11 and failed to make a bowl game ."}
{"_id": "105th_Ohio_Infantry", "title": "105th Ohio Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 105th Ohio Volunteer Infantry ( or 105th OVI ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1966–67_Regionalliga", "title": "1966–67 Regionalliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 -- 67 Regionalliga was the fourth season of the Regionalliga , the second tier of the German football league system . The league operated in five regional divisions , Berlin , North , South , Southwest and West . The five league champions and all five runners-up , at the end of the season , entered a promotion play-off to determine the two clubs to move up to the Bundesliga for the next season . The two promotion spots went to the Regionalliga Berlin and Regionalliga Südwest champions Alemannia Aachen and Borussia Neunkirchen ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_Aberdeen_F.C._season", "title": "1979–80 Aberdeen F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Aberdeen F.C. competed in the Scottish Premier Division , Scottish Cup , League Cup and UEFA Cup in season 1979 -- 80 . They finished first in the Premier Division , the club 's first Premier Division title and second Scottish league championship . In the cups , they reached the Scottish Cup Semi final , losing to Rangers , and lost the League Cup Final after a replay against Dundee United . In Europe , they were drawn against Eintracht Frankfurt , losing 1 -- 2 on aggregate over two legs in the first round ."}
{"_id": "1934_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1934 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 1934 was the 48th series of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , Ireland 's premier hurling knock-out competition . Limerick won the championship , beating Dublin 5-2 to 2-6 in a replay of the final ."}
{"_id": "1870_Glaukos", "title": "1870 Glaukos", "headings": "", "text": "1870 Glaukos , provisional designation , is a carbonaceous Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp , approximately 45 kilometers in diameter ."}
{"_id": "1982_European_Fencing_Championships", "title": "1982 European Fencing Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 European Fencing Championships were held in Mödling , Austria . The competition consisted of individual events only ."}
{"_id": "1878_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "1878 in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1878 in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1986", "title": "1986", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1986 was designated as the International Year of Peace by the United Nations ."}
{"_id": "10th_SS_Panzer_Division_Frundsberg", "title": "10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg or 10.SS-Panzer-Division Frundsberg was a German Waffen SS panzer division . The division was formed at the beginning of 1943 as a reserve for the expected Allied invasion of France . However , their first campaign was in Ukraine in April 1944 . Afterwards , the unit was then transferred to the west , where it fought the Allies in France and at Arnhem . The division was moved to Pomerania , then fought south east of Berlin in the Lausitz area until the end of the war ."}
{"_id": "1000_Ways_to_Die_(season_2)", "title": "1000 Ways to Die (season 2)", "headings": "", "text": "The TV show 1000 Ways to Die airs on the cable channel Spike . New episodes air on Monday nights at 10/9C , beginning on March 12 , 2012 , with the Season 4 premiere ."}
{"_id": "1779_in_literature", "title": "1779 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1779 ."}
{"_id": "1911_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships", "title": "1911 UCI Track Cycling World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling . They took place in Rome , Italy in 1911 . Four events for men were contested , two for professionals and two for amateurs ."}
{"_id": "1944_New_York_Giants_(MLB)_season", "title": "1944 New York Giants (MLB) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 62nd season . The team finished in fifth place in the National League with an 67-87 record , 38 games behind the St. Louis Cardinals ."}
{"_id": "1966_Cal_Poly_Mustangs_football_team", "title": "1966 Cal Poly Mustangs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic State UniversityThe official name of Cal Poly is California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo . However , it has been more commonly known as either Cal Poly San Luis Obispo or just Cal Poly since 1947 . See : Cal Poly during the 1966 College Division football season . Cal Poly competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) .   The team was led by fifth-year head coach Sheldon Harden and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo , California . They finished the season with a record of six wins and four losses ( 6 -- 4 , 2 -- 3 CCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1831_in_sports", "title": "1831 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1831 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1153_in_Ireland", "title": "1153 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1153 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1953_Washington_Senators_season", "title": "1953 Washington Senators season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 Washington Senators won 76 games , lost 76 , and finished in fifth place in the American League . They were managed by Bucky Harris and played home games at Griffith Stadium . This was their last winning season until 1962 ."}
{"_id": "1969_Wales_rugby_union_tour", "title": "1969 Wales rugby union tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Wales rugby union tour was a series of rugby union games undertaken by the Wales national rugby union team to Australia , Fiji and New Zealand . The tour took in four matches against regional and invitational teams and three tests ; two to New Zealand and one to Australia . This was the second official Wales tour to the southern hemisphere and the first to Australasia and Melanesia .   The tour results were mixed for Wales ; the team was unbeaten in the non-test matches and were victorious over Australia , but were completely out-classed by New Zealand . The captaincy of the tour was given to Newport 's Brian Price ."}
{"_id": "1991_population_census_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina", "title": "1991 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the last census of the population undertaken in the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina before the Bosnian War . It was conducted during the final week of March 1991 . For the 1991 census there were 109 municipalities of which ten were part of Sarajevo ."}
{"_id": "1964_Washington_State_Cougars_football_team", "title": "1964 Washington State Cougars football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Washington State Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Washington State University in the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) during the 1964 college football season . In their first season under head coach Bert Clark , the Cougars compiled a 3 -- 6 -- 1 record ( 1 -- 2 -- 1 against AAWU opponents ) , finished in a tie for sixth place in the AAWU , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 208 to 165 .   The team 's statistical leaders included Dave Peterson with 478 passing yards , Clancy Williams with 783 rushing yards , and Tom Kelley with 218 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1881_Birthday_Honours", "title": "1881 Birthday Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The 1881 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire . The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the Queen , and were published in The London Gazette on 24 May 1881 .   The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour , and arranged by honour , with classes ( Knight , Knight Grand Cross , etc. ) and then divisions ( Military , Civil , etc. ) as appropriate ."}
{"_id": "1960_in_Libya", "title": "1960 in Libya", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened in 1960 in Libya ."}
{"_id": "1672_in_France", "title": "1672 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1672 in France"}
{"_id": "1934–35_St._Francis_Terriers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1934–35 St. Francis Terriers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 -- 35 St. Francis Terriers men 's basketball team represented St. Francis College during the 1934 -- 35 NCAA men 's basketball season . The team was coached by Rody Cooney , who was in his third year at the helm of the St. Francis Terriers . The team was not part of a conference and played as division I independents .   The 1934 -- 35 team finished with a .500 record at 12 -- 12 ."}
{"_id": "1994_UAB_Blazers_football_team", "title": "1994 UAB Blazers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 UAB Blazers football team represented the University of Alabama at Birmingham ( UAB ) in the 1994 NCAA Division I-AA football season , and was the fourth team fielded by the school . The Blazers were led by head coach Jim Hilyer , who entered his fourth season as the UAB 's head coach . They played their home games at Legion Field in Birmingham , Alabama and competed as a Division I-AA Independent . The Blazers finished their second season at the I-AA level with a record of seven wins and four losses ( 7 -- 4 ) ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_New_York_Islanders_season", "title": "1983–84 New York Islanders season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 -- 84 New York Islanders season was the 12th season for the franchise in the National Hockey League . This season involved participating in the Stanley Cup Finals , but losing the Cup to the Edmonton Oilers ."}
{"_id": "1954_SCCA_National_Sports_Car_Championship", "title": "1954 SCCA National Sports Car Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 SCCA National Sports Car Championship season was the fourth season of the Sports Car Club of America 's National Sports Car Championship . It began January 31 , 1954 , and ended November 7 , 1954 , after twelve races . For the first time , championships were awarded to drivers in each class , rather than an overall championship as before ."}
{"_id": "1939/1940_Daily_Mail_Gold_Cup", "title": "1939/1940 Daily Mail Gold Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939/1940 Daily Mail Gold Cup was a professional snooker tournament sponsored by the Daily Mail . The cup was won by Alec Brown with Sydney Lee finishing in second place in the final table . It was the sixth and last Daily Mail Gold Cup tournament , although only the fourth as a snooker event . The Daily Mail Gold Cup ran from 1935 to 1940 ."}
{"_id": "1965_Saint_Louis_Billikens_men's_soccer_team", "title": "1965 Saint Louis Billikens men's soccer team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Saint Louis Billikens men 's soccer team represented Saint Louis University during the 1965 NCAA Division I men 's soccer season . The Billikens won their fifth NCAA title this season . It was the eighth ever season the Billikens fielded a men 's varsity soccer team ."}
{"_id": "1928_World_Table_Tennis_Championships", "title": "1928 World Table Tennis Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 2nd World Table Tennis Championships were held in Stockholm from January 24 to January 29 , 1928 ."}
{"_id": "1208_(band)", "title": "1208 (band)", "headings": "", "text": "1208 ( generally pronounced `` twelve-o-eight '' or `` twelve-zero-eight '' ) was a punk rock band from Hermosa Beach , California that formed in 1994 .   The name `` 1208 '' came from the apartment number they first shared . They released two full-length studio albums on Epitaph Records : Feedback Is Payback ( 2002 ) and Turn of the Screw ( 2004 ) . Their song `` Fall Apart '' from Turn of The Screw was featured on the popular PlayStation 2 and Xbox game Burnout 3 .   In November 2006 , the band was reported to be working on a third album , however the album never materialized .   1208 reunited in 2009 for a one-off show with T.S.O.L. . All original members performed , with the exception of drummer Manny McNamara . Deviates drummer Donald Conrad filled in on drums . Singer Alex Flynn is the nephew of Black Flag founder Greg Ginn and artist Raymond Pettibon ."}
{"_id": "128_(number)", "title": "128 (number)", "headings": "", "text": "128 ( one hundred -LSB- and -RSB- twenty-eight ) is the natural number following 127 and preceding 129 ."}
{"_id": "1931–32_Galatasaray_S.K._season", "title": "1931–32 Galatasaray S.K. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 -- 32 season was Galatasaray SK 's 28th in existence . Galatasaray SK did not join the Istanbul Football League due to the disagreement regarding the match revenues and played only friendly matches . Galatasaray SK 's did not participate the İstanbul Shield Organization either ."}
{"_id": "14_cm/40_11th_Year_Type_naval_gun", "title": "14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun", "headings": "", "text": "The 14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun was the standard surface battery for Japanese submarine cruisers of World War II . Most carried single guns , but Junsen type submarines carried two . Japanese submarines I-7 and I-8 carried an unusual twin mounting capable of elevating to 40 ° . Eleventh year type refers to the horizontal sliding breech block on these guns . Breech block design began in 1922 CE , the eleventh year of the Taishō period . The gun fired a projectile 14 cm in diameter , and the barrel was 40 calibers long ( barrel length is 14 cm x 40 = 560 centimeters or 220 inches ) ."}
{"_id": "1934–35_SK_Rapid_Wien_season", "title": "1934–35 SK Rapid Wien season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934-35 SK Rapid Wien season was the 38th season in club history ."}
{"_id": "1942_Purdue_Boilermakers_football_team", "title": "1942 Purdue Boilermakers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1942 Big Ten Conference football season . In their first season under head coach Elmer Burnham , the Boilermakers compiled a 1 -- 8 record , finished in eighth place in the Big Ten Conference with a 1 -- 4 record against conference opponents , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 179 to 27 ."}
{"_id": "1970s_in_motorsport", "title": "1970s in motorsport", "headings": "", "text": "This article documents the events in motorsport that happened in the 1970s ."}
{"_id": "1975_World_Snooker_Championship", "title": "1975 World Snooker Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament that took place at various locations in Australia . The final was held at the Nunawading Basketball Centre on Burwood Highway , in Burwood East , Victoria .   In the final Ray Reardon won 10 of the 12 frames on the second day to lead 16 -- 8 but Eddie Charlton won the first 9 frames on day 3 to lead . Reardon then led 23 -- 21 before Charlton won 8 frames in a row to lead 29 -- 23 , needing just 2 of the last 9 frames to win . However Reardon then won 7 frames in a row to lead again and , although Charlton levelled the match at 30 -- 30 , Reardon won the deciding frame to win 31 -- 30 ."}
{"_id": "1900_Kansas_State_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1900 Kansas State Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1900 Kansas State Aggies football team represented Kansas State Agricultural College during the 1900 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1969_European_Weightlifting_Championships", "title": "1969 European Weightlifting Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 European Weightlifting Championships were held at the Torwar Hall in Warsaw , Poland from September 20 to September 28 , 1969 . This was the 48th edition of the event . There were 108 men in action from 19 nations . This tournament was a part of 1969 World Weightlifting Championships ."}
{"_id": "1783", "title": "1783", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1988_Minnesota_Twins_season", "title": "1988 Minnesota Twins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Minnesota Twins finished a 91-71 , second in the AL West . 3,030,672 fans attended Twins games , at the time , establishing a new major league record . Pitcher Allan Anderson had his most successful season in 1988 , winning the American League ERA title at 2.45 and compiling a record of 16-9 in 30 starts ."}
{"_id": "1983_New_Zealand_National_Soccer_League", "title": "1983 New Zealand National Soccer League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 New Zealand National Soccer League was the 14th season of a nationwide round-robin club competition in New Zealand football . Manurewa comfortably won the league for the first time , finishing eight points clear of second-placed Hanimex North Shore United . This was the first season in which a win scored three points ; prior to this they were worth only two ."}
{"_id": "1961_Kentucky_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1961 Kentucky Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the University of Kentucky in the 1961 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1665_in_Ireland", "title": "1665 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1665 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1966_Preakness_Stakes", "title": "1966 Preakness Stakes", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 Preakness Stakes was the 91st running of the $ 200,000 Preakness Stakes thoroughbred horse race . The race took place on May 21 , 1966 , and was televised in the United States on the CBS television network . Kauai King , who was jockeyed by Don Brumfield , won the race by one and three quarter lengths over runner-up Stupendous . Approximate post time was 5:48 p.m. Eastern Time . The race was run on a fast track in a final time of 1:55 -2 / 5 . The Maryland Jockey Club reported total attendance of 36,114 , this is recorded as second highest on the list of American thoroughbred racing top attended events for North America in 1966 ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season", "title": "1963–64 Toronto Maple Leafs season", "headings": "", "text": "The Toronto Maple Leafs season involved winning the Stanley Cup ."}
{"_id": "1781_in_Austria", "title": "1781 in Austria", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1781 in Austria"}
{"_id": "1974–75_Atlanta_Hawks_season", "title": "1974–75 Atlanta Hawks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974-75 NBA season was the Hawks ' 26th season in the NBA and seventh season in Atlanta .   An unusually high total of eight Hawk players averaged double figures in points per game for the season , though Lou Hudson only played in eleven games ."}
{"_id": "1892_Grand_National", "title": "1892 Grand National", "headings": "", "text": "The 1892 Grand National was the 54th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool , England , on 20 March 1892 ."}
{"_id": "1968_Pau_Grand_Prix", "title": "1968 Pau Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Pau Grand Prix was a Formula Two motor race held on 21 April 1968 at the Pau circuit , in Pau , Pyrénées-Atlantiques , France . The Grand Prix was won by Jackie Stewart , driving the Matra MS7 . Robin Widdows finished second and Jean-Pierre Beltoise third ."}
{"_id": "1949–50_Luxembourg_National_Division", "title": "1949–50 Luxembourg National Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Luxembourg National Division in season 1949/1950 ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Blackburn_Rovers_F.C._season", "title": "1993–94 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1993 -- 94 English football season , Blackburn Rovers F.C. competed in the FA Premier League ."}
{"_id": "1925_Pulitzer_Prize", "title": "1925 Pulitzer Prize", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1925 ."}
{"_id": "1,039/Smoothed_Out_Slappy_Hours", "title": "1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours", "headings": "", "text": "1,039 / Smoothed Out Slappy Hours is a collection of early recordings by American punk rock band Green Day , released on July 1 , 1991 by Lookout Records . Often referred to as the band 's debut album , the compilation combines the band 's actual debut 39/Smooth and its first two extended plays Slappy and 1,000 Hours , which are all currently out of print . The album included one cover , `` Knowledge '' ( originally from the Slappy EP ) , which was originally by influential California punk band Operation Ivy , whose singer , Jesse Michaels , contributed the artwork for the album . The cover art features the same image from 39/Smooth .   Lookout ! re-released the album in 2004 with special limited packaging and all new enhanced CD-ROM features , including live performances and pictures . The album was re-issued in the same packaging in 2007 through Reprise Records after Green Day pulled the album in August 2005 , as well as all of its other material released through the label , from Lookout ! due to unpaid royalties . The album has been certified Gold in the U.S. by the RIAA , and according to Nielsen SoundScan , it has sold 632,000 copies in the U.S. as of August 2010 . The album was certified Gold in the UK on July 22 , 2013 , representing sales of at least 100,000 ."}
{"_id": "1947_Chicago_Cardinals_season", "title": "1947 Chicago Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Chicago Cardinals season resulted in the 9 -- 3 Cardinals winning their second NFL championship . The team was led by its `` Million Dollar Backfield '' of Elmer Angsman , Charley Trippi , Paul Christman , and Pat Harder . As of the end of 2016 This is the team 's last league championship . This championship drought is currently the longest active one in American professional sports ."}
{"_id": "1991_Dunhill_Cup", "title": "1991 Dunhill Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Dunhill Cup was the seventh Dunhill Cup . It was a team tournament featuring 16 countries , each represented by three players . The Cup was played 10 -- 13 October at the Old Course at St Andrews in Scotland . The sponsor was the Alfred Dunhill company . The Swedish team of Anders Forsbrand , Per-Ulrik Johansson , and Mats Lanner beat the South African team of John Bland , David Frost , and Gary Player in the final . The final match was scheduled to consist of six individual matches ( as in 1989 and 1990 ) but was reduced to three matches ( as from 1985 to 1988 ) due to weather ."}
{"_id": "1985_South_American_Championships_in_Athletics", "title": "1985 South American Championships in Athletics", "headings": "", "text": "The 33rd South American Championships in Athletics were held in Santiago , Chile in September 1985 ."}
{"_id": "1978_Major_League_Baseball_draft", "title": "1978 Major League Baseball draft", "headings": "", "text": "In 1978 , four American baseball players were promoted from amateur baseball to the major leagues , including Arizona State University third baseman Bob Horner , who was selected number one overall by the Atlanta Braves . Oakland High School pitchers Tim Conroy and Mike Morgan , and Brian Milner of Toronto also went directly to the big leagues .   In addition to Horner , the Braves also selected future major leaguers Matt Sinatro ( 2nd round ) , Steve Bedrosian ( 3rd round ) , Rick Behenna ( 4th round ) , Jose Alvarez ( 8th round ) and Gerald Perry ( 11th round ) .   Others drafted in June 1978 included Lloyd Moseby and Dave Stieb ( Toronto ) , Mike Marshall and Steve Sax ( Los Angeles ) , Cal Ripken , Jr. and Mike Boddicker ( Baltimore ) , Kirk Gibson ( Detroit ) , Kent Hrbek ( Minnesota ) and Hubie Brooks ( New York Mets ) ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_Yugoslav_First_League", "title": "1985–86 Yugoslav First League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 -- 86 Yugoslav First League season was marked by scandal and controversy due to allegedly wide match-fixing during the last week of fixtures .   After the last week was played , FK Partizan was crowned champion due to better goal difference than second-placed Red Star Belgrade . However , after weeks of public pressure and huge public outcry , on 20 June 1986 , the Yugoslav FA presidency headed by Slavko Šajber decided to impose extraordinary measures that included the following :  voiding the already played week 34 matches of the 1985 -- 86 season and ordering a replay of every single one ( nine fixtures in total )  docking 6 points from each of the 12 clubs suspected of being involved in match-fixing , meaning they would start the following league season with -6 points   Each club agreed to play the replay except for Partizan . As a result their week 34 fixture was registered as a 3 -- 0 defeat , and the club was thus stripped of the league title , which was now awarded to Red Star . Based on this decision , it was Red Star Belgrade who got to represent SFR Yugoslavia in the 1986 -- 87 European Cup .   What followed on domestic front was a series of appeals and lawsuits and the entire case eventually went all the way to the Yugoslav Constitutional Court . By the time Yugoslav Constitutional Court delivered its final ruling to the Court of Joint Labour of SR Serbia on 29 July 1987 , the next league season was already completed with FK Vardar winning the title due to 12 teams starting the season with -6 points .   The court 's ruling was that there was no evidence of wrongdoing in the week 34 of the 1985 -- 86 season and thus that season 's title was given back to Partizan . That also meant that there was no merit for the 6-point docking in the 1986 -- 87 and now that season 's table was re-counted so that now Partizan became a new champion .   Still , Vardar got to represent SFR Yugoslavia in the 1987 -- 88 European Cup ."}
{"_id": "196th_Battalion_(Western_Universities),_CEF", "title": "196th Battalion (Western Universities), CEF", "headings": "", "text": "The 196th ( Western Universities ) Battalion , CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Winnipeg , Manitoba , the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in universities throughout western Canada . After sailing to England in November 1916 , the battalion was absorbed into the 19th Reserve Battalion on January 2 , 1917 . The 196th ( Western Universities ) Battalion , CEF had one Officer Commanding : Lieut-Col . D. S. MacKay .   The Battalion Chaplain was the distinguished theologian and Principal of St Andrew 's College , Saskatoon , Edmund Henry Oliver .   Future Prime Minister John Diefenbaker served as a lieutenant in the battalion 1916-1917 ."}
{"_id": "1957_in_South_Korea", "title": "1957 in South Korea", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1957 in South Korea ."}
{"_id": "1984–85_Coupe_de_France", "title": "1984–85 Coupe de France", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 -- 85 Coupe de France was the 68th Coupe de France , France 's annual national football cup competition . It was won by AS Monaco who defeated Paris Saint-Germain in the final ."}
{"_id": "1958_in_rail_transport", "title": "1958 in rail transport", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1921_in_the_United_States", "title": "1921 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1921 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1943_Negro_World_Series", "title": "1943 Negro World Series", "headings": "", "text": "In the 1943 Negro World Series , the Washington Homestead Grays , champions of the Negro National League beat the Birmingham Black Barons , champions of the Negro American League , four games to three , with one tie . The games were played in seven different cities ."}
{"_id": "19th_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment", "title": "19th Indiana Infantry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It was one of the original regiments in the Army of the Potomac 's Iron Brigade ."}
{"_id": "1980_Bulgarian_Cup_Final", "title": "1980 Bulgarian Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Bulgarian Cup Final was the 40th final of the Bulgarian Cup ( in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army ) , and was contested between Slavia Sofia and Beroe Stara Zagora on 13 May 1980 at Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia . Slavia won the final 3 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1956_Currie_Cup", "title": "1956 Currie Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Currie Cup was the 26th edition of the Currie Cup , the premier domestic rugby union competition in South Africa .   The tournament was won by for the second time ; they beat 9 -- 8 in the final in Durban ."}
{"_id": "1987_PBA/IBA_World_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1987 PBA/IBA World Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Coca-Cola PBA/IBA World Challenge Cup was the one-week special tournament put together by the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) and the newly formed league in the United States for players standing 6 ' 4 '' and below called International Basketball Association ( IBA ) . The one-week event took place from September 20 -- 27 and features PBA teams along with an IBA Selection in a four-team field ."}
{"_id": "1384_Yellow_River_flood", "title": "1384 Yellow River flood", "headings": "", "text": "The 1384 Yellow River flood was a natural disaster affecting the area around Kaifeng , China , during the early Ming dynasty ."}
{"_id": "1897_Clemson_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1897 Clemson Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 Clemson Tigers football team represented Clemson Agricultural College in the 1897 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season . The Tigers completed their season as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association with a record of 2 -- 2 , with wins over South Carolina and a Charlotte YMCA team , and losses to Georgia and North Carolina . All games were played in the opposing school 's home city . William M. Williams served as the team 's coach for his first season while W. T. Brock was the captain . The team was state champion ."}
{"_id": "1960_in_Iceland", "title": "1960 in Iceland", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened in 1960 in Iceland ."}
{"_id": "1994_Italy_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia", "title": "1994 Italy rugby union tour of Australia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Italy rugby union tour of Australia was a series of matches played in June 1994 in Australia by Italy national rugby union team ."}
{"_id": "1921_New_Zealand_rugby_league_season", "title": "1921 New Zealand rugby league season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 New Zealand rugby league season was the 14th season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand ."}
{"_id": "1936_World_Table_Tennis_Championships", "title": "1936 World Table Tennis Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 World Table Tennis Championships were held in Prague from March 12 to March 18 , 1936 ."}
{"_id": "1999_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_3000_metres", "title": "1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 3000 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 3000 metres event at the 1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on March 5 ."}
{"_id": "14th_People's_Choice_Awards", "title": "14th People's Choice Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th People 's Choice Awards , honoring the best in popular culture for 1987 , were held in 1988 . They were broadcast on CBS ."}
{"_id": "1950_Southern_500", "title": "1950 Southern 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Southern Five-Hundred was considered to be the inaugural Southern Five-Hundred ( shortened in 1951 to Southern 500 ) of the NASCAR Grand National event that took place September 4 , 1950 , at Darlington Raceway in Darlington , South Carolina . It was responsible for turning the Southern 500 into the biggest racing event prior to the 1959 Daytona 500 . While this edition of the Southern 500 would be hosted in association with the Central States Racing Association , all of the other Southern 500 races would be hosted exclusively by NASCAR .   Only manual transmission vehicles were allowed to participate in this race ; a policy that NASCAR has retained to the present day ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_Cypriot_Fourth_Division", "title": "1986–87 Cypriot Fourth Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 -- 87 Cypriot Fourth Division was the 2nd season of the Cypriot fourth-level football league . The championship was split into three geographical groups , representing the Districts of Cyprus . The winners were :  Nicosia-Keryneia Group : Libanos Kormakiti  Larnaca-Famagusta Group : Achyronas Liopetriou  Limassol-Paphos Group : AEZ Zakakiou   The three winners were promoted to the 1987 -- 88 Cypriot Third Division . Ten teams were relegated to regional leagues ."}
{"_id": "1138_(number)", "title": "1138 (number)", "headings": "", "text": "1138 is the natural number following 1137 and preceding 1139 ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Hull_City_A.F.C._season", "title": "1999–2000 Hull City A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1999 -- 2000 English football season , Hull City Association Football Club competed in the Football League Third Division ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Boston_Bruins_season", "title": "1992–93 Boston Bruins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 Boston Bruins season was the Bruins ' 69th season ."}
{"_id": "1983_North_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_season", "title": "1983 North Indian Ocean cyclone season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was part of the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation . The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean . There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean -- the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India . The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) releases unofficial advisories . An average of five tropical cyclones form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November . Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45 ° E and 100 ° E are included in the season by the IMD ."}
{"_id": "1878_Brown_Bears_football_team", "title": "1878 Brown Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1878 Brown Bears football team represented Brown University in the 1878 college football season . The team traveled to Amherst , MA and played the Lord Jeffs in their first football game ."}
{"_id": "1915_Washington_&_Jefferson_Presidents_football_team", "title": "1915 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team represented the Washington & Jefferson College during the 1915 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1985_All-Pro_Team", "title": "1985 All-Pro Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 All-Pro Team is composed of the National Football League players that were named to the Associated Press , Newspaper Enterprise Association , Pro Football Writers Association , and The Sporting News in 1985 . Both first - and second - teams are listed for the AP and NEA teams . These are the four teams that are included in Total Football II : The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League .   Pro Football Weekly , which suspended operations in 1985 , did not choose an All-Pro team ."}
{"_id": "1491_in_Ireland", "title": "1491 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1491 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1930_All-Big_Ten_Conference_football_team", "title": "1930 All-Big Ten Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Big Ten Conference teams chosen by various selectors for the 1930 Big Ten Conference football season ."}
{"_id": "1642_in_music", "title": "1642 in music", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1642 in music involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1983_IAAF_World_Race_Walking_Cup", "title": "1983 IAAF World Race Walking Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 IAAF World Race Walking Cup was held on 24 and 25 September 1983 in the streets of Bergen , Norway . The event was also known as IAAF Race Walking World Cup .   Complete results were published ."}
{"_id": "1943_Duke_Blue_Devils_football_team", "title": "1943 Duke Blue Devils football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 Duke Blue Devils football team represented the Duke Blue Devils of Duke University during the 1943 college football season .   Duke won the 1943 Southern Conference Championship , and finished the season ranked 7th in the final AP poll ."}
{"_id": "1948_Argentine_Primera_División", "title": "1948 Argentine Primera División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Argentine Primera División was the 57 ° season of top-flight football in Argentina . The season began on April 18 and ended on December 12 .   Gimnasia y Esgrima LP returned to Primera , while no teams were relegated . Independiente won its 5 ° title ."}
{"_id": "1974_in_France", "title": "1974 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1974 in France ."}
{"_id": "1930–31_SK_Rapid_Wien_season", "title": "1930–31 SK Rapid Wien season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930-31 SK Rapid Wien season was the 33rd season in club history ."}
{"_id": "1932_VFA_season", "title": "1932 VFA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 Victorian Football Association season was the 54th season of the Australian rules football competition . The premiership was won by the Northcote Football Club , after it defeated Coburg by 26 points in the Final on 24 September . It was the club 's second VFA premiership , and the first in a sequence of three premierships won consecutively from 1932 until 1934 ."}
{"_id": "1937_Detroit_Lions_season", "title": "1937 Detroit Lions season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Detroit Lions season was their eighth in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous season 's output of 8 -- 4 , winning only seven games . They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the second consecutive season ."}
{"_id": "1987_National_League_Championship_Series", "title": "1987 National League Championship Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 National League Championship Series took place between October 6 and 14 at Busch Memorial Stadium ( Games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 ) and Candlestick Park ( Games 3 , 4 , and 5 ) . It matched the East division champion St. Louis Cardinals ( 95 -- 67 ) against the West division champion San Francisco Giants ( 90 -- 72 ) , with the Cardinals winning in seven games . The Cardinals would go on to lose the 1987 World Series to the Minnesota Twins , also in seven games .   San Francisco 's Jeffrey Leonard was named the Series MVP despite the fact that his Giants lost the series . Oddly enough , this was the second consecutive year that the NLCS MVP came from the losing team , as Mike Scott had won the award with the Houston Astros the previous year . However , to date , Leonard is the last MVP of any postseason series ( League Championship Series or World Series ) to have played for the losing team . There is no MVP awarded for the wildcard round or division series ."}
{"_id": "1960_in_film", "title": "1960 in film", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1960 in film involved some significant events .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1839_in_the_United_States", "title": "1839 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1839 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Cypriot_Second_Division", "title": "1996–97 Cypriot Second Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 Cypriot Second Division was the 42nd season of the Cypriot second-level football league . AEL won their 1st title ."}
{"_id": "(I_Just_Want_It)_To_Be_Over", "title": "(I Just Want It) To Be Over", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( I Just Want It ) To Be Over '' is a song by American recording artist Keyshia Cole . It was written by the singer along with Alicia Keys , Taniesha Smith , and Kerry `` Krucial '' Brothers for her debut album , The Way It Is ( 2005 ) . Production on the song was helmed by the latter , released on April 5 , 2005 as the album 's second single , '' ( I Just Want It ) To Be Over '' became a moderate success on the Billboards US Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs chart , peaking at number 30 ."}
{"_id": "1990_NAIA_Division_I_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1990 NAIA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 NAIA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament was held in March at Kemper Arena in Kansas City , Missouri . The 53rd annual NAIA basketball tournament featured 32 teams playing in a single-elimination format ."}
{"_id": "1241_Dysona", "title": "1241 Dysona", "headings": "", "text": "1241 Dysona ( 1932 EB1 ) is a main-belt asteroid 83 km in diameter that was discovered on March 4 , 1932 , by Harry Edwin Wood at Johannesburg ( UO ) . It was later named  in honor of the English astronomer Frank Watson Dyson ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_British_Basketball_League_season", "title": "1999–2000 British Basketball League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999-2000 BBL season , was known as the Dairylea Dunkers Championship for sponsorship reasons , the regular season commenced on September 15 , 1999 , and ended on April 8 , 2000 , with a total of 13 teams competing . For the first time in the league 's history , the 13 teams were split into two geographically divided Conferences , seven in the North and six in the South , with northern teams playing 36 games and southern teams playing 34 games each . The season was dominated by the success of Manchester Giants , conquering the Northern Conference and Championship Play-offs , whilst London Towers were victorious in the Southern Conference and the uni-ball Trophy . Sheffield Sharks were also successful in defending their Sainsbury 's Classic Cola National Cup .   London Towers featured in European competition , participating in the Saporta Cup , though with a 3-7 record they finished at the bottom of Group G and thus failed to progress beyond the Group stage . Cross-town rivals Greater London Leopards also made a brief appearance in the Korać Cup but following an 155-189 aggregate defeat to ÍRB Reykjanesbær in the Preliminary Round , their first foray into Europe was merely a cameo .   The Southern All-Stars beat their Northern rivals in the eleventh annual All-Star Game with a 177-180 victory , the closest result in the League 's history ."}
{"_id": "1966_All-Big_Ten_Conference_football_team", "title": "1966 All-Big Ten Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Big Ten Conference teams for the 1966 Big Ten Conference football season . Players from the 1966 Michigan State Spartans football team dominated the All-Big Ten team in 1966 , taking eight of the 22 first-team spots . Players from Purdue and Michigan each received four spots ."}
{"_id": "1988_UCLA_Bruins_football_team", "title": "1988 UCLA Bruins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California , Los Angeles in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team was led by 13th-year head coach Terry Donahue and played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . They were members of the Pacific-10 Conference ."}
{"_id": "1924–25_Manchester_United_F.C._season", "title": "1924–25 Manchester United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 -- 25 season was Manchester United 's 29th season in the Football League .   At the end of the season , United finished second and were promoted back to the First Division as runners-up after three seasons in the Second Division ."}
{"_id": "1930_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team", "title": "1930 Ohio State Buckeyes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented Ohio State University in the 1930 college football season . The Buckeyes compiled a 5 -- 2 -- 1 record while outscoring their opponents 139 -- 48 ."}
{"_id": "1335", "title": "1335", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1335 ( MCCCXXXV ) was a common year starting on Sunday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1997_East_Carolina_Pirates_football_team", "title": "1997 East Carolina Pirates football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 East Carolina Pirates football team represented East Carolina University during the 1997 NCAA Division I-A football season ."}
{"_id": "1981_NCAA_Division_III_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1981 NCAA Division III Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament was the seventh annual single-elimination tournament , held during March 1981 , to determine the national champions of National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) men 's Division III collegiate basketball in the United States .   The tournament field included 32 teams with the national championship rounds contested at Augustana College in Rock Island , Illinois .   SUNY Potsdam defeated hosts Augustana ( IL ) , 67 -- 65 ( in overtime ) , in the championship game to claim their first national title ."}
{"_id": "1929_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1929 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Helen Wills defeated Helen Jacobs 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 to win the Ladies ' Singles tennis title at the 1929 Wimbledon Championships ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_Missouri_Tigers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1976–77 Missouri Tigers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 -- 77 Missouri Tigers men 's basketball team represented the University of Missouri , Columbia during the 1976 -- 77 NCAA men 's basketball season ."}
{"_id": "1912_Cornell_Big_Red_football_team", "title": "1912 Cornell Big Red football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1912 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1912 college football season . In their first season under head coach Albert Sharpe , the Big Red compiled a 3 -- 7 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 136 to 63 . No Cornell players received honors on Walter Camp 's 1912 College Football All-America Team . However , three Cornell players received All-American honors from others : end John E. O'Hearn ( second-team , The Philadelphia Inquirer ) ; guard Jimmie Munns ( second-team , The New York Sun ) ; and end Harold R. Eyrick ( third-team , The Philadelphia Press ) ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Second_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia", "title": "1996–97 Second League of FR Yugoslavia", "headings": "", "text": "1996 -- 97 Second League of FR Yugoslavia ( Serbian : Druga Liga Jugoslavije ) consisted of two groups of 18 teams ."}
{"_id": "1973_Men's_Grand_Prix_(tennis)", "title": "1973 Men's Grand Prix (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Commercial Union Assurance Grand Prix was a tennis circuit administered by the International Lawn Tennis Federation ( ILTF ) which served as a forerunner to the current Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) World Tour and the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) Tour . The circuit consisted of the four modern Grand Slam tournaments and open tournaments recognised by the ILTF . This article covers all tournaments that were part of that year 's Men 's Grand Prix . The Commercial Union Assurance Masters and Davis Cup Final are included in this calendar but did not count towards the Grand Prix ."}
{"_id": "1912_All-Western_college_football_team", "title": "1912 All-Western college football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1912 All-Western college football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Western teams chosen by various selectors for the 1912 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1967–68_CPHL_season", "title": "1967–68 CPHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967-68 Central Professional Hockey League season was the fifth season of the Central Professional Hockey League , a North American minor pro league . Eight teams participated in the regular season , and the Tulsa Oilers won the league title ."}
{"_id": "1909_Connecticut_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1909 Connecticut Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 Connecticut Aggies football team represented Connecticut Agricultural College , now the University of Connecticut , in the 1909 college football season . The Aggies were led by first year head coach S. F. G. McLean , and completed the season with a record of 3 -- 5 ."}
{"_id": "...I_Believe_in_Humility", "title": "...I Believe in Humility", "headings": "", "text": "... I Believe in Humility is the first release by American metalcore band Gwen Stacy in 2005 .   Quoted from Interpunk.com   This album was re-released in its entirety as bonus tracks on the digital re-release of ` The Life I Know ''  http://www.bandsonfire.com/spip.php?article2813"}
{"_id": "1951–52_1re_série_season", "title": "1951–52 1re série season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 -- 52 1re série season was the 31st season of the 1re série , the top level of ice hockey in France . Seven teams participated in the league , and Chamonix Hockey Club won their 13th league title . Due to the final round being cancelled because of heavy snowfall , it was decided that a game between Chamonix Hockey Club ( representing the Alpes Group ) and CO Billancourt ( representing the Paris Group ) would be played for the championship ."}
{"_id": "1908_Texas_Longhorns_football_team", "title": "1908 Texas Longhorns football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1908 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_FA_Cup", "title": "1979–80 FA Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 -- 80 FA Cup was the 99th season of the world 's oldest football knockout competition , The Football Association Challenge Cup , or FA Cup . The final saw second division West Ham United beat holders Arsenal 1 -- 0 . As of 2017 , this was the last occasion when a club outside the top division of English football won the FA Cup ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Kazakhstan_Hockey_Championship", "title": "1995–96 Kazakhstan Hockey Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Kazakhstan Hockey Championship was the fourth season of the Kazakhstan Hockey Championship , the top level of ice hockey in Kazakhstan . Four teams participated in the league , and Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1986_Northern_Illinois_Huskies_football_team", "title": "1986 Northern Illinois Huskies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University . The Huskies competed in the highest division of football , Division I-A . They were led by second year head coach Jerry Pettibone and they played their home games at Huskie Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1998–99 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 Illinois Fighting Illini men 's basketball team represented the University of Illinois ."}
{"_id": "1897_Virginia_Cavaliers_football_team", "title": "1897 Virginia Cavaliers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia in the 1897 college football season . Led by second year coach Martin Bergen , the team went 6 -- 2 -- 1 and claims a Southern co-championship . The Cavaliers tied Vanderbilt in the southern championship game . The Georgia game saw the death of Richard Von Albade Gammon . The team 's captain was James Morrison ."}
{"_id": "1818_(film)", "title": "1818 (film)", "headings": "", "text": "1818 is an upcoming Indian Tamil thriller film directed by Rithun Sagar . Inspired by the events of the 2008 Mumbai attacks , the film features Trisha in the lead role , with Brahmanandam and Rajendra Prasad in supporting roles . The venture began production in May 2015 , though Trisha 's addition in 2017 prompted reworking of the script ."}
{"_id": "(145453)_2005_RR43", "title": "(145453) 2005 RR43", "headings": "", "text": ", also written as ( 145453 ) 2005 RR43 , is a trans-Neptunian object ( TNO ) estimated to be about 250 km in diameter . It was discovered on 9 September 2005 by Andrew Becker , Andrew Puckett and Jeremy Kubica at Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot , New Mexico . It is possibly a dwarf planet ."}
{"_id": "1987_Hungarian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1987 Hungarian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Hungarian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Hungaroring on August 9 , 1987 . It was the ninth round of the 1987 Formula One season . It was the third Hungarian Grand Prix and the second since its 1986 revival at the Hungaroring . The race was held over 76 laps of the four kilometre circuit for a race distance of 305 kilometres ."}
{"_id": "1942_New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Awards", "title": "1942 New York Film Critics Circle Awards", "headings": "", "text": "8th New York Film Critics Circle Awards  January ? , 1943 ( announced December 26 , 1942 )   In Which We Serve   The 8th New York Film Critics Circle Awards , announced on 26 December 1942 , honored the best filmmaking of 1942 ."}
{"_id": "1932_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team", "title": "1932 Michigan Wolverines football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1932 Big Ten Conference football season . Under fourth-year head coach Harry Kipke , Michigan compiled a perfect 8 -- 0 record , outscored opponents 123 -- 12 , and won both the Big Ten Conference and national championships . The defense shut out six of its eight opponents and gave up an average of only 1.6 points per game . Although there was no AP Poll to determine a national champion in 1932 , the Knute K. Rockne Trophy was presented at the end of the season to the team deemed to be the national champion using the Dickinson System , a rating system developed by Frank G. Dickinson , a professor of economics of the University of Illinois . Michigan won the Rockne Trophy , edging Southern California in the Dickinson rating system .   On offense , quarterback Harry Newman was selected as the consensus first-team quarterback on the 1932 College Football All-America Team . He also won the Chicago Tribune Trophy as the Most Valuable Player in the Big Ten Conference , the Douglas Fairbanks Trophy as Outstanding College Player of the Year ( predecessor of the Heisman Trophy ) , and the Helms Athletic Foundation Player of the Year Award . Newman scored all 22 points for Michigan in the last three games of the season . The Associated Press wrote , `` Without Newman providing the winning spark , the Michigan team might have been just another football club . ''   Center Chuck Bernard and end Ted Petoskey were also selected as first-team All-Americans by some selectors . The team captain , Ivy Williamson , was selected as a second-team All-American in the Central Press Association 's captains poll . Gerald Ford , who later became the 38th President of the United States , was the back-up center on the team and won the Meyer Morton Award as the most improved player in spring practice ."}
{"_id": "1968_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia_and_Fiji", "title": "1968 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia and Fiji", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia and Fiji was the 21st tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia and it ended with a match at Fiji .   The previous tour by the All Blacks to Australia was the 1962 tour . The Wallabies had visited New Zealand in 1964 .   The All Backs won all both Test matches and the Bledisloe Cup .   Before the first Test Australian coach ( and former Wallaby and All Black ) Des Connor had studied the rulebook and after consulting with referees , he introduced tactically the first short lineout ever used in a match in the southern hemisphere . This tactic is now a common part of the game at all levels ."}
{"_id": "1912_in_sports", "title": "1912 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1912 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1977_River_Plate_Championships_(tennis)", "title": "1977 River Plate Championships (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The first 1977 ATP Buenos Aires was an Association of Tennis Professionals men 's tennis tournament that was played on outdoor clay courts in Buenos Aires , Argentina and held from 14 April through 17 April 1977 . First-seeded Guillermo Vilas won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_Western_Football_League", "title": "1986–87 Western Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 -- 87 season was the 85th in the history of the Western Football League .   The league champions for the second time in their history were Saltash United . The champions of Division One were Swanage Town & Herston ."}
{"_id": "1973_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1973 Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Challenge Cup was the 72nd staging of rugby league 's oldest knockout competition , the Challenge Cup .   The final was contested by Featherstone Rovers and Bradford Northern at Wembley .   Featherstone Rovers beat Bradford Northern 33-14 at Wembley in front of a crowd of 72,395 .   The winner of the Lance Todd Trophy was the Featherstone scrum-half , Steve Nash .   Cyril Kellett scored 8-conversions for Featherstone Rovers , the most in a Challenge Cup Final until it was equalled by Iestyn Harris in 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1946_Yugoslav_First_Basketball_League", "title": "1946 Yugoslav First Basketball League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 Yugoslav First Basketball League season is the second season of the Yugoslav First Basketball League , the highest professional basketball league in SFR Yugoslavia ."}
{"_id": "1996_Internazionali_di_Carisbo_–_Doubles", "title": "1996 Internazionali di Carisbo – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Byron Black and Jonathan Stark were the defending champions but did not compete that year .   Brent Haygarth and Christo van Rensburg won in the final 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 against Karim Alami and Gábor Köves ."}
{"_id": "1959_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team", "title": "1959 Michigan Wolverines football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1959 Big Ten Conference football season . The team 's head coach was Bump Elliott . The Wolverines played their home games at Michigan Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1989_Individual_Speedway_World_Championship", "title": "1989 Individual Speedway World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Individual Speedway World Championship was the 45th Speedway World Championship held since it was first held in 1936 . It was the second time the championship was held in West Germany after previously being held in Norden in 1983 ."}
{"_id": "1280s_in_England", "title": "1280s in England", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the 1280s in England ."}
{"_id": "1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-methylpentanamine", "title": "1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-methylpentanamine", "headings": "", "text": "N-Methyl-1 ,3 - benzodioxolylpentanamine ( MBDP ; Methyl-K , UWA-091 ) , also known as 3,4-methylenedioxy - α-propyl-N-methylphenethylamine , is a psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine chemical class . It is the N-methyl analogue of 1,3-benzodioxolylpentanamine ( BDP ; K ) . Methyl-K was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin ( `` Sasha '' Shulgin ) . In his book PiHKAL ( `` Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved '' ) , the minimum dosage is listed as 100 mg , and the duration is unknown . Very little is known about the pharmacology , pharmacokinetics , effects , and toxicity of Methyl-K ."}
{"_id": "1430s_in_art", "title": "1430s in art", "headings": "", "text": "The decade of the 1430s in art involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1993_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season", "title": "1993 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 45th F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship season ."}
{"_id": "1602_in_Ireland", "title": "1602 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1602 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1978_NCAA_Division_III_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1978 NCAA Division III Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament was the fourth annual single-elimination tournament to determine the men 's collegiate basketball national champion of National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division III , held during March 1978 .   The tournament field included 30 teams and the national championship rounds were contested in Rock Island , Illinois .   North Park defeated Widener , 69 -- 57 , in the championship game to win their first national title ."}
{"_id": "1988_Player's_Canadian_Open_–_Women's_Doubles", "title": "1988 Player's Canadian Open – Women's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Zina Garrison and Lori McNeil were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year , Garrison with Pam Shriver and McNeil with Betsy Nagelsen .   McNeil and Nagelsen lost in the quarterfinals to Patty Fendick and Jill Hetherington .   Garrison and Shriver lost in the final 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 against Jana Novotná and Helena Suková ."}
{"_id": "1869_Christchurch_earthquake", "title": "1869 Christchurch earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1869 Christchurch earthquake occurred at 8:00 am local time on the morning of 5 June near New Brighton with an estimated Richter magnitude of 6.0 . The shock had a Mercalli Intensity of VII -- VIII and was thought to have been shallow .   The shock damaged several brick and stone buildings in the city , destroying chimneys and damaging the spire of St John 's church in Hereford Street .   The effects of the earthquake on stone buildings such as St. Johns prompted the Church of St Michael and All Angels to be built using timber ."}
{"_id": "1805_in_sports", "title": "1805 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1805 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1931–32_Danish_Championship_League", "title": "1931–32 Danish Championship League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Danish Championship League in the 1931/1932 season ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Boston_Celtics_season", "title": "1997–98 Boston Celtics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 NBA season was the 52nd season for the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association . In the 1997 NBA draft , the Celtics selected Chauncey Billups out of the University of Colorado with the third pick . Billups only spent half of his rookie season in Boston , and was traded along with Dee Brown to the Toronto Raptors for Kenny Anderson at midseason . The Celtics also had the sixth pick in the draft and selected Ron Mercer from the University of Kentucky . In the offseason , they acquired Walter McCarty from the New York Knicks and signed free agents Travis Knight , Andrew DeClercq and Bruce Bowen .   Despite finishing with the NBA 's second worst record in 1996 -- 97 , the Celtics were back in the headlines after hiring Rick Pitino as head coach . Pitino 's Celtics career had an auspicious beginning on opening night when the Celtics upset the 5-time defending NBA Champion Chicago Bulls in the FleetCenter . Although the Celtics did not make the playoffs , they improved their win total by 21 games from the previous season , finishing sixth in the Atlantic Division with a 36 -- 46 record . Second-year star Antoine Walker averaged 22.4 points and 10.2 rebounds per game , as he was selected for the 1998 NBA All-Star Game . Mercer made the All-Rookie First Team averaging 15.3 points per game . Following the season , Knight was traded back to the Los Angeles Lakers ."}
{"_id": "1954_in_archaeology", "title": "1954 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1954 in archaeology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "18117_Jonhodge", "title": "18117 Jonhodge", "headings": "", "text": "18117 Jonhodge ( 2000 NY23 ) is a Main-belt asteroid discovered on July 5 , 2000 by the LONEOS program at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory near Flagstaff , Arizona . It was named in honor of Jon Hodge ."}
{"_id": "1910_Pittsburgh_Panthers_football_team", "title": "1910 Pittsburgh Panthers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1910 college football season . Pittsburgh shut out all nine of its opponents , outscored opponents by a combined score of 282 to 0 , and finished with a perfect 9 -- 0 record in their third year under head coach Joseph H. Thompson . The team has been recognized as a co-national champion of 1910 by the National Championship Foundation . Significant games included victories over West Virginia ( 38 -- 0 ) and Penn State ( 11 -- 0 ) . Two Pittsburgh players were recognized by at least one selector on the 1910 College Football All-America Team . They are : fullback Tex Richards ( Pittsburgh Dispatch , 1st team ) ; and center Ralph Galvin ( Pittsburgh Dispatch , 1st team ; Pittsburgh Leader , 1st team ) ."}
{"_id": "1980_Custom_Credit_Australian_Indoor_Championships_–_Doubles", "title": "1980 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Rod Frawley and Francisco González were the defending champions but they lost in the first round to Peter McNamara and Paul McNamee .   Peter Fleming and John McEnroe won in the final 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 against Tim Gullikson and Johan Kriek ."}
{"_id": "1987_Rye_Brook_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1987 Rye Brook Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "This was the first edition of the event .   Peter Lundgren won the title , defeating John Ross 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 in the final ."}
{"_id": "12\"/50_caliber_Mark_7_gun", "title": "12\"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun", "headings": "", "text": "The 12 '' / 50 caliber Mark 7 gun ( spoken `` twelve-inch-fifty-caliber '' ) was a United States Navy 's naval gun that first entered service in 1912 . Initially designed for use with the of dreadnought battleships , the Mark 7 also armed the Argentine Navy 's s."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Segunda_División", "title": "1972–73 Segunda División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 -- 73 Segunda División season saw 20 teams participate in the second flight Spanish league . Real Murcia , Elche CF and Racing de Santander were promoted to Primera División . CD Logroñés , Pontevedra CF , Cultural Leonesa and CD Mestalla were relegated to Tercera División ."}
{"_id": "100_Washington_Square", "title": "100 Washington Square", "headings": "", "text": "100 Washington Square is a 332-ft ( 101 m ) tall skyscraper in downtown Minneapolis . Construction started in 1979 and was completed in 1981 , covers 481,600 square feet and has 22 floors . It is the 26th tallest building in the city . The building was designed by architect Minoru Yamasaki , who had previously designed the Northwestern National Life Building in Minneapolis and the World Trade Center in New York City . As with the Trade Center , the exterior of the building is composed of closely spaced load-bearing steel that distributes weight to the core and removes the need for internal support columns .   A skyway connects the building to Churchill Apartments , and The Crossings . In 2015 , Shorenstein , a national real estate investing organization , purchased the three buildings that comprise the Washington Square campus , including 100 Washington Square .   ING , a successor to Northwestern National Life Insurance , is the largest tenant ."}
{"_id": "1988_Taranto_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1988 Taranto Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Andrea Betzner and Claudia Porwik won in the final 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 against Laura Garrone and Helen Kelesi ."}
{"_id": "1796_in_Denmark", "title": "1796 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1796 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1998_SEAT_Open", "title": "1998 SEAT Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 SEAT Open was a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Luxembourg City in Luxembourg that was part of Tier III of the 1998 WTA Tour . It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from October 26 through October 31 , 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1993_in_Lithuanian_football", "title": "1993 in Lithuanian football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 season was the second year of competitive football ( soccer ) in Lithuania as an independent nation since regaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 ."}
{"_id": "1939_Southern_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1939 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 Southern Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament took place from March 1 -- 4 , 1939 at Thompson Gym in Raleigh , North Carolina . The Clemson Tigers won their first Southern Conference title , led by head coach Joe Davis ."}
{"_id": "1910_Trinity_Bantams_football_team", "title": "1910 Trinity Bantams football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 Trinity Bantams football team represented the Trinity College during the 1910 college football season . The team suffered its only loss to West Point ."}
{"_id": "1481_Tübingia", "title": "1481 Tübingia", "headings": "", "text": "1481 Tübingia , provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , approximately 34 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 7 February 1938 , by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany .   The dark C-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.9 -- 3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months ( 1,917 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 4 ° with respect to the ecliptic . It was first identified as at the U.S. Taunton Observatory in 1907 . Tübingias first used observation was made at Heidelberg in 1933 , extending the body 's observation arc by 5 years prior to its official discovery observation .   In October 2008 , a rotational light-curve of Tübingia was obtained form photometric observations by James Brinsfield at Via Capote Observatory in California . It gave a longer-than average rotation period of 24 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude . The result supersedes a much longer period obtained in the 1980s .   According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS , the Japanese Akari satellite , and NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , Tübingia measures between 33.26 and 40.12 kilometers in diameter , and its surface has an albedo of 0.082 to 0.117 . The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results from IRAS , that is an albedo of 0.117 and a diameter of 33.26 kilometers .   The asteroid was named after Tübingen , city in southern Germany and birthplace of astronomer Johannes Kepler . Naming citation was published before November 1977 ."}
{"_id": "10th_Army_Corps_(Russian_Empire)", "title": "10th Army Corps (Russian Empire)", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th Army Corps was an Army corps in the Imperial Russian Army ."}
{"_id": "1968–69_AHL_season", "title": "1968–69 AHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 -- 69 AHL season was the 33rd season of the American Hockey League . Eight teams played 74 games each in the schedule . The Buffalo Bisons finished first overall in the regular season . The Hershey Bears won their fourth Calder Cup championship ."}
{"_id": "1920_Stanley_Cup_Finals", "title": "1920 Stanley Cup Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 Stanley Cup Final was contested by the National Hockey League ( NHL ) champion Ottawa Senators and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) champion Seattle Metropolitans . The Senators won the series by three games to two in the best-of-five game series . Although all of the games for the series were scheduled to be played at The Arena in Ottawa , unseasonably warm weather and poor ice conditions forced the last two contests to be played on the artificial ice at Toronto 's Arena Gardens .   This would be the last Stanley Cup Final appearance for a team based on the West Coast of the United States until the 1993 Final ."}
{"_id": "1843_Grand_National", "title": "1843 Grand National", "headings": "", "text": "The 1843 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the fifth official annual running of a handicap steeplechase , later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase handicap horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Wednesday 1 March 1843 and attracted a field of 16 runners .   Although recorded by the press at the time as the eighth running of the Grand Liverpool , which was renamed the Grand National in 1847 , the first three runnings were poorly organised affairs and are not currently officially recognised .   This year the race was run as a handicap , with horses weighted according to their ability . In previous years they had all carried the same amount . The National has remained a handicap ever since ."}
{"_id": "1927_St._Louis_Browns_season", "title": "1927 St. Louis Browns season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 St. Louis Browns season involved the Browns finishing 7th in the American League with a record of 59 wins and 94 losses ."}
{"_id": "1992_Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers_season", "title": "1992 Winnipeg Blue Bombers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Winnipeg Blue Bombers finished in 1st place in the East Division with an 11 -- 7 record . They appeared in the Grey Cup but lost to the Calgary Stampeders ."}
{"_id": "1983_IBF_World_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1983 IBF World Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 IBF World Championships were held in Copenhagen , Denmark in 1983 . Following the results of the men 's singles ."}
{"_id": "1978_Toronto_International_Film_Festival", "title": "1978 Toronto International Film Festival", "headings": "", "text": "The 3rd Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) took place in Toronto , Ontario , Canada between September 14 and September 21 , 1978 . It showcased 85 films , the lowest number of films in the festival 's history . In Praise of Older Women directed by George Kaczender was selected as the opening film . When the Ontario Film Review Board objected to a 40 second scene between Marilyn Lightstone and Tom Berenger , co-producer of the film Robert Lantos cut the scene for the theatrical run . Despite that , some of the TIFF staff managed to smuggle original uncut version of the film and run it into the theatre . The news got lots of publicity from press , which increased public interest in the film resulting in an increased number of tickets sales . Difficulties arose when audiences waiting outside the theatre noticed that each ticket admitted two person thus causing anger in the crowd . The audience who were not able to get seats during the first screening were invited to a later screening . The People 's Choice Award was introduced this year , which is given to a feature film chosen by a vote of the festival audience .   Louis Malle 's film Pretty Baby was banned by the OFRB , due to its sensitive subject matter ."}
{"_id": "1982_FAI_Cup_Final", "title": "1982 FAI Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "This was Limerick United 's 2nd FAI Cup triumph . Meanwhile , this was the 7th cup final appearance for Bohs . A goal in the 34th minute from Tony Ward was the only goal in the final in poor , wet conditions .   Category : FAI Cup finals"}
{"_id": "1994_Hajj_stampede", "title": "1994 Hajj stampede", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Hajj stampede resulted in the deaths of at least 270 pilgrims on 23 May 1994 during the Hajj in Mecca during the Stoning of the Devil ritual ."}
{"_id": "1887_New_York_Metropolitans_season", "title": "1887 New York Metropolitans season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1887 New York Metropolitans finished with a 44 -- 89 record , seventh place in the American Association . The team folded operations at the conclusion of the season . What was left of the team was purchased by the Brooklyn Dodgers , who were interested in several of the Metropolitans ' players ."}
{"_id": "164th_Air_Defense_Artillery_Brigade_(United_States)", "title": "164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 164th Air Defense Artillery Brigade is an air defense artillery brigade of the United States Army as part of the Florida Army National Guard .   The unit is headquartered in Orlando , Florida on the site of the former McCoy Air Force Base and is composed of two air defense artillery battalions and one field artillery battalion located at 12 National Guard armories across Central Florida ."}
{"_id": "1921_(film)", "title": "1921 (film)", "headings": "", "text": "1921 - Ayirathi Thollayirathi Irupathi Onnu is a 1988 Indian historical war drama film directed by I. V. Sasi , set during the Mappila Uprising of 1921 . The film has a star-studded cast including Mammootty , Suresh Gopi , Madhu , T. G. Ravi , Seema , Urvashi and Mukesh . Written by long-time Sasi collaborator T. Damodaran , the film tells the fictional story of Corporal Khader ( Mammootty ) , a former British army officer and World War I veteran , who joins with the Mappila rebels during the Uprising .   Made with a budget of Rs . 1.20 crore , 1921 was then the most expensive film in Malayalam . The film won Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value in 1988 ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Montreal_Canadiens_season", "title": "1994–95 Montreal Canadiens season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 Montreal Canadiens season was the club 's 86th season of play . This was the first season since 1969 -- 70 that the Canadiens failed to qualify for the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "12th_ZAI_Awards", "title": "12th ZAI Awards", "headings": "", "text": "12th ZAI Awards   Presenter Union of Authors and Performers   Hall of Fame Pavol Zelenay   ◄ 11th │ 13th ►   The 12th ZAI Awards , honoring the best in the Slovak music industry for individual achievements for the year of 2011 , took time and place on April 26 , 2012 at the Hotel Crowne Plaza in Bratislava . The annual ceremony hosted Martin Sarvaš , the chairman of the ZAI organization ."}
{"_id": "1925_Philadelphia_Athletics_season", "title": "1925 Philadelphia Athletics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 Philadelphia Athletics season involved the A 's finishing second in the American League with a record of 88 wins and 64 losses ."}
{"_id": "1963_Ankara_mid-air_collision", "title": "1963 Ankara mid-air collision", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Ankara mid-air collision occurred on Friday , 1 February , 1963 over Ankara , Turkey when Middle East Airlines flight 265 , a Vickers 754D Viscount completing the flight from Cyprus , came in for landing and collided in the air with a Turkish Air Force Douglas C-47A ; after which both planes fell directly to the city below them . In total , 104 people died in the accident , including 87 on the ground ."}
{"_id": "1924_in_Germany", "title": "1924 in Germany", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1924 in the Weimar Republic ."}
{"_id": "1570s_BC", "title": "1570s BC", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1987_in_Australia", "title": "1987 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1888_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team", "title": "1888 Penn State Nittany Lions football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1888 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1888 college football season . The team played its home games on the Old Main lawn in University Park , Pennsylvania .   Despite the article title , the school did not adopt the Nittany Lion as its mascot until 1907 .   In stark contrast to the 1887 team , the 1888 team is the only winless team in Penn State history . Harry Leyden ( 1887 -- 1889 ) played quarterback in 1888 ."}
{"_id": "1823_in_Denmark", "title": "1823 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1831 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "12374_Rakhat", "title": "12374 Rakhat", "headings": "", "text": "12374 Rakhat , provisional designation , is an eccentric , stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt , approximately 4.5 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 15 May 1994 , by American astronomer and software engineer Charles de Saint-Aignan at the U.S. Palomar Observatory in California ."}
{"_id": "1963_in_British_radio", "title": "1963 in British radio", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of events from British radio in 1963 ."}
{"_id": "11th_Infantry_Division_(Russian_Empire)", "title": "11th Infantry Division (Russian Empire)", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Infantry Division ( 11-я пехотная дивизия , 11-ya Pekhotnaya Diviziya ) was an infantry formation of the Russian Imperial Army that existed in various formations from the early 19th century until the end of World War I and the Russian Revolution . The division was based in Lutsk in the years leading up to 1914 . It fought in World War I and was demobilized in 1918 ."}
{"_id": "1725_in_architecture", "title": "1725 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1725 in architecture involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1934_Tufts_Jumbos_football_team", "title": "1934 Tufts Jumbos football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Tufts Jumbos football team represented Tufts University in the 1934 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Honduran_Segunda_División", "title": "1995–96 Honduran Segunda División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Honduran Segunda División season was the 30th since its establishment . Universidad obtained its promotion to Honduran Liga Nacional after winning the competition ."}
{"_id": "1985_European_Cup_Winners'_Cup_Final", "title": "1985 European Cup Winners' Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final was a football match contested between Everton of England and Rapid Wien of Austria . It was the final match of the 1984 -- 85 European Cup Winners ' Cup and the 25th European Cup Winners ' Cup Final . The final was held at Feijenoord Stadion in Rotterdam , Netherlands , on 15 May 1985 . Everton , which dominated throughout , won the match 3 -- 1 thanks to goals by Andy Gray , Trevor Steven and Kevin Sheedy . Everton were unable to defend the trophy : as league champions they would have entered the 1985 -- 86 European Cup , but they were not permitted to play in either competition following the actions of rival Liverpool fans at the Heysel Stadium , which saw all English clubs banned from European competitions ."}
{"_id": "135_Hertha", "title": "135 Hertha", "headings": "", "text": "135 Hertha is a large main-belt asteroid . Named Hertha , another name for Nerthus , a Germanic fertility goddess . It orbits among the Nysa asteroid family but its classification as an M-type asteroid does not match the more common F-type asteroid for this family , suggesting that it may be an interloper . Spectroscopic analysis indicates the possible presence of hydrated silicates indicating that 135 Hertha should possibly be reclassified from its present M-type to the proposed W-type .   Lightcurve data from Hertha indicates a flattened body , and radar observations indicate that Hertha is non-metallic . Five occultations of stars by the asteroid have been observed between 2000 and 2015 ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_2._Bundesliga", "title": "1998–99 2. Bundesliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 2 . Bundesliga season was the twenty-fifth season of the 2 . Bundesliga , the second tier of the German football league system .   Arminia Bielefeld , SpVgg Unterhaching and SSV Ulm 1846 were promoted to the Bundesliga while FC Gütersloh , KFC Uerdingen 05 , SG Wattenscheid 09 and Fortuna Düsseldorf were relegated to the Regionalliga ."}
{"_id": "1965_Gwyn_Staley_400", "title": "1965 Gwyn Staley 400", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Gwyn Staley 400 was a NASCAR Grand National Series ( now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ) event that was held on April 18 , 1965 , at North Wilkesboro Speedway in North Wilkesboro , North Carolina .   The transition to purpose-built racecars began in the early 1960s and occurred gradually over that decade . Changes made to the sport by the late 1960s brought an end to the `` strictly stock '' vehicles of the 1950s ; most of the cars were trailered to events or hauled in by trucks ."}
{"_id": "1980_Wightman_Cup", "title": "1980 Wightman Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Wightman Cup was the 52nd edition of the annual women 's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain . It was held at the Royal Albert Hall in London in England in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1959_FA_Charity_Shield", "title": "1959 FA Charity Shield", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 FA Charity Shield was the 37th FA Charity Shield , a British football match between the winners of the previous season 's First Division and FA Cup titles . This year 's match was contested by league champions Wolverhampton Wanderers and FA Cup winners Nottingham Forest .   The match was held at the start of the season for the first time , and was staged at Wolves ' stadium , Molineux . The hosts won the game 3 -- 1 , giving them their only outright Shield win ( in addition to three shared wins ) ."}
{"_id": "1968–69_Bulgarian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1968–69 Bulgarian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 -- 69 Bulgarian Hockey League season was the 17th season of the Bulgarian Hockey League , the top level of ice hockey in Bulgaria . Six teams participated in the league , and HK CSKA Sofia won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1922–23_Torquay_United_F.C._season", "title": "1922–23 Torquay United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 -- 23 Torquay United F.C. season was Torquay United 's second season in competitive football and their first season in the Southern League . The season runs from 1 July 1922 to 30 June 1923 ."}
{"_id": "1833_in_Brazil", "title": "1833 in Brazil", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1833 in Brazil ."}
{"_id": "1961–63_Balkans_Cup", "title": "1961–63 Balkans Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 -- 63 Balkans Cup was the second Balkans Cup , a football competition for representative clubs from the Balkan states ."}
{"_id": "1973_NCAA_Division_II_football_season", "title": "1973 NCAA Division II football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 NCAA Division II football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division II level . The season began in September and concluded with the Division II Championship on December 15 at Hughes Stadium in Sacramento , California . This was the first season for Division II ( and Division III ) football , which were formerly in the College Division in 1972 and prior .   Louisiana Tech won their first Division II championship , defeating Western Kentucky 34 -- 0 in the Camellia Bowl championship game ."}
{"_id": "1947_Sun_Bowl", "title": "1947 Sun Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Sun Bowl was a post-season American college football bowl game between the Virginia Tech Hokies of the Southern Conference and the Cincinnati Bearcats . It took place on January 1 , 1947 , at Kidd Field in El Paso , Texas . Cincinnati defeated Virginia Tech 18 -- 6 in cold and icy conditions that led to a scoreless first half and three blocked extra points by Virginia Tech . The game was the first NCAA-sanctioned post-season football contest for Cincinnati , and was the first bowl game in Virginia Tech history . The 1947 game was also the 13th edition of the Sun Bowl , which had been played every year since 1935 . In exchange for their participation in the event , each team received $ 9,438 ."}
{"_id": "1902", "title": "1902", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1909_in_philosophy", "title": "1909 in philosophy", "headings": "", "text": "1909 in philosophy"}
{"_id": "1322_Golden_Empire_Tower", "title": "1322 Golden Empire Tower", "headings": "", "text": "1322 Golden Empire Tower ( formerly known as 1322 Roxas Boulevard ) is a 57-storey residential skyscraper in Manila , Philippines . It is owned by Moldex Land , Inc. , part of the Moldex Group of Companies . Standing at 203 m , it is the tallest building in the City of Manila , and is the 12th-tallest building in the country and Metro Manila as well . The building has 55 floors above ground , and 2 basement levels for parking ."}
{"_id": "1990_Colorado_Buffaloes_football_team", "title": "1990 Colorado Buffaloes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Colorado Buffaloes football team represented the University of Colorado Boulder in the 1990 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Buffaloes offense scored 338 points while the defense allowed 160 points . Led by head coach Bill McCartney , Colorado competed against Notre Dame in the 1991 Orange Bowl . The Buffaloes defeated the Fighting Irish 10 -- 9 and at season 's end were awarded the AP national championship ."}
{"_id": "1989_Chatham_Cup", "title": "1989 Chatham Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Chatham Cup was the 62nd annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand .   Up to the last 16 of the competition , the cup was run in three regions ( northern , central , and southern ) . National League teams received a bye until the final 64 stage . In all , 153 teams took part in the competition , oustripping the previous year 's record of 147 ."}
{"_id": "1941_in_music", "title": "1941 in music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1941 ."}
{"_id": "1910_Washington_&_Jefferson_Presidents_football_team", "title": "1910 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team represented the Washington & Jefferson College during the 1910 college football season ."}
{"_id": "(86039)_1999_NC43", "title": "(86039) 1999 NC43", "headings": "", "text": ", is an eccentric , rare-type asteroid , suspected tumbler and relatively slow rotator from the group of Apollo asteroids . It is classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid , and measures approximately 2.2 kilometers in diameter ."}
{"_id": "1951–52_Hibernian_F.C._season", "title": "1951–52 Hibernian F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1951 -- 52 season Hibernian , a football club based in Edinburgh , came first out of 16 clubs in the Scottish First Division ."}
{"_id": "1190s_in_poetry", "title": "1190s in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": ".dz", "title": ".dz", "headings": "", "text": ". dz is the country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for Algeria . It is administered by Network Internet Center . DZ , a subdivision of CERIST ( Centre de Recherche sur l'Information Scientifique et Technique ) . To apply for a . dz domain name , one must be an organization with a permanent presence in Algeria , and choose a name of three or more letters . Currently , NIC.DZ charges 1000 Algerian dinars a year ( about 14 USD ) .  The two-letter country code DZ is derived from Dzayer , ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ , the Tamazight for Algeria ."}
{"_id": "1989_Liga_Semi-Pro_Divisyen_1", "title": "1989 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1 season is the inaugural season of Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1 . A total of nine teams participated in the season .   The teams were based from nine best performing teams from 1988 Malaysian League season .   Under the new format , only the top six teams in Divisyen 1 and the Divisyen 2 champions and runners-up will be involved in the Malaysia Cup . Malaysia Cup was played from the quarter-final stage , scheduled for November after the league was finished . The Malaysia Cup quarter-final and semi-final matches will be played on a home and away basis .   The season kicked off on 1 July 1989 . Selangor ended up the season by winning the title ."}
{"_id": "1934_in_literature", "title": "1934 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1934 ."}
{"_id": "1966_Wimbledon_Championships", "title": "1966 Wimbledon Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament ran from 20 June until 2 July . It was the 80th staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1966 ."}
{"_id": "169th_Street_(IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line)", "title": "169th Street (IND Queens Boulevard Line)", "headings": "", "text": "169th Street is a local station on the IND Queens Boulevard Line of the New York City Subway . Located at the intersection of 169th Street and Hillside Avenue in Queens , it is served by the train at all times . This is the closest subway station to the 165th Street Bus Terminal after the closure of the nearby 168th Street BMT Station on Jamaica Avenue in 1977 ."}
{"_id": "1990_Oregon_Ducks_football_team", "title": "1990 Oregon Ducks football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Oregon Ducks football team represented the University of Oregon in the 1990 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Ducks scored 341 points while the defense allowed 221 points . Led by head coach Rich Brooks , the Ducks competed in the Freedom Bowl ."}
{"_id": "1717_in_architecture", "title": "1717 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1717 in architecture involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1971_in_Iran", "title": "1971 in Iran", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1971 in Iran ."}
{"_id": "1944_Taça_de_Portugal_Final", "title": "1944 Taça de Portugal Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 Taça de Portugal Final was the final match of the 1943 -- 44 Taça de Portugal , the 6th season of the Taça de Portugal , the premier Portuguese football cup competition organized by the Portuguese Football Federation ( FPF ) . The match was played on 28 May 1944 at the Campo das Salésias in Lisbon , and opposed Primeira Liga side Benfica and Portuguese Second Division side Estoril . Benfica defeated Estoril 8 -- 0 to claim their third Taça de Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1991_Canadian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1991 Canadian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve on 2 June 1991 ."}
{"_id": "1_Day", "title": "1 Day", "headings": "", "text": "1 Day is a 2009 British crime film about gangs and their communities in inner city Birmingham . The story follows Flash as he attempts to get # 100,000 to his boss Angel in less than 24 hours or face certain death . The film is street-cast and features no professional actors ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Belgian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1992–93 Belgian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 Belgian Hockey League season was the 73rd season of the Belgian Hockey League , the top level of ice hockey in Belgium . Six teams participated in the league , and Herentals IJC won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1957_Women's_Western_Open", "title": "1957 Women's Western Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 Women 's Western Open was contested from April 25 -- 28 at Montgomery Country Club . It was the 28th edition of the Women 's Western Open .   This event was won by Patty Berg ."}
{"_id": "1994_Alamo_Bowl", "title": "1994 Alamo Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Alamo Bowl featured the Washington State Cougars and the Baylor Bears .   Washington State had the nation 's second ranked defense , and they held Baylor to 151 yards of total offense . Washington State scored in the firstquarter , on a one-yard touchdown run from halfback Kevin Hicks to take a 7 -- 0 lead . With 1:57 left in the first half , Tony Truant kicked a 37-yard field goal to put the Cougars up 10 -- 0 at halftime . In the third quarter , Baylor scored its only points of the game on a 36-yard Jarvis Van Dyke -RSB- field goal . Washington State ended up winning 10 -- 3 .   This marked the last bowl appearance by Baylor until 2010 ."}
{"_id": "1817_in_Brazil", "title": "1817 in Brazil", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1817 in Brazil ."}
{"_id": "1977–78_Chicago_Black_Hawks_season", "title": "1977–78 Chicago Black Hawks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 -- 78 Chicago Black Hawks season was the Hawks ' 52nd season in the NHL , and the club was coming off a 26 -- 43 -- 11 record , earning 63 points , which was their lowest total since the 1957 -- 58 season . The Hawks managed to qualify for the playoffs , as they finished in third place in the Smythe Division . In the playoffs , the Black Hawks were quickly swept out in two games by the Boston Bruins in the NHL Preliminary Round ."}
{"_id": "1858_English_cricket_season", "title": "1858 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1858 English cricket season saw the great fast bowler John Jackson lead the bowlers for the first time"}
{"_id": "1814_in_South_Africa", "title": "1814 in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __"}
{"_id": "1950_Washington_Huskies_football_team", "title": "1950 Washington Huskies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1950 college football season . In its third season under head coach Howard Odell , the team compiled an 8 -- 2 record , finished in second place in the Pacific Coast Conference , and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 265 to 134 . Chuck Olson was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1995_World_Series", "title": "1995 World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 World Series matched the Atlanta Braves against the Cleveland Indians . The Braves won in six games to capture their third World Series championship in franchise history ( along with 1914 in Boston and 1957 in Milwaukee ) , making them the first team to win three crowns in three different cities . This was also Cleveland 's first Series appearance in 41 years and marked the resumption of the Fall Classic after the previous year 's Series was canceled due to a players ' strike .   The Series was also remarkable in that five of the six games were won by one run , including the clinching sixth game , a 1-0 combined one-hitter by Tom Glavine and Mark Wohlers ."}
{"_id": "17th_Reconnaissance_Squadron", "title": "17th Reconnaissance Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th Reconnaissance Squadron ( 17 RS ) is a squadron of the United States Air Force . It is assigned to the 432d Wing , and stationed at Creech Air Force Base in Indian Springs , Nevada ."}
{"_id": "1948_Michigan_State_Normal_Hurons_football_team", "title": "1948 Michigan State Normal Hurons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Michigan State Normal Hurons football team represented Michigan State Normal College ( later renamed Eastern Michigan University ) during the 1948 college football season . In their 26th and final season under head coach Elton Rynearson , the Hurons compiled a 3 -- 5 record and were outscored by their opponents , 114 to 66 . Claire E. Ebersole was the team captain .   Rynearson retired as head football coach after the 1948 season after 26 years in that position . He remained the school 's athletic director . In his 26 years as head football coach , Rynearson compiled a record of 114 -- 58 -- 15 ( .648 ) , and his teams outscored their opponents , 2,574 to 1,415 ."}
{"_id": "1177", "title": "1177", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1177 ( MCLXXVII ) was a common year starting on Saturday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1960–61_Dumbarton_F.C._season", "title": "1960–61 Dumbarton F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Season 1960 -- 61 was the 77th football season in which Dumbarton competed at a Scottish national level , entering the Scottish Football League for the 55th time , the Scottish Cup for the 66th time and the Scottish League Cup for the 14th time ."}
{"_id": "1987_Great_Taste_Coffee_Makers_season", "title": "1987 Great Taste Coffee Makers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Great Taste Coffee Makers season was the 13th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) . Known as Great Taste Instant Milk in the Reinforced Conference ."}
{"_id": "1973–74_Scottish_Cup", "title": "1973–74 Scottish Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973-74 Scottish Cup was the 89th staging of Scotland 's most prestigious football knockout competition . The Cup was won by Celtic who defeated Dundee United in the final ."}
{"_id": "1374_Isora", "title": "1374 Isora", "headings": "", "text": "1374 Isora , provisional designation , is a stony asteroid and eccentric Mars-crosser from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 5 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 21 October 1935 , by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium ."}
{"_id": "1975_Davis_Cup_Europe_Zone", "title": "1975 Davis Cup Europe Zone", "headings": "", "text": "The Europe Zone was one of the three zones of competition in the 1975 Davis Cup . Two sub-zones were played , with the winner of each advancing to the Inter-Zonal Zone ."}
{"_id": "1938–39_Texas_Longhorns_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1938–39 Texas Longhorns men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 -- 39 Texas Longhorns men 's basketball team represented The University of Texas at Austin in intercollegiate basketball competition during the 1938 -- 39 season . The Longhorns were led by third-year head coach and former Longhorn basketball consensus first-team All-American Jack Gray . The team finished the season with a 19 -- 6 overall record and a 10 -- 2 record in Southwest Conference play to win the SWC championship . Texas advanced to the inaugural postseason NCAA Tournament , recording its first Elite Eight appearance ."}
{"_id": "1961–62_New_York_Rangers_season", "title": "1961–62 New York Rangers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 -- 62 New York Rangers season was the 36th season for the team in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . During the regular season , the Rangers finished fourth in the NHL with 64 points , and qualified for the playoffs . In the NHL semi-finals , the Rangers lost to the Toronto Maple Leafs in six games ."}
{"_id": "100_Milionë_(The_Million_Dollar_Drop)_Albania", "title": "100 Milionë (The Million Dollar Drop) Albania", "headings": "", "text": "100 Milionë is a famous game \\ quiz live show broadcast in Albania by Top Channel and hosted by Eno Popi . The show is also known as The Million Pound Drop all over the world . In Albania this show took place for the first time on 1 February 2011 . It has over 903,564 viewers in Albania , Kosovo , Macedonia and Montenegro . One contestant consists of a couple ( sisters , brothers , married couple , etc. . )"}
{"_id": "1953_Duke_Blue_Devils_football_team", "title": "1953 Duke Blue Devils football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 Duke Blue Devils football team represented the Duke Blue Devils of Duke University during the 1953 college football season .   Duke won a share of the 1953 ACC Championship , and finished the season ranked 18th in the final AP poll ."}
{"_id": "1904_Princeton_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1904 Princeton Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1904 college football season . The team finished with an 8 -- 2 record under second-year head coach Art Hillebrand and outscored its opponents by a total of 181 to 34 . Princeton tackle James Cooney was selected as a consensus first-team honoree on the 1904 College Football All-America Team ."}
{"_id": "1990_Tippeligaen", "title": "1990 Tippeligaen", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Tippeligaen began on April 29 , 1990 , and ended on 7 October 1990 .   Twenty-two games were played with 3 points given for each win and 1 for each draw . Number eleven and twelve were relegated . The winners of the two groups of the Second Division was promoted , as well as the winner of a series of play-off matches between the two second placed teams in the two groups of the Second Division and number ten in Tippeligaen .   This was the first year the top flight of Norwegian football would be called Tippeligaen , from its sponsor , Norsk Tipping . However , the league was still unofficially known by its former name 1 . Divisjon in the general public . And by the end of the season , it was decided to let the second level of Norwegian football inherit the name 1 . Divisjon from the 1991 season to strengthen Tippeligaen as a brand ."}
{"_id": "1918_in_Australian_literature", "title": "1918 in Australian literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1918 .   For an overview of world literature see 1918 in literature .   See also :  1917 in Australian literature ,  1918 in Australia ,  1919 in Australian literature ."}
{"_id": "1981_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_football_team", "title": "1981 San Diego State Aztecs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 San Diego State Aztecs football team represented San Diego State University during the 1981 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) .   The team was led by head coach Doug Scovil , in his first year , and played their home games at Jack Murphy StadiumQualcomm Stadium was renamed in 1981 as Jack Murphy Stadium . It had been called San Diego Stadium from its opening in 1967 through 1980 . It continued as Jack Murphy Stadium until 1998 . See : Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego , California . They finished with a record of six wins and five losses ( 6 -- 5 , 3 -- 5 WAC ) .   The Aztecs were chosen to participate in the annual Mirage Bowl in 1981 . This counted as a regular season game , and was played at the end of the season in Tokyo , Japan . They played the Air Force Academy on Nov. 29 ."}
{"_id": "1931–32_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour", "title": "1931–32 South Africa rugby union tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 -- 32 South Africa tour of Britain and Ireland was a collection of friendly rugby union games undertaken by the South Africa national rugby union team against the four British Home Nation teams . The tour also took in several matches against British and Irish club , county and invitational teams . This was the fourth South Africa tour and the third tour of the Northern Hemisphere .   The tour was extremely successful for the South Africans , as the team only lost a single match . In the tests played the team beat all four home nations . The only team to beat the Springboks was the invitational East Midlands county team . The final tour record saw 26 matches played , with South Africa winning 23 , losing one and drawing two ."}
{"_id": "1979_Gabriel_400", "title": "1979 Gabriel 400", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Gabriel 400 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series ( now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ) race that took place on June 17 , 1979 , at Michigan International Speedway in the American community of Brooklyn , Michigan .   By the following season , NASCAR had completely stopped tracking the year model of all the vehicles and most teams did not take stock cars to the track under their own power anymore . Only manual transmission vehicles were allowed to participate in this race ; a policy that NASCAR has retained to the present day ."}
{"_id": "1988_South_Australian_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1988 South Australian Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Ivan Lendl and Bill Scanlon were the defending champions , but did not participate this year .   Darren Cahill and Mark Kratzmann won the title , defeating Carl Limberger and Mark Woodforde 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1897_English_cricket_season", "title": "1897 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 cricket season was the 300th in England since the earliest known definite reference to cricket in January 1597 ( i.e. , Old Style -- 1598 New Style ) , and the eighth in which the County Championship has been an official competition . Lancashire won the County Championship for the first time , thanks mainly to only three losses in twenty-six matches . Surrey won more games , and beat Lancashire twice , but one more loss than Lancashire meant that they would have to be content with second place . They could have taken the Championship home if they had beaten Sussex in the last game at The County Ground , Hove , but after gaining a five-run lead on first innings , Surrey let Billy Murdoch , C. B. Fry and George Bean make half-centuries , and rain spoiled their chances of winning on the final day . In the bottom of the table , Derbyshire suffered a run of 16 matches without victory , as they finished last in the table , and with the end of 1896 yielding three matches without a win , Derbyshire 's streak read 19 matches without a win at the end of the season ."}
{"_id": "1964_U.S._National_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1964 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "First-seeded Maria Bueno defeated Carole Graebner 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 in the final to win the Women 's Singles tennis title at the 1964 U.S. National Championships ."}
{"_id": "1957–58_French_Division_1", "title": "1957–58 French Division 1", "headings": "", "text": "Stade de Reims won Division 1 season 1957/1958 of the French Association Football League with 48 points ."}
{"_id": "1910_Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association_football_season", "title": "1910 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season was the college football games played by the member schools of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association as part of the 1910 college football season . The season began on September 24 .   Vanderbilt lineman Will Metzger was selected third-team All-American by Walter Camp , the third player from the South ever to receive such an honor ."}
{"_id": "1977_in_Taiwan", "title": "1977 in Taiwan", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1977 in Taiwan . This year is numbered Minguo 66 according to the official Republic of China calendar ."}
{"_id": "1946_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season", "title": "1946 Pittsburgh Pirates season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 65th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise ; the 60th in the National League . The Pirates finished seventh in the league standings with a record of 63 -- 91 ."}
{"_id": "1987_Allsvenskan", "title": "1987 Allsvenskan", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Allsvenskan in season 1987 ."}
{"_id": "1978_Florida_State_Seminoles_football_team", "title": "1978 Florida State Seminoles football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Florida State Seminoles football team represented Florida State University in the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team was coached by Bobby Bowden and played their home games at Doak Campbell Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1998_National_League_Wild_Card_tie-breaker_game", "title": "1998 National League Wild Card tie-breaker game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 National League wild-card tie-breaker game was a one-game extension to Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 1998 regular season , played between the Chicago Cubs and San Francisco Giants to determine the winner of the National League ( NL ) wild card . The game took place at Wrigley Field in Chicago , on September 28 , 1998 . The Cubs won the game 5 -- 3 , holding the Giants scoreless for the majority of the game until the Giants threatened heavily in the ninth inning and scored all three of their runs . As a result of the game , the Cubs qualified for the postseason and the Giants did not .   The game was necessary after both teams finished the season with identical win -- loss records of 89 -- 73 . The Cubs won a coin flip late in the season which , by rule at the time , awarded them home field for the game . This victory advanced the Cubs to the 1998 NL Division Series ( NLDS ) where they were swept by the Atlanta Braves , ending the Cubs ' season . Michael Jordan , a popular Chicago sportsman then ending his career with the Chicago Bulls , threw the game 's ceremonial first pitch . In baseball statistics , the tie-breaker counted as the 163rd regular season game for both teams , with all events in the game added to regular season statistics ."}
{"_id": "1956_French_Championships_–_Men's_Doubles", "title": "1956 French Championships – Men's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 French Championships -- Men 's Doubles was one of the competitions of the 1956 French Championships , a tennis tournament held at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France from 15 May until 26 May 1956 . The matches were played in a best-of-five sets format . Don Candy and Bob Perry defeated Ashley Cooper and Lew Hoad 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 in the final to win the title . The winning teams received 25,000 French franc per player with the runner-up players earning 12,000 Fr and the four losing semifinalists receiving 6,000 Fr each ."}
{"_id": "1988_Tour_of_Flanders", "title": "1988 Tour of Flanders", "headings": "", "text": "The 72nd running of the Tour of Flanders cycling classic was held on 3 April 1988 . It was won by Eddy Planckaert in a two-man sprint with Australian Phil Anderson . 88 of 197 starters finished the race ."}
{"_id": "16th_New_Hampshire_Volunteer_Infantry", "title": "16th New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "100_East_53rd_Street", "title": "100 East 53rd Street", "headings": "", "text": "100 East 53rd Street ( formerly known as 610 Lexington Avenue ) is a residential skyscraper under construction in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . The building 's architect is Norman Foster . Upon completion , it will rise 64 stories or 711 ft. It was supposed to feature a Shangri-La Hotel and condos but as a result of the financial crisis that began in 2007 and the downturn in the residential real estate market , the building 's construction was put on indefinite hold in 2009 and the hotel idea was later abandoned . In March 2012 , Aby Rosen and Michael Fuchs of RFR Holding LLC regained control of the site , and announced their intentions to carry on with the project . Excavation work began in early 2014 . The building topped out on January 13 , 2016 . It should be complete by spring 2017 , according to a 2015 update . The building will feature 94 condominium units including , one-bedrooms , two-bedrooms , three-bedrooms , and two four bedroom duplexes .  __ FORCETOC __"}
{"_id": "17th_Independent_Battery_Indiana_Light_Artillery", "title": "17th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery", "headings": "", "text": "17th Indiana Battery Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1851_in_Chile", "title": "1851 in Chile", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1851 in Chile ."}
{"_id": "1_Razlog", "title": "1 Razlog", "headings": "", "text": "1 Razlog ( English : 1 Reason ) is the second album by Croatian singer Lana Jurčević ."}
{"_id": "1977_Fort_Lauderdale_Strikers_season", "title": "1977 Fort Lauderdale Strikers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Fort Lauderdale Strikers season was the first season of the new team , and the club 's eleventh season in professional soccer . It is also the first ever incarnation of the club 's new name . Previously they were known as the Miami Toros . The 1977 squad won the North American Soccer League 's Eastern Division of the Atlantic Conference , and was the top team in regular season with 19 victories for 161 points ."}
{"_id": "1964_Australian_Formula_2_Championship", "title": "1964 Australian Formula 2 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Australian Formula 2 Championship was open to drivers of racing cars complying with CAMS Australian Formula 2 regulations .   The title was contested over a single race staged at the Lowood circuit in Queensland on the 14 June 1964 . Race distance was 30 laps x 2.825 miles = 85 miles ( 136 km ) . There were seven starters in what was the first Australian Formula 2 Championship to be awarded by CAMS ."}
{"_id": "1-acylglycerophosphocholine_O-acyltransferase", "title": "1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase", "headings": "", "text": "In enzymology , a 1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   acyl-CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine CoA + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine   Thus , the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine , whereas its two products are CoA and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine .   This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases , specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups . The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA :1 - acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase . Other names in common use include lysolecithin acyltransferase , 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acyltransferase , acyl coenzyme A-monoacylphosphatidylcholine acyltransferase , acyl-CoA :1 - acyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine transacylase , lysophosphatide acyltransferase , and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase . This enzyme participates in glycerophospholipid metabolism ."}
{"_id": "1908–09_Crystal_Palace_F.C._season", "title": "1908–09 Crystal Palace F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908-09 season saw Palace fail to reach the heights of the previous season . They had finished fourth in 1907-08 , but this season would see them end up in 16th place . The squad underwent changes once again , with Matthew Edwards moving from Palace to Doncaster Rovers , Bill Forster moving to Grimsby Town , Billy Davies moving to West Bromwich Albion , Dick Roberts to Worcester City and Isaac Owens to Bath City .   Edward Collins came into the club from Carlisle United as a full back . James Thorpe , a half back , joined from Leeds City , while forward George Garratt joined from West Bromwich Albion . Adam Haywood joined as a player-coach , playing in a forward role , mainly as an inside right . Charles McGibbon , a centre forward , came from New Brompton and Bill Lawrence returned for a second spell at the club . Jimmy Bauchop not only finished the season top-scorer , he also started it off by becoming the first player to be sent off in a Palace shirt , on 9 September 1908 in a London Challenge Cup tie against Croydon Common ."}
{"_id": "1973_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series", "title": "1973 NASCAR Winston Cup Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 NASCAR Winston Cup Series was the 25th season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 2nd modern-era Cup season . The season began on Sunday January 21 and ended on Sunday October 21 . 31 races were scheduled in the 1973 season . 28 were held .   Benny Parsons was crowned Winston Cup champion at the end of the season finishing 67 points ahead of Cale Yarborough . Lennie Pond was named NASCAR Rookie of the Year , succeeding Larry Smith , who was fatally injured in the year 's Talladega 500 . David Pearson dominated the season winning 11 of the 18 races he entered . Ten of Pearson 's wins were on superspeedways , setting a NASCAR record for superspeedway wins that lasted until Bill Elliott broke it in 1985 ."}
{"_id": "1989_Tejano_Music_Awards", "title": "1989 Tejano Music Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 9th Tejano Music Awards were held in 1989 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . The Tejano Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony recognizing Tejano music musicians ."}
{"_id": "1828_in_art", "title": "1828 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1828 in Art ."}
{"_id": "1984–85_Cuban_National_Series", "title": "1984–85 Cuban National Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 24th Cuban National Series saw Pinar del Río 's Vegueros walk away with the title , outdistancing Camagüey by seven games . The Vegueros roster included such luminaries as Luis Giraldo Casanova , Omar Ajete and Omar Linares ."}
{"_id": "1986_LPGA_Tour", "title": "1986 LPGA Tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 LPGA Tour was the 37th season since the LPGA Tour officially began in 1950 . The season ran from January 23 to November 9 . The season consisted of 33 official money events . Pat Bradley won the most tournaments , five , including three of the four majors . She also led the money list with earnings of $ 492,021 .   There were five first-time winners in 1986 : Jane Geddes , Cindy Mackey , Becky Pearson , and Ai-Yu Tu . Tu was the first Taiwanese winner , winning the Mazda Japan Classic .   The tournament results and award winners are listed below ."}
{"_id": "1983_(album)", "title": "1983 (album)", "headings": "", "text": "1983 is the debut studio album by American music producer Flying Lotus , released on October 3 , 2006 , by Plug Research . The album title `` 1983 '' refers to Flying Lotus 's year of birth ."}
{"_id": "1945_All-Pacific_Coast_football_team", "title": "1945 All-Pacific Coast football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 All-Pacific Coast football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Pacific Coast teams for the 1945 college football season . The organizations selecting teams in 1945 included the Associated Press ( AP ) and the United Press ( UP ) .   The USC Trojans won the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) championship with a 7 -- 4 record , finished the season ranked # 11 in the final AP Poll , and had two players named to the first team by either the AP or UP : end Jim Callanan ( AP , UP ) and halfback Ted Teannehill ( AP ) .   The Washington State Cougars finished in second place in the PCC with a 6 -- 2 -- 1 record and also placed two players on the first team : fullback Bill Lippincott ( UP ) and tackle Rod Giske ( AP , UP ) .   Four players from teams outside the PCC received first-team honors . Three of those played for the St. Mary 's Gaels : quarterback Herman Wedemeyer ( AP , UP ) , halfback `` Spike '' Cordeiro ( UP ) , and end Ed Ryan ( AP , UP ) . The fourth was tackle Bob McClure ( UP ) of Nevada ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_AHL_season", "title": "1996–97 AHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 AHL season was the 61st season of the American Hockey League . The league renames its divisions due to relocating teams . The Northern Conferences consists of the Atlantic Division becoming the Canadian Division , and the Central Division becoming the Empire State Division . The Southern Conferences consists of the North Division becoming the New England Division , and the South Division becoming the Mid-Atlantic Division .   Eighteen teams played 80 games each in the schedule . The Philadelphia Phantoms finished first overall in the regular season . The Hershey Bears won their eighth Calder Cup championship ."}
{"_id": "1958_South_American_Championships_in_Athletics", "title": "1958 South American Championships in Athletics", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 South American Championships in Athletics were held in Montevideo , Uruguay ."}
{"_id": "1955_NBA_All-Star_Game", "title": "1955 NBA All-Star Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 NBA All Star Game was the fifth NBA All-Star Game . Bill Sharman was named the game 's MVP after scoring ten of his fifteen points in the fourth quarter , while his teammate Bob Cousy led all scorers with 20 points ."}
{"_id": "1823_in_South_Africa", "title": "1823 in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __"}
{"_id": "1972_Pau_Grand_Prix", "title": "1972 Pau Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Pau Grand Prix was a Formula Two motor race held on 5 May 1972 at the Pau circuit , in Pau , Pyrénées-Atlantiques , France . The Grand Prix was won by Peter Gethin , driving the Chevron B20 . Patrick Depailler finished second and David Purley third ."}
{"_id": "1CMS", "title": "1CMS", "headings": "", "text": "FM 91.1 CMS ( callsign 1CMS ) is a multilingual community radio station broadcasting to Canberra in languages other than English from studios in the suburb of Holder . CMS is a member of the National Ethnic and Multicultural Broadcasters Council ( NEMBC ) and the Community Broadcasting Association of Australia ( CBAA ) .   The policy of CMS is to encourage all languages to broadcast for at least an hour each week , providing time on an equitable basis . Programming priorities include youth , women and emerging communities ."}
{"_id": "158th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_States)", "title": "158th Infantry Brigade (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 158th Infantry Brigade is an infantry brigade of the United States Army . It has subordinate battalions throughout Florida and Puerto Rico .   The 158th Infantry Brigade is an AC/RC unit based at Camp Shelby , Mississippi.The unit is responsible for training selected United States Army Reserve and National Guard units in Florida and Puerto Rico . The brigade was activated using the assets of the 2nd Brigade , 87th Division . The brigade is a subordinate unit of U.S. First Army ."}
{"_id": "1952_NFL_Draft", "title": "1952 NFL Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 National Football League Draft was held on January 17 , 1952 , at Hotel Statler in New York . Selections made by New York Yanks were assigned to the new Dallas Texans .   Washington Post sportswriter Mo Siegel later claimed that Washington Redskins owner George Preston Marshall let him choose a late-round pick . Siegel , he said , chose Tennessee Tech 's Flavious Smith to force the first black player onto the all-white Redskins . If true , Marshall likely persuaded NFL Commissioner Bert Bell to remove the choice from the official records . ( Smith , who did not hear the story until years later , was white . )"}
{"_id": "1996_African_Cup_Winners'_Cup_Final", "title": "1996 African Cup Winners' Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 CAF African Cup Winners ' Cup Final was contested in two-legged home-and-away format between AC Sodigraf from Zaire and Arab Contractors from Egypt , The first leg was hosted by AC Sodigraf at Stade des Martyrs in Kinshasa on 24 November 1996 , while the second leg was hosted by Arab Contractors at Cairo Stadium in Cairo on 8 December 1996 .   Arab Contractors won 4 -- 0 on aggergate , earned the right to participate in the 1997 CAF Super Cup against the other Egyptian team Zamalek ; the winner of the 1996 African Cup of Champions Clubs ."}
{"_id": "1983_in_Laos", "title": "1983 in Laos", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1983 in Laos ."}
{"_id": "1995_Sydney_Bulldogs_season", "title": "1995 Sydney Bulldogs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Sydney Bulldogs season was the 60th in the club 's history . Coached by Chris Anderson and captained by Terry Lamb , they competed in the Australian Rugby League 's 1995 ARL season , finishing the regular season 6th . The Bulldogs went on to claim their 7th Premiership with a 17-4 win over the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles in the 1995 Grand Final ."}
{"_id": "1946–47_Greek_Cup", "title": "1946–47 Greek Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The Greek Cup 1946 -- 47 was the fifth edition of The Greek Football Cup , or Greek Cup for short . It was the first Greek Cup tournament that held after the end of World War II .   The competition culminated with the Greek Cup Final , held at Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium , Athens on 8 June 1947 . The match was contested by Olympiacos and Iraklis , with Olympiacos taking the title 5 -- 0 ."}
{"_id": "1965_Northwestern_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1965 Northwestern Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Northwestern Wildcats team represented Northwestern University during the 1965 Big Ten Conference football season . In their second year under head coach Alex Agase , the Wildcats compiled a 4 -- 6 record ( 3 -- 4 against Big Ten Conference opponents ) and finished in sixth place in the Big Ten Conference .   The team 's offensive leaders were quarterback Denny Boothe with 487 passing yards , Bob McKelvey with 587 rushing yards , and Cas Banaszek with 333 receiving yards . McKelvey , Banaszek , and tackle Jim Burns were selected by the Associated Press as second-team All-Big Ten players ."}
{"_id": "1962_CFL_season", "title": "1962 CFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Canadian Football League season is considered to be the ninth season in modern-day Canadian football , although it is officially the fifth Canadian Football League season ."}
{"_id": "1999_Northeast_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1999 Northeast Conference Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Northeast Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held in March . The tournament featured the league 's top eight seeds . Mount St. Mary 's won the championship , their second , and received the conference 's automatic bid to the 1999 NCAA Tournament ."}
{"_id": "1240_in_poetry", "title": "1240 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1969_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_marathon", "title": "1969 European Athletics Championships – Men's marathon", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's marathon at the 1969 European Athletics Championships was held in Athens , Greece , on 21 September 1969 ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Stoke_City_F.C._season", "title": "1991–92 Stoke City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 season was Stoke City 's 85th season in the Football League and 3rd in the Third Division .   Lou Macari was appointed as Stoke City manager in June 1991 with the hope that he would be the man to bring life back into the club . He made an instant impact and Stoke were fully involved in the fight for promotion and it was very nearly achieved . Stoke reached the Football League play-offs for the first time but lost 2 -- 1 on aggregate to Stockport County , Stoke did however beat County at Wembley in the final of the Football League Trophy . Stoke did well in terms of goalscoring with both Wayne Biggins and new signing Mark Stein scoring 20 + ."}
{"_id": "1991_Clemson_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1991 Clemson Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Clemson Tigers football team represented Clemson University during the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season ."}
{"_id": "158th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)", "title": "158th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)", "headings": "", "text": "The 158th Infantry Division ( German : 158 . Infanteriedivision ) was a German Army infantry division in World War II ."}
{"_id": "1968_Wyoming_Cowboys_football_team", "title": "1968 Wyoming Cowboys football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Wyoming Cowboys football team represented the University of Wyoming in the 1968 college football season . Led by head coach Lloyd Eaton , the Cowboys had a record of 7 -- 3 . The Cowboys offense scored 242 points while the defense allowed 118 points ."}
{"_id": "1943_German_Ice_Hockey_Championship", "title": "1943 German Ice Hockey Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 German Ice Hockey Championship was the 27th season of the German Ice Hockey Championship , the national championship of Germany . The championship was abandoned after the first semifinal ."}
{"_id": "118th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry", "title": "118th New York Volunteer Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 118th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment was recruited for service in the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) from Clinton , Essex , and Warren counties in Northern New York . Known as `` The Adirondack Regiment , '' the unit saw service along the Atlantic Coast in the Department of Virginia before transferring to the Army of the James in 1864 . With the latter , they were engaged in the Overland Campaign and the subsequent siege of Petersburg ."}
{"_id": "1970_European_Karate_Championships", "title": "1970 European Karate Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 European Karate Championships , the 5th edition , was held in Hamburg , Germany from May 5 to 7 , 1970 ."}
{"_id": "1997_French_Open_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1997 French Open – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Steffi Graf was the defending champion , but she was knocked out in the quarterfinals by Amanda Coetzer .   Iva Majoli won the title , defeating World No. 1 Martina Hingis in the final , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 .   This tournament was notable for being the first Grand Slam in which Venus Williams competed in the main draw ."}
{"_id": "125th", "title": "125th", "headings": "", "text": "125th may refer to :   125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal , a commemorative medal celebrating the 125th anniversary of the Confederation of Canada  125th Battalion ( 1st Overseas Battalion of 38th Regiment Dufferin Rifles ) , CEF , a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War  125th Delaware General Assembly , a meeting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives  125th Division ( People 's Republic of China ) , a division deployed by the People 's Republic of China  125th Fighter Squadron , a unit of the Oklahoma Air National Guard that flies the F-16C Fighting Falcon  125th Fighter Wing ( 125 FW ) is an Air National Guard unit located at Jacksonville International Airport , Florida  125th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment , an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War  125th meridian east , a line of longitude 125 ° east of Greenwich  125th meridian west , a line of longitude 125 ° west of Greenwich  125th Napier 's Rifles , an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army  125th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment , a volunteer regiment from Rensselaer County , New York , during the American Civil War  125th Ohio Infantry ( or 125th OVI ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War  125th Regiment of Foot , an infantry regiment of the British Army , created in 1794 and disbanded in 1796  125th Special Tactics Squadron , a military organization under the civilian direction of the Oregon Military Department  125th Street ( disambiguation )  125th Street ( IND Eighth Avenue Line ) , an express station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway  125th Street ( IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line ) , a local station on the IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway  125th Street ( IRT Lenox Avenue Line ) , a station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line of the New York City Subway  125th Street ( IRT Lexington Avenue Line ) , the northernmost Manhattan station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway  125th Street ( IRT Ninth Avenue Line ) , a station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line  125th Street ( IRT Second Avenue Line ) , a station on the demolished IRT Second Avenue Line  125th Street ( IRT Third Avenue Line ) , a station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line  125th Street ( Manhattan ) , an east-west in the New York City borough of Manhattan , the `` Main Street '' of Harlem  125th Street Bridge , a bridge that crosses the Mississippi River in the U.S. state of Minnesota  125th Street Hudson River bridge , a proposed bridge across the Hudson River  125th Weather Flight ( 125th WF ) is a combat weather team located at Tulsa International Airport in Tulsa , Oklahoma  Harlem-125th Street ( Metro-North station ) Metro-North Railroad Following station Grand Central Terminus  125th Ohio General Assembly , the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 2003 and 2004  Ohio House of Representatives membership , 125th General Assembly , in session in 2003 and 2004  Ohio Senate membership , 125th General Assembly comprised the state legislature of the U.S. state of Ohio  Small Talk at 125th and Lenox , the debut album of soul musician and poet Gil Scott-Heron , released in 1970 on Flying Dutchman Records"}
{"_id": "1550_in_Scotland", "title": "1550 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1550 in the Kingdom of Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1988–89_La_Liga", "title": "1988–89 La Liga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 -- 89 La Liga season , the 58th since its establishment , started on September 3 , 1988 , and finished on June 25 , 1989 .   Real Madrid finished the season as champions for the fourth year running , while Barcelona recovered under new coach Johan Cruyff to finish second .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1926_All_England_Badminton_Championships", "title": "1926 All England Badminton Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 All England Championships was a badminton tournament held at the Royal Horticultural Halls , Westminster , England from March 2nd to March 8th , 1926 ."}
{"_id": "1700_in_science", "title": "1700 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1700 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1987_NBL_Finals", "title": "1987 NBL Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 NBL Finals was the championship series of the 1987 season of Australia 's National Basketball League ( NBL ) and the conclusion of the season 's playoffs . The Brisbane Bullets defeated the Perth Wildcats in two games ( 2-0 ) for their second NBL championship ."}
{"_id": "1971_Országos_Bajnokság_I_(men's_water_polo)", "title": "1971 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)", "headings": "", "text": "1971 Országos Bajnokság I ( men 's water polo ) was the 65th water polo championship in Hungary . There were ten teams who played two-round match for the title ."}
{"_id": "1993_NCAA_Division_I_Field_Hockey_Championship", "title": "1993 NCAA Division I Field Hockey Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 NCAA Division I Field Hockey Championship was the 13th women 's collegiate field hockey tournament organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association , to determine the top college field hockey team in the United States . The Maryland Terrapins won their second championship , defeating the North Carolina Tar Heels in the final The championship rounds were held at Bauer Field in Piscataway , New Jersey on the campus of Rutgers University ."}
{"_id": "1940_Tour_de_Serbie", "title": "1940 Tour de Serbie", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 Tour de Serbie ( Trka oko Srbije ) was the 2nd edition of the Tour de Serbie cycling stage race . It was scheduled from 29 August to 6 September .   The winner of overall classification was Janez Peternel ."}
{"_id": "1990_Albanian_Supercup", "title": "1990 Albanian Supercup", "headings": "", "text": "Albanian Supercup 1990 is the 2nd edition of the Albanian Supercup since its establishment in 1989 . The match was contested between the Albanian Cup 1990 winners KS Flamurtari and the 1989 -- 90 Albanian Superliga champions Dinamo Tirana .   Dinamo Tirana won the Supercup by penalties with result 5-4 , after regular and extra time ended 3-3 ."}
{"_id": "1949_in_poetry", "title": "1949 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Links to nations or nationalities point to articles with information on that nation 's poetry or literature . For example , United Kingdom links to English poetry and Indian links to Indian poetry ."}
{"_id": "1918_in_association_football", "title": "1918 in association football", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the football ( soccer ) events of the year 1918 throughout the world ."}
{"_id": "1904_in_Brazil", "title": "1904 in Brazil", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1904 in Brazil ."}
{"_id": "1991_Boston_College_Eagles_football_team", "title": "1991 Boston College Eagles football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College in the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Eagles were led by first-year head coach Tom Coughlin , and played their home games at Alumni Stadium in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts . They competed as members of the Big East Conference , in the conference 's inaugural year of football sponsorship . As a result , Big East members , including Boston College , played a limited conference schedule in order to complete prior scheduling commitments ."}
{"_id": "1980_Tanduay_Esquires_season", "title": "1980 Tanduay Esquires season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Tanduay Esquires season was the sixth season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) ."}
{"_id": "1968_Summer_Olympics_medal_table", "title": "1968 Summer Olympics medal table", "headings": "", "text": "This is the full table of the medal table of the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City . These rankings sort by the number of gold medals earned by a country . The number of silvers is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze . If , after the above , countries are still tied , equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically . This follows the system used by the IOC , IAAF and BBC . Athletes from 44 countries have won at least one medal , leaving 78 countries without a medal ."}
{"_id": "1969_Norwegian_First_Division", "title": "1969 Norwegian First Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Norwegian First Division in season 1969 ."}
{"_id": "1999_World_Interuniversity_Games", "title": "1999 World Interuniversity Games", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 World Interuniversity Games were the first edition of the Games ( organised by IFIUS ) , and were held in Antwerp , Belgium ."}
{"_id": "1929_World_Series", "title": "1929 World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 World Series featured the Philadelphia Athletics and the Chicago Cubs . The Athletics beat the Cubs decisively in five games .   This was the Series of the famous `` Mack Attack '' ( so called in honor of longtime A 's owner-manager Connie Mack ) , in which the Athletics overcame an eight-run deficit by scoring 10 runs in the home half of the seventh in Game 4 ( before two straight strikeouts by Pat Malone ended it ) to snatch a 10 -- 8 victory from the jaws of a defeat which would have evened the Series at two games apiece . The Cubs were further humiliated in the middle of that record rally when center fielder Hack Wilson lost Mule Haas 's fly ball in the sun for a fluke three-run inside-the-park home run , bringing the A 's to within a run at 8 -- 7 . It was the last occurrence of an inside-the-park home run in a World Series game until Game 1 of the 2015 World Series ."}
{"_id": "1939_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team", "title": "1939 Ohio State Buckeyes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented the Ohio State University in the 1939 Big Ten Conference football season . The Buckeyes compiled a 6 -- 2 record and outscored foes 189 -- 64 . Head coach Francis Schmidt 's team won a Big Ten Conference title for the second time in his tenure at Ohio State . He was released as coach of Ohio State a year later ."}
{"_id": "1945–46_Nationalliga_A_season", "title": "1945–46 Nationalliga A season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945-46 Nationalliga A season was the eighth season of the Nationalliga A , the top level of ice hockey in Switzerland . Seven teams participated in the league , and HC Davos won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_All-Ireland_Senior_Club_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1990–91 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship was the 21st staging of the All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship , an inter-county knockout competition for Ireland 's top championship clubs representing each county . The championship was won by Glenmore of Kilkenny , who beat Patrciskwell of Limerick by 1 -- 13 to 0 -- 12 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1993_Western_Michigan_Broncos_football_team", "title": "1993 Western Michigan Broncos football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Western Michigan Broncos football team represented Western Michigan University in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their seventh season under head coach Al Molde , the Broncos compiled a 7 -- 3 -- 1 record ( 6 -- 1 -- 1 against MAC opponents ) , finished in second place in the MAC , and outscored their opponents , 237 to 187 . The team played its home games at Waldo Stadium in Kalamazoo , Michigan .   The team 's statistical leaders included Jay McDonagh with 1,974 passing yards , Dave Madsen with 571 rushing yards , and Andre Wallace with 599 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "18th_Street_NW_(Washington,_D.C.)", "title": "18th Street NW (Washington, D.C.)", "headings": "", "text": "18th Street Northwest is a prominent north -- south street thoroughfare in the Northwest quadrant of Washington , D.C.   The `` 18th Street '' roadway was part of the 1791 L'Enfant Plan for Washington by Pierre Charles L'Enfant .   In the present day 18th Street also travels through downtown Washington and the Dupont Circle and Mount Pleasant neighborhoods . It is also one of the main streets in the Adams Morgan neighborhood ; the other is Columbia Road .   It passes through the Strivers ' Section Historic District in the Dupont Circle neighborhood . Many bars , nightclubs , and restaurants are located on 18th Street in Adams Morgan , and on weekends it is frequently congested with cars and pedestrians , especially at last call ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_NHL_season", "title": "1985–86 NHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 -- 86 NHL season was the 69th season of the National Hockey League . This season saw the league 's Board of Governors introduce the Presidents ' Trophy , which would go to the team with the best overall record in the NHL regular season . The Edmonton Oilers would be the first winners of this award .   The Montreal Canadiens defeated the Calgary Flames four games to one in the final series to win the Stanley Cup ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Slovenian_Second_League", "title": "1992–93 Slovenian Second League", "headings": "", "text": "The season started on 23 August 1992 and ended on 20 June 1993 .   Each team played a total of 30 matches ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Philadelphia_Flyers_season", "title": "1972–73 Philadelphia Flyers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 -- 73 Philadelphia Flyers season was the Philadelphia Flyers ' sixth season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Flyers earned the nickname `` Broad Street Bullies '' en route to their first winning season and first playoff series victory , beating the Minnesota North Stars , before losing in the semifinals to the Montreal Canadiens ."}
{"_id": "1996_Summer_Olympics", "title": "1996 Summer Olympics", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Summer Olympics , known officially as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad and unofficially as the Centennial Olympic Games , was a major international multi-sport event that took place in Atlanta , Georgia , United States , from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 . A record 197 nations , all current IOC member nations , took part in the Games , comprising 10,318 athletes . The International Olympic Committee voted in 1986 to separate the Summer and Winter Games , which had been held in the same year since 1924 , and place them in alternating even-numbered years , beginning in 1994 . The 1996 Summer Games were the first to be staged in a different year from the Winter Games . Atlanta became the fifth American city to host the Olympic Games and the third to hold a Summer Olympic Games ."}
{"_id": "1913_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1913 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Dorothea Lambert Chambers defeated Winifred McNair 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 in the All Comers ' Final , and then defeated the reigning champion Ethel Larcombe by a walkover in the Challenge Round to win the Ladies ' Singles tennis title at the 1913 Wimbledon Championships ."}
{"_id": "1976_Little_League_World_Series", "title": "1976 Little League World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The Little League World Series took place between August 23 and August 27 in Williamsport , Pennsylvania . The Chofu Little League of Tokyo , Japan defeated the Campbell Little League of Campbell , California in the championship game of the 30th Little League World Series .   This was the first LLWS to put the International and US teams on different sides of the bracket ."}
{"_id": "1948_All_England_Badminton_Championships", "title": "1948 All England Badminton Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 All England Championships was a badminton tournament held at the Harringay Arena , London , England from 4 -- 9 March 1948 ."}
{"_id": "-minu", "title": "-minu", "headings": "", "text": "- minu ( pronounced `` meenoo '' ) , actually Hans-Peter Hammel , ( born June 16 , 1947 in Basel ) is a Swiss journalist . He hosted a cooking show , Kuchiklatsch ."}
{"_id": "(S)-2-hydroxy-fatty-acid_dehydrogenase", "title": "(S)-2-hydroxy-fatty-acid dehydrogenase", "headings": "", "text": "In enzymology , a ( S ) -2 - hydroxy-fatty-acid dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   ( S ) -2 - hydroxystearate + NAD + 2-oxostearate + NADH + H +   Thus , the two substrates of this enzyme are ( S ) -2 - hydroxystearate and NAD + , whereas its 3 products are 2-oxostearate , NADH , and H + .   This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases , specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD + or NADP + as acceptor . The systematic name of this enzyme class is ( S ) -2 - hydroxystearate : NAD + oxidoreductase . Other names in common use include dehydrogenase , L-2-hydroxy fatty acid , L-2-hydroxy fatty acid dehydrogenase , and 2-hydroxy fatty acid oxidase ."}
{"_id": "1985_in_archaeology", "title": "1985 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1985 in archaeology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1832_in_Norway", "title": "1832 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1982_National_Invitation_Tournament", "title": "1982 National Invitation Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 National Invitation Tournament was the 1982 edition of the annual NCAA college basketball competition ."}
{"_id": "1983_in_Dutch_television", "title": "1983 in Dutch television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Dutch television related events from 1983 ."}
{"_id": "1872_Columbia_football_team", "title": "1872 Columbia football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1872 Columbia football team represented Columbia University in the 1872 college football season . They finished with a 1 -- 2 -- 1 record ."}
{"_id": "1956_AFC_Asian_Cup", "title": "1956 AFC Asian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 AFC Asian Cup was the inaugural tournament of the AFC Asian Cup . The final tournament was held in Hong Kong from 1 September to 15 September 1956 . It was won by South Korea ."}
{"_id": "1970_Gediz_earthquake", "title": "1970 Gediz earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Gediz earthquake ( also known as the 1970 Kütahya-Gediz earthquake ) struck western Turkey on 28 March at about 23:05 local time . The shock had a moment magnitude of 7.2 .   The event killed 1,086 people and left 1,260 people wounded and many thousands homeless in Gediz . a district of Kütahya Province situated 98 km southeast of Kütahya . Many people were burned alive as fires broke out from overturned stoves , and 9,452 buildings in the region were severely damaged or destroyed .   The town of Gediz , home to repeated natural disasters like earthquakes and floods , was relocated following a government resolution soon after the destruction to a new place 7 km away on the road to Uşak under the name `` Yeni Gediz '' ( literally : New Gediz ) . The residents moved in their newly built , earthquake-resistant homes . Neighboring towns and villages were also rebuilt at places with relative minimum earthquake risk .   Other major earthquakes occurred in Gediz in 1866 and 1896 , and on June 25 , 1944 , at 07:20 local time , a magnitude 6.0 earthquake occurred in Gediz , killing 20 people and damaging around 3,500 buildings ."}
{"_id": "1899–1900_Bucknell_Bison_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1899–1900 Bucknell Bison men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1899 -- 1900 Bucknell Bison men 's basketball team represented Bucknell University during the 1899 -- 00 college men 's basketball season . The team had finished with an overall record of 6 -- 3 ."}
{"_id": "1971_Michigan_State_Spartans_football_team", "title": "1971 Michigan State Spartans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Michigan State Spartans football team represented Michigan State University in the 1971 Big Ten Conference football season . In their 18th season under head coach Duffy Daugherty , the Spartans compiled a 6 -- 5 overall record ( 5 -- 3 against Big Ten opponents ) and finished in a tie for third place in the Big Ten Conference .   Four Spartans were selected by either the Associated Press ( AP ) or the United Press International ( UPI ) as first-team players on the 1971 All-Big Ten Conference football team : running back Eric Allen ( AP-1 , UPI-1 ) ; offensive guard Joe DeLamielleure ( AP-1 , UPI-1 ) ; defensive tackle Ron Curl ( AP-1 , UPI-1 ) ; and defensive back Brad Van Pelt ( AP-1 , UPI-1 ) ."}
{"_id": "1998_Pulitzer_Prize", "title": "1998 Pulitzer Prize", "headings": "", "text": "A listing of the Pulitzer Prize award winners for 1998 :"}
{"_id": "1844_in_paleontology", "title": "1844 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1939_Northwestern_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1939 Northwestern Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 Northwestern Wildcats team represented Northwestern University during the 1939 Big Ten Conference football season . In their fifth year under head coach Pappy Waldorf , the Wildcats compiled a 3 -- 4 -- 1 record ( 3 -- 2 -- 1 against Big Ten Conference opponents ) and finished in fifth place in the Big Ten Conference ."}
{"_id": "1980–81_Detroit_Red_Wings_season", "title": "1980–81 Detroit Red Wings season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1915_SMU_Mustangs_football_team", "title": "1915 SMU Mustangs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 SMU Mustangs football team represented the Southern Methodist University during the 1915 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1955–56_USM_Alger_season", "title": "1955–56 USM Alger season", "headings": "", "text": "In the 1955 -- 56 season , USM Alger competed in the Second Division for the 19th season French colonial era , as well as the Forconi Cup . They competed in Second Division , Forconi Cup , and the Coupe de France ."}
{"_id": "1948_Air_France_Latécoère_631_disappearance", "title": "1948 Air France Latécoère 631 disappearance", "headings": "", "text": "On 1 August 1948 , a Latécoère 631 of Air France went missing over the Atlantic Ocean , killing all 52 people on board . The accident led to the withdrawal of the Latécoère 631 from service by Air France . It was the deadliest aircraft accident in the Atlantic Ocean at the time and also the deadliest suffered by that type of aircraft ."}
{"_id": "1909_in_aviation", "title": "1909 in aviation", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of aviation-related events from 1909 :"}
{"_id": "1923_New_York-Pennsylvania_League_season", "title": "1923 New York-Pennsylvania League season", "headings": "", "text": "The New York -- Pennsylvania League season was the league 's first season of play . The Williamsport Billies became the New York -- Pennsylvania League 's ( Now Eastern League ) first champions by having the best record at the end of the regular season . The New York -- Pennsylvania League played at the Class B Level during this season ."}
{"_id": "1999_Elite_League_speedway_season", "title": "1999 Elite League speedway season", "headings": "", "text": "The Elite League is the top division of speedway in the United Kingdom and governed by the Speedway Control Board ( SCB ) , in conjunction with the British Speedway Promoters ' Association ( BSPA ) ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_IIHF_Continental_Cup", "title": "1999–2000 IIHF Continental Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The Continental Cup 1999 -- 2000 was the third edition of the IIHF Continental Cup . The season started on September 24 , 1999 , and finished on December 28 , 1999 .   The tournament was won by HC Ambrì-Piotta , who won the final group ."}
{"_id": "1993_IMSA_GT_Championship", "title": "1993 IMSA GT Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Camel GT Championship and Exxon Supreme GT Championship seasons were the 23rd season of the IMSA GT Championship auto racing series . It was the final year of the Camel GTP and Camel Lights prototype categories before they were replaced with the World Sports Car ( WSC ) class of prototypes the following year . WSC class cars were allowed to participate , but did not score points toward any championships . Grand Tourer-style racing cars were also raced and ran in the GTS , GTO , and GTU classes . An Invitiational GT class was also used for cars which did not comply with IMSA 's regulations . It began January 30 , 1993 , and ended October 3 , 1993 , after eleven rounds ."}
{"_id": "1988–89_Serie_A", "title": "1988–89 Serie A", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988-89 season of Serie A was won by Inter Milan , who won the title comfortably by an 11-point margin over runners-up Napoli . AC Milan 's triumph in the European Cup meant that Italy would be entering two teams - both the two giant Milan sides - into the European Cup for the 1989-90 season . Going down to Serie B , meanwhile , were Torino , Pescara , Pisa and Como ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_NBA_season", "title": "1998–99 NBA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 NBA season was the 53rd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Due to a lockout , the season did not start until February 5 , 1999 , after a new six-year Collective Bargaining Agreement was reached between the NBA and the National Basketball Players Association . All 29 teams played a shortened 50-game regular season schedule - 61 % of the regular 82 games - and the 16 teams who qualified for the playoffs played a full post-season schedule . That season 's All-Star Game was also canceled . The season ended with the San Antonio Spurs winning the franchise 's first NBA championship , beating the New York Knicks 4 games to 1 in the 1999 NBA Finals ."}
{"_id": "1964_Currie_Cup", "title": "1964 Currie Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Currie Cup was the 28th edition of the Currie Cup , the premier domestic rugby union competition in South Africa .   The tournament was won by for the 20th time ."}
{"_id": "1993_Latvian_Higher_League", "title": "1993 Latvian Higher League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 season in the Latvian Higher League , named Virslīga , was the third domestic competition since the Baltic nation gained independence from the Soviet Union on 6 September 1991 . Ten teams competed in this edition , with Skonto FC claiming the title ."}
{"_id": "1975_Commercial_Union_Assurance_Masters_–_Singles", "title": "1975 Commercial Union Assurance Masters – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Ilie Năstase won the singles title at the 1975 Commercial Union Assurance Masters tennis tournament after defeating Björn Borg in the final 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Nationalliga_A_season", "title": "1992–93 Nationalliga A season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992-93 Nationalliga A season was the 55th season of the Nationalliga A , the top level of ice hockey in Switzerland . 10 teams participated in the league , and EHC Kloten won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Leicester_City_F.C._season", "title": "1972–73 Leicester City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1972 -- 73 English football season , Leicester City F.C. competed in the Football League First Division ."}
{"_id": "1952_Albanian_Superliga", "title": "1952 Albanian Superliga", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Albanian Superliga in the 1952 season ."}
{"_id": "1947–48_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "title": "1947–48 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 -- 48 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in November 1947 and concluded with the 1948 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 20 , 1948 at the Broadmoor Ice Palace in Colorado Springs , Colorado . This was the 1st season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 54th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team . In 1947 there were quasi-official guidelines separating major and minor football programs across the NCAA , but no such determinations had been made for ice hockey teams . Even among the universities that played ice hockey , no such distinctions were even attempted until the mid-1960s . While the Division I level of the NCAA would not be an official designation until 1973 , it is referred to as such here for clarity and continuity .   As this was the first time a National Championship was held , it is considered ( unofficially ) the first season of NCAA Division I ice hockey as it is the first time that any college teams would have to conform to NCAA regulations regarding recruitment , scholarship , eligibility , etc. . . The tournament was , itself , born out of a desire to definitively decide the best collegiate team in the country . With only a handful of universities even playing ice hockey ( indoor ice rinks were a relatively new and expensive creation ) and even less playing a decent amount of games each year only four teams were selected to play in the tournament ."}
{"_id": "1993_Arkansas_Razorbacks_football_team", "title": "1993 Arkansas Razorbacks football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas during the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season . The win over Alabama was later awarded by the NCAA via forfeit ."}
{"_id": "1202_Syria_earthquake", "title": "1202 Syria earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1202 Syria earthquake struck at about dawn on 20 May 1202 ( 598 AH ) with an epicenter in southwestern Syria . Up to 1,100,000 deaths have been associated with this earthquake , although other estimates are much smaller . It was felt over a very wide area , from Sicily to Mesopotamia and Anatolia to upper Egypt , mostly affecting the Ayyubid Sultanate and the Kingdom of Jerusalem . The cities of Tyre , Acre and Nablus were heavily damaged . A magnitude of Ms = 7.6 has been estimated with damage up to XI on the Mercalli intensity scale ."}
{"_id": "1652_in_India", "title": "1652 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1652 in India ."}
{"_id": "1975_NCAA_Division_III_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1975 NCAA Division III Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 NCAA Division III Basketball Tournament was the first annual single-elimination tournament to determine the men 's collegiate basketball national champion of National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division III . The tournament field included 30 teams and took place during March 1975 , with the national championship rounds taking place in Reading , Pennsylvania .   LeMoyne -- Owen defeated Glassboro State , 57 -- 54 , to win their first national championship ."}
{"_id": "1998_VFL_season", "title": "1998 VFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Victorian Football League season was the 117th season of the Australian rules football competition . The premiership was won by the Springvale Football Club , after it defeated Werribee by 38 points in the Grand Final on 20 September . It was Springvale 's fourth top division premiership , and the third of four premierships it won in the five years from 1995 to 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1946–47_FA_Cup_qualifying_rounds", "title": "1946–47 FA Cup qualifying rounds", "headings": "", "text": "The FA Cup 1946 -- 47 is the 66th season of the world 's oldest football knockout competition ; The Football Association Challenge Cup , or FA Cup for short . The large number of clubs entering the tournament from lower down the English football league system meant that the competition started with a number of preliminary and qualifying rounds . The 25 victorious teams from the Fourth Round Qualifying progressed to the First Round Proper ."}
{"_id": "1935_USC_Trojans_football_team", "title": "1935 USC Trojans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California ( USC ) in the 1935 college football season . In their 11th year under head coach Howard Jones , the Trojans compiled a 5 -- 7 record ( 2 -- 4 against conference opponents ) , finished in eighth place in the Pacific Coast Conference , and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 155 to 124 ."}
{"_id": "1982_USC_Trojans_football_team", "title": "1982 USC Trojans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California ( USC ) in the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their seventh year under head coach John Robinson , the Trojans compiled a 8 -- 3 record ( 5 -- 2 against conference opponents ) , finished in a tie for third place in the Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10 ) , and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 302 to 143 .   Quarterback Sean Salisbury led the team in passing , completing 82 of 142 passes for 1,062 yards with six touchdowns and five interceptions . Todd Spencer led the team in rushing with 141 carries for 596 yards and eight touchdowns . Jeff Simmons led the team in receiving yards with 56 catches for 973 yards and five touchdownss ."}
{"_id": "'Imran_ibn_Shahin", "title": "'Imran ibn Shahin", "headings": "", "text": "` Imran ibn Shahin ( died 979 ) was a Nabataean and the founder of a state in the Batihah marshlands in the 10th century . His reign was marked by decades of struggle against the Buyids of Iraq ."}
{"_id": "1987_Topps", "title": "1987 Topps", "headings": "", "text": "This a list with brief descriptions of Topps trading card products for 1987 . All sets listed are standard size ( 2 1/2 × 3 1/2 inches ) unless noted ."}
{"_id": "1961_Iowa_Hawkeyes_football_team", "title": "1961 Iowa Hawkeyes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1961 Big Ten Conference football season . This was Jerry Burns ' first season as head coach ."}
{"_id": "1993_Florida_State_vs._Notre_Dame_football_game", "title": "1993 Florida State vs. Notre Dame football game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Florida State vs. Notre Dame Game was a regular season college football game between the unbeaten Florida State Seminoles ( ranked # 1 in the nation ) , and the unbeaten Notre Dame Fighting Irish ( ranked # 2 in the nation ) . The game took place at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend , Indiana on the campus of the University of Notre Dame . The game is one of the 20th-century college football games to be coined a `` Game of the Century . ''"}
{"_id": "1949_Sugar_Bowl", "title": "1949 Sugar Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 edition to the Sugar Bowl featured the third-ranked and the fifth-ranked Oklahoma Sooners .   In the first quarter , Oklahoma scored on a 1-yard Mitchell touchdown run as the Sooners jumped out to a 7 -- 0 lead . North Carolina answered with a 2-yard touchdown run from Rodgers as the score became 7 -- 6 . In the third quarter , Oklahoma scored on an 8-yard touchdown run from Pearson . Oklahoma won the game , 14 -- 6 . Oklahoma 's `` General '' Jack Mitchell was named Sugar Bowl MVP ."}
{"_id": "1950_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1950 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 64th staging of Ireland 's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition .   Mayo won their second All-Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1993_Duke_Blue_Devils_football_team", "title": "1993 Duke Blue Devils football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Duke Blue Devils football team represented the Duke Blue Devils of Duke University during the 1993 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1969_East_Tennessee_State_Buccaneers_football_team", "title": "1969 East Tennessee State Buccaneers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 East Tennessee State Buccaneers football team completed an undefeated season , going 10 -- 0 -- 1 and capturing the Ohio Valley Conference championship . This is the only undefeated season and the last conference championship for the program . The team capped off the season by defeating Louisiana Tech and NFL Hall of Fame quarterback Terry Bradshaw in the Grantland Rice Bowl ."}
{"_id": "1951–52_St._John's_Redmen_basketball_team", "title": "1951–52 St. John's Redmen basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 -- 52 St. John 's Redmen basketball team represented St. John 's University during the 1951 -- 52 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The team was coached by Frank McGuire in his fifth year at the school . St. John 's home games are played at DeGray Gymnasium in Brooklyn , New York and Madison Square Garden and the team is a member of the Metropolitan New York Conference ."}
{"_id": "1983_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series", "title": "1983 NASCAR Winston Cup Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 NASCAR Winston Cup Season is the 35th season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 12th modern-era Cup series season . The season began on Sunday February 20 and ended on Sunday November 20 . Bobby Allison was Winston Cup champion at the end of the season finishing 47 points ahead of Darrell Waltrip . Sterling Marlin was named NASCAR Rookie of the Year ."}
{"_id": "1997_USISL_A-League", "title": "1997 USISL A-League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 USISL A-League was an American Division II league run by the United Systems of Independent Soccer Leagues during the summer of 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1957_New_Zealand_rugby_league_season", "title": "1957 New Zealand rugby league season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 New Zealand rugby league season was the 50th season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand ."}
{"_id": "1990s_in_music", "title": "1990s in music", "headings": "", "text": "For music from a year in the 1990s , go to 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99   Popular music in the 1990s saw the continuation of teen pop and dance-pop trends which had emerged in the 1970s and 1980s . Furthermore , hip hop grew and continued to be highly successful in the decade , with the continuation of the genre 's golden age . Aside from rap , reggae , contemporary R&B and urban music in general remained extremely popular throughout the decade ; urban music in the late-1980s and 1990s often blended with styles such as soul , funk and jazz , resulting in fusion genres such as new jack swing , neo-soul , hip hop soul and g-funk which were popular .   Similarly to the 1980s , rock music was also very popular in the 1990s , yet , unlike the new wave and glam metal-dominated scene of the time , grunge , Britpop , industrial rock and other alternative rock music emerged and took over as the most popular of the decade , as well as punk rock , ska punk and nu metal , amongst others , which attained a high level of success at different points throughout the years . Electronic music , which had risen in popularity in the 1980s , grew highly popular in the 1990s ; house and techno from the 1980s rose to international success in this decade , as well as new electronic dance music genres such as trance , happy hardcore , drum and bass , intelligent dance and trip hop . In Europe , Eurodance , Bubblegum dance and Europop music were highly successful , while also finding some international success . The decade also featured the rise of contemporary country music as a major genre , which had started in the 1980s .   It 's difficult to gauge the lasting impact of 1990s music in popular culture . A 2010 European survey conducted by the digital broadcaster Music Choice , interviewing over 11,000 participants , rated the 1990s as the second best tune decade in the last 50 years , while participants of an American land line survey rated the 1990s quite low , with only 8 % declaring it as best decade in music ."}
{"_id": "1970–71_Czechoslovak_First_League", "title": "1970–71 Czechoslovak First League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Czechoslovak First League in the 1970/1971 season ."}
{"_id": "1_Lacertae", "title": "1 Lacertae", "headings": "", "text": "1 Lacertae ( 1 Lac ) is a solitary star in the northern constellation of Lacerta . It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent magnitude of 4.15 . Based upon measurements by the Hipparcos spacecraft , this star is located at a distance of roughly 420 light years . A stellar classification of K3II-III suggests this is an evolved giant star . It has expanded to an estimated 51 times the radius of the Sun . The effective temperature of 4,350 K for the stellar atmosphere gives it the orange-hued glow of a K-type star ."}
{"_id": "1981_IPSC_Handgun_World_Shoot", "title": "1981 IPSC Handgun World Shoot", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 IPSC Handgun World Shoot V held in Johannesburg , South Africa , was the 5th Handgun World Shoot , and was won by Ross Seyfried of United States , using a relatively stock firearm compared to the highly tuned firearms of many other shooters . Well known in the U.S. , Ross had previously won the 1978 U.S. National Championship , and was member of the US National Team who placed second in the previous 1979 World Shoot . The 1981 championship showed the Americans return with a vengeance when both Ross Seyfried took the individual World Title and the US National Team took gold in the team classification ."}
{"_id": "1875_in_Portugal", "title": "1875 in Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1875 in Portugal . There were 455,000 registered voters in the country ."}
{"_id": "1551_Argelander", "title": "1551 Argelander", "headings": "", "text": "1551 Argelander , provisional designation , is a main belt asteroid discovered on February 24 , 1938 , by Yrjö Väisälä at the Iso-Heikkilä Observatory in Turku , Finland .   It is named after Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander ( 1799 -- 1875 ) , author of the famous Bonner Durchmusterung and 19th-century head of the ancient observatory at Turku . The lunar crater Argelander is also named after him ."}
{"_id": "1982–83_Bahraini_Premier_League", "title": "1982–83 Bahraini Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Bahraini Premier League in the 1982/1983 season ."}
{"_id": "1882_in_France", "title": "1882 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1882 in France ."}
{"_id": "1958_Tangerine_Bowl_(January)", "title": "1958 Tangerine Bowl (January)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Tangerine Bowl ( January ) was an American college football bowl game played following the 1957 season , on January 1 , 1958 , at the Tangerine Bowl stadium in Orlando , Florida . The game pitted the Mississippi Southern Golden Eagles ( today 's Southern Miss ) and the East Texas State Lions ( now Texas A&M University -- Commerce ) . It was the first of two Tangerine Bowls played in calendar year 1958 ."}
{"_id": "1981_NCAA_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1981 NCAA Division I Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 NCAA Division I Basketball Tournament involved 48 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men 's NCAA Division I college basketball . It began on March 12 , 1981 , and ended with the championship game on March 30 in Philadelphia . A total of 48 games were played , including a national third place game ( the last in the NCAA Tournament ) . It was also the last tournament to be televised on NBC , before CBS took over the following year . Additionally , it was the last season in which the NCAA sponsored championships only in men 's sports ; the first Division I Women 's Tournament would be played the following year .   Indiana , coached by Bob Knight , won the national title with a 63 -- 50 victory over North Carolina , coached by Dean Smith . Isiah Thomas of Indiana was named the Tournament 's Most Outstanding Player ."}
{"_id": "1993_Madrid_bombings", "title": "1993 Madrid bombings", "headings": "", "text": "The Madrid bombings were car bomb attacks carried out by the armed Basque separatist group ETA in Madrid , Spain on 21 June 1993 , which killed 7 people and injured a further 29 . The target was an army vehicle transporting members of the army . The dead included four Lieutenant colonels , a Commander , a Sergeant and the civilian driver of the vehicle . This was ETA 's deadliest attack of 1993 ."}
{"_id": "1993_Amílcar_Cabral_Cup", "title": "1993 Amílcar Cabral Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Amílcar Cabral Cup was held in Freetown , Sierra Leone ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Parma_A.C._season", "title": "1990–91 Parma A.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 season was Parma Associazione Calcio 's 78th in Italian football and their first ever season in the Serie A . It was Nevio Scala 's second year at the club , as Parma achieved promotion the previous season , by finishing in fourth place . In their first season , they finished in sixth place , before securing a UEFA Cup spot . In the Coppa Italia , they were eliminated 2 -- 0 on aggregate by Fiorentina in the second round , after two legs ."}
{"_id": "1954–55_Soviet_League_season", "title": "1954–55 Soviet League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 -- 55 Soviet Championship League season was the ninth season of the Soviet Championship League , the top level of ice hockey in the Soviet Union . 10 teams participated in the league , and CSK MO Moscow won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_FC_Dinamo_București_season", "title": "1972–73 FC Dinamo București season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972-73 season was FC Dinamo Bucureşti 's 24th season in Divizia A. With a new manager , Ion Nunweiller , Dinamo competed with Universitatea Craiova for the championship until the last day , winning the title after a defeat suffered by Craiova away at UTA . In the Romanian Cup , Dinamo was eliminated by the third division side Constructorul Galaţi ."}
{"_id": "1921_Washington_&_Jefferson_Presidents_football_team", "title": "1921 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team represented the Washington & Jefferson College during the 1921 college football season . Coached by Greasy Neale , went 10-0 in the regular season , defeating powerhouses Pitt , University of Detroit , and Syracuse . The 7-0 victory over rival Pitt was celebrated with a day of canceled classes and a bonfire with inspirational speeches in front of the Washington County Courthouse . As the best team from the east , W&J was invited to the 1922 Rose Bowl to play the best team from the west : the undefeated and heavily favored California Golden Bears . Some had even begun to call Cal the best team in college football history . The Red and Black could only afford to send 11 men on the cross-country trip and Robert M. Murphy had to mortgage his home to pay his way . Thus , W&J would be the last Rose Bowl team to play the same 11 men the entire game . During the train ride to Pasadena , in which Greasy Neale continued to prepare his men , Lee Spillers caught pneumonia and could not finish the journey . Luckily , Ross `` Bucky '' Buchannan , a reserve player who had stowed away on the train and was fed smuggled sandwiches during the trip , was available to fill Buchannan 's roster spot .   Cal had outscored their opponents that season by a margin of 312 -- 33 ; nevertheless , the W&J defense held the Golden Bears ' potent offense , led by Brick Muller , to no points , 2 first downs , no completed passes , and only 49 yards rushing . In one of the most disputed plays in Rose Bowl history , a rushing touchdown for W&J was overturned for an offside penalty called on Wayne Brenkert . On another play , W&J 's Hal Erickson slipped and fell on his way to scoring a sure touchdown . The contest ended in a scoreless draw . The game was notable as the last time a `` small school '' would be represented in the Rose Bowl . W&J 's team featured two Rose Bowl firsts : Herb Kopf was the first freshman to play and Charlie `` Pruner '' West was the first African American to play quarterback . W&J 's team captain , Russ Stein , was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame in 1991 . The Red and Black finished the season with a share of the `` mythical national championship , '' as determined by the Boand System ."}
{"_id": "1st_Commando_Regiment_(Australia)", "title": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st Commando Regiment ( 1 Cdo Regt ) is an Australian Army Reserve special forces unit part of Special Operations Command with an integrated structure of regular ( full-time ) soldiers and reserve ( part-time ) soldiers , which together with the full-time Australian Army 2nd Commando Regiment , provides the Commando capability to Special Operations Command . Raised in 1955 it is the oldest unit within Special Operations Command and in 2008 deployed to Afghanistan to become the first Australian Army Reserve force element on combat operations since World War II .   The primary role of 1st Commando Regiment is to provide a scalable and deployable mission command headquarters to Special Operations Command ( SOCOMD ) . In addition , the Regiment is manned , trained and equipped to provide commando force elements up to a company size , as well as providing high quality , competent individual commandos to round out , reinforce and rotate with other SOCOMD capabilities ."}
{"_id": "1868_Thersites", "title": "1868 Thersites", "headings": "", "text": "1868 Thersites , provisional designation , is a carbonaceous Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp , approximately 70 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden , on photographic plates taken by Dutch-American astronomer Tom Gehrels at the U.S. Palomar Observatory , California , on 24 September 1960 . On the same day , the group discovered another Jupiter trojan , 1869 Philoctetes .   The dark C-type asteroid is orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter 's Lagrangian point , 60 ° ahead of its orbit ( see Trojans in astronomy ) . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.7 -- 5.9 AU once every 12 years and 3 months ( 4,480 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 17 ° with respect to the ecliptic . The first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1954 , extending the asteroid 's observation arc by 6 years prior to its discovery .   In 1994 , photometric observations of this asteroid were made by Stefano Mottola at ESO 's La Silla Observatory , Chile , using the Dutch 0.9-metre Telescope . The observations were used to build a light-curve showing a rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of magnitude . According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer , the asteroid 's diameter measures 78.9 and 68.2 kilometers , respectively , with a low albedo of 0.055 for its surface . The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 , and calculates a shorter diameter of 66.9 kilometers , based on an absolute magnitude of 9.6 .   The provisional survey designation `` P-L '' stands for Palomar -- Leiden , named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory , which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar -- Leiden survey in the 1960s and 1970s . Gehrels used Palomar 's Samuel Oschin telescope ( also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope ) , and shipped the photographic plates to Cornelis and Ingrid van Houten at Leiden Observatory , where astrometry was carried out . The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand minor planets .   The Trojan asteroid is named from Greek mythology after Thersites , a Greek warrior who wanted to abandon Troy 's siege during the Trojan War and head home . The given name also refers to the fact , that the asteroid was discovered farthest from the Lagrangian point . Naming citation was published before November 1977 ."}
{"_id": "134th_Battalion_(48th_Highlanders),_CEF", "title": "134th Battalion (48th Highlanders), CEF", "headings": "", "text": "The 134th ( 48th Highlanders ) Battalion , CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War . Based in Toronto , Ontario , the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city . After sailing to England in August 1916 , the battalion was absorbed into the 12th Reserve Battalion on March 7 , 1918 . The 134th ( 48th Highlanders ) Battalion , CEF had one Officer Commanding : Lieut-Col . A. A. Miller .   The 134th Battalion is perpetuated by the 48th Highlanders of Canada ."}
{"_id": "1964_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team", "title": "1964 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1964 college football season . John Huarte was the sixth Notre Dame player to win the Heisman Trophy ."}
{"_id": "1975_Grand_National", "title": "1975 Grand National", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Grand National was the 129th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool , England , on 5 April 1975 .   The race was won by 13/2 second-favourite L'Escargot , ridden by Tommy Carberry , in a time of nine minutes and 31.1 seconds and by a distance of 15 lengths over 7/2 favourite Red Rum , who was thus denied a third consecutive win ."}
{"_id": "1969_in_Iran", "title": "1969 in Iran", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1969 in Iran ."}
{"_id": "1890_Lehigh_Engineers_football_team", "title": "1890 Lehigh Engineers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1890 Lehigh Engineers football team represented Lehigh University in the 1890 college football season . The team finished with an overall record of 6 -- 4 ."}
{"_id": "140_Gower_Street", "title": "140 Gower Street", "headings": "", "text": "140 Gower Street was the headquarters of MI5 from 1976 to 1994 . The site was acquired by the Wellcome Foundation in 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1796_in_India", "title": "1796 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1796 in India ."}
{"_id": "11th_Anniversary_Show", "title": "11th Anniversary Show", "headings": "", "text": "11th Anniversary Show may refer to :   EMLL 11th Anniversary Show  ROH 11th Anniversary Show"}
{"_id": "1996_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics", "title": "1996 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The World Cup is organised by the UCI ."}
{"_id": "1858_in_birding_and_ornithology", "title": "1858 in birding and ornithology", "headings": "", "text": "Birds described in 1858 include phainopepla , northwestern crow , red-necked crake , white-headed wood hoopoe , Wallace 's fruit-dove , Arctic warbler  George Robert Gray publishes A list of the birds , with descriptions of new species obtained by Mr. Alfred R. Wallace in the Aru and Ké Islands in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London .  Heinrich von Kittlitz publishes Denkwürdigkeiten einer Reise nach dem russischen Amerika , nach Mikronesien und durch Kamtschatka .  British Ornithologists ' Union founded .  Coenraad Jacob Temminck dies . His post at Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie is awarded to Hermann Schlegel  Expeditions   1857 -- 1860 SMS Novara Ornithology directed by Johann Zelebor .   Ongoing events  John Gould The birds of Australia ; Supplement 1851-69 . 1 vol . 81 plates ; Artists : J. Gould and H. C. Richter ; Lithographer : H. C. Richter  John Gould The birds of Asia ; 1850-83 7 vols . 530 plates , Artists : J. Gould , H. C. Richter , W. Hart and J. Wolf ; Lithographers : H. C. Richter and W. Hart"}
{"_id": "1969–70_Boston_Bruins_season", "title": "1969–70 Boston Bruins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 -- 70 Boston Bruins season was the Bruins ' 46th season in the NHL.The Bruins were coming off of a successful season in 1968 -- 69 , as they finished with a franchise record 100 points , sitting in 2nd place in the Eastern Division , however , they would lose to the Montreal Canadiens in the Eastern Division finals . This year , the Bruins would go all the way to the Final and win the Stanley Cup ."}
{"_id": "1977_Arizona_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1977 Arizona Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona in the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season . In their first season under head coach Tony Mason , the Wildcats compiled a 5 -- 7 record ( 3 -- 4 against WAC opponents ) , finished in fifth place in the WAC , and outscored their opponents , 256 to 250 . The team played its home games in Arizona Stadium in Tucson , Arizona .   The team 's statistical leaders included Marc Lunsford with 1,344 passing yards , Derriak Anderson with 568 rushing yards , and Harry Holt with 423 receiving yards . Linebacker Corky Ingraham led the team with 153 total tackles ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Kazakhstan_Cup_Final", "title": "1999–2000 Kazakhstan Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 Kazakhstan Cup Final was the 8th final of the Kazakhstan Cup . The match was contested by Kairat and Access-Golden Grain at Kazhimukan Munaitpasov Stadium in Astana . The match was played on 6 July 2000 and was the final match of the competition ."}
{"_id": "1624_in_music", "title": "1624 in music", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1624 in music involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1957_in_sports", "title": "1957 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1957 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1924_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1924 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 38th staging of Ireland 's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition . Kerry were the winners ."}
{"_id": "166th_meridian_east", "title": "166th meridian east", "headings": "", "text": "The meridian 166 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 166th meridian east forms a great circle with the 14th meridian west ."}
{"_id": "1710_Naval_Air_Squadron", "title": "1710 Naval Air Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "1710 Naval Air Squadron is a support organisation based in HM Naval Base Portsmouth that is tasked with the recovery , repair , modification and scientific support of UK military aviation . It was formed on 27 May 2010 by combining the existing Mobile Aircraft Repair Transport and Salvage Unit ( MARTSU ) , Mobile Aircraft Support Unit ( MASU ) , Naval Aircraft Materials Laboratory ( NAML ) and other smaller units .   The squadron is currently organised into three sections . The first has thirteen teams that repair and recover British military helicopters and unmanned air systems worldwide . The second , Service Modification , designs , manufactures and fits urgent operational and safety modifications to front line helicopters . The third , Materials and Monitoring , provides  technical and scientific support to British military and commercial aviation .   The unit supports worldwide operations both ashore and afloat ."}
{"_id": "1994_Women's_British_Open_Squash_Championship", "title": "1994 Women's British Open Squash Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Hi-Tec British Open Squash Championships was held at the Lambs Squash Club with the later stages being held at the Wembley Conference Centre in London from 4 -- 11 April 1994 . The event was won by Michelle Martin for the second consecutive year defeating Liz Irving in the final ."}
{"_id": "1919–20_Duke_Blue_Devils_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1919–20 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 -- 20 Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team represented Duke University during the 1919 -- 20 men 's college basketball season . The head coach was Walter Rothensies , coaching his first season with the Blue Devils . The team finished with an overall record of 10 -- 4 ."}
{"_id": "1948–49_Football_League", "title": "1948–49 Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 -- 1949 season was the 50th completed season of The Football League ."}
{"_id": "1933–34_Czechoslovak_First_League", "title": "1933–34 Czechoslovak First League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Czechoslovak First League in the 1933/1934 season ."}
{"_id": "1994_Denmark_Open_darts", "title": "1994 Denmark Open darts", "headings": "", "text": "1994 Denmark Open is a darts tournament , which took place in Denmark in 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1996_Porsche_Tennis_Grand_Prix_–_Doubles", "title": "1996 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva were the defending champions but only Zvereva competed that year with Lisa Raymond .   Raymond and Zvereva lost in the semifinals to Nicole Arendt and Jana Novotná .   Arendt and Novotná won in the final 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 against Martina Hingis and Helena Suková ."}
{"_id": "1959–60_Liga_Española_de_Baloncesto", "title": "1959–60 Liga Española de Baloncesto", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 -- 60 season was the 4th season of the Liga Española de Baloncesto . R. Madrid won their title ."}
{"_id": "1335_in_Scotland", "title": "1335 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1335 in the Kingdom of Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1994_Swedish_Football_Division_3", "title": "1994 Swedish Football Division 3", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swedish football Division 3 in season 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1894–95_Dumbarton_F.C._season", "title": "1894–95 Dumbarton F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Season 1894 -- 95 was the 22nd Scottish football season in which Dumbarton competed at national level , entering the Scottish Football League for the fifth time , and the Scottish Cup for the 22nd time ."}
{"_id": "1982_invasion_of_the_Falkland_Islands", "title": "1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands", "headings": "", "text": "On 2 April 1982 , Argentine forces launched the invasion of the Falkland Islands ( Islas Malvinas ) , beginning the Falklands War . The Argentines mounted amphibious landings , and the invasion ended with the final surrender of Government House ."}
{"_id": "1964_European_Nations'_Cup_qualifying_preliminary_round", "title": "1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 European Nations ' Cup qualifying preliminary round were the first round of qualifying competition for 1964 European Nations ' Cup . They were contested by the twenty-six teams . The winners of each of thirteen home and away ties entered the qualification first round . The matches were played in 1962 and 1963 ."}
{"_id": "1915_Ottawa_Rough_Riders_season", "title": "1915 Ottawa Rough Riders season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 Ottawa Rough Riders finished in 3rd place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 2 -- 3 record and failed to qualify for the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1965_FA_Charity_Shield", "title": "1965 FA Charity Shield", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 FA Charity Shield was the 43rd FA Charity Shield , an annual football match played between the winners of the previous season 's First Division and FA Cup competitions . The match was played on 14 August 1965 at Old Trafford , Manchester and contested by Manchester United , who had won the 1964 -- 65 First Division , and Liverpool , who had won the 1964 -- 65 FA Cup . The teams played out a 2 -- 2 draw and shared the Charity Shield ."}
{"_id": "102P/Shoemaker", "title": "102P/Shoemaker", "headings": "", "text": "102P/Shoemaker , also known as Shoemaker 1 , is a periodic comet in the solar system . It was first seen in 1984 and then again in 1991 . Images taken of it in 1999 were not recognized until 2006 when it was once again observed . It was unexpectedly dim in each of these returns ."}
{"_id": "1955_NCAA_Skiing_Championships", "title": "1955 NCAA Skiing Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 NCAA Skiing Championships were contested in Northfield , Vermont at the second annual NCAA-sanctioned ski tournament to determine the individual and team national champions of men 's collegiate alpine , cross country skiing , and ski jumping in the United States .   Denver , coached by Willy Schaeffler , repeated as national champions , topping Dartmouth in the team standings . It was the second national title for both Denver and coach Schaeffler ."}
{"_id": "1891_in_Norway", "title": "1891 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1891 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Macedonian_Second_Football_League", "title": "1992–93 Macedonian Second Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 Macedonian Second Football League was the first and inaugural season since its establishment after the Republic of Macedonia 's independence from Yugoslavia . It began in August 1992 and ended on 20 June 1993 ."}
{"_id": "1929_Imperial_Airways_Handley_Page_W.10_crash", "title": "1929 Imperial Airways Handley Page W.10 crash", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 Imperial Airways Handley Page W. 10 crash happened on 17 June 1929 when Handley Page W. 10 G-EBMT suffered an engine failure and subsequently ditched in the English Channel off Dungeness with the loss of seven lives . The aircraft was operating an international scheduled flight from Croydon to Le Bourget Airport , Paris , France ."}
{"_id": "1886_Grand_National", "title": "1886 Grand National", "headings": "", "text": "The 1886 Grand National was the 48th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool , England , on 26 March 1886 ."}
{"_id": "1968–69_Rheinlandliga", "title": "1968–69 Rheinlandliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 -- 69 Rheinlandliga was the 17th season of the highest amateur class of the Rhineland Football Association under the name of 1 . Amateurliga Rheinland . It was a predecessor of today 's Rheinlandliga ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Wessex_Football_League", "title": "1992–93 Wessex Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 Wessex Football League was the seventh season of the Wessex Football League . The league champions for the first time were A.F.C. Lymington . There was no promotion to the Southern League this season , but founder members Romsey Town were relegated .   For sponsorship reasons , the league was known as the Jewson Wessex League ."}
{"_id": "1959_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game_(second_game)", "title": "1959 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (second game)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 27th playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , the two leagues composing Major League Baseball . The game was played on August 3 , 1959 , at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles , California , home of the Los Angeles Dodgers of the NL . The game resulted in a 5 -- 3 victory for the American League . This was the second of two All-Star Games played in 1959 , the first game having been played on July 7 in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania .   This is one of only two All-Star Games to be played outside of the month of July , the other being in 1981 ."}
{"_id": "1908–09_Scottish_Division_Two", "title": "1908–09 Scottish Division Two", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 -- 09 Scottish Division Two was won by Abercorn , with Arthurlie finishing bottom ."}
{"_id": "1983_West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football_team", "title": "1983 West Virginia Mountaineers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 West Virginia Mountaineers football team represented West Virginia University in the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season . It was the Mountaineers ' 91st overall season and they competed as a Division I-A Independent . The team was led by head coach Don Nehlen , in his fourth year , and played their home games at Mountaineer Field in Morgantown , West Virginia . They finished the season with a record of nine wins and three losses ( 9 -- 3 overall ) and with a victory over Kentucky in the Hall of Fame Classic ."}
{"_id": "1915_in_Italy", "title": "1915 in Italy", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1914 in Italy ,  other events of 1915 ,  1916 in Italy .   Events from the year 1915 in Italy ."}
{"_id": "1811_in_Sweden", "title": "1811 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1811 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1988_Eagle_Pro_Box_Lacrosse_League_playoffs", "title": "1988 Eagle Pro Box Lacrosse League playoffs", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Eagle Pro Box Lacrosse League playoffs began in March 1988 with the championship on March 20 , 1988 .   3 teams made the playoffs , with the Defending Champions missing the playoffs , the new jersey saints defeated the Philadelphia Wings , in the semi-finals . then the Washington wave defeated the mnew jersey saints for their first title , this is the 2nd title given out from the league ."}
{"_id": "1955_Tour_de_France", "title": "1955 Tour de France", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 Tour de France was the 42nd Tour de France , taking place from 7 to 30 July . It consisted of 22 stages over 4495 km . The race was won by Louison Bobet , the last of his three consecutive wins ."}
{"_id": "1994_French_Open_–_Men's_Doubles", "title": "1994 French Open – Men's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Luke and Murphy Jensen were the defending champions , but they were defeated in the third round by The Woodies .   Byron Black and Jonathan Stark won the championship , defeating the Swedes Jan Apell and Jonas Björkman in the final . It was the first Grand Slam title for the pair , despite Black reaching the World No. 1 ranking earlier this year ."}
{"_id": "1978–79_SM-liiga_season", "title": "1978–79 SM-liiga season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 -- 79 SM-liiga season was the fourth season of the SM-liiga , the top level of ice hockey in Finland . 10 teams participated in the league , and Tappara Tampere won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1946_in_France", "title": "1946 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1946 in France ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Aberdeen_F.C._season", "title": "1972–73 Aberdeen F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1963_Syracuse_Grand_Prix", "title": "1963 Syracuse Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Syracuse Grand Prix was a motor race , run to Formula One rules , held on 25 April 1963 at Syracuse Circuit , Sicily . The race was run over 56 laps of the circuit , and was won easily by Swiss driver Jo Siffert in a Lotus 24 ."}
{"_id": "1974_Astro-Bluebonnet_Bowl", "title": "1974 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl was an American college football bowl game that was played on December 23 , 1974 at the Astrodome in Houston , Texas . It was the sixteenth edition of the Bluebonnet Bowl . The game matched the against the NC State Wolfpack . It was the final contest of the 1974 NCAA Division I football season for both teams . The game ended in a 31 -- 31 tie ."}
{"_id": "1938_Pacific_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1938 Pacific Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 Pacific Tigers football team represented the College of the Pacific ( COP ) University of the Pacific ( UOP ) was known as College of the Pacific from 1911 -- 1961 . See : University of the Pacific during the 1938 college football season .   COP competed in the Far Western Conference ( FWC ) . The team was led by head coach Amos Alonzo Stagg , and played home games at Baxter Stadium in Stockton , California . This was Stagg 's 49th year as a head coach and his sixth at College of the Pacific . The Tigers finished with seven wins and three losses ( 7 -- 3 , 4 -- 0 FWC ) . Overall , the Tigers outscored their opponents 203 -- 103 for the season ."}
{"_id": "1992_Holiday_Bowl", "title": "1992 Holiday Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Holiday Bowl was a college football bowl game played December 30 , 1992 , in San Diego , California . It was part of the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season . It featured the 25th ranked Hawaii Rainbow Warriors , and the unranked Illinois Fighting Illini ."}
{"_id": "1996_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_4_×_400_metres_relay", "title": "1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 4x400 metres relay event at the 1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Sydney , Australia , at International Athletic Centre on 24 and 25 August ."}
{"_id": "1969–70_Tweede_Divisie", "title": "1969–70 Tweede Divisie", "headings": "", "text": "The Dutch Tweede Divisie in the 1969/1970 season was contested by 17 teams . sc Heerenveen won the championship and were promoted to the Eerste Divisie along with runners-up FC Wageningen ."}
{"_id": "1977–78_Scottish_Second_Division", "title": "1977–78 Scottish Second Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 -- 78 Scottish Second Division was won by Clyde who , along with second placed Raith Rovers , were promoted to the First Division . Brechin City finished bottom ."}
{"_id": "1967_Menzel", "title": "1967 Menzel", "headings": "", "text": "1967 Menzel , provisional designation , is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 10 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 1 November 1905 , by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany , and later named after American astrophysicist Donald Howard Menzel ."}
{"_id": "12_Dates_of_Christmas", "title": "12 Dates of Christmas", "headings": "", "text": "12 Dates of Christmas is a television film starring Amy Smart and Mark-Paul Gosselaar . It premiered on ABC Family on December 11 , 2011 in their 25 Days of Christmas programming block . It is directed by James Hayman ."}
{"_id": "1932_in_Northern_Ireland", "title": "1932 in Northern Ireland", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1998_Toray_Pan_Pacific_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1998 Toray Pan Pacific Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Martina Hingis was the defending champion but lost in the final 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 against Lindsay Davenport ."}
{"_id": "1558_in_Ireland", "title": "1558 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1558 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1_Leicester_Square", "title": "1 Leicester Square", "headings": "", "text": "1 Leicester Square is a British chatshow hosted by Russell Brand which ran from 2 April to 31 December 2006 on MTV UK . The show 's title was the actual address of MTV 's glass walled central London studio that overlooked the world-famous Leicester Square . It featured celebrity guests , musical entertainment and various asides featuring the presenter . The show was widely viewed as a vehicle for the comeback of Brand after his sacking from MTV in 2001 ."}
{"_id": "1987_Donnay_Indoor_Championships_–_Singles", "title": "1987 Donnay Indoor Championships – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Mats Wilander was the defending champion .   Wilander successfully defended his title , defeating John McEnroe 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1904–05_FAHL_season", "title": "1904–05 FAHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 -- 05 Federal Amateur Hockey League ( FAHL ) season lasted from December 31 , 1904 , until March 3 . Teams played an eight-game schedule ."}
{"_id": "1906_Vanderbilt_Cup", "title": "1906 Vanderbilt Cup", "headings": "", "text": "Just like the 1906 Vanderbilt Elimination Race , this race was stopped as the crowd invaded the course ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Derby_County_F.C._season", "title": "1997–98 Derby County F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 English football season was Derby County 's second consecutive season in the FA Premier League ( known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons ) ."}
{"_id": "1915_in_Denmark", "title": "1915 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1915 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1859_in_Ireland", "title": "1859 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1859 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1981–82_Seattle_SuperSonics_season", "title": "1981–82 Seattle SuperSonics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981-82 NBA season was the SuperSonics ' 15th season in the NBA ."}
{"_id": "1891_in_literature", "title": "1891 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1891 ."}
{"_id": "150145_Uvic", "title": "150145 Uvic", "headings": "", "text": "150145 Uvic ( 1996 BH1 ) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on January 23 , 1996 , by David D. Balam at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory . The Asteroid is named for the University of Victoria ."}
{"_id": "1997_Premier_League_speedway_season", "title": "1997 Premier League speedway season", "headings": "", "text": "The Premier League is the second division of speedway in the United Kingdom and governed by the Speedway Control Board ( SCB ) , in conjunction with the British Speedway Promoters ' Association ( BSPA ) ."}
{"_id": "1840s_in_association_football", "title": "1840s in association football", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the association football events in the 1840s decade . All events are English unless specified otherwise ."}
{"_id": "1982–83_Montreal_Canadiens_season", "title": "1982–83 Montreal Canadiens season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 -- 83 Montreal Canadiens season was the team 's 74th season . The season involved being eliminated in the Adams Division semi-finals vs the Buffalo Sabres 3 games to 0 ."}
{"_id": "1951–52_Indiana_Hoosiers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1951–52 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 -- 52 Indiana Hoosiers men 's basketball team represented Indiana University . Their head coach was Branch McCracken , who was in his 11th year . The team played its home games in The Fieldhouse in Bloomington , Indiana , and was a member of the Big Ten Conference .   The Hoosiers finished the regular season with an overall record of 16 -- 6 and a conference record of 9 -- 5 , finishing 4th in the Big Ten Conference . Indiana was not invited to participate in any postseason tournament ."}
{"_id": "1997_Dutch_Open_(tennis)", "title": "1997 Dutch Open (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Dutch Open was an ATP-tournament held in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The tournament was held from July 28 to August 3 . Ctislav Doseděl won his first title of the year , and the third of his career ."}
{"_id": "1964–65_Galatasaray_S.K._season", "title": "1964–65 Galatasaray S.K. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 -- 65 season was Galatasaray 's 61st in existence and the 7th consecutive season in the 1 . Lig . This article shows statistics of the club 's players in the season , and also lists all matches that the club have played in the season ."}
{"_id": "1992_in_Ireland", "title": "1992 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1992 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1925–26_Campeonato_de_Portugal", "title": "1925–26 Campeonato de Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 -- 26 Campeonato de Portugal was the 5th edition of the Portuguese football knockout tournament , organized by the Portuguese Football Federation ( FPF ) . The 1925 -- 26 Campeonato de Portugal began on the 9 May 1926 . The final was played on the 6 June 1926 at the Campo do Ameal .   Porto were the previous holders , having defeated Sporting 2 -- 1 in the previous season 's final . Marítimo defeated Belenenses , 2 -- 0 in the final to win their first Campeonato de Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1st_Battalion,_Parachute_Regiment", "title": "1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st Battalion , Parachute Regiment ( 1 PARA ) , forms the United Kingdom 's Special Forces Support Group ( SFSG ) .   An airborne light infantry unit , the battalion has since 2006 been the main contributor of manpower to the Special Forces Support Group ( SFSG ) and is capable of a wide range of operations . Personnel regularly deploy outside of the United Kingdom on operations and training .   All personnel complete the Pre Parachute Selection ( P Company ) course at the Infantry Training Centre Catterick Garrison , North Yorkshire ( previously at Aldershot , Hampshire ) .   1 PARA is permanently attached to the SFSG . Once selected , they receive further training on additional weapons , communications equipment and specialist assault skills . All men within the Parachute Regiment can expect to serve with the SFSG on rotation . This ensures that the advanced military skills taught to the SFSG are maintained in the other two regular battalions .   Under Army 2020 , it is expected that 1 PARA will remain as part of the SFSG ."}
{"_id": "1981–82_Women's_IHF_Cup", "title": "1981–82 Women's IHF Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 -- 82 Women 's IHF Cup was the inaugural edition of the competition , taking place between 1981 and 7 May 1982 . Eleven teams from Belgium , France , East Germany , West Germany , Hungary the Netherlands , Norway , Romania , the Soviet Union , Sweden and Yugoslavia took part in it . RK Trešnjevka won the trophy by beating Egle Vilnius by a minimal difference in a two-legged final ."}
{"_id": "1928_Lancashire_Cup", "title": "1928 Lancashire Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1928 Lancashire Cup was the 21st running of this regional rugby league competition . Wigan took the trophy for the 6th time , by beating Widnes by 5-4 in the final played at Wilderspool , Warrington . The attendance was 19,000 and receipts # 1,150 ."}
{"_id": "1966–67_Liga_Española_de_Baloncesto", "title": "1966–67 Liga Española de Baloncesto", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 -- 67 season was the 11th season of the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto . Juventud de Badalona won its first league title ever ."}
{"_id": "1975_Queen's_Birthday_Honours_(Australia)", "title": "1975 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)", "headings": "", "text": "The Queen 's Birthday Honours 1975 for Australia were appointments to recognise and reward good works by citizens of Australia and other nations that contribute to Australia . The Birthday Honours are awarded as part of the Queen 's Official Birthday celebrations and were announced on 17 June 1975 in Australia .   The recipients of honours are displayed as they were styled before their new honour and arranged by honour with grades and then divisions i.e. Civil , Diplomatic and Military as appropriate .   † indicates an award given posthumously ."}
{"_id": "'48_Smallholders_Party", "title": "'48 Smallholders Party", "headings": "", "text": "The '48 Smallholders Party ( 48-as Kisgazda Párt , 48KGP ) was a political party in Hungary during the early 1920s ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_Serie_A", "title": "1986–87 Serie A", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 -- 87 Serie A season ended with S.S.C. Napoli doing the `` domestic double '' , winning their first Scudetto and third Coppa Italia , spurred on by their talismanic captain Diego Maradona , who had also just played a key part in World Cup glory for his home country of Argentina .   Juventus , Inter Milan , Hellas Verona and AC Milan all qualified for the 1987/1988 UEFA Cup , while Brescia , Atalanta and Udinese were all relegated to Serie B.   Atalanta B.C. , while being relegated to Serie B , had the unusual distinction of also qualifying for the 1987/1988 Cup Winners ' Cup as 1986/1987 Coppa Italia runners-up ."}
{"_id": "1997_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Cup", "title": "1997 Commonwealth of Independent States Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Commonwealth of Independent States Cup was the fifth edition of the competition between the champions of former republics of Soviet Union . It was won by Dynamo Kyiv second time in a row ."}
{"_id": "108th_Air_Defense_Artillery_Brigade_(United_States)", "title": "108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade is an air defense artillery brigade of the United States Army . The mission of the brigade is to train and maintain a strategic crisis response air defense artillery brigade capable of deploying worldwide , on short notice , to provide air defense force protection from air-breathing threats and tactical ballistic missiles , as well as allow freedom of maneuver for XVIII Airborne Corps operations ."}
{"_id": "1991_Deutsche_Tourenwagen_Meisterschaft", "title": "1991 Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft season was the eighth season of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft ( German Touring Car Championship ) . The season had twelve rounds with two races each ."}
{"_id": "1954–55_Allsvenskan", "title": "1954–55 Allsvenskan", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Allsvenskan in season 1954/1955 ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_U.S._Foggia_season", "title": "1991–92 U.S. Foggia season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1991 -- 92 English football season , U.S. Foggia competed in Serie A."}
{"_id": "1905_Tour_de_France", "title": "1905 Tour de France", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 Tour de France was the third edition of the Tour de France , held from 9 to 30 July , organized by the newspaper L'Auto . Following the disqualifications after the 1904 Tour de France , there were changes in the rules , the most important one being the general classification not made by time but by points . The race saw the introduction of mountains in the Tour de France , and René Pottier excelled in the first mountain , although he could not finish the race .  Due in part to some of the rule changes , the 1905 Tour de France had less cheating and sabotage than in previous years , though they were not completely eliminated . It was won by Louis Trousselier , who also won four of the eleven stages ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_FA_Cup", "title": "1996–97 FA Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 FA Cup was the 116th season of the world 's oldest knockout cup competition , The Football Association cup or FA Cup . The tournament started in August 1996 for clubs from non-league football and the competition proper started in October 1996 for teams from the Premier League and the Football League . The tournament was won by Chelsea with a 2-0 victory over Middlesbrough in the final at Wembley stadium ."}
{"_id": "(heparan_sulfate)-glucosamine_3-sulfotransferase_2", "title": "(heparan sulfate)-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 2", "headings": "", "text": "In enzymology , a -LSB- heparan sulfate -RSB- - glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 2 is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   3 ' - phosphoadenylyl sulfate + -LSB- heparan sulfate -RSB- - glucosamine adenosine 3 ' ,5 ' - bisphosphate + -LSB- heparan sulfate -RSB- - glucosamine 3-sulfate   Thus , the two substrates of this enzyme are 3 ' - phosphoadenylyl sulfate and heparan sulfate-glucosamine , whereas its two products are adenine 3 ' ,5 ' - bis-phosphate and heparin sulfate-glucosamine 3-sulfate .   This enzyme belongs to the family of transferences , specifically the transformer , which transfer sulfur-containing groups . The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3 ' - phosphorylation-sulfate : -LSB- heparin sulfate -RSB- - glucose 3-nontransferable . Other names in common use include glucose 3-O-nontransferable , heparin sulfate D-glucose 3-O-nontransferable , and formalism/isomerism 2 ( 3-OAT-2 , HST ) . This enzyme participates in heparin sulfate biosynthesis and glycogen structures - biosynthesis 1 ."}
{"_id": "1995_Pan_Pacific_Swimming_Championships_–_Men's_50_metre_freestyle", "title": "1995 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 50 metre freestyle", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 50 metre freestyle competition at the 1995 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 13 at the Georgia Tech Aquatic Center . The last champion was Jon Olsen of US .   This race consisted of one length of the pool in freestyle ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_North_West_Counties_Football_League", "title": "1998–99 North West Counties Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 North West Counties Football League season was the 17th in the history of the North West Counties Football League , a football competition in England . Teams were divided into two divisions : Division One and Division Two ."}
{"_id": "(33001)_1997_CU29", "title": "(33001) 1997 CU29", "headings": "", "text": ", also written as ( 33001 ) 1997 CU29 is a cubewano . It has a perihelion ( closest approach to the Sun ) at 41.660 AU and an aphelion ( farthest approach from the Sun ) of 45.134 AU . is about 211 km in diameter . It was discovered on February 6 , 1997 , by David C. Jewitt , Jane X. Luu , Chad Trujillo , and Jun Chen at the Mauna Kea Observatory , Hawaii ."}
{"_id": "18th_Manitoba_Legislature", "title": "18th Manitoba Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The members of the 18th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in June 1927 . The legislature sat from December 1 , 1927 , to May 7 , 1932 .   The Progressive Party of Manitoba led by John Bracken formed the government .   Fawcett Taylor of the Conservatives was Leader of the Opposition .   The Minimum Wage Act , which previously only applied to female workers , was amended to include male workers under the age of 18 . The minimum wage was $ 0.25 per hour .   Philippe Adjutor Talbot served as speaker for the assembly .   There were five sessions of the 18th Legislature :   Theodore Arthur Burrows was Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba until January 18 , 1929 , when James Duncan McGregor became lieutenant governor ."}
{"_id": "1973_Missouri_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1973 Missouri Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Big Eight Conference ( Big 8 ) during the 1973 NCAA Division I football season . The team compiled a 8 -- 4 record ( 3 -- 4 against Big 8 opponents ) , finished in fifth place in the Big 8 , and outscored opponents by a combined total of 219 to 152 . Al Onofrio was the head coach for the third of seven seasons . The team played its home games at Faurot Field in Columbia , Missouri .   The team 's statistical leaders included Tommy Reamon with 610 rushing yards , John Cherry with 743 passing yards and 895 yards of total offense , Mark Miller with 256 receiving yards , and Greg Hill with 63 points scored ."}
{"_id": "1994_Vuelta_a_España", "title": "1994 Vuelta a España", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Vuelta a España was the 49th edition of the Vuelta a España , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . The Vuelta started on April 25 with a short 9 km prologue around the Spanish city of Valladolid . The race came to a close on May 15 with a flat stage that stretched from Palazuelos de Eresma to the Spanish capital of Madrid . Seventeen teams entered the race , which was won by Tony Rominger of the team . Second and third respectively were the Spanish riders Mikel Zarrabeitia and Pedro Delgado .   Tony Rominger became the first rider to win the Vuelta a España three consecutive times . Amongst the race 's other classifications , Laurent Jalabert of the team won the points classification , rider Luc Leblanc won the mountains classification , Mauro Radaelli of the Brescialat team won the intermediate sprints classification , and Amore & Vita rider Alessio Di Basco won the special sprints classification . finished as the winners of the team classification , which ranked each of the twenty teams contesting the race by lowest cumulative time ."}
{"_id": "1973_Paris_Air_Show_crash", "title": "1973 Paris Air Show crash", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Paris Air Show crash was the crash of the second production Tupolev Tu-144 at Goussainville , Val-d'Oise , France , which killed all six crew and eight people on the ground . The crash , at the Paris Air Show on 3 June 1973 , damaged the development program of the Tupolev Tu-144 . One theory is that a French Mirage jet sent to photograph the aircraft without the knowledge of the Soviet crew caused the pilots to take evasive manoeuvers , resulting in the crash . Another theory is that in a rivalry with the Anglo-French Concorde , the pilots attempted a maneuver that was beyond the capabilities of the aircraft ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Stoke_City_F.C._season", "title": "1992–93 Stoke City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 season was Stoke City 's 86th season in the Football League and 4th in the third tier now known as the Second Division following the formation of the Premier League .   After a successful 1991 -- 92 season which saw Stoke win the Football League Trophy and reach the play-offs the team went one better in 1992 -- 93 as they claimed the Second Division title in fine style breaking the club 's unbeaten record after going 25 league matches without defeat . Stoke collected 93 points from 138 on offer and racked up an impressive +39 goal difference as the club returned to the second tier ."}
{"_id": "1850s_in_sociology", "title": "1850s in sociology", "headings": "", "text": "The following events related to sociology occurred in the 1850s ."}
{"_id": "1964_FIBA_Europe_Under-18_Championship", "title": "1964 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship was an international basketball competition held in Italy in 1964 ."}
{"_id": "1997_Fed_Cup_World_Group_II_Play-offs", "title": "1997 Fed Cup World Group II Play-offs", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 World Group II Play-offs were four ties which involved the losing nations of the World Group II and four nations from the three Zonal Group I competitions . Nations that won their play-off ties entered the 1998 World Group II , while losing nations joined their respective zonal groups ."}
{"_id": "1970–71_Copa_del_Generalísimo", "title": "1970–71 Copa del Generalísimo", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 -- 71 Copa del Generalísimo is the 69th staging of the Spanish Cup . The competition began on October 14 , 1970 , and concluded on July 4 , 1971 , with the final ."}
{"_id": "1997_UCI_Road_World_Championships_–_Men's_time_trial", "title": "1997 UCI Road World Championships – Men's time trial", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's time trial at the 1997 UCI Road World Championships was held on Thursday October 9 , 1997 , in San Sebastián , Spain , over 43.8 km ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_Hong_Kong_First_Division_League", "title": "1952–53 Hong Kong First Division League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Hong Kong First Division League in the 1952/1953 season ."}
{"_id": "1879_in_literature", "title": "1879 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1879 ."}
{"_id": "1740_in_Ireland", "title": "1740 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1740 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1968_in_France", "title": "1968 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1968 in France"}
{"_id": "1999–2000_FIBA_Saporta_Cup", "title": "1999–2000 FIBA Saporta Cup", "headings": "", "text": "1999 -- 2000 FIBA Saporta Cup season was a tournament organized by FIBA Europe . It occurred between September 21 , 1999 , and April 11 , 2000 . The final was held at Lausanne , Switzerland ."}
{"_id": "18th_PP_National_Congress", "title": "18th PP National Congress", "headings": "", "text": "The 2017 PP congress -- officially the 18th PP National Congress -- was held between 14 November 2016 and 12 February 2017 . The congress slogan was `` Spain , forward '' ( España , adelante ) . Mariano Rajoy was re-elected for a fourth consecutive term in office with 95.7 % of the delegate vote ."}
{"_id": "1996_Miami_Dolphins_season", "title": "1996 Miami Dolphins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Miami Dolphins season was the team 's 31st as a member of the National Football League . The Dolphins failed to improve upon their previous season 's output of 9 -- 7 , winning only eight games . The team failed to qualify for the postseason ."}
{"_id": "1998_Australian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1998 Australian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Albert Park street circuit in inner Melbourne on 8 March 1998 at 14:00 AEDT ( UTC +10 ) . It was the 63rd race in the combined history of the Australian Grand Prix that dates back to the 100 Miles Road Race of 1928 . It was the first of the sixteen races of the 1998 Formula One season and held over 58 laps of the 5.3 kilometre street circuit and the sixth to be held on the Albert Park venue first used in 1953 , or the third since the new circuit first hosted the race in 1996 .   The race was dominated by the McLaren-Mercedes team and won by Mika Häkkinen over his team mate David Coulthard in controversial circumstances . WilliamsF1 driver Heinz-Harald Frentzen finished third . The race also represented the first win for Japanese tyre manufacturer Bridgestone in Formula One and the first race since the 1991 Canadian Grand Prix not won by Goodyear . Johnny Herbert scored his only point of the season ."}
{"_id": "1928_in_film", "title": "1928 in film", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of films that were released in 1928 . Although some movies released in 1928 had sound , most were still silent ."}
{"_id": "1967_Sugar_Bowl", "title": "1967 Sugar Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Sugar Bowl , part of the 1966 bowl game season , took place on January 2 , 1967 , at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans , Louisiana . The competing teams were the Alabama Crimson Tide , representing the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) , and the Nebraska Cornhuskers , representing the Big Eight Conference ( Big 8 ) . Alabama won the game 34 -- 7 ."}
{"_id": "1120s_BC", "title": "1120s BC", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "11th_New_York_Light_Artillery", "title": "11th New York Light Artillery", "headings": "", "text": "11th New York Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1991_Spengler_Cup", "title": "1991 Spengler Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Spengler Cup was held in Davos , Switzerland between December 26 , 1991 , and December 31 , 1991 . All matches were played at HC Davos 's home arena , Eisstadion Davos . The final was won 5-2 by CSKA Moscow over HC Lugano ."}
{"_id": "1910_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships", "title": "1910 UCI Track Cycling World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling . They took place in Brussels , Belgium from 17 to 25 July 1910 . Four events for men were contested , two for professionals and two for amateurs ."}
{"_id": "1886_Open_Championship", "title": "1886 Open Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1886 Open Championship was the 26th Open Championship , held 5 November at the Musselburgh Links , Musselburgh , East Lothian , Scotland . David Brown won by two strokes from Willie Campbell .   The contest consisted of four rounds of the nine-hole course . There were 42 entries , including seven amateurs . Horace Hutchinson and Johnny Laidlay were the two leading amateurs playing . Local Musselburgh professionals dominated the field , providing 19 of the professional entries .   Brown and John Lambert led after the first round , both scoring 38 . Lambert and Willie Campbell led after two rounds on 78 , with Brown on 79 with Willie Fernie and Ben Campbell . Brown had an excellent 37 in the third round and took a one-stroke lead over Willie Campbell . They both fared badly at the 3rd hole , where Brown took 7 and Campbell took 8 . Campbell was ahead in the final round until he took seven at the 5th , having been bunkered twice on the hole . Eventually Brown finished two ahead of Campbell , finishing with two threes to Campbell 's two fours . Willie Park , Jr. finished strongly , but his chances were ruined by taking 34 on the first six holes of his first round ."}
{"_id": "1275_in_poetry", "title": "1275 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "13th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron_(disambiguation)", "title": "13th Troop Carrier Squadron (disambiguation)", "headings": "", "text": "13th Troop Carrier Squadron may refer to :  The 913th Air Refueling Squadron , designated the 13th Troop Carrier Squadron from July 1942 to October 1946 .  The 13th Reconnaissance Squadron , designated the 13th Troop Carrier Squadron , Medium from June 1952 to April 1953 ."}
{"_id": "1968_in_literature", "title": "1968 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1968 ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Purdue_Boilermakers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1999–2000 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1984_California_Angels_season", "title": "1984 California Angels season", "headings": "", "text": "The California Angels 1984 season involved the Angels finishing 2nd in the American League west with a record of 81 wins and 81 losses ."}
{"_id": "1924_in_Ireland", "title": "1924 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1924 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1605", "title": "1605", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "...Ish_(album)", "title": "...Ish (album)", "headings": "", "text": "... ish is the debut album by Australian pop rock band 1927 , released on 4 December 1988 , which peaked at number one for four weeks in early 1989 on the ARIA Albums Chart . The album remained in the top 50 for 46 weeks and reached No. 2 on the 1989 ARIA Year End Albums Chart . The album was awarded 5 × platinum certification -- for shipment of more than 350,000 copies . At the ARIA Music Awards of 1989 , 1927 won ` Breakthrough Artist - Single ' for `` That 's When I Think of You '' and ` Breakthrough Artist - Album ' for ... ish . At the 1990 ceremony the group won ` Best Video ' for `` Compulsory Hero '' , which was directed by Geoff Barter . In 1999 rock music historian , Ian McFarlane , described the album as `` brimful of stirring , stately pop rock anthems '' . As of 2002 , it was in the top 10 of the most successful debut albums by Australian artists ."}
{"_id": "1908_Országos_Bajnokság_I_(men's_water_polo)", "title": "1908 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)", "headings": "", "text": "1908 Országos Bajnokság I ( men 's water polo ) was the fifth waterpolo championship in Hungary . There was only one participant , who thus won the champion without any match ."}
{"_id": "1941_theatre_strike_in_Norway", "title": "1941 theatre strike in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "The theatre strike in Norway in 1941 was a conflict between Norwegian actors and Nazi authorities , during the German occupation of the country . The strike involved theatres in the cities of Oslo , Bergen and Trondheim . The strike started on 21 May 1941 , as a response to the revocation of working permits for six actors , after they had refused to perform in the Nazified radio . It lasted for five weeks ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Colonial_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1991–92 Colonial Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991-92 Colonial Hockey League season was the first season of the Colonial Hockey League , a North American minor professional league . Five teams participated in the regular season , and the Thunder Bay Thunder Hawks won the league title ."}
{"_id": "1992_LPGA_Championship", "title": "1992 LPGA Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 LPGA Championship was the 38th LPGA Championship , played May 14 -- 17 at Bethesda Country Club in Bethesda , Maryland , a suburb northwest of Washington , D.C.   Betsy King won the fifth of her six major titles , eleven strokes ahead of runners-up JoAnne Carner , Liselotte Neumann , and Karen Noble . She led by five strokes after 54 holes , and her victory margin was the largest to date , passing Patty Sheehan 's ten-stroke win in 1984 , and it stood until 2010 . King was the first to card all four rounds in the sixties in an LPGA major ; it was her only win at the LPGA Championship .   This was the third of four consecutive LPGA Championships at Bethesda Country Club ."}
{"_id": "1918_in_chess", "title": "1918 in chess", "headings": "", "text": "Events in chess in 1918"}
{"_id": "1992_in_Japanese_football", "title": "1992 in Japanese football", "headings": "", "text": "Japanese football in 1992"}
{"_id": "1966_Academy_Awards", "title": "1966 Academy Awards", "headings": "", "text": "1966 Academy Awards may refer to :   38th Academy Awards , the Academy Awards ceremony that took place in 1966  39th Academy Awards , the 1967 ceremony honoring the best in film for 1966"}
{"_id": "1993–94_Primeira_Divisão", "title": "1993–94 Primeira Divisão", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 Primeira Divisão was the 60th edition of top flight of Portuguese football . It started on 22 August 1993 with a match between Estoril-Praia and Beira-Mar , and ended on 2 June 1994 . The league was contested by 18 clubs with Porto as the defending champions .   Benfica won their 30th league title and qualified for the 1994 -- 95 UEFA Champions League group stage . Porto qualified for the 1994 -- 95 European Cup Winners ' Cup first round , and Sporting CP , Boavista and Marítimo qualified for the 1994 -- 95 UEFA Cup ; in opposite , Paços de Ferreira , Famalicão and Estoril-Praia were relegated to the Liga de Honra . Yekini was the top scorer with 21 goals ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Serie_B", "title": "1972–73 Serie B", "headings": "", "text": "This article contains information on the 1972-1973 season of Serie B , the second highest football league in Italy ."}
{"_id": "1985_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_–_Women's_Giant_Slalom_and_Super_G", "title": "1985 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's Giant Slalom and Super G", "headings": "", "text": "Women 's Giant Slalom and Super G World Cup 1984/1985   This was the third and last year , when Giant Slalom and Super G were counted together in one World Cup ."}
{"_id": "1912_Mercer_Baptists_football_team", "title": "1912 Mercer Baptists football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1912 Mercer Baptists football team represented Mercer University in the 1912 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1915_Syracuse_Orangemen_football_team", "title": "1915 Syracuse Orangemen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1915 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1985_Bandy_World_Championship", "title": "1985 Bandy World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Bandy World Championship was contested between as many as five men 's bandy playing nations , more than ever before , as the United States entered the championship for the first time . The championship was played in Norway from 3 February-10 February 1985 . The Soviet Union became champions ."}
{"_id": "1575_in_India", "title": "1575 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1575 in India ."}
{"_id": "1985_Grand_Prix_de_Tennis_de_Toulouse", "title": "1985 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse was a men 's tennis tournament played on Indoor Carpet in Toulouse , France that was part of the Regular Series of the 1985 Grand Prix tennis circuit . It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from 7 October -- 13 October ."}
{"_id": "1965_Australian_Touring_Car_Championship", "title": "1965 Australian Touring Car Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Australian Touring Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing title open to Group C Improved Production Touring Cars . It was contested over a single 40-lap race staged at Sandown Raceway in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia on 11 April 1965 . It was the sixth Australian Touring Car Championship title to be awarded and the first to be contested by cars complying with Group C regulations .   The championship was won by Norm Beechey , driving a Ford Mustang . It was the first ATCC victory for a V8-engined car and the first of five ATCC titles won by drivers of Ford Mustangs . It was Beechey 's first of two Australian Touring Car Championship wins ."}
{"_id": "1884_in_Scotland", "title": "1884 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1884 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1954_Kent_State_Golden_Flashes_football_team", "title": "1954 Kent State Golden Flashes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 Kent State Golden Flashes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State University in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1954 college football season . In their ninth season under head coach Trevor J. Rees , the Golden Flashes compiled an 8 -- 2 record ( 4 -- 1 against MAC opponents ) , finished in second place in the MAC , lost to Delaware in the Refrigerator Bowl , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 331 to 130 .   The team 's statistical leaders included Lou Mariano with 1,037 rushing yards , Bob Stimac with 434 passing yards , and Bill Whitley with 239 receiving yards . Offensive tackle Joe Barbee was selected as a first-team All-MAC player ."}
{"_id": "16th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China", "title": "16th Politburo of the Communist Party of China", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Politburo of the Communist Party of China was elected by the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on November 15 , 2002 ."}
{"_id": "1914_college_football_season", "title": "1914 college football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1914 NCAA football season had no clear-cut champion , with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing Army , Illinois , and Texas as having been selected national champions . Only Illinois claims a national championship for the 1914 season ."}
{"_id": "1871_Chicago_White_Stockings_season", "title": "1871 Chicago White Stockings season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1871 Chicago White Stockings season was the 2nd season of the Chicago White Stockings franchise , the 1st in the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players and the 1st at Union Base-Ball Grounds .   With the debut of the first professional baseball league , the National Association , the Chicago franchise joined up as the `` White Stockings . '' The team went 19 -- 9 and finished second in the league standings . Pitcher George Zettlein started all 28 of Chicago 's games and led the NA with a 2.73 earned run average .   Near the end of the season , the team lost its stadiums and equipment when the Great Chicago Fire hit the city . The team was able to finish out the season on the road , but had to drop out of the league while the city attempted to recover . The team would not resurface until 1874 ."}
{"_id": "10-hydroxytaxane_O-acetyltransferase", "title": "10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase", "headings": "", "text": "In enzymology , a 10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   acetyl-CoA + 10-desacetyltaxuyunnanin C CoA + taxuyunnanin C   Thus , the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and 10-desacetyltaxuyunnanin C , whereas its two products are CoA and taxuyunnanin C.   This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases , specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups . The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA : taxan-10beta-ol O-acetyltransferase . This enzyme is also called acetyl coenzyme A : 10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase ."}
{"_id": "1747_in_science", "title": "1747 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1747 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1930_Rose_Bowl", "title": "1930 Rose Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 Rose Bowl was the 16th Rose Bowl game , an American post-season college football game that was played on New Year 's Day 1930 in Pasadena , California . It featured the Pittsburgh Panthers against the USC Trojans ."}
{"_id": "1937_Kentucky_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1937 Kentucky Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the Kentucky Wildcats of the University of Kentucky during the 1937 college football season ."}
{"_id": "14th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron", "title": "14th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 53d Fighter Group at Sioux City Municipal Airport , Iowa , where it was inactivated on 1 April 1960 .   The squadron was first activated in 1941 as the 14th Fighter Squadron . It served in the air defense of the Panama Canal from 1942 until 1943 , when it returned to the United States and was a training unit until it was disbanded in a general reorganization of Army Air Forces training units in the spring of 1944 . From 1947 through 1949 the 14th served as an Air Reserve unit ."}
{"_id": "1994_OTB_International_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1994 OTB International Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Bernd Karbacher and Andrei Olhovskiy were the defending champions , but Olhovskiy did not participate this year . Karbacher partnered Alex Antonitsch , losing in the semifinals .   Jan Apell and Jonas Björkman won the title , defeating Jacco Eltingh and Paul Haarhuis 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1765_in_France", "title": "1765 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1765 in France"}
{"_id": "1999_Caribbean_Cup", "title": "1999 Caribbean Cup", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1950_Detroit_Titans_football_team", "title": "1950 Detroit Titans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Detroit Titans football team represented the University of Detroit in the 1950 college football season . Detroit outscored its opponents by a combined total of 226 to 143 and finished with a 6 -- 3 -- 1 record in its sixth year under head coach Chuck Baer ."}
{"_id": "1989_in_architecture", "title": "1989 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1989 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings ."}
{"_id": "1969_Iowa_highway_renumbering", "title": "1969 Iowa highway renumbering", "headings": "", "text": "On January 1 , 1969 , the Iowa State Highway Commission , now known as the Iowa Department of Transportation , renumbered several state highways . The changes to the highway system fixed a number of issues : creating continuous route numbers across state lines , removing duplicate route numbers where they were unnecessary , and extending route numbers in some locations . Twenty-six sections of highway were assigned new route numbers , duplicate route numbers were removed on eleven sections , and one route number was extended to another section ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Orlando_Magic_season", "title": "1996–97 Orlando Magic season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 NBA season was the Magic 's eighth season in the National Basketball Association . After losing Shaquille O'Neal via free agency to the Los Angeles Lakers in the offseason , the Magic acquired Rony Seikaly from the Golden State Warriors while signing free agents Gerald Wilkins and Derek Strong . Early into the season , the Magic played two games against the New Jersey Nets in Tokyo , Japan . Head coach Brian Hill was fired 49 games into the season after a 24 -- 25 start , and Anfernee Hardaway was generally blamed for leading a player revolt that resulted in his dismissal . Hill was replaced with Richie Adubato for the remainder of the season as the Magic finished third in the Atlantic Division with a 45 -- 37 record . Hardaway was selected for the 1997 NBA All-Star Game , despite playing just 59 games due to injury .   In the first round of the playoffs , the Magic lost in five games to the Miami Heat . As of 2017 , this was the only time that both teams from Florida ever faced each other in the NBA Playoffs . Following the season , Dennis Scott was traded to the Dallas Mavericks after a meltdown at a basketball camp during the summer , and Brian Shaw was dealt to the Golden State Warriors ."}
{"_id": "1960–61_Austrian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1960–61 Austrian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 -- 61 Austrian Hockey League season was the 31st season of the Austrian Hockey League , the top level of ice hockey in Austria . Six teams participated in the league , and EV Innsbruck won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1996_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season", "title": "1996 NCAA Division I-A football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season ended with the Florida Gators crowned National Champions , but not as unanimously as the Bowl Alliance would have hoped .   Florida defeated Florida State in the Sugar Bowl , which was the designated National Championship that year . Florida had faced Florida State earlier in the year , when they were ranked # 1 and # 2 , and lost . Were it not for Texas beating Nebraska , then # 3 , in the first ever Big 12 Championship Game , Florida would n't have even been in the bowl game .   And even once they were there , it was n't certain a victory would mean a national championship . The Rose Bowl game featured # 2 Arizona State and # 4 Ohio State . Florida St. and Arizona St. were the only unbeatens going into bowl season , so a Rose Bowl victory would give the Sun Devils a legitimate chance on winning the title . This scenario looked plausible as Arizona State 's Jake Plummer scored with 1:40 left to play in the game , making the score 17-14 . But Ohio State 's backup quarterback Joe Germaine marched down the field to pull out a heart stopping 20-17 win .   On the one hand , this meant the national title game the following night would produce an incontrovertible champion . On the other hand , it left doubt to whether or not Ohio State deserved a stake in the national title , as evidenced by the team 's 1 1/2 first place votes in the final AP poll . The Pac-10 and Big Ten could no longer afford to hold on to tradition while the rest of the country wanted a clear national champion . Reading the writing on the wall , they would soon join the national championship series with the other major conferences .   The Big 12 ( Big 8 + 4 SWC members in Texas , Texas A&M , Texas Tech , and Baylor ) would begin play as a two division conference , with Oklahoma and Oklahoma State joining the South Division , breaking up the classic Nebraska -- Oklahoma rivalry , but renewing the Texas-Oklahoma rivalry , known as the Red River Shootout . The first football game in conference play was between Texas Tech and Kansas State . Kansas State won by a score of 21 -- 14 .   There was a large controversy when # 5 BYU was robbed of a spot in a Bowl Alliance game , as they were snubbed in favor of lower ranked teams from Bowl Alliance conferences . This would spur Congress into action , and would eventually be a reason the BCS polls were created .   The 1996 season was also notable as it marked the end of ties in college football , as an overtime system was put into place across all of Division I-A . The 1995 season had overtime rules , but only for postseason games ."}
{"_id": "1960_New_Zealand_Grand_Prix", "title": "1960 New Zealand Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 New Zealand Grand Prix was a motor race held at the Ardmore Circuit on 9 January 1960 ."}
{"_id": "1553_in_Ireland", "title": "1553 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1553 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1_Night_in_China", "title": "1 Night in China", "headings": "", "text": "1 Night in China is a pornographic movie featuring professional wrestling personalities Sean Waltman and Joanie Laurer , which was released by Red Light District Video in 2004 . While Waltman and Laurer were engaged at the time they filmed the movie , they broke up before it was released . Laurer , who died in April 2016 , subsequently made several pornographic films , beginning with Another Night in China in 2009 , which is considered to be a sequel to 1 Night in China ."}
{"_id": "1977_Skate_Canada_International", "title": "1977 Skate Canada International", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Skate Canada International was held in Moncton , New Brunswick on October 27 -- 29 . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , and ice dancing ."}
{"_id": "1150s_in_architecture", "title": "1150s in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "__ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1992_Piruetten", "title": "1992 Piruetten", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Piruetten was the Piruetten competition of the 1992 -- 1993 figure skating season and a senior-level competition . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies singles , pair skating , and ice dancing ."}
{"_id": "1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings", "title": "1919 United States anarchist bombings", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 United States anarchist bombings were a series of bombings and attempted bombings carried out by anarchist followers of Luigi Galleani from April through June 1919 . These bombings led to the Red Scare of 1919 -- 20 ."}
{"_id": "1939_Colorado_Buffaloes_football_team", "title": "1939 Colorado Buffaloes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 Colorado Buffaloes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1939 college football season . Head coach Bunny Oakes led the team to a 5 -- 1 mark in the MSC and 5 -- 3 overall . This was the program 's first year in the Mountain States Conference ."}
{"_id": "19th_World_Scout_Jamboree", "title": "19th World Scout Jamboree", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th World Jamboree ( Spanish : 19º Jamboree Scout Mundial ) in Chile , the first ever in South America , took place at a 7400 acre site in the foothills of the Andes , some 38 mi south of the capital city of Santiago . For 11 days , from 27 December 1998 , to 6 January 1999 , approximately 31,000 Scouts and leaders from nearly every Scout association in the world assembled for this 4-yearly event ."}
{"_id": "1996_WTA_German_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1996 WTA German Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Amanda Coetzer and Inés Gorrochategui were the defending champions but only Coetzer competed that year with Lori McNeil .   Coetzer and McNeil lost in the semifinals to Meredith McGrath and Larisa Neiland .   McGrath and Neiland won in the final 6 -- 1 , 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 against Martina Hingis and Helena Suková ."}
{"_id": "1917–18_Dumbarton_F.C._season", "title": "1917–18 Dumbarton F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Season 1917 -- 18 was the 41st Scottish football season in which Dumbarton competed at national level , entering the Scottish Football League for the 19th time ."}
{"_id": "1329_Eliane", "title": "1329 Eliane", "headings": "", "text": "1329 Eliane , provisional designation , is a stony asteroid and a potentially slow rotator from the middle region of the asteroid belt , approximately 20 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 23 March 1933 , by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium . It was named after the daughter of astronomer Paul Bourgeois ."}
{"_id": "1994_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_200_metres", "title": "1994 European Athletics Championships – Men's 200 metres", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Men 's 200 metres event at the 1994 European Championships in Helsinki , Finland , held at Helsinki Olympic Stadium on 10 and 11 August 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1799_in_science", "title": "1799 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1799 in science and technology involved many significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "1999_European_Athletics_U23_Championships_–_Women's_400_metres", "title": "1999 European Athletics U23 Championships – Women's 400 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 400 metres event at the 1999 European Athletics U23 Championships was held in Göteborg , Sweden , at Ullevi on 29 and 31 July 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1906–07_Manchester_United_F.C._season", "title": "1906–07 Manchester United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1906 -- 07 season was Manchester United 's 15th season in the Football League ."}
{"_id": "(E)-Stilbene", "title": "(E)-Stilbene", "headings": "", "text": "( E ) - Stilbene , ( trans-stilbene ) , is an organic compound with the formula ( C6H5CH ) 2 . Classified as a diarylethene , it features a central ethene double bond substituted with phenyl groups on each carbon atoms of the double bond . The name stilbene is derived from the Greek word stilbos , which means shining . It is a white solid that dissolves in organic solvents ."}
{"_id": "1974–75_Slovenian_Republic_League", "title": "1974–75 Slovenian Republic League", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1994_Philadelphia_Eagles_season", "title": "1994 Philadelphia Eagles season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Philadelphia Eagles season was their 62nd in the National Football League ( NFL ) . On May 6 , 1994 , the NFL approved the transfer of majority interest in the club from Norman Braman to Jeffrey Lurie . The team failed to improve upon their previous output of 8 -- 8 , winning only seven games and failing to qualify for the playoffs .   Rich Kotite 's fate as Eagles head coach was sealed after a seven-game losing streak to end the season knocked Philly from the top of the NFC at 7 -- 2 all the way to fourth place in the Eastern Division . One key injury was the season-ending broken leg suffered by linebacker Byron Evans , who was lost in game # 10 against Cleveland .   The epitome of this collapse came on Christmas Eve at Cincinnati , when the 2 -- 13 Bengals scored six points in the final seconds -- thanks in part to the recovery of a fumbled kick return -- to steal a win .   The high point of the '94 season occurred on October 2 at Candlestick Park , when the Eagles steamrolled the eventual Super Bowl winning 49ers by a 40 -- 8 count ."}
{"_id": "12th_Academy_Awards", "title": "12th Academy Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best in film for 1939 . The ceremony was held on February 29 , 1940 , at a banquet in the Coconut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles . It was hosted by Bob Hope ( in his first of nineteen turns as host ) .   David O. Selznick 's production Gone with the Wind received the most nominations of the year with thirteen . Other films receiving multiple nominations included : Mr. Smith Goes to Washington ; Wuthering Heights ; Goodbye , Mr. Chips ; Stagecoach ; Love Affair ; The Wizard of Oz ; The Rains Came ; The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex ; Ninotchka ; Of Mice and Men ; and Dark Victory .   This was the first year in which an Academy Award ( also known as an Oscar ) was awarded in the category of special effects . ( Previously , however , `` special achievement '' awards for effects had occasionally been conferred . ) This was also the first time that two awards for cinematography were presented ( one for a color film and another for a black-and-white film ) .   Hattie McDaniel became the first African-American to receive an Academy Award , winning in the Best Supporting Actress category for Gone with the Wind .   Sidney Howard became the first posthumous winner for his screenplay for Gone with the Wind ."}
{"_id": "1968–69_San_Diego_Rockets_season", "title": "1968–69 San Diego Rockets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968-69 NBA season was the Rockets ' 2nd season in the NBA ."}
{"_id": "1977_Dutch_school_hostage_crisis", "title": "1977 Dutch school hostage crisis", "headings": "", "text": "On the morning of Monday , May 23 , 1977 , four armed South-Moluccans took hostage 105 children and their five teachers at a primary school in Bovensmilde , Netherlands . At the same time nine others hijacked a train in the nearby De Punt . Both hostage crises lasted for twenty days before being ended by military interventions ."}
{"_id": "1966_Auburn_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1966 Auburn Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1966 college football season . It was the Tigers ' 75th overall and 33rd season as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team was led by head coach Ralph `` Shug '' Jordan , in his 16th year , and played their home games at Cliff Hare Stadium in Auburn and Legion Field in Birmingham , Alabama . They finished with a record of four wins and six losses ( 4 -- 6 overall , 1 -- 5 in the SEC ) ."}
{"_id": "1949–50_Liverpool_F.C._season", "title": "1949–50 Liverpool F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 -- 50 season was the 57th season in Liverpool F.C. 's existence , and ended their season eighth in the table .   They also reached the FA Cup Final but lost two-nil to Arsenal ."}
{"_id": "1930_Duke_Blue_Devils_football_team", "title": "1930 Duke Blue Devils football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 Duke Blue Devils football team represented the Duke Blue Devils of Duke University during the 1930 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1918_Boston_Red_Sox_season", "title": "1918 Boston Red Sox season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 Boston Red Sox season was the eighteenth season in the franchise 's Major League Baseball history . The Red Sox finished first in the American League ( AL ) with a record of 75 wins and 51 losses , in a season cut short due to World War I . The team then faced the National League ( NL ) champion Chicago Cubs in the 1918 World Series , which the Red Sox won in six games to capture the franchise 's fifth World Series . This would be the last World Series championship for the Red Sox until 2004 .   The Red Sox ' pitching staff , led by Carl Mays and Bullet Joe Bush , allowed the fewest runs in the league . Babe Ruth was the fourth starter and also spent significant time in the outfield , as he was the best hitter on the team , leading the AL in home runs and slugging percentage ."}
{"_id": "1945_Peruvian_Primera_División", "title": "1945 Peruvian Primera División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 season of the Primera División Peruana , the top category of Peruvian football , was played by 8 teams . The national champions were Universitario . No team was promoted or relegated ."}
{"_id": "1978_San_Jose_Earthquakes_season", "title": "1978 San Jose Earthquakes season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 San Jose Earthquakes season was the fifth for the franchise in the North American Soccer League . They finished in fourth place in  the Western Division of the American Conference ."}
{"_id": ".NET_Gadgeteer", "title": ".NET Gadgeteer", "headings": "", "text": "Microsoft . NET Gadgeteer is an open-source rapid-prototyping standard for building small electronic devices using the Microsoft . NET Micro Framework and Microsoft Visual Studio/Visual C# Express ."}
{"_id": "1948_Boston_Red_Sox_season", "title": "1948 Boston Red Sox season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Boston Red Sox season was the 48th season in the franchise 's Major League Baseball history . The Red Sox finished second in the American League ( AL ) with a record of 96 wins and 59 losses , including the loss of a one-game playoff to the Cleveland Indians after both teams had finished the regular season with identical 96 -- 58 records ."}
{"_id": "1929_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team", "title": "1929 Alabama Crimson Tide football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 Alabama Crimson Tide football team ( variously `` Alabama '' , `` UA '' or `` Bama '' ) represented the University of Alabama in the 1929 college football season . It was the Crimson Tide 's 36th overall and 8th season as a member of the Southern Conference ( SoCon ) . The team was led by head coach Wallace Wade , in his seventh year , and played their home games at Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa , at Legion Field in Birmingham and at the Cramton Bowl in Montgomery , Alabama . They finished the season with a record of six wins and three losses ( 6 -- 3 overall , 4 -- 3 in the SoCon ) .   The Crimson Tide opened the season with a 55 -- 0 victory over .  The game also marked the first for Alabama at Denny Stadium , as it replaced Denny Field as the home field for the Crimson Tide . They followed the win with consecutive victories over and Chattanooga before they traveled to Knoxville for their first road game of the season .   Against Tennessee , the Crimson Tide lost for a second year in a row , falling 6 -- 0 . A blocked punt set-up Tennessee 's touchdown and Alabama turned the ball over on downs twice inside the Volunteer ten-yard line . They rebounded the next week with a victory over Sewanee in their first Legion Field game of the season , but lost to Vanderbilt in the week that followed 13 -- 0 . Alabama then closed the season with victories over Kentucky and Georgia Tech and a loss against Georgia in the season finale ."}
{"_id": "1989_Epsom_Derby", "title": "1989 Epsom Derby", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Epsom Derby was a horse race which took place at Epsom Downs on Wednesday 7 June 1989 . It was the 210th running of the Derby , and it was won by the pre-race favourite Nashwan . The winner was ridden by Willie Carson and trained by Dick Hern ."}
{"_id": "1995_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Swimming_and_Diving_Championships", "title": "1995 NCAA Division I Men's Swimming and Diving Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 NCAA Division I Men 's Swimming and Diving Championships were contested in March 1995 at the Indiana University Natatorium in Indianapolis , Indiana at the 72nd annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of Division I men 's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States .   Michigan topped the team standings , finishing 86 points ahead of three-time defending champions Stanford . It was the Wolverines ' eleventh title but their first since 1961 . It was the first title for coach Jon Urbanchek ."}
{"_id": "17th_Meril_Prothom_Alo_Awards", "title": "17th Meril Prothom Alo Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th Meril Prothom Alo Awards ceremony , presented by Prothom Alo took place on 8 May 2015 at the Bangabandhu International Conference Center in Dhaka , Bangladesh as a part of 2014 -- 15 film awards season ."}
{"_id": "1989–90_Dynamo_Dresden_season", "title": "1989–90 Dynamo Dresden season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 -- 90 season was a hugely successful one for Dynamo Dresden , with the club retaining the league title and adding a cup win to complete the double . Their season was built largely on very strong home form , with eleven wins , one draw and one defeat at the Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion . Away from home , they were hard to beat but did n't win much either - in almost perfect symmetry , they won one , drew eleven and lost one on the road .   Despite this successful season , coach Eduard Geyer was sacked in April after the players revolted against his disciplinarian methods . He was replaced by former player Reinhard Häfner .   Torsten Gütschow 's 18 goals made him the league 's top scorer , while his strike partner Ulf Kirsten was named as East German Footballer of the Year ."}
{"_id": "1978–79_Hibernian_F.C._season", "title": "1978–79 Hibernian F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "In the 1978 -- 79 season Hibernian FC managed a fifth-place finish in the league , with notable wins of 3 -- 0 and 4 -- 0 against Motherwell tempered by a 6 -- 1 loss to Partick Thistle late in the season . In the UEFA cup they reached the second round , being beaten 2 -- 1 on aggregate by RC Stasbourg . In the Scottish cup they made the final , but ultimately after two goalless draws , they lost out to Rangers 3 -- 2 after extra time in a hotly contested second replay ."}
{"_id": "1867_in_Sweden", "title": "1867 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1867 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1049_Gotho", "title": "1049 Gotho", "headings": "", "text": "1049 Gotho , provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , approximately 53 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 14 September 1925 , by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany . The meaning of its name and what it refers to is unknown ."}
{"_id": "1930–31_Netherlands_Football_League_Championship", "title": "1930–31 Netherlands Football League Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The Netherlands Football League Championship 1930/1931 was contested by 50 teams participating in five divisions . The national champion would be determined by a play-off featuring the winners of the eastern , northern , southern and two western football divisions of the Netherlands . AFC Ajax won this year 's championship by beating Feijenoord , PSV Eindhoven , Go Ahead and Velocitas 1897 ."}
{"_id": "1950–51_Dundee_United_F.C._season", "title": "1950–51 Dundee United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950-51 season was the 43rd year of football played by Dundee United , and covers the period from 1 July 1950 to 30 June 1951 . United finished in fourth place in the Second Division ."}
{"_id": "1995_All-Southwest_Conference_football_team", "title": "1995 All-Southwest Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 All-Southwest Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Southwest Conference teams for the 1995 NCAA Division I-A football season . The selectors for the 1995 season included the Associated Press ( AP ) . The 1995 team was the final All-Southwest Conference football team due to the conference 's dissolution in 1996 .   Five teams placed multiple players on the All-Southwest Conference first team as follows :  Conference champion Texas was ranked No. 14 in the final AP Poll placed six players on the first team : quarterback and SWC Offensive Player of the Year James Brown , tight end Pat Fitzgerald , wide receive Mike Adams , offensive lineman Dan Neil , defensive back Chris Carter , and defensive lineman Tony Brackens .  Texas A&M was ranked No. 15 in the final AP Poll and also placed six players on the first team : running back and SWC All-Purpose Player of the Year Leeland McElroy , wide receiver Albert Connell , offensive lineman Hunter Goodwin , linebacker Reggie Brown , defensive back Ray Mickens , and defensive lineman Brandon Mitchell  Texas Tech was ranked No. 23 in the final AP Poll and placed three players on the first team : running back Byron Hanspard , linebacker and SWC Defensive Player of the Year Zach Thomas , and defensive back Marcus Coleman .  Fourth-place Baylor placed four players on the first team : running back and return specialist Jerod Douglas , offensive lineman Fred Miller , defensive lineman Daryl Gardner , linebacker LaCurtis Jones , and defensive back Adrian Robinson .  Fifth-place TCU placed three players on the first team : offensive lineman Ryan Tucker , defensive lineman Chris Piland , and placekicker Michael Reeder ."}
{"_id": "1949_Titleholders_Championship", "title": "1949 Titleholders Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 Titleholders Championship was contested from March 17 -- 20 at Augusta Country Club . It was the 10th edition of the Titleholders Championship .   This event was won by Peggy Kirk ."}
{"_id": "1957_lunar_eclipse", "title": "1957 lunar eclipse", "headings": "", "text": "Two total lunar eclipses occurred in 1957 :   13 May 1957 lunar eclipse  7 November 1957 lunar eclipse"}
{"_id": "1967_–_Sunshine_Tomorrow", "title": "1967 – Sunshine Tomorrow", "headings": "", "text": "1967 -- Sunshine Tomorrow is compilation album by American rock band the Beach Boys , by Capitol Records on June 30 , 2017 . It focuses on previously unreleased recordings from late 1967 , particularly sessions dedicated to the group 's 13th studio album Wild Honey ( December 1967 ) . Included is the album 's first ever complete stereo mix , various live renditions , session highlights , and additional material sourced from Smiley Smile ( September 1967 ) and the unreleased live effort Lei 'd in Hawaii , both of which immediately preceded the Wild Honey sessions ."}
{"_id": "1995_Vellore_Fort_jailbreak", "title": "1995 Vellore Fort jailbreak", "headings": "", "text": "1995 Vellore Fort jailbreak was an escape from prison in Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India on 15 August 1995 . After digging a 153 ft tunnel , 43 Tamil Tiger inmates escaped from the prison . 21 of the escapees were re-captured within weeks of the escape ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_Soviet_League_season", "title": "1976–77 Soviet League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 -- 77 Soviet Championship League season was the 31st season of the Soviet Championship League , the top level of ice hockey in the Soviet Union . 10 teams participated in the league , and CSKA Moscow won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1598_in_Scotland", "title": "1598 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1598 in the Kingdom of Scotland ."}
{"_id": "132nd_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment", "title": "132nd Indiana Infantry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 132nd Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between May 18 and September 7 , 1864 , during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1997_Conference_USA_Baseball_Tournament", "title": "1997 Conference USA Baseball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Conference USA Baseball Tournament was the 1997 postseason baseball championship of the NCAA Division I Conference USA , held at Turchin Stadium in New Orleans , Louisiana from May 13 -- 18 . defeated in the championship game , earning the conference 's automatic bid to the 1997 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament .   With the completion of Houston 's move from the Southwest Conference , the conference expanded to 10 teams in baseball . As a result , the tournament 's play-in round was expanded to include the 7th -- 10th seeds , instead of only the 8th and 9th ."}
{"_id": "1986_NCAA_Men's_Basketball_All-Americans", "title": "1986 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans", "headings": "", "text": "An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position -- who in turn are given the honorific `` All-America '' and typically referred to as `` All-American athletes '' , or simply `` All-Americans '' . Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit , the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media . Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889 . The 1986 NCAA Men 's Basketball All-Americans are honorary lists that include All-American selections from the Associated Press ( AP ) , the United States Basketball Writers Association ( USBWA ) , the National Association of Basketball Coaches ( NABC ) , and United Press International ( UPI ) for the 1985 -- 86 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . All selectors chose at least a first and second 5-man team . The AP and UPI chose third teams , while NABC selected a fourth team as well ; AP also lists honorable mention selections .   The Consensus 1986 College Basketball All-American team is determined by aggregating the results of the four major All-American teams . To earn `` consensus '' status , a player must win honors from a majority of the different All-American teams ."}
{"_id": "1922_Hammond_Pros_season", "title": "1922 Hammond Pros season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 Hammond Pros season was their third in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous output of 1 -- 3 -- 1 , losing five games . They tied for fifteenth place in the league . The team was shut out in all six of their games ."}
{"_id": "1962_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup_Final", "title": "1962 FIBA European Champions Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 FIBA European Champions Cup Final was a championship 1961 -- 62 season EuroLeague Finals basketball game that was held in Patinoire des Vernets , Geneva , Switzerland , on the 29 June 1962 , that saw Dinamo Tbilisi defeat Real Madrid , by a score 90-83 , in front of 5,000 spectators , to claim its first , and to this day , only ever EuroLeague title . It was also the first title game that was ever decided by a single game that was played on a neutral court . Only one game on a neutral court was played , due to the unstable political situation that existed at the time ."}
{"_id": "1655_Comas_Solà", "title": "1655 Comas Solà", "headings": "", "text": "1655 Comas Solà , provisional designation , is a rare-type asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt , approximately 36 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 28 November 1929 , by Spanish astronomer of Catalan origin , Josep Comas i Solà at the Fabra Observatory in Barcelona , Spain .   Comas Solà shows as rare XFU-type and B-type spectrum in the Tholen and SMASS classification scheme , respectively . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1 -- 3.4 AU once every 4 years and 8 months ( 1,693 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 10 ° with respect to the ecliptic .   A rotational light-curve obtained by American amateur astronomer Robert D. Stephens gave a rotation period of 20.456 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude . According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS , the Japanese Akari satellite , and NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , Comas Solà measures between 30.57 and 40 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.073 . More recently published revised WISE/NEOWISE-data gave a refined diameter of 35.6 and 35.94 kilomters , respectively . The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with IRAS , and adopts an albedo of 0.0726 with a diameter of 30.57 kilometers , using an absolute magnitude of 11.04 .   This minor planet was named in memory of its discoverer Josep Comas i Solà ( 1868 -- 1937 ) , first director of the discovering Fabra Observatory , Barcelona , capital of the Catalonia region in northeastern Spain . He was a prolific observer of minor planets and comets in the 1920s . It is one of the rare cases where a minor planet bears the name of its discoverer . Solà is also honored by the asteroid 1102 Pepita , named after his nickname , and by the 127-kilometer wide Martian crater Comas Sola . Naming citation was published on 1 June 1980 ."}
{"_id": "1998_FIA_GT_Championship", "title": "1998 FIA GT Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 FIA GT Championship was a motor racing competition for Grand Touring style cars competing in two categories , GT1 and GT2 , based on power and manufacturer involvement . It was the second FIA GT Championship . The championship began on 12 April 1998 and ended on 25 October 1998 after ten races .   The GT1 Drivers Championship was won by Klaus Ludwig and Ricardo Zonta with the GT2 title awarded to Olivier Beretta and Pedro Lamy . The GT1 Teams Championship was won by AMG Mercedes and the GT2 award by Viper Team Oreca ."}
{"_id": "1963_Northern_Illinois_Huskies_football_team", "title": "1963 Northern Illinois Huskies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University during the 1963 college football season . The Huskies would go undefeated during the season and won their first bowl game , the Mineral Water Bowl . The AP Poll declared Northern Illinois to be the NCAA College Division National Champions . However , the United Press International named Delaware the NCAA College Division National Champions ."}
{"_id": "1917_TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_team", "title": "1917 TCU Horned Frogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University ( TCU ) in the 1917 college football season . The Horned Frogs finished the season 8 -- 2 overall . The team was coached by Milton Daniel in his second and final year as head coach . The Frogs played their home games at Clark Field , which was located on campus in Fort Worth , Texas ."}
{"_id": "1769_in_Spain", "title": "1769 in Spain", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1769 in Spain ."}
{"_id": "1894_New_York_Giants_season", "title": "1894 New York Giants season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1894 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 12th season . The team finished second in the National League pennant race with an 88-44 record , 3 games behind the Baltimore Orioles . After the regular season 's conclusion , they participated in the first Temple Cup competition against the first-place Baltimore Orioles . The Giants won in a sweep , four games to none ."}
{"_id": "1988_Women's_British_Open_Squash_Championship", "title": "1988 Women's British Open Squash Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Hi-Tec British Open Squash Championships was held at Wembley in London from 13 -- 18 April 1988 . The event was won for the fifth consecutive year by Susan Devoy who defeated Liz Irving in the final ."}
{"_id": "1968_United_States_Olympic_Trials_(track_and_field)", "title": "1968 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)", "headings": "", "text": "The Men 's 1968 United States Olympic Trials for track and field were a two tiered event . Athletes first met for semi-final Olympic Trials in Los Angeles , from June 29 -- 30 . The final trials were held following a training camp at a specially constructed track at Echo Summit , California between September 6 -- 16 . This location was called the most bizarre location for an Olympic trials ever , used to mimic the nearly identical high altitude location for the Olympics in Mexico City . After training at Echo Summit , the race walk trials was held at a similar high altitude location of Alamosa , Colorado , 20 kilometers on September 7 and 50 kilometers on September 10 . The process was organized by the AAU . The athletes invited to the finals were selected based on the qualification at the semi-Olympic Trials .   The AccuTrak photographic fully automatic timing system was used at this meet , in anticipation of its implementation at the Olympics . Fully automatic timing became mandatory for world records in 1977 . Administrators had not yet figured out what to do with the slower automatic times so the world records at this meet were set using hand times .   The Women 's Olympic Trials were held separately under less elegant conditions in low altitude conditions at Hilmer Lodge Stadium on the Mt. San Antonio College campus in Walnut , California . The pentathlon took place in Columbia , Missouri during the AAU Championships . Both meets took place on August 24 and 25 . The tight schedule also made doubling in individual events more difficult . American resident , but Taiwanese citizen Chi Cheng was allowed to participate in the pentathlon , but her dominant performance did not displace the American athletes in the trials ."}
{"_id": "11/11/11_(Keith_Allan_film)", "title": "11/11/11 (Keith Allan film)", "headings": "", "text": "11/11/11 is a 2011 horror film and The Asylum 's `` mockbuster '' equivalent to Darren Lynn Bousman 's 11-11-11 and is also a knockoff of The Omen ."}
{"_id": "1932_California_Golden_Bears_football_team", "title": "1932 California Golden Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley during the 1932 college football season . Under head coach Bill Ingram , the team compiled an overall record of 7 -- 3 -- 2 and 2 -- 2 -- 1 in conference ."}
{"_id": "(99907)_1989_VA", "title": "(99907) 1989 VA", "headings": "", "text": "( 99907 ) 1989 VA is a very eccentric , stony asteroid and near-Earth object , about 1 kilometer in diameter . It was discovered by American astronomer couple Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker and Canadian astronomer David Levy at the U.S Palomar Observatory on Mount Palomar , California , on 2 November 1989 . It is a member of the Aten asteroid , a subgroup of near-Earth object , that are located in Venuses zone of influence . It has frequent , relatively close encounters with the Earth , as its minimum orbit intersection distance ( MOID ) is 0.16 AU or about 23 million kilometers . It was the eighth Aten asteroid discovered . Since then the number of Atens has grown to about one thousand known bodies .   The S-type asteroid -- classified as a Sq-subtype in the SMASS taxonomy -- orbits the Sun with a short orbital period at a distance of 0.3 -- 1.2 AU once every 227 days . The body rotates every two and a half hours around its axis and has a notably high albedo of about 0.40 . Its orbit is tilted by 29 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic . With an exceptionally high eccentricity of 0.59 , it was the most eccentric Aten asteroid known at the time of discovery , more eccentric than previously discovered Aten , 3753 Cruithne . Since then , more eccentric Atens -- such as ( 162004 ) 1991 VE , with an eccentricity of 0.665 -- have been discovered . Due to this elongated orbit , the Aten asteroid and near-Earth asteroid also classifies as Earth-crosser , Venus-crosser and Mercury-grazer .   1989 VA was the first asteroid discovered with such a small semi-major axis ( 0.728 au , about the same as Venus ) , breaking 2100 Ra-Shalom 's distance record ( 0.832 AU ) , which had held for over a decade . It remained the asteroid with the smallest known semi-major axis for five years until the discovery of `` 1994 GL '' ( 0.683 AU ) , which was the first asteroid discovered closer to the Sun than Venus .   Being so close to Venus , it is also the first asteroid discovered within Venus ' zone of influence . This means that it is close enough to Venus for the planet to capture into a co-orbital relationship . Though it is not a Venus co-orbital at the moment , it may become one in the future and may have been one in the past . Currently , the only known Venus co-orbitals are , and ( as of 18 March 2013 ) . Of the seven known objects in Venus ' zone of influence , is the largest at about 1,400 metres . All of these objects , like , have eccentric orbits that cross Mercury 's and Earth 's orbits as well .   The combination of a small semi-major axis and high eccentricity made the first Aten asteroid discovered to get closer to the Sun ( 0.295 AU ) than Mercury ever does . 2340 Hathor ( the second Aten discovered , in 1976 ) had the smallest perihelion ( 0.464 AU ) earlier , which was about the same distance as Mercury 's aphelion ( 0.467 AU ) . It was not until ( 0.277 AU ) was discovered that an Aten asteroid with a lower perihelion was found . 's eccentric orbit takes it out past the Earth , where it has encounters of about 0.15 to 0.20 AU about every 3 to 5 years around October -- November . It was discovered during its 1989 encounter and was about 0.17 AU away at the time . Further observations were made in October 2002 and during the most recent close encounter in November 2007 ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_NSL_Cup", "title": "1990–91 NSL Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 NSL Cup was the fifteenth season of the NSL Cup , which was the main national association football knockout cup competition in Australia . 14 teams from around Australia entered the competition ."}
{"_id": "1600_Seventh_Avenue", "title": "1600 Seventh Avenue", "headings": "", "text": "Qwest Plaza , now officially known as 1600 Seventh , is a 32-story , 152 m skyscraper in Seattle , Washington , completed in 1976 and designed by John Graham & Company . As of 2012 it is the 14th tallest building in the city . Qwest Plaza was originally known as the Pacific Northwest Bell Building , and later 1600 Bell Plaza , and US West Communications .   In April 2012 , a year after acquiring Qwest Communications , Centurylink sold the Bell Plaza/Qwest Plaza property to New York real estate investment firm Clarion Partners for $ 137 million and is now leasing floors 3 -- 15 to Centurylink and floors 16 -- 32 to Nordstrom ( floor 18 is currently occupied by The Urban Renaissance Group ) . Centurylinks NW Regional President , Brian Stading issued a statement claiming that the tower was not a fundamental component of their business strategy . Seattle real estate company , The Urban Renaissance Group , represented Clarion in the sale and will operate the building for the new owner ."}
{"_id": "1998_Italian_Open_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1998 Italian Open – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Álex Corretja was the defending champion , but lost in the second round this year .   Marcelo Ríos won the title when Álbert Costa withdrew from the final ."}
{"_id": "1157_Hama_earthquake", "title": "1157 Hama earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1157 Hama earthquake occurred on 12 August after a year of foreshocks . Its name was taken from the city of Hama , in west-central Syria ( then under the Seljuk rule ) , where the most casualties were sustained . In eastern Syria , near the Euphrates , the quake destroyed the predecessor of the citadel Al-Rahba , subsequently rebuilt on the same strategic site . The earthquake also affected Christian monasteries and churches in the vicinity of Jerusalem ."}
{"_id": "1985_Pacific_typhoon_season", "title": "1985 Pacific typhoon season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds ; it ran year-round in 1985 , but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean . Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA . This can often result in the same storm having two names .   A total of 29 tropical depressions formed this year in the Western Pacific , of which 28 became tropical storms . 17 storms reached typhoon intensity , of which one typhoon reached super typhoon strength . The strongest cyclone of the season , Dot , reached category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson scale to the east of the Philippines . Typhoon Cecil was the deadliest storm of the season , accounting for nearly half of the deaths from western Pacific tropical cyclones in 1985 ."}
{"_id": "1808_in_South_Africa", "title": "1808 in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __"}
{"_id": "1991_Belgian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1991 Belgian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Spa-Francorchamps on 25 August 1991 . It was the eleventh round of the 1991 Formula One season and the debut race of the future world champion Michael Schumacher ."}
{"_id": "1982_in_Czech_television", "title": "1982 in Czech television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Czech television related events from 1982 ."}
{"_id": "1919–20_FA_Cup", "title": "1919–20 FA Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 -- 20 FA Cup was the 45th season of the world 's oldest association football competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup ( more usually known as the FA Cup ) , and the first since the cancellation of all football competitions due to the First World War . Aston Villa won the competition , beating Huddersfield Town 1 -- 0 in the final at Stamford Bridge , London .   Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round , which was always a Saturday . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played , a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week . If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay , a 30-minute period of extra time would be played ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Seton_Hall_Pirates_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1999–2000 Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 Seton Hall Pirates men 's basketball team represented Seton Hall University during the 1999 -- 2000 NCAA men 's college basketball season ."}
{"_id": ".30_Walker", "title": ".30 Walker", "headings": "", "text": "The .30 Walker is an intermediate cartridge developed by Mark Walker of Houston , Texas ."}
{"_id": "1970–71_California_Golden_Seals_season", "title": "1970–71 California Golden Seals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 -- 71 California Golden Seals season was the Seals ' fourth in the NHL , but their first as the Golden Seals . Oakland Athletics owner Charlie O. Finley bought the team in the offseason for approximately $ 4,500,000 . He announced that the name of the team was being changed to Bay Area Seals , but two games into the season changed it again to California Golden Seals , in an attempt to draw fans from across the state of California , in particular from nearby San Francisco . Along with the name change came new green and gold colours , and a new logo and uniforms .   Several other changes occurred in the Seals ' front office after Finley bought the team . Unhappy , General Manager Frank Selke Jr. quit in October 1970 . His replacement , Bill Torrey , lasted only a month before resigning himself . Coach Fred Glover took over the responsibilities of General Manager after Torrey 's departure in November .   Amidst the shake-up of the Seals from a business point of view the on-ice performance of the team suffered greatly . The team won only 20 games , and had but 45 points , last in the NHL . It was the worst season in their history up to that point in time .   Captain Ted Hampson was traded to the Minnesota North Stars late in the season , and was replaced by Carol Vadnais ."}
{"_id": "1964_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo", "title": "1964 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1964 in the Republic of Congo ."}
{"_id": "1913–14_Scottish_Division_Two", "title": "1913–14 Scottish Division Two", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 -- 14 Scottish Division Two was won by Cowdenbeath , with Johnstone finishing bottom ."}
{"_id": "1803_in_paleontology", "title": "1803 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1704_in_architecture", "title": "1704 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1704 in architecture involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1780_in_art", "title": "1780 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1780 in art ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Vancouver_Canucks_season", "title": "1997–98 Vancouver Canucks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 Vancouver Canucks season was the team 's 28th season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . After missing the playoffs the season before , the team responded by signing Mark Messier to a three-year contract . The signing of Messier did little to improve the team , however , as they finished even worse than the year before , costing Head Coach Tom Renney and General Manager Pat Quinn their jobs . For the first time in NHL history , regular season games were played outside of North America , with the Canucks playing the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in Tokyo , Japan , to open up the regular season . Pavel Bure became the last Canuck to score 50 or more goals in a season . On April 9 , 1998 , the Canucks scored three short-handed goals in a 6 -- 3 road win over the Calgary Flames .   In addition , the team introduced a new logo that would stay in use for over a decade .   The team was the last in NHL history to record over 2,000 penalty minutes , with 2,148 ."}
{"_id": "1944_Copa_del_Generalísimo_Final", "title": "1944 Copa del Generalísimo Final", "headings": "", "text": "The Copa del Generalísimo 1944 Final was the 42nd final of the King 's Cup . The final was played at Montjuïc in Barcelona , on 25 June 1944 , being won by Club Atlético de Bilbao , who beat Valencia CF 2-0 ."}
{"_id": "18th_Yokohama_Film_Festival", "title": "18th Yokohama Film Festival", "headings": "", "text": "The was held on 2 February 1997 in Kannai Hall , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan ."}
{"_id": "1320_AM", "title": "1320 AM", "headings": "", "text": "The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1320 kHz : The U.S. Federal Communications Commission and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission classify 1320 kHz as a regional broadcast frequency ."}
{"_id": "1969_in_Kuwait", "title": "1969 in Kuwait", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1969 in Kuwait ."}
{"_id": "1959_Cannes_Film_Festival", "title": "1959 Cannes Film Festival", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Cannes Film Festival was held from April 30 to May 15 , 1959 . The Palme d'Or went to the Orfeu Negro by Marcel Camus . The festival opened with Les Quatre Cents Coups , directed by François Truffaut and closed with The Diary of Anne Frank , directed by George Stevens ."}
{"_id": "1974–75_Seattle_SuperSonics_season", "title": "1974–75 Seattle SuperSonics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 -- 75 Seattle SuperSonics season was the 8th season of the Seattle SuperSonics in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . In their second season with Bill Russell as head coach and with rookies comprising half the roster , the SuperSonics finished the regular season in 4th place in the Western Conference with a 43 -- 39 record and reached the playoffs for the first time in franchise history . After defeating the Detroit Pistons in 3 games in the first round in a best-of-three series , the team fell to the future champions Golden State Warriors in six games ."}
{"_id": ".med", "title": ".med", "headings": "", "text": ". med is a Top-level domain for the internet , launched in 2016 , intended for websites related to medicine . Google and the Cleveland Clinic both submitted applications to control this top-level domain , but both were rejected after objections to the International Chamber of Commerce ."}
{"_id": "1998_Speedway_Grand_Prix_of_Denmark", "title": "1998 Speedway Grand Prix of Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Speedway Grand Prix of Denmark was the third race of the 1998 Speedway Grand Prix season . It took place on 17 July in the Speedway Center in Vojens , Denmark It was the fourth Danish SGP and was won by Danish rider Hans Nielsen . It was the fifth win of his career ."}
{"_id": "1992_NCAA_Rifle_Championships", "title": "1992 NCAA Rifle Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 NCAA Rifle Championships were contested at the 13th annual competition to determine the team and individual national champions of NCAA co-ed collegiate rifle shooting in the United States . The championship was hosted by Murray State University in Murray , Kentucky .   Four-time defending champions West Virginia once again retained the team championship , finishing 48 points ahead of Alaska in the team standings . It was the Mountaineers ' eighth overall national title .   The individual champions were , for the smallbore rifle , Tim Manges ( West Virginia ) , and Ann-Marie Pfiffner ( West Virginia ) , for the air rifle ."}
{"_id": "1954–55_Mexican_Primera_División_season", "title": "1954–55 Mexican Primera División season", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Primera División de México in season 1954-55 ."}
{"_id": "1963_Masters_Tournament", "title": "1963 Masters Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Masters Tournament was the 27th Masters Tournament , held April 4 -- 7 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta , Georgia . 84 players entered the tournament and 50 made the cut at eight-over-par ( 152 ) .   Jack Nicklaus , 23 , won the first of his record six Green Jackets with a three-foot ( 0.9 m ) par putt on the final hole to finish one stroke ahead of runner-up Tony Lema . Nicklaus shot a 66 ( − 6 ) in the second round , which was key in his victory . It was the second of his record 18 major titles ; his third came three months later at the PGA Championship in July .   Gene Sarazen , the 1935 champion , made the cut at Augusta for the final time at age 61 and finished 49th .   It was the last Masters for Horton Smith , winner of the inaugural event in 1934 and again in 1936 . He was the only competitor to have participated in every edition of the tournament , and had a lung removed in 1957 . Battling Hodgkin 's Disease , Smith was partly aided by a golf cart and shot 91 and 86 ; he died six months later in Detroit at age 55 , shortly after attending the Ryder Cup matches in Atlanta .   George Bayer won the Par 3 contest with a score of 23 ."}
{"_id": "1958_Sun_Bowl_(January)", "title": "1958 Sun Bowl (January)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Sun Bowl was a college football bowl game played between Drake Bulldogs and Louisville Cardinals at Kidd Field in El Paso , Texas ."}
{"_id": "10th_Parachute_Division_(Germany)", "title": "10th Parachute Division (Germany)", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th Parachute Division ( 10 . Fallschirmjäger-Division ) was a airborne division of the German military during the Second World War , active in 1945 . It was `` paratroop '' in name only and fought as regular infantry .   The division was formed in March 1945 , commanded by Gustav Wilke , out of a disparate collection of Luftwaffe units including existing parachute units in the Italian theatre , and crews from Jagdgeschwader 101 . It contained the 28th , 29th and 30th Fallschirmjäger Regiments , and the 10th Fallschirmjäger Artillery Regiment .   The division fought in Austria and Moravia , surrendering to the Soviet Army in May 1945 at the end of the war ."}
{"_id": "1979_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team", "title": "1979 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1979 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Irish finished unranked in both major polls for the first time since 1963 ."}
{"_id": "1999_World_Fencing_Championships", "title": "1999 World Fencing Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 World Fencing Championships were held in Seoul , South Korea . The event took place from November 1 to November 8 , 1999 . It was the first Fencing World Championship in which individual and team women 's sabre competitions were held ."}
{"_id": "1949_Birthday_Honours", "title": "1949 Birthday Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 King 's Birthday Honours were appointments by many of the Commonwealth Realms of King George VI to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries . The appointments were made `` on the occasion of the Celebration of His Majesty 's Birthday '' , and were published in supplements to the London Gazette of 3 June 1949 for the British Empire , New Zealand , India and Ceylon .   The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour ."}
{"_id": "1905_Giro_di_Lombardia", "title": "1905 Giro di Lombardia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 Giro di Lombardia was the 1st edition of the Giro di Lombardia , a classic one-day cycle race organised by La Gazzetta dello Sport in Italy . The single day event was held on November 12 , 1905 . It was won by Italian Giovanni Gerbi of the Maino team ."}
{"_id": "1995_Arizona_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1995 Arizona Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona in the Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10 ) during the 1995 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their ninth season under head coach Dick Tomey , the Wildcats compiled a 6 -- 5 record ( 4 -- 4 against Pac-10 opponents ) , finished in a tie for fifth place in the Pac-10 , and outscored their opponents , 207 to 199 . The team played its home games in Arizona Stadium in Tucson , Arizona .   The team 's statistical leaders included Dan White with 1,855 passing yards , Gary Taylor with 714 rushing yards , and Rodney Williams with 587 receiving yards . Linebacker Charlie Camp led the team with 90 tackles ."}
{"_id": "1901_Kansas_Jayhawks_football_team", "title": "1901 Kansas Jayhawks football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the 1901 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1966_Mestaruussarja", "title": "1966 Mestaruussarja", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Mestaruussarja in the 1966 season ."}
{"_id": "1974_Kansas_City_Royals_season", "title": "1974 Kansas City Royals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Kansas City Royals season was a season in American baseball . It involved the Royals finishing fifth in the American League West with a record of 77 wins and 85 losses ."}
{"_id": "1995_Super_Tourenwagen_Cup", "title": "1995 Super Tourenwagen Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 ADAC Super Touren Wagen Cup was the second edition of the Super Tourenwagen Cup ( STW ) ."}
{"_id": "19th_Army", "title": "19th Army", "headings": "", "text": "Nineteenth Army or 19th Army may refer to :"}
{"_id": "1997_U.S._Women's_Hard_Court_Championships", "title": "1997 U.S. Women's Hard Court Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 U.S. Women 's Hard Court Championships was a women 's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Stone Mountain Tennis Center in Atlanta , Georgia in the United States that was part of Tier II of the 1997 WTA Tour . It was the 30th edition of the tournament and was held from August 18 through August 24 , 1997 . Lindsay Davenport won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1973_European_Formula_Two_Championship", "title": "1973 European Formula Two Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 European Formula Two season was contested over 17 rounds . The season was divided into basic and complementary races with one of the strangest points system in motor racing history ."}
{"_id": "1994_Open_Gaz_de_France", "title": "1994 Open Gaz de France", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Open Gaz de France was a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Stade Pierre de Coubertin in Paris in France that was part of Tier II of the 1994 WTA Tour . It was the 2nd edition of the tournament and was held from February 15 through February 20 , 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1990_Paris_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1990 Paris Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Boris Becker was the defending champion but Stefan Edberg took the title after Becker had to withdraw injured in the final at 3 -- 3 ."}
{"_id": "1724_in_Sweden", "title": "1724 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1724 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "18th_Army_(German_Empire)", "title": "18th Army (German Empire)", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th Army ( 18 . Armee / Armeeoberkommando 18 / A.O.K. 18 ) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I . It was formed against France on 27 December 1917 from the former Heeresgruppe Woyrsch command . It served exclusively on the Western Front and was dissolved on 2 January 1919 ."}
{"_id": "1985_Southeastern_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "title": "1985 Southeastern Conference Baseball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Southeastern Conference Baseball Tournament was held at Alex Box Stadium in Baton Rouge , LA from May 9th through May 11th . won the tournament and earned the Southeastern Conference 's automatic bid to the 1985 NCAA Tournament ."}
{"_id": "1990_Texas_A&M_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1990 Texas A&M Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Texas A&M Aggies football team completed the season with a 9 -- 3 -- 1 record . The Aggies had a regular season Southwest Conference record of 5 -- 2 -- 1 . The team was ranked # 15 in the final AP Poll and # 13 in the final Coaches Poll ."}
{"_id": "1937_Brownlow_Medal", "title": "1937 Brownlow Medal", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Brownlow Medal was the 14th year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) home and away season . Dick Reynolds of the Essendon Football Club won the medal by polling twenty-seven votes during the 1937 VFL season ."}
{"_id": "1954_U.S._National_Championships_(tennis)", "title": "1954 U.S. National Championships (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 U.S. National Championships ( now known as the US Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club , Forest Hills in New York , United States . The tournament ran from 28 August until 6 September . It was the 74th staging of the U.S. National Championships , and the fourth Grand Slam tennis event of the year ."}
{"_id": "1972_U.S._Professional_Indoor_–_Singles", "title": "1972 U.S. Professional Indoor – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "John Newcombe was the defending champion , but lost in the second round this year .   Rod Laver won the title , defeating Ken Rosewall 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 in the final ."}
{"_id": "16th_Oklahoma_Legislature", "title": "16th Oklahoma Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The Sixteenth Oklahoma Legislature was a meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma , composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives . The state legislature met November 24 , 1936 , to May 11 , 1937 , during the term of Governor E.W. Marland .   The Democratic Party dominated both chambers . There were no Republican state senators in 1937 and only three state representatives . As Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma , James E. Berry served as the President of the Senate . Allen G. Nichols served as President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate and J. T. Daniel served as the Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives ."}
{"_id": "1993_IBF_World_Championships_–_Men's_Doubles", "title": "1993 IBF World Championships – Men's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 8th World Badminton Championships were held in Birmingham , England in 1993 . Following the results of the men 's doubles ."}
{"_id": "1948_TANFL_season", "title": "1948 TANFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Tasmanian Australian National Football League ( TANFL ) premiership season was an Australian Rules football competition staged in Hobart , Tasmania over fifteen ( 15 ) roster rounds and four ( 4 ) finals series matches between 24 April and 25 September 1948 ."}
{"_id": "1989_Panamanian_coup_d'état_attempt", "title": "1989 Panamanian coup d'état attempt", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Panamanian coup d'état attempt was a failed coup d'état which occurred in Panama City on 3 October . The attempt was led by Major Moisés Giroldi , supported by a group of officers who had returned from a United Nations peacekeeping mission in Namibia . Although the plotters succeeded in capturing Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega , the coup was quickly suppressed . Giroldi , together with nine other members of the Panamanian Defense Forces , was executed on 3 and 4 October 1989 . An eleventh participant died in prison after being tortured . These events became known as the `` Albrook massacre '' ."}
{"_id": "1527_in_art", "title": "1527 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1908_Toronto_Argonauts_season", "title": "1908 Toronto Argonauts season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 Toronto Argonauts season was the 25th season for the team since the franchise 's inception in 1873 . The team finished in fourth place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 1 -- 5 -- 0 record and failed to qualify for the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1993_Major_League_Baseball_season", "title": "1993 Major League Baseball season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Major League Baseball season was the final season of two-division play in each league , before the Central Division was added the following season , giving both the NL and AL three divisions each .   Sixteen years after the American League expanded from 12 to 14 teams , the National League finally followed suit , with the Colorado Rockies and the Florida Marlins ( now the Miami Marlins ) joining the NL . It was also the first season since 1976 that both leagues had the same number of teams . The Toronto Blue Jays capped off the season by winning their second consecutive World Series title , beating the Philadelphia Phillies in six games . The World Series was clinched when , in one of the most famous moments in baseball , Joe Carter hit a three-run walk off home run in the 9th to seal the victory at home ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_Birmingham_City_F.C._season", "title": "1952–53 Birmingham City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 -- 53 Football League season was Birmingham City Football Club 's 50th in the Football League and their 22nd in the Second Division . They finished in sixth position in the 22-team division . They entered the 1952 -- 53 FA Cup at the third round proper and lost to Tottenham Hotspur in the sixth round ( quarter-final ) after two replays .   Twenty-seven players made at least one appearance in nationally organised first-team competition , and there were fifteen different goalscorers . Full-back Ken Green was ever-present through the 49-game season , and Peter Murphy was top scorer with 26 goals , of which 20 came in the league ."}
{"_id": "18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing", "title": "18 July 2012 Damascus bombing", "headings": "", "text": "The 18 July 2012 Damascus bombing refers to the bombing of the National Security headquarters in Rawda Square , Damascus , killing and injuring a number of top military and security officials of Bashar al-Assad 's government . Among the dead were the Syrian Defense Minister and Deputy Defense Minister . The incident occurred during the Syrian Civil War , and is considered to be one of the most notorious events to affect the conflict . Syrian public-owned television reported that it was a suicide attack while the opposition claims it was a remotely detonated bomb ."}
{"_id": "14th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)", "title": "14th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th Infantry Brigade was a British Army formation during both the First World War and the Second World War ."}
{"_id": "1964_TANFL_season", "title": "1964 TANFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Tasmanian Australian National Football League ( TANFL ) premiership season was an Australian Rules football competition staged in Hobart , Tasmania over nineteen ( 19 ) roster rounds and four ( 4 ) finals series matches between 4 April and 12 September 1964 ."}
{"_id": "1952_VFL_Lightning_Premiership", "title": "1952 VFL Lightning Premiership", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 VFL Lightning Premiership was an Australian rules football knockout competition played entirely on Saturday , 24 May . It was played on the Empire Day holiday between rounds 5 and 6 of the Victorian Football League 's 1952 season with all games played at the MCG . This was the fifth time a lightning premiership had been contested in the VFL . It was contested by the 12 VFL teams who competed in the 1952 VFL season . A total of 33,719 people attended the competition . Melbourne won its first Lighting Premiership competition defeating South Melbourne in the final by 7 points ."}
{"_id": "1817", "title": "1817", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1997_Tour_de_France,_Stage_11_to_Stage_21", "title": "1997 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Tour de France was the 84th edition of Tour de France , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . The Tour began in Rouen with a prologue individual time trial on 5 July and Stage 11 occurred on 16 July with a hilly stage from Andorra Arcalis . The race finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 27 July ."}
{"_id": "17th_International_Adana_Golden_Boll_Film_Festival", "title": "17th International Adana Golden Boll Film Festival", "headings": "", "text": "The International 17th Adana Golden Boll Film Festival was a film festival held in Adana , Turkey which ran from September 20 to 26 , 2010 . Prizes totalling 575,000 Turkish Liras were awarded in three categories and more than 200 films were shown at nine different locations , including the Cinebonus , Airplex and Metropol cinemas , in the course of the festival , at which films promoting the ideals of democracy were shown and Greek Director Theo Angelopoulos was the guest of honor .   This edition of the International Adana Golden Boll Film Festival , which was founded in 1969 and is organised by the Adana Metropolitan Municipality and accredited by FIPRESCI , opened with a screening of La Mujer sin Piano by Javier Rebollo at the city 's municipal theater on the evening of September 21 and included gala ball at Park Zirve on the evening of September 23 , at which lifetime achievement awards were presented to actress Müjde Ar , a selection of whose films were screened , and film critic Atilla Dorsay . The festival closed with an awards ceremony presented by Oktay Kaynarca and Öykü Serter on the evening of September 25 . Other celebrities present at the festival included Ümit Ünal , Yılmaz Köksal , Bulut Aras , Nuri Alço , Suzan Avcı , Rıza Sönmez , Sibel Can , Zuhal Olcay , Göksel and Erol Evgin .   Palestinian filmmakers , Nasri Hajjaj and Liana Badr were also be present at the festival to chair a special program Palestine , Longing for Peace dedicated to films and documentaries portraying Middle Eastern issues and to take part in a panel entitled Making Movies in Palestine . The festival was originally scheduled for June 7 to 13 , 2010 but was postponed , following the May 31 , 2010 Gaza flotilla raid and a terrorist rocket attack on the Iskenderun Naval Base , with Adana Deputy Mayor Mustafa Tuncel announcing , We can not have fun while people are crying . The Turkish Film Critics Association ( SİYAD ) protested the decision , saying that postponing the festival , resulted in the silencing of Palestinian filmmakers ."}
{"_id": "1907_Lancashire_Cup", "title": "1907 Lancashire Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1907 Lancashire Cup was the third year for this regional rugby league competition and saw its third different winner . The cup was won by Oldham , who beat the previous year 's winners , Broughton Rangers , at The Athletic Grounds , Rochdale by a score of 16 -- 9 . The attendance for the final was 14,000 and receipts # 340 .   The venue was the third different venue used in the three years which the competition had run ."}
{"_id": "'Abd_Allah_ibn_Rawahah", "title": "'Abd Allah ibn Rawahah", "headings": "", "text": "` Abdullah ibn Rawahah ibn Tha ` labah was one of the companions of the Islamic prophet , Muhammad ."}
{"_id": "1964_Speedway_World_Team_Cup", "title": "1964 Speedway World Team Cup", "headings": "", "text": "1964 Speedway World Team Cup was the fifth FIM Speedway World Team Cup season . The final took place in Abensberg , West Germany . The World Champion title was won by Sweden ( 34 pts ) who beat Soviet Union ( 27 pts ) , Great Britain ( 21 pts ) and Poland ( 16 pts ) ."}
{"_id": "1975_Virginia_Slims_of_Boston", "title": "1975 Virginia Slims of Boston", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Virginia Slims of Boston , also known that year as the US Indoor Championships , was a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Boston University Walter Brown Arena in Boston , Massachusetts in the United States that was part of the 1975 Virginia Slims World Championship Series . The tournament was held from March 3 through March 8 , 1975 . Martina Navratilova won the singles title and earned $ 15,000 first-prize money ."}
{"_id": "1970–71_A_Group", "title": "1970–71 A Group", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Bulgarian A Football Group in the 1970 -- 1971 season ."}
{"_id": "1888_Massachusetts_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1888 Massachusetts Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1888 Massachusetts Aggies football team represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1888 college football season . The team played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst , Massachusetts . Massachusetts finished the season with a record of 2 -- 4 ."}
{"_id": "193d_Special_Operations_Squadron", "title": "193d Special Operations Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 193d Special Operations Squadron ( 193 SOS ) is a unit of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard 193d Special Operations Wing located at Harrisburg Air National Guard Base , Middletown , Pennsylvania , The 193d is equipped with the EC-130J Commando Solo ."}
{"_id": "1995_Moscow_Ladies_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1995 Moscow Ladies Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Moscow Ladies Open -- Doubles was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Olympic Stadium in Moscow in Russia that was part of 1995 Moscow Ladies Open . The tournament was held from September 18 through September 23 , 1995 .   Elena Makarova and Eugenia Maniokova were the defending champions but lost in the first round to Anna Kournikova and Aleksandra Olsza .   Meredith McGrath and Larisa Savchenko won in the final 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 against Kournikova and Olsza ."}
{"_id": "1942_German_Ice_Hockey_Championship", "title": "1942 German Ice Hockey Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 German Ice Hockey Championship was the 26th season of the German Ice Hockey Championship , the national championship of Germany . 12 teams participated in the first round . The championship was abandoned after the first round , and no champion was declared . ."}
{"_id": "1982_Lebanon_War", "title": "1982 Lebanon War", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Lebanon War ( מלחמת לבנון הראשונה , Milhemet Levanon Harishona , `` the first Lebanon war '' ) -- called Operation Peace for Galilee ( מבצע שלום הגליל , or מבצע של '' ג Mivtsa Shlom HaGalil or Mivtsa Sheleg ; by Israel , and later known in Israel as the Lebanon War and First Lebanon War , and الاجتياح , Al-ijtiyāḥ , `` the invasion '' ) by the Arabs -- began on 6 June 1982 , when the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) invaded southern Lebanon , after repeated attacks and counter-attacks between the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) operating in southern Lebanon and the IDF that had caused civilian casualties on both sides of the border . The military operation was launched after gunmen from Abu Nidal 's organization attempted to assassinate Shlomo Argov , Israel 's ambassador to the United Kingdom . Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin blamed Abu Nidal 's enemy , the PLO , for the incident , and treated the incident as a casus belli for the invasion .   After attacking the PLO -- as well as Syrian , leftist , and Muslim Lebanese forces -- the Israeli military , in cooperation with the Maronite allies and the self-proclaimed Free Lebanon State , occupied southern Lebanon , eventually surrounding the PLO and elements of the Syrian Army . Surrounded in West Beirut and subjected to heavy bombardment , the PLO forces and their allies negotiated passage from Lebanon with the aid of United States Special Envoy Philip Habib and the protection of international peacekeepers . The PLO , under the chairmanship of Yasser Arafat , had relocated its headquarters to Tripoli in June 1982 . By expelling the PLO , removing Syrian influence over Lebanon , and installing a pro-Israeli Christian government led by President Bachir Gemayel , Israel hoped to sign a treaty which Menachem Begin promised would give Israel `` forty years of peace '' .   Following the assassination of Gemayel in September 1982 , Israel 's position in Beirut became untenable and the signing of a peace treaty became increasingly unlikely . Outrage following Israel 's role in the Phalangist-perpetrated Sabra and Shatila massacre , of mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shiites , and Israeli popular disillusionment with the war would lead to a gradual withdrawal from Beirut to the areas claimed by the self-proclaimed Free Lebanon State in southern Lebanon ( later to become the South Lebanon security belt ) , which was initiated following the 17 May Agreement and Syria 's change of attitude towards the PLO . After Israeli forces withdrew from most of Lebanon , the War of the Camps broke out between Lebanese factions , the remains of the PLO and Syria , in which Syria fought its former Palestinian allies . At the same time , Shi'a militant groups began consolidating and waging a low-intensity guerrilla war over the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon , leading to 15 years of low-scale armed conflict . The Lebanese Civil War would continue until 1990 , at which point Syria had established complete dominance over Lebanon ."}
{"_id": "1988_Major_League_Baseball_season", "title": "1988 Major League Baseball season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Major League Baseball season ended with the underdog Los Angeles Dodgers shocking the Oakland Athletics , who had won 104 games during the regular season , in the World Series . The most memorable moment of the series came in Game 1 , when injured Dodger Kirk Gibson hit a dramatic pinch-hit walk-off home run off Athletics closer Dennis Eckersley to win the game for Los Angeles . The Dodgers went on to win the Series in five games ."}
{"_id": "1988_Trans-Am_Series", "title": "1988 Trans-Am Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 SCCA Escort Trans-Am Championship was the 23rd running of the Sports Car Club of America 's premier series . 1988 would mark the end of the `` GT era '' , in which the series had been the support series , and often the lesser classes , of the more popular IMSA GT Championship , which had overtaken Trans Am as the most popular road racing series in the United States beginning in 1973 after the decline of muscle cars and the 1973 Oil Crisis . This led to an increase in competitiveness from foreign manufacturers .   The Audi 200 quattros won the manufacturer 's championship and Hurley Haywood won the driver 's championship ."}
{"_id": "1999_Pacific_typhoon_season", "title": "1999 Pacific typhoon season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Pacific typhoon season was the last Pacific typhoon season to use English names as storm names . It had no official bounds ; it ran year-round in 1999 , but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean .   The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean , north of the equator and west of the international date line . Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes ; see 1999 Pacific hurricane season . Tropical Storms formed in the entire west Pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Tropical depressions in this basin have the `` W '' suffix added to their number . Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA . This can often result in the same storm having two names ."}
{"_id": "1975_U.S._Clay_Court_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1975 U.S. Clay Court Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Chris Evert took her fourth consecutive US Clay Court title and $ 10,000 first-prize money , defeating Dianne Fromholtz in the final ."}
{"_id": "1800_in_music", "title": "1800 in music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of music-related events in 1800 ."}
{"_id": "1909_Michigan_State_Normal_Normalites_football_team", "title": "1909 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team represented Michigan State Normal College ( later renamed Eastern Michigan University ) during the 1909 college football season . In their first and only season under head coach Clare Hunter , the Normalites compiled a record of 2 -- 4 and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 45 to 44 . Allen F. Sherzer was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1925_Washington_Huskies_football_team", "title": "1925 Washington Huskies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1925 college football season . In its fifth season under head coach Enoch Bagshaw , the team compiled a 10 -- 1 -- 1 record , finished in first place in the Pacific Coast Conference , lost to Alabama in the 1926 Rose Bowl , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 480 to 59 . Fullback Elmer Tesreau was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1936–37_European_Rugby_League_Championship", "title": "1936–37 European Rugby League Championship", "headings": "", "text": "This was the third European Championship and was won for the second consecutive time by Wales ."}
{"_id": "1978–79_Slovenian_Republic_League", "title": "1978–79 Slovenian Republic League", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1970_in_rail_transport", "title": "1970 in rail transport", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1997_Lipton_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1997 Lipton Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Andre Agassi was the two time defending champion but lost in the second round to Scott Draper .   Thomas Muster won in the final 7 -- 6 ( 8 -- 6 ) , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 against Sergi Bruguera ."}
{"_id": "1981_Rome_Grand_Prix", "title": "1981 Rome Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 23rd Gran Premio di Roma ( Rome Grand Prix ) , was Round Five of the 1981 European Championship for F2 Drivers . This was held at the Autodromo Vallelunga Piero Taruffi , to the north of Rome , on 10 May ."}
{"_id": "1750_in_Scotland", "title": "1750 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1750 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1982_U.S._Clay_Court_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1982 U.S. Clay Court Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "José Luis Clerc was the defending champion , but lost to José Higueras in the semifinals .  Fifth seed Higueras defeated Jimmy Arias in the final to claim the title and first prize money of $ 32,000 ."}
{"_id": "1953_Baylor_Bears_football_team", "title": "1953 Baylor Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 Baylor Bears football team represented Baylor University in the 1953 college football season . They finished with a 7-3 record in the Southwest Conference for the year . Tackle James Ray Smith was selected as an All American player ; Cotton Davidson ( Quarterback ) , Jerry Coody ( Halfback ) and Smith were all selected All-Southwest Conference players ."}
{"_id": "1997_Guam_Men's_Soccer_League", "title": "1997 Guam Men's Soccer League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Guam League in the 1997 season ."}
{"_id": "1969_in_spaceflight", "title": "1969 in spaceflight", "headings": "", "text": "1969 saw humanity step onto another world for the first time . On July 21 , 1969 , the Apollo 11 Lunar Module , Eagle , landed on the moon 's surface with two astronauts aboard . Days later the crew of three returned safely to Earth , satisfying U.S. President John F. Kennedy 's 1962 challenge of May 25 , 1961 , that `` this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal , before this decade is out , of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth . ''   There were four Apollo missions in total in 1969 , three of which traveled to the moon , with Apollo 12 also landing on the surface . The success of the Apollo program was a testament to the efforts of over 500,000 American engineers , scientists and technicians .   In 1969 , the Soviet Union 's space program had success with the docking of two manned spacecraft as well as the success of their Venus and Lunar probes . The Soviets , however , suffered severe blows to their manned Lunar aspirations when their N1 rocket failed twice during two 1969 launches ."}
{"_id": "1992_Federation_Cup_Americas_Zone_–_Pool_D", "title": "1992 Federation Cup Americas Zone – Pool D", "headings": "", "text": "Group D of the 1992 Federation Cup Americas Zone was one of four pools in the Americas zone of the 1992 Federation Cup . Four teams competed in a round robin competition , with the top two teams advancing to the knockout stage . ."}
{"_id": "1964_Magyar_Kupa", "title": "1964 Magyar Kupa", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Magyar Kupa ( English : Hungarian Cup ) was the 25th season of Hungary 's annual knock-out cup football competition ."}
{"_id": "1902–03_Manchester_City_F.C._season", "title": "1902–03 Manchester City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1902 -- 03 season was Manchester City F.C. 's twelfth season of league football and first season back in the Second Division of the Football League . Managing an immediate promotion , the club gained their second minor league trophy in their then-short history ."}
{"_id": "1923_California_Golden_Bears_football_team", "title": "1923 California Golden Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley in the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) during the 1923 college football season . In their eighth year under head coach Andy Smith , the team compiled a 9 -- 0 -- 1 record ( 5 -- 0 against PCC opponents ) , shut out nine of ten opponents , won the PCC championship , and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 182 to 7 . The team was selected retroactively as the 1923 national champion by the Houlgate System , which was used to determine annual championships from 1929 to 1958 ."}
{"_id": "1978_FIFA_World_Cup_Final", "title": "1978 FIFA World Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match played to determine the winner of the 1978 FIFA World Cup . The match was contested by hosts Argentina and the Netherlands , in the biggest stadium used in the tournament and in Argentina , the Estadio Monumental in the Argentine capital city of Buenos Aires . The match was won by the Argentine squad in extra time by a score of 3 -- 1 . Mario Kempes , who finished as the tournament 's top scorer , was named the man of the match . The Netherlands lost their second World Cup final in a row , both times to the host nation , after losing to West Germany in 1974 ."}
{"_id": "1243_Pamela", "title": "1243 Pamela", "headings": "", "text": "1243 Pamela ( 1932 JE ) is a relatively large 70 km main-belt asteroid discovered on May 7 , 1932 , by C. Jackson at Johannesburg ( UO ) . It was later named  after the daughter of the discoverer ."}
{"_id": "12_points_of_the_Hungarian_Revolutionaries_of_1848", "title": "12 points of the Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1848", "headings": "", "text": "The 12 points ( 12 pont ) were a list of demands written by the leaders of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 ."}
{"_id": "1919_in_France", "title": "1919 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1919 in France ."}
{"_id": "1909_Rock_Island_Independents_season", "title": "1909 Rock Island Independents season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 Rock Island Independents season was the team 's third year in existence . The season resulted in the team posting a 0 -- 3 record ."}
{"_id": "17β-Dihydroequilin", "title": "17β-Dihydroequilin", "headings": "", "text": "17β-Dihydroequilin , or β-dihydroequilin , also known as 7-dehydro-17β-estradiol , as well as estra-1 ,3,5 ( 10 ) ,7 - tetraen-3 ,17 β-diol , is a naturally occurring steroidal estrogen found in horses that is closely related to equilin , equilenin , and estradiol , and , as the 3-sulfate ester sodium salt , is a minor constituent ( 1.7 % ) of conjugated equine estrogens ( Premarin ) ."}
{"_id": "1994_Arizona_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1994 Arizona Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Arizona Wildcats football team represented University of Arizona during the 1994 NCAA college football season . The offense scored 274 points while the defense allowed 190 points ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Portland_Trail_Blazers_season", "title": "1999–2000 Portland Trail Blazers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 NBA season was the 30th season for the Portland Trail Blazers in the National Basketball Association . During the offseason , the Blazers acquired All-Star forward Scottie Pippen from the Houston Rockets , and Steve Smith from the Atlanta Hawks , while signing free agent Detlef Schrempf . Portland went 59 -- 23 , which tied them for the second-highest win percentage in franchise history . Finishing second in the Pacific Division , they earned the # 3 seed in the Western Conference on the basis that the 55 -- 27 Utah Jazz won the Midwest Division title . ( However , the Blazers enjoyed homecourt advantage over Utah in their second-round playoff series ) . The Blazers made the playoffs for the 18th consecutive year . Rasheed Wallace was selected to play in the 2000 NBA All-Star Game .   In the playoffs , the Blazers defeated the Minnesota Timberwolves 3 -- 1 in the first-round , and the Jazz 4 -- 1 in the second round . In the Western Conference finals against the Los Angeles Lakers , they came back from a 3 -- 1 series deficit to force Game 7 .   Up by 15 points with ten minutes remaining in Game 7 , the Blazers suffered a 15 -- 0 run by Los Angeles that tied the score , and the Lakers pulled out an 89 -- 84 victory to advance to the 2000 NBA Finals . Following the season , Jermaine O'Neal was traded to the Indiana Pacers , and Brian Grant was dealt to the Miami Heat .   The Blazers did not win another series until May 2 , 2014 , when Damian Lillard hit a 3-point shot with 0.9 seconds left to beat the Houston Rockets 99 -- 98 in Game 6 of the first round of the 2014 playoffs .   With the exception of Rasheed Wallace , the team 's season roster is featured in the video games NBA 2K16 and NBA 2K17 ."}
{"_id": "161st_Ohio_Infantry", "title": "161st Ohio Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 161st Ohio Volunteer Infantry ( or 161st OVI ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_Boston_Bruins_season", "title": "1952–53 Boston Bruins season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1,4-lactonase", "title": "1,4-lactonase", "headings": "", "text": "In enzymology , a 1,4-lactonase is an enzyme that catalyzes the generic chemical reaction :   a 1,4-lactone + H2O a 4-hydroxyacid   Thus , the two substrates of this enzyme are 1,4-lactone and H2O , whereas its product is 4-hydroxyacid .   This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases , specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds . The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,4-lactone . This enzyme is also called gamma-lactonase . This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism . It employs one cofactor , calcium ."}
{"_id": "140th_(4th_London)_Brigade", "title": "140th (4th London) Brigade", "headings": "", "text": "The 140th ( 4th London ) Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army 's Territorial Army ( TA ) that had its origins in a South London Brigade ( known as the ` Grey Brigade ' ) of the former Volunteer Force . It served on the Western Front in World War I and was recreated in World War II where it served only in the United Kingdom as a training formation ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Quebec_Nordiques_season", "title": "1990–91 Quebec Nordiques season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1983_Supercopa_de_España", "title": "1983 Supercopa de España", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Supercopa de España was two-leg Spanish football matches played on 26 October and 30 November 1983 . It contested by FC Barcelona , who were Spanish Cup winners in 1982 -- 83 , and Athletic Bilbao , who won the 1982 -- 83 Spanish League ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_Chicago_Bulls_season", "title": "1985–86 Chicago Bulls season", "headings": "", "text": "The Chicago Bulls qualified for the NBA Playoffs .   The team 's season roster is featured in the video games NBA 2K16 and NBA 2K17 ."}
{"_id": "1929_Norwegian_Football_Cup", "title": "1929 Norwegian Football Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 Norwegian Football Cup was the 28th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament . The tournament was open for all members of NFF , except those from Northern Norway . The final was played at Stavanger Stadion in Stavanger on 20 October 1929 , and was contested by the defending champions Ørn and Sarpsborg , who had last won the tournament in 1917 . Sarpsborg won the final 2-1 after extra time , and secured their second Norwegian Cup championship ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_Eerste_Divisie", "title": "1976–77 Eerste Divisie", "headings": "", "text": "The Dutch Eerste Divisie in the 1976/1977 season was contested by 19 teams . Vitesse Arnhem won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1991_Intercontinental_Cup", "title": "1991 Intercontinental Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Intercontinental Cup was a football match played on 8 December 1991 between Red Star of Yugoslavia , winners of the 1990 -- 91 European Cup , and Colo-Colo of Chile , winners of the 1991 Copa Libertadores . The match was played at the neutral venue of the National Stadium in Tokyo in front of 60,000 fans . Vladimir Jugović was named as man of the match ."}
{"_id": "1950_Auburn_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1950 Auburn Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1950 college football season . It was the Tigers ' 59th overall and 18th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team was led by head coach Earl Brown , in his third year , and played their home games at Cliff Hare Stadium in Auburn and the Cramton Bowl in Montgomery , Alabama . They finished winless with a record of zero wins and ten losses ( 0 -- 10 overall , 0 -- 7 in the SEC ) . In the February that followed the completion of the season , Brown was fired as head coach of the Tigers ."}
{"_id": "12th_British_Academy_Games_Awards", "title": "12th British Academy Games Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th British Academy Game Awards awarded by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , is an award ceremony that was held on 7 April 2016 at Tobacco Dock in London . The ceremony honoured achievement in video gaming in 2015 and was hosted by Dara Ó Briain ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Phoenix_Suns_season", "title": "1999–2000 Phoenix Suns season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 NBA season was the 32nd season for the National Basketball Association 's Phoenix Suns . During the offseason , the Suns acquired All-Star guard Anfernee Hardaway from the Orlando Magic , while signing free agent Rodney Rogers and re-signing former Suns center Oliver Miller . Scott Skiles would come on as head coach , replacing Danny Ainge after a 13 -- 7 start to the season . The Suns would finish third in the Pacific Division at 53 -- 29 , and extend the franchise 's record for playoff appearances before losing in the Western Conference semifinals .   Clifford Robinson led the team in scoring at 18.5 points per game . Hardaway , Jason Kidd , Rodney Rogers , Tom Gugliotta , and top draft pick Shawn Marion rounded out a list of six Suns players averaging double-digits in points . Kidd led the NBA in assists per game and was tied for fifth in steals , while being selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game . Rogers finished the regular season fourth in three-point field goal percentage , and won the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award . Kidd would earn All-NBA First Team and NBA All-Defensive Second Team honors . In March , former Suns guard Kevin Johnson came out of his retirement and played in six games . He would then retire for the second time after the playoffs .   The Suns finished with the same regular season record , but did not have home court advantage going into their first round match-up with the San Antonio Spurs . Still , the Suns would advance to their first conference semifinals appearance since the 1994 -- 95 season en route to taking the series three games to one . The Suns lost in the conference semifinals to new league MVP Shaquille O'Neal and the eventual champion Los Angeles Lakers four games to one . Following the season , Rex Chapman retired , Miller was released and Luc Longley was traded to the New York Knicks ."}
{"_id": "1935_FA_Charity_Shield", "title": "1935 FA Charity Shield", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 FA Charity Shield was the 22nd FA Charity Shield , a football match between the winners of the previous season 's First Division and FA Cup competitions . The match was contested by league champions Arsenal and FA Cup winners Sheffield Wednesday , and was played at Highbury , the home ground of Arsenal . Sheffield Wednesday won 1-0 .   Arsenal were making their fifth appearance out of six Charity Shields , and they had won the previous four in which they had played , including a 2-1 victory over Sheffield Wednesday in the 1930 final . Sheffield Wednesday were making their second and as of 2016 most recent appearance in the competition .   The match was criticized as a poor game in which Arsenal under-performed . Wednesday were praised for their direct attacking play and solid defending . The only goal of the game was scored by Neil Dewar , after Arsenal failed to clear the ball at a corner . The second half of the match was broadcast with live commentary by George Allison - who was also the Arsenal manager - on the BBC 's Regional radio station ."}
{"_id": "1962_East_Carolina_Pirates_football_team", "title": "1962 East Carolina Pirates football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 East Carolina Pirates football team represented East Carolina College -- now known as East Carolina University -- during the 1962 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1926_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1926 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 40th staging of Ireland 's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition . Kerry were the winners ."}
{"_id": "1919_Actors'_Equity_Association_strike", "title": "1919 Actors' Equity Association strike", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 Actors ' Equity Association ( AEA or `` Equity '' ) strike officially spanned from August 7 , 1919 to September 6 , 1919 . The AEA had , only a few weeks prior , become affiliated with the AFL and called the strike against the Producing Managers ' Association on August 7 . Before the strike , many actors were required to give hundreds of hours of free rehearsal time , pay for their own travel and costume expenses , and could be fired immediately for not playing their roles to their managers ' satisfaction . Between August 7 and September 6 , hundreds of actors walked out of theaters predominantly in New York City and Chicago . As the strike gained support , other laborers in the industry walked out with them , including musicians and stagehands . During negotiations on September 6 , 1919 , the managers gave the actors all of their demands after losing millions of dollars .   The 1919 Equity strike was especially significant because it helped to reshape the definition of labor . Before the strike , legitimate actors had not attempted to strike due to the idea that they were not in the same class as industrial workers . The strike served to broaden the idea of what it means to be a laborer as well as the notion of which industries should organize ."}
{"_id": "1910_Los_Angeles_International_Air_Meet_at_Dominguez_Field", "title": "1910 Los Angeles International Air Meet at Dominguez Field", "headings": "", "text": "The Los Angeles International Air Meet ( January 10 to January 20 , 1910 ) was among the earliest airshows in the world and the first major airshow in the United States . It was held in Los Angeles County , California , at Dominguez Field in present-day Carson , California . Spectator turnout numbered approximately 254,000 over 11 days of ticket sales . The Los Angeles Times called it `` one of the greatest public events in the history of the West . ''"}
{"_id": "1975–76_UCLA_Bruins_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1975–76 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 -- 76 UCLA Bruins men 's basketball team represented the University of California , Los Angeles in the 1975 -- 76 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . Gene Bartow as the first coach of the post-Wooden era , began his first year as head coach . The Bruins were ranked # 2 in the polls and opened against the # 1 Indiana Hoosiers , losing 64-84 . The Bruins won the Pac-8 regular season and accepted a bid to the NCAA Tournament . The Bruins made it to the Final Four before losing again to eventual champion , Indiana  51-65 . This was the last of a consecutive run of Final Four appearances for UCLA , going back to 1966 ( an NCAA record streak ) ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Clydebank_F.C._season", "title": "1992–93 Clydebank F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992-93 season was Clydebank 's twenty-seventh season in the Scottish Football League . They competed in the Scottish First Division and finished 7th . They also competed in the Scottish League Cup , Scottish Challenge Cup and Scottish Cup ."}
{"_id": "12th_Madras_Native_Infantry", "title": "12th Madras Native Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Madras Native Infantry may refer to :   84th Punjabis which was the 2nd Battalion , 12th Madras Native Infantry in 1797  72nd Punjabis which was called the 12th Madras Native Infantry in 1824"}
{"_id": "1946_NCAA_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1946 NCAA Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 NCAA Basketball Tournament involved 8 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men 's NCAA Division I college basketball . It began on March 21 , 1946 , and ended with the championship game on March 26 in New York City . A total of 10 games were played , including a third place game in each region and a national third place game .   Oklahoma A&M , coached by Henry Iba , won the national title with a 43 -- 40 victory in the final game over North Carolina , coached by Ben Carnevale . Bob Kurland of Oklahoma A&M was named the tournament 's Most Outstanding Player .   This was the first tournament to have four teams advance to the final site , though not the first to have a true `` Final Four '' format ( that would not occur until 1952 ) . The two regional losers played in the national third-place game , while the two winners played for the championship . The third place game would continue through the 1981 tournament ."}
{"_id": "1719_in_poetry", "title": "1719 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1963_Atlantic_hurricane_season", "title": "1963 Atlantic hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Atlantic hurricane season featured one of the deadliest tropical cyclones on record in the Atlantic basin : Hurricane Flora . The season officially began on June 15 , and lasted until November 15 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . It was a near-average season in terms of tropical storms , with a total of nine named storms . The first system , Hurricane Arlene , developed between Cape Verde and the Lesser Antilles on July 31 . The storm later impacted Bermuda , where strong winds resulted in about $ 300,000 ( 1963 USD ) in damage . Other storms such as hurricanes Beulah and Debra , as well as an unnamed tropical storm , did not impact land . During the month of September , Hurricane Cindy caused wind damage and flooding in Texas , leaving three deaths and approximately $ 12.5 million in damage . Hurricane Edith passed through the Lesser Antilles and the eastern Greater Antilles , causing 10 deaths and about $ 43 million in damage , most of which occurred on Martinique .   The most significant storm of the season was Hurricane Flora , which peaked as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale . Drifting slowly and executing a cyclonic loop , Flora dropped very heavy rainfall in the Greater Antilles , including over 100 in in Cuba . Extreme flooding ensued , leaving behind at least 7,193 fatalities and about $ 773.4 million in damage . Flora is thus listed among the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes on record . In October , Hurricane Ginny moved erratically offshore the Southeastern United States , though eventually , the extratropical remnants struck Nova Scotia . Ginny caused at least three deaths and $ 400,000 in damage in the United States alone . The final cyclone , Tropical Storm Helena , caused five deaths and over $ 500,000 in damage on Guadeloupe . Overall , the storms in this season caused at least 7,225 deaths and about $ 830.1 million in damage ."}
{"_id": "1911_FA_Cup_Final", "title": "1911 FA Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 FA Cup Final was the 40th FA Cup final . It was contested by Bradford City and Newcastle United . The first game resulted in a goalless draw at Crystal Palace . A single goal scored by Jimmy Speirs for Bradford won the replay at Old Trafford ."}
{"_id": "1996_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships", "title": "1996 European Athletics Indoor Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 24th European Athletics Indoor Championships were held at the Globe Arena , Stockholm , the capital city of Sweden from Friday , 8 March to Sunday , 10 March 1996 .   This was the first edition to feature women 's pole vault ."}
{"_id": "1991_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Basketball_Championship_Game", "title": "1991 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game was the finals of the 1991 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament and it determined the national champion for the 1990 -- 91 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The 1991 National Title Game was played on April 1 , 1991 at the Hoosier Dome in Indianapolis , Indiana . The 1991 National Title Game was played between the 1991 Midwest Regional Champions , # 2-seeded Duke and the 1991 Southeast Regional Champions , # 3-seeded Kansas ."}
{"_id": "1969_Championship_of_Australia", "title": "1969 Championship of Australia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Championship of Australia was an Australian rules football match that took place on 11 October 1969 .   The championship was contested by the premiers of the VFL and the premiers of the SANFL .   The match was played in Adelaide , South Australia .   The match , played in front of 32,600 , was won by Richmond by a margin of 53 points , giving Richmond its 1st Championship of Australia Title ."}
{"_id": "1959_VPI_Gobblers_football_team", "title": "1959 VPI Gobblers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 VPI Gobblers football team represented the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in the 1959 college football season ."}
{"_id": "159P/LONEOS", "title": "159P/LONEOS", "headings": "", "text": "159P/LONEOS is a periodic comet in the solar system ."}
{"_id": "1958_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_4_×_100_metres_relay", "title": "1958 European Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 4 x 100 metres relay at the 1958 European Athletics Championships was held in Stockholm , Sweden , at Stockholms Olympiastadion on 23 and 24 August 1958 ."}
{"_id": "1792_in_architecture", "title": "1792 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1792 in architecture involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1974_SCCA/USAC_Formula_5000_Championship", "title": "1974 SCCA/USAC Formula 5000 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 SCCA/USAC Formula 5000 Championship was the eighth running of the Sports Car Club of America 's premier open wheel racing series . It was the first to be sanctioned jointly by the Sports Car Club of America ( SCCA ) and the United States Auto Club ( USAC ) , and the first to be held under the `` SCCA / USAC Formula 5000 Championship '' name . Sponsorship by the L&M cigarette brand was not carried forward from the 1973 championship .   The championship was open to SCCA Formula 5000 cars and , for the first time , to USAC cars powered by 161 cid turbocharged , 255 cid double overhead camshaft or 305 cid `` stock block '' engines . It was won by Brian Redman driving a Lola T332 Chevrolet ."}
{"_id": "1979_Colorado_Buffaloes_football_team", "title": "1979 Colorado Buffaloes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Colorado Buffaloes football team represented the University of Colorado during the 1979 NCAA Division I-A football season ."}
{"_id": "1962_Masters_Tournament", "title": "1962 Masters Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Masters Tournament was the 26th Masters Tournament , held April 5 -- 9 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta , Georgia . Arnold Palmer won the third of his four Masters titles in the tournament 's first three-way playoff . It was the fifth of his seven major titles .   The other two in the 18-hole Monday playoff were also major championship winners : defending champion Gary Player and Dow Finsterwald , winner of the PGA Championship in 1958 . Out in 37 and down three strokes to Player at the turn , Palmer shot a 31 on the back nine for 68 , while Player shot a 71 and Finsterwald a 77 . In the lead after three rounds , Palmer was five-over for his final round after a double bogey at the 10th hole . After five pars , he birdied 16 and 17 to get into the Monday playoff with a 75 ( +3 ) . The gallery for the playoff was estimated at 16,000 spectators .   Henry Picard , the 1938 champion , made his final cut at Augusta at age 55 . Jack Nicklaus , 22 , tied for 15th in his fourth appearance , the first as a professional . He won the next major , the U.S. Open , in a playoff over Palmer at Oakmont near Pittsburgh .   With near misses in 1959 and 1961 , Palmer said that it could have been his fifth consecutive title at Augusta .   The 36-hole cut was increased this year to include the low 44 plus ties and anyone within 10 shots of the lead ( previously it was the low 40 plus ties and anyone within 10 shots of the lead ) . 109 players entered the tournament and 51 made the cut at 149 ( +5 ) .   Bruce Crampton won the third Par 3 contest with a score of 22 ."}
{"_id": "1972_Yorkshire_Cup", "title": "1972 Yorkshire Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Yorkshire Cup was the sixty-fifth occasion on which the Yorkshire Cup competition had been held .   Leeds winning the trophy by beating Dewsbury by the score of 36-9 in what would be Dewsbury 's last appearance in a Yorkshire Cup final  The match was played at Odsal in the City of Bradford , now in West Yorkshire . The attendance was 7,806 and receipts were # 2,659  This was Leeds third victory ( and the first of two consecutive victories ) in what would be eight times in the space of thirteen seasons"}
{"_id": "1933–34_Detroit_Red_Wings_season", "title": "1933–34 Detroit Red Wings season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 -- 34 Detroit Red Wings season was the eighth season for the Detroit NHL franchise , second as the Red Wings . The Red Wings finished first in the American Division to qualify for the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1948_Albanian_Cup", "title": "1948 Albanian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "1948 Albanian Cup was the second season of Albania 's annual cup competition . It began in Spring 1948 with the First Round and ended in May 1948 with the Final match . KF Tirana were the defending champions , having won their first Albanian Cup last season . The cup was won by KF Partizani .   The rounds were played in a one-legged format . If the number of goals was equal , the match was decided by extra time and a penalty shootout , if necessary ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Wimbledon_F.C._season", "title": "1990–91 Wimbledon F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1990 -- 91 English football season , Wimbledon F.C. competed in the Football League First Division ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_FIRA_Tournament", "title": "1997–98 FIRA Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 FIRA tournament was a rugby union tournament organized by the Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur ( FIRA ) . Only minnow teams participated , because the strongest 15 teams were playing the qualification for the Rugby World Cup .   The teams were divided into three pools ."}
{"_id": "1948_Men's_European_Volleyball_Championship", "title": "1948 Men's European Volleyball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Men 's European Volleyball Championship was the first edition of the event , organized by Europe 's governing volleyball body , the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball . It was hosted in Rome , Italy from September 24 to September 26 , 1948 ."}
{"_id": "1993_International_Rostrum_of_Composers", "title": "1993 International Rostrum of Composers", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 International Rostrum of Composers was the 39th edition of the forum . Finnish composer Kimmo Hakola won the UNESCO Mozart Medal with Capriole , a 1991 composition for cello and double bass ."}
{"_id": "1996_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships_–_Junior_women's_race", "title": "1996 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's race", "headings": "", "text": "The Junior women 's race at the 1996 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Stellenbosch , South Africa , at the Danie Craven Stadium on March 23 , 1996 . A preview on the event was given in the Herald , and a report in the New York Times .   Complete results , medallists ,  and the results of British athletes were published ."}
{"_id": "1509_in_France", "title": "1509 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1509 in France"}
{"_id": "1996_Jade_Solid_Gold_Best_Ten_Music_Awards_Presentation", "title": "1996 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation ( Chinese : 1996年度十大勁歌金曲頒獎典禮 ) was held on January 1997 . It is part of the Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation series held in Hong Kong ."}
{"_id": "1974–75_Philadelphia_76ers_season", "title": "1974–75 Philadelphia 76ers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974-75 NBA season was the 76ers 26th season in the NBA and 12th season in Philadelphia . The team was marginally better than in 1973 -- 1974 , posting a record of 34 -- 48 . Billy Cunningham returned to the 76ers , after a two-year stint in the ABA ."}
{"_id": "1972_All-SEC_football_team", "title": "1972 All-SEC football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 All-SEC football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) chosen by various selectors for the 1972 college football season . Alabama won the conference ."}
{"_id": "1946_in_the_United_States", "title": "1946 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1946 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "0.5_mm", "title": "0.5 mm", "headings": "", "text": "is a 2014 Japanese drama film directed by . It was released in Japan on November 8 , 2014 ."}
{"_id": "'Aiea_High_School", "title": "'Aiea High School", "headings": "", "text": "Aiea High School is a public , co-educational college preparatory high school of the Hawaii State Department of Education and serves grades nine through twelve . Established in 1961 , ` Aiea High School is located in the ` Aiea CDP in the City and County of Honolulu of the state of Hawaii . It is situated on a former sugar cane plantation overlooking Pearl Harbor at 98-1276 Ulune St. The campus boasts the sculpture Early Spring by Satoru Abe ."}
{"_id": "1954_Pacific_hurricane_season", "title": "1954 Pacific hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 Pacific hurricane season featured below-average activity , with eleven tropical storms identified . The season officially started on May 15 and lasted until November 30 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin . The majority of the year 's storm remained offshore and caused little to no adverse impact on land . However , a tropical storm in October brought flooding rain to Mexico and Guatemala that left five people dead and thousands homeless . An unknown disease in the storm 's wake killed a further 35 people .   The relative lack of activity is a byproduct of limited monitoring tools at the time . In 1954 , Pacific hurricanes were only able to be identified by ship reports ( either post-trip logs or in situ transmissions ) and coastal observations . No more than eight coastal cities reported regular observations . Additionally , only two cities , Empalme , Sonora , and Mazatlán , Sinaloa , launched radiosondes -- a key factor in detecting tropical cyclones at the time -- further limiting detection capabilities ."}
{"_id": "1992_Australian_Indoor_Championships", "title": "1992 Australian Indoor Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Australian Indoor Championships was a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Sydney Entertainment Centre in Sydney , Australia and was part of the Championship Series of the 1992 ATP Tour . It was the 20th edition of the tournament and ran from 5 through 11 October 1992 . Second-seeded Goran Ivanišević won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1965_American_Football_League_Championship_Game", "title": "1965 American Football League Championship Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 American Football League Championship Game was the sixth AFL championship game , played on December 26 at Balboa Stadium in San Diego , California .   It matched the Western Division champion San Diego Chargers ( 9 -- 2 -- 3 ) and the Eastern Division champion Buffalo Bills ( 10 -- 3 -- 1 ) to decide the American Football League ( AFL ) champion for the 1965 season .   The defending champion Bills entered the game as 6 1/2 point underdogs ; the Chargers had won the first regular season meeting on October 10 by a convincing 34 -- 3 score and tied the Thanksgiving rematch 20 -- 20 .   In favorable 60 F conditions on the day after Christmas , the Bills shut out the Chargers and repeated as champions , scoring two touchdowns in the second quarter , one on a punt return . They added three field goals in the second half to win 23 -- 0 . Of the ten AFL title games , this was the only shutout .   This was the last AFL Championship to end the season ; the first Super Bowl followed the 1966 season ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_SM-liiga_season", "title": "1999–2000 SM-liiga season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999-2000 SM-liiga season was the 25th season of the SM-liiga , the top level of ice hockey in Finland . 12 teams participated in the league , and TPS Turku won the championship ."}
{"_id": "...Where_the_Shadows_Lie", "title": "...Where the Shadows Lie", "headings": "", "text": "... Where the Shadows Lie is the first full-length album by the Finnish heavy metal band Battlelore , released in 2002 . The album received good reviews and gained the band a loyal fan base . No singles were released from the album , although a video was filmed for the song `` Journey to Undying Lands '' , used to promote the band throughout Europe . After the release of this album in 2002 , guitarist Tommi Havo had to leave the band due to personal reasons and was replaced by Jussi Rautio .   The album cover features an image of Morgoth , painted by Ted Nasmith in 1998 , titled `` Morgoth and High King of Noldor '' ( used with permission ) ."}
{"_id": "1914_Major_League_Baseball_season", "title": "1914 Major League Baseball season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1914 Major League Baseball season ."}
{"_id": "1697_in_Norway", "title": "1697 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1697 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Ligue_nationale_season", "title": "1990–91 Ligue nationale season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 Ligue nationale season was the 70th season of the Ligue nationale . Eight teams participated in the league , and Brûleurs de Loups de Grenoble won their third league title ."}
{"_id": "1992_All-Ireland_Senior_B_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1992 All-Ireland Senior B Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The All-Ireland Senior B Hurling Championship of 1992 was the 19th staging of Ireland 's secondary hurling knock-out competition . Carlow won the championship , beating London 2-15 to 3-10 in the final at the Emerald GAA Grounds , Ruislip ."}
{"_id": "1959_New_Zealand_Grand_Prix", "title": "1959 New Zealand Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 New Zealand Grand Prix was a motor race held at the Ardmore Circuit on 10 January 1959 ."}
{"_id": "1943–44_Netherlands_Football_League_Championship", "title": "1943–44 Netherlands Football League Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The Netherlands Football League Championship 1943/1944 was contested by 52 teams participating in five divisions . The national champion would be determined by a play-off featuring the winners of the eastern , northern , southern and two western football divisions of the Netherlands . De Volewijckers won this year 's championship by beating VUC , LONGA , sc Heerenveen and Heracles ."}
{"_id": "1-Decyne", "title": "1-Decyne", "headings": "", "text": "1-Decyne is an alkyne hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C10H18 ."}
{"_id": "1993_in_the_environment", "title": "1993 in the environment", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events relating to the environment in 1993 . They relate to environmental law , conservation , environmentalism and environmental issues ."}
{"_id": "16th_meridian", "title": "16th meridian", "headings": "", "text": "16th meridian may refer to :   16th meridian east , a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian  16th meridian west , a line of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian"}
{"_id": "1979_Cricket_World_Cup", "title": "1979 Cricket World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Cricket World Cup ( officially the Prudential World Cup ) was the second edition of the tournament and was won by the West Indies . It was held from 9 to 23 June 1979 in England . The format had remained unchanged from 1975 . Eight countries participated in the event . The preliminary matches were played in 2 groups of 4 each . The top two teams in each group played the semifinals , whose winners played the final .   The matches played consisted of 60 overs per team and were played in traditional white clothing and with red balls . They were all played during the day and hence started early .   The Prudential Cup was lifted by Clive Lloyd , captain of the West Indies who started as the favourites to win the cup again . There was no ` Man of the Series ' awarded in 1979 ."}
{"_id": "1973_in_Irish_television", "title": "1973 in Irish television", "headings": "", "text": "The following is a list of events relating to television in Ireland from 1973 ."}
{"_id": "1890_in_South_Africa", "title": "1890 in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1885–86_Stoke_F.C._season", "title": "1885–86 Stoke F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1885 -- 86 season was the third season Stoke took part the FA Cup ."}
{"_id": "1990_Umaglesi_Liga", "title": "1990 Umaglesi Liga", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Umaglesi Liga in the 1990 season ."}
{"_id": "11th_Airmobile_Brigade_(Netherlands)", "title": "11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands)", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Airmobile Brigade ' ( 11 Luchtmobiele Brigade ) is a rapid and light infantry unit within the Dutch and German forces and can be deployed anywhere on the globe within five to twenty days to defend its own or allied territory , protect the international rule of law and support law enforcement , disaster relief and humanitarian aid . Deployment can be as part of NATO or the United Nations . Since 2014 , the 11th Airmobile Brigade has been part of the German Army Rapid Forces Division .  When the Airmobile Brigade , an Army brigade , operates integrated with the Dutch Defence Helicopter Command , an Air Force command , they form the ' 11th Air Manoeuvre Brigade ' ( 11 AMB ) .   Helicopters from the Defence Helicopter Command support 11th Airmobile Brigade with troop transports and the transport of weapons and materials . Attack helicopters are used for reconnaissance , to give air support , and to provide cover for infantry on the ground . When helicopters are used in combination with infantry as parts of an offensive operation it is called an ` Air assault ' operation . When troopcarrier helicopters are just used to bring infantry from A to B it is called an ` Air mobile ' operation . With attack helicopters performing on their own it is called an ` Air mechanized ' operation . When paratroopers are deployed it is called an ` Airborne ' operation . The brigade is also able to operate ` Motorized ' with heavily armed light armored vehicles . Specially trained units are also able to assist Special Forces as a ` Special Operations Task Group ' ( SOTG ) .   In 2003 in Poland ( exercise Gainful Sword ) , 2012 in the Netherlands ( exercise Peregrine Sword ) and 2014 in Hungary the brigade had and succeeded for its operational readiness test to ( re ) apply for its ` Air assault ' status . Passing the test it proved to be able to run a brigade operation with the Air Mobile Brigade and Defence Helicopter Command integrated as the 11th Air Manoeuvre Brigade ."}
{"_id": "1925_in_Canadian_football", "title": "1925 in Canadian football", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1891_in_Denmark", "title": "1891 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1891 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "12_Citizens", "title": "12 Citizens", "headings": "", "text": "12 Citizens is a 2014 Chinese suspense crime drama film directed by Xu Ang . It was shown at the 2014 Rome Film Festival on October 19 , 2014 and was released in China on May 15 , 2015 . The plot is based on and heavily references the plot of Twelve Angry Men . The major changes in the plot are changes brought forward and made more appropriate for a Chinese audience ."}
{"_id": "111th_meridian", "title": "111th meridian", "headings": "", "text": "111th meridian may refer to :   111th meridian east , a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian  111th meridian west , a line of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian"}
{"_id": "1969_Intertoto_Cup", "title": "1969 Intertoto Cup", "headings": "", "text": "In the 1969 Intertoto Cup no knock-out rounds were contested , and therefore no winner was declared . Jednota Trenčín were the best performers , with 11 points ."}
{"_id": "18_Sagittarii", "title": "18 Sagittarii", "headings": "", "text": "18 Sagittarii ( 18 Sgr ) is a Type-K star in Sagittarius ."}
{"_id": "1997_Swedish_football_Division_2", "title": "1997 Swedish football Division 2", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swedish football Division 2 in season 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1952_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season", "title": "1952 Pittsburgh Pirates season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the team 's 71st season in Major League Baseball , and their 66th season in the National League . The Pirates posted a record of 42 wins and 112 losses , their worst record since 1890 , and one of the worst in major league history ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_NFL_playoffs", "title": "1990–91 NFL playoffs", "headings": "", "text": "The National Football League playoffs for the 1990 season began on January 5 , 1991 . The postseason tournament concluded with the New York Giants defeating the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXV , 20 -- 19 , on January 27 , at Tampa Stadium in Tampa , Florida .   The league expanded its playoff system from a 10-team to a 12-team tournament , which is in use now . With these changes , three wild card teams ( those non-division champions with the conference 's best won-lost-tied percentages ) qualified , up from two the year before .   The format consisted of the following :  The three division champions from each conference are seeded 1 through 3 based on their regular season won-lost-tied record .  Three wild card qualifiers are seeded 4 , 5 and 6 within the conference .   The 3 and 6 seeds played each other in one game and the 4 and 5 in a second game , both making up what was dubbed the `` Wild Card Round '' . The 1 and the 2 seeds from each conference do not participate in this round , earning an automatic berth in the following week 's `` Divisional Playoff '' games , where they face the Wild Card survivors . The 1 seeded team plays against the lowest remaining seed while the 2 seed plays the other remaining team . In a given game , whoever has the higher seed gets the home field advantage . In addition , a rule stating that teams from the same division could not play against each other in the divisional round was abolished .   These changes forced the division winner with the worst record in each conference to play during the first round . However , it guaranteed that division winner a home game , unlike in the previous format where the highest seeded wild-card team earned a home playoff game while the lowest-seeded division winner , despite earning a bye , was forced to play the second-seeded or top-seeded division winner ( based on the no-divisional matchup rule ) and thus could not host any playoff game before their respective conference championship ( provided that they were the highest remaining seed ) .   This system was later modified before the 2002 -- 03 NFL playoffs after the league realigned the teams into eight divisions ( four per conference ) ."}
{"_id": "1997_IMSA_GT_Championship", "title": "1997 IMSA GT Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Exxon World Sports Car Championship and Supreme GT Series seasons were the 27th season of the IMSA GT Championship . It consisted of open-cockpit prototypes referred to as World Sports Car ( WSC ) and Grand Tourer-style racing cars divided into GTS-1 , GTS-2 , and GTS-3 classes .   It began February 1 , 1997 , and ended October 26 , 1997 , after eleven rounds . 1997 would mark the final year in IMSA GT for the 24 Hours of Daytona and the Six Hours of Watkins Glen . In 1998 , the SCCA 's revived United States Road Racing Championship would acquire the events ."}
{"_id": "1981_Oregon_State_Beavers_football_team", "title": "1981 Oregon State Beavers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University in the Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10 ) during the 1981 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their second season under head coach Joe Avezzano , the Beavers compiled a 1 -- 10 record ( 0 -- 7 against Pac-10 opponents ) , finished in last place in the Pac-10 , and were outscored by their opponents , 469 to 145 . The team played its home games at Parker Stadium in Corvallis , Oregon ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_Nationale_A_season", "title": "1979–80 Nationale A season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 -- 80 Nationale A season was the 59th season of the Nationale A , the top level of ice hockey in France . 10 teams participated in the league , and ASG Tours won their first league title . Français Volants was relegated to the Nationale B."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Japan_Ice_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1993–94 Japan Ice Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 Japan Ice Hockey League season was the 28th season of the Japan Ice Hockey League . Six teams participated in the league , and the Shin Oji Seishi won the championship ."}
{"_id": "123_Squadron_(Israel)", "title": "123 Squadron (Israel)", "headings": "", "text": "The 123 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force , also known as The Desert Birds Squadron ( former Southern Bells Squadron ) , is a helicopter squadron of S-70A Black Hawks based at Hatzerim Airbase ."}
{"_id": "1993_DFB-Pokal_Final", "title": "1993 DFB-Pokal Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 DFB-Pokal Final decided the winner of the 1992 -- 93 DFB-Pokal , the 50th season of Germany 's premier knockout football cup competition . It was played on 12 June 1993 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin . Hertha BSC 's second team , playing in the third division , made it to the final against Bayer Leverkusen , making it the first and only time a reserve side has made it to the final , as second teams have since been disallowed from entering the competition . Leverkusen won the match 1 -- 0 to claim their first cup title ."}
{"_id": "1997_Labatt_Brier", "title": "1997 Labatt Brier", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Labatt Brier was held from March 8 to 15 at the Canadian Airlines Saddledome in Calgary , Alberta . Kevin Martin of Alberta defeated Vic Peters of Manitoba in the final ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Georgetown_Hoyas_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1996–97 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball team represented Georgetown University in the 1996 -- 97 NCAA Division I basketball season . John Thompson , Jr. , coached them in his 25th season as head coach . Their home court was USAir Arena in Landover , Maryland . They were members of the Big East 7 Division of the Big East Conference , were the regular-season champions of the Big East 7 Division , and finished the season with a record of 20-10 , 11-7 in Big East play . Their record earned them a bye in the first round of the 1997 Big East Men 's Basketball Tournament , and they advanced to the semifinals before losing to Boston College . They received a No. 10 seed in the West Regional of the 1997 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament -- Georgetowns 18th NCAA Tournament appearance in 19 years -- and lost to No. 7 seed North Carolina-Charlotte in the first round ."}
{"_id": "1951_Canadian_Pacific_Air_Lines_Douglas_DC-4_disappearance", "title": "1951 Canadian Pacific Air Lines Douglas DC-4 disappearance", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __   The 1951 Canadian Pacific Douglas DC-4 disappearance occurred on 21 July when a Douglas DC-4 four-engined piston airliner registered CF-CPC of Canadian Pacific Air Lines disappeared on a scheduled flight for the United Nations from Vancouver , Canada , to Tokyo , Japan . Neither the aircraft nor the 31 passengers and six crew have been found ."}
{"_id": "1550_in_music", "title": "1550 in music", "headings": "", "text": "1550 in music involved some significant compositions ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Scottish_Third_Division", "title": "1997–98 Scottish Third Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 Scottish Football League Third Division was the 4th season in the format of ten teams in the fourth-tier of Scottish football since it was re-established in 1994 -- 95 . The season started on 5 August 1997 and ended on 9 May 1998 . Alloa Athletic finished top and were promoted alongside runners-up Arbroath . Dumbarton finished bottom ."}
{"_id": "1995_Senior_PGA_Tour", "title": "1995 Senior PGA Tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Senior PGA Tour was the 16th season since the Senior PGA Tour officially began in 1980 ( it was renamed the Champions Tour in 2003 ) . The season consisted of 38 official money events with purses totalling $ 33,650,000 , including four majors . Jim Colbert and Bob Murphy won the most tournaments , four . The tournament results , leaders , and award winners are listed below ."}
{"_id": "1939–40_Bulgarian_National_Football_Division", "title": "1939–40 Bulgarian National Football Division", "headings": "", "text": "The championship of the Bulgarian National Football Division in the 1939/1940 season was contested by 10 teams , and ZhSK Sofia won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1017_AM", "title": "1017 AM", "headings": "", "text": "The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1017 kHz :"}
{"_id": "116th_Street_(IRT_Third_Avenue_Line)", "title": "116th Street (IRT Third Avenue Line)", "headings": "", "text": "116th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line . It had three tracks on two levels . The lower level had two tracks and two side platforms for local trains , and was built first . The upper level , built as part of the Dual Contracts , had one track for express trains . This station closed on May 12 , 1955 , with the ending of all service on the Third Avenue El south of 149th Street ."}
{"_id": "1332_in_Ireland", "title": "1332 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1332 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1809_Prometheus", "title": "1809 Prometheus", "headings": "", "text": "1809 Prometheus , provisional designation , is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , approximately 14 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 24 September 1960 , by the Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis Johannes van Houten at Leiden , on photographic plates taken by Dutch -- American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar , California , in the United States . On the same night , the team of astronomers discovered several other minor planets including 1810 Epimetheus .   Prometheus orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6 -- 3.2 AU once every 5.00 years ( 1,828 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 3 ° with respect to the ecliptic . Prometheus was first identified as at the Hungarian Konkoly Observatory in 1943 . In 1955 , its first used observation was taken at Goethe Link Observatory , when it was identified as , extending the body 's observation arc by 5 years prior to its official discovery observation .   According to the surveys carried out by NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , Prometheus measures 14.2 kilometers in diameter , and its surface has an albedo of 0.126 . As of 2017 , its spectral type , rotation period and shape remain unknown .   The survey designation `` P-L '' stands for Palomar -- Leiden , named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory , which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar -- Leiden survey in the 1960s . Gehrels used Palomar 's Samuel Oschin telescope ( also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope ) , and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden , where astrometry was carried out . The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand minor planets .   The asteroid is named for Prometheus , a Titan from Greek mythology , who stole the fire from the gods . The name has also been given to a moon of Saturn , Prometheus ( moon ) , discovered by the Voyager 1 spacecraft in 1980 . The minor planet 1810 Epimetheus is named after his brother . Naming citation was published before November 1977 ."}
{"_id": "1983_Canadian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1983 Canadian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve on June 12 , 1983 ."}
{"_id": "1461_Trabzon", "title": "1461 Trabzon", "headings": "", "text": "1461 Trabzon is a professional Turkish football club located in the city of Trabzon . Formed in 1998 as Değirmenderespor , the club changed its name to Trabzon Karadenizspor in 2008 . The club colours are maroon , blue and white , and they play their home matches at Hüseyin Avni Aker Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1940_Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_football_team", "title": "1940 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1940 college football season . In their second year under head coach Chet Benefiel , the Golden Hurricane compiled a 7 -- 3 record ( 4 -- 0 against conference opponents ) and won the Missouri Valley Conference championship ."}
{"_id": "1997_Scottish_League_Cup_Final", "title": "1997 Scottish League Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Scottish League Cup Final was played on 30 November 1997 , at Ibrox Stadium in Glasgow and was the final of the 52nd Scottish League Cup competition . The final was contested by Celtic and Dundee United . Celtic won the match 3 -- 0 thanks to goals by Marc Rieper , Henrik Larsson and Craig Burley ."}
{"_id": "1988_New_Year_Honours", "title": "1988 New Year Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The New Year Honours 1988 were appointments by most of the Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries , and honorary ones to citizens of other countries . They were announced on 31 December 1987 to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 1988 in the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , Mauritius , the Bahamas , Grenada , Papua New Guinea , the Solomon Islands , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Belize , Antigua and Barbuba , and Gibraltar .   The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour , and arranged by honour , with classes ( Knight , Knight Grand Cross , etc. ) and then divisions ( Military , Civil , etc. ) as appropriate ."}
{"_id": "1995_in_animation", "title": "1995 in animation", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1995 in animation involved some animation-related events .   __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1885_Open_Championship", "title": "1885 Open Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1885 Open Championship was the 25th Open Championship , held 3 October at the Old Course at St Andrews , Fife , Scotland . Bob Martin won the Championship for the second time , by a stroke from Archie Simpson .   Simpson was one of the early starters . The first six holes took him 32 strokes but he reached the turn in 43 and coming home in 40 had an excellent round of 83 . Martin started well an reached the turn in 41 , eventually finishing with an 84 . These turned out to be the leading scores of the morning play .   In the second round , Simpson again started badly , taking 38 for the first seven holes . He eventually finished with an 89 to a total of 172 . Martin started his round better and , reaching the turn in 43 , was now a stroke ahead of Simpson . Playing steadily he had 16 strokes for the last three holes to beat Martin . Taking five and six at the next two holes left him needing five at the last to take the lead . He put his third shot close at the last but missed the short putt and took five . David Ayton , Sr. had a second round of 84 but was too far behind after the first round .   The Championship is best remembered for an event that never took place . Various sources refer to David Ayton losing the Open by taking 11 at the `` Road hole '' ( the 17th ) but a contemporary newspaper report gives his scores there as 6 and 7 . His full cards are given as : Round 1 : 555565734 = 45 , 544764464 = 44 , Total 89 , Round 2 : 554565533 = 41 , 435565474 = 43 , Total = 84 ."}
{"_id": "100_Tears", "title": "100 Tears", "headings": "", "text": "100 Tears is an American independent slasher black comedy horror film directed by Marcus Koch and produced by Joe Davison . It follows the story of a circus clown going on a murderous rampage after being wrongfully accused of rape . The film stars Georgia Chris , Joe Davison ( who also produced the film ) , Jack Amos , and Raine Brown , and was distributed by Anthum Pictures in 2007 . The film was generally well received by independent horror film critics and has since garnered a cult following ."}
{"_id": "1919_Washington_State_Cougars_football_team", "title": "1919 Washington State Cougars football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 Washington State Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Washington State College during the 1919 college football season . Head coach Gus Welch led the team to a 2 -- 2 mark in the PCC and 5 -- 2 overall . This year marked the team 's adoption of the `` Cougars '' nickname ."}
{"_id": "1936_college_football_season", "title": "1936 college football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 NCAA football season was the first in which the Associated Press writers ' poll selected a national champion . The first AP poll , taken of 35 writers , was released on October 20 , 1936 . Each writer listed his choice for the top ten teams , and points were tallied based on 10 for first place , 9 for second , etc. , and the AP then ranked the twenty teams with the highest number of points . In the first poll , Minnesota received 32 first place votes , and 3 votes for an additional 25 points , for a total of 345 altogether .   The 1936 season also saw the addition of another major New Year 's Day bowl game , as Dallas hosted the first Cotton Bowl Classic ."}
{"_id": "1966–67_The_Citadel_Bulldogs_basketball_team", "title": "1966–67 The Citadel Bulldogs basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 -- 67 The Citadel Bulldogs basketball team represented The Citadel , The Military College of South Carolina in the 1966 -- 67 NCAA University Division men 's basketball season . The Bulldogs were led by seventh year head coach Mel Thompson and played their home games at The Citadel Armory . They played as a member of the Southern Conference .   The Bulldogs struggled throughout the season , enduring a three-game losing streak and two separate four game losing streaks while only recording consecutive wins twice in the season en route to an 8 -- 17 overall finish , and 6 -- 7 in the SoCon .   The season was later chronicled by Pat Conroy in his memoir My Losing Season . Conroy was a senior guard for the Bulldogs in the 1966 -- 67 season ."}
{"_id": "1955_Le_Mans_disaster", "title": "1955 Le Mans disaster", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 Le Mans disaster occurred during the 24 Hours of Le Mans motor race in Le Mans , France on 11 June 1955 , when a major crash caused large fragments of debris to fly into the crowd . Eighty-three spectators and French driver Pierre Bouillin , who raced under the name Pierre Levegh , died and nearly 180 more were injured in the most catastrophic accident in motorsport history which led Mercedes-Benz to retire from motor-racing until 1989 .   To reach his pit-stop , Mike Hawthorn had to cut in front of Lance Macklin , causing Macklin to swerve into the path of Levegh in his much faster Mercedes . The collision propelled Levegh 's car upwards and into an earthen embankment and throwing the driver out , killing him . The momentum of the heavy components of the car carried them into the packed grandstand with terrible effect , and the wreck burst into flames . There was much debate over the apportioning of blame . The official inquiry held none of the drivers specifically responsible , and criticised the layout of the 30-year old track , which had not been designed for cars of this speed ."}
{"_id": "1992_State_of_the_Union_Address", "title": "1992 State of the Union Address", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 State of the Union address was a speech given by President George H. W. Bush to a joint session of the 102nd United States Congress on January 28 , 1992 . This was the last State of the Union address by President Bush , who lost his re-election bid to Bill Clinton in the 1992 election .   The president discussed the collapse of the Soviet Union , Operation Desert Storm , military spending cuts , nuclear disarmament , economic recovery ( high unemployment remained from the early 1990s recession ) , several types of tax cuts and credits , and controlling government spending . Bush listed a nine-point , long-term plan advocating :   free trade  school choice  research and development tax credits and emerging technologies funding  anti-crime legislation  inner city development  privatized health care reform  reduction of the federal budget deficit  Congress to act on various existing reform proposals  efforts to strengthen families   Seeing increased division in American media and politics , Bush denounced election-year partisanship and described the popular sentiment as a passing mood .   The speech lasted 51 minutes and consisted of 5,012 words .   The Democratic Party response was delivered by the Speaker of the House , Representative Tom Foley of Washington . Foley , speaking for 12 minutes , criticized Bush 's economic recovery plans as being the same as those that led to the recession and argued for more support of the middle class instead of wealthier Americans .   Edward Madigan , the Secretary of Agriculture , served as the designated survivor ."}
{"_id": "1980–81_Biathlon_World_Cup", "title": "1980–81 Biathlon World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 -- 81 Biathlon World Cup was a multi-race tournament over a season of biathlon , organised by the UIPMB ( Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne et Biathlon ) . The season started on 15 January 1981 in Jáchymov , Czechoslovakia , and ended on 5 April 1981 in Hedenäset , Sweden . It was the fourth season of the Biathlon World Cup , and it was only held for men ."}
{"_id": "1965_NCAA_Men's_Basketball_All-Americans", "title": "1965 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans", "headings": "", "text": "The consensus 1965 College Basketball All-American team , as determined by aggregating the results of four major All-American teams . To earn `` consensus '' status , a player must win honors from a majority of the following teams : the Associated Press , the USBWA , The United Press International and the National Association of Basketball Coaches ."}
{"_id": "1978–79_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season", "title": "1978–79 Toronto Maple Leafs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 -- 79 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 62nd season of the Toronto NHL franchise , 52nd as the Maple Leafs . The Leafs placed third in the Adams Division to make the playoffs where the Leafs won their first round series against the Atlanta Flames , only to lose in the second series to the Montreal Canadiens ."}
{"_id": "1988_Kansas_State_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1988 Kansas State Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team 's head football coach was Stan Parrish . The Wildcats played their home games in KSU Stadium . They finished with a record of 0 -- 11 overall and 0 -- 7 in Big Eight Conference play , placing last in the conference . The Wildcats scored 171 points and gave up 448 . This was the last season for Stan Parrish ; Bill Snyder replaced him in 1989 ."}
{"_id": "1992_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_–_Women's_Giant_Slalom", "title": "1992 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's Giant Slalom", "headings": "", "text": "Women 's Giant Slalom World Cup 1991/1992"}
{"_id": "1890_World_Series", "title": "1890 World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1890 World Series was an end-of-the-year baseball playoff series between the National League champion Brooklyn Bridegrooms ( later known as the Dodgers ) and the American Association champion Louisville Colonels .   This Series was part of the pre-modern-era World Series , an annual competition between the champions of the National League and the American Association . The best-of-7 games Series ended without resolution . Each club won 3 games , with 1 game ending in a tie .   After losing the 1889 World Series to their `` cross-town '' rivals , the New York Giants ( Brooklyn was actually a separate city until 1898 ) , the Bridegrooms came back strong and won the National League pennant in 1890 , the first major league club to win consecutive pennants in two different leagues ( the only other being the Boston Reds ( 1890 -- 91 ) ) .   The major league world was in turmoil in 1890 , as many of the best players had jumped to an outlaw organization called the Players ' League . Although the Brotherhood only lasted the one season , it had a detrimental financial effect on the other two leagues , especially the Association .   Although the Boston Reds of the Players ' League were probably the best team in the majors , and had floated the idea of a three-way World Series , the established leagues ignored them and made arrangements for the usual NL-AA contest , this time to be a conventional best-4-of-7 Series .   The games were held at the Bridegrooms ' home field , Washington Park , and the Colonels ' home field , Eclipse Park . The first four were played in Louisville ( including a tie in Game 3 ) , and the remainder of the Series was scheduled for Brooklyn .   The Series commenced on October 17 and concluded on October 28 . The weather had become progressively worse as the Series wore on , and prior to Game 7 , the two managers agreed that this would be the final game , and if Louisville won the game to square the Series at 3 -- 3 -- 1 ( which they did ) , that there would be a deciding championship game the following spring .   Game 1 , October 17 , at Louisville -- Brooklyn 9 , Louisville 0 ( 8 innings )  Game 2 , October 18 , at Louisville -- Brooklyn 5 , Louisville 3  Game 3 , October 20 , at Louisville -- Brooklyn 7 , Louisville 7 ( 8 innings -- tied )  Game 4 , October 21 , at Louisville -- Louisville 5 , Brooklyn 4  Game 5 , October 25 , at Brooklyn -- Brooklyn 7 , Louisville 2  Game 6 , October 27 , at Brooklyn -- Louisville 9 , Brooklyn 8  Game 7 , October 28 , at Brooklyn -- Louisville 6 , Brooklyn 2   Unfortunately for that plan , the championship game was never held . Disputes arose between the National League and the American Association during the winter about the redistribution of players following the dissolution of the Players ' League . The Association ended its relationship with the League before the spring of 1891 , so the anticipated championship game was canceled , and no World Series was held in 1891 . The 1891 pennant winners would be the Boston Beaneaters of the NL and the Boston Reds of the AA , who had joined the Association from the Players ' League . This would turn out to be the only time two Boston clubs would win their respective league championships . It would also turn out to be the second ( and last ) time that a club won pennants in consecutive years in different leagues .   Following the 1891 season , the Association folded , and four clubs were brought into the League . The League would attempt a championships series during the 1890s called the Temple Cup Series , which would prove to be better organized and better attended than the NL-AA contests , and would help pave the way to the modern World Series that would begin in 1903 ."}
{"_id": "1983_English_Greyhound_Derby", "title": "1983 English Greyhound Derby", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Daily Mirror Greyhound Derby took place during June with the final being held on 25 June 1983 at White City Stadium . The winner I 'm Slippy received # 25,000 and the competition was sponsored by the Daily Mirror ."}
{"_id": "100th_Delaware_General_Assembly", "title": "100th Delaware General Assembly", "headings": "", "text": "The 100th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government , consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives . Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January . This date was January 7 , 1919 , which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Governor John G. Townsend , Jr. and Colen Ferguson as Lieutenant Governor .   Currently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties . Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties . The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time .   In the 100th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Republican majority ."}
{"_id": "1864_Daedalus", "title": "1864 Daedalus", "headings": "", "text": "1864 Daedalus , provisional designation , is a stony asteroid and near-Earth object , approximately 3 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 24 March 1971 , by Dutch -- American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory , California .   It is a member of the Apollo asteroids , a group of near-Earth object with an Earth-crossing orbit . Daedalus orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.6 -- 2.4 AU once every 1 years and 9 months ( 645 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.61 and an inclination of 22 ° with respect to the ecliptic . It has an Earth Minimum orbit intersection distance ( MOID ) of 0.2692 AU .   Daedalus is a stony asteroid and has a SQ/Sr spectral type . According to the survey carried out by NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , it measures 2.7 and 3.7 kilometers in diameter , respectively , and its surface has an albedo of 0.273 . The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 3.0 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.98 .   Several rotational light-curves for Daedalus were obtained by astronomers Tom Gehrels , Petr Pravec and Brian D. Warner . They gave a concurring rotation period of 8.572 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.85 -- 1.04 magnitude .   It is named after the Greek mythological figure Daedalus , the builder of King Minos labyrinth , who was subsequently imprisoned there with his son Icarus . They escaped on wings of feathers and wax , but whereas Icarus was drowned when the wax in his wings melted , Daedalus went on to Sicily and built there a temple to Apollo . There is also a lunar crater called Daedalus . Naming citation was published before November 1977 ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Nationalliga_A_season", "title": "1997–98 Nationalliga A season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997-98 NLA season was the 60th regular season of the Nationalliga A."}
{"_id": "1982_American_Soccer_League", "title": "1982 American Soccer League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of American Soccer League II in season 1982 ."}
{"_id": "1997_U.S._Men's_Clay_Court_Championships_–_Doubles", "title": "1997 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Pat Cash and Patrick Rafter were the defending champions , but lost in the quarterfinals this year .   Mark Merklein and Vincent Spadea won the title , defeating Alex O'Brien and Jeff Salzenstein 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_New_York_Rangers_season", "title": "1998–99 New York Rangers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 New York Rangers season was the 73rd season for the franchise . The Rangers missed the playoffs for a second consecutive season in what was Wayne Gretzky 's final season in the National Hockey League ."}
{"_id": "1856", "title": "1856", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1968_Hyūga-nada_earthquake", "title": "1968 Hyūga-nada earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Hyūga-nada earthquake ( Japanese : 1968年日向灘地震 ) occurred on April 1 at . The earthquake had a magnitude of Mw 7.5 , and the epicenter was located in Hyūga-nada Sea , off the islands of Kyushu and Shikoku , Japan . The magnitude of this earthquake was also given as Mjma 7.5 . A tsunami was observed . There were 15 people reported injured . The intensity reached shindo 5 in Miyazaki and Kōchi ."}
{"_id": "1993_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_(25_m)_–_Men's_200_metre_freestyle", "title": "1993 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre freestyle", "headings": "", "text": "The finals and the qualifying heats of the Men 's 200 metres Freestyle event at the 1993 FINA Short Course World Championships were held in Palma de Mallorca , Spain ."}
{"_id": "108th_Infantry", "title": "108th Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 108th Infantry were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army . The regiment traces their origins to 1768 , when they were raised as the 1st Battalion , Bombay Sepoys .   The regiments first action was during the Mysore Campaign in the Third Anglo-Mysore War . The Battle of Hyderabad followed in 1843 , then the Second Afghan War . During World War I they remained in India with the 9th ( Secunderabad ) Division on training and internal security duties .   After World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments . In 1922 , the 108th Infantry became the 3rd Battalion 4th Bombay Grenadiers . After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army ."}
{"_id": "1981_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships", "title": "1981 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "1981 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships were held in Munich , West Germany on October 17 -- 20th 1981 ."}
{"_id": "1960_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1960 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 74th staging of Ireland 's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition .   Down won their first title ."}
{"_id": "1959–60_United_States_network_television_schedule_(late_night)", "title": "1959–60 United States network television schedule (late night)", "headings": "", "text": "These are the late night Monday-Friday schedules on all three networks for each calendar season beginning September 1959 . All times are Eastern and Pacific .   Talk shows are highlited in yellow , local programming is white ."}
{"_id": "1996_Spanish_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1996 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix was the fourth round of the 1996 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on 12 May 1996 at the Circuito Permanente de Jerez .   Going into the final lap of the race , local hero Àlex Crivillé led his Repsol Honda team mate Mick Doohan and Italian Luca Cadalora . In a complete lack of security by track officials , many fans had jumped the fence and were lining the last third of the circuit to cheer Crivillé home . The Spaniard was forced to slow slightly through the crowd which allowed Doohan to close up ( the gap was less than a second between them at the start of the final lap ) . Taking advantage , Doohan was able to dive under Crivillé going into the final turn . Seeking to regain the advantage , Crivillé throttled too early in the hairpin leading onto the pit straight , high-sided over his Honda and ended up in the gravel trap and not finishing the race .   Doohan won his second Grand Prix of the season from Cadalora and his other Repsol Honda team mate Tadayuki Okada . After looking to have the race won before Crivillé 's crash , the first Spanish rider home was Alberto Puig in 5th place ."}
{"_id": "1989_North_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_season", "title": "1989 North Indian Ocean cyclone season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was a below-average season in annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation . The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean . There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean -- the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India . The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) releases unofficial advisories . An average of five tropical cyclones form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November . Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45 ° E and 100 ° E are included in the season by the IMD .   Throughout the season , the IMD monitored ten depressions , three of which became cyclonic storms . The strongest storm of the year was Super Cyclonic Storm Gay . Crossing the Malay Peninsula into the Bay of Bengal on November 4 , Gay became one of the most powerful systems on record in the basin , attaining an estimated pressure of 930 mbar ( hPa ; 27.46 inHg ) . Collectively , the storms were responsible for at least 1,785 fatalities , 1,445 of which were due the disastrous flooding triggered by the July Cyclonic Storm , and more than $ 25 million in damage .   __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1936_in_paleontology", "title": "1936 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1926_Philadelphia_Phillies_season", "title": "1926 Philadelphia Phillies season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 Philadelphia Phillies season was a season in Major League Baseball . The Phillies finished eighth in the National League with a record of 58 wins and 93 losses ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Slovak_1.Liga_season", "title": "1998–99 Slovak 1.Liga season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 Slovak 1 . Liga season was the sixth season of the Slovak 1 . Liga , the second level of ice hockey in Slovakia . 12 teams participated in the league , and HK Spartak Dubnica won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_New_York_Rangers_season", "title": "1992–93 New York Rangers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 New York Rangers season was the 67th season for the team in the National Hockey League . The Rangers , coming off a season where they won the Presidents ' Trophy , finished with a 34 -- 39 -- 11 record in the regular season . The team finished last in the Patrick Division and missed the playoffs .   Roger Neilson entered his fourth season as Rangers head coach , but was fired midway through the season and replaced by Ron Smith ."}
{"_id": "1828_in_Scotland", "title": "1828 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1828 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_Liga_Alef", "title": "1983–84 Liga Alef", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 -- 84 Liga Alef season saw Hapoel Tiberias ( champions of the North Division ) and Maccabi Sha'arayim ( champions of the South Division ) win the title and promotion to Liga Artzit . Hapoel Ramat HaSharon also promoted after promotion play-offs ."}
{"_id": "13th_Critics'_Choice_Awards", "title": "13th Critics' Choice Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th Critics ' Choice Awards were given on 7 January 2008 to honor the finest achievements in 2007 filmmaking . D. L. Hughley hosted the event ."}
{"_id": "1974_Australian_Open_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1974 Australian Open – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Evonne Goolagong defeated Chris Evert 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 in the final to win the Women 's Singles title at the 1974 Australian Open ."}
{"_id": "1952_Academy_Awards", "title": "1952 Academy Awards", "headings": "", "text": "1952 Academy Awards may refer to :   24th Academy Awards , the Academy Awards ceremony that took place in 1952  25th Academy Awards , the 1953 ceremony honoring the best in film for 1952"}
{"_id": "1963_New_York_Jets_season", "title": "1963 New York Jets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 New York Jets season was the fourth season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) and the first under the moniker Jets . The season began with the team trying to improve on their 5 -- 9 record from 1962 under new head coach Weeb Ewbank . The Jets finished the season 5 -- 8 -- 1 , while playing their final season of home games at the Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan , before relocating to Shea Stadium in the borough of Queens the following season .   In rebranding itself as the Jets , the club abandoned its navy-blue and gold uniforms in favor of kelly green and white . The jerseys had opposite-colored sleeves with thick stripes on the shoulders and cuffs , above and below the TV numerals . The pants were white with two parallel green stripes on each side . The new helmets were white with a single green stripe down the center ; the logo on each side was a silhouette of a jet airplane in green , with the word `` JETS '' in thick white sans-serif italics along the fuselage ."}
{"_id": "1919_St._Louis_Cardinals_season", "title": "1919 St. Louis Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team 's 38th season in St. Louis , Missouri and the 28th season in the National League . The Cardinals went 54 -- 83 during the season and finished 7th in the National League ."}
{"_id": "1898–99_Welsh_Amateur_Cup", "title": "1898–99 Welsh Amateur Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1898 -- 99 Welsh Amateur Cup was the ninth season of the Welsh Amateur Cup . The cup was won by Oswestry United Reserves who defeated Shrewsbury based team Singleton & Coles 1-0 in the final , at Welshpool ."}
{"_id": "1971_Newry_killings", "title": "1971 Newry killings", "headings": "", "text": "On the 23 October 1971 undercover soldiers from the British Army shot dead three unarmed Catholic civilians in disputed circumstances in Newry ."}
{"_id": "13_Septembrie", "title": "13 Septembrie", "headings": "", "text": "13th of September ( 13 Septembrie ) is a district in the south of Bucharest , Romania in Sector 5 , close to the city center ."}
{"_id": "1941_Montana_Grizzlies_football_team", "title": "1941 Montana Grizzlies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Montana Grizzlies football team represented the University of Montana in the 1941 college football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) . The Grizzlies were led by seventh-year head coach Doug Fessenden , played their home games at Dornblaser Field and finished the season with a record of six wins and three losses ( 6 -- 3 , 1 -- 3 PCC ) ."}
{"_id": "16th_National_Film_Awards", "title": "16th National Film Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th National Film Awards , presented by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , India to felicitate the best of Indian Cinema released in 1968 . Ceremony took place at Vigyan Bhavan , New Delhi on 13 February 1970 .   With 16th National Film Awards , three new awards were introduced , mainly for Best Film on Family Welfare , Best Child Artist and Best Film Lyric Writer . Moreover , for male and female singers , awards were differentiated with Best Male Playback Singer and Best Female Playback Singer respectively ."}
{"_id": "1998_AFF_Championship_squads", "title": "1998 AFF Championship squads", "headings": "", "text": "Below are the squads for the 1998 AFF Championship , hosted by Vietnam , which took place between 26 August and 5 September 1998 . The players ' listed age is their age on the tournament 's opening day ( 26 August 1998 ) ."}
{"_id": "1982_European_Super_Cup", "title": "1982 European Super Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 European Super Cup was contested between the European Cup holders Aston Villa and the Cup Winners ' Cup holders Barcelona . The cup took place over two legs in January 1983 . The first leg was won by Barcelona 1 -- 0 at the Camp Nou stadium in Barcelona , but Aston Villa won 3 -- 0 at Villa Park after extra time to take a 3 -- 1 aggregate win ."}
{"_id": "1998_Cup_of_Russia", "title": "1998 Cup of Russia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Cup of Russia was the fifth event of six in the 1998 -- 99 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating , a senior-level international invitational competition series . It was held in Moscow on November 26 -- 29 . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing . Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 1998 -- 99 Grand Prix Final ."}
{"_id": "1953_Central_Michigan_Chippewas_football_team", "title": "1953 Central Michigan Chippewas football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 Central Michigan Chippewas football team represented Central Michigan College of Education , renamed Central Michigan University in 1959 , in the Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( IIAC ) during the 1953 college football season . In their third season under head coach Kenneth `` Bill '' Kelly , the Chippewas compiled a 7 -- 1 -- 1 record ( 5 -- 0 -- 1 against IIAC opponents ) , won the IIAC championship , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 244 to 129 .   The team 's statistical leaders included Lornie Kerr with 327 passing yards , Chuck Miller with 938 rushing yards , and Jim Podoley with 186 receiving yards . Miller received the team 's most valuable player award and also received the IIAC most valuable player award . Four Central Michigan players ( Miller , tackle Ken Barron , guard Jack Clary , and center Dick Kackmeister ) received first-team honors on the All-IIAC team ."}
{"_id": "1952_Women's_Western_Open", "title": "1952 Women's Western Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Women 's Western Open was a golf competition held at Skokie Country Club , the 23rd edition of the event . Betsy Rawls won the championship in match play competition by defeating Betty Jameson in the final match , 1 up .   Category : Women 's Western Open  Category : Golf in Illinois  Category : Glencoe , Illinois  Women 's Western Open  Women 's Western Open  Women 's Western Open"}
{"_id": "1922–23_French_Ice_Hockey_Championship", "title": "1922–23 French Ice Hockey Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 -- 23 French Ice Hockey Championship was the ninth edition of the French Ice Hockey Championship , the national ice hockey championship in France . Chamonix Hockey Club won their first championship ."}
{"_id": "1998_Honda_Grand_Prix_of_Monterey", "title": "1998 Honda Grand Prix of Monterey", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Honda Grand Prix of Monterey was the sixteenth round of the 1998 CART FedEx Champ Car World Series season , held on September 13 , 1998 , at the Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca in Monterey , California . Bryan Herta led the race from start to finish with the exception of pit stops , and held off Alex Zanardi at the end to take his first ever CART win ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_ACHL_season", "title": "1986–87 ACHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986-87 Atlantic Coast Hockey League season was the sixth season of the Atlantic Coast Hockey League , a North American minor professional league . Five teams participated in the regular season , and the Virginia Lancers were the league champions . The Troy Slapshots folded after only six games ."}
{"_id": "1959–60_Yugoslav_Ice_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1959–60 Yugoslav Ice Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 -- 60 Yugoslav Ice Hockey League season was the 18th season of the Yugoslav Ice Hockey League , the top level of ice hockey in Yugoslavia . Six teams participated in the league , and Jesenice have won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1978_Manly-Warringah_Sea_Eagles_season", "title": "1978 Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Manly Warringah Sea Eagles season was the 32nd in the clubs history since their entry into the then New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership in 1947 .   The 1978 Sea Eagles were coached by 1963 -- 64 Kangaroo tourist Frank Stanton . Captaining the side was long serving hooker Max Krilich . The club competed in the New South Wales Rugby Football League 's 1978 Premiership season and played its home games at the 27,000 capacity Brookvale Oval ."}
{"_id": "1975–76_NFL_playoffs", "title": "1975–76 NFL playoffs", "headings": "", "text": "The National Football League playoffs for the 1975 season began on December 27 , 1975 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Pittsburgh Steelers defeating the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl X , 21 -- 17 , on January 18 , 1976 , at the Orange Bowl in Miami .   This was the first season in which the league used a seeding system in the playoffs . Thus , the surviving clubs with the higher seeds were made the home teams for each playoff round . The three division champions in each conference were seeded 1 through 3 based on their regular season won-lost-tied record , and the wild card qualifier in each conference became the 4 seed .   However , the league continued to prohibit meetings between two teams from the same division in the Divisional Playoffs . Thus , there would be times when the pairing in that round would be the 1 seed vs. the 3 seed and 2 vs. 4 ."}
{"_id": "1636_in_Ireland", "title": "1636 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1636 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1929_Big_Ten_Conference_football_season", "title": "1929 Big Ten Conference football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 Big Ten Conference football season was the 34th season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference ( also known as the Western Conference ) and was a part of the 1929 college football season .   The 1929 Purdue Boilermakers football team , under head coach Jimmy Phelan , compiled an 8 -- 0 record , won the Big Ten championship , led the conference in scoring offense ( 23.4 points per game ) , and was ranked No. 2 in the Dickinson System rankings . Fullback Ralph Welch and tackle Elmer Sleight were consensus first-team All-Americans .   The 1929 Illinois Fighting Illini football team , under head coach Robert Zuppke , compiled a 6 -- 1 -- 1 record , finished in second place in the Big Ten , led the conference in scoring defense ( 3.4 points allowed per games ) , and was ranked No. 5 in the Dickinson System rankings .   The 1929 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team , under head coach Clarence Spears , compiled a 6 -- 2 and finished in third place in the Big Ten . Tackle Bronko Nagurski was selected as the team 's most valuable player and a consensus first-team All-American .   Iowa halfback Willis Glassgow won the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the most valuable player in the Big Ten . He was also selected as a first-team All-American by Collier 's Weekly , the Newspaper Enterprise Association , and the New York Sun ."}
{"_id": "1935_Stanley_Cup_Finals", "title": "1935 Stanley Cup Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 Stanley Cup Final NHL championship series was contested by the Montreal Maroons and the Toronto Maple Leafs . The Maroons would win the series 3 -- 0 to win their second and final Stanley Cup . The Maroons are the last defunct team to ever win the Cup , as the team would disband 3 years later ."}
{"_id": "1965_South_African_Grand_Prix", "title": "1965 South African Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 South African Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at East London on 1 January 1965 . It was the first race of the 1965 Formula One season . The 85-lap race was won by Lotus driver Jim Clark after he started from pole position . John Surtees finished second for the Ferrari team and BRM driver Graham Hill came in third . This was the debut race of the future world champion Jackie Stewart ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Montreal_Canadiens_season", "title": "1972–73 Montreal Canadiens season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 -- 73 Montreal Canadiens season , the club 's 64th season , led to the Canadiens winning their 18th Stanley Cup in club history ."}
{"_id": "1936–37_Southern_Football_League", "title": "1936–37 Southern Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 -- 37 season was the 39th in the history of the Southern League . The league reverted to a single division after four of the league 's nineteen clubs left at the end of the previous season . Newly elected Ipswich Town won the title at the first attempt , whilst Margate left the league at the end of the season . Ipswich applied for election to the Football League , but were unsuccessful ."}
{"_id": "1999_National_Society_of_Film_Critics_Awards", "title": "1999 National Society of Film Critics Awards", "headings": "", "text": "34th NSFC Awards  January 8 , 2000   Best Film ( tie ) :  Being John Malkovich andTopsy-Turvy  The 34th National Society of Film Critics Awards , given on 8 January 2000 , honored the best filmmaking of 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1986_Ibero-American_Championships_in_Athletics", "title": "1986 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Ibero-American Championships ( Spanish : II Campeonato Iberoamericano de Atletismo ) was an athletics competition which was held at the Estadio Pedro Marrero in Havana , Cuba from 27 -- 28 September 1986 . A total of 36 events , comprising 21 men 's and 15 women 's events , were contested by sixteen countries . It was the second edition of the Ibero-American Championships , and the first to be held in Latin America . The Chilean city of Valparaíso was initially chosen to host the event , but the competition was moved after organisation difficulties . High temperatures at the venue affected athletic performances , particularly in the longer distance events .   The host nation , Cuba , easily topped the table with fifteen gold medals and a total of 43 medals . Spain was the second most successful country ( 9 golds , 22 in total ) and Brazil was third with four golds and fifteen medals overall . The positions of these top three countries remained unchanged from those at the previous edition of the championships in 1983 .   Among the notable medallists was Brazilian Robson da Silva , won completed a sprint double and recorded a South American record of 10.02 seconds in the 100 metres . Ana Fidelia Quirot of Cuba won both the women 's 400 metres and 800 metres events . Seventeen-year-old Luis Bueno set a world youth record of 8.25 m to win the men 's long jump . Another young athlete , 18-year-old high jumper Javier Sotomayor , won his first ever senior gold medal at an international athletics championships . Adauto Domingues of Brazil won the steeplechase gold and a silver in the 5000 m , while Portugal 's Rosa Oliveira was twice runner-up in the 1500 metres and 3000 metres events .   The men 's marathon race was dropped from the main programme and was instead held as a separate competition -- the Ibero American Marathon Championships . Alfonso Abellán was the race winner that year while Manuel Vera and Radamés González were second and third respectively ."}
{"_id": "1995_Individual_Speedway_Latvian_Championship", "title": "1995 Individual Speedway Latvian Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Latvian Individual Speedway Championship was the 21st Latvian Individual Speedway Championship season . The final took place on 14 September 1995 in Daugavpils , Latvia ."}
{"_id": "1983_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1983 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 97th staging of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship , the Gaelic Athletic Association 's premier inter-county Gaelic football tournament . The championship began on 15 May 1983 and ended on 18 September 1983 .   Offaly entered the championship as the defending champions , however , they were defeated by Dublin in the Leinster final .   On 18 September 1983 , Dublin won the championship following a 1-10 to 1-8 defeat of Galway in the All-Ireland final . This was their 21st All-Ireland title and their first in six championship seasons .   Dublin 's Barney Rock was the championship 's top scorer with 6-27 . Dublin 's Tommy Drumm was the choice for Texaco Footballer of the Year ."}
{"_id": "1505_in_poetry", "title": "1505 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "101_MiniGolf_World", "title": "101 MiniGolf World", "headings": "", "text": "101 MiniGolf World is an arcade sports game developed by Teyon for the Nintendo DSiWare . It was available in the Nintendo DSi Shop for 500 Nintendo DSi Points ."}
{"_id": "145th_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment", "title": "145th Indiana Infantry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 145th Indiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Indiana that served in the Union Army between February 16 , 1865 , and January 21 , 1866 , during the American Civil War . The unit was organized very late in the war and its service consisted of a few skirmishes and guard duty ."}
{"_id": "1914_Maryville_Scots_football_team", "title": "1914 Maryville Scots football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1914 Maryville Scots football team represented the Maryville College during the 1914 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1946–47_Southern_Football_League", "title": "1946–47 Southern Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 -- 47 season was the 44th in the history of the Southern League . Gillingham won the championship . The league featured eight new clubs , including Football League members Millwall , who also entered their first team in the Southern League . However , due to fixture congestion , they only played 24 matches , with the remaining fixtures all being awarded as 0 -- 0 draws ."}
{"_id": "1953_U.S._Open_(golf)", "title": "1953 U.S. Open (golf)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 U.S. Open was the 53rd U.S. Open , held June 11 -- 13 at Oakmont Country Club in Oakmont , Pennsylvania , a suburb northeast of Pittsburgh . Ben Hogan won a record-tying fourth U.S. Open title , six strokes ahead of runner-up Sam Snead ."}
{"_id": "1993_Australian_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1993 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix was the first round of the 1993 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on 28 March 1993 at Eastern Creek Raceway ."}
{"_id": "1972_Stockholm_Open", "title": "1972 Stockholm Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Stockholm Open was a tennis tournament played on hard courts and part of the 1972 Commercial Union Assurance Grand Prix and took place in Stockholm , Sweden . The tournament was held from 4 November through 10 November 1972 ."}
{"_id": "1984_Women's_British_Open_Squash_Championship", "title": "1984 Women's British Open Squash Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 Hi-Tec Women 's British Open Squash Championships was held at the Wembley Squash Centre in London from 4 -- 10 April 1984 . Susan Devoy won her first title defeating Lisa Opie in the final ."}
{"_id": "1956_Kansas_State_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1956 Kansas State Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1956 college football season . The team 's head football coach was Bus Mertes , in his second year at the helm of the Wildcats . The Wildcats played their home games in Memorial Stadium . The Wildcats finished the season with a 3 -- 7 record with a 2 -- 4 record in conference play . They finished tied for fifth place in the Big Seven Conference . The Wildcats scored 110 points and gave up 192 points ."}
{"_id": "117th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry", "title": "117th New York Volunteer Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 117th New York Volunteer Infantry ( `` 4th Oneida Regiment '' ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1883_Louisville_Eclipse_season", "title": "1883 Louisville Eclipse season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1883 Louisville Eclipse season was a season in American baseball . The team finished with a 52 -- 45 record , fifth place in the American Association ."}
{"_id": "1991_in_Thailand", "title": "1991 in Thailand", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1991 was the 209th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand . It was the 45th year of the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej ( Rama IX ) , and is reckoned as the year 2534 in the Buddhist Era . Significant events include the coup d'état against the government of Chatichai Choonhavan ."}
{"_id": "1521_in_science", "title": "1521 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1521 in science and technology included many events , some of which are listed here ."}
{"_id": "1997_Conference_USA_Men's_Soccer_Tournament", "title": "1997 Conference USA Men's Soccer Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Conference USA Men 's Soccer Tournament was the third edition of the Conference USA Men 's Soccer Tournament . The tournament decided the Conference USA champion and guaranteed representative into the 1997 NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Championship . The tournament was hosted by the University of South Florida and the final games were played at the USF Soccer Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Segunda_División_B", "title": "1994–95 Segunda División B", "headings": "", "text": "The season 1994-95 of Segunda División B of Spanish football started August 1994 and ended May 1995 ."}
{"_id": "1990_Freedom_Bowl", "title": "1990 Freedom Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Freedom Bowl was an American college football bowl game between the and the Oregon Ducks ."}
{"_id": "1994_NCAA_Division_I_Women's_Soccer_Tournament", "title": "1994 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 NCAA Division I Women 's Soccer Tournament was the 13th annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA Division I women 's collegiate soccer . The semifinals and championship game were played at Merlo Field in Portland , Oregon during December 1994 .   North Carolina defeated Notre Dame in the final , 5 -- 0 , to win their 12th national title . Coached by Anson Dorrance , the Tar Heels finished the season 25 -- 1 -- 1 . Nonetheless , this was UNC 's first season with a loss since 1985 . This would go on to become the ninth of North Carolina 's record nine consecutive national titles ( 1986 -- 1994 ) .   The Most Outstanding Offensive Player was Tisha Venturini from North Carolina , and the Most Outstanding Defensive Player was Staci Wilson , also from North Carolina . Venturini and Wilson , along with twelve other players , were named to the All-tournament team .   The tournament 's leading scorers were Angela Kelly ( North Carolina ) , with 4 goals and 3 assists , and Tiffeny Milbrett ( Portland ) , with 5 goals and 1 assist ."}
{"_id": "1889_in_Norway", "title": "1889 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1889 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1986_in_Cambodia", "title": "1986 in Cambodia", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1986 in Cambodia .    Category : Years of the 20th century in Cambodia  Cambodia  Category :1980 s in Cambodia  Cambodia"}
{"_id": "1966_in_British_radio", "title": "1966 in British radio", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of events from British radio in 1966 ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_UEFA_Champions_League", "title": "1992–93 UEFA Champions League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 UEFA Champions League was the 38th European Cup , the premier European club football tournament , and the first season with the UEFA Champions League logo ( originally adopted only in the group stage ) .   It was the second tournament to have a group stage involving the eight second round winners split into two groups , and the winner of each one met in the final . In addition , a preliminary round was required as this was the first season after the break-up of the USSR and Yugoslavia , resulting in a large number of new countries eligible to enter the champions of their own leagues into the competition . Israel and the Faroe Islands were also represented for the first time .   The tournament was won for the first time by Marseille , defeating Milan in the final . However , soon after Marseille 's victory allegations of match fixing were levelled at them and their president Bernard Tapie . This involved a league game where Marseille , it emerged , had fixed their title-clinching Division 1 game against Valenciennes so they could concentrate on the Milan tie . It is believed that Tapie bribed Valenciennes to lose so that Marseille would win the French league earlier , giving them more time to prepare for the European Cup final . This resulted in Marseille being stripped of their league title by the French Football Federation ( although not the European Cup , as the match in question was not in that competition ) . They were banned from defending their European title in the 1993 -- 94 season , and contesting the Intercontinental Cup and Super Cup . In 1994 Marseille was also relegated to the Division 2 .   Barcelona , the defending champions , were eliminated in the second round by CSKA Moscow ."}
{"_id": "1949_NCAA_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1949 NCAA Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 NCAA Basketball Tournament involved 8 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men 's NCAA Division I college basketball . It began on March 18 , 1949 , and ended with the championship game on March 26 in Seattle , Washington . A total of 10 games were played , including a third place game in each region and a national third place game .   Kentucky , coached by Adolph Rupp , won the national title with a 46 -- 36 victory in the final game over Oklahoma A&M , coached by Henry Iba . Alex Groza of Kentucky was named the tournament 's Most Outstanding Player ."}
{"_id": "1998_Indy_Racing_League", "title": "1998 Indy Racing League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Pep Boys Indy Racing League was one of relative stability compared to the previous two seasons . For the first time the season consisted of a single and complete spring , summer , and fall like all other forms of motorsport . 15 drivers completed the entire 11 race schedule , twice as many as the previous season . It was also the first complete season for the new Riley & Scott chassis , though it proved unpopular due to its late introduction . A. J. Foyt Enterprises drivers captured 4 wins , the Indy 500 pole , and the championship , arguably the most successful year in the team 's history ."}
{"_id": "1987_in_race_walking", "title": "1987 in race walking", "headings": "", "text": "This page lists the World Best Year Performance in the year 1987 in both the men 's and the women 's race walking distances : 10 km , 20 km and 50 km ( outdoor ) . One of the main events during this season were the 1987 World Athletics Championships in Rome , Italy ."}
{"_id": "1986_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_high_jump", "title": "1986 European Athletics Championships – Men's high jump", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Men 's high jump event at the 1986 European Championships in Stuttgart , West Germany , held at Neckarstadion on 30 and 31 August 1986 ."}
{"_id": "1993_in_Macau", "title": "1993 in Macau", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1993 in Portuguese Macau ."}
{"_id": "1995_AFL_season", "title": "1995 AFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Australian Football League season was the 99th season of the elite Australian rules football competition ."}
{"_id": "1_−_1_+_2_−_6_+_24_−_120_+_...", "title": "1 − 1 + 2 − 6 + 24 − 120 + ...", "headings": "", "text": "In mathematics , the divergent series   was first considered by Euler , who applied summability methods to assign a finite value to the series . The series is a sum of factorials that alternatingly are added or subtracted . A way to assign a value to the divergent series is by using Borel summation , where one formally writes   If summation and integration are interchanged ( ignoring that neither side converges ) , one obtains :   The summation in the square brackets converges and equals if x < 1 . If we analytically continue this for all real x , one obtains a convergent integral for the summation :     where E1 ( z ) is the exponential integral . This is by definition the Borel sum of the series ."}
{"_id": "1917_Oregon_Webfoots_football_team", "title": "1917 Oregon Webfoots football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon in the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) during the 1917 college football season . In their sixth and final season under head coach Hugo Bezdek , the Webfoots compiled a 4 -- 3 record ( 1 -- 2 against PCC opponents ) , finished in fourth place in the PCC , and were outscored by their opponents , 74 to 73 . The team played its home games at Kincaid Field in Eugene , Oregon ."}
{"_id": "1921_Sultan_Hussein_Cup_Final", "title": "1921 Sultan Hussein Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "1921 Sultan Hussein Cup Final , was the final match of the 1920 -- 21 Sultan Hussein Cup , was between El-Mokhtalat ( Zamalek SC now ) and Schroeders from Great Britain , El-Mokhtalat won the match 2 -- 1 after extra time ( 1 -- 1 before extra time ) , became the 1st Egyptian team to win the cup ."}
{"_id": "1996_WAFL_season", "title": "1996 WAFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 WAFL season was the 112th season of the West Australian Football League in its various incarnations .   It saw the league at a crisis point with attendances decimated by the rise of the Eagles and newly formed Dockers of the AFL . With serious financial problems for a number of clubs , especially Perth and Swan Districts but also Claremont , East Perth and West Perth , the league intensely debated whether to expand or contract the competition . The upshot was that 1996 would prove the final year of the eight-club competition that had been established with the admission of in 1934 .   On the field , 1996 was notable for the decline of 1995 minor premiers Subiaco , who with the decline of top goalkicker Jason Heatley and the loss of other key players to the AFL , declined by thirteen wins , the largest in WAFL history since Claremont after the loss of Graham Moss to fell from only three losses in 1972 to only four wins in 1973 . In the process , the Lions suffered a number of spectacular losses . In contrast , East Perth , after eleven years in the doldrums when they had won only eighty and drawn one of 236 games , rose under the coaching of former defender Kevin Worthington to their first minor premiership since 1976 and despite lack of experience , nearly beat Claremont in a thrilling Grand Final . The Tigers , despite being fifth in 1995 , won the Emu Export Cup to be early premiership favourites with the power of their lower grades , and despite some lapses ultimately lived up to that label .   The wettest Perth winter since 1974 led to some notable low scoring , with Claremont kicking the second lowest score by an eventual premier team in a major Australian Rules league against Swan Districts and West Perth kicking three or fewer goals in successive games for the first time in 69 open-age seasons ."}
{"_id": "1904–05_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season", "title": "1904–05 Northern Rugby Football Union season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 -- 05 Northern Rugby Football Union season was the tenth season of rugby league football ."}
{"_id": "1981–82_Whitbread_Round_the_World_Race", "title": "1981–82 Whitbread Round the World Race", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 -- 82 Whitbread Round the World Race was the third edition of the around-the-world sailing event Whitbread Round the World Race . On 8 August 1981 , 29 boats started out from Southampton for the Whitbread Round the World Race .   The maxi yacht Flyer II was designed by Germán Frers and built at the W. Huisman shipyard in 1981 for skipper Cornelius van Rietschoten . In an unusual feat , she won the race both on line honours and on handicap . Only 20 finished the race out of the 29 that started it ."}
{"_id": "1000mods", "title": "1000mods", "headings": "", "text": "1000mods is a stoner rock band from Chiliomodi , Greece , formed in 2006 . The name of the group is a pun linked to the village in which they were formed , as `` a thousand '' is pronounced `` chillia '' in Greek . Their main music influences include bands such as Black Sabbath , Colour Haze , Kyuss and MC5 ."}
{"_id": "1948_New_York_Giants_(MLB)_season", "title": "1948 New York Giants (MLB) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 66th season . The team finished in fifth place in the National League with a 78 -- 76 record , 13 1/2 games behind the Boston Braves ."}
{"_id": "1978_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1978 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 92nd staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887 . The championship began on 30 April 1978 and ended on 3 September 1978 .   Cork entered the championship as defending champions .   On 3 September 1978 , Cork won the championship following a 1-15 to 2-8 defeat of Kilkenny in the All-Ireland final . This was their 24th All-Ireland title , their third championship in succession .   Kilkenny 's Liam `` Chunky '' O'Brien was the championship 's top scorer with 1-23 . Cork 's John Horgan was the choice for Hurler of the Year ."}
{"_id": "1949_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season", "title": "1949 Pittsburgh Pirates season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 68th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise ; the 63rd in the National League . The Pirates finished sixth in the league standings with a record of 71 -- 83 ."}
{"_id": "1994_ATP_Tour_World_Championships", "title": "1994 ATP Tour World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 ATP Tour World Championships ( also known for the singles event as the IBM-ATP Tour World Championship for sponsorship reasons ) were tennis tournaments played on indoor carpet courts . It was the 25th edition of the year-end singles championships , the 21st edition of the year-end doubles championships , and both were part of the 1994 ATP Tour . The singles event took place at the Frankfurt Festhalle in Frankfurt , Germany , from November 14 through November 20 , 1994 , and the doubles event in Jakarta , Indonesia , from November 21 through November 27 , 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1970–71_Liga_Española_de_Baloncesto", "title": "1970–71 Liga Española de Baloncesto", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 -- 71 season was the 15th season of the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto . Real Madrid won the title ."}
{"_id": "10_Years_(Armin_van_Buuren_album)", "title": "10 Years (Armin van Buuren album)", "headings": "", "text": "10 Years is a compilation album by Dutch DJ and record producer Armin van Buuren . It was released on 11 November 2006 by Armada Music . It spent twelve weeks on the Dutch album chart , peaking at number 45 . It also spent five weeks on the Billboard Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart , peaking at number 20 .   Van Buuren said that 10 Years was `` not a ` best of ' album '' , but `` more a selection of previously unreleased and exclusive re-mixes '' . He also said that the album 's main purposes were `` tying up loose ends '' and `` a little celebration of 10 years work as a producer '' ."}
{"_id": "117th_Regiment_of_Foot", "title": "117th Regiment of Foot", "headings": "", "text": "Two regiments of the British Army have been numbered the 117th Regiment of Foot :   117th Regiment of Foot ( Invalids ) , raised in 1762 and renumbered as the 74th in 1763  117th Regiment of Foot ( 1794 ) , raised in 1794"}
{"_id": "1989_Vitosha_New_Otani_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1989 Vitosha New Otani Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Conchita Martínez and Barbara Paulus were the defending champions but did not compete that year .   Laura Garrone and Laura Golarsa won in the final 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 against Silke Meier and Elena Pampoulova ."}
{"_id": "1969_in_Japan", "title": "1969 in Japan", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1969 in Japan ."}
{"_id": "1998_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final", "title": "1998 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the 111th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1998 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship , an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1969_Adelaide_Carnival", "title": "1969 Adelaide Carnival", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Adelaide Carnival was the 17th edition of the Australian National Football Carnival , an Australian rules football interstate competition .   Four teams competed in the carnival , South Australia , the Victorian Football League , Tasmania and Western Australia . Victoria finished on top of the table after winning all of their games . Peter Hudson kicked 17 goals in the carnival , the next best was Austin Robertson with 15 .   The Victorian Football Association was also to have competed in the Carnival , but it was excluded from competing because it had allowed players to cross from the VFL to the VFA without formal clearances during the 1969 season , in defiance of an ANFC directive from the previous year ."}
{"_id": "1981_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "title": "1981 24 Hours of Le Mans", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 49th Grand Prix of Endurance , and took place on 13 and 14 June 1981 . It was also the eighth round of the 1981 World Endurance Championship of Drivers and the fifth round of the 1981 World Endurance Championship of Makes ."}
{"_id": "1647", "title": "1647", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": ".mail", "title": ".mail", "headings": "", "text": ". mail is a generic top-level domain proposed by The Spamhaus Project in 2004 , but unapproved by ICANN . Its purpose is to enable responsible message recipients to reliably and efficiently identify and accept spam-free mailstreams ."}
{"_id": "1990_Southeastern_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "title": "1990 Southeastern Conference Baseball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Southeastern Conference Baseball Tournament was held at the Hoover Metropolitan Stadium in Hoover , AL from May 17th through May 20th . and Mississippi State were declared co-champions the tournament as a result of a weather-cancelled championship game ."}
{"_id": "1987_South_American_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics", "title": "1987 South American Junior Championships in Athletics", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th South American Junior Championships in Athletics were held in Santiago , Chile from September 24 -- 27 , 1987 ."}
{"_id": "1996_U.S._Open_Cup", "title": "1996 U.S. Open Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 United States Open Cup was the 83rd edition of the tournament , and the first Open Cup to include Major League Soccer teams .   D.C. United defeated the Rochester Raging Rhinos 3-0 in the final at RFK Stadium , Washington , D.C.   Originally , four of the ten MLS teams entered the tournament . Five ended up participating , as D.C. United replaced the Los Angeles Galaxy ( due to the Galaxy 's congested schedule ) , and the Colorado Rapids replaced the Colorado Foxes ( when the team could not reschedule its third-round match against Kansas City ) . The A-League Rochester side beat two MLS teams en route to the final before falling to already-crowned MLS Cup champion United ."}
{"_id": "1976_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships_–_Junior_men's_race", "title": "1976 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race", "headings": "", "text": "The Junior men 's race at the 1976 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Chepstow , Wales , at the Chepstow Racecourse on February 28 , 1996 . A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald .   Complete results , medallists ,  and the results of British athletes were published ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Venezuelan_Primera_División_season", "title": "1996–97 Venezuelan Primera División season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 season of the Venezuelan Primera División , the top category of Venezuelan football , was played by 12 teams . The national champions were Caracas ."}
{"_id": "(120132)_2003_FY128", "title": "(120132) 2003 FY128", "headings": "", "text": ", also written as ( 120132 ) 2003 FY128 , is a trans-Neptunian object ( TNO ) ."}
{"_id": "1874_in_Sweden", "title": "1874 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1874 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1973_Hawthorn_Football_Club_season", "title": "1973 Hawthorn Football Club season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Hawthorn Football Club season was the clubs 49th season in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) ."}
{"_id": "1736_in_Great_Britain", "title": "1736 in Great Britain", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1736 in Great Britain ."}
{"_id": "1831_in_the_United_States", "title": "1831 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1831 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1751_in_Russia", "title": "1751 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1751 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1984_in_India", "title": "1984 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1984 in the Republic of India ."}
{"_id": "1985_Intercontinental_Final", "title": "1985 Intercontinental Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Intercontinental Final was the eleventh running of the Intercontinental Final as part of the qualification for the 1985 Speedway World Championship . The 1985 Final was run on 3 August at the Vetlanda Speedway in Vetlanda , Sweden , and was the last qualifying stage for riders from Scandinavia , the USA and from the Commonwealth nations for the World Final to be held at the Odsal Stadium in Bradford , England ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Leeds_United_A.F.C._season", "title": "1996–97 Leeds United A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1996 -- 97 season , Leeds United A.F.C. competed in the FA Premier League ."}
{"_id": "1998_PBA_draft", "title": "1998 PBA draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) rookie draft was an event at which teams drafted players from the amateur ranks . The annual rookie draft was held on December 22 , 1997 , at the Glorietta Mall in Makati City ."}
{"_id": "'Anin", "title": "'Anin", "headings": "", "text": "` Anin a Palestinian village in the West Bank governorate of Jenin . According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics , the village had a population of 3,719 inhabitants in mid-year 2006 ."}
{"_id": "1978–79_St._John's_Redmen_basketball_team", "title": "1978–79 St. John's Redmen basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 -- 79 St. John 's Redmen basketball team represented St. John 's University during the 1978 -- 79 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The team was coached by Lou Carnesecca in his eleventh year at the school . St. John 's home games are played at Alumni Hall and Madison Square Garden ."}
{"_id": "1994_Davis_Cup_Asia/Oceania_Zone", "title": "1994 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "10_(Kate_Rusby_album)", "title": "10 (Kate Rusby album)", "headings": "", "text": "10 is an album by English folk musician Kate Rusby , released in 2002 . It is a collection of re-recorded and re-mastered songs with some new tracks and live cuts ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Iran_Football's_2nd_Division", "title": "1995–96 Iran Football's 2nd Division", "headings": "", "text": "Iran Football 's 2nd Division 1995-1996 season ."}
{"_id": "116th_Military_Intelligence_Brigade_(United_States)", "title": "116th Military Intelligence Brigade (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 116th Military Intelligence Brigade ( Aerial Intelligence ) ( 116th MI Bde ) is the U.S. Army 's newest intelligence brigade charged with conducting 24/7 tasking , collection , processing , exploitation , dissemination and feedback operations of multiple organic and joint intelligence A-ISR missions collected in overseas contingency areas of operation ."}
{"_id": "1924–25_Scottish_Football_League", "title": "1924–25 Scottish Football League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of the Scottish Football League in season 1924 -- 25 ."}
{"_id": "1924_Horus", "title": "1924 Horus", "headings": "", "text": "1924 Horus , also designated 4023 P -- L , is a main-belt asteroid discovered on September 24 , 1960 , by Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden , on photographic plates taken by Tom Gehrels at Palomar . On the same date , the trio of astronomers also discovered 1912 Anubis , 1923 Osiris and 5011 Ptah .   Horus measures about 12 kilometers in diameter .   The designation P -- L stands for Palomar -- Leiden , named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory , which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar -- Leiden survey in the 1960s . Gehrels used Palomar 's Samuel Oschin telescope ( also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope ) , and shipped the photographic plates to Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden Observatory . The trio are credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries .   It is named after Horus , the falcon-headed king of the sky and the stars , and son of the Egyptian god Osiris ."}
{"_id": "1996_Kyrgyzstan_League", "title": "1996 Kyrgyzstan League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Kyrgyzstan League in season 1996 ."}
{"_id": "1998_Piberstein_Styrian_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1998 Piberstein Styrian Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Eva Melicharová and Helena Vildová were the defending champions but did not compete that year .   Laura Montalvo and Paola Suárez won in the final 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 against Tina Križan and Katarina Srebotnik ."}
{"_id": "1955_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand", "title": "1955 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played by `` Wallabies '' in 1955 .   The test series was lost with a victory for Australia and two for New Zealand ."}
{"_id": "'76_(comics)", "title": "'76 (comics)", "headings": "", "text": "'76 is an eight-issue 2007 comic book limited series published by Image Comics , and written by B. Clay Moore and Seth Peck , and illustrated by Ed Tadem and Tigh Walker . Each issue of the mini-series , both set in the year 1976 , focus on separate , ongoing storylines ; one story takes place in New York City , and the other in Los Angeles . Both are crime dramas , drawn in monochrome and the series draws heavily upon 1970s ` street ' culture . The series has been reviewed as not so much `` a flip-book '' but instead `` more like a drive-in double feature '' ."}
{"_id": "1908_Baylor_football_team", "title": "1908 Baylor football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 Baylor football team represented Baylor University during the 1908 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1909_Navy_Midshipmen_football_team", "title": "1909 Navy Midshipmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1909 college football season . In their second season under Frank Berrien , the Midshipmen compiled a 4 -- 3 -- 1 record and outscored their opponents by a combined score of 99 to 42 ."}
{"_id": "1992_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Women's_triple_jump", "title": "1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's triple jump", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's triple jump event at the 1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Seoul , Korea , at Olympic Stadium on 17 September ."}
{"_id": "1992_Philadelphia_Eagles_season", "title": "1992 Philadelphia Eagles season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Philadelphia Eagles season was their 60th in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team fought through adversity from the outset and improved upon their previous output of 10 -- 6 , winning eleven games and returning to the playoffs after a year out .   After winning four in a row and five of their last six regular-season games , the Birds kept the momentum going and posted their first playoff victory since the 1980 NFC Championship game , topping the Saints in New Orleans in the first round .   Season highlights included : the first 4 -- 0 start since going 6 -- 0 to begin the 1981 campaign , a home shutout of the Denver Broncos on September 20 , a memorable seven-play goal-line stand in a 7 -- 3 win over the Cardinals on October 25 , a come-from-behind 47 -- 34 win over the New York Giants at the Meadowlands ( which included a Vai Sikahema punt return for a touchdown and his iconic boxing with the padding at the base of the goal posts ) , and safety Eric Allen batting away a Mark Rypien pass at the goal line to seal a playoff-spot-clinching 17 -- 13 decision against the Washington Redskins on December 20 ."}
{"_id": "1994_Paris–Roubaix", "title": "1994 Paris–Roubaix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Paris -- Roubaix was the 92nd running of the Paris -- Roubaix single-day cycling race , often known as the Hell of the North . It was held on 10 April 1994 over a distance of 270 km .   It was won by Andrei Tchmil , at the age of 31 . It was his first and only victory in the `` Hell of the North '' . Tchmil won alone , with an advantage of more than a minute in front of Italians Fabio Baldato and Franco Ballerini , who rounded out the podium . The winner of the previous edition , Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle , was only 7th now ."}
{"_id": "14th_New_Brunswick_general_election", "title": "14th New Brunswick general election", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th New Brunswick general election may refer to  the New Brunswick general election , 1846 , the 14th general election to take place in the Colony of New Brunswick , for the 14th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly , or  the New Brunswick general election , 1917 , the 34th overall general election for New Brunswick , for the 34th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly , but considered the 14th general election for the Canadian province of New Brunswick .   Category : New Brunswick general elections by number"}
{"_id": "1960_County_Championship", "title": "1960 County Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 County Championship was the 61st officially organised running of the County Championship . Yorkshire won their second successive Championship title .   The method of scoring points remained the same but the team with the most points would not automatically be crowned champions because teams played either 28 or 32 matches . Therefore , a final average was calculated by dividing the points by the matches played which determined the final placings ."}
{"_id": "1924_British_Lions_tour_to_South_Africa", "title": "1924 British Lions tour to South Africa", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 British Isles tour to South Africa was the tenth tour by a British Isles team and the fifth to South Africa . The tour is retrospectively classed as one of the British Lions tours , as the Lions naming convention was not adopted until 1950 . As well as South Africa , the tour included a game in Salisbury in Rhodesia , in what would become present day Harare in Zimbabwe ."}
{"_id": "1942_in_art", "title": "1942 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1998_Sta._Lucia_Realtors_season", "title": "1998 Sta. Lucia Realtors season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Sta.Lucia Realtors season was the sixth season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) ."}
{"_id": "1923_in_Sweden", "title": "1923 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1923 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1908_in_Germany", "title": "1908 in Germany", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1908 in Germany ."}
{"_id": "1937_Fox_vault_fire", "title": "1937 Fox vault fire", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Fox vault fire was a major fire in a 20th Century Fox film storage facility in Little Ferry , New Jersey , United States , on 9 July 1937 . It was caused by the spontaneous combustion of nitrate film stored in inadequately-ventilated vaults . The fire resulted in one death and two injuries , and destroyed all of the film present .   This fire was responsible for the loss of most of the silent films produced by Fox Film Corporation before 1932 . Also destroyed were Educational Pictures negatives and films of several other studios . It brought attention to the potential for decaying nitrate film to spontaneously ignite , and changed the focus of film preservation efforts to include a greater focus on fire safety ."}
{"_id": "1950_DEI_Championship", "title": "1950 DEI Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 DEI Championship season was the 32nd season and also the last edition of the Dutch East Indies Championship football competition since its establishment in 1914 . Soerabaja are the defending champions , having won their 11th league title .   This is the second edition the league organised by V.U.V.S.I. / I.S.N.I.S. , It was performed in 7 teams , and Soerabaja won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1976_in_British_television", "title": "1976 in British television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of British television-related events in 1976 ."}
{"_id": "1215_in_poetry", "title": "1215 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1936–37_Montreal_Canadiens_season", "title": "1936–37 Montreal Canadiens season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 -- 37 Montreal Canadiens season was the team 's 28th season of play . After coach Cecil Hart and Howie Morenz returned to the club , the Canadiens placed first in the Canadian Division and qualified for the playoffs . Montreal met and lost to eventual Stanley Cup champion Detroit Red Wings in the semi-finals ."}
{"_id": "1822_in_birding_and_ornithology", "title": "1822 in birding and ornithology", "headings": "", "text": "A summary of 1822 in birding and ornithology ."}
{"_id": "1924_in_Argentine_football", "title": "1924 in Argentine football", "headings": "", "text": "1924 in Argentine football saw Boca Juniors winning its 4th . league title after a great campaign where the team won 18 over 19 matches disputed , also finishing unbeaten .   On the other hand , dissident AAm tournament was won by San Lorenzo , which obtained its 2nd . consecutive title ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_Polska_Liga_Hokejowa_season", "title": "1979–80 Polska Liga Hokejowa season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 -- 80 Polska Liga Hokejowa season was the 45th season of the Polska Liga Hokejowa , the top level of ice hockey in Poland . Eight teams participated in the league , and Zaglebie Sosnowiec won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1980_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Men's_singles_final", "title": "1980 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Wimbledon Men 's Singles final '' ' was the championship tennis match of the Men 's Singles tournament at the 1980 Wimbledon Championships . In the final , Björn Borg defeated John McEnroe 1 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 ( 16 -- 18 ) , 8 -- 6 to win the match . It was regarded at the time as the greatest match ever played . It would be another 28 years before the 2008 Wimbledon men 's singles final between Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal would rival the match as the greatest ever played ."}
{"_id": "1982_Little_League_World_Series", "title": "1982 Little League World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Little League World Series took place between August 24 and August 28 in Williamsport , Pennsylvania . The Kirkland National Little League of Kirkland , Washington defeated the Puzih Little League of Chiayi County , Taiwan in the championship game of the 36th Little League World Series . The achievement is recounted in the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary , `` Little Big Men . ''   The historic victory by Kirkland snapped the 31-game winning streak by Taiwanese teams and their streak of five consecutive titles . As of 2011 both of these records still stand , and have never been seriously approached by another Country/State ."}
{"_id": "1940–41_Gauliga", "title": "1940–41 Gauliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 -- 41 Gauliga was the eighth season of the Gauliga , the first tier of the football league system in Germany from 1933 to 1945 . It was the second season of the league held during the Second World War .   The league operated in twenty regional divisions , two more than in the previous season , with the league containing 225 clubs all up , nine more than the previous season . The majority of Gauligas returned to their pre-war single-division format , having been split into regional sub-divisions for the first war season . The league champions entered the 1941 German football championship , won by SK Rapid Wien who defeated FC Schalke 04 4 -- 3 in the final . It was Rapid 's sole German national championship .   The 1940 -- 41 season saw the seventh edition of the Tschammerpokal , now the DFB-Pokal . The 1941 edition was won by Dresdner SC , defeating FC Schalke 04 2 -- 1 on 2 November 1941 , leaving Schalke to have lost both the championship and cup final in 1941 .   The number of Gauligas , twenty , increased by two compare to the previous season because of the introduction of the Gauliga Danzig-Westpreußen , named after the city of Gdańsk ( German : Danzig ) and the former Prussian province of West Prussia and formed by clubs from the Free City of Danzig and Pomeranian Voivodeship , annexed from Poland , and Gauliga Elsaß , formed in the Alsace ( German : Elsaß ) region which was annexed by Nazi Germany from France .   In the part of Czechoslovakia incorporated into Germany in March 1939 , the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , a separate Czech league continued to exist which was not part of the Gauliga system or the German championship ."}
{"_id": "1998_Kroger_St._Jude_International_–_Doubles", "title": "1998 Kroger St. Jude International – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Kroger St. Jude International was a men 's tennis tournament played on indoor Hard courts in Memphis , United States , that was part of the International Series Gold of the 1998 ATP Tour . It was the 28th edition of the tournament and was held 16 -- 22 February 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1931_Hawthorn_Football_Club_season", "title": "1931 Hawthorn Football Club season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 Hawthorn Football Club season was the clubs 7th season in the Victorian Football League ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_French_Rugby_Union_Championship", "title": "1963–64 French Rugby Union Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963-64 French Rugby Union Championship was contested by 56 teams in 7 pools .   The four first teams of each pool and the best four placed 5th qualified for the last 32 .   Pau won the championship after beating Béziers in the final .   It was the third time Pau had won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1,2,3-Triazole", "title": "1,2,3-Triazole", "headings": "", "text": "1,2,3-Triazole is one of a pair of isomeric chemical compounds with molecular formula C2H3N3 , called triazoles , which have a five-membered ring of two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms . 1,2,3-Triazole is a basic aromatic heterocycle .   Substituted 1,2,3-triazoles can be produced using the azide alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition in which an azide and an alkyne undergo a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction .   It is a surprisingly stable structure compared to other organic compounds with three adjacent nitrogen atoms . However , flash vacuum pyrolysis at 500 ° C leads to loss of molecular nitrogen ( N2 ) to produce aziridine . Certain triazoles are relatively easy to cleave due to so-called ring-chain tautomerism . One manifestation is found in the Dimroth rearrangement .   1,2,3-Triazole finds use in research as a building block for more complex chemical compounds , including pharmaceutical drugs such as tazobactam ."}
{"_id": "1983_African_Cup_of_Champions_Clubs", "title": "1983 African Cup of Champions Clubs", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 African Cup of Champions Clubs was the 19th edition of the annual international club football competition held in the CAF region ( Africa ) , the African Cup of Champions Clubs . It determined that year 's club champion of association football in Africa .   The tournament was played by 36 teams and was used a playoff scheme with home and away matches . Asante Kotoko SC from Ghana won that final , and became for the second time CAF club champion ."}
{"_id": "1980_Little_League_World_Series", "title": "1980 Little League World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Little League World Series took place between August 26 and August 30 in Williamsport , Pennsylvania . The Longkuang Little League of Hualian , Taiwan defeated the Belmont Heights Little League of Tampa , Florida in the championship game of the 34th Little League World Series ."}
{"_id": "1599_in_France", "title": "1599 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1599 in France"}
{"_id": "1991_Soviet_coup_d'état_attempt", "title": "1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt , also known as the August Coup ( -LSB- Августовский путч , r = Avgustovsky Putch -RSB- `` August Putsch '' ) , was an attempt by members of the Soviet Union 's government to take control of the country from Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev . The coup leaders were hard-line members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( CPSU ) who were opposed to Gorbachev 's reform program and the new union treaty that he had negotiated which decentralised much of the central government 's power to the republics . They were opposed , mainly in Moscow , by a short but effective campaign of civil resistance . Although the coup collapsed in only two days and Gorbachev returned to government , the event destabilised the Soviet Union and is widely considered to have contributed to both the demise of the CPSU and the dissolution of the Soviet Union .   After the capitulation of the State Committee on the State of Emergency ( GKChP ) , popularly referred to as the `` Gang of Eight '' , both the Supreme Court of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) and the President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev described their actions as a coup attempt ."}
{"_id": "16th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment", "title": "16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Arkansas Infantry ( 1861 -- 1865 ) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War . Organized from volunteer companies from northwest Arkansas , the unit participated in the Pea Ridge Campaign before crossing the Mississippi river and becoming involved in the Iuka-Corinth Campaign and the Siege of Port Hudson . After being surrendered with the garrison of Port Hudson the unit was reorganized in Arkansas and consolidated with the remnants of several other Arkansas Regiments to become the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment ( Trans-Mississippi ) ."}
{"_id": "1994_Mindoro_earthquake", "title": "1994 Mindoro earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Mindoro earthquake occurred on near Mindoro , the Philippines . It had a moment magnitude of 7.1 . It is associated with a 35 kilometer-long ground rupture , called the Aglubang River fault . Seventy eight people were reported dead , and 7,566 houses were damaged . The earthquake generated a tsunami and landslides on the Verde Island ."}
{"_id": "1927_Santa_Barbara_State_Roadrunners_football_team", "title": "1927 Santa Barbara State Roadrunners football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Santa Barbara State Roadrunners football team represented Santa Barbara StateUC Santa Barbara was known as Santa Barbara State College from 1921 -- 1943 . See : UC Santa Barbara during the 1927 college football season .   Santa Barbara State competed in the California Coast Conference ( CCC ) in 1927 . The Roadrunners were led by second-year head coach Dudley DeGroot and played home games at Peabody Stadium in Santa Barbara , California . They finished the season with a record of three wins and five losses ( 3 -- 5 , 1 -- 2 CCC ) . Overall , the team was outscored by its opponents 52 -- 167 for the season and was shut out in four of the eight games ."}
{"_id": "1942_in_aviation", "title": "1942 in aviation", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of aviation-related events from 1942 :"}
{"_id": "1730s_in_South_Africa", "title": "1730s in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1994–95_Buffalo_Sabres_season", "title": "1994–95 Buffalo Sabres season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 Buffalo Sabres season was the Sabres ' 25th season in the National Hockey League . The season was marked by injuries to star forwards Dale Hawerchuk and Pat LaFontaine , who each missed over half of the lockout-shortened season . Donald Audette , Alexander Mogilny and Wayne Presley filled the offensive hole left by the absence of LaFontaine and Hawerchuk , as Audette led the team in goals ( 24 ) , Mogilny led in assists ( 28 ) and points ( 47 ) and Presley led in shorthanded goals ( 5 ) . Thanks to Presley 's contribution in this offensive category , the Sabres tied the Washington Capitals with the most shorthanded goals scored by any team during the regular season ( 13 ) . Dominik Hasek led all goaltenders in save percentage with .930 , goals against average with 2.11 ( tied with Rick Tabaracci of the Washington Capitals/Calgary Flames ) and shutouts with 5 ( tied with Ed Belfour of the Chicago Blackhawks ) . The Sabres were one of only three teams ( the other two being the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Quebec Nordiques ) not to be shut out in any of their regular season games or playoff games .   On April 4 , 1995 , the Sabres scored three short-handed goals in a 6 -- 3 home win over the Hartford Whalers .   The team 's playoff run was brief , as they were eliminated in the first round by the Philadelphia Flyers in five games ."}
{"_id": "1992_Big_League_World_Series", "title": "1992 Big League World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Big League World Series took place from August 14 -- 22 in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , United States . Host Team Broward County , Florida defeated Maracaibo , Venezuela twice in the championship game ."}
{"_id": "\"Believing_Women\"_in_Islam", "title": "\"Believing Women\" in Islam", "headings": "", "text": "`` Believing Women '' in Islam : Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur ` an is a 2002 book by Asma Barlas , published by the University of Texas Press . According to Barlas , the Qur ` an does not support patriarchy and modern day Muslims were not properly interpreting the text . She argues that the Qur ` an supports equal spousal and marital rights and does not differentiate among sex and gender . Barlas attributes incorrect interpretations of the Qur ` an to the hadith , shariah , and sunnah . Barlas stated that men were mostly the ones who had developed shariah ."}
{"_id": "1992_PBA_First_Conference", "title": "1992 PBA First Conference", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) First Conference was the first Conference of the 1992 PBA season . It started in February 9 and ended on May 5 , 1992 . The tournament requires a 6 ' 5 '' and below import for each team ."}
{"_id": "1_22_polytope", "title": "1 22 polytope", "headings": "", "text": "In 6-dimensional geometry , the 122 polytope is a uniform polytope , constructed from the E6 group . It was first published in E. L. Elte 's 1912 listing of semiregular polytopes , named as V72 ( for its 72 vertices ) .   Its Coxeter symbol is 122 , describing its bifurcating Coxeter-Dynkin diagram , with a single ring on the end of the 1-node sequence . There are two rectifications of the 122 , construcated by positions points on the elements of 122 . The rectified 122 is constructed by points at the mid-edges of the 122 . The birectified 122 is constructed by points at the triangle face centers of the 122 .   These polytopes are from a family of 39 convex uniform polytopes in 6-dimensions , made of uniform polytope facets and vertex figures , defined by all permutations of rings in this Coxeter-Dynkin diagram : ."}
{"_id": "1925_Maryland_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1925 Maryland Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 Maryland Aggies football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1925 college football season . In their 15th season under head coach Curley Byrd , the Aggies compiled a 3 -- 5 record ( 0 -- 4 in conference ) , finished in a tie for last place in the Southern Conference , and were outscored by their opponents 82 to 53 ."}
{"_id": "1791_in_Australia", "title": "1791 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1996_Toshiba_Classic_–_Doubles", "title": "1996 Toshiba Classic – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva were the defending champions but only Fernández competed that year with Conchita Martínez .   Fernández and Martínez won in the final 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 against Larisa Neiland and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ."}
{"_id": "1987_Purdue_Boilermakers_football_team", "title": "1987 Purdue Boilermakers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Purdue Boilermakers football team represented Purdue University during the 1987 NCAA Division I-A football season ."}
{"_id": "1983_Long_Beach_State_49ers_football_team", "title": "1983 Long Beach State 49ers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Long Beach State 49ers football team represented California State University , Long BeachAlthough the official name of the school is California State University , Long Beach , in common usage it is also sometimes known as Long Beach State . See : Cal State Long Beach during the 1983 Division I-A football season .   Cal State Long Beach competed in the Pacific Coast Athletic Association.The Big West Conference was known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association from its founding in 1969 through 1987 . See : Big West Conference The team was led by seventh-year head coach Dave Currey , and played home games at Veterans Stadium adjacent to the campus of Long Beach City College in Long Beach , California , with one game at Anaheim Stadium in Anaheim , California . They finished the season with a record of eight wins and four losses ( 8 -- 4 , 3 -- 3 PCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1999_Baltimore_Orioles_season", "title": "1999 Baltimore Orioles season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 4th in the American League East with a record of 78 wins and 84 losses ."}
{"_id": "1976_in_radio", "title": "1976 in radio", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1976 saw a number of significant events in radio broadcasting .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1988_Nutri-Metics_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1988 Nutri-Metics Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Gretchen Magers was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Sara Gomer .   Patty Fendick won in the final 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 against Gomer ."}
{"_id": "1989_Ebel_U.S._Pro_Indoor", "title": "1989 Ebel U.S. Pro Indoor", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Ebel U.S. Pro Indoor was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Wachovia Spectrum in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in the United States that was part of the 1989 Nabisco Grand Prix . The tournament was held from February 20 through February 27 , 1989 ."}
{"_id": "1717_in_literature", "title": "1717 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1717 ."}
{"_id": "1996_All-SEC_football_team", "title": "1996 All-SEC football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 All-SEC football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) chosen by various selectors for the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season .   The Florida Gators won the conference , beating the Alabama Crimson Tide 45 to 30 in the SEC Championship game . The Gators then won the national championship , defeating the Florida State Seminoles 52 to 20 in the Sugar Bowl .   Florida quarterback Danny Wuerffel repeated as SEC Player of the Year ."}
{"_id": "1929_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_football_team", "title": "1929 Illinois Fighting Illini football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1929 college football season . In their 17th season under head coach Robert Zuppke , the Illini compiled a 6 -- 1 -- 1 record and finished in second place in the Big Ten Conference . Guard Russ Crane was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1920_Club", "title": "1920 Club", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 Club was a short-lived London gentlemen 's club , which existed between 1920 and 1923 .   The original London club was established for Liberal supporters of the Lloyd George government , after the popular National Liberal Club began systematically blackballing Lloyd George 's supporters . This was symptomatic of a deeper schism at the time , between the ` official ' Liberal Party in opposition , led by H.H. Asquith ( which retained control of the party machinery ) , and the ( then-larger ) faction led by Lloyd George in a coalition with the Conservatives .   The club opened in rooms at 2 Whitehall Court ( inside what is now the Royal Horseguards Hotel ) , neighbouring the National Liberal Club - something the 1920 Club 's committee described as ' a coincidence ' . It was a relatively unusual club , in that it admitted both men and women as full members .   In November 1922 the Lloyd George government was defeated , and within a year the Liberal party had re-united , as a result of which the club dissolved , there no longer needing to be a separate club for Lloyd George supporters ."}
{"_id": "1946_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "1946 in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1946 in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1977_Michigan_State_Spartans_football_team", "title": "1977 Michigan State Spartans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Michigan State Spartans football team represented Michigan State University in the 1977 Big Ten Conference football season ."}
{"_id": "1985_WNBL_season", "title": "1985 WNBL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 WNBL season was the fifth season of competition in the Australian Women 's National Basketball League ( WNBL ) since its establishment in 1981 . A total of 11 teams contested the league ."}
{"_id": "1999_AFC_Futsal_Championship", "title": "1999 AFC Futsal Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 AFC Futsal Championship was held in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia from 5 March to 10 March 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_AJ_Auxerre_season", "title": "1995–96 AJ Auxerre season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1995 -- 96 French football season , AJ Auxerre competed in the French Division 1 ."}
{"_id": "1629_in_poetry", "title": "1629 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1998_Fed_Cup_Americas_Zone_Group_I_–_Placement_Pool_B", "title": "1998 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group I – Placement Pool B", "headings": "", "text": "Placement Group B of the 1998 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group I was one of six pools in the Americas Zone Group I of the 1998 Fed Cup . The three teams that placed second in the initial pools competed in a round robin competition ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Saudi_Premier_League", "title": "1990–91 Saudi Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "In December 1990 , the Saudi Federation decided to merge all the football League with the King 's Cup in one tournament and the addition of the Golden Box . The Golden Box would be an end of season knockout competition played between the top four teams of the regular league season .   These teams would play at a semi-final stage to crown the champions of Saudi Arabia .   Al-Shabab came out on top and won their first championship . At the other end of the table , promoted sides Al-Najma and Al-Arabi struggled and were relegated ."}
{"_id": "1996_France_rugby_union_tour_of_Argentina", "title": "1996 France rugby union tour of Argentina", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1994_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_400_metres", "title": "1994 European Athletics Championships – Men's 400 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 400 metres event at the 1994 European Athletics Championships was held in Helsinki , Finland , at Helsinki Olympic Stadium on 8 , 9 , and 11 August 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1955–56_Czechoslovak_Extraliga_season", "title": "1955–56 Czechoslovak Extraliga season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 -- 56 Czechoslovak Extraliga season was the 13th season of the Czechoslovak Extraliga , the top level of ice hockey in Czechoslovakia . 15 teams participated in the league , and Ruda Hvezda Brno won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1963_Eastern_Michigan_Hurons_football_team", "title": "1963 Eastern Michigan Hurons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Eastern Michigan Hurons football team represented Eastern Michigan University as an independent during the 1963 college football season . In their 12th season under head coach Fred Trosko , the Hurons compiled a 2 -- 6 record and were outscored by their opponents , 201 to 96 . The team 's two victories were against Kalamazoo College and Adrian College . Dempster Ross and Terry Hurley were the team captains ."}
{"_id": "(40314)_1999_KR16", "title": "(40314) 1999 KR16", "headings": "", "text": "is a carbonaceous and eccentric trans-Neptunian object ( TNO ) , approximately 250 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 16 May 1999 , by French astronomer Audrey Delsanti and Oliver Hainaut at ESOs La Silla Observatory in northern Chile ."}
{"_id": "1968_American_Football_League_playoffs", "title": "1968 American Football League playoffs", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1938_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1938 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Helen Moody defeated Helen Jacobs 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 0 to win the Ladies ' Singles tennis title at the 1938 Wimbledon Championships ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Copa_del_Generalísimo", "title": "1972–73 Copa del Generalísimo", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 -- 73 Copa del Generalísimo is the 71st staging of the Spanish Cup . The competition began on September 20 , 1972 , and concluded on June 29 , 1973 , with the final ."}
{"_id": "1970_Five_Nations_Championship_squads", "title": "1970 Five Nations Championship squads", "headings": "", "text": "These are the 1970 Five Nations Championship squads :"}
{"_id": "1997_FIA_GT_Hockenheim_4_Hours", "title": "1997 FIA GT Hockenheim 4 Hours", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 FIA GT Hockenheim 4 Hours was the inaugural race of the FIA GT Championship , which had replaced the former BPR Global GT Series in 1997 . It was run at the Hockenheimring on April 13 , 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1960_European_Nations'_Cup_squads", "title": "1960 European Nations' Cup squads", "headings": "", "text": "Here are the squads for the 1960 European Football Championship in France , which took place from 6 to 10 July 1960 ."}
{"_id": ".50_Action_Express", "title": ".50 Action Express", "headings": "", "text": "The .50 Action Express ( AE , 12.7 × 33mm ) is a very large and powerful American caliber handgun cartridge . Developed in 1988 by American Evan Whildin of Action Arms , the .50 AE is one of the most powerful pistol cartridges in production ."}
{"_id": "1969_Intercontinental_Cup", "title": "1969 Intercontinental Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Intercontinental Cup was a two-legged football match contested between 1968 -- 69 European Cup champions Milan and 1969 Copa Libertadores winners Estudiantes . It was the 10th edition of the competition .   The first leg was played at the San Siro in Milan , on 8 October 1969 . Milan won the home game 3 -- 0 . The return leg was held two weeks later , on 22 October , at La Bombonera in Buenos Aires . Despite suffering a 2 -- 1 defeat , Milan won the title on aggregate ."}
{"_id": "1965_UCI_Road_World_Championships", "title": "1965 UCI Road World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 UCI Road World Championships took place on 5 September 1965 in San Sebastián , Basque Country , Spain ."}
{"_id": "1979_in_Mexico", "title": "1979 in Mexico", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1979 in Mexico ."}
{"_id": "1987_1000_km_of_Fuji", "title": "1987 1000 km of Fuji", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 WEC in Japan ( 1000 km of Fuji ) was the tenth and final round of the 1987 World Sports-Prototype Championship as well as the fifth round of the 1987 All Japan Sports Prototype Car Endurance Championship . It took place at Fuji Speedway , Japan on September 27 , 1987 ."}
{"_id": "1583_in_art", "title": "1583 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "-bacter", "title": "-bacter", "headings": "", "text": "The suffix - bacter is in microbiology for many genera and is intended to mean `` bacteria '' ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Calgary_Flames_season", "title": "1993–94 Calgary Flames season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 Calgary Flames season was the 14th National Hockey League season in Calgary . It was a season of change across the NHL , as the league reorganized its divisions and playoff format . The Smythe Division was retired and the Flames joined the new Pacific Division of the Western Conference , as the NHL aligned itself with the other major sports leagues in naming divisions by geographical boundaries . The change angered fans , who preferred the traditional convention , which honoured the game 's past builders .   Realignment also led to significant changes in the playoff format , as the top eight teams in each conference now qualified for the post-season , rather than the top four in each division . Under the new format , the top team in each division was guaranteed one of the top two seeds , and declared the divisional champion , as opposed to having to win two playoff rounds to capture the division title . Thus , the Flames became the first Pacific Division champions , and the second seed in the playoffs . They faced the second place Vancouver Canucks in the playoffs rather than the fourth place Mighty Ducks of Anaheim who failed to qualify under the new system .   The playoffs ended in another bitter disappointment , as the Flames blew a 3 -- 1 series lead , losing the last three games in overtime to the Canucks , who would eventually go onto the Stanley Cup finals before bowing out to the New York Rangers .   Two Flames represented the Western Conference at the 1994 All-Star Game : Forward Joe Nieuwendyk and defenceman Al MacInnis .   For the second consecutive season , four Flames reached the 30-goal plateau . Three of them ( Theoren Fleury , Robert Reichel and Gary Roberts ) were also 40-goal scorers .   Prior to the season , Calgary lost two players in the 1993 NHL Expansion Draft , as the Florida Panthers selected defenceman Alexander Godynyuk 13th overall , and centre Brian Skrudland 32nd overall . The Mighty Ducks of Anaheim did not select any Flames players ."}
{"_id": "1937_in_Australia", "title": "1937 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1936 in Australia ,  other events of 1937 ,  1938 in Australia and the  Timeline of Australian history ."}
{"_id": "1994_Foshan_F.C._season", "title": "1994 Foshan F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 season is the 6th year in Foshan Football Club 's existence , their first season in the professional football league ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Irish_Cup", "title": "1991–92 Irish Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 Irish Cup was the 112th edition of Northern Ireland 's premier football knock-out cup competition . It concluded on 2 May 1992 with the final .   Portadown were the defending champions after winning their 1st Irish Cup last season , defeating Glenavon 2 -- 1 in the 1991 final . This season Glenavon went one better by winning their 4th Irish cup , defeating Linfield 2 -- 1 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1952_lunar_eclipse", "title": "1952 lunar eclipse", "headings": "", "text": "Two partial lunar eclipses occurred in 1952 :   11 February 1952 lunar eclipse  5 August 1952 lunar eclipse"}
{"_id": "1649_in_literature", "title": "1649 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1649 ."}
{"_id": "1948–49_Boston_Celtics_season", "title": "1948–49 Boston Celtics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 -- 49 Boston Celtics season was the third season of the Boston Celtics in the Basketball Association of America ( BAA/NBA ) ."}
{"_id": "1997_Los_Angeles_Sparks_season", "title": "1997 Los Angeles Sparks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 WNBA season was the first season for the Los Angeles Sparks . The Sparks finished in second place in the Western Division with a record of 14 wins and 14 losses ."}
{"_id": "1630_in_Norway", "title": "1630 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1630 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1929_Purdue_Boilermakers_football_team", "title": "1929 Purdue Boilermakers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 Purdue Boilermakera football team represented Purdue University in the 1929 college football season . In their eighth year under head coach James Phelan , the Boilermakers compiled an undefeated 8 -- 0 record ( 5 -- 0 Big Ten ) and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 187 to 44 ."}
{"_id": "1954_Chicago_Cubs_season", "title": "1954 Chicago Cubs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 Chicago Cubs season was the 83rd season of the Chicago Cubs franchise , the 79th in the National League and the 39th at Wrigley Field . The Cubs finished seventh in the National League with a record of 64 -- 90 ."}
{"_id": "1913_European_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1913 European Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The European Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition in which elite figure skaters compete for the title of European Champion .   The 1913 Championships were held on February 1st to February 2nd in Kristiania , Norway .   Skaters in the 1913 Europeans competed only in the categories of men 's singles ."}
{"_id": "1965_Golden_Fleece_Cup", "title": "1965 Golden Fleece Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 VFL Golden Fleece Night Premiership was the Victorian Football League end of season cup competition played in September of the 1965 VFL Premiership Season . Run as a knock-out tournament , it was contested by the eight VFL teams that failed to make the 1965 VFL finals series . It was the tenth VFL Night Series competition . Games were played at the Lake Oval , Albert Park , then the home ground of South Melbourne , as it was the only ground equipped to host night games . This was the first time the Night Series cup had a naming rights sponsor in Golden Fleece petroleum products . North Melbourne won its first night series cup defeating Carlton in the final by 40 points ."}
{"_id": "1675_in_Sweden", "title": "1675 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1675 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1976–77_Hong_Kong_First_Division_League", "title": "1976–77 Hong Kong First Division League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Hong Kong First Division League in season 1976/1977 ."}
{"_id": "1926_Rutgers_Queensmen_football_team", "title": "1926 Rutgers Queensmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1926 college football season . In their third and final season under head coach John Wallace , the Queensmen compiled a 3 -- 6 record and were outscored by their opponents , 134 to 49 ."}
{"_id": "1989–90_Alpha_Ethniki", "title": "1989–90 Alpha Ethniki", "headings": "", "text": "Following are the regular season results for the 1989 -- 90 Alpha Ethniki professional football league , of the Greek football league system . In 2006 Alpha Ethniki was replaced by Superleague Greece ."}
{"_id": "111th_Street_(BMT_Jamaica_Line)", "title": "111th Street (BMT Jamaica Line)", "headings": "", "text": "111th Street is a skip-stop station on the BMT Jamaica Line of the New York City Subway . Located at the intersection of 111th Street and Jamaica Avenue in Richmond Hill , Queens , it is served at all times by the J train . The Z train bypasses the station when it operates ."}
{"_id": "1962_Scotch_Cup", "title": "1962 Scotch Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Scotch Cup , the men 's world curling championship , was held at the Falkirk Ice Rink in Falkirk and the Haymarket Ice Rink in Edinburgh , Scotland . The first half of the matches were held March 15 & 16 in Falkirk and the second half of matches were held March 19 & 20 in Edinburgh . If a playoff was necessary , it would have been held on March 21 in Edinburgh . It was the first world championship appearance for Sweden ."}
{"_id": "1962_America's_Cup", "title": "1962 America's Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 America 's Cup , the second to be sailed in 12-meter yachts , marked the first challenge for the Cup from a country other than Great Britain or Canada , and was the first challenge from a country in the southern hemisphere . An Australian syndicate headed by Sir Frank Packer , representing the Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron , challenged with their yacht Gretel . Although the New York Yacht Club won the regatta four races to one represented by the yacht Weatherly , the challenger , Gretel won the second race , beating the Americans for the first time since the 1930s , and only lost the fourth race by twenty-six seconds . The NYYC was so shocked at the closeness of the contest that they immediately changed the rules to ban the use of American design and technology by Cup challengers ."}
{"_id": "1952_Winter_Olympics_torch_relay", "title": "1952 Winter Olympics torch relay", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Winter Olympics torch relay was the first time that a flame was transported as part of the build-up to the Winter Olympics . While similar to the inaugural Summer Olympics torch relay of 1936 the Olympic Flame did not start in Olympia , instead the relay began in Morgedal , Norway , the birthplace of competitive skiing . Indeed , the Norwegian Olympic Committee were keen to stress that this was not the traditional transfer of the Olympic Flame but a separate event that symbolised the use of torches while skiing in the dark . It was not until the 1964 Winter Olympics that the relay could be said to transport a true Olympic Flame originating from Olympia ."}
{"_id": "1371", "title": "1371", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1371 ( MCCCLXXI ) was a common year starting on Wednesday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1964–65_Scottish_League_Cup", "title": "1964–65 Scottish League Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 -- 65 Scottish League Cup was the 19th season of Scotland 's second football knockout competition . The competition was won for the successive second season by Rangers , who defeated Celtic in the Final ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Algerian_Championnat_National", "title": "1972–73 Algerian Championnat National", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972-1973 Algerian Championnat National was the 11th season of the Algerian Championnat National since its establishment in 1962 . A total of 16 teams contested the league , with MC Alger as the defending champions ."}
{"_id": "18th_Virginia_Cavalry", "title": "18th Virginia Cavalry", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . It fought with the Army of Northern Virginia , in southwest Virginia , and in the Shenandoah Valley .   18th Cavalry Regiment was organized in December , 1862 . Most of its members had served in the 1st Regiment Virginia Partisan Rangers ( subsequently the 62nd Virginia Infantry Regiment ) .   The unit was assigned to Imboden 's and W.L. Jackson 's Brigade and after the participating in the Gettysburg Campaign , skirmished the Federals in western Virginia . Later it served in the Shenandoah Valley and disbanded during April , 1865 .   The field officers were Colonel George W. Imboden , Lieutenant Colonel David E. Beall , and Major Alexander W. Monroe ."}
{"_id": "1978_Speedway_World_Pairs_Championship", "title": "1978 Speedway World Pairs Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Speedway World Pairs Championship was the ninth FIM Speedway World Pairs Championship . The final took place in Chorzów , Poland . The championship was won by England who beat New Zealand after Run-Off ( both 24 points ) . Bronze medal was won by Denmark ( 21 points ) ."}
{"_id": "1920_Dartmouth_Indians_football_team", "title": "1920 Dartmouth Indians football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 Dartmouth Indians football team represented Dartmouth College in the 1920 college football season .   The team was the first to play in Husky Stadium in Seattle , defeating the University of Washington Sun Dodgers 28 -- 7 in the inaugural game on November 27 , the final game of the season for both teams ."}
{"_id": "1772_in_Denmark", "title": "1772 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1772 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1988_Tooheys_1000", "title": "1988 Tooheys 1000", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Tooheys 1000 was a 1000 km endurance motor race for Group A Touring Cars . It was held on 2 October 1988 at the Mount Panorama Circuit just outside Bathurst in New South Wales , Australia . The race was the opening round of the 1988 Asia-Pacific Touring Car Championship and was the 29th running of the `` Bathurst 1000 '' .   The 1988 edition was the only race in the history of the Bathurst 1000 to have commenced with a rolling start ."}
{"_id": "1570_in_science", "title": "1570 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1570 in science and technology included a number of events , some of which are listed here ."}
{"_id": "1050s_in_art", "title": "1050s in art", "headings": "", "text": "The decade of the 1050s in art involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1170s_in_architecture", "title": "1170s in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "__ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1997–98_Detroit_Pistons_season", "title": "1997–98 Detroit Pistons season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 NBA season was the Pistons ' 50th season in the National Basketball Association , and 41st season in the city of Detroit . Despite signing free agents Brian Williams and Malik Sealy during the offseason , the Pistons got off to a slow start with a 6 -- 11 record as Joe Dumars missed ten games due to injury . In late December , they traded Theo Ratliff and Aaron McKie to the Philadelphia 76ers for Jerry Stackhouse and Eric Montross . At midseason , head coach Doug Collins was fired after a 21 -- 24 start , and was replaced with Alvin Gentry . Collins would later on get a job as color analyst for the NBA on NBC . Despite another stellar season from Grant Hill , who was selected for the 1998 NBA All-Star Game , the Pistons missed the playoffs finishing sixth in the Central Division with a 37 -- 45 record . Following the season , Sealy signed as a free agent with the Minnesota Timberwolves , Grant Long re-signed with the Atlanta Hawks , and Rick Mahorn re-signed with the Philadelphia 76ers ."}
{"_id": "1844_English_cricket_season", "title": "1844 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1844 English cricket season saw William Hillyer lead the bowling for the third time in succession"}
{"_id": "1790s_in_archaeology", "title": "1790s in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The decade of the 1790s in archaeology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "183_Club", "title": "183 Club", "headings": "", "text": "183 Club is a Taiwanese boyband managed by Jungiery . In other words , 183 Club is part of J-Star . Originally they were called `` 183 Yu Le Bu , '' meaning `` 183 Entertainment Group , '' but it was later decided that the name should be shortened to what it is now : 183 Club . The average height of the original five members combined together is roughly 183 cm , hence the group name 183 Club . However , it is true that only one member is actually 183 cm tall : Yen Hsing-su , the former leader of 183 Club .   They have acted in various Taiwanese dramas such as Magicians of Love , The Prince Who Turns into a Frog and Le Robe de Mariage des Cieux .   The group 's Magicians of Love Original Soundtrack won Best Original Soundtrack at the 2007 HITO Radio Music Awards , presented by Taiwanese radio station Hit FM ."}
{"_id": "1980–81_Nationalliga_A", "title": "1980–81 Nationalliga A", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swiss Super League in the 1980 -- 81 season ."}
{"_id": "13th_Annual_Honda_Civic_Tours", "title": "13th Annual Honda Civic Tours", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th Annual Honda Civic Tours was a concert tour that showcasing three distinct genres of music , as well as becoming a significant pillar of the new Honda Stage music platform . Alternative rock bands Grouplove and Portugal . The Man co-headlined the first tour which kicked off on August 10 , 2014 , in Seattle . This tour included support acts Typhoon and Tokyo Police Club on various dates . The second of three tours with Brooklyn-based pop/rock band American Authors began on October 1 , 2014 . Support for the second tour included Echosmith , The Mowgli 's and Oh Honey on select dates . Additionally , Latin DJ trio 3BallMTY will headline the final tour of the series which began in mid-November and ran through December 21 , 2014 ."}
{"_id": "1991_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team", "title": "1991 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team represented the University of Nebraska -- Lincoln in the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team was coached by Tom Osborne and played their home games in Memorial Stadium in Lincoln , Nebraska ."}
{"_id": "1868_Atlantic_hurricane_season", "title": "1868 Atlantic hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1868 Atlantic hurricane season was among the quietest on record , with only four tropical cyclones recorded . Only three seasons had fewer storms than in 1868 , and seven had the same number of storms . Initially , there were no known storms during the season , although a re-analysis confirmed the activity . All tropical activity occurred within a 45‑day span . There may have been other unconfirmed tropical cyclones during the season . Meteorologist Christopher Landsea estimates up to six storms were missed from the official database , due to small tropical cyclone size , sparse ship reports , and relatively unpopulated coastlines .   Only one of the storms , the second , made landfall , doing so near Apalachicola , Florida . It produced heavy rainfall and gusty winds across the southeastern United States , although there was no severe damage associated with the storm . The first hurricane killed two people when a ship passed through its winds for 14 hours . The third hurricane , located in the western Caribbean Sea , did not affect land , although two ships experienced its strong winds . The final hurricane lasted three days across the western Atlantic , forcing one ship to halt its voyage due to storm damage .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1944–45_Blackpool_F.C._season", "title": "1944–45 Blackpool F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944-45 season was Blackpool F.C. 's sixth and final season in special wartime football during World War II . They competed in League North , finishing twentieth in the first competition and sixteenth in the second .   Stan Mortensen was the club 's top scorer , with fourteen goals in all competitions ."}
{"_id": "1945_in_aviation", "title": "1945 in aviation", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of aviation-related events from 1945 :"}
{"_id": "1878_in_baseball", "title": "1878 in baseball", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1993_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships_–_Women's_400_metres", "title": "1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 400 metres event at the 1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 12 and 14 March ."}
{"_id": "190_Squadron_(Israel)", "title": "190 Squadron (Israel)", "headings": "", "text": "The 190 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force , also known as the Magic Touch Squadron , is an AH-64A Apache helicopter squadron based at Ramon Airbase ."}
{"_id": "1986_Stanford_Cardinal_football_team", "title": "1986 Stanford Cardinal football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Stanford Cardinal football team represented Stanford University in the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season . In head coach Jack Elway 's third season at Stanford , the Cardinal had its first winning season since 1980 and received its first post-season bowl invitation since 1978 .   The team played their home games at Stanford Stadium in Stanford , California and competed in the Pacific-10 Conference ."}
{"_id": "1977_Boise_State_Broncos_football_team", "title": "1977 Boise State Broncos football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Boise State Broncos football team represented Boise State University in the 1977 NCAA Division II football season . The Broncos competed in the Big Sky Conference and played their home games on campus at Bronco Stadium in Boise , Idaho . Led by second-year head coach Jim Criner , the Broncos were overall and in conference to win the Big Sky title , their fourth in five years .   This was the final season for Boise State in Division II ; the Big Sky joined the newly created Division I-AA in 1978 .   Because of their regular season ending on November 26 , Boise State could not participate in the eight-team Division II playoffs , which began earlier that day . Big Sky runner-up took the berth but suffered a 35-point shutout loss at home ."}
{"_id": "1945_in_Japan", "title": "1945 in Japan", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1945 in Japan .   1945 was the last year of World War II and the first year of the Allied occupation ."}
{"_id": "1001_Arabian_Nights_(song)", "title": "1001 Arabian Nights (song)", "headings": "", "text": "`` 1001 Arabian Nights '' is a song by Dutch band Ch!pz , from their 2004 album The World of Ch!pz . The song remained at number one in the Dutch singles chart for four weeks . It reached number two in Austria , and number three in Germany and Switzerland ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_UAE_Football_League", "title": "1976–77 UAE Football League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of UAE Football League in season 1976/77 ."}
{"_id": "1256_in_poetry", "title": "1256 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "18_Station_Road,_Barnes", "title": "18 Station Road, Barnes", "headings": "", "text": "18 Station Road , also known as Milbourne House , is a Grade II * listed house at Station Road , Barnes , London SW13 , in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames . It has an early 18th-century facade , and earlier features internally .   It was home to the novelist Henry Fielding in about 1750 , for which there is a blue plaque on the facade .   Field Marshal James O'Hara , 2nd Baron Tyrawley moved there in 1770 ."}
{"_id": "1971–72_Cambridge_United_F.C._season", "title": "1971–72 Cambridge United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 -- 72 season was Cambridge United 's 2nd season in the Football League ."}
{"_id": "1989–90_Chelsea_F.C._season", "title": "1989–90 Chelsea F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1989 -- 90 English football season , Chelsea F.C. competed in the Football League First Division .   The season was the club 's 85th year in existence since their foundation in 1905 . It was their 54th season within England 's highest tier of football and their first season of their current top-flight spell following promotion at the end of the previous season ."}
{"_id": "1998_Great_American_Insurance_ATP_Championships_–_Doubles", "title": "1998 Great American Insurance ATP Championships – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Cincinnati Open , known by the corporate title of the Great American Insurance ATP Championships was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was the 95th edition of the tournament previously known as the Thriftway ATP Championships , and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1998 ATP Tour . It took place in Cincinnati , United States , from August 10 through August 17 , 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1990_FIVB_Volleyball_Men's_World_Championship_squads", "title": "1990 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship squads", "headings": "", "text": "This article shows the rosters of the participating teams at the 1990 FIVB Volleyball Men 's World Championship in Brazil from 18 -- 28 October 1990 ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_S.L._Benfica_season", "title": "1979–80 S.L. Benfica season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 -- 80 season was Sport Lisboa e Benfica 's 76th season in existence and the club 's 46th consecutive season in the top flight of Portuguese football , covering the period from 1 July 1979 to 30 June 1980 . Benfica competed domestically in the Primeira Divisão and the Taça de Portugal , and participated in the UEFA Cup after finishing second in the previous league .   Benfica began the new season hoping to prevent a third consecutive season without honours . After discarding the rule that prevented foreigners from representing Benfica , they signed their first one , Jorge Gomes . He was aided by other addictions like Carlos Manuel , João Laranjeira and second foreigner , César . Departing players included João Alves , Eurico Gomes and José Henrique . The league campaign started well and Benfica even led the league on some weeks . However , two consecutive losses , caused them to be overtaken by his rivals . They recovered ground , but with a loss against Porto in early February , the gap to the leaders increased to four points , which made it near impossible to recover . So the season fell on the Portuguese Cup , and eliminating Sporting in the round of 16 and beating Porto on the Taça de Portugal Final , Benfica won their first trophy in three seasons and first Portuguese Cup in eight ."}
{"_id": "1616_in_Denmark", "title": "1616 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1616 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Liga_Nacional_de_Fútbol_Femenino", "title": "1998–99 Liga Nacional de Fútbol Femenino", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 Liga Nacional de Fútbol Femenino was the 12th season of the Spanish women 's football first division . Irex Puebla won its first title ."}
{"_id": "1805_in_India", "title": "1805 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1805 in India ."}
{"_id": "1949_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand", "title": "1949 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of 12 rugby union match played by the `` Wallabies '' in 1949 . The Australians lost only one match , and won the Test series 2-0 .   At the same time , a 30-man All Black squad was touring South Africa . On 3 September 1949 , New Zealand lost two test matches on the same day - one in South Africa , the other at home to Australia .   `` The New Zealand Rugby Union ... decided that the 1949 matches against Australia would have full test status , even though the country 's top 30 players were in South Africa . One of the reasons for the decision was to not deprive test caps to three of the All Blacks , Johnny Smith , Ben Couch and Vince Bevan who were not considered for the South African tour because they were Maori . All three would surely have otherwise gone to South Africa . ''"}
{"_id": "1911_VMI_Keydets_football_team", "title": "1911 VMI Keydets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 VMI Keydets football team represented the Virginia Military Institute in their twenty-first season of organized football . First year head coach Alpha Brummage lead the 7 -- 1 Keydets to their most wins in school history ."}
{"_id": "18th_Street_(IRT_Broadway–Seventh_Avenue_Line)", "title": "18th Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)", "headings": "", "text": "18th Street is a local station on the IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway . Located at the intersection of 18th Street and Seventh Avenue in Manhattan , it is served by the 1 train at all times , and by the 2 train during late nights ."}
{"_id": "1994_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina", "title": "1994 in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during the year 1994 in Bosnia and Herzegovina .    Category : Years of the 20th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina  Category :1990 s in Bosnia and Herzegovina  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Bosnia and Herzegovina"}
{"_id": "1994–95_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "title": "1994–95 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 1994 and concluded with the 1995 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on April 1 , 1995 , at the Providence Civic Center in Providence , Rhode Island . This was the 48th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 100th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}
{"_id": "1999_Brisbane_Broncos_season", "title": "1999 Brisbane Broncos season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Brisbane Broncos season was the twelfth in the club 's history . Coached by Wayne Bennett and captained by Allan Langer then Kevin Walters , they competed in the NRL 's 1999 premiership , finishing the regular season 8th ( out of 17 ) and reaching the finals but losing their first play-off match ."}
{"_id": "1928_Penn_Quakers_football_team", "title": "1928 Penn Quakers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1928 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1928 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1948_NCAA_Swimming_and_Diving_Championships", "title": "1948 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships were contested in March 1948 at the Intramural Sports Building at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor , Michigan at the 12th annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men 's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States .   Hosts Michigan topped three-time defending champions , and rivals , Ohio State in the team standings , capturing the Wolverines ' sixth national title ."}
{"_id": "1908_Queensland_Rugby_League_season", "title": "1908 Queensland Rugby League season", "headings": "", "text": "The first season of Rugby League in Queensland saw the formation of an association in March 1908 , footballers begin training in the new code by early May , and the first in a series of representative matches played on May 16 . Club football began after teams representing Queensland had played , and then only as junior matches ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_Northern_Football_League", "title": "1952–53 Northern Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 -- 53 Northern Football League season was the 55th in the history of the Northern Football League , a football competition in Northern England ."}
{"_id": "1986_Hall_of_Fame_Bowl", "title": "1986 Hall of Fame Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Hall of Fame Bowl featured the Boston College Eagles , and the Georgia Bulldogs . It was the first ever edition of the Hall of Fame Bowl .   Georgia started the scoring on a 7-yard James Jackson run . Boston College got on the board after Lowe made a 23-yard field goal at 7 -- 3 . In the second quarter , quarterback Shawn Halloran threw a 4-yard touchdown strike to Peter Casparriello giving BC a 10 -- 7 lead . Troy Stradford scored on a 1-yard touchdown run , and Lowe added a 37-yard field goal for Boston College to take a 20 -- 7 halftime lead .   In the third quarter , Georgia scored on a 28-yard field goal by Jacobs . With Boston College driving , Gary Moss returned an interception 81 yards for a touchdown , and Georgia was within 20 -- 17 . In the fourth quarter , James Jackson scored on a 5-yard touchdown run as Georgia took a 24 -- 20 lead . Shawn Halloran 's 5-yard touchdown pass to Kelvin Martin with no time left gave Boston College a 27 -- 24 win ."}
{"_id": "1892–93_Football_Tournament", "title": "1892–93 Football Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of the Football Tournament in the 1892/1893 season . The format was slightly unusual in that all games had to have a winner.Therefore , if the match was level after 90 minutes , extra time was played . If the match was still level after extra time , the match was replayed until a winner emerged ."}
{"_id": "1919_USFSA_Football_Championship", "title": "1919 USFSA Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of the USFSA Football Championship in the 1919 season ."}
{"_id": "19_Vulpeculae", "title": "19 Vulpeculae", "headings": "", "text": "19 Vulpeculae ( 19 Vul ) is an orange supergiant star ( K3I ) , approximately 1,400 light years from Earth in the constellation Vulpecula and proximity of the open clusters NGC 6882 and NGC 6885 ( Caldwell 37 ) ."}
{"_id": "1978_in_Portugal", "title": "1978 in Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1978 in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1959_Oklahoma_State_Cowboys_baseball_team", "title": "1959 Oklahoma State Cowboys baseball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Oklahoma State Cowboys baseball team represented the Oklahoma State University in the 1959 NCAA University Division baseball season . The team was coached by Toby Greene in his 16th season at Oklahoma State .   The Cowboys won the College World Series , defeating the in the championship game ."}
{"_id": "1950_Western_Michigan_Broncos_football_team", "title": "1950 Western Michigan Broncos football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Western Michigan Broncos football team represented Western Michigan College of Education ( later renamed Western Michigan University ) in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1950 college football season . In their ninth season under head coach John Gill , the Broncos compiled a 4 -- 4 record ( 1 -- 4 against MAC opponents ) , finished in fifth place in the MAC , and outscored their opponents , 188 to 163 . The team played its home games at Waldo Stadium in Kalamazoo , Michigan .   End Pat Clysdale and defensive end Bill Zabonick were the team captains . Zabonick also received the team 's most outstanding player award ."}
{"_id": "1916_Kendall_Orange_and_Black_football_team", "title": "1916 Kendall Orange and Black football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1916 Kendall Orange and Black football team represented Henry Kendall College , which was later renamed the University of Tulsa , during the 1916 college football season . In their fourth year under head coach Sam P. McBirney , the Orange and Black compiled a 10 -- 0 record , won the Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference championship , shut out five of ten opponents , and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 566 to 40 , including high-scoring wins against Missouri-Rolla ( 117-0 ) , St. Gregory ( 82-0 ) , Ozarks ( 81-0 ) , and Haskell Institute ( 46-0 ) . .   In 1916 , Kendall College 's enrollment increased to 400 students , and McBirney petitioned the school to hire a full-time physical education teacher and assistant football coach . McBirney recommended that the school hire Arkansas City , Kansas , high school coach Francis Schmidt , who would later be inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame .   With McBirney as head coach and Schmidt as his assistant coach , the 1916 Tulsa team became the highest scoring college football team during the 1916 college football season . The 1916 team featured John Young , who had played for McBirney at Tulsa High School and who had been recruited by Fielding H. Yost to play for the University of Michigan , and Ivan Grove , who had played for Schmidt at Arkansas City High School and became the top scoring player in college football in 1916 with 196 points .   The 1916 team gained renown for its short passing offense and for the deceptive and unique play calling of McBirney and Schmidt . In one game , Ivan Grove completed 12 consecutive passes on a single scoring drive . In another game , the team successfully executed a play the called the `` tower play . '' Ivan Grove threw a pass to Vergil Jones as he sat on the shoulders of Puny Blevins . The play resulted in a touchdown and was declared illegal the following year . Schmidt 's biographer , Brett Perkins , has suggested that the short-passing game developed by McBirney and Schmidt in 1916 was later absorbed and perfected at TCU by Dutch Meyer and Sammy Baugh .   In the lowest scoring game of the 1916 season , Kendall College defeated the Oklahoma Sooners by a score of 16 to 0 at the Sooners ' home field in Norman , Oklahoma . The victory at Norman broke an 18-game winning streak for Oklahoma , and was the first time that the Sooners were beaten in football by another school from Oklahoma . In the three games preceding the 1916 Oklahoma-Kendall game , Oklahoma had outscored its opponents 27-0 , 107-0 , and 140-0 . The 1916 victory over the undefeated Sooners put Tulsa football on the map .   Historian and Tulsa journalist Jenk Jones recalled , `` In 1916 , there was a lot of agitation here to declare Tulsa the Champion of Mid America . ''   After the 1916 season , McBirney retired as Kendall 's football coach to devote his full-time to the National Bank of Commerce where he served as vice president . McBirney had hand-picked Francis Schmidt as his successor , but Schmidt enlisted in the U.S. Army after the United States entered World War I in April 1917 . After two years of military service , Schmidt led the team to back-to-back undefeated seasons in 1919 and 1920 before moving on to a successful coaching career with Arkansas , TCU and Ohio State ."}
{"_id": "1978_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_400_metres_hurdles", "title": "1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres hurdles", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 400 metres hurdles at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Praha , then Czechoslovakia , at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 1 and 2 September 1978 ."}
{"_id": "1989_SMU_Mustangs_football_team", "title": "1989 SMU Mustangs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 SMU Mustangs football team represented the Southern Methodist University in the 1989 NCAA Division I-A football season . It was the first season played by the Mustangs since 1986 , after be issued the `` death penalty '' by the NCAA . The Mustangs offense scored 187 points while the defense allowed 499 points . In a game versus the Houston Cougars on October 21 , the Mustangs allowed 95 points ."}
{"_id": "1976_in_motorsport", "title": "1976 in motorsport", "headings": "", "text": "The following is an overview of the events of 1976 in motorsport including the major racing events , motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year , championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year , births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people ."}
{"_id": "1954_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final", "title": "1954 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the 67th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1954 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship , an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland .   Meath won by six points with a goal by Tom Moriarty ."}
{"_id": "1997_TAAC_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1997 TAAC Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Trans America Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament ( now known as the Atlantic Sun Men 's Basketball Tournament ) was held February 27 -- March 1 at the John Kresse Arena at the College of Charleston in Charleston , South Carolina .   defeated in the championship game , 83 -- 73 , to win their first TAAC/Atlantic Sun men 's basketball tournament .   The Cougars , therefore , received the TAAC 's automatic bid to the 1997 NCAA Tournament , their first automatic bid to the Division I tournament . Charleston defeated Maryland in the First Round before falling to eventual-champion Arizona in the Round of 32 ."}
{"_id": "1889–90_in_Scottish_football", "title": "1889–90 in Scottish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1889 -- 90 season was the 17th season of competitive football in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1975_in_British_music", "title": "1975 in British music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a summary of 1975 in music in the United Kingdom , including the official charts from that year ."}
{"_id": "1926_International_Lawn_Tennis_Challenge", "title": "1926 International Lawn Tennis Challenge", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the 21st edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup . 19 teams would enter the Europe Zone , while 5 would enter the America Zone .   France defeated Japan in the Inter-Zonal play-off , but would fall to the United States in a rematch of 1925 's Challenge Round . The final was played at the Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States on 9 -- 11 September ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Ukrainian_Football_Amateur_League", "title": "1994–95 Ukrainian Football Amateur League", "headings": "", "text": "1994-1995 Amateur championship of Ukraine was the third amateur championship of Ukraine and the 31st since the establishment of championship among fitness clubs ( KFK ) in 1964 . The format of competitions was preserved as in the Soviet competitions where there was six independent groups split by regional principal ."}
{"_id": "1991_in_Switzerland", "title": "1991 in Switzerland", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1991 in Switzerland ."}
{"_id": "13th_parallel_south", "title": "13th parallel south", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 13 degrees south of the Earth 's equatorial plane . It crosses the Atlantic Ocean , Africa , the Indian Ocean , Australasia , the Pacific Ocean and South America .   Part of the border between Angola and Zambia is defined by the parallel ."}
{"_id": "1965_NCAA_University_Division_football_rankings", "title": "1965 NCAA University Division football rankings", "headings": "", "text": "Two human polls comprised the 1965 National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) football rankings . Unlike most sports , college football 's governing body , the NCAA , does not bestow a national championship , instead that title is bestowed by one or more different polling agencies . There are two main weekly polls that begin in the preseason -- the AP Poll and the Coaches ' Poll ."}
{"_id": "1994_in_Brazilian_television", "title": "1994 in Brazilian television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Brazilian television related events from 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1890_Iowa_Hawkeyes_football_team", "title": "1890 Iowa Hawkeyes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1890 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa during the 1890 college football season . Following Iowa 's inaugural season in 1889 , two games were scheduled for the Hawkeyes to play in 1890 . On October 18 , the Hawkeyes played Iowa College in Iowa City , only to lose to the Pioneers for the second time in two games . It was this loss that triggered a dispute amongst people within the University . In an attempt to prove that the best football talent was not on the team , the S.U.I. Medics challenged the varsity squad to a game . Confident , the varsity squad accepted , and lost , 22 -- 10 . But the loss did not keep Iowa from challenging Iowa Wesleyan , who accepted , under the terms that the game be played in Mount Pleasant , Iowa .   Fifteen hundred fans , including John Marshall Harlan and Robert Todd Lincoln , were in attendance for the Thanksgiving Day game . Using rules that made touchdowns worth four points , the Hawkeyes easily won the game in a rout , 91 -- 0 . The Hawkeyes scored 19 touchdowns and five goals after touchdown while A.G. Smith kicked the first field goal in school history .  Today , the game still stands as Iowa 's third-largest margin of victory in school history ."}
{"_id": "1987_Korea_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia", "title": "1987 Korea rugby union tour of Australia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Korea rugby union tour of Australia was a series of five matches played by the Korea national rugby union team in Australia in 1987 . The Korea team lost all five of their five matches , including the international match against the Australia national rugby union team ."}
{"_id": "1886_in_Canadian_football", "title": "1886 in Canadian football", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "151st_Street_(IRT_Ninth_Avenue_Line)", "title": "151st Street (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)", "headings": "", "text": "151st Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line . It had 2 levels . The lower level had two tracks and two side platforms and served local trains . The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had one track that served express trains that bypassed this station . The next stop to the north was 155th Street . The next stop to the south was 145th Street . The station opened on November 15 , 1917 and closed on June 11 , 1940 ."}
{"_id": "1942_Coupe_de_France_Final", "title": "1942 Coupe de France Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir , Colombes on May 17 , 1942 , that saw Red Star Olympique defeat FC Sète 2 -- 0 thanks to goals by Henri Joncourt at 45 minutes , and Alfred Aston at 72 minutes ."}
{"_id": "1926–27_Polska_Liga_Hokejowa_season", "title": "1926–27 Polska Liga Hokejowa season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 -- 27 Polska Liga Hokejowa season was the first season of the Polska Liga Hokejowa , the top level of ice hockey in Poland . Three teams participated in the final round , and AZS Warszawa won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1910–11_Drake_Bulldogs_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1910–11 Drake Bulldogs men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 -- 11 Drake Bulldogs men 's basketball team represented Drake University in the 1910 -- 11 college basketball season . The team was led by first year head coach A. R. Hackett . They finished with a 0 -- 12 ( 0 -- 8 MVIAA ) record the previous season . That had them placing 3rd out of three teams in the MVIAA North Division . During the 1910 -- 11 school year Washington St. Louis did not field a team , so the MVIAA did n't sponsor divisions for this school year ."}
{"_id": "1997_in_Sweden", "title": "1997 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1997 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1995_Czech_Republic_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1995 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix was the tenth round of the 1995 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on 20 August 1995 at the Masaryk Circuit located in Brno , Czech Republic ."}
{"_id": "1981_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships", "title": "1981 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held in Nottingham , Great Britain .   The men 's competition consisted of six Canadian ( single paddle , open boat ) and nine kayak events . Three events were held for the women , all in kayak .   This was the sixteenth championships in canoe sprint ."}
{"_id": "1926_Navy_Midshipmen_football_team", "title": "1926 Navy Midshipmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy in the 1926 college football season . The Midshipmen were coached by Bill Ingram in his first year and finished the season undefeated with a record of nine wins , zero losses and one tie ( 9 -- 0 -- 1 ) . Although Alabama and Stanford have been named the 1926 national champion by most selectors , the 1926 Navy team was named as the national champion under Boand and Houlgate Systems ."}
{"_id": "1974_Australian_Formula_2_Championship", "title": "1974 Australian Formula 2 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Australian Formula 2 Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing title for drivers of Australian Formula 2 racing cars . It was the eighth Australian Formula 2 Championship to be awarded by CAMS ."}
{"_id": "1603_in_literature", "title": "1603 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1603 ."}
{"_id": "1964–65_Cincinnati_Royals_season", "title": "1964–65 Cincinnati Royals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 -- 65 season was the Royals ' 19th season in the NBA and eighth in Cincinnati . By the end of the season , Oscar Robertson 's career statistics for the first five years of his career averaged out to a triple double : 30.3 points per game , 10.4 rebounds per game , and 10.6 assists per game .  The season began with high hopes as the Royals had played well the previous season against Boston and were improving as a team . In addition to Robertson , second-year big man Jerry Lucas rose to superstar status this season . He averaged 21 points and 20 rebounds over 66 games played . He joined Robertson on the All-NBA First Team named at the season 's conclusion .  Injuries , though , were a big factor this season . Key guard Bucky Bockhorn was lost to a career-ending injury in November . The other four opening-day starters , Robertson , Lucas , Jack Twyman and Wayne Embry , were each lost for several games or more also .  Lucas was named MVP of the 1965 NBA All-Star Game . But the same day 's events saw superstar Wilt Chamberlain traded to the rival Philadelphia 76ers . Now Cincinnati had two strong title contenders to deal with in their own division . Philadelphia would later defeat the Royals in the 1965 playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1966_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_football_team", "title": "1966 Illinois Fighting Illini football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1966 Big Ten Conference football season . In their seventh year under head coach Pete Elliott , the Illini compiled a 4 -- 6 record and finished in a tie for third place in the Big Ten Conference .   The team 's offensive leaders were quarterback Bob Naponic with 998 passing yards , running back Bill Huston with 420 rushing yards , and John Wright with 831 receiving yards . Guard Ron Guenther was selected as the team 's most valuable player ."}
{"_id": "(Untitled)_Blue_Lady", "title": "(Untitled) Blue Lady", "headings": "", "text": "Untitled , more commonly referred to as The Blue Lady , 1999 -- 2002 , is a carved teakwood , metal , and indigo sculpture by Mumbai-based artist Navjot Altaf . The artwork represents a goddess of fertility and is painted bright blue , a traditional Hindu colour symbolizing divinity . The larger than life sculpture is also an illustration of the `` challenges faced by women who try to claim recognition for their knowledge in parts of India . '' This contemporary South Asian work can be seen in the Sir Christopher Ondaatje South Asian Gallery of The Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto , Canada . Notably , the sculpture is listed as one of the ROM 's iconic treasures and has been considered to be one of the most important pieces in the museum 's collection of South Asian art .   In 2003 , ( Untitled ) The Blue Lady was exhibited at Talwar Gallery in New York City , which currently represents Altaf , in her first solo exhibition in the United States entitled In Response To ... . The sculpture was installed alongside other human figures , similar in their monumental scale and brilliant indigo color , in what was an almost theatre-like setting ; together , the solid , confident female figures became iconic presences , whose insistent physicality worked to `` subvert ... the narrative of patriarchal dominance and transcending the modes of art practices . '' The exhibition was instrumental in illuminating the gender-based concerns of Altaf 's work , which questions the accepted language of eroticism , sexuality , and domesticity through the creation of figures , like ( Untitled ) The Blue Lady , of anomalous femininity ."}
{"_id": "1953–54_League_of_Ireland", "title": "1953–54 League of Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of League of Ireland in the 1953/54 season ."}
{"_id": "1954_FIBA_World_Championship", "title": "1954 FIBA World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 FIBA World Championship ( also called the 2nd World Basketball Championship -- 1954 ) was an international basketball tournament held by the International Basketball Federation in Ginásio do Maracanãzinho , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil from October 23 to November 5 , 1954 . Twelve nations participated in the tournament ."}
{"_id": "10th_Oklahoma_Legislature", "title": "10th Oklahoma Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The Tenth Oklahoma Legislature was a meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma , composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives . The state legislature met in Oklahoma City , in regular session from January 6 to March 28 , 1925 , during the term of Governor Martin Trapp .   The 1925 session was marked by the creation of the state 's top investigative law enforcement agency , which is today known as the Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation ."}
{"_id": "1971_Argentine_Primera_División", "title": "1971 Argentine Primera División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Primera División season was the 80 ° season of top-flight football in Argentina , with Independiente ( 10 ° title ) winning the Metropolitano and Rosario Central ( 1 ° title ) winning the Nacional championship .   Los Andes and Platense were relegated ."}
{"_id": "1978", "title": "1978", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1953_Governor_General's_Awards", "title": "1953 Governor General's Awards", "headings": "", "text": "In Canada , the 1953 Governor General 's Awards for Literary Merit were the seventeenth such awards . The awards in this period had no monetary prize but were an honour for the authors ."}
{"_id": "1910_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1910 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Dorothea Lambert Chambers defeated Edith Johnson 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 in the All Comers ' Final , and then defeated the reigning champion Dora Boothby 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 in the Challenge Round to win the Ladies ' Singles tennis title at the 1910 Wimbledon Championships ."}
{"_id": "1878_Milwaukee_Grays_season", "title": "1878 Milwaukee Grays season", "headings": "", "text": "The Milwaukee Grays were members of the National League for only the 1878 season , having played as an independent team in 1877 . They finished in sixth place , one of only two teams to finish below .500 ."}
{"_id": "100th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron", "title": "100th Troop Carrier Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 100th Troop Carrier Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 441st Troop Carrier Group , based at Chicago-Orchard Airport , Illinois . It was inactivated on 14 March 1951 ."}
{"_id": "1717_in_science", "title": "1717 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1717 in science and technology involved few significant events ."}
{"_id": "1973_Ohio_State_vs._Michigan_football_game", "title": "1973 Ohio State vs. Michigan football game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Ohio State vs. Michigan football game was one of the most controversial games in NCAA history . In this game , both teams were undefeated , with Ohio State ranked 1st , and Michigan ranked 4th . A conference championship , Rose Bowl appearance , and possible national championship was on the line in this monumental game , part of the hotly contested stretch of the rivalry known as The Ten Year War . A then-NCAA record crowd of 105,233 watched the game at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor .   With heavy rain prior to the game , the battle was mostly fought on the ground . Michigan had 90 yards passing and Ohio State attempted only four passing plays in a defensive contest . Ohio State failed to make a single first-down in the first quarter , but took an early 3-0 lead in the second quarter , with a 31-yard field goal by Blair Conway . Gil Chapman , Michigan 's punt returner returned OSU 's ensuing kick-off all the way to the OSU 27-yard line . A significant clipping penalty was called on Michigan which subsequently gave Michigan bad field position . With the way the game had gone , field position proved to be a huge advantage .   After a series of punts , Ohio State got the ball on their own 45-yard line . Back-to-back Heisman Trophy winner Archie Griffin rushed for 41 yards on 5 carries , to get to 100 yards rushing , and OSU to the 5-yard line . Fullback Pete Johnson busted his way through the defense for a touchdown just before the half to extend OSU 's lead to 10-0 .   Michigan made defensive half-time adjustments in an attempt to crawl back into the game . The Wolverines outgained the Buckeyes 209-91 in total yardage in the 2nd half . Michigan took the 2nd half kick-off and marched all the way to the OSU 30-yard line . However , quarterback Dennis Franklin 's pass was intercepted in the end zone ruining a productive drive . Midway through the third quarter , OSU faced a 4th and 2 on the Michigan 34-yard line , and decided to go for it . Their failed fourth down conversion gave Michigan new life , and lots of momentum . It is still looked on today as a controversial coaching call .   Michigan engineered an 11 play drive , using the rushing ability of fullback Ed Shuttlesworth . The Wolverines kicked a field goal to get on the board , and make the score 10-3 . Midway through the fourth quarter , Michigan 's defense held , and the offense was able to start the tying drive with great field position . Dennis Franklin threw a 35-yard post-out pattern to tight end Paul Seal to get inside the red zone . Three consecutive Michigan offensive plays failed to get them a first down , and they were now faced with a 4th and inches on the 10-yard line .   Ohio State loaded the box with 9 defensive players , and focused on stopping Shuttlesworth , who had burned them the entire game . Franklin faked the inside hand-off to Shuttlesworth , and then slipped through the tackles running 10 yards for a touchdown , to tie the score at 10-10 . Michigan got the ball back with over six minutes to go for the game-winning drive , but had to start at their own 10-yard line . After a couple of completions to Clint Haslerig and some nice runs by Chapman and Shuttlesworth , Michigan made it into OSU territory .   Franklin then threw a seven-yard pass play to Shuttlesworth and was injured , breaking his collar bone with 2:23 left in the game . Three plays later , Michigan kicker Mike Lantry attempted a 58-yard field goal , but the ball missed the left goal-post by a few inches . Ohio State took over , but back-up quarterback , Greg Hare , threw an interception that was returned to the OSU 33 with 52 seconds left . Michigan moved the ball to the OSU 28 before settling for a field goal on 3rd and 5 with 28 seconds to go . For the second consecutive try , the field goal was missed and the game ended in a 10-10 tie ."}
{"_id": "1895–96_Western_Football_League", "title": "1895–96 Western Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1895 -- 96 season was the fourth in the history of the Western Football League , and the first to be held under this name . The league had been known as the Bristol & District League until this season .   Warmley were the Division One champions for the third time in four years . Barton Hill won Division Two but were not promoted ."}
{"_id": "1905_Notre_Dame_football_team", "title": "1905 Notre Dame football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 Notre Dame football team was an American football team that represented the University of Notre Dame in the 1905 college football season . In its first season with Henry J. McGlew as coach , the team compiled a 5 -- 4 record and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 312 to 80 ."}
{"_id": "116th_Indiana_Infantry_Regiment", "title": "116th Indiana Infantry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 116th Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Taça_de_Portugal", "title": "1999–2000 Taça de Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 Taça de Portugal was the 60th edition of the Portuguese football knockout tournament , organized by the Portuguese Football Federation ( FPF ) . The 1999 -- 2000 Taça de Portugal began in September 1999 . The final was played on 21 May and replayed four days later as the inaugural match ended tied at the Estádio Nacional .   Beira-Mar were the previous holders , having defeated Campomaiorense 1 -- 0 in the previous season 's final . The Auri-negros were eliminated in the fourth round by second division side Imortal . Porto defeated Sporting CP , 2 -- 0 in the cup final replay to win their tenth Taça de Portugal . As a result of Porto winning the domestic cup competition , the Dragões faced 1999 -- 2000 Primeira Liga winners Porto in the 2000 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira ."}
{"_id": "1871_in_Uruguay", "title": "1871 in Uruguay", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "12th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)", "title": "12th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)", "headings": "", "text": "The was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army . Its tsūshōgō code name was the , and its military symbol was 12D . The 12th Division was one of six new infantry divisions raised by the Imperial Japanese Army after the First Sino-Japanese War ( 1894 -- 1895 ) . The division received its colors on 1 October 1898 and disbanded in September 1945 . Its troops were recruited primarily from communities in the northern portion of the island of Kyūshū and it was originally headquartered within Kokura Castle ( now part of the city of Kitakyūshū , Fukuoka )"}
{"_id": "1707_in_Ireland", "title": "1707 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1707 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1960s_in_Western_fashion", "title": "1960s in Western fashion", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960s featured a number of diverse trends . It was a decade that broke many fashion traditions , mirroring social movements during the time . In the middle of the decade , culottes , go-go boots , box-shaped PVC dresses and other PVC clothes were popular . The widely popular bikini came into fashion in 1963 after being featured in the musical Beach Party .   Mary Quant popularised the mini skirt , and Jackie Kennedy introduced the pillbox hat , both becoming extremely popular . False eyelashes were worn by women throughout the 1960s , and their hairstyles were a variety of lengths and styles . People were dressing in psychedelic prints , highlighter colors , and mismatched patterns . The hippie movement late in the decade also exerted a strong influence on ladies ' clothing styles , including bell-bottom jeans , tie-dye , and batik fabrics , as well as paisley prints .   In the early-to-mid-1960s , the London Modernists known as the Mods were shaping and defining popular fashion for young British men while the trends for both changed more frequently than ever before in the history of fashion and would continue to do so throughout the decade .   Designers were producing clothing more suitable for young adults , which led to an increase in interest and sales ."}
{"_id": "1682_in_poetry", "title": "1682 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles concerning that nation 's poetry or literature ( for example , Irish or French ) ."}
{"_id": "1899_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1899 Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1899 Challenge Cup was the 3rd staging of rugby league 's oldest knockout competition , the Challenge Cup .   The final was contested by Oldham and Hunslet at Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester .   The final was played on Saturday 29 April 1899 , where Oldham beat Hunslet 19-9 at Fallowfield Stadium in front of a crowd of 15,763 ."}
{"_id": "1939_Birthday_Honours", "title": "1939 Birthday Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The King 's Birthday Honours 1939 were appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms of King George VI to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries . The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the King . They were announced on 6 June 1939 for the United Kingdom and Colonies .   The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour , and arranged by honour , with classes ( Knight , Knight Grand Cross , etc. ) and then divisions ( Military , Civil , etc. ) as appropriate ."}
{"_id": "1981_Taça_de_Portugal_Final", "title": "1981 Taça de Portugal Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Taça de Portugal Final was the final match of the 1980 -- 81 Taça de Portugal , the 41st season of the Taça de Portugal , the premier Portuguese football cup competition organized by the Portuguese Football Federation ( FPF ) . The match was played on 6 June 1981 at the Estádio Nacional in Oeiras , and opposed two Primeira Liga sides : Benfica and Porto . Benfica defeated Porto 3 -- 1 to claim the Taça de Portugal for a seventeenth time .   In Portugal , the final was televised live on RTP . As a result of the Águias claiming both the league and cup double in the same season , cup runners-up Porto faced their cup final opponents in the 1981 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira ."}
{"_id": "1997_NCAA_Men's_Basketball_All-Americans", "title": "1997 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans", "headings": "", "text": "The Consensus 1997 College Basketball All-American team , as determined by aggregating the results of three major All-American teams . To earn `` consensus '' status , a player must win honors from a majority of the following teams : the Associated Press , the USBWA and the National Association of Basketball Coaches ."}
{"_id": "1917_in_Wales", "title": "1917 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1917 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1981_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_–_Men's_Downhill", "title": "1981 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's Downhill", "headings": "", "text": "Men 's Downhill World Cup 1980/1981"}
{"_id": "10_Years_of_Cheap_Fame", "title": "10 Years of Cheap Fame", "headings": "", "text": "10 Years of Cheap Fame is the fifth and last album by 28 Days .   10 Years of Cheap Fame features several hit release singles from previous 28 Days albums , drawing especially from Upstyledown ."}
{"_id": "1999_in_Rwanda", "title": "1999 in Rwanda", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1999 in Rwanda ."}
{"_id": "1996_Volvo_Women's_Open", "title": "1996 Volvo Women's Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Volvo Women 's Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Pattaya in Thailand that was part of Tier IV of the 1996 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from November 18 through November 24 , 1996 ."}
{"_id": "1981_Skate_Canada_International", "title": "1981 Skate Canada International", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Skate Canada International was held in Ottawa , Ontario . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , and ice dancing ."}
{"_id": "1989_Eagle_Classic_–_Singles", "title": "1989 Eagle Classic – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Mikael Pernfors was the defending champion but lost in the first round to Kevin Curren .   Ivan Lendl won in the final 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , against Stefan Edberg ."}
{"_id": "1969–70_NCAA_University_Division_men's_basketball_rankings", "title": "1969–70 NCAA University Division men's basketball rankings", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 -- 70 NCAA University Division men 's basketball rankings was made up of two human polls , the AP Poll and the Coaches Poll , in addition to various other preseason polls ."}
{"_id": "1984_in_the_Netherlands", "title": "1984 in the Netherlands", "headings": "", "text": "This article lists some of the events that took place in the Netherlands in 1984 ."}
{"_id": "1964_County_Championship", "title": "1964 County Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 County Championship was the 65th officially organised running of the County Championship . Worcestershire won their first ever Championship title ."}
{"_id": "1954_in_Sweden", "title": "1954 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1954 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1994–95_Karnataka_State_Film_Awards", "title": "1994–95 Karnataka State Film Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The Karnataka State Film Awards 1994-95 , presented by Government of Karnataka , to felicitate the best of Kannada Cinema released in the year 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1974–75_Buffalo_Sabres_season", "title": "1974–75 Buffalo Sabres season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 -- 75 Buffalo Sabres season was the Sabres ' fifth season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Sabres finished in a tie for the best record in the NHL in the 1974 -- 75 regular season after a disappointing 1974 that saw the 1973 -- 74 team fail to return to the NHL playoffs as they had the year before . Buffalo advanced to the Stanley Cup finals for the first time in team history to play against the rough Philadelphia Flyers ( who had been recently nicknamed the `` Broad Street Bullies '' ) , a series which included the legendary Fog Game ( game three of the series ) . The Sabres lost the series 4 -- 2 .   The season marked the Sabres ' second NHL playoffs appearance . The season was the first under the tenure of Floyd Smith and the team 's first in the newly created Adams Division in the NHL 's Prince of Wales Conference .   Sabres players earned numerous accolades . Don Luce won the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy . Rick Martin , Rene Robert , Jerry Korab and Luce were all selected to the 1975 NHL All-Star Game . Martin was a first team NHL All-Star Team selection at left wing , while Robert was a second team selection at right wing . The French Connection ( Martin , Robert and Gilbert Perreault ) were all among the league leaders in important scoring statistics ."}
{"_id": "1834_in_Portugal", "title": "1834 in Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1834 in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1916_Dartmouth_football_team", "title": "1916 Dartmouth football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1916 Dartmouth football team represented Dartmouth College in the 1916 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1922_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team", "title": "1922 Ohio State Buckeyes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented Ohio State University in the 1922 Big Ten Conference football season . The Buckeyes compiled a 3 -- 4 record , only their second losing record in conference play . Ohio State was outscored 57 -- 42 during the season ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_IHL_season", "title": "1983–84 IHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 -- 84 IHL season was the 39th season of the International Hockey League , a North American minor professional league . Seven teams participated in the regular season , and the Flint Generals won the Turner Cup ."}
{"_id": "106.7_FM", "title": "106.7 FM", "headings": "", "text": "The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 106.7 MHz :"}
{"_id": "1889_Iowa_College_Pioneers_football_team", "title": "1889 Iowa College Pioneers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1889 Iowa College Pioneers football team represented Iowa College during the 1889 college football season . On September 26 , 1889 , Martin Sampson , who would later score the first touchdown in school history , led a meeting regarding the organization of an S.U.I. football team . It was this suggestion that earned Sampson the title of coach and captain of the team . In the following days , Iowa sent out a challenge to any team in the state of Iowa for a game of football . The one team to accept Iowa 's challenge : Iowa College . The Hawkeyes were no strangers to the Pioneers , as the two schools had met on the baseball diamond in the 20 years before . The game date was set for November 16 , and the preparations for the game began .   Preparations were difficult at Iowa , as proper management and leadership was obviously lacking at team practices . That was hardly the case with practices at Iowa College . With the help of Frank Everest and Lou Van Giesen , two men with playing experience back east , the Pioneers were able to field a competitive team . Iowa was outmatched , and lost the game , 24 -- 0 . Although a rematch was scheduled to be played on Thanksgiving , it was canceled due to inclement weather . With that , Iowa College had won the first championship west of the Mississippi River ."}
{"_id": "1994_in_Taiwan", "title": "1994 in Taiwan", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1994 in Taiwan . This year is numbered Minguo 83 according to the official Republic of China calendar ."}
{"_id": "1708_Pólit", "title": "1708 Pólit", "headings": "", "text": "1708 Pólit , provisional designation 1929 XA , is a dark and eccentric asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , about 29 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered by Spanish astronomer of Catalan origin Josep Comas i Solà at the Fabra Observatory in Barcelona on 30 November 1929 .   The C-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0 -- 3.8 AU once every 4.97 years ( 1,817 days ) . Its orbit shows a high eccentricity of 0.31 and is inclined by 6 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic . Light-curve observations gave a rotation period of 7.520 hours . The carbonaceous asteroid has a low geometric albedo of about 0.04 .   The asteroid was named in memory of the Fabra Observatory 's second director of the astronomical section , Isidre Pòlit i Boixareu ( 1880 -- 1958 ) , who was an assiduous observer of minor planets and comets ."}
{"_id": "1832_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1832 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1980_Gator_Bowl", "title": "1980 Gator Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Gator Bowl was an American college football bowl game played on December 29 , 1980 at Gator Bowl Stadium in Jacksonville , Florida . The game pitted the South Carolina Gamecocks and the Pittsburgh Panthers ."}
{"_id": "1711_in_science", "title": "1711 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1711 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "155th_Pioneers", "title": "155th Pioneers", "headings": "", "text": "The 155th Pioneers was a pioneer regiment of the British Indian Army . It was formed in Mesopotamia and Palestine in May and June 1918 , saw service in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in the First World War , and was disbanded in 1920 ."}
{"_id": "1980_French_Open_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1980 French Open – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Björn Borg was the two-time defending champion of the Men 's Singles event at the French Open tennis tournament . Seeded first he successfully defended his title at the 1980 French Open , defeating Vitas Gerulaitis 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 in the final to win his fifth French title after 1974 , 1975 , 1978 and 1979 . Borg went through the entire tournament , which featured 17 of the top 20 players , without dropping a set ; this would not be achieved by a man again until Roger Federer at the 2007 Australian Open ."}
{"_id": "1953_USC_Trojans_football_team", "title": "1953 USC Trojans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California ( USC ) in the 1953 college football season . In their third year under head coach Jess Hill , the Trojans compiled a 6 -- 3 -- 1 record ( 4 -- 2 -- 1 against conference opponents ) , finished in third place in the Pacific Coast Conference , and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 199 to 161 . The team 's home attendance of 413,617 in six games was the highest in the country during the 1953 season . The total attendance of 561,389 in 10 games was the second highest in the nation .   George Bozanic led the team in passing yardage with 15 of 34 passes completed for 278 yards , four touchdowns and one interception . Aramis Dandoy led the team in rushing with 113 carries for 578 yards and six touchdowns . Tom Nickoloff was the leading receiver with 16 catches for 214 yards and two touchdowns .   Three Trojans received honors from the Associated Press ( AP ) , the United Press ( UP ) , or Tide Water ( TW ) on the 1953 All-Pacific Coast Conference football team : back Aramis Dandoy ( AP-1 ) ; tackle Mario Da Re ( TW ) ; and guard George Timberlake ( AP-1 ; UP-1 ; TW ) .  </small>"}
{"_id": "1998_3._Divisjon", "title": "1998 3. Divisjon", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 season of the 3 . Divisjon , the fourth highest association football league for men in Norway .   Between 20 and 22 games ( depending on group size ) were played in 19 groups , with 3 points given for wins and 1 for draws . All group winners were promoted to the 2 . Divisjon , as well as some of the best runners-up ."}
{"_id": "1977_Torneo_Descentralizado", "title": "1977 Torneo Descentralizado", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Torneo Descentralizado , the top category of Peruvian football ( soccer ) , was played by 16 teams . The national champion was Alianza Lima .   The season was divided into 3 stages . The Preliminary Tournament contested in two groups ( home and away matches plus 2 inter-group matches ) ; each group winner qualified for the Championship Group . The second stage was the Descentralised ( league tournament ) ; the top 4 qualified for the Championship Group and the bottom two played for relegation . Championship Group was contested by 6 teams in home and away matches ; teams carried their Descentralised Tournament record .  Although finishing fifth in Descentralised , Universitario qualified for Championship Group , as Alianza had already qualified in Preliminary Tournament . Municipal and Cienciano played a third relegation playoff on a neutral ground , as each team won one match after home and away matches ."}
{"_id": "1927–28_Czechoslovak_First_League", "title": "1927–28 Czechoslovak First League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Czechoslovak First League in the 1927/1928 season . Karel Meduna was the league 's top scorer with 12 goals ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Vancouver_Canucks_season", "title": "1999–2000 Vancouver Canucks season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1837_State_of_the_Union_Address", "title": "1837 State of the Union Address", "headings": "", "text": "The 1837 State of the Union Address was given by the eighth president of the United States , Martin Van Buren , on December 5 , 1837 . It was presented to the United States Congress by a clerk , because it was not yet the custom for the President to deliver it himself . He began with , `` We have reason to renew the expression of our devout gratitude to the Giver of All Good for His benign protection . Our country presents on every side the evidences of that continued favor under whose auspices it , has gradually risen from a few feeble and dependent colonies to a prosperous and powerful confederacy . ''"}
{"_id": "1973–74_Buffalo_Braves_season", "title": "1973–74 Buffalo Braves season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 -- 74 Buffalo Braves season was the fourth season for the expansion Buffalo Braves franchise in the National Basketball Association and its Atlantic Division . It was the team 's second season under head coach Jack Ramsay . The team 's official home arena was Buffalo Memorial Auditorium .   Bob McAdoo , who finished second in the NBA MVP Award voting , led the league in scoring ; Ernie DiGregorio , who won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award , led the league in assists and free throw percentage , and every starter on the team was among the league 's top ten in at least one statistical category .   The team finished third in the Atlantic Division and fourth in the Eastern Conference . After three consecutive 60-loss seasons , the team made the NBA playoffs for the first time and became the youngest team to have ever done so in terms of average player age . They lost in the first round of the playoffs to the eventual champions , the Boston Celtics ."}
{"_id": "1969_International_Cross_Country_Championships", "title": "1969 International Cross Country Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 International Cross Country Championships was held in Clydebank , Scotland , at the Dalmuir Park on March 22 , 1969 . A report on the men 's event was given in the Glasgow Herald .   Complete results for men , junior men , women , medallists ,  and the results of British athletes were published ."}
{"_id": "1971_TVW_Channel_7_6_Hour_Le_Mans", "title": "1971 TVW Channel 7 6 Hour Le Mans", "headings": "", "text": "The TVW Channel 7 6 Hour Le Mans was motor race staged at the Wanneroo Park Circuit in Western Australia on 7 June 1971 . It was the 17th `` Six Hour Le Mans '' race to be held in Western Australia and the third to be staged at Wanneroo Park . The race was won by Ray Thackwell and Jim Mullins driving a Porsche 911S ."}
{"_id": "1948_Montana_Grizzlies_football_team", "title": "1948 Montana Grizzlies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Montana Grizzlies football team represented the University of Montana in the 1948 college football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) . The Grizzlies were led by tenth-year head coach Doug Fessenden , played their home games at Dornblaser Field and finished the season with a record of three wins and seven losses ( 3 -- 7 , 0 -- 3 PCC ) ."}
{"_id": ".hack_(video_game_series)", "title": ".hack (video game series)", "headings": "", "text": ". hack -LSB- dɒt_hæk -RSB- is a series of single-player action role-playing video games developed for the PlayStation 2 console by CyberConnect2 and published by Bandai . The series of four games , titled . hack / / Infection , . hack / / Mutation , . hack / / Outbreak , and . hack / / Quarantine , features a `` game within a game '' ; a fictional massively multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG ) called The World which does not require the player to connect to the Internet . Players may transfer their characters and data between games in the series . Each game comes with an extra DVD containing an episode of . hack / / Liminality , the accompanying original video animation series which details fictional events that occur concurrently with the games .   The games are part of a multimedia franchise called Project . hack which explores the mysterious origins of The World . Set after the events of the anime series . hack / / Sign , the games focus on a player named Kite and his quest to discover why some users have become comatose as a result of playing The World . The search evolves into a deeper investigation of The World and its effects on the stability of the Internet .   Critics gave the series mixed reviews . It was praised for its unique setting and its commitment to preserve suspension of disbelief , as well as the character designs . However , it was criticized for uneven pacing and a lack of improvement between games . The commercial success of the franchise led to the production of . hack / / frägment -- a remake of the series with online capabilities -- and . hack / / G.U. , another video game trilogy ."}
{"_id": "1945_Mestaruussarja", "title": "1945 Mestaruussarja", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 season was the fifteenth completed season of Finnish Football League Championship , which was played in two groups followed by a knock-out phase ."}
{"_id": "1995_U.S._Men's_Clay_Court_Championships", "title": "1995 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 U.S. Men 's Clay Court Championships was an Association of Tennis Professionals tennis tournament held in Pinehurst , North Carolina in the United States . The event was part of the World Series of the 1995 ATP Tour . It was the 27th edition of the tournament and was held from May 8 through May 15 , 1995 . Thomas Enqvist won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1996_Mr._Olympia", "title": "1996 Mr. Olympia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Mr. Olympia contest was an IFBB professional bodybuilding competition held on September 21 , 1996 , at the Arie Crown Theater in Chicago , Illinois ."}
{"_id": "1926_Pottsville_Maroons_season", "title": "1926 Pottsville Maroons season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 Pottsville Maroons season was their second in the National Football League . The team matched their previous league record of 10 -- 2 , They finished third in the league standings .   The Maroons established an NFL record for most shutout wins or ties in a season , with 11 in `` official '' league games ."}
{"_id": "1948_Washington_Huskies_football_team", "title": "1948 Washington Huskies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1948 college football season . In its first season under head coach Howard Odell , the team compiled a 2 -- 7 -- 1 record , finished in seventh place in the Pacific Coast Conference , and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 189 to 89 . Alf Hemsted was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "18-Methylaminocoronaridine", "title": "18-Methylaminocoronaridine", "headings": "", "text": "-18 - Methylaminocoronaridine ( 18-MAC ) is a second generation synthetic derivative of ibogaine developed by the research team led by the pharmacologist Stanley D. Glick from the Albany Medical College and the chemist Martin E. Kuehne from the University of Vermont . In animal studies it has shown around twice the efficacy of the related compound 18-methoxycoronaridine ( 18-MC ) at reducing self-administration of morphine when administered in an equivalent dose , although it is less effective than 18-MC at reducing methamphetamine administration . Similarly to 18-MC itself , 18-MAC acts primarily as a selective α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine antagonist , and is even more selective than 18-MC with very little activity as an NMDA antagonist and only slight affinity for the delta opioid receptor ."}
{"_id": "1998_hurricane_season", "title": "1998 hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1981_Buffalo_Bills_season", "title": "1981 Buffalo Bills season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Buffalo Bills season was the 22nd season for the club and its 12th in the National Football League .   The season 's most memorable moment might have been a Hail Mary catch against the New England Patriots in Week Twelve . The 36-yard touchdown pass from Bills quarterback Joe Ferguson to running back Roland Hooks as time expired won the game for Buffalo , 20 -- 17 . The win proved to be crucial in giving Buffalo the final playoff spot in the AFC in 1981 . The Bills would make the playoffs , but lose 28-21 to the Cincinnati Bengals ."}
{"_id": "1994_CCHA_Men's_Ice_Hockey_Tournament", "title": "1994 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 CCHA Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 23rd CCHA Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament . It was played between March 11 and March 20 , 1994 . First round games were played at campus sites , while second round and ` final four ' games were played at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit , Michigan . By winning the tournament , Michigan received the Central Collegiate Hockey Association 's automatic bid to the 1994 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament ."}
{"_id": "17th_Lumières_Awards", "title": "17th Lumières Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th Lumières Awards ceremony , presented by the Académie des Lumières , was held on 13 January 2012 . The ceremony was presided by Catherine Jacob . The Artist won the award for Best Film ."}
{"_id": "1966–67_Qatar_Stars_League", "title": "1966–67 Qatar Stars League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Qatar Stars League in season 1966/1967 ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_LFF_Lyga", "title": "1996–97 LFF Lyga", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of A Lyga in season 1996/1997 ."}
{"_id": "1933–34_French_Division_1", "title": "1933–34 French Division 1", "headings": "", "text": "FC Sète won Division 1 season 1933/1934 of the French Association Football League with 34 points ."}
{"_id": "1985_United_Soccer_League_season", "title": "1985 United Soccer League season", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of the 1985 United Soccer League season . This was the USL 's second and final season ."}
{"_id": "1961_Australian_Drivers'_Championship", "title": "1961 Australian Drivers' Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Australian Drivers ' Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title for drivers of Formula Libre cars . The title was contested over a five race series with the winner awarded the 1961 CAMS Gold Star . It was the fifth Australian Drivers ' Championship .   The series was dominated by Victorian racer Bill Patterson driving a Cooper T51 Climax . Patterson won three of the five races and was second and fourth in the other two . He finished the series 36 points ahead of Lex Davison ( Aston Martin DBR4 & Cooper T51 Coventry Climax ) . Bib Stillwell ( Cooper T51 Coventry Climax & Cooper T53 Coventry Climax ) placed third in the points standings .   The two races not won by Patterson were Longford , won by British driver Roy Salvadori in a Cooper T51 Coventry Climax and Mallala , won by Davison , also driving a Cooper T51 Coventry Climax ."}
{"_id": "1930_Southern_Conference_football_season", "title": "1930 Southern Conference football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 Southern Conference football season was the college football games played by the member schools of the Southern Conference as part of the 1930 college football season . The season began on September 20 . This was Duke 's first year in the conference .   In the annual Rose Bowl game , the SoCon champion Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the PCC champion Washington State 24 -- 0 and claims a national championship . It was Wallace Wade 's last year as Alabama head coach .   Tulane was also co-champion . Times-Picayune sports writer Pete Baird called the 1930 squad `` the best team that ever represented the Olive and Blue '' ."}
{"_id": "1888_in_art", "title": "1888 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1992_Yokohama_Flügels_season", "title": "1992 Yokohama Flügels season", "headings": "", "text": "1992 Yokohama Flügels season"}
{"_id": "1575_in_Norway", "title": "1575 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1575 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1994_Indonesia_Open_(badminton)", "title": "1994 Indonesia Open (badminton)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Indonesia Open in badminton was held in Yogyakarta , from August 8 to August 14 , 1994 . It was a five-star tournament and the prize money was US$ 166,000 ."}
{"_id": "1923–24_Nelson_F.C._season", "title": "1923–24 Nelson F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 -- 24 season was the 43rd season in the history of Nelson F.C. and their third as a professional club in the Football League . The team competed in the Second Division of the Football League for the first time , having won promotion as champions of the Third Division North in the previous campaign . Nelson struggled against more established opponents in the higher league , and were relegated at the end of the season , finishing second-bottom of the division just a point behind Fulham , who avoided relegation . Despite achieving a 1 -- 0 victory away against Manchester United , Nelson suffered several heavy defeats during the campaign , including a 0 -- 6 loss to Derby County , and at one point went six matches without scoring a goal . Nelson ended the season on 33 points , with a record of 10 wins , 13 draws and 19 defeats in 42 matches .   Nelson entered the FA Cup in the Fifth Qualifying Round , and were knocked out in a replay at that stage by Wigan Borough , having drawn the original tie . A total of 30 players were used by Nelson throughout their 44 first-team matches . The majority of the championship-winning team remained with Nelson . New signings included defender Jack Newnes , who went on to become a Wales international , Billy Caulfield and Eddie Cameron . With 14 goals in 42 appearances , Joe Eddleston was the team 's top goalscorer for the third season in succession , and also played the highest number of matches of all the first-team squad . The highest attendance of the season at the club 's Seedhill stadium was 12,000 on two occasions , the first of these the opening day game against Clapton Orient on 26 August 1923 . The lowest attendance in the league was 7,000 for three different matches , while the FA Cup replay against Wigan Borough attracted a crowd of only 4,000 spectators ."}
{"_id": "1999_in_Norway", "title": "1999 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1999 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "(R)-amidase", "title": "(R)-amidase", "headings": "", "text": "( R ) - amidase ( , R-stereospecific amidase , R-amidase ) is an enzyme with systematic name ( R ) - piperazine-2-carboxamide amidohydrolase . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction   ( 1 ) ( R ) - piperazine-2-carboxamide + H2O ( R ) - piperazine-2-carboxylic acid + NH3  ( 2 ) beta-alaninamide + H2O beta-alanine + NH3   This enzyme also hydrolyses ( R ) - piperidine-3-carboxamide to ( R ) - piperidine-3-carboxylic acid and NH3 ."}
{"_id": "1996_CARIFTA_Games", "title": "1996 CARIFTA Games", "headings": "", "text": "The 25th CARIFTA Games was held in Kingston , Jamaica , on April 6 -- 8 , 1996 . An appraisal of the results has been given on the occasion of 40th anniversary of the games ."}
{"_id": "100_Grandkids", "title": "100 Grandkids", "headings": "", "text": "`` 100 Grandkids '' is a song by American hip hop recording artist Mac Miller . It was released at midnight on August 7 , 2015 , as the lead single from Miller 's third studio album GO : OD AM The song is divided into two parts ; the first being `` Grandkids '' , produced by New York-based record producer Sha Money XL , and the latter `` 100 Grand '' produced by Pittsburgh production trio I.D. Labs ."}
{"_id": "1983_Melbourne_dust_storm", "title": "1983 Melbourne dust storm", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Melbourne dust storm was a meteorological phenomenon that occurred during the afternoon of 8 February 1983 , throughout much of Victoria , Australia and affected the capital , Melbourne . Red soil , dust and sand from Central and Southeastern Australia was swept up in high winds and carried southeast through Victoria . The dust storm was one of the most dramatic consequences of the 1982/83 drought , at the time the worst in Australian history and is , in hindsight , viewed as a precursor to the Ash Wednesday bushfires which were to occur eight days later ."}
{"_id": "1969–70_Danish_1._division_season", "title": "1969–70 Danish 1. division season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969-70 Danish 1 . division season was the 13th season of ice hockey in Denmark . Eight teams participated in the league , and KSF Copenhagen won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1971–72_Cuban_National_Series", "title": "1971–72 Cuban National Series", "headings": "", "text": "The eleventh season of Cuba 's primary amateur baseball league ended with a repeat champion . For the second straight year , Azucareros won the Cuban National Series , defeating Mineros 2-1 games in best-of-three-playoffs after the teams tied for the best record in the league ."}
{"_id": "1994_Grand_Prix_de_Tennis_de_Lyon_–_Doubles", "title": "1994 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Gary Muller and Danie Visser were the defending champions , but lost in the quarterfinals this year .   Jakob Hlasek and Yevgeny Kafelnikov won the title , defeating Martin Damm and Patrick Rafter 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1917–18_Syracuse_Orangemen_basketball_team", "title": "1917–18 Syracuse Orangemen basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 -- 18 Syracuse Orangemen basketball team represented Syracuse University in intercollegiate basketball during the 1917 -- 18 season . The team finished the season with a 16 -- 1 record and was retroactively named the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Premo-Porretta Power Poll . Joseph Schwarzer was named a 1918 NCAA All-American upon the conclusion of the season as well ."}
{"_id": "1794_in_Scotland", "title": "1794 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1794 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1947–48_Cypriot_First_Division", "title": "1947–48 Cypriot First Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Cypriot First Division in the 1947/1948 season ."}
{"_id": "1979_in_Croatian_television", "title": "1979 in Croatian television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Croatian television related events from 1979 ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C._season", "title": "1990–91 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 season is Hearts 8th consecutive season of play in the Scottish Premier Division . Hearts will also compete in the Scottish Cup & the Scottish League Cup ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Los_Angeles_Kings_season", "title": "1993–94 Los Angeles Kings season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 Los Angeles Kings season involved Wayne Gretzky becoming the all-time leading goal scorer ."}
{"_id": "1997_Supertaça_Cândido_de_Oliveira", "title": "1997 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was the 19th edition of the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira , the annual Portuguese football season-opening match contested by the winners of the previous season 's top league and cup competitions ( or cup runner-up in case the league - and cup-winning club is the same ) . The 1997 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was contested over two legs , and opposed Boavista and Porto of the Primeira Liga . Porto qualified for the SuperCup by winning the 1996 -- 97 Primeira Divisão , whilst Boavista qualified for the Supertaça by winning the 1996 -- 97 Taça de Portugal .   The first leg which took place at the Estádio do Bessa , saw Boavista defeat Porto 2 -- 0 . The second leg which took place at the Estádio das Antas , saw the Dragões defeat the Axadrezados 1 -- 0 , but the Axadrezados win a third Supertaça after 2 -- 1 on aggregate over two legs ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Macedonian_First_Football_League", "title": "1994–95 Macedonian First Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 Macedonian First League was the 3rd season of the Macedonian First Football League , the highest football league of Macedonia . The first matches of the season were played on 14 August 1994 and the last on 18 June 1995 . FK Vardar defended their championship title , having won their third title in a row ."}
{"_id": "1998_Cork_Senior_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1998 Cork Senior Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 110th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887 . The championship ended on 1 November 1998 .   Imokilly entered the championship as the defending champions .   On 1 November 1998 , Imokilly won the championship following a 1-10 to 1-5 defeat of Blackrock in the final . This was their second championship title overall and their second in succession . It was the third year in-a-row that the championship title went to a divisional side ."}
{"_id": "1645_in_Spain", "title": "1645 in Spain", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1645 in Spain ."}
{"_id": "11_(song)", "title": "11 (song)", "headings": "", "text": "`` 11 '' is a song by American singer-songwriter Cassadee Pope from her debut solo album , Frame by Frame ( 2013 ) . Pope co-wrote the song , which tells the story of her parents ' divorce , with Nathan Chapman , while the production was handled by Dann Huff ."}
{"_id": "1987_U.S._Clay_Court_Championships_–_Doubles", "title": "1987 U.S. Clay Court Championships – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Hans Gildemeister and Andrés Gómez were the defending champions but lost in the second round to Craig Campbell and Barry Moir .  Third-seeded pair Laurie Warder and Blaine Willenborg claimed the title by defeating Joakim Nyström and Mats Wilander in the final ."}
{"_id": "1855_in_Ireland", "title": "1855 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1855 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1999_European_Karate_Championships", "title": "1999 European Karate Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 European Karate Championships , the 34th edition , was held in Euboea , Greece from May 21 to 23 , 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1961–62_Cuban_National_Series", "title": "1961–62 Cuban National Series", "headings": "", "text": "The inaugural season of the Cuban National Series was won by Occidentales , composed largely of players from Pinar del Río .   In 1961 , the post-revolutionary government outlawed professional sports , including the Cuban League , a small professional baseball league . The Cuban national baseball system was formed , with the Cuban National Series as its main competition ."}
{"_id": "1994_in_Luxembourg", "title": "1994 in Luxembourg", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1907_U.S._National_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1907 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "William Larned defeated Robert LeRoy 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 in the All Comers ' Final of the 1907 U.S. Men 's National Singles Championship . Defending champion William Clothier was unable to defend his title in the Challenge Round due to an injury in his right leg , thereby defaulting the title to challenger William Larned . The event was held at the Newport Casino in Newport , R.I. , USA ."}
{"_id": "1950_Scottish_League_Cup_Final", "title": "1950 Scottish League Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Scottish League Cup Final was played on 28 October 1950 , at Hampden Park in Glasgow and was the final of the fifth Scottish League Cup competition . The final was contested by Hibernian and Motherwell . Motherwell won the match 3 -- 0 thanks to goals by Jim Forrest , Archie Kelly and Willie Watters ."}
{"_id": "10th_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Division", "title": "10th Guards Motor Rifle Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th Guards Motor Rifle Division was a division of the Soviet Ground Forces . The full name of its predecessor division was the 10th Guards Rifle Pechengskii , Twice Order of the Red Banner , Order of Alexander Nevsky , Order of the Red Star Division . ( Russian : 10ая гвардейская стрелковая Печенгский , дважды орденом Красного Знамени , орденом Александра Невского , орденом Красной звезда дивизия . ) The 10th Guards Rifle Division was formed from the 52nd Rifle Division in late 1941 ."}
{"_id": "1623_in_music", "title": "1623 in music", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1623 in music involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1935–36_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_Britain,_Ireland_and_Canada", "title": "1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and Canada", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1962_in_association_football", "title": "1962 in association football", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the football ( soccer ) events of the year 1962 throughout the world ."}
{"_id": "183d_Airlift_Squadron", "title": "183d Airlift Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 183d Airlift Squadron is a unit of the 172d Airlift Wing of the Mississippi Air National Guard stationed at Allen C. Thompson Field Air National Guard Base , Mississippi . The squadron is equipped with the C-17 Globemaster III .   The 183d was organized in 1953 as a reconnaissance unit , but converted to the airlift role in 1957 . It was called to federal service during the first Gulf War ."}
{"_id": "1987_Hipercor_bombing", "title": "1987 Hipercor bombing", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Hipercor bombing was a car bomb attack by the Basque separatist organisation ETA which occurred on 19 June 1987 at the Hipercor shopping centre on Avinguda Meridiana , Barcelona , Spain . The bombing killed 21 people and injured 45 , the deadliest attack in ETA 's history . Controversy surrounded the timing of telephone warnings made before the attack and the authorities ' response to them ."}
{"_id": "1022", "title": "1022", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1022 ( MXXII ) was a common year starting on Monday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1947_in_architecture", "title": "1947 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1947 in architecture involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1990_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships", "title": "1990 IAAF World Cross Country Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Aix-les-Bains , France , at the Hippodrome de Marlioz on March 25 , 1990 . A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald .   Complete results for senior men , junior men , senior women , junior women , medallists ,  and the results of British athletes were published ."}
{"_id": ".one", "title": ".one", "headings": "", "text": ". one may refer to :  a file extension used by Microsoft OneNote  . one ( domain ) , a top-level domain"}
{"_id": "1993_Greenlandic_Men's_Football_Championship", "title": "1993 Greenlandic Men's Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Greenlandic Men 's Football Championship was the 23rd edition of the Greenlandic Men 's Football Championship . The final round was held in Qaqortoq . It was won by B-67 Nuuk for the first time in its history ."}
{"_id": "12_Mile_Road–Kalamazoo_River_Bridge", "title": "12 Mile Road–Kalamazoo River Bridge", "headings": "", "text": "The 12 Mile Road -- Kalamazoo River Bridge , also known as State Reward Bridge No. 53 , is a filled-spandrel concrete arch bridge in Ceresco , Michigan , that carries 12 Mile Road over the Kalamazoo River . Built in 1920 , it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places ."}
{"_id": "1591", "title": "1591", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1903_Open_Championship", "title": "1903 Open Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1903 Open Championship was the 43rd Open Championship , held 10 -- 11 June at Prestwick Golf Club in Prestwick , South Ayrshire , Scotland . Harry Vardon won the Championship for the fourth time , six strokes ahead of runner-up Tom Vardon , his younger brother .   All entries played 36 holes on the first day with all those within 19 strokes of the leader making the cut and playing 36 holes on the final day , with the additional provision that the final day 's field had to contain at least 32 professionals .   Harry Vardon and Sandy Herd led after the first round both having scored 73 , three strokes ahead of the rest of the field . In the afternoon , Herd had a poor 83 and Harry Vardon 's 77 gave him a four shot lead on 150 ahead of Andrew Scott , despite a seven at the 17th hole . 59 players made the cut on 169 . Rowland Jones was initially disqualified but later reinstated .   In the third round , Harry Vardon scored 72 , having reached the turn in 34 . This gave him a seven stroke lead over Jack White , with Herd and Tom Vardon ten shots behind . In the afternoon , White took a seven at the third hole which effectively gave Harry Vardon the title . Playing cautiously , he eventually finished with a 78 . Tom Vardon had the best final round score of 74 and moved into second place ahead of White ."}
{"_id": "1955_European_Men's_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships", "title": "1955 European Men's Artistic Gymnastics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The first European Men 's Artistic Gymnastics Championships took place in 1955 . In this championship , there was no team competition , only individual competitions . Only men took part , and the championship took place in Frankfurt am Main .   The Soviet Union dominated the championships , and took the top two places , with a total of five golds in the apparatus finals . Boris Shakhlin , who won a total of 14 World Championship medals and 13 Olympic medals in gymnastics , won the overall competition ."}
{"_id": "1814_in_the_United_States", "title": "1814 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1814 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1991_(Jernade_Miah_album)", "title": "1991 (Jernade Miah album)", "headings": "", "text": "1991 is the second studio album by English R&B singer Jernade Miah , released on 11 August 2013 by 2Point9 Records ."}
{"_id": "1937–38_Newport_County_A.F.C._season", "title": "1937–38 Newport County A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 -- 38 season was Newport County 's 16th season in the Third Division South and 17th overall in the Football League . They had been ever-present in the third tier except for the 1931 -- 32 season since the introduction of the Football League Third Division in 1920 .   The match with Cardiff City on 16 October 1937 recorded the highest-ever attendance at Somerton Park ."}
{"_id": "1854_in_France", "title": "1854 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1854 in France ."}
{"_id": ".500/465_Nitro_Express", "title": ".500/465 Nitro Express", "headings": "", "text": "The .500 / 465 Nitro Express is a large bore centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Holland & Holland and introduced in 1907 ."}
{"_id": "1974_LFF_Lyga", "title": "1974 LFF Lyga", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of LFF Lyga in the 1974 season ."}
{"_id": "1982_Australian_Sports_Car_Championship", "title": "1982 Australian Sports Car Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Australian Sports Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title open to Group A Sports Cars . It was the fourteenth Australian Sports Car Championship , and the first to be contested by Group A cars since 1975 . The championship was won by Chris Clearihan of Canberra , driving a Kaditcha ."}
{"_id": "1963_in_science", "title": "1963 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1963 in science and technology involved some significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "1970–71_Cincinnati_Royals_season", "title": "1970–71 Cincinnati Royals season", "headings": "", "text": "After trading Oscar Robertson , the Royals became a quick , young team . Some players included Norm Van Lier , a second-year guard who would lead the league in assists with 10.1 assists per game . Draft picks Sam Lacey and Nate `` Tiny '' Archibald were new additions to the team . The Royals would continue its fast-breaking , high-scoring ways . During the season , they were held below 100 points only four times all season . The Royals also broke the 130 point mark an astounding 11 times . The team 's 116.0 scoring average was good for 3rd place in the NBA . Bob Cousy , the Royals coach was not defensive minded , and opposing teams racked up an average of 119.2 points per game . The Royals finished the season in 3rd place in the newly formed Central Division . The Royals would finish the season with a record of 33 wins , compared to 49 losses ."}
{"_id": "1996_St_Helens_RLFC_season", "title": "1996 St Helens RLFC season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 St Helens RLFC season was the 101st season in the club 's rugby league history and the first season in the Super League . Coached by Shaun McRae , the Saints competed in Super League I and finished in 1st place , and also went on to win the 1996 Challenge Cup , beating Bradford Bulls in the final ."}
{"_id": "1932_in_France", "title": "1932 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1932 in France ."}
{"_id": "1973_Copa_Libertadores", "title": "1973 Copa Libertadores", "headings": "", "text": "Copa Libertadores 1973 was won by defending champions Independiente of Argentina after defeating Colo Colo of Chile in a third decisive game . The third match which ended 2-1 in extra time was necessary after the previous two leg matches ended in draws ."}
{"_id": "1921–22_in_Belgian_football", "title": "1921–22 in Belgian football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 -- 1922 season was the 22nd season of competitive football in Belgium ."}
{"_id": "1951–52_Swedish_Division_I_season", "title": "1951–52 Swedish Division I season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 -- 52 Swedish Division I season was the eighth season of Swedish Division I. Sodertalje SK defeated Gavle GIK in the league final , 2 games to none ."}
{"_id": "1894_Chicago_Colts_season", "title": "1894 Chicago Colts season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1894 Chicago Colts season was the 23rd season of the Chicago Colts franchise , the 19th in the National League and the 2nd at West Side Park . The Colts finished eighth in the National League with a record of 57 -- 75 ."}
{"_id": "1934_in_art", "title": "1934 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1918_in_Chile", "title": "1918 in Chile", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1918 in Chile ."}
{"_id": "1995_Swedish_Open", "title": "1995 Swedish Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Swedish Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was the 48th edition of the Swedish Open , and part of the ATP International Series of the 1995 ATP Tour . It took place between July 10 and July 16 , 1995 , in Båstad , Sweden ."}
{"_id": "1991_Champion_Hurdle", "title": "1991 Champion Hurdle", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Champion Hurdle was a horse race held at Cheltenham Racecourse on Tuesday 12 March 1991 . It was the 62nd running of the Champion Hurdle .   The winner was Michael Jackson 's Morley Street , a seven-year-old chestnut gelding trained in Hampshire by Toby Balding and ridden by Jimmy Frost . Morley Street 's victory was a first in the race for jockey and owner , and a second for the trainer , who had previously won with Beech Road in 1989 .   Morley Street had established himself as a top class hurdler by winning the Mersey Novices ' Hurdle in 1989 and the Aintree Hurdle in 1990 , but had had mixed results when campaigned in steeplechases in the early part of the 1990/1991 National Hunt season . He re-entered the Champion Hurdle picture by winning the Berkshire Hurdle at Newbury on 1 March . Eleven days later he started the 4/1 favourite for the Champion Hurdle and won by one and a half lengths from the American-bred stallion Nomadic Way , with Ruling a head away in third place . The previous winner of the race to take part was Beech Road who finished in eighth place . Twenty-one of the twenty-four runners completed the course ."}
{"_id": "1977_European_Formula_Two_Championship", "title": "1977 European Formula Two Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 European Formula Two season was contested over 13 rounds . Frenchman René Arnoux was the season champion , driving a Martini-Renault/Gordini for Ecurie Renault Elf ."}
{"_id": "1932–33_in_Mandatory_Palestine_football", "title": "1932–33 in Mandatory Palestine football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 -- 33 season was the 6th season of competitive football in the British Mandate for Palestine under the Eretz Israel Football Association and the 1st under the Arab Palestine Sports Federation ."}
{"_id": "102nd_Reconnaissance_Battalion_of_General_Karel_Palecek", "title": "102nd Reconnaissance Battalion of General Karel Palecek", "headings": "", "text": "The 102nd Reconnaissance Battalion of General Karel Palecek ( 102 . průzkumný prapor generála Karla Palečka ) is a reconnaissance battalion in the Czech Army based in Prostejov . It falls under the command of the 53rd Regiment of Reconnaissance and Electronic Warfare ."}
{"_id": "1988–89_Houston_Rockets_season", "title": "1988–89 Houston Rockets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 -- 89 NBA season was the Rockets ' 22nd season in the NBA and 18th season in the city of Houston ."}
{"_id": "1931_College_Football_All-America_Team", "title": "1931 College Football All-America Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1931 . The seven selectors recognized by the NCAA as `` official '' for the 1931 season are ( 1 ) Collier 's Weekly , as selected by Grantland Rice , ( 2 ) the Associated Press , ( 3 ) the United Press , ( 4 ) the All-America Board , ( 5 ) the International News Service ( INS ) , ( 6 ) Liberty magazine , and ( 7 ) the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) ."}
{"_id": "1974_U.S._Clay_Court_Championships", "title": "1974 U.S. Clay Court Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 U.S. Clay Court Championships was a combined men 's and women 's tennis tournament held in Indianapolis in the United States and played on outdoor clay courts . It was part of the men 's Grand Prix and women 's International Grand Prix . It was the 6th edition of the tournament and was held from August 5 through August 12 , 1974 . First-seeded Jimmy Connors won the men 's singles title and accompanying $ 16,000 prize money while Chris Evert took the women 's title ."}
{"_id": "1955_English_cricket_season", "title": "1955 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 English cricket season saw a continuation of Surrey 's complete dominance as they won a fourth successive County Championship title and a second consecutive Minor Counties .   South Africa toured England to compete in a test series in which England won 3-2 ."}
{"_id": "1st_Army_Corps_(France)", "title": "1st Army Corps (France)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st Army Corps ( 1er Corps d'Armée ) was first formed before World War I . During World War II it fought in the Campaign for France in 1940 , on the Mediterranean islands of Corsica and Elba in 1943 - 1944 , and in the campaigns to liberate France in 1944 and invade Germany in 1945 ."}
{"_id": "1994_Denver_Broncos_season", "title": "1994 Denver Broncos season", "headings": "", "text": "The Denver Broncos season was the team 's 35th year in professional football and its 25th with the National Football League . The season would be noted for being the final year that Wade Phillips was head coach ."}
{"_id": "1805_in_Ireland", "title": "1805 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1805 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "\"Dr._Death\"_Steve_Williams", "title": "\"Dr. Death\" Steve Williams", "headings": "", "text": "Steven Williams ( May 14 , 1960 -- December 29 , 2009 ) , better known by his ring name `` Dr. Death '' Steve Williams , was an American professional wrestler , author , former collegiate football player , and amateur wrestler at the University of Oklahoma . Dr. Death was a three-time professional wrestling world heavyweight champion , having won the UWF World Heavyweight Championship twice and the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship once . In addition to his singles success , Dr. Death achieved notoriety in Japan in tag team competition , winning the World Tag Team Championship eight times with notable tag team partners Terry Gordy , Gary Albright , Vader , and Johnny Ace . He also achieved great tag team success in North America , winning tag team titles in the Mid-South , World Championship Wrestling , UWF and NWA United States Tag Team Championship as well as winning the World 's Strongest Tag Determination League twice with Gordy and Mike Rotunda ."}
{"_id": "1941_VFA_season", "title": "1941 VFA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Victorian Football Association season was the 63rd season of the Australian rules football competition , and it was the last season before the Association went into recess during World War II . The premiership was won by the Port Melbourne Football Club , which defeated Coburg by 19 points in the Grand Final on 4 October . It was Port Melbourne 's fifth VFA premiership , and its second in a row ."}
{"_id": "1958_Australian_Tourist_Trophy", "title": "1958 Australian Tourist Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Australian Tourist Trophy was a 100 mile motor race for sports cars , staged at the Mount Panorama Circuit near Bathurst in New South Wales , Australia on 6 October 1958 . It was the second in a sequence of annual Australian Tourist Trophy races , each of which was recognised by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport as the Australian Championship for sports cars . The race was won by David McKay driving an Aston Martin DB3S ."}
{"_id": "1999_European_Athletics_U23_Championships_–_Women's_hammer_throw", "title": "1999 European Athletics U23 Championships – Women's hammer throw", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's hammer throw event at the 1999 European Athletics U23 Championships was held in Göteborg , Sweden , at Ullevi on 30 July and 1 August 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1996_Direct_Line_International_Championships", "title": "1996 Direct Line International Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Direct Line International Championships was a women 's tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Devonshire Park Lawn Tennis Club in Eastbourne in England that was part of Tier II of the 1996 WTA Tour . It was the 22nd edition of the tournament and was held from June 18 through June 22 , 1996 . Monica Seles won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "10,000,000", "title": "10,000,000", "headings": "", "text": "Ten million ( 10,000,000 ) is the natural number following 9,999,999 and preceding 10,000,001 .   In scientific notation , it is written as 107 .   In South Asia , it is known as the crore ."}
{"_id": "1998_Indy_200_at_Walt_Disney_World", "title": "1998 Indy 200 at Walt Disney World", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Indy 200 at Walt Disney World was the first round of the 1998 Indy Racing League season . The race was held on January 24 , 1998 at the 1.000 mi Walt Disney World Speedway in Bay Lake , Florida . As in 1997 , rain hampered the event , this time forcing to cancel the qualifying session ."}
{"_id": "1960_Wisconsin_Badgers_football_team", "title": "1960 Wisconsin Badgers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1960 Big Ten Conference football season ."}
{"_id": "1934_Mestaruussarja_–_Finnish_League_Championship", "title": "1934 Mestaruussarja – Finnish League Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 season was the fifth completed season of Finnish Football League Championship , known as the Mestaruussarja ."}
{"_id": "1957_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_football_team", "title": "1957 Illinois Fighting Illini football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1957 Big Ten Conference football season . In their 16th year under head coach Ray Eliot , the Illini compiled a 4 -- 5 record and finished in seventh place in the Big Ten Conference . End Ron Hanson was selected as the team 's most valuable player ."}
{"_id": "1988_Taipei_Women's_Championship_–_Singles", "title": "1988 Taipei Women's Championship – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "The singles tournament for the 1988 Taipei Women 's Championship was a 32-draw with qualifiers .   Anne Minter was the defending champion but did not compete that year .   Stephanie Rehe won in the final 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 against Brenda Schultz ."}
{"_id": "1987_US_Open_(tennis)", "title": "1987 US Open (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 US Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City . It was the 107th edition of the US Open and was held from September 1 to September 14 , 1987 ."}
{"_id": "1964_Democratic_National_Convention", "title": "1964 Democratic National Convention", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Democratic National Convention of the Democratic Party , took place at Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City , New Jersey from August 24 to 27 , 1964 . President Lyndon B. Johnson was nominated for a full term . Senator Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesota was nominated for Vice President .   The convention took place less than a year after President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas . On the last day of the convention , Kennedy 's brother Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy introduced a short film in honor of his brother 's memory . After Kennedy appeared on the convention floor , delegates erupted in 22 minutes of uninterrupted applause , causing him to nearly break into tears . Speaking about his brother 's vision for the country , Robert Kennedy quoted from Romeo and Juliet : `` When he shall die , take him and cut him out into the stars , and he shall make the face of heaven so fine that all the world will be in love with night and pay no worship to the garish sun . '' The Keynote speech was then delivered by Senator John O. Pastore , of Rhode Island , where he spoke passionately of the party 's success and in remembrance of President Kennedy . Pastore was later featured on the cover of the New York Times and Life magazine for the success of the address .  Adlai E. Stevenson II , Ambassador to the United Nations and twice a Democratic nominee for President , received a short , but polite ovation before introducing a memorial film the same day for former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt , who had died on November 7 , 1962 ."}
{"_id": "1980_San_Francisco_49ers_season", "title": "1980 San Francisco 49ers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 San Francisco 49ers season was the team 's 31st in the National Football League . This was both Bill Walsh 's and Joe Montana 's second season with the team . The 49ers looked to improve on their previous output of 2 -- 14 ( which they had earned in both of the two previous seasons ) . They failed to make the playoffs for the eighth consecutive season , but they did improve to 6 -- 10 .   On December 7 , 1980 , the 49ers staged the greatest come from behind victory in the history of the NFL 's regular season . The 49ers rallied from 28 points down to defeat the New Orleans Saints by a score of 38 -- 35 in Week Fourteen ."}
{"_id": "1909_Tulane_Olive_and_Blue_football_team", "title": "1909 Tulane Olive and Blue football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 Tulane Olive and Blue football team represented Tulane University during the 1909 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1953_Summer_International_University_Sports_Week", "title": "1953 Summer International University Sports Week", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 Summer International University Sports Week were organised by the International University Sports Federation ( FISU ) and held in Dortmund , West Germany . At these games a number of Athletic events were contested ."}
{"_id": "1981–82_Austrian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1981–82 Austrian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 -- 82 Austrian Hockey League season was the 52nd season of the Austrian Hockey League , the top level of ice hockey in Austria . Eight teams participated in the league , and VEU Feldkirch won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1962–63_Polska_Liga_Hokejowa_season", "title": "1962–63 Polska Liga Hokejowa season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 -- 63 Polska Liga Hokejowa season was the 28th season of the Polska Liga Hokejowa , the top level of ice hockey in Poland . Six teams participated in the league , and Legia Warszawa won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1735_in_Sweden", "title": "1735 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1735 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1979–80_NK_Hajduk_Split_season", "title": "1979–80 NK Hajduk Split season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 -- 80 season was the 65th season in Hajduk Split 's history and their 34th season in the Yugoslav First League . Their 1st place finish in the 1978 -- 79 season meant it was their 34th successive season playing in the Yugoslav First League ."}
{"_id": "1929_Stanley_Cup_Finals", "title": "1929 Stanley Cup Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 Stanley Cup Finals NHL championship series was played by the defending champion New York Rangers and the Boston Bruins . This was the first time in Stanley Cup history that two American-based teams met in the Final . Boston won the series to win its first championship ."}
{"_id": "1998_European_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1998 European Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 European Figure Skating Championships was a senior-level international competition held in Milan , Italy . Elite skaters from European ISU member nations competed in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing ."}
{"_id": "1885_in_literature", "title": "1885 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1885 .   -- Opening line of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"}
{"_id": "1941–42_American_Soccer_League", "title": "1941–42 American Soccer League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of American Soccer League II in season 1941-42 ."}
{"_id": "19th_Genie_Awards", "title": "19th Genie Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th Genie Awards were held on February 4 , 1999 to honour Canadian films released in 1998 . It marked only the second time in the 1990s , after the 16th Genie Awards in January 1996 , that the awards were held in the winter of the year following the year in which eligible films were released , rather than the late fall of the same year ; the awards have subsequently retained the winter scheduling since 1999 .   The ceremony was held at the Living Arts Centre in Mississauga , Ontario . Actor Albert Schultz hosted the ceremony .   Last Night and Such a Long Journey were tied for the most nominations , with 12 nods each . However , The Red Violin won the most awards , with eight wins including Best Picture ."}
{"_id": "1937–38_FC_Barcelona_season", "title": "1937–38 FC Barcelona season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 -- 38 season was the 39th season for FC Barcelona ."}
{"_id": "1991_Caribbean_Cup", "title": "1991 Caribbean Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Caribbean Cup ( known as the Shell Caribbean Cup for sponsorship reasons ) was the third edition of the Caribbean Cup , the football championship of the Caribbean , one of the CONCACAF zones . The final stage was hosted by Jamaica ."}
{"_id": "1992_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_pole_vault", "title": "1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's pole vault", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's pole vault event at the 1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Seoul , Korea , at Olympic Stadium on 16 and 18 September ."}
{"_id": "1989_Belgian_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1989 Belgian Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Mercedes Paz and Tine Scheuer-Larsen were the defending champions but only Paz competed that year with Manon Bollegraf .   Bollegraf and Paz won in the final 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 against Carin Bakkum and Simone Schilder ."}
{"_id": "1946–47_FC_Barcelona_season", "title": "1946–47 FC Barcelona season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 -- 47 season was the 48th season for FC Barcelona ."}
{"_id": "1480s_in_poetry", "title": "1480s in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1967_Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_baseball_team", "title": "1967 Arizona State Sun Devils baseball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Arizona State Sun Devils baseball team represented Arizona State University in the 1967 NCAA University Division baseball season . The team was coached by Bobby Winkles in his 9th season at Arizona State .   The Sun Devils won the College World Series , defeating the in the championship game ."}
{"_id": "1994_Kashima_Antlers_season", "title": "1994 Kashima Antlers season", "headings": "", "text": "1994 Kashima Antlers season"}
{"_id": "1104_in_Italy", "title": "1104 in Italy", "headings": "", "text": "Events during the year 1104 in Italy ."}
{"_id": "1937–38_Estonian_Football_Championship", "title": "1937–38 Estonian Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 -- 38 Estonian Football Championship was the 17th official football league season in Estonia . Eight teams took part in the league six from Tallinn , one from Pärnu and Narva . JS Estonia Tallinn finished first , clinching their fourth consecutive league title ."}
{"_id": "106th_Regiment_of_Foot_(disambiguation)", "title": "106th Regiment of Foot (disambiguation)", "headings": "", "text": "Three regiments of the British Army have been numbered the 106th Regiment of Foot :   106th Regiment of Foot ( Black Musqueteers ) , raised in 1761  106th Regiment of Foot , raised in 1794  106th Regiment of Foot ( Bombay Light Infantry ) , raised by the East India Company and placed on the British establishment as the 106th Foot in 1862"}
{"_id": "1990_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_–_OFC_Second_Round", "title": "1990 FIFA World Cup qualification – OFC Second Round", "headings": "", "text": "This page provides the summaries of the OFC Second Round matches for 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification ."}
{"_id": "1984–85_Romanian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1984–85 Romanian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 -- 85 Romanian Hockey League season was the 55th season of the Romanian Hockey League . Six teams participated in the league , and Steaua Bucuresti won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1921_in_Australian_literature", "title": "1921 in Australian literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1921 .   For an overview of world literature see 1921 in literature .   See also :  1920 in Australian literature ,  1921 in Australia ,  1922 in Australian literature ."}
{"_id": "1077_Campanula", "title": "1077 Campanula", "headings": "", "text": "1077 Campanula , provisional designation 1926 TK , is a main-belt asteroid discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 6 October 1926 .   The asteroid was named after Campanula , the bellflower ."}
{"_id": "1969_All-Pacific-8_Conference_football_team", "title": "1969 All-Pacific-8 Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 All-Pacific-8 Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Pacific-8 Conference teams for the 1969 college football season ."}
{"_id": ".32_S&W", "title": ".32 S&W", "headings": "", "text": "The .32 S&W cartridge was introduced in 1878 for the Smith & Wesson Model 1 1/2 revolver and should n't be confused with the .32 ACP/7 .65 × 17mmSR Browning . It was originally designed as a black powder cartridge . The .32 S&W was offered to the public as a light , defense cartridge , for `` card table '' distances ."}
{"_id": "15th_Secretariat_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)", "title": "15th Secretariat of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)", "headings": "", "text": "The 15th Secretariat of the All-Union Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ) was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the 15th Central Committee , in the aftermath of the 15th Congress ."}
{"_id": "1995_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_triple_jump", "title": "1995 World Championships in Athletics – Men's triple jump", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Men 's Triple Jump event at the 1995 IAAF World Championships in Gothenburg , Sweden . There were a total number of 44 participating athletes , with two qualifying groups and the final held on Monday August 7 , 1995 .   In the final , Jonathan Edwards became the first athlete in the world to jump further than 18 metres without wind assistance , registering a world record jump of 18.16 m . In his second jump , he jumped even further , setting a new world record of 18.29 m : 67 cm further than silver medal winner Brian Wellman ."}
{"_id": "1977_All-Ireland_Senior_Ladies'_Football_Championship_Final", "title": "1977 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 All-Ireland Senior Ladies ' Football Championship Final was the fourth All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1977 All-Ireland Senior Ladies ' Football Championship , an inter-county ladies ' Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland .   Cavan won by two goals -- much media attention was focused on their midfielder Pauline Gibbons , who left the team mid-season to become an Augustinian nun , and received special permission from the Mother Superior to return for the final ."}
{"_id": "1914_Chicago_Cubs_season", "title": "1914 Chicago Cubs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1914 Chicago Cubs season was the 43rd season of the Chicago Cubs franchise , the 39th in the National League and the 22nd at West Side Park . The Cubs finished fourth in the National League with a record of 78 -- 76 ."}
{"_id": "1975_Austrian_Open_(tennis)", "title": "1975 Austrian Open (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Austrian Open was a combined men 's and women 's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was categorized as Grade B tournament and was part of the 1975 Commercial Union Assurance Grand Prix circuit . It took place at the Tennis stadium Kitzbühel in Kitzbühel Austria and was held from 7 July through 13 July 1975 . Adriano Panatta and Sue Barker won the singles titles ."}
{"_id": "1589_in_science", "title": "1589 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1589 in science and technology included a number of events , some of which are listed here ."}
{"_id": "1156_in_Italy", "title": "1156 in Italy", "headings": "", "text": "Events during the year 1156 in Italy ."}
{"_id": "1962–63_Nationalliga_A", "title": "1962–63 Nationalliga A", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swiss Super League in the 1962 -- 63 season ."}
{"_id": "1998_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_200_metres", "title": "1998 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 200 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 200 metres event at the 1998 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held 28 February -- 1 March ."}
{"_id": "1910_in_Scotland", "title": "1910 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1910 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1642_Yellow_River_flood", "title": "1642 Yellow River flood", "headings": "", "text": "The 1642 Yellow River flood or Kaifeng flood was a man-made disaster that principally affected Kaifeng and Xuzhou .   Kaifeng is located on the south bank of the Yellow River , prone to violent flooding throughout its history . During the early Ming dynasty , the town was the site of major floods in 1375 , 1384 , 1390 , 1410 , and 1416 . By the mid-15th century , the Ming had completed restoration of the area 's flood-control system and operated it with general success for over a century .   The 1642 flood , however , was not natural , but directed by the Ming governor of the city in the hopes of using the floodwaters to break the six-month siege the city had endured from the peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng .   The dikes were burst but the water destroyed Kaifeng . Over 300,000 of the 378,000 residents were killed by the flood and ensuing peripheral disasters such as famine and plague . If treated as a natural disaster , it would be one of the most deadly floods in history .   After this disaster the city was abandoned until 1662 when it was rebuilt under the rule of the Kangxi Emperor in the Qing dynasty . It remained a rural backwater city of diminished importance thereafter and experienced several other less devastating floods .   The flood also brought an end to the `` golden age '' of the Jewish settlement of China , said to span about 1300-1642 . China 's small Jewish population , estimated at around 5000 people , was centered at Kaifeng . Further , the flood destroyed the synagogue and most of the community 's irreplaceable Torah ."}
{"_id": "1201_in_Ireland", "title": "1201 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1201 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1936_Missouri_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1936 Missouri Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Big Six Conference ( Big 6 ) during the 1936 college football season . The team compiled a 6 -- 2 -- 1 record ( 3 -- 1 -- 1 against Big 6 opponents ) , finished in second place in the Big 6 , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 107 to 74 . Don Faurot was the head coach for the second of 19 seasons . The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Columbia , Missouri .   The team 's leading scorer was Jack Frye with 36 points ."}
{"_id": "1962_LPGA_Tour", "title": "1962 LPGA Tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 LPGA Tour was the 13th season since the LPGA Tour officially began in 1950 . The season ran from January 19 to November 4 . The season consisted of 29 official money events . Mickey Wright won the most tournaments , 10 . She also led the money list with earnings of $ 21,641 . The first Rookie of the Year was won by Mary Mills .   There were four first-time winners in 1962 : Shirley Englehorn , Sandra Haynie , who would win 42 LPGA events , Murle Lindstrom , and Kathy Whitworth , who would win a record 88 LPGA events . The season saw the last wins of Louise Suggs ( 58 career wins ) and Patty Berg ( 60 ) . It also saw the first and only official win by a man , Sam Snead in the Royal Poinciana Plaza Invitational .   The tournament results and award winners are listed below ."}
{"_id": "1984–85_Hong_Kong_First_Division_League", "title": "1984–85 Hong Kong First Division League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Hong Kong First Division League in season 1984/1985 ."}
{"_id": "1988–89_Dynamo_Dresden_season", "title": "1988–89 Dynamo Dresden season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 -- 89 season saw Dynamo Dresden win their first East German championship in ten years , ending the domination of Berliner FC Dynamo , who had each of the past ten titles . Dynamo finished eight points ahead of their nearest rivals BFC , losing only two league games . Coincidentally , these both came against their Saxon rivals FC Karl-Marx-Stadt , who also eliminated Dresden from the East German cup in the third round .   Dynamo also had their most successful ever European campaign , reaching the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup in a run which saw them beat Italian giants AS Roma home and away before being eliminated by West German side VfB Stuttgart . Andreas Trautmann was named as East German Footballer of the Year , while Torsten Gütschow was the leading goalscorer in both the DDR-Oberliga and UEFA Cup , with 17 and 7 goals respectively ."}
{"_id": "1975_Indiana_Hoosiers_football_team", "title": "1975 Indiana Hoosiers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented Indiana University in the 1975 Big Ten Conference football season . They participated as members of the Big Ten Conference . The Hoosiers played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington , Indiana . The team was coached by Lee Corso , in his third year as head coach of the Hoosiers ."}
{"_id": "1983_Cambodian_League", "title": "1983 Cambodian League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Cambodian League in the 1983 season ."}
{"_id": "1969_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship", "title": "1969 UEFA European Under-18 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1969 Final Tournament was held in East Germany ."}
{"_id": "1934_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team", "title": "1934 Tennessee Volunteers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Tennessee Volunteers ( variously Tennessee , UT , or the Vols ) represented the University of Tennessee in the 1934 college football season . Playing as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) , the team was led by head coach Robert Neyland , in his ninth year , and played their home games at Shields-Watkins Field in Knoxville , Tennessee . They finished the season with a record of eight wins and two losses ( 8 -- 2 overall , 5 -- 1 in the SEC ) ."}
{"_id": "1985_Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football_team", "title": "1985 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team represented Rutgers University in the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their second season under head coach Dick Anderson , the Scarlet Knights compiled a 2 -- 8 -- 1 record while competing as an independent and were outscored by their opponents 266 to 149 . The team 's statistical leaders included Joe Gagliardi with 1,273 passing yards , Albert Smith with 362 rushing yards and 244 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "14th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival", "title": "14th Moscow International Film Festival", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th Moscow International Film Festival was held from 28 June to 12 July 1985 . The Golden Prizes were awarded to the Soviet film Come and See directed by Elem Klimov , the American film A Soldier 's Story directed by Norman Jewison and the Greek film The Descent of the Nine directed by Christos Siopahas ."}
{"_id": "1975_Custom_Credit_Australian_Indoor_Championships", "title": "1975 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships was a men 's professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Hordern Pavilion in Sydney , Australia and was part of the 1975 Commercial Union Assurance Grand Prix as a Group AA category event . The tournament was held from 13 October through 19 October 1975 . Unseeded Stan Smith won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1993_Washington_Huskies_football_team", "title": "1993 Washington Huskies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season . In its first season under head coach Jim Lambright , the team compiled a 7 -- 4 record , finished in fourth place in the Pacific-10 Conference , and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 288 to 198 . Napoleon Kaufman was selected as the team 's most valuable player . Jamal Fountaine , Matt Jones , Andy Mason , and Jim Nevelle were the team captains .   Comedian and actor Joel McHale played tight end during the 1992 and 1993 seasons ."}
{"_id": "1950_NCAA_Cross_Country_Championships", "title": "1950 NCAA Cross Country Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 NCAA Cross Country Championships were the 12th annual cross country meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men 's collegiate cross country running in the United States .   Since the current multi-division format for NCAA championship did not begin until 1973 , all NCAA members were eligible . In total , 17 teams and 66 individual runners contested this championship .   The meet was hosted by Michigan State College on November 27 , 1950 , at the Forest Akers East Golf Course in East Lansing , Michigan . The distance for the race was 4 miles ( 6.4 kilometers ) .   The team national championship was won by the Penn State Nittany Lions , their third . The individual championship was won by Herb Semper , from Kansas , with a time of 20:31.7 ."}
{"_id": "1992_African_Cup_of_Nations_qualification", "title": "1992 African Cup of Nations qualification", "headings": "", "text": "This page details the qualifying process qualifying for the 1992 Africa Cup of Nations in Senegal . Senegal , as hosts , and Algeria , as title holders , qualified automatically ."}
{"_id": "1959_Paris–Roubaix", "title": "1959 Paris–Roubaix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Paris -- Roubaix was the 57th edition of the Paris -- Roubaix , a classic one-day cycle race in France . The single day event was held on 12 April 1959 and stretched 262.5 km from Paris to the finish at Roubaix Velodrome . The winner was Noël Foré from Belgium ."}
{"_id": "1932_German_football_championship", "title": "1932 German football championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 German football championship , the 25th edition of the competition , ended with the first national title for FC Bayern Munich . The title was won with a 2 -- 0 over Eintracht Frankfurt . It was a replay of the Southern German championship final , in which Eintracht had defeated Bayern 2 -- 0 on 24 April 1932 .   For both clubs it was their first appearance in the German final . While Bayern , the winner , never appeared in another one , Eintracht made up for the 1932 loss by winning the 1959 final .   To qualify for the national championship , a team needed to win or finish runners-up in one of the seven regional championships . On top of those 14 clubs , the two strongest regions , West and South were allowed to send a third team each . In the West , this was the local cup winner while in the South , the third placed team of the championship received this place ."}
{"_id": "1993_Norwegian_Football_Cup", "title": "1993 Norwegian Football Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The Norwegian Football Cup 1993 was a Norwegian football tournament that took place in 1993 . It was the 88th Norwegian Football Cup ."}
{"_id": "1957–58_NCAA_University_Division_men's_basketball_season", "title": "1957–58 NCAA University Division men's basketball season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1971–72_Dundee_United_F.C._season", "title": "1971–72 Dundee United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 -- 72 season was the 63rd year of football played by Dundee United , and covers the period from 1 July 1971 to 30 June 1972 . United finished in ninth place in the First Division ."}
{"_id": "1984–85_Major_Indoor_Soccer_League_season", "title": "1984–85 Major Indoor Soccer League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 -- 85 Major Indoor Soccer League season was the seventh in league history and ended with the San Diego Sockers winning their second MISL title in three seasons over the Baltimore Blast . It was the Sockers ' fourth straight indoor title , as they had also won the North American Soccer League 's indoor league in the spring of 1984 .   With the NASL near death in the summer of 1984 , a handful of teams made plans to switch from outdoor to indoor soccer once the NASL season ended in October . Along with the Sockers , the Chicago Sting , Minnesota Strikers and New York Cosmos formally made the leap in late August . With the addition of the Dallas Sidekicks , the league went back to a 14-team , two-division setup .   With an influx of new teams , the league expanded the playoffs even further . 10 teams would qualify , the top three in each division and the next best four wild-card teams . The wild-card teams would play a best-of-three series . The second and third round were best-of-five series , and the championship round would be a best-of-seven series . Each successive round would see the winners reseeded , similar to the NHL playoff format used for almost 20 years .   While the Sting and Strikers made the playoffs , the Cosmos struggled . On February 22 , with their record at 11-22 , the team announced they were pulling out of the MISL effective immediately . The league would scramble to fill out the schedule , but only the Wichita Wings would play an uneven number of games .   The Strikers would make a run from the wildcard series to the league semifinals , only falling to San Diego in a decisive fifth game . Trailing in the series two games to one , Minnesota actually lost the fourth game in a shootout , but lodged a protest with commissioner Francis Dale over San Diego 's shooting order . Dale upheld the protest and declared the Strikers winners . Despite the Sockers only being made aware of the fifth game once they landed at the San Diego airport , they shut out Minnesota to win the series   This would be the final year the MISL would have games aired on network television , CBS broadcast Game 4 of the championship series live on May 25 .   Despite having the league 's third-best record , the Las Vegas Americans would be terminated by the league after the season due to financial difficulties ."}
{"_id": "1961–62_Port_Vale_F.C._season", "title": "1961–62 Port Vale F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 -- 62 season was Port Vale 's 50th season of football in the Football League , and their third season in the Third Division . The season was most notable for the win over Sunderland in the FA Cup , which followed a goalless draw at Roker Park in which the Vale defence prevented Brian Clough from even having a shot . The club also hosted a friendly against the Czechoslovakia national football team , and later took a tour of Poland . In the league they failed to gain promotion , and had to settle for mid-table obscurity ."}
{"_id": "1848_Delvaux", "title": "1848 Delvaux", "headings": "", "text": "1848 Delvaux , provisional designation , is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , approximately 17 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 18 August 1933 , by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle , Belgium . It was later named after astronomer Georges Roland 's sister-in-law ."}
{"_id": "1970–71_French_Division_2", "title": "1970–71 French Division 2", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 -- 71 French Division 2 season was the 30th season since its establishment . It was constituted by three geographic groups ( South , Center and North ) with 16 clubs each . The winners of each group won promotion to the 1971 -- 72 French Division 1 . Additionally , the winners met once in the championship play -- offs . The club with most points was crowned champion and awarded the trophy .   On the other hand , the bottom club of each group and the worst 15th placed club were relegated to the 1971 -- 72 French Division 3 . Meanwhile , all reserves teams were relegated at the end of the season , regardless of their final position , due to the creation of the Division 3 , which would also serve as the top league for amateur clubs and the club 's reserves sides .   The season began on 23 August 1970 and ended on 12 June 1971 . The winter break was in effect from 27 December 1970 to 10 January 1971 . Two points were awarded for a win , with no points for a loss . If the match was drawn , each team received one point ."}
{"_id": "1994_Rosmalen_Grass_Court_Championships", "title": "1994 Rosmalen Grass Court Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Rosmalen Grass Court Championships , also known as Continental Grass Court Championships for sponsorship reasons , was a men 's ATP-tennis tournament held in Rosmalen , Netherlands . The event was part of the World Series of the 1994 ATP Tour It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was played on outdoor grass courts and held from 6 June through 13 June 1994 . Richard Krajicek won his second title of the year , and sixthh of his career ."}
{"_id": "1900_in_the_Irish_Republican_Army", "title": "1900 in the Irish Republican Army", "headings": "", "text": "The following notable events occurred during the year 1900 in the Irish Republican Army :   Due in large part to efforts by the United Irish League , the Nationalist Parties come under the leadership of John Redmond although he would remain in disagreement with William O'Brien over the League 's relationship with the party .  Laurence Ginnell campaigns as a parliamentary candidate for the United Irish League for North Westmeath , however he fails to win .  The Daughters of Ireland , an early cultural organization promoting the Irish language and culture , is established by Maud Gonne ."}
{"_id": "1982_Tour_de_France,_Prologue_to_Stage_10", "title": "1982 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 10", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Tour de France was the 69th edition of Tour de France , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . The Tour began in Basel , Switzerland with a prologue individual time trial on 2 July and Stage 10 occurred on 13 July with a flat stage to Bordeaux . The race finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 25 July ."}
{"_id": "1973–74_European_Cup_(handball)", "title": "1973–74 European Cup (handball)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 -- 74 European Cup was the 14th edition of Europe 's premier club handball tournament ."}
{"_id": "1645_in_music", "title": "1645 in music", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1645 in music involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1968–69_European_Cup", "title": "1968–69 European Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 -- 69 season of the European Cup football club tournament was won by Milan , who beat Ajax 4 -- 1 in the final , giving Milan its first European Cup title since 1963 , and its second overall . A number of Eastern European clubs withdrew from the first two rounds when UEFA paired up all of the Eastern European clubs against one another .   Substitutions of two players at any game time were allowed ; obligatory match dates were introduced ( two weeks between the legs ) and fixed on Wednesdays ; the away goal rule was extended to the whole competition .   Manchester United , the defending champions , were eliminated by Milan in the semi-finals ."}
{"_id": "1534", "title": "1534", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 1534 ( MDXXXIV ) was a common year starting on Thursday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1967_in_country_music", "title": "1967 in country music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in 1967 ."}
{"_id": "1957–58_Panhellenic_Championship", "title": "1957–58 Panhellenic Championship", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Panhellenic Championship in the 1957 -- 58 season ."}
{"_id": "1989_in_race_walking", "title": "1989 in race walking", "headings": "", "text": "This page lists the World Best Year Performance in the year 1989 in both the men 's and the women 's race walking distances : 10 km , 20 km and 50 km ( outdoor ) ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Sunbelt_Independent_Soccer_League", "title": "1990–91 Sunbelt Independent Soccer League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 Sunbelt Independent Soccer League was an American indoor soccer season run by the Sunbelt Independent Soccer League during the winter of 1990-91 ."}
{"_id": "1999_European_Judo_Championships", "title": "1999 European Judo Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 European Judo Championships were the 10th edition of the European Judo Championships , and were held in Bratislava , Slovakia from 22 May to 23 May 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1981_Midas", "title": "1981 Midas", "headings": "", "text": "1981 Midas , provisional designation , is a vestoid asteroid , classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid , approximately 2 kilometers in diameter .   It was discovered on 6 March 1973 , by American astronomer Charles Kowal at Palomar Observatory in San Diego County , California . It was named after King Midas from Greek mythology ."}
{"_id": "1947–48_Isthmian_League", "title": "1947–48 Isthmian League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 -- 48 season was the 33rd in the history of the Isthmian League , an English football competition .   Leytonstone were champions for the second season in a row , winning their fifth Isthmian League title ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_United_States_network_television_schedule", "title": "1991–92 United States network television schedule", "headings": "", "text": "This was the television schedule on all four United States commercial broadcast television networks for the fall season beginning in September 1991 . All times are Eastern and Pacific , with certain exceptions , such as Monday Night Football .   New series are highlighted in bold . Series ending their original runs are highlighted in italics .   Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research .   Lime indicates the # 1 most watched program of the season .  Yellow indicates the programs in the top 10 for the season .  Cyan indicates the programs in the top 20 for the season .  Magenta indicates the programs in the top 30 for the season .  Orange indicates the programs in the top 40 for the season .  Silver indicates the programs in the top 50 for the season .   PBS , the Public Broadcasting Service , was in operation , but the schedule was set by each local station . From February 8 to 24 , 1992 , all of CBS ' primetime programming was preempted in favor of coverage of the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , and from July 25 to August 9 , 1992 , all of NBC 's primetime programming was preempted in favor of coverage of the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona ."}
{"_id": "1956–57_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "title": "1956–57 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 -- 57 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in November 1956 and concluded with the 1957 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 16 , 1957 at the Broadmoor Ice Palace in Colorado Springs , Colorado . This was the 10th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 63rd year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}
{"_id": "1925_Geneva_Golden_Tornadoes_football_team", "title": "1925 Geneva Golden Tornadoes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 Geneva Golden Tornadoes football team represented Geneva College during the 1925 NCAA football season ."}
{"_id": "1567", "title": "1567", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 1567 ( MDLXVII ) was a common year starting on Wednesday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1969–70_Michigan_Wolverines_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1969–70 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 -- 70 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team represented the University of Michigan in intercollegiate college basketball during the 1969 -- 70 season . The team played its home games at Crisler Arena on the school 's campus in Ann Arbor , Michigan . Under the direction of head coach Johnny Orr , the team finished tied for fourth in the Big Ten Conference . The team was unranked the entire season in the Associated Press Top Twenty Poll , and it also ended the season unranked in the final UPI Coaches ' Poll . The team lost to all three ranked opponents that it faced . Rudy Tomjanovich served as team captain and earned team MVP . Over the course of the season Tomjanovich led the conference in rebounding with a 16.2 average in conference games . Tomjanovich was a 1970 NCAA All-American . During the season , Tomjanovich broke Bill Buntin 's school career records for total ( 1037 ) and average rebounds ( 13.13 ) by posting 1039 and 14.43 .  This record still stands . He also set the current school record for single-season 30-point games with 13 , surpassing Cazzie Russell 's total of nine set four years earlier . Although Michigan basketball does not officially keep records of assists before 1977 ( noting in the record book that records are only available since 1977 ) , Mark Henry was credited as the first Michigan Wolverines player on record to total 12 assists in a game on January 24 , 1970 , against the . No Wolverine on record would surpass 12 assists in a game until Mark Bodnar did so on December 13 , 1980 ."}
{"_id": "1982–83_I-Divisioona_season", "title": "1982–83 I-Divisioona season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 -- 83 I-Divisioona season was the ninth season of the I-Divisioona , the second level of Finnish ice hockey . 10 teams participated in the league , and HPK Hämeenlinna and JoKP Joensuu qualified for the promotion/relegation round of the SM-liiga ."}
{"_id": "1515", "title": "1515", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 1515 ( MDXV ) was a common year starting on Monday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1948_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1948 Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Challenge Cup was the 47th staging of rugby league 's oldest knockout competition , the Challenge Cup . The final was contested by Wigan and Bradford Northern at Wembley Stadium , and was the first ever rugby league match to be televised . Wigan won the match 8 -- 3 , with Bradford 's Frank Whitcombe receiving the Lance Todd Trophy -- the first time the trophy had been awarded to a player on the losing team ."}
{"_id": "1955–56_European_Cup", "title": "1955–56 European Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 -- 56 European Cup was the first season of the European Cup , UEFA 's premier club football tournament . The tournament was won by Real Madrid , who beat Stade Reims 4 -- 3 in the final at Parc des Princes , Paris , on 13 June 1956 .   The participating clubs in this first edition of the European Cup were selected by the French football magazine L'Equipe on the basis that these were the most representative and prestigious clubs in Europe . Of the originally selected teams , Chelsea ( England ) was barred from participation by the country 's Football Association , who saw the tournament as a distraction to domestic football . Chelsea were replaced by Gwardia Warszawa of Poland . In addition , Holland Sport , Honved and BK Copenhagen rejected the opportunity to represent the Netherlands , Hungary and Denmark respectively , being replaced by PSV Eindhoven , Vörös Lobogó and Aarhus . This was also the only UEFA tournament to include a representative of Saarland , unified into West Germany in 1957 .   The first round pairings were fixed by the organisers and not drawn as would be the case for all future European Cup matches ."}
{"_id": "1977_Houston_Anita_Bryant_protests", "title": "1977 Houston Anita Bryant protests", "headings": "", "text": "In 1977 , the Texas State Bar Association invited country singer Anita Bryant to perform at a meeting in Houston , Texas . In response to Bryant 's outspoken anti-gay views and her Save Our Children campaign , thousands of members of the Houston LGBT community and their supporters marched through the city to the venue in protest on June 16 , 1977 . The protests have been called `` Houston 's Stonewall '' and set into motion the major push for LGBT rights in Houston ."}
{"_id": "1997_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships_–_Women's_200_metres", "title": "1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 200 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 200 metres event at the 1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on March 7 -- 8 ."}
{"_id": "1952_Philadelphia_Phillies_season", "title": "1952 Philadelphia Phillies season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "181st_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)", "title": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 181st Infantry Regiment shares the distinction of being the oldest combat regiment in the United States Army . The regiment traces its history to 13 December 1636 , when it was one of four colonial regiments of foot of the British Crown in Massachusetts . It later served in the Continental Army during the American Revolution , with Union forces in the American Civil War , and as a federalized Massachusetts National Guard regiment with the U.S. Army during War with Spain , Mexican Border Campaign , World War I and World War II . Most recently the 1st Battalion , 181st Infantry has served in Iraq , in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina , and in Afghanistan . The only active element of the regiment is the 1st Battalion , 181st Infantry Regiment , which returned from a year of service in Afghanistan in July 2011 . The 1st Battalion was mobilized in March 2017 for one year of service with the Multinational Force & Observers in the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt ."}
{"_id": "1994_Movistar_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1994 Movistar Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Javier Frana was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Alberto Berasategui .   Berasategui won in the final 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 against Francisco Clavet ."}
{"_id": "103rd_Armor_Regiment", "title": "103rd Armor Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 103rd Armor Regiment is an armored regiment in the Pennsylvania National Guard first formed in 1941 . Its legacy unit , 3rd Battalion , 103rd Armor , is a subordinate command of the 55th Heavy Brigade Combat Team , 28th Infantry Division ."}
{"_id": "1674_in_music", "title": "1674 in music", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1674 in music involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "135th_Sustainment_Command_(Expeditionary)", "title": "135th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)", "headings": "", "text": "The 135th Sustainment Command ( Expeditionary ) ( ESC ) is an independent major command ( MACOM ) of the Alabama Army National Guard , and until 2014 was a subordinate unit of the 167th Theater Sustainment Command . It is one of two Expeditionary Sustainment Commands assigned to the National Guard , the other unit is the 184th Sustainment Command ( Expeditionary ) assigned to the Mississippi Army National Guard ."}
{"_id": "1989_Calgary_Stampeders_season", "title": "1989 Calgary Stampeders season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Calgary Stampeders '' ' finished in 2nd place in the West Division with a 10 -- 8 record . They were defeated in the West Semi-Final by the Saskatchewan Roughriders ."}
{"_id": "11th_meridian_east", "title": "11th meridian east", "headings": "", "text": "The meridian 11 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Europe , Africa , the Atlantic Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 11th meridian east forms a great circle with the 169th meridian west ."}
{"_id": "1930_Pacific_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1930 Pacific Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 Pacific Tigers football team represented the College of the Pacific ( COP ) University of the Pacific ( UOP ) was known as College of the Pacific from 1911 -- 1961 . See : University of the Pacific during the 1930 college football season .   COP competed in the Far Western Conference ( FWC ) . The team was led by tenth-year head coach Erwin Righter , and played home games at Baxter Stadium in Stockton , California . The team finished with three wins and six losses ( 3 -- 6 , 2 -- 2 FWC ) . Overall , the Tigers were outscored by their opponents 101 -- 104 for the season ."}
{"_id": "1962–63_Alpha_Ethniki", "title": "1962–63 Alpha Ethniki", "headings": "", "text": "Alpha Ethniki 1962-63 complete season"}
{"_id": "1847_Naval_Air_Squadron", "title": "1847 Naval Air Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "1847 Naval Air Squadron ( 1847 NAS ) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm ."}
{"_id": "1807_Slovakia", "title": "1807 Slovakia", "headings": "", "text": "1807 Slovakia , provisional designation , is a stony asteroid and slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 9 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 20 August 1971 , by Slovak astronomer Milan Antal at Skalnaté pleso Observatory in the High Tatras mountains of Slovakia .   The S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8 -- 2.6 AU once every 3 years and 4 months ( 1,213 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 3 ° with respect to the ecliptic.of 1.8 -- 2.6 AU once every 3 years and 4 months ( 1,213 days ) .   Slovakia has an exceptionally long rotation period of 308 hours with a high brightness variation of 1.10 magnitude . The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link ( CALL ) adopts a period of 308.6 hours with an amplitude of 1.1 magnitude .   According to the survey carried out by NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , Slovakia measures 9.14 kilometers in diameter , and its surface has an albedo of 0.31 , while CALL assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 9.40 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.5   This minor planet was named in honor of the now independent state of Slovakia ( Slovak Republic ) , the country where the discovering observatory is located . At the time Slovakia was still part of the socialistic republic of Czechoslovakia that was formed after World War I and lasted until the end of the Cold War ( also see 2315 Czechoslovakia ) . Naming citation was published before November 1977 ."}
{"_id": "1957_in_Wales", "title": "1957 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1957 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1992_Birmingham_Fire_season", "title": "1992 Birmingham Fire season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Birmingham Fire season was the second and final season for the franchise in the World League of American Football ( WLAF ) . The team was led by head coach Chan Gailey in his second year , and played their home games at Legion Field in Birmingham , Alabama . They finished the season with a record of seven wins , three losses and one tie ( 7 -- 3 -- 1 ) and with a loss against the Orlando Thunder in the WLAF semifinals as a wild card .   After a preseason loss to London , the Fire lost their opening game on the road at Sacramento . They then rebounded and went unbeaten over their next four games with wins over San Antonio , Frankfurt and Sacramento in addition to the first tie in league history against London at Wembley Stadium . Birmingham then lost in their rematch at San Antonio before they completed the regular season with four consecutive victories over Barcelona , Montreal , Orlando and Ohio to clinch the final playoff spot . In the WLAF semifinals , the Fire lost to Orlando 45 -- 7 to finish the season with an overall record of 7 -- 3 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1818_in_birding_and_ornithology", "title": "1818 in birding and ornithology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "15262_Abderhalden", "title": "15262 Abderhalden", "headings": "", "text": "15262 Abderhalden , provisional designation , is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , approximately 12 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered by German astronomers Freimut Börngen and Lutz Schmadel at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in Tautenburg , eastern Germany , on 12 October 1990 .   The dark C-type asteroid is a member of the Themis family , a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8 -- 3.7 AU once every 5 years and 9 months ( 2,105 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 1 ° with respect to the ecliptic . The first precovery was obtained at Crimea -- Nauchnij in 1978 , extending the asteroid 's observation arc by 12 years prior to its discovery .   In October 2013 , a rotational light-curve was obtained from photometric observation at the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory , California . The light-curve showed a rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of 0.21 in magnitude . The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.08 , a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of this family , and calculates a diameter of 8.4 kilometers , while the NEOWISE mission of NASA 's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer finds an albedo of 0.062 with a corresponding diameter of 12.2 kilometers .   The minor planet was named in memory of Swiss biochemist and physiologist Emil Abderhalden ( 1877 -- 1950 ) . He was a researcher in the field of physiological chemistry , founder of modern dietetics , and promoter of public welfare . He taught physiology at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg from 1911 until the end of World War II . Naming citation was published on 13 October 2000 ."}
{"_id": "125th_Division", "title": "125th Division", "headings": "", "text": "In military terms , 125th Division or 125th Infantry Division may refer to :   125th Division ( People 's Republic of China )  125th Infantry Division ( Wehrmacht )  125th Division ( Imperial Japanese Army )"}
{"_id": "1920s_Berlin", "title": "1920s Berlin", "headings": "", "text": "The Golden Twenties was a vibrant period in the history of Berlin , Germany , Europe and the world in general . After the Greater Berlin Act the city became the third largest municipality in the world and experienced its heyday as a major world city . It was known for its leadership roles in science , the humanities , music , film , higher education , government , diplomacy , industries and military affairs ."}
{"_id": "13_Sentinels:_Aegis_Rim", "title": "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim", "headings": "", "text": "is an upcoming 2D sci-fi mecha video game developed by Vanillaware and published by Atlus , which is scheduled for release on the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita ."}
{"_id": "1313_in_Scotland", "title": "1313 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1313 in the Kingdom of Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1989_Cincinnati_Open", "title": "1989 Cincinnati Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Cincinnati Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Lindner Family Tennis Center in Cincinnati , Ohio in the United States that was part of the 1989 Nabisco Grand Prix . The tournament was held from August 14 through August 20 , 1989 ."}
{"_id": "1956–57_Oberliga_(disambiguation)", "title": "1956–57 Oberliga (disambiguation)", "headings": "", "text": "1956 -- 57 Oberliga may refer to :   1956 -- 57 Oberliga , a West German association football season  1956 DDR-Oberliga , an East German association football season  1957 DDR-Oberliga , an East German association football season  1956 -- 57 Oberliga ( ice hockey ) season , a West German ice hockey season  1956 -- 57 DDR-Oberliga ( ice hockey ) season , an East German ice hockey season"}
{"_id": "1982_LPGA_Tour", "title": "1982 LPGA Tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 LPGA Tour was the 33rd season since the LPGA Tour officially began in 1950 . The season ran from January 28 to November 7 . The season consisted of 35 official money events . JoAnne Carner and Beth Daniel won the most tournaments , five each . Carner led the money list with earnings of $ 310,400 .   There were three first-time winners in 1982 : Janet Alex , Cathy Morse , and Ayako Okamoto . Sandra Haynie won the last of her 42 LPGA events in 1982 .   The tournament results and award winners are listed below ."}
{"_id": "1974_San_Jose_State_Spartans_football_team", "title": "1974 San Jose State Spartans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 San Jose State Spartans football team represented San Jose State UniversityThe school was renamed San Jose State University in 1974 . It had previously been called California State University , San Jose . See : San Jose State during the 1974 NCAA Division I football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association.The Big West Conference was known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association from its founding in 1969 through 1987 . See : Big West Conference The team was led by second year head coach Darryl Rogers . They played their home games at Spartan Stadium in San Jose , California . The Spartans finished the season with a record of eight wins , three losses and one tie ( 8 -- 3 -- 1 , 2 -- 2 -- 0 PCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1967_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team", "title": "1967 Tennessee Volunteers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1967 season . Playing as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) , the team was led by head coach Doug Dickey , in his fourth year , and played their home games at Neyland Stadium in Knoxville , Tennessee . They finished the season with a record of nine wins and two losses ( 9 -- 2 overall , 6 -- 0 in the SEC ) as SEC Champions and with a loss against Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl . The Volunteers ' offense scored 283 points while the defense allowed 141 points . At season 's end , Tennessee was recognized as national champions by Litkenhous ."}
{"_id": "1917_Army_Cadets_football_team", "title": "1917 Army Cadets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1917 college football season . In their first and only season under head coach Geoffrey Keyes , the Cadets compiled a 7 -- 1 record , shut out four of their eight opponents , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 203 to 24 . The Cadets ' sole loss came to Notre Dame by a 7 to 2 score . The Army -- Navy Game was not played during the 1917 season .   Halfback Elmer Oliphant was a consensus first-team player on the 1917 College Football All-America Team and was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame ."}
{"_id": "1985_FIFA_U-16_World_Championship", "title": "1985 FIFA U-16 World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 FIFA U-16 World Championship , the first edition of the tournament , was held in the cities of Beijing , Shanghai , Tianjin , and Dalian in People 's Republic of China from July 31 , 1985 , to August 11 , 1985 . Players born after August 1 , 1968 , can participate in this tournament ."}
{"_id": "1872_in_sports", "title": "1872 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1872 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "10.5_cm_howitzer_Model_1924", "title": "10.5 cm howitzer Model 1924", "headings": "", "text": "The 10.5 cm howitzer Model 1924 was a howitzer used by the Netherlands during World War II . Fourteen were bought by the Royal Dutch East Indies Army , where they equipped the 1st Howitzer Artillery Battalion from 1924 to 1925 . It is unknown if the Japanese used them after conquering the Dutch East Indies in 1942 .   This weapon was designed for motor traction with rubber-rimmed steel wheels . Maximum towing speed was only 30 km/h ( 18.6 mph ) . It had a firing platform that gave it 360 ° traverse . On mount traverse was only 8 ° 30 ' ."}
{"_id": "1936_in_Germany", "title": "1936 in Germany", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1936 in Germany ."}
{"_id": "1968_North_American_Soccer_League_season", "title": "1968 North American Soccer League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 North American Soccer League season was the 56th season of FIFA-sanctioned soccer in the United States and Canada , and the 1st with a national first-division league with the inaugural season of the NASL .   The NASL was formed this year as a merger between the former top division soccer leagues , the United Soccer Association along with the National Professional Soccer League . In the inaugural year , the Atlanta Chiefs were the champions , by winning the NASL Final 3 -- 0 , in a two-game aggregate over the San Diego Toros . While the Chiefs were the champions for the season , the premiers for this season were the Toros , who obtained the highest point total ."}
{"_id": "1940_Missouri_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1940 Missouri Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Big Six Conference ( Big 6 ) during the 1940 college football season . The team compiled a 6 -- 3 record ( 3 -- 2 against Big 6 opponents ) , finished in third place in the Big 6 , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 213 to 135 . Don Faurot was the head coach for the sixth of 19 seasons . The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Columbia , Missouri .   The team 's leading scorer was Harry Ice with 42 points ."}
{"_id": "1927–28_Aberdeen_F.C._season", "title": "1927–28 Aberdeen F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927-28 season was Aberdeen 's 23rd season in the top flight of Scottish football and their 24th season overall . Aberdeen competed in the Scottish League Division One and the Scottish Cup ."}
{"_id": "1480s_in_art", "title": "1480s in art", "headings": "", "text": "The decade of the 1480s in art involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "123rd_meridian", "title": "123rd meridian", "headings": "", "text": "123rd meridian may refer to :   123rd meridian east , a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian  123rd meridian west , a line of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian"}
{"_id": "1998–99_Northern_Premier_League", "title": "1998–99 Northern Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 Northern Premier League season was the 31st in the history of the Northern Premier League , a football competition in England . Teams were divided into two divisions ; the Premier and the First . It was known as the Unibond League for sponsorship reasons ."}
{"_id": "1980_in_Cambodia", "title": "1980 in Cambodia", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1980 in Cambodia ."}
{"_id": "1933_Pittsburgh_Pirates_(NFL)_season", "title": "1933 Pittsburgh Pirates (NFL) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 Pittsburgh Pirates was the debut season of the team that would eventually become the Pittsburgh Steelers . The team was founded after Pennsylvania relaxed its blue laws that , prior to 1933 , prohibited sporting events from taking place on Sundays , when most NFL games took place . The new squad was composed largely of local semi-pro players , many of whom played for sports promoter Art Rooney . Rooney became the Pirates owner , paying the NFL a $ 2,500 fee to join the league . Except for a brief period in 1940 and ' 41 , Rooney would remain the franchise 's principal owner until his death in 1988 . The Rooney family has retained a controlling interest ever since .  The team took the field for the first time on September 20 against the New York Giants at Forbes Field , losing 23 -- 2 . The following week , the team got its first win , defeating the Chicago Cardinals at home 14 -- 13 .   The team finished 3 -- 6 -- 2 for the season ."}
{"_id": "1975_Texas_Longhorns_football_team", "title": "1975 Texas Longhorns football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1975 NCAA Division I football season ."}
{"_id": "1964_All-Southwest_Conference_football_team", "title": "1964 All-Southwest Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 All-Southwest Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Southwest Conference teams for the 1964 college football season . The selectors for the 1964 season included the Associated Press ( AP ) and the United Press International ( UPI ) . Players selected as first-team players by both the AP and UPI are designated in bold ."}
{"_id": "1939_Eastern_Suburbs_season", "title": "1939 Eastern Suburbs season", "headings": "", "text": "Eastern Suburbs ( now known as the Sydney Roosters ) competed in their 32nd New South Wales Rugby League season in 1939 ."}
{"_id": "1979_Pulitzer_Prize", "title": "1979 Pulitzer Prize", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1979 ."}
{"_id": "1903_U.S._National_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1903 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Laurence Doherty defeated William Clothier 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 in the All Comers ' Final of the 1903 U.S. Men 's National Singles Championship which was delayed by a day due to rain . Doherty went on to defeat defending champion William Larned in the Challenge Round 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 , 10 -- 8 . The event was held at the Newport Casino in Newport , R.I. , USA . The entry list consisted of 97 players which was slightly smaller than that of the previous year ."}
{"_id": "1964_Daytona_500", "title": "1964 Daytona 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Daytona 500 , was a NASCAR Grand National Series ( now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ) event that was held on February 23 , 1964 , at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach , Florida ."}
{"_id": "1726_in_France", "title": "1726 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1726 in France ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_Phoenix_Suns_season", "title": "1983–84 Phoenix Suns season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 -- 84 Phoenix Suns season was the 16th season for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association . The Suns were in the playoffs for the seventh consecutive season , extending a then-franchise record . The Suns eliminated their first round opponent , Portland , three games to two before defeating the Utah Jazz and NBA leading scorer , Adrian Dantley , four games to two . In the Western Conference Finals , the Suns would lose to the Los Angeles Lakers in six games . The team was led by head coach John MacLeod , in his 11th year with the Suns , and played all home games in Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum .   Walter Davis led the Suns in scoring with 20 points per game . Larry Nance , who finished the season fourth in the NBA in blocks per game for the second straight year , was second in team scoring at 17.7 . Davis returned to the All-Star Game , the only Sun from the season to be selected to do so . Maurice Lucas again averaged a double-double again for the Suns with 16 points and 10 rebounds per game .   Although Nance would not earn his first All-Star selection until the next season , he did participate in the NBA 's first Slam Dunk Contest on All-Star Weekend . While Julius Erving ( `` Dr. J '' ) provided a memorable dunk from the foul line , it was Nance who was crowned the league 's first Slam Dunk champion ."}
{"_id": "1964_World_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1964 World Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion .   The 1964 competitions for men , ladies , pair skating , and ice dancing took place from February 25 to March 1 in Dortmund , West Germany ."}
{"_id": "18_Warriors_of_Sui-Tang_Period", "title": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period", "headings": "", "text": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period are 18 legendary and fictional heroes living in Sui Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty . The concept of 18 Warriors was first mentioned in the traditional historical novel Shuo Tang . The ranking of those 18 warriors was based on their skills in Martial Arts as well as their physical strength . Some of them somehow have historical archetypes such as Qin Shubao and Shan Xiongxin while others are created by authors of folk stories such as Luo Cheng and Yuwen Chengdu ."}
{"_id": "1991_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Women's_3000_metres", "title": "1991 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 3000 metres", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Women 's 3.000 metres event at the 1991 IAAF World Championships in Tokyo , Japan . There were a total number of 40 participating athletes , with three qualifying heats and the final held on Monday August 26 , 1991 ."}
{"_id": "1958–59_Norwegian_1._Divisjon_season", "title": "1958–59 Norwegian 1. Divisjon season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958-59 Norwegian 1 . Divisjon season was the 20th season of ice hockey in Norway . Eight teams participated in the league , and Gamlebyen won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Detroit_Red_Wings_season", "title": "1998–99 Detroit Red Wings season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1897_VFL_season", "title": "1897 VFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 Victorian Football League season was the inaugural season of the VFL Australian rules football competition ."}
{"_id": "1565_in_poetry", "title": "1565 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1880_in_music", "title": "1880 in music", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about music-related events in 1880 ."}
{"_id": "1956_in_poetry", "title": "1956 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1928_All-Pro_Team", "title": "1928 All-Pro Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1928 All-Pro Team consisted of American football players chosen by various selectors for the All-Pro team of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 1928 NFL season . Teams were selected by , among others , the Green Bay Press-Gazette ( GB ) , based on the results of a questionnaires sent to the league managers and reporters , and the Chicago Tribune ( CT ) .   The Chicago Tribune picked quarterback Benny Friedman as the captain of its team , calling him `` not only a great player but a magnificent showman , '' `` a great passer and a field general par excellence . ''"}
{"_id": "1943_in_chess", "title": "1943 in chess", "headings": "", "text": "Events in chess in 1943"}
{"_id": "1936_Stanley_Cup_Finals", "title": "1936 Stanley Cup Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 Stanley Cup Final NHL championship series was contested by the Detroit Red Wings and the Toronto Maple Leafs . This was Detroit 's second appearance in the Final and Toronto 's sixth . Detroit would win the series 3 -- 1 to win their first Stanley Cup ."}
{"_id": "1998_FIBA_World_Championship", "title": "1998 FIBA World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 FIBA World Championship was the 13th FIBA World Championship , an international basketball tournament held by the International Basketball Federation and hosted in Greece from 29 July to 9 August 1998 . The tournament was contested by 16 nations and the matches were played in two venues in Athens and Piraeus .   Because of the National Basketball Association lockout and unlike the previous championship , the USA Basketball Association was unable to send a team comprised from NBA players , thus causing the American national team roster to be comprised out of professional basketball players playing in Europe and two college players . The tournament was won by Yugoslavia , in their first participation after the breakup of Yugoslavia , defeating 64 -- 62 Russia in the final ."}
{"_id": "1950_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_200_metres", "title": "1950 European Athletics Championships – Women's 200 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 200 metres at the 1950 European Athletics Championships was held in Brussels , Belgium , at Stade du Heysel on 26 and 27 August 1950 ."}
{"_id": "1980–81_FC_Bayern_Munich_season", "title": "1980–81 FC Bayern Munich season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 -- 81 season of Bayern Munich started with a 3 -- 0 win against Karlsruher SC and finished up as German champions while being eliminated in the 3rd round of the DFB-Pokal and semi-finals of the European Cup ."}
{"_id": "1953_Dutch_Grand_Prix", "title": "1953 Dutch Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula Two race held on 7 June 1953 at the Circuit Zandvoort . It was race 3 of 9 in the 1953 World Championship of Drivers , which was run to Formula Two rules in 1952 and 1953 , rather than the Formula One regulations normally used . The 90-lap race was won by Ferrari driver Alberto Ascari after he started from pole position . His teammate Luigi Villoresi finished second and Maserati drivers José Froilán González and Felice Bonetto came in third"}
{"_id": ".255_Jeffery_Rook", "title": ".255 Jeffery Rook", "headings": "", "text": "The .255 Jeffery Rook , also known as the .255 Jeffery Rook Rifle , is an obsolete centerfire rifle cartridge developed by W.J. Jeffery & Co. ."}
{"_id": "1950_All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_season", "title": "1950 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season marked the eight season of the circuit . The teams Fort Wayne Daisies , Grand Rapids Chicks , Kenosha Comets , Muskegon Lassies , Peoria Redwings , Racine Belles , Rockford Peaches and South Bend Blue Sox competed through a 112-game schedule .   In 1950 the league used a livelier 10 inches ball . Finally , the batting was able to take advantage of the pitching , when five hitters reached the .300 average mark for the year . Fort Wayne 's rookie Betty Foss led the circuit with a .346 average , to set a new season mark .   Nevertheless , three no-hitters were recorded in the season , two of them by Jean Cione of Kenosha during the month of August . Her first was a 12-inning gem against Grand Rapids , and the second came in a seven-inning shutout over Racine . Previously , Kenosha 's Ruby Stephens had pitched a nine-inning no-no against the Lassies in July .   Grand Rapids ' Alma Ziegler posted a 19-7 record and a solid 1.38 earned run average in 35 games , leading all pitchers in winning percentage ( .732 ) . She also tossed 43 straight shutout inning , and finished second in ERA behind South Bend 's Jean Faut ( 1.12 ) . Ziegler was honored with the Player of the Year Award .   The league returned to the Shaugnessy format during the playoffs , featuring the top four teams of the season . In the best-of-five first round , first place Rockford won Kenosha and second place Fort Wayne defeated fourth place Grand Rapids . The final series took all seven games to decide the champion team . After winning the first two games , Rockford lost the next two games to Fort Wayne . Rockford took a 3-2 advantage in Game 5 , but Fort Wayne won the next contest to send the series to a seventh game . Finally , Rockford never gave Fort Wayne a chance at another upset and won the series , four to three games . Helen Nicol was credited with three of the four victories of Rockford in the finals , including a shutout in decisive Game 7 . Bill Allington guided the Peaches to their third title in a row , fourth overall , to set two all-time records for a manager .   In 1950 the AAGPBL declined in attendance for the second consecutive year . Poor financial management finally caught up to the league and it began to slide . At the end of the season , team directors voted to purchase the league from Arthur Meyerhoff and operate their teams independently . That season had been a nightmare for Muskegon , after registering the worst record in the circuit and a relocation during the midseason to Kalamazoo , Michigan , where the team was renamed the Kalamazoo Lassies . Besides this , the Racine franchise , a two-time champion and one of the four original teams , had to move to Battle Creek , Michigan . The team would be renamed the Battle Creek Belles for the next season ."}
{"_id": "1947_in_radio", "title": "1947 in radio", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1947 in radio involved some significant events .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1892–93_Stoke_F.C._season", "title": "1892–93 Stoke F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1892 -- 93 season was Stoke 's fourth season in the Football League .   Stoke finally made an improvement in the Football League finishing in 7th position with 29 points . Stoke fielded a settled side all season as just sixteen players were used with five of them playing in every match ."}
{"_id": "1997_Gerry_Weber_Open", "title": "1997 Gerry Weber Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Gerry Weber Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts . It was the 5th edition of the Gerry Weber Open , and was part of the World Series of the 1997 ATP Tour . It took place at the Gerry Weber Stadion in Halle , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany , from June 9 through June 15 , 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1875_Brooklyn_Atlantics_season", "title": "1875 Brooklyn Atlantics season", "headings": "", "text": "The Brooklyn Atlantics played in 1875 as a member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished eleventh in the league with a record of 2-42 . The league folded at the conclusion of the season ."}
{"_id": "183_series", "title": "183 series", "headings": "", "text": "The is a Japanese limited express electric multiple unit ( EMU ) train type introduced in 1972 by Japanese National Railways ( JNR ) , and currently operated by East Japan Railway Company ( JR East ) , and formerly also operated by West Japan Railway Company ( JR-West ) . In terms of design , it is closely based on the late-model AC/DC 485 series , with minor cosmetic differences and DC-only drive .   The trains were built by Hitachi , Kawasaki Heavy Industries , Kinki Sharyo , Nippon Sharyo , and Tokyu Car Corporation ."}
{"_id": "1994_Seattle_Seahawks_season", "title": "1994 Seattle Seahawks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Seattle Seahawks season was the team 's 19th season with the National Football League . The 1994 season was head coach Tom Flores ' last with the team . The team played their first three home games of the season at Husky Stadium due to the collapse of four ceiling tiles at the Kingdome on July 19 ."}
{"_id": "1983_Tour_de_France,_Stage_12_to_Stage_22", "title": "1983 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 22", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Tour de France was the 70th edition of Tour de France , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . The Tour began in Fontenay-sous-Bois with a prologue individual time trial on 1 July and Stage 12 occurred on 12 July with a flat stage from Fleurance . The race finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 24 July ."}
{"_id": "1964–65_SV_Werder_Bremen_season", "title": "1964–65 SV Werder Bremen season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 -- 65 SV Werder Bremen season is the 55th season in the football club 's history and 2nd consecutive and overall season in the top flight of German football , the Bundesliga , having earned qualification for the inaugural season from the Oberliga in 1963 , after finishing second in the Oberliga Nord . Werder Bremen also participated in the season 's edition of the domestic cup , the DFB-Pokal . The season covers a period from 1 July 1964 to 30 June 1965 ."}
{"_id": "1948_Hong_Kong–Shanghai_Cup", "title": "1948 Hong Kong–Shanghai Cup", "headings": "", "text": "1948 Hong Kong -- Shanghai Cup was the 21st staging of Hong Kong-Shanghai Cup and the last staging before the competition was halted for about 40 years . Hong Kong captured the champion by winning 5-1 ."}
{"_id": "1988_Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football_team", "title": "1988 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team represented Rutgers University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their fifth season under head coach Dick Anderson , the Scarlet Knights compiled a 5 -- 6 record while competing as an independent and outscored their opponents 273 to 255 . They won games against two ranked opponents , Michigan State ( 17-13 ) and Penn State ( 21-16 ) . The team 's statistical leaders included Scott Erney with 2,123 passing yards , Mike Botti with 715 rushing yards , and Eric Young with 592 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1936_in_France", "title": "1936 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1936 in France ."}
{"_id": ".zw", "title": ".zw", "headings": "", "text": ". zw ( zimbabwe ) is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for Zimbabwe .   Although no registry Web site is shown in the IANA whois listing , at least . co.zw registrations are presently being taken by the Zimbabwe Internet Service Providers Association , whose charter claims that one of the purposes of the organization 's founding was to oversee the . zw domain .   . ac.zw registrations are being taken by the University of Zimbabwe . Applications are handled by this institution 's Computer Centre . As with the general norm , . ac.zw registrations are for academic institutions .   . org.zw registrations are taken by the country 's fixed telecommunications provider , TelOne . These are intended for use by NGOs , individuals and such like organisations but any restrictions are not clear ."}
{"_id": "1986_Blue_Swords", "title": "1986 Blue Swords", "headings": "", "text": "The Blue Swords began as a senior international figure skating competition in East Germany . First time in 1984 the competition was organised only for junior skaters . The 1986 edition was held November 13 -- 15 in Karl-Marx-Stadt . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles and pair skating ."}
{"_id": "1833_in_art", "title": "1833 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1833 in art ."}
{"_id": "1986_French_Open_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1986 French Open – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Chris Evert defeated Martina Navratilova 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 in the final to win the Women 's Singles tennis title at the 1986 French Open . This would be Evert 's 18th and final Grand Slam singles championship ."}
{"_id": "1989_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_1500_metres", "title": "1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 1500 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 1500 metres event at the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held at the Budapest Sportcsarnok in Budapest on 4 and 5 March ."}
{"_id": "1990_NAIA_Division_I_football_season", "title": "1990 NAIA Division I football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 NAIA Division I football season , as part of the 1990 college football season in the United States and the 35th season of college football sponsored by the NAIA , was the 21st season of play of the NAIA 's top division for football .   The season was played from August to November 1990 and culminated in the 1990 NAIA Champion Bowl playoffs and the 1990 NAIA Champion Bowl , played this year on December 8 , 1990 at Ralph Stocker Stadium in Grand Junction , Colorado , on the campus of Mesa State College .   Central State ( OH ) defeated Mesa State in the Champion Bowl , 38 -- 16 , to win their first NAIA national title . The Marauders won the championship after winning all three games on the road ."}
{"_id": "1983_Batticaloa_Jailbreak", "title": "1983 Batticaloa Jailbreak", "headings": "", "text": "1983 Batticaloa Jailbreak happened in Batticaloa , Sri Lanka on 27 September 1983 . After the Welikada prison massacre Tamil political inmates were transferred to Batticaloa . Since they were not co-operating with the police they were told by the prison guards that they will be transferred back to a Sinhalese area . Fearing death 41 Tamil political inmates decided to escape . Using smuggled weapons and outside help they overwhelmed the guards and escaped in groups . Using this opportunity 150 criminal inmates also escaped . Prominent political escapees include Ramalingam Paramadeva , Panagoda Maheswaran , Douglas Devananda & few Tamil Tiger sympathisers . This jailbreak was bloodless . The escapers left behind a female political inmate , who was rescued by Ramalingam Paramadeva of Tamil Tigers in 1984 Batticaloa Jailbreak ."}
{"_id": "1902_Yale_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1902 Yale Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1902 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1902 college football season . The team finished with an 11 -- 0 -- 1 record and was retroactively named by one selector , Parke H. Davis , as a national champion , along with Michigan ."}
{"_id": "11_listopada", "title": "11 listopada", "headings": "", "text": "11 listopada ( The 11th of November ) is a 2008 Polish war film directed by Kamil Kulczycki and Urszula Szałata . The film presents a series of events which led to the first execution of civilians in occupied Poland ."}
{"_id": "(177049)_2003_EE16", "title": "(177049) 2003 EE16", "headings": "", "text": ", provisionally known as 2003 EE16 , is an Apollo near-Earth asteroid and potentially hazardous object . It was discovered on 8 March 2003 by LPL/Spacewatch II at an apparent magnitude of 20 using a 1.8 m reflecting telescope . It has an estimated diameter of 320 m . The asteroid was listed on Sentry Risk Table with a Torino Scale rating of 1 on 2 April 2003 .   Many of the virtual impactors were located near the nominal orbital solution and the asteroid has a low inclination relative to Earth 's orbit . Observation by the Very Large Telescope ( VLT ) 8 meter facilities on 22 May and 19 June 2003 when was very dim with an apparent magnitude between 24 -- 25At an apparent magnitude of 24 , the asteroid was roughly 10 million times fainter than can be seen with the naked eye.Math : refined the orbit . It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 28 May 2003 .   has the smallest Earth Minimum orbit intersection distance ( MOID ) of any known potentially hazardous asteroid . The Earth MOID is 0.0000475 AU . Asteroids with a smaller Earth MOID are less than ~ 100 meters in diameter such as and . Earth impactors and 2014 AA had small Earth MOID values as they were on their impact approach when discovered ."}
{"_id": "1870_in_science", "title": "1870 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1870 in science and technology involved some significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "1936_All-Ireland_Senior_Camogie_Championship_Final", "title": "1936 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "For more detail & team line-outs see separate entry for 1936 Senior Camogie Championship .   The 1936 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final was the fifth All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1936 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship , an inter-county camogie tournament for the top teams in Ireland .   Cork went 3-1 to 0-0 up early on and Louth never looked likely to prevent a three-in-a-row . K. Johnston , N. McDonnell and N. Hanratty hit goals for Louth , narrowing the gap to five points ( 4-4 to 3-2 , but Cork won anyway ."}
{"_id": "(The_Same_Thing_Happens_with)_The_Birds_and_the_Bees", "title": "(The Same Thing Happens with) The Birds and the Bees", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( The Same Thing Happens with ) The Birds and the Bees '' is a popular song , written by Harry Warren ( music ) and Mack David ( lyrics ) and published in 1956 . It was written for the musical film , The Birds and the Bees ( where it was performed by George Gobel and Mitzi Gaynor ) and has been recorded by a number of singers , including Barbara Lyon , Alan Dale and Alma Cogan .   Alma Cogan had a # 25 hit with this song in the UK : as her 1956 version credited the song as `` The Birds and the Bees '' and was the flip side of a cover of `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' ( # 22 ) it 's often misreported that Alma 's hit was a cover of Jewel Akens ' # 3 United States hit `` The Birds and the Bees '' . Akens ' hit song in fact only dates from 1965 : at that time Cogan did indeed cover it but without a UK release .   Category :1956 songs  Category : Songs with music by Harry Warren  Category : Songs with lyrics by Mack David"}
{"_id": "1,8-cineole_synthase", "title": "1,8-cineole synthase", "headings": "", "text": "1,8-cineole synthase ( , 1,8-cineole cyclase , geranyl pyrophoshate :1,8 - cineole cyclase , 1,8-cineole synthetase ) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ( cyclizing , 1,8-cineole-forming ) . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction   geranyl diphosphate + H2O 1,8-cineole + diphosphate   This enzyme requires Mn2 + or Zn2 + ."}
{"_id": "1999_Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers_season", "title": "1999 Winnipeg Blue Bombers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Winnipeg Blue Bombers finished in 4th place in the East division with a 6 -- 12 record and failed to make the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1916–17_Swiss_Serie_A", "title": "1916–17 Swiss Serie A", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swiss Super League in the 1916 -- 17 season ."}
{"_id": "1948_Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons_football_team", "title": "1948 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1948 college football season . In its 12th season under head coach Peahead Walker , the team compiled a 6 -- 4 record , finished in fifth place in the Southern Conference , and lost to Baylor in the 1949 Dixie Bowl .   Back Bill Gregus and end John O'Quinn were selected by the Associated Press as first-team players on the 1948 All-Southern Conference football team ."}
{"_id": "1634:_The_Bavarian_Crisis", "title": "1634: The Bavarian Crisis", "headings": "", "text": "1634 : The Bavarian Crisis is a novel in the alternate history 1632 series , written by Virginia DeMarce and Eric Flint as sequel to Flint 's novella `` The Wallenstein Gambit '' ; several short stories by DeMarce in The Grantville Gazettes ; 1634 : The Ram Rebellion ; and 1634 : The Baltic War . < ref  name = `` EFTech Manual post 050331 '' > </ref> The novel 's first draft was completed in 2005 , before work on The Baltic War began . Many chapters of that `` early draft version '' were available on line , but the final production reached print on 1 October 2007 ."}
{"_id": "1949_Strato-Freight_Curtiss_C-46A_crash", "title": "1949 Strato-Freight Curtiss C-46A crash", "headings": "", "text": "On 7 June 1949 a Strato-Freight Curtiss Wright C-46D , registered in the United States as NC92857 , crashed into the Atlantic Ocean 10 km ( 6.4 mi ) west of the San Juan-Isla Grande Airport in San Juan , Puerto Rico , US while en route to Miami , Florida , US . Of the 81 passengers and crew on board , 53 were killed ."}
{"_id": "154_(album)", "title": "154 (album)", "headings": "", "text": "154 is the third album by the English post-punk band Wire , released in 1979 ( see 1979 in music )  on EMI imprint Harvest Records in the UK and Europe and Warner Bros. . Records in America . 154 peaked at number 39 in the UK albums chart , the highest position the band has achieved .  It was first issued on CD in 1987 by EMI Japan and later reissued by Restless Records in 1989 . First editions of the vinyl album were accompanied by an EP , the tracks from which are included on the Harvest CD , issued in 1994 , along with an additional bonus track . The new remastered release , released by Pinkflag as digipacks in 2006 , does not contain any extra tracks , because , according to the band , such additions dishonour the `` conceptual clarity of the original statements . '' The album is so named because the band had played 154 gigs in their career at the time of the album 's release . Pitchfork listed 154 as 85th best album of the 1970s ."}
{"_id": "1976_Pittsburgh_Panthers_football_team", "title": "1976 Pittsburgh Panthers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1976 NCAA Division I football season and is recognized as that season 's consensus national champion . Pitt was also awarded the Lambert-Meadowlands Trophy as the best Division I team in the East ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Buffalo_Sabres_season", "title": "1992–93 Buffalo Sabres season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 Buffalo Sabres season was the Sabres ' 23rd season in the National Hockey League . Three Buffalo players scored at least 20 power-play goals each ( Dave Andreychuk , Pat LaFontaine and Alexander Mogilny ) . Mogilny led all skaters in hat tricks during the regular season with 7 , and Buffalo tied the Pittsburgh Penguins for most hat tricks scored by a team , with 10 . The Sabres stumbled into the 1993 NHL Playoffs , losing their final 7 regular-season games ."}
{"_id": "130th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)", "title": "130th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)", "headings": "", "text": "The 130th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army . During World War I the brigade served in British India throughout the war and did not see service together as a complete unit . In World War II served in North-western Europe from June 1944 to May 1945 ."}
{"_id": "1908_Major_League_Baseball_season", "title": "1908 Major League Baseball season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 Major League Baseball season . The Chicago Cubs defeated the Detroit Tigers 4 -- 1 to win the World Series ."}
{"_id": "1926–27_Dumbarton_F.C._season", "title": "1926–27 Dumbarton F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Season 1926 -- 27 was the 50th Scottish football season in which Dumbarton competed at national level , entering the Scottish Football League for the 28th time and the Scottish Cup for the 39th time ."}
{"_id": "1986_Paine_Webber_Classic_–_Doubles", "title": "1986 Paine Webber Classic – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Ken Flach and Robert Seguso were the defending champions but lost in the first round to Peter Doohan and Paul McNamee .   Andrés Gómez and Ivan Lendl won in the final 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 against Doohan and McNamee ."}
{"_id": "1972_Connecticut_Huskies_football_team", "title": "1972 Connecticut Huskies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Connecticut Huskies football team represented the University of Connecticut in the 1972 college football season . The Huskies were led by second year head coach Robert Casciola , and completed the season with a record of 4 -- 5 ."}
{"_id": "1853_in_the_United_States", "title": "1853 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1853 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1950_in_Australian_literature", "title": "1950 in Australian literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1950 .   For an overview of world literature see 1950 in literature .   See also :  1949 in Australian literature ,  1950 in Australia ,  1951 in Australian literature ."}
{"_id": "1974–75_Honduran_Liga_Nacional", "title": "1974–75 Honduran Liga Nacional", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 -- 75 season in the Honduran Liga Nacional was the 23rd edition of the first division in Honduran football and the 9th since the intervention of the professional league . C.D. España won its first title in a one leg final against C.D. Motagua . A change of rules was established since this year ; two phases were played ( Regular season and Final round or Cuadrangular ) ; the winners of each stage played in a single match to decide the champion ."}
{"_id": "1958–59_St._John's_Redmen_basketball_team", "title": "1958–59 St. John's Redmen basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 -- 59 St. John 's Redmen basketball team represented St. John 's University during the 1958 -- 59 NCAA Division I college basketball season . The team was coached by Joseph Lapchick in his fourteenth year at the school and also was the first season Lou Carnesecca joined the basketball program as an assistant coach . The team was a member of the Metropolitan New York Conference . During this time the university was transitioning from Brooklyn to Queens , so the basketball team played their home games at Martin Van Buren High School in Queens , NY and Madison Square Garden in Manhattan while their new on campus arena , Alumni Hall , was being built ."}
{"_id": "1982_in_Brazil", "title": "1982 in Brazil", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1982 in Brazil ."}
{"_id": "1850_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1850 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1982_NCAA_Women's_Gymnastics_Championship", "title": "1982 NCAA Women's Gymnastics Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 NCAA Women 's Gymnastics championship involved 10 schools competing for the national championship of women 's NCAA Division I gymnastics . It was the first NCAA gymnastics national championship but not the first championship for college gymnastics . The NCAA took over for the AIAW in 1982 in determining national champions . The defending AIAW Champion for 1981 was Utah . The Competition took place in Salt Lake City , Utah hosted by the University of Utah in the Jon M. Huntsman Center ."}
{"_id": "1936_Middle_Tennessee_Blue_Raiders_football_team", "title": "1936 Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football team represented Middle Tennessee State University during the 1936 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1924_Wisconsin_Badgers_football_team", "title": "1924 Wisconsin Badgers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 Wisconsin Badgers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1924 Big Ten Conference football season . The team compiled a 2 -- 3 -- 3 record ( 0 -- 2 -- 2 against conference opponents ) , finished in last place in the Big Ten Conference , and was outscored by opponents by a combined total of 94 to 66 . Jack Ryan was in his second year as Wisconsin 's head coach .   Jack Harris was the team captain . Guard Adolph Bieberstein was selected by All-Sports Magazine as a third-team player on its 1924 College Football All-America Team .   The team played its home games at Camp Randall Stadium , which had a seating capacity of 14,000 . During the 1924 season , the average attendance at home games was 14,592 ."}
{"_id": "1989_Virginia_Slims_of_Albuquerque_–_Doubles", "title": "1989 Virginia Slims of Albuquerque – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Nicole Provis and Elna Reinach won in the final 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 against Raffaella Reggi and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ."}
{"_id": "1934_Home_Nations_Championship", "title": "1934 Home Nations Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Home Nations Championship was the thirtieth series of the rugby union Home Nations Championship . Including the previous incarnations as the Five Nations , and prior to that , the Home Nations , this was the forty-seventh series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship . Six matches were played between 20 January and 17 March . It was contested by England , Ireland , Scotland and Wales . It was the first time since the 1913 competition that the table finished without any team tying for places ."}
{"_id": "1624_in_literature", "title": "1624 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1624 ."}
{"_id": "14:9", "title": "14:9", "headings": "", "text": "14:9 is a compromise aspect ratio of 1.56:1 . It is used to create an acceptable picture on both 4:3 and 16:9 televisions , conceived following audience tests conducted by the BBC . It has been used by most UK , Irish , French , Spanish and Australian terrestrial analogue networks , and in the United States on Discovery Networks ' HD simulcast channels with programming and advertising originally compiled in 4:3 . Note that 14:9 is not a shooting format ; 14:9 material is almost always derived from either a 16:9 or 4:3 shot ."}
{"_id": "1933_William_&_Mary_Indians_football_team", "title": "1933 William & Mary Indians football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 William & Mary Indians football team represented William & Mary during the 1933 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_Cypriot_Third_Division", "title": "1986–87 Cypriot Third Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 -- 87 Cypriot Third Division was the 16th season of the Cypriot third-level football league . Elpida Xylofagou won their 1st title ."}
{"_id": "1935_Auburn_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1935 Auburn Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1935 college football season . The Tigers ' were led by head coach Jack Meagher in his second season and finished the season with a record of eight wins and two losses ( 8 -- 2 overall , 5 -- 2 in the SEC ) ."}
{"_id": "1933–34_Netherlands_Football_League_Championship", "title": "1933–34 Netherlands Football League Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The Netherlands Football League Championship 1933/1934 was contested by 50 teams participating in five divisions . The national champion would be determined by a play-off featuring the winners of the eastern , northern , southern and two western football divisions of the Netherlands . AFC Ajax won this year 's championship by beating KFC , Willem II , Heracles and Velocitas 1897 ."}
{"_id": "1558_in_literature", "title": "1558 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1558 ."}
{"_id": "1896_Army_Cadets_football_team", "title": "1896 Army Cadets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1896 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1896 college football season . In their first and only season under head coach George P. Dyer , the Cadets compiled a 3 -- 2 -- 1 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 93 to 45 . The Army -- Navy Game was not played in 1896 .   No Army Cadets were honored on the 1896 College Football All-America Team ."}
{"_id": "1994_IAAF_World_Cup_results", "title": "1994 IAAF World Cup results", "headings": "", "text": "These are the full results of the 1994 IAAF World Cup which was held on 9 , 10 and 11 September 1994 at the Crystal Palace National Sports Centre in London , England ."}
{"_id": "117th_Illinois_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment", "title": "117th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 117th Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1720_in_Ireland", "title": "1720 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1720 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1992_Young_Critics_Circle_Awards", "title": "1992 Young Critics Circle Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 3rd Young Critics Circle Awards , first announced on 1 January 1993 in Philippine Times Journal , Port Area , Manila , honored the best of Philippine cinema of 1992 ."}
{"_id": "1943–44_Fort_Wayne_Pistons_season", "title": "1943–44 Fort Wayne Pistons season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 -- 44 Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons season was the third season of the franchise in the National Basketball League ."}
{"_id": "1997_Japan_Series", "title": "1997 Japan Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Japan Series was the Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) championship series for the 1997 season . It was the 48th Japan Series and featured the Pacific League champions , the Seibu Lions , against the Central League champions , the Yakult Swallows . The series is the third time the two teams played each other for the championship , the last two contests being in 1992 and 1993 . Played at Seibu Dome and Meiji Jingu Stadium , the Swallows defeated the Lions four games to one in the best-of-seven series to win the franchise 's 4th Japan Series title . The Swallows ' star catcher Atsuya Furuta was named Most Valuable Player of the series . The series was played between October 18 and October 23 , 1997 , with home field advantage going to the Pacific League ."}
{"_id": "1998_NFL_Europe_season", "title": "1998 NFL Europe season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 NFL Europe season was the 6th season in 8 years of the American Football league that started out as the World League of American Football . 1998 was the first season the league was known as NFL Europe . The London Monarchs changed their names to the England Monarchs for the 1998 season ."}
{"_id": "1948–49_Drexel_Dragons_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1948–49 Drexel Dragons men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 -- 48 Drexel Dragons men 's basketball team represented Drexel Institute of Technology during the 1947 -- 48 men 's basketball season . The Dragons , led by 3rd year head coach Ralph Chase , played their home games at Curtis Hall Gym and were members of the Middle Atlantic States Collegiate Athletic Conference ( MASCAC ) ."}
{"_id": "1652_in_Denmark", "title": "1652 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1652 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1955–56_Minneapolis_Lakers_season", "title": "1955–56 Minneapolis Lakers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 -- 56 NBA season was the Lakers ' eighth season playing in the NBA ."}
{"_id": "1890_Philadelphia_Athletics_season", "title": "1890 Philadelphia Athletics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1890 Philadelphia Athletics finished with a 54 -- 78 record and finished in eighth place in the American Association . During the season , the team struggled financially and wound up selling or releasing most of their players . They were able to finish the season with a pickup team and were subsequently expelled from the league following the season . They were replaced by a new Philadelphia Athletics team that had played in the Players ' League the previous season ."}
{"_id": "1836_Komarov", "title": "1836 Komarov", "headings": "", "text": "1836 Komarov , provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt , approximately 22 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 26 July 1971 , by Russian astronomer Nikolai Chernykh at Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnij on the Crimean peninsula .   It is named in honor of Vladimir Komarov ( 1927 -- 1967 ) , Soviet cosmonaut who headed the manned flight on the Voskhod spacecraft . He was killed when the Soyuz 1 space capsule crashed after re-entry on 24 April 1967 due to a parachute failure . Naming citation was published before November 1977 ."}
{"_id": "14th_century_in_poetry", "title": "14th century in poetry", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1962–63_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", "title": "1962–63 Women's European Cup (handball)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 -- 63 Women 's Handball European Champions Cup was the third edition of the premier international competition for European women 's handball clubs , taking place from November 1962 to April 1963 . Fourteen teams took part in the competition , with Denmark , East Germany , Hungary , Netherlands and Sweden making its first appearance , so a first round was introduced . 1962 champion and runner-up Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were granted byes for the quarter-finals . For the first time the final was carried out as a single match , taking place in Prague on April 14 .   Trud Moscow , representing the Soviet Union as the first champion of the newly founded Soviet Championship , became the first of three Soviet teams to win the competition by beating Ruch Chorzów , defending champion Spartak Prague Sokolovo and finally Frederiksberg IF , which was the first team from Western Europe to reach the final ."}
{"_id": "1996_IMSA_GT_Championship", "title": "1996 IMSA GT Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Exxon World Sports Car Championship and Supreme GT Series seasons were the 26th season of the IMSA GT Championship . It consisted of open-cockpit prototypes referred to as World Sports Car ( WSC ) and Grand Tourer-style racing cars divided into GTS-1 and GTS-2 classes . It began February 3 , 1996 , and ended October 6 , 1996 , after ten rounds ."}
{"_id": "1968_Australian_Drivers'_Championship", "title": "1968 Australian Drivers' Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Australian Drivers ' Championship was a CAMS-sanctioned national motor racing title open to racing cars complying with the Australian National Formula or the Australian 1 1/2 Litre Formula . The title was contested over a six-race series , with the winner awarded the 1968 CAMS Gold Star .   The championship was won by Kevin Bartlett driving a Brabham BT23D-Alfa Romeo . Bartlett won three of the six races to finish ten points ahead of Phil West ( Brabham BT23A-Repco ) . Third was Glyn Scott ( Bowin P3-Cosworth ) . In addition to Bartlett 's wins , single-race victories were taken by West , Scott and Leo Geoghegan ( Lotus 39-Repco ) ."}
{"_id": "1968_in_film", "title": "1968 in film", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1968 in film involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1969_NAIA_Division_I_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1969 NAIA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 NAIA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament was held in March at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City , Missouri . The 32nd annual NAIA basketball tournament featured 32 teams playing in a single-elimination format . This is the first tournament since 1965 tournament to feature four new teams to the NAIA Semifinals . ( It would be the 5th time since 1937 this has happened ; previous years were the inaugural year 1937 , 1945 , 1947 , 1965 ) . This would n't happen again until 2001 ."}
{"_id": "1927_California_Golden_Bears_football_team", "title": "1927 California Golden Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley during the 1927 college football season . Under head coach Nibs Price , the team compiled an overall record of 7 -- 3 and 2 -- 3 in conference ."}
{"_id": "1979_Fischer-Grand_Prix_–_Doubles", "title": "1979 Fischer-Grand Prix – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Victor Pecci and Balázs Taróczy were the defending champions but did not compete that year .   Bob Hewitt and Frew McMillan won in the final 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 against Brian Gottfried and Raúl Ramírez ."}
{"_id": "1913_in_Germany", "title": "1913 in Germany", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1913 in Germany ."}
{"_id": "180_nanometer", "title": "180 nanometer", "headings": "", "text": "The 180 nanometer ( 180 nm ) process refers to the level of semiconductor process technology that was reached in the 1999-2000 timeframe by most leading semiconductor companies , like Intel , Texas Instruments , IBM , and TSMC .   The origin of the 180 nm value is historical , as it reflects a trend of 70 % scaling every 2 -- 3 years . The naming is formally determined by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors ( ITRS ) .   Some of the first CPUs manufactured with this process include Intel Coppermine family of Pentium III processors . This was the first technology using a gate length shorter than that of light used for lithography ( which has a minimum of 193 nm ) .   Some more recent microprocessors and microcontrollers ( e.g. PIC ) are using this technology because it is typically low cost and does not require upgrading of existing equipment ."}
{"_id": "1981_Eastern_8_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1981 Eastern 8 Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Eastern 8 Men 's Basketball Tournament was held in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania at the Civic Arena from March 3-7 , 1981 . Pittsburgh defeated Duquesne 64-60 to win their first tournament championship . Lenny McMillan of Pittsburgh was named the Most Outstanding Player of the tournament ."}
{"_id": "1930_Colorado_Silver_and_Gold_football_team", "title": "1930 Colorado Silver and Gold football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 Colorado Silver and Gold football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1930 college football season . Head coach Myron E. Witham led the team to a 5 -- 1 -- 1 mark in the RMFAC and 6 -- 1 -- 1 overall ."}
{"_id": "1520_in_poetry", "title": "1520 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1975_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_season", "title": "1975 NCAA Division I baseball season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 NCAA Division I baseball season , play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) began in the spring of 1975 . The season progressed through the regular season and concluded with the 1975 College World Series . The College World Series , held for the twenty ninth time in 1975 , consisted of one team from each of eight regional competitions and was held in Omaha , Nebraska at Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium as a double-elimination tournament . Texas claimed the championship for the third time ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Cypriot_Cup", "title": "1993–94 Cypriot Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 Cypriot Cup was the 52nd edition of the Cypriot Cup . A total of 50 clubs entered the competition . It began on 1 December 1993 with the first preliminary round and concluded on 28 May 1994 with the final which was held at Tsirion Stadium . Omonia won their 10th Cypriot Cup trophy after beating Anorthosis 1 -- 0 in the final after extra time ."}
{"_id": "1959_Ottawa_Rough_Riders_season", "title": "1959 Ottawa Rough Riders season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Ottawa Rough Riders finished in 2nd place in the East division with an 8 -- 6 record but lost to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in the East Finals ."}
{"_id": "1997_Super_League_season", "title": "1997 Super League season", "headings": "", "text": "1997 Super League season or 1997 Super League premiership may refer to the following rugby league football competitions :  Super League II , in Europe  1997 Super League ( Australia ) season"}
{"_id": "1999_Vissel_Kobe_season", "title": "1999 Vissel Kobe season", "headings": "", "text": "1999 Vissel Kobe season"}
{"_id": "150_California_Street", "title": "150 California Street", "headings": "", "text": "150 California Street is a 24-story , 101 m office tower skyscraper , completed in 2000 on California Street in the financial district of San Francisco , California . In 2002 , the AIA San Francisco and The San Francisco Business Times honored its designers with the 2002 Honor Award for Architecture ."}
{"_id": "1967_U.S._National_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1967 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Top-seeded Billie Jean King defeated Ann Haydon Jones 11 -- 9 , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Women 's Singles tennis title at the 1967 U.S. National Championships ."}
{"_id": "1981_Tour_de_France,_Prologue_to_Stage_11", "title": "1981 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Tour de France was the 68th edition of Tour de France , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . The Tour began in Nice with a prologue individual time trial on 25 June and Stage 12a occurred on 8 July with a flat stage to Brussels , Belgium . The race finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 19 July ."}
{"_id": "1966_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_decathlon", "title": "1966 European Athletics Championships – Men's decathlon", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's decathlon at the 1966 European Athletics Championships was held in Budapest , Hungary , at Népstadion on 30 August and 1 September 1966 ."}
{"_id": "1945–46_New_York_Rangers_season", "title": "1945–46 New York Rangers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 -- 46 New York Rangers season was the 20th season for the team in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . During the regular season , the Rangers compiled a 13 -- 28 -- 9 record and finished with 35 points . With a last-place finish , the Rangers did not qualify for the NHL playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1968_Volunteer_500", "title": "1968 Volunteer 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Volunteer 500 was a NASCAR Grand National Series ( now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ) event that was held on July 21 , 1968 , at Bristol International Speedway in Bristol , Tennessee .   The transition to purpose-built racecars began in the early 1960s and occurred gradually over that decade . Changes made to the sport by the late 1960s brought an end to the `` strictly stock '' vehicles of the 1950s ; most of the cars were trailered to events or hauled in by trucks ."}
{"_id": "1968–69_Scottish_Division_One", "title": "1968–69 Scottish Division One", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 -- 69 Scottish Division One was won by Celtic by five points over nearest rival Rangers . Falkirk and Arbroath finished 17th and 18th respectively and were relegated to the 1969-70 Second Division ."}
{"_id": "1967_Palanca_Awards", "title": "1967 Palanca Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature winners in 1967 ( rank , title of winning entry , name of author ) .  __ NOTOC __"}
{"_id": "1872_in_association_football", "title": "1872 in association football", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the association football events of the year 1872 throughout the world ."}
{"_id": "1986_Speedway_World_Team_Cup", "title": "1986 Speedway World Team Cup", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "108th_New_York_State_Legislature", "title": "108th New York State Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The 108th New York State Legislature , consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly , met from January 6 to May 22 , 1885 , during the first year of David B. Hill 's governorship , in Albany ."}
{"_id": "1935–36_Long_Island_Blackbirds_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1935–36 Long Island Blackbirds men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 -- 36 Long Island Blackbirds men 's basketball team represented Long Island University during the 1935 -- 36 NCAA men 's basketball season in the United States . The head coach was Clair Bee , coaching in his fifth season with the Blackbirds . The team finished the season with a 26 -- 0 record and was retroactively named the national champion by the Premo-Porretta Power Poll ."}
{"_id": "1924_South_American_Championships_in_Athletics", "title": "1924 South American Championships in Athletics", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 South American Championships in Athletics were held in Buenos Aires , Argentina ."}
{"_id": "1986_Benson_&_Hedges_Championships", "title": "1986 Benson & Hedges Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Benson & Hedges Championships was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Wembley Arena in London in England that was part of the 1986 Nabisco Grand Prix . The tournament was held from 10 to 16 November 1986 ."}
{"_id": "1991_Japanese_Formula_3000_Championship", "title": "1991 Japanese Formula 3000 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Japanese Formula 3000 Championship was scheduled over 11 rounds and contested over 10 rounds . 27 different teams , 47 different drivers , 5 different chassis and 3 different engines competed ."}
{"_id": "152_Atala", "title": "152 Atala", "headings": "", "text": "152 Atala is a large main belt asteroid that was discovered by brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on November 2 , 1875 , but the discovery was credited to Paul . It is a type D asteroid , meaning that it is composed of carbon , organic rich silicates and possibly water ice .   The asteroid is named for the eponymous heroine of the 1801 novella Atala by François-René de Chateaubriand . The Henry brothers also named the last of their discoveries , 186 Celuta , after another Chateaubriand heroine . Both Atala and Céluta are American Indian fictional characters .   An occultation of a star by Atala was observed from Japan on March 11 , 1994 . Subsequent occultations have been observed as recently as 2006 .   Photometric of this asteroid made in 1981 gave a light curve with a period of 5.282 ± 0.004 hours with a brightness variation of 0.50 in magnitude ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_Czechoslovak_First_League", "title": "1979–80 Czechoslovak First League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Czechoslovak First League in the 1979 -- 80 season ."}
{"_id": "1986_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Basketball_Championship_Game", "title": "1986 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game was the finals of the 1986 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament and it determined the national champion for the 1985-86 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season The 1986 National Title Game was played on March 31 , 1986 at Reunion Arena in Dallas , Texas . The 1986 National Title Game was played between the 1986 East Regional Champions , Duke and the 1986 West Regional Champions , Louisville ."}
{"_id": "1994_CONCACAF_U-17_Tournament", "title": "1994 CONCACAF U-17 Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 CONCACAF U-16 Championship was a North American international association football tournament , it determined the 1995 FIFA U-17 World Championship entrants from the CONCACAF region . The 1994 edition of the competition was held in El Salvador ."}
{"_id": "1994_California_Golden_Bears_football_team", "title": "1994 California Golden Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley in the Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10 ) during the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their third year under head coach Keith Gilbertson , the Golden Bears compiled a 4 -- 7 record ( 3 -- 5 against Pac-10 opponents ) , finished in a tie for sixth place in the Pac-10 , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined score of 248 to 212 .   The team 's statistical leaders included Dave Barr with 1,077 passing yards , Reynard Rutherford with 713 rushing yards , and Iheanyi Uwaezuoke with 716 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1996_Peters_International_–_Men's_Doubles", "title": "1996 Peters International – Men's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde were the defending champions but lost in the first round to Ellis Ferreira and Jan Siemerink .   Ferreira and Siemerink won in the final 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 against Patrick McEnroe and Sandon Stolle ."}
{"_id": "1977_Milwaukee_Brewers_season", "title": "1977 Milwaukee Brewers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Milwaukee Brewers season involved the Brewers ' finishing sixth in the American League East with a record of 67 wins and 95 losses ."}
{"_id": "1907–08_Wisconsin_Badgers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1907–08 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1907 -- 1908 Wisconsin Badgers men 's basketball team represented University of Wisconsin -- Madison . The head coach was Emmett Angell , coaching his fourth season with the Badgers . The team played their home games at the Red Gym in Madison , Wisconsin and was a member of the Western Conference ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_KNVB_Cup", "title": "1976–77 KNVB Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 59th edition of the KNVB Cup started on October 10 , 1976 . The final was played on May 19 , 1977 : FC Twente beat PEC Zwolle 3 -- 0 ( after extra time ) and won the cup for the first time ."}
{"_id": "1995_Open_Championship", "title": "1995 Open Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Open Championship was the 124th Open Championship held 20 -- 23 July at the Old Course at St Andrews in St Andrews , Scotland . John Daly won his first Open Championship and second major title in a four-hole playoff over Costantino Rocca ."}
{"_id": "1910_Cleveland_Naps_season", "title": "1910 Cleveland Naps season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 Cleveland Naps season was a season in American baseball . It involved the Cleveland Naps finishing fifth in the American League ."}
{"_id": "1967_Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup_Final", "title": "1967 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final was the final of the ninth edition of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . It was played on 30 August and 6 September 1967 between Dinamo Zagreb of Yugoslavia and Leeds United of England . Zagreb won the tie 2 -- 0 on aggregate ."}
{"_id": "1996_Sybase_Open", "title": "1996 Sybase Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Sybase Open was a men 's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the San Jose Arena in San Jose , California in the United States and was part of the World Series of the 1996 ATP Tour . The tournament ran from February 12 through February 18 , 1996 . Second-seeded Pete Sampras won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1986_NHL_Supplemental_Draft", "title": "1986 NHL Supplemental Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 NHL Supplemental Draft took place on September 15 , 1986 ."}
{"_id": "1994_Kansas_City_Royals_season", "title": "1994 Kansas City Royals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Kansas City Royals season was a season in American baseball . It involved the Royals finishing 3rd in the American League Central with a record of 64 wins and 51 losses . The season was cut short by the 1994 player 's strike . The season marked the Royals ' alignment into the new American League Central division ."}
{"_id": "1941_Fordham_Rams_football_team", "title": "1941 Fordham Rams football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Fordham Rams football team represented Fordham University during the 1941 college football season . Rams offense scored 182 points while the defense allowed 67 points . Fordham was invited to play in the Rose Bowl , but declined the invitation because it had previously accepted a berth in the Sugar Bowl . The Rams won the Sugar Bowl by a score of 2 -- 0 over the Missouri Tigers ."}
{"_id": "1940_UCLA_Bruins_football_team", "title": "1940 UCLA Bruins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) in the 1940 college football season . The Bruins offense scored 79 points while the defense allowed 174 points . Coached by Babe Horrell , the Bruins finished the season with a 1 -- 9 record ."}
{"_id": "1998_Sybase_Open", "title": "1998 Sybase Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Sybase Open was a men 's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the San Jose Arena in San Jose , California in the United States and was part of the ATP World Series of the 1998 ATP Tour . It was the 109th edition of the tournament ran from February 9 through February 15 , 1998 . Wildcard-entry Andre Agassi won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1872_Atlantic_hurricane_season", "title": "1872 Atlantic hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1872 Atlantic hurricane season was quiet , lasting from mid-summer through mid-autumn . There were five tropical cyclones , of which four attained hurricane status . However , in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies , only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded , so the actual total could be higher . An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated . Of the known 1872 cyclones , significant changes were made to the tracks of Hurricane Two and Hurricane Four in 1995 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz , who also proposed smaller changes to the known track of Hurricane Three . Further analysis , in 2003 , revised the track of Hurricane Five .   __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1980_Copa_Perú", "title": "1980 Copa Perú", "headings": "", "text": "The Peru Cup 1980 season ( Copa Perú 1980 ) , the promotion tournament of Peruvian football .   In this tournament after many qualification rounds , each one of the 24 departments in which Peru is politically divided , qualify a team . Those teams plus de team relegated from First Division on the last year , enter in two more rounds and finally 6 of them qualify for the Final round , staged in Lima ( the capital ) .   Round robin tournament played in Lima . Six teams qualified from the Etapa Nacional . For this edition , 7 teams participated as Aguas Verdes ( 1979 runners-up ) were invited to the Final .   The champion was promoted to Campeonato Descentralizado 1981 ."}
{"_id": "1927_Swedish_Ice_Hockey_Championship", "title": "1927 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship was the sixth season of the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship , the national championship of Sweden . IK Gota won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1994_Greenlandic_Men's_Football_Championship", "title": "1994 Greenlandic Men's Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Greenlandic Men 's Football Championship was the 24th edition of the Greenlandic Men 's Football Championship . The final round was held in Nuuk . It was won by B-67 Nuuk for the second time in its history ."}
{"_id": "1951_Philadelphia_Athletics_season", "title": "1951 Philadelphia Athletics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 Philadelphia Athletics season involved the A 's finishing sixth in the American League with a record of 70 wins and 84 losses ."}
{"_id": "1901_Birthday_Honours", "title": "1901 Birthday Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The King 's Birthday Honours 1901 were announced 9 November 1901 , the birthday of the new monarch Edward VII . The list included appointments to various orders and honours of the United Kingdom and British India .   The list was published in The Times 9 November 1901 , and the various honours were gazetted in The London Gazette 9 November 1901 , 12 November 1901 , and 15 November 1901 .   The recipients of honours are displayed or referred to as they were styled before their new honour and arranged by honour and where appropriate by rank ( Knight Grand Cross , Knight Commander etc. ) then division ( Military , Civil ) ."}
{"_id": "1888_in_Portugal", "title": "1888 in Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1888 in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1971–72_Montreal_Canadiens_season", "title": "1971–72 Montreal Canadiens season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 -- 72 Montreal Canadiens season was the team 's 63rd season of play . The Canadiens qualified for the playoffs but were eliminated in the first round ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_League_of_Ireland_Premier_Division", "title": "1996–97 League of Ireland Premier Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 League of Ireland Premier Division was the 12th season of the League of Ireland Premier Division . The division was made up of 12 teams . Derry City F.C. won the title ."}
{"_id": "1994_Nike_Tour_graduates", "title": "1994 Nike Tour graduates", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  This is a list of players who graduated from the Nike Tour in 1994 . The top ten players on the Nike Tour 's money list in 1994 earned their PGA Tour card for 1995 .   * PGA Tour rookie for 1995 .   T = Tied  Green background indicates the player retained his PGA Tour card for 1996 ( finished inside the top 125 ) .  Yellow background indicates player did not retain his PGA Tour card for 1996 , but retained conditional status ( finished between 126 -- 150 ) .  Red background indicates the player did not retain his PGA Tour card for 1996 ( finished outside the top 150 ) ."}
{"_id": "1979_Cincinnati_Bengals_season", "title": "1979 Cincinnati Bengals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Cincinnati Bengals season was the team 's 12th year in professional football and its tenth with the National Football League ( NFL ) . Fullback Pete Johnson powered his way to 15 touchdowns , but the Bengals struggled to their second straight 4-12 record . After the season , former Cleveland coach Forrest Gregg was named to replace Homer Rice as Bengals head coach ."}
{"_id": "1957_Chicago_White_Sox_season", "title": "1957 Chicago White Sox season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 Chicago White Sox season was the team 's 57th season in the major leagues , and its 58th season overall . They finished with a record 90 -- 64 , good enough for second place in the American League , 8 games behind the first-place New York Yankees ."}
{"_id": "1984–85_Bulgarian_Cup", "title": "1984–85 Bulgarian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 -- 85 Bulgarian Cup was the 45th season of the Bulgarian Cup . CSKA Sofia won the competition , beating Levski Sofia 2 -- 1 in the final at the Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia ."}
{"_id": "1938_FA_Charity_Shield", "title": "1938 FA Charity Shield", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 FA Charity Shield was the 25th Charity Shield , an annual English football match played between the winners of the previous season 's Football League and FA Cup competitions . The match , held at Highbury on 26 September 1938 , was contested by Arsenal , champions of the 1937 -- 38 Football League and Preston North End , who beat Huddersfield Town in the final of the 1937 -- 38 FA Cup . Arsenal won the match 2 -- 1 , both of their goals scored by Ted Drake ."}
{"_id": "1987_Australian_Open_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1987 Australian Open – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Stefan Edberg was the defending champion , and he successfully retained his title , defeating home player Pat Cash in the final , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 ."}
{"_id": "1991_KAL_Cup_Korea_Open", "title": "1991 KAL Cup Korea Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 KAL Cup Korea Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts that was part of the World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour . It was played at Seoul in South Korea from April 15 through April 22 , 1991 ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Isthmian_League", "title": "1996–97 Isthmian League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 season was the 82nd season of the Isthmian League , which is an English football competition featuring semi-professional and amateur clubs from London , East and South East England . League consisted of four divisions ."}
{"_id": "1967_Long_Beach_State_49ers_football_team", "title": "1967 Long Beach State 49ers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Long Beach State 49ers football team represented California State College , Long BeachCalifornia State University , Long Beach was officially known as California State College , Long Beach , from 1964 -- 1971 . In common usage it is also sometimes known as Long Beach State . See : Cal State Long Beach during the 1967 College Division football season . The 49ers competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) .   The team was led by head coach Don Reed , in his tenth year , and they played their home games at Veterans Stadium adjacent to the campus of Long Beach City College in Long Beach , California . They finished the season with a record of five wins and five losses ( 5 -- 5 , 3 -- 2 CCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1-millimeter_band", "title": "1-millimeter band", "headings": "", "text": "The 1 millimeter band is a portion of the EHF ( microwave ) radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio and amateur satellite use . The amateur radio and amateur satellite band is between 241 GHz and 250 GHz . Amateurs operate on a primary basis between 248 GHz and 250 GHz and on a secondary basis in the rest of the band . Also , amateurs must protect the radio astronomy service from harmful interference between 241 GHz and 248 GHz . The ITU 's allocations are the same in all three ITU Regions ."}
{"_id": "1967_Speedway_World_Team_Cup", "title": "1967 Speedway World Team Cup", "headings": "", "text": "-RCB- | | | align = left | | | 20  | - align = center  | 3 | | | | | align = left | | | 16  | - align = center  | 4 | | | | | align = left | | | 13  | -RCB-  |  -RCB- | | | align = left | | | 37  | - align = center  | 2 | | | | | align = left | | | 36  | - align = center  | 3 | | | | | align = left | | | 18  | - align = center  | 4 | | | | | align = left | | | 5  | -RCB-  | -RCB-   -RCB- | | | align = left | | | 24  | - align = center  | 3 | | | | | align = left | | | 18  | - align = center  | 4 | | | | | align = left | | | 10  | -RCB-  |  -RCB- | | | align = left | | | 32  | - align = center  | 2 | | | | | align = left | | | 26  | - align = center  | 3 * | | | | | align = left | | | 19  | - align = center  | 3 * | | | | | align = left | | | 19  | -RCB-  | -RCB-   * Great Britain and Soviet Union were classify ad 3rd place   Category : Speedway World Team Cup  Category :1967 in speedway"}
{"_id": "1969_NCAA_University_Division_baseball_rankings", "title": "1969 NCAA University Division baseball rankings", "headings": "", "text": "The following poll makes up the 1969 NCAA University Division baseball rankings . Collegiate Baseball Newspaper published its first human poll of the top 20 teams in college baseball in 1957 , and expanded to rank the top 30 teams in 1961 ."}
{"_id": "1990_Dallas_Cowboys_season", "title": "1990 Dallas Cowboys season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 season was the Dallas Cowboys ' 31st season in NFL . The Cowboys rebounded from a 1 -- 15 season in 1989 to a 7 -- 9 record . Jimmy Johnson won AP 's NFL coach of the year honors .   The season began with a win over San Diego , breaking a 14-game home losing streak . The Cowboys showed some early season fight with two wins over Tampa Bay and a near-miss against Philadelphia , but still stood only 3 -- 7 after ten weeks , and were seemingly out of playoff contention . However , the team caught fire in late November , winning four games in a row ( including impressive wins over the Redskins and Saints , and a blowout win over the Cardinals ) . The Cowboys entered the season 's final two weeks needing only one win or Saints ' loss to make the playoffs as a wildcard . However , in game 15 quarterback Troy Aikman separated his shoulder early against the Eagles and was replaced by Babe Laufenberg ( The Cowboys had traded backup Steve Walsh early in the season and Lauferberg was elevated from 3rd string to backup ) . With Aikman injured , the Cowboys mustered little offense against the Eagles and lost , 17 -- 3 . Meanwhile , the Saints upset the 49ers ( handing the Niners only their second loss ) to keep the Cowboys from clinching in game 15 . The next week , with Laufenberg again leading the offense , the Cowboys were thoroughly beaten , 26 -- 7 , by the 4 -- 11 Atlanta Falcons . When the Saints beat the Rams the next night , the Cowboys were eliminated from playoff contention .   This season featured the debut of running back Emmitt Smith . Smith held out during training camp and was only a minimal contributor in the season 's early games , but began to show his future greatness with a 100-plus performance in a week 5 win against Tampa Bay and had a few other outstanding games during the season .   Because of the dismal 1-15 record from the previous season , the home opener against the San Diego Chargers was threatened to be blacked out for the local television market , since Texas Stadium was not sold out.a local radio station ended up buying all of the unsold tickets so that the game could be broadcast to the local DFW market ."}
{"_id": "1988_MTV_Video_Music_Awards", "title": "1988 MTV Video Music Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 7 , 1988 , honoring the best music videos from May 2 , 1987 , to April 1 , 1988 . The show was hosted by Arsenio Hall at the Universal Amphitheatre in Los Angeles .   Australian group INXS was the night 's biggest winner and nominee , taking home five awards out of nine nominations . The group 's awards included Video of the Year and Viewer 's Choice , making this the very first of few times in which the same artist and video took home these two awards in the one night . INXS 's nominations , meanwhile , totaled up to nine : eight for `` Need You Tonight/Mediate '' ( making it the year 's most nominated video ) and one for `` Devil Inside '' .   In the meantime , George Harrison and U2 were tied in for second place in terms of nominations , as each picked up eight nominations that year . Furthermore , both artists split their nominations between two different videos in 1988 , and at least once both of their videos competed against one another in the same category ( and so did INXS 's videos ) .   Finally , this year 's show saw the elimination of another category , as the award for Best Overall Performance in a Video was not handed out this year or ever again . At the same time , the category of Most Experimental Video was renamed `` Breakthrough Video '' , a name that it still keeps ( as of the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards ) ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Scottish_League_Cup", "title": "1995–96 Scottish League Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Scottish League Cup was the 50th staging of the Scotland 's second most prestigious football knockout competition , also known for sponsorship reasons as the Coca-Cola Cup .   The competition was won by Aberdeen , who defeated Dundee 2 -- 0 in the final at Hampden Park ."}
{"_id": "1987–88_KNVB_Cup", "title": "1987–88 KNVB Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 70th edition of the KNVB Cup started on October 7 , 1987 . The final was played on May 12 , 1988 : PSV beat Roda JC 3 -- 2 and won the cup for the fourth time ."}
{"_id": "1998_Humanitarian_Bowl", "title": "1998 Humanitarian Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Humanitarian Bowl was the second edition of the bowl game , held on December 30 at Bronco Stadium in Boise , Idaho . Played on the blue turf , it featured the Southern Mississippi Golden Eagles and the Idaho Vandals , the champions of the Big West Conference . Idaho was in its first-ever bowl game and upset Southern Miss after entering as a 16-point underdog .   It was Idaho 's third season back in Division I-A ; the Vandals had been in Division I-AA from 1978 through 1995 and were frequently in its postseason . Six weeks earlier , Idaho had defeated rival Boise State on this field by one point , scoring a two-point conversion in overtime to gain their only Big West title . Southern Miss was 5 -- 1 in Conference USA , runner-up to undefeated Tulane ; it was their tenth bowl game ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_FC_Bayern_Munich_season", "title": "1965–66 FC Bayern Munich season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 -- 66 FC Bayern Munich season was the club 's first season in Bundesliga ."}
{"_id": "1985_Torneo_di_Viareggio", "title": "1985 Torneo di Viareggio", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 winners of the Torneo di Viareggio ( in English , the Viareggio Tournament , officially the Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale ) , the annual youth football tournament held in Viareggio , Tuscany , are listed below ."}
{"_id": "1973–74_Cleveland_Cavaliers_season", "title": "1973–74 Cleveland Cavaliers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 -- 74 Cleveland Cavaliers season was the fourth season of NBA basketball in Cleveland , Ohio . The Cavaliers finished the season with a 29 -- 53 record , finishing last in the Central Division and 7th Eastern Conference . Austin Carr was named an All-Star and set the team record for points per game . The Cavaliers played , and won , their last game in Cleveland Arena ."}
{"_id": "1982_Tokyo_Indoor_–_Singles", "title": "1982 Tokyo Indoor – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Vincent Van Patten was the defending champion , but lost in the second round in 1982 .   John McEnroe won the tournament , beating Peter McNamara in the final , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 ."}
{"_id": "1871_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "1871 in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1871 in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1852_in_South_Africa", "title": "1852 in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __"}
{"_id": "1986_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_5000_metres", "title": "1986 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's 5000 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 5000 metres event at the 1986 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Athens , Greece , at Olympic Stadium on 17 and 19 July ."}
{"_id": "1991_FIFA_Women's_World_Cup", "title": "1991 FIFA Women's World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 FIFA Women 's World Cup was the inaugural FIFA Women 's World Cup , the world championship for women 's national association football teams . It took place in Guangdong , China from 16 November to 30 November 1991 . FIFA , football 's international governing body selected China as host nation as Guangdong had hosted a prototype world championship three years earlier , the 1988 FIFA Women 's Invitation Tournament . Matches were played in the state capital , Guangzhou , as well as in Foshan , Jiangmen and Zhongshan . The competition was sponsored by Mars , Incorporated . With FIFA still reluctant to bestow their `` World Cup '' brand , the tournament was officially known as the 1st FIFA World Championship for Women 's Football for the M&M 's Cup .   It was won by the United States , whose captain April Heinrichs formed a forward line dubbed the `` triple -- edged sword '' with Carin Jennings and Michelle Akers-Stahl . Jennings was named player of the tournament while Akers-Stahl 's ten goals won the Golden Shoe . The United States beat Norway 2 -- 1 in the final in front of a crowd of 65,000 people at Guangzhou 's Tianhe Stadium . Total attendance was 510,000 , an average per match of 19,615 . In the opening match at the same stadium , Norway had been defeated 4 -- 0 by hosts China . Chinese defender Ma Li scored the first goal in Women 's World Cup history , while goalkeeper Zhong Honglian , also of China , posted the first official `` clean sheet '' in the tournament .   The 12 qualified teams were divided into three groups of four ( A to C ) . The top two teams and the two best third-place finishers from the three groups advanced to the knockout round of eight teams ."}
{"_id": "1996_Acura_Classic_–_Singles", "title": "1996 Acura Classic – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Conchita Martínez was the defending champion but did not compete that year .   Lindsay Davenport won in the final 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 against Anke Huber ."}
{"_id": "1991_European_Cup_Winners'_Cup_Final", "title": "1991 European Cup Winners' Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final was a football match played between Manchester United and Barcelona on 15 May 1991 at Feijenoord Stadion , Rotterdam . It was the final match of the European Cup Winners ' Cup 1990 -- 91 and the 31st European Cup Winners ' Cup Final . It came at the end of the first season of the reintroduction of English clubs into European competition after the ban following the Heysel disaster .   The match ended 2 -- 1 to Manchester United on the night , with both United goals coming from Mark Hughes . Ronald Koeman scored a consolation goal for Barça towards the end of the game , but it was not enough to prevent the Red Devils from becoming the first English side to win a European competition since they were banned in 1985 ."}
{"_id": ".ng", "title": ".ng", "headings": "", "text": ". ng is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for Nigeria .   On May 13 , 2009 , IANA ( Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ) completed the process of re-delegation of the . ng domain name from temporary authorities to the current Nigerian ones . For many years , Randy Bush had been the Technical contact of the . ng domain name . With the IANA re-delegation , the technical contact is now the local Nigerian DNS administrator , while the administrative contact is the president of Nigeria Internet Registration Association .   To speed up the process of registering . ng domain names , NIRA has accredited a first batch of 29 Domain registrars , most of whom are Nigerian companies . Registrars are categorized into Platinum , Gold , Silver and Standard categories ."}
{"_id": "1984_PKK_attacks", "title": "1984 PKK attacks", "headings": "", "text": "The 15 August 1984 PKK attacks , which were led by Mahsum Korkmaz ( known as `` Agit '' ) , marked the start of the last phase of Kurdish -- Turkish conflict .   Since the PKK 's second party Congress , which was held from 20 to 25 August 1982 in Daraa , Syria , it was decided that the PKK would start preparing for an insurgency inside Turkey . Training camps were opened in Syria and in Lebanon 's Beqaa Valley and propaganda teams were sent across the border to make contact with the local populations . After years of preparation , the PKK launched its first major attacks on 15 August 1984 . The attack was led by the founder of the PKK 's military wing .   PKK forces attacked the gendarmerie station in Eruh in Siirt and killed one gendarmerie soldier and injured six soldiers and three civilians . Simultaneously , PKK forces attacked a gendarmerie open-air facility , officer housings and a gendarmerie station in Şemdinli , Hakkâri and killed two police officers and injured one police officer and a soldier .   Initially , Turkish authorities did not take the attacks seriously , however the attack was followed up by a raid on a police station in Siirt on 17 August , which was soon followed by an attack that killed three of General Kenan Evren 's Presidential Guards in Yüksekova and an ambush which killed 8 Turkish soldiers in Çukurca , in Hakkâri province .   Insurgent violence in the predominantly Kurdish South-East of Turkey escalated heavily after the attacks . Around 2,500 people were killed during the conflict between the 15 August 1984 and 1991 . This number rose to 17,500 between 1991 and 1992 and the Turkish state puts the number of people killed by the insurgency at 44,000 as of September 2008 ."}
{"_id": "1957:_Hati_Malaya", "title": "1957: Hati Malaya", "headings": "", "text": "1957 : Hati Malaya ( Malay : 1957 : The Heart of Malaya ) is a 2007 Malaysian historical film . It was released on 25 October 2007 ."}
{"_id": "1970_Mount_Everest_disaster", "title": "1970 Mount Everest disaster", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Mount Everest disaster was the deaths of six Nepalese Sherpas in an ice-fall avalanche on Mount Everest on 5 April 1970 in the Khumbu Icefall . The icefall lies between the usual sites of Base Camp and Camp I and is the same icefall that was the site of the later 2014 Mount Everest ice avalanche . The Sherpas were killed by an ice avalanche , and were assisting the Japanese Skiing Expedition ( Yuichiro Miura ski Everest expedition ) . Their names were Mima Norbu , Nima Dorje , Tshering Tarkey , Pasang , Kunga Norbu , and Kami Tshering .   Another death that season was with another Japanese expedition ; Kyak Tsering was also killed by falling ice ( from a serac ) ."}
{"_id": "1971_in_Bolivia", "title": "1971 in Bolivia", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1971 in Bolivia ."}
{"_id": "1935_Colorado_Buffaloes_football_team", "title": "1935 Colorado Buffaloes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 Colorado Buffaloes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1935 college football season . Head coach Bunny Oakes led the team to a 5 -- 1 mark in the RMFAC and 5 -- 4 overall in his first season ."}
{"_id": "1993_Canadian_Open_(tennis)", "title": "1993 Canadian Open (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Canadian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts . It was the 104th edition of the Canada Masters , and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1993 ATP Tour , and of the Tier I Series of the 1993 WTA Tour . The men 's event took place at the Uniprix Stadium in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , from July 26 through August 1 , 1993 , and the women 's event at the National Tennis Centre in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , from August 16 through August 22 , 1993 ."}
{"_id": "1953_World_Fencing_Championships", "title": "1953 World Fencing Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 World Fencing Championships were held in Brussels , Belgium ."}
{"_id": "1956_Fresno_State_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1956 Fresno State Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented Fresno State CollegeCalifornia State University , Fresno was known as Fresno State College from 1949 -- 1971 . See : Fresno State during the 1956 NCAA College Division football season .   The team was led by fifth-year head coach Clark Van Galder and played home games at Ratcliffe Stadium on the campus of Fresno City College in Fresno , California . They finished the season with the best record in the CCAA , but no champion was named . The team had a record of eight wins and two losses ( 8 -- 2 , 2 -- 0 CCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1878_in_architecture", "title": "1878 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1878 in architecture involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1934_French_Championships_(tennis)", "title": "1934 French Championships (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 French Championships ( now known as the French Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France . The tournament ran from 23 May until 2 June . It was the 39th staging of the French Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_Yugoslav_Cup", "title": "1979–80 Yugoslav Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 -- 80 Yugoslav Cup was the 32nd season of the top football knockout competition in SFR Yugoslavia , the Yugoslav Cup ( Kup Jugoslavije ) , also known as the `` Marshal Tito Cup '' ( Kup Maršala Tita ) , since its establishment in 1946 ."}
{"_id": "1808/1809_mystery_eruption", "title": "1808/1809 mystery eruption", "headings": "", "text": "A colossal volcanic eruption in the VEI 6 range is believed to have taken place in late 1808 and is suspected of contributing to a period of global cooling that lasted for years , in a similar way to how the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora ( VEI 7 ) led to the Year Without a Summer in 1816 ."}
{"_id": "1947–48_Tercera_División", "title": "1947–48 Tercera División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 -- 48 Tercera División was the 12th edition of the Spanish national third tier ."}
{"_id": "166th_Street_(IRT_Third_Avenue_Line)", "title": "166th Street (IRT Third Avenue Line)", "headings": "", "text": "166th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line . It was originally opened on December 25 , 1887 by the Suburban Rapid Transit Company , and had three tracks and two side platforms . The next stop to the north was 169th Street . The next stop to the south was 161st Street . The station closed on April 29 , 1973 .   The train was notable at this station for arriving in front of the Franklin Avenue Armory and having views of Morris High School ."}
{"_id": "1956_World_Series", "title": "1956 World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 World Series of Major League Baseball was played between the New York Yankees ( representing the American League ) and the defending champion Brooklyn Dodgers ( representing the National League ) during October 1956 . The Series was a rematch of the 1955 World Series . It was the last all-New York Series until 2000 ; the Dodgers and the New York Giants moved to California after the 1957 season . Additionally , it was the last time a New York team represented the National League until 1969 , when the New York Mets ( an expansion team that debuted in 1962 ) delivered what was arguably the biggest upset in World Series history by defeating the Baltimore Orioles in five games .   The Yankees won the Series in seven games , 4 -- 3 , capturing their seventeenth championship . Brooklyn won Games 1 and 2 , but New York pitchers threw five consecutive complete games ( Games 3 -- 7 ) to cap off the comeback . The highlight was Don Larsen 's perfect game in Game 5 . Larsen was named the Series MVP for his achievement . The Dodgers scored 19 runs in the first two games , but only 6 in the remaining five games , with just one in the final three games .   This was the last World Series to date not to have scheduled off days ( although Game 2 was postponed a day due to rain ) .   As of April 2015 , three original television broadcasts from this Series ( Games 2 partial , Games 3 and 5 ) had been released on DVD ."}
{"_id": "1951_in_television", "title": "1951 in television", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1951 in television involved some significant events .  Below is a list of television-related events during 1951 .   __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1990_Women's_European_Cricket_Cup", "title": "1990 Women's European Cricket Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Women 's European Cricket Cup was an international cricket tournament held in England from 18 to 22 July 1990 . It was the second edition of the Women 's European Championship , and all matches at the tournament held One Day International ( ODI ) status .   Four teams participated , with the hosts , England , joined by the three other European members of the International Women 's Cricket Council ( IWCC ) -- Denmark , Ireland , and the Netherlands . A round-robin format was used , with the top teams proceeding to the final . England was undefeated in the round-robin stage and beat Ireland by 65 runs in the final , winning the championship for a second consecutive time .  England 's Wendy Watson led the tournament in runs for a second year running , while Ireland 's Susan Bray was the leading wicket-taker . The tournament was hosted by East Midlands Women 's Cricket Association , a member of England 's Women 's Cricket Association , and matches were played at venues in three English counties ( Leicestershire , Northamptonshire , and Nottinghamshire ) ."}
{"_id": "1997_European_Athletics_Junior_Championships", "title": "1997 European Athletics Junior Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 European Athletics Junior Championships were held in Ljubljana , Slovenia on July 24 -- 27 ."}
{"_id": "1949_Open_Championship", "title": "1949 Open Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 Open Championship was the 78th Open Championship , held 6 -- 9 July at Royal St George 's Golf Club in Sandwich , England . Bobby Locke of South Africa won the first of his four Open titles in a 36-hole playoff , twelve strokes ahead of runner-up Harry Bradshaw of Ireland . It was the first playoff at the Open since 1933 .   This edition was originally scheduled for Royal Cinque Ports , but it was flooded in early 1949 and the venue was switched to Royal St George 's . Royal Cinque Ports was retained as a venue for one of the qualifying rounds .   Qualifying took place on 4 -- 5 July , Monday and Tuesday , with 18 holes at Royal St. George 's and 18 holes at Royal Cinque Ports . The number of qualifiers was limited to a maximum of 100 , and ties for 100th place did not qualify . Bradshaw led the qualifiers scoring 139 with Locke next at 140 ; the qualifying score was 154 and 96 players advanced . The total prize money was increased fifty percent , from # 1,000 to # 1,500 . The winner received # 300 with # 200 for second , # 100 for third , # 75 for fourth , # 50 for fifth and then # 20 each for the next 35 players . The # 1,500 was completed with a # 15 prize for winning the qualification event and four # 15 prizes for the lowest score in each round . For the first time a silver medal was awarded to the first amateur .   In the opening round on Wednesday , Jimmy Adams led with 67 . Locke entered as the favorite , but was in a tie for fourth place , despite taking seven at the 14th , cutting his tee shot out of bounds . After the second round on Thursday , Sam King had the lead on 140 , Adams dropping back after a 77 . At the 5th hole , Bradshaw 's ball finished in a broken beer bottle ; he decided to play it , getting the ball clear but dropping a shot on the hole . The maximum number of players making the cut after 36 holes was again set at forty , and ties for 40th place did not make the cut . With eleven players tied for 32nd place at 148 , the cut was 147 ( +3 ) and a record low 31 players advanced to the final two rounds .   After the morning round on Friday , there were three players tied for the lead on 213 : Bradshaw , Locke , and Max Faulkner . Charlie Ward and King were just a stroke behind . Bradshaw was in one of the early groups and had a final round of 70 to take the lead on 283 . Playing forty minutes later , Locke reached the turn in 32 but took five at the 10th , 14th , and 15th , and then three-putted the short 16th . However he then sank a 10 ft birdie putt at 17 then from 4 ft for par at the last to tie Bradshaw . None of the later players in contention could get close to Bradshaw and Locke . De Vicenzo had a good last round of 69 to take third place . His chances were spoilt by an inward half of 40 in the morning which had left his three strokes behind .   In the playoff on Saturday , both players started well but Locke had a three-shot lead after thirteen holes . At the 520-yard 14th hole , Locke put his second shot stone dead for a three while Bradshaw found a bunker and eventually took six . Locke 's lead was thus extended to six and then to seven at the end of the morning round . The lead quickly extended to 10 after two holes of the afternoon round as Bradshaw started 6-5 . Bradshaw gained a shot at the 9th and 11th , but Locke went on to win the playoff by twelve strokes ."}
{"_id": "1942–43_Serbian_League", "title": "1942–43 Serbian League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 -- 43 Serbian League ( Serbian : 1942 -- 43 Српска лига / 1942 -- 43 Srpska liga ) was a top level football league of the Serbian military administration ( Serbia under German occupation ) in the 1942 -- 43 season . It was won by BSK Belgrade ."}
{"_id": "1945_Women's_Western_Open", "title": "1945 Women's Western Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 Women 's Western Open was a golf competition held at Highland Golf & Country Club , which was the 16th edition of the event . Babe Zaharias won the championship in match play competition by defeating Dorothy Germain in the final match , 4 and 2 .   Category : Women 's Western Open  Category : Golf in Indiana  Women 's Western Open  Women 's Western Open"}
{"_id": "1992_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1992 Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Challenge Cup was the 91st staging of rugby league 's oldest knockout competition , the Challenge Cup . Known as the Silk Cut Challenge Cup for sponsorship reasons , the final was contested by Wigan and Castleford at Wembley . Wigan won the match 28 -- 12 ."}
{"_id": "1991_Miami_Dolphins_season", "title": "1991 Miami Dolphins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Miami Dolphins season was the team 's 26th as a member of the National Football League . The Dolphins failed to improve upon their previous season 's output of 12 -- 4 , winning only eight games and failing to qualify for the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1926_Chicago_White_Sox_season", "title": "1926 Chicago White Sox season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 Chicago White Sox season was a season in Major League Baseball . The team finished fifth in the American League , 9.5 games behind the pennant-winning New York Yankees ."}
{"_id": "1977_ECAC_Hockey_Men's_Ice_Hockey_Tournament", "title": "1977 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 ECAC Hockey Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 16th tournament in league history . It was played between March 8 and March 12 , 1977 . Quarterfinal games were played at home team campus sites , while the ` final four ' games were played at the Boston Garden in Boston , Massachusetts . By reaching the championship game both , Boston University and New Hampshire received invitations to participate in the 1977 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament ."}
{"_id": "1931_U.S._National_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1931 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "First-seeded Ellsworth Vines defeated fourth-seeded George Lott 7 -- 9 , 6 -- 3 , 9 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 in the final to win the Men 's Singles tennis title at the 1931 U.S. National Championships ."}
{"_id": "15_Aquilae", "title": "15 Aquilae", "headings": "", "text": "15 Aquilae ( abbreviated 15 Aql ) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila . 15 Aquilae is the Flamsteed designation though it also bears the Bayer designation h Aquilae . The apparent visual magnitude of this star is 5.41 , meaning that it is faintly visible to the naked eye . It has a nearby optical companion , HD 177442 . The distance to 15 Aquilae can be estimated from its annual parallax shift of 11.27 mas , yielding a range of approximately 289 ly from Earth with a 9 light-year margin of error .   With a stellar classification of K1 III , the spectrum of 15 Aquilae matches a giant star with an estimated age of roughly four billion years . At this stage of its evolution , the outer atmosphere of the star has expanded to 14 times the radius of the Sun . It is radiating 83 times the Sun 's luminosity into space at an effective temperature of 4,560 K . This heat gives it the orange-hued glow of a K-type star .   This star is most likely a member of the thin disk population of the Milky Way . It is orbiting through the galaxy with an eccentricity of 0.06 , which carries it as close as 24.30 kly to the Galactic Core , and as far away as 27.60 kly . The orbital inclination carries it no more than 196 ly from the galactic plane ."}
{"_id": "1958–59_OB_I_bajnoksag_season", "title": "1958–59 OB I bajnoksag season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958-59 OB I bajnokság season was the 22nd season of the OB I bajnokság , the top level of ice hockey in Hungary . Five teams participated in the league , and Voros Meteor Budapest won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1745_in_Canada", "title": "1745 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1745 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1918_The_Citadel_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1918 The Citadel Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel Academy in the 1918 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season . Harvey O'Brien served as coach for the third season . The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association and played home games at College Park Stadium in Hampton Park . The 1918 season was interrupted by World War I , resulting in just a three game schedule for the Bulldogs , all taking place after Armistice Day ."}
{"_id": "1997_Wismilak_International_–_Doubles", "title": "1997 Wismilak International – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Alexandra Fusai and Kerry-Anne Guse were the defending champions but only Guse competed that year with Rika Hiraki .   Guse and Hiraki won in the final 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 against Maureen Drake and Renata Kolbovic ."}
{"_id": "1995_Virginia_Tech_Hokies_football_team", "title": "1995 Virginia Tech Hokies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Virginia Tech Hokies football team represented Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University during the 1995 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team 's head coach was Frank Beamer . The Hokies finished the season 10 -- 2 ( 6 -- 1 Big East ) and won the Sugar Bowl 28 -- 10 over Texas ."}
{"_id": "1st_Foot_Guards_(disambiguation)", "title": "1st Foot Guards (disambiguation)", "headings": "", "text": "1st Foot Guards may refer to :   Grenadier Guards , an infantry regiment of the British Army  1st Foot Guards ( German Empire ) , an infantry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army formed in 1806"}
{"_id": "1946–47_Manchester_United_F.C._season", "title": "1946–47 Manchester United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 -- 47 season was Manchester United 's 45th season in the Football League and second back in the First Division since their promotion from the Second Division in 1938 . It was the first season of Football League action following the end of World War II , and the club 's first in the league under the management of Matt Busby . United failed to end their wait for a major trophy which began in 1911 , but they had undoubtedly their best season since then , finishing runners-up in the First Division behind Liverpool ."}
{"_id": "1988_Northern_California_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1988 Northern California Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Elly Hakami was the defending champion , but lost in the first round to Jennifer Santrock .   Sara Gomer won in the final 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 against Robin White ."}
{"_id": "1941–42_1re_série_season", "title": "1941–42 1re série season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 -- 42 1re série season was the 25th season of the 1re série , the top level of ice hockey in France . Chamonix Hockey Club won their ninth championship ."}
{"_id": "1946_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_10,000_metres", "title": "1946 European Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 10,000 metres at the 1946 European Athletics Championships was held in Oslo , Norway , at Bislett Stadium on 22 August 1946 ."}
{"_id": "11th_Aviation_Battalion", "title": "11th Aviation Battalion", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Aviation Battalion was an United States Army aviation unit that fought in the Vietnam War . The unit served as a test for helicopter support of ground infantry units ."}
{"_id": "1993_Asian_Women's_Handball_Championship", "title": "1993 Asian Women's Handball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Asian Women 's Handball Championship , the 4th Asian Championship , which was taking place from August 18 to August 24 , 1993 , in Shantou , China ."}
{"_id": "191_North_Wacker", "title": "191 North Wacker", "headings": "", "text": "191 North Wacker is a 516 ft ( 157m ) tall skyscraper in Chicago , Illinois . It was constructed from 2000 to 2002 and has 37 floors , 14 elevators , and 68,184 m ² of floor space . Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates designed the building , which is the 77th tallest in Chicago ."}
{"_id": "1924_USC_Trojans_football_team", "title": "1924 USC Trojans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California ( USC ) in the 1924 college football season . In their sixth and final year under head coach Gus Henderson , the Trojans compiled a 9 -- 2 record ( 2 -- 1 against conference opponents ) , finished in fifth place in the Pacific Coast Conference , and out-scored their opponents by a combined total of 269 to 44 ."}
{"_id": "1919_Central_Michigan_Normalites_football_team", "title": "1919 Central Michigan Normalites football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 Central Michigan Normalites football team represented Central Michigan Normal School , later renamed Central Michigan University , as an independent during the 1919 college football season . In their first and only season under head coach Garland Nevitt , the Central Michigan football team compiled a 2 -- 2 -- 3 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 89 to 88 . The team 's victories were against Ferris State ( 7 -- 0 ) and Bay City Western High School ( 34 -- 6 ) , the losses were against the Michigan Agricultural frosh team ( 6 -- 14 ) and Detroit City College ( 14 -- 42 ) , and the ties were with Saginaw East High School ( 13 -- 13 ) , Grand Rapids Junior College ( 7 -- 7 ) , and the 1919 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team ( 7 -- 7 ) .   Coach Garland `` Chief '' Nevitt was an alumnus of Carlisle Indian Industrial School where he played with Jim Thorpe ."}
{"_id": "1996_Halifax_Blue_Sox_season", "title": "1996 Halifax Blue Sox season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Halifax Blue Sox season was the club 's first season in the Super League . Coached by Steve Simms , the Blue Sox competed in Super League I and finished in 6th place . The club also reached the quarter final of the Challenge Cup ."}
{"_id": "1971_Pepsi-Cola_Masters", "title": "1971 Pepsi-Cola Masters", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Pepsi-Cola Masters was a men 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts of the Coubertin Stadium in Paris , France . It was the 2nd edition of the Masters Grand Prix and was the season-ending event of the 1971 Grand Prix circuit . The tournament consisted of a round robin competition for the seven highest points scorers of the Grand Prix circuit . John Newcombe and Ken Rosewall , players signed to the rival World Championship Circuit but who also took part in several Grand Prix tournaments , had qualified for the event but declined to participate . The tournament was held from 4 December through 12 December 1971 and was won by Ilie Năstase who earned the $ 15,000 first prize ."}
{"_id": "18th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection", "title": "18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection", "headings": "", "text": "The 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection ( CCDI ) was elected at the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on 14 November 2012 . Its 1st Plenary Session elected the Secretary , deputy secretaries and the 18th Standing Committee of the CCDI ."}
{"_id": "1987–88_Scottish_Cup", "title": "1987–88 Scottish Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 -- 88 Scottish Cup was the 103rd staging of Scotland 's most prestigious football knockout competition . The Cup was won by Celtic who defeated Dundee United in the final ."}
{"_id": "1993_SANFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1993 SANFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) Grand Final saw the Woodville-West Torrens defeating Norwood by 73 points . The match was played on Saturday 2 October 1993 at Football Park in front of a crowd of 42,719 .   This was Woodville-West Torrens first grand final appearance , and their first premiership . This was the also first premiership for West Torrens since 1953 , and Woodville 's first premiership in 29 years of competition ."}
{"_id": "1996_SEAT_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1996 SEAT Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Anke Huber won in the final 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 against Karina Habšudová ."}
{"_id": "1899_Open_Championship", "title": "1899 Open Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1899 Open Championship was the 39th Open Championship , held 7 -- 8 June at Royal St George 's Golf Club in Sandwich , England . Defending champion Harry Vardon won the Championship for the 3rd time , by five strokes from runner-up Jack White .   A meeting was held immediately before the tournament is response to a request from a majority of the professionals asking for an increase in prize money from # 90 to # 200 , since the professionals felt `` that the money offered as prizes was scarcely in keeping with the importance of the event '' . In response a small increase in prize money to # 115 was announced to start in 1900 .   All entries played 36 holes on the first day with all those within 19 strokes of the leader making the cut and playing 36 holes on the final day , with the additional provision that the final day 's field had to contain at least 32 professionals .   There was some good scoring in the first round with a number of low scores . James Kinnell , Vardon and Tom Williamson led on 76 with a further nine players under 80 . A stronger wind in the afternoon led to some higher scores but Vardon and J.H. Taylor both returned a score of 76 while James Braid scored 78 . Vardon reached the turn in 33 and had a three at the 10th but then took 28 to cover the next five holes . He eventually came home in 43 . Taylor was out in 36 and back in 40 . After the first day , Vardon led on 152 with Taylor on 153 and Braid and Willie Park , Jr. on 156 . Many of the other players found conditions difficult and the cut was extended to 175 to include the requisite number of professionals .   Scoring was higher on the second morning with only the amateur Freddie Tait and Albert Tingey breaking 80 . Vardon 's 81 was good enough to extend his lead to three shots from Taylor and seven strokes from the rest of the field . In the afternoon , Vardon reached the turn in 34 and , with Taylor reaching the turn in 42 , he had built up a large lead . Despite playing badly and taking 35 for the last seven holes , he won comfortably . White had the best round of the tournament with a final round 75 after matching Vardon 's first nine of 34 . Park faded with a final round of 89 . Tait was the leading amateur in his last Open Championship before his death in February 1900 ."}
{"_id": "1999_Challenge_Bell_–_Singles", "title": "1999 Challenge Bell – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Tara Snyder was the defending champion , but lost in the semifinals to Chanda Rubin .   Jennifer Capriati won the title , defeating Rubin 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1910_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team", "title": "1910 Alabama Crimson Tide football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 Alabama Crimson Tide football team ( variously `` Alabama '' , `` UA '' or `` Bama '' ) represented the University of Alabama in the 1910 college football season . It was the Crimson Tide 's 18th overall and 15th season as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SIAA ) . The team was led by head coach Guy Lowman , in his first year , and played their home games at the University of Alabama Quad in Tuscaloosa and the Birmingham Fairgrounds in Birmingham , Alabama . They finished the season with a record of four wins and four losses ( 4 -- 4 overall , 0 -- 4 in the SIAA ) .   After Alabama opened the season with shutouts over both Birmingham College and the Marion Military Institute , the Crimsons lost four consecutive games to SIAA opponents by a margin of 104 -- 0 . The squad rebounded with a 5 -- 3 victory over Tulane at New Orleans and a 9 -- 0 victory over to finish the season with an overall record of 4 -- 4 ."}
{"_id": "1883_Georgetown_Hoyas_football_team", "title": "1883 Georgetown Hoyas football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1883 Georgetown Hoyas football team represented the Georgetown University during the 1883 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1206_in_poetry", "title": "1206 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1984_Cincinnati_Open", "title": "1984 Cincinnati Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 Cincinnati Open ( also known as the 1984 ATP Championships for sponsorship reasons ) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Lindner Family Tennis Center in Cincinnati , Ohio in the United States that was part of the 1984 Volvo Grand Prix . The tournament was held from August 20 through August 26 , 1984 ."}
{"_id": "1969–70_Pittsburgh_Pipers_season", "title": "1969–70 Pittsburgh Pipers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 -- 70 Pittsburgh Pipers season was the 2nd season of the team in Pittsburgh ( third overall ) in the American Basketball Association . The Pipers , having moved back to Pittsburgh after one season in Minnesota , faltered without Connie Hawkins ( who had went to the Phoenix Suns ) alongside injuries and middling attendance . The Pipers lost the first 9 games of the 1970 calendar year , with their biggest win streak being 3 games ( done twice ) . The team finished 8th in points per game ( 112.4 per game ) and points allowed ( 117 per game ) . After the season , the team was bought by Haven Industries , Inc. - the owner of the `` Jack Frost '' brand of sugar products . Subsequently , they decided to rebrand the team as the Pittsburgh Condors for the 1970 season ."}
{"_id": "1965_in_Scotland", "title": "1965 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1965 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1987–88_Chicago_Bulls_season", "title": "1987–88 Chicago Bulls season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 -- 88 Chicago Bulls season was the 22nd season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ."}
{"_id": "1996_Purdue_Boilermakers_football_team", "title": "1996 Purdue Boilermakers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Purdue Boilermakers football team represented Purdue University in the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season . They played their home games at Ross-Ade Stadium in West Lafayette , Indiana and competed in the Big Ten Conference . The team attempted to build from its second best season ( win wise ) in its 5-year football history under head coach Jim Colletto , and they failed starting the season 0-3 and averaging under 7 points per game . Over the final eight games the Boilermakers went 3-5 however , ending the season with a 3-8 record and failing to qualify for a bowl game for the twelfth straight year . The Boilermakers also failed to win a road game .   However , several individuals excelled . Brian Alford received numerous post-season accolades including First Team All-Big Ten honors by both the coaches and the media , as well as breaking Purdue record for most receiving touchdowns in a single season . Senior captain , Emmett Zitelli was selected to the Second Team All-Big team by both the coaches and the media . After the season , non of the Boilermakers were selected in the 1997 NFL Draft but immediately after the draft Zitelli signed as an undrafted free agent ."}
{"_id": "1981_CFL_Draft", "title": "1981 CFL Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 CFL Draft composed of seven rounds where 81 Canadian football players were chosen from eligible Canadian universities and Canadian players playing in the NCAA . A total of 18 players were selected as territorial exemptions , with every team making at least one selection during this stage of the draft . Through a trade with the Saskatchewan Roughriders , the Calgary Stampeders selected first overall in the draft ."}
{"_id": "1995_Moscow_Ladies_Open", "title": "1995 Moscow Ladies Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Moscow Ladies Open was a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Olympic Stadium in Moscow in Russia that was part of Tier III of the 1995 WTA Tour . It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was held from September 18 through September 23 , 1995 ."}
{"_id": "1967_British_League_season", "title": "1967 British League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 British League season was the third season of the highest tier of motorcycle speedway in Great Britain . The league was made up of the same 19 teams that competed in the previous year . Swindon Robins won their first , and to date only , top tier league title ."}
{"_id": "183_BC", "title": "183 BC", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 183 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar . At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcellus and Labeo ( or , less frequently , year 571 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 183 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_A.C._Milan_season", "title": "1993–94 A.C. Milan season", "headings": "", "text": "Associazione Calcio Milan won three trophies during a successful 1993 -- 94 season , most memorable for the 4 -- 0 victory against FC Barcelona in the Champions League Final in Athens . That game saw a goal explosion from a Milan side that had been extremely defensive during the entire league season , which in part caused the Italian Football Federation to introduce three points for victories starting in the autumn 1994 . Milan won Serie A with a mere 36 goals scored in 34 games , but conceding a mere 15 , which meant they had the defensive line , with Franco Baresi and Paolo Maldini as key players , to thank for their third consecutive domestic success . Milan 's match against struggling Reggiana at San Siro on 1 May 1994 came on a day when the sporting world was overshadowed with the death of racing driver Ayrton Senna in the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix , but the football world was focused on AC Milan 's attempts to seal a 14th title . It was a narrow 1 -- 0 defeat for Reggiana , with a goal from Massimiliano Esposito , but enough to seal the Scudetto ."}
{"_id": "1968–69_Romanian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1968–69 Romanian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 -- 69 Romanian Hockey League season was the 39th season of the Romanian Hockey League . Five teams participated in the league , and Steaua Bucuresti won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_Boston_Bruins_season", "title": "1985–86 Boston Bruins season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1910–11_Missouri_Tigers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1910–11 Missouri Tigers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 -- 11 Missouri Tigers men 's basketball team represented University of Missouri in the 1910 -- 11 college basketball season . The team was led by first year head coach Chester Brewer . The captain of the team was Herman Cohen .   Missouri finished with a 5 -- 7 record overall and a 5 -- 7 record in the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association . This was good enough for a 4th-place finish in the regular season conference standings ."}
{"_id": "1917–18_Real_Madrid_C.F._season", "title": "1917–18 Real Madrid C.F. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 -- 18 season was the 17th season for Madrid FC . The club played some friendly matches against local clubs . They also played in Madrid Championship and Copa del Rey ."}
{"_id": "1983_Soviet_Top_League", "title": "1983 Soviet Top League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Soviet Top League in season 1983 ."}
{"_id": "1977_Oregon_State_Beavers_football_team", "title": "1977 Oregon State Beavers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University in the Pacific-8 Conference ( Pac-8 ) during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season . In their second season under head coach Craig Fertig , the Beavers compiled a 2 -- 9 record ( 0 -- 7 against Pac-10 opponents ) , finished in last place in the Pac-8 , and were outscored by their opponents , 303 to 173 . The team played its home games at Parker Stadium in Corvallis , Oregon ."}
{"_id": "1992_in_NASCAR", "title": "1992 in NASCAR", "headings": "", "text": "The following NASCAR national series were held in 1992 :   1992 NASCAR Winston Cup Series - The top racing series in NASCAR .  1992 NASCAR Busch Series - The second-highest racing series in NASCAR .   Category : NASCAR seasons"}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Cupa_României", "title": "1999–2000 Cupa României", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 Cupa României was the 62nd edition of Romania 's most prestigious football cup competition .   The title was won by Dinamo Bucureşti against Universitatea Craiova ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Toronto_Raptors_season", "title": "1998–99 Toronto Raptors season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 NBA season was the Raptors ' fourth season in the National Basketball Association . In the 1998 NBA draft , the Raptors selected Antawn Jamison out of the University of North Carolina with the fourth overall pick . However , they traded Jamison to the Golden State Warriors for his college teammate Vince Carter , who is also second-year star Tracy McGrady 's cousin . Other offseason acquisitions included Charles Oakley from the New York Knicks , Kevin Willis from the Houston Rockets and free agent Michael Stewart . During the regular season , which was shortened due to a four-month lockout , the Raptors moved into their new arena Air Canada Centre . After a 6 -- 12 start , the Raptors played their best basketball winning 12 of their next 14 games . However , they lost 13 of their final 18 games , and finished the season with a 23 -- 27 record , sixth in the Central Division . Carter averaged 18.3 points per game and was named Rookie of the Year . Following the season , John Wallace re-signed as a free agent with the New York Knicks ."}
{"_id": "1992_Kansas_Jayhawks_football_team", "title": "1992 Kansas Jayhawks football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season . They participated as members of the Big 8 Conference and were coached by head coach Glen Mason . They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence , Kansas ."}
{"_id": "1955–56_FA_Cup", "title": "1955–56 FA Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 -- 56 FA Cup was the 75th staging of the world 's oldest cup competition , the FA Cup . Manchester City won the competition , beating Birmingham City 3 -- 1 in the final at Wembley , London .   Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round , which was always a Saturday . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played , a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week . If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay , a 30-minute period of extra time would be played ."}
{"_id": "1909_in_Swedish_football", "title": "1909 in Swedish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 season in Swedish football , starting January 1909 and ending December 1909 :"}
{"_id": "1984_Mugello_Grand_Prix", "title": "1984 Mugello Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 28th Gran Premio del Mugello ( Mugello Grand Prix ) , was the fifth round of the 1984 European Championship for F2 Drivers , with the winner receiving the Trofeo Banca Toscana . This was held at the Autodromo Internazionale del Mugello , in the Tuscany Region of Italy , on 19 May ."}
{"_id": "1989_Seoul_Open", "title": "1989 Seoul Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Seoul Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Seoul Olympic Park Tennis Center in Seoul in South Korea that was part of the 1989 Nabisco Grand Prix . The tournament was held from April 10 through April 17 , 1989 ."}
{"_id": "1990_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship", "title": "1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship , which spanned two years ( 1988 -- 90 ) , had 30 entrants . San Marino competed for the first time . USSR U-21s won the competition .   The 30 national teams were divided into eight groups ( six groups of 4 + two groups of 3 ) . The group winners played off against each other on a two-legged home-and-away basis until the winner was decided . There was no finals tournament or 3rd-place playoff ."}
{"_id": "1902_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final", "title": "1902 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1902 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the fifteenth All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1902 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship , an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland .   Dublin won easily ; they led 2-6 to 0-0 at half-time and relaxed in the second half .   Dublin were represented by their senior club champions of 1901 , Bray Emmets ( despite their being located in County Wicklow ) .   It was the second of five All-Ireland football titles won by Dublin in the 1900s ."}
{"_id": "1469", "title": "1469", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1469 ( MCDLXIX ) was a common year starting on Sunday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1906–07_Birmingham_F.C._season", "title": "1906–07 Birmingham F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1906 -- 07 Football League season was Birmingham Football Club 's 15th in the Football League and their 7th in the First Division . They finished in ninth place in the 20-team league . They also took part in the 1906 -- 07 FA Cup , entering at the first round proper and losing in that round to Liverpool .   Twenty-six players made at least one appearance in nationally organised first-team competition , and there were twelve different goalscorers . Forwards Benny Green and Billy Jones were ever-present over the 39-match season ; full-back Frank Stokes and half-backs Billy Beer and Walter Wigmore missed only one , and three other players exceeded 30 appearances . Billy Jones was leading scorer with 15 goals , all of which came in the league .   The last league match at the Coventry Road ground , which no longer met the club 's needs , was played on 22 December 1906 . Birmingham beat Bury 3 -- 1 . The last goal was scored by Arthur Mounteney , and the Birmingham Daily Post described how  Within months the ground had been demolished and the land cleared for housing .   Construction of the St Andrew 's Ground , in the Bordesley district some three-quarters of a mile ( 1 km ) closer to the city centre , had taken less than a year from leasing the land to official opening on Boxing Day 1906 . Heavy overnight snowfall put the ceremony , and the scheduled match against Middlesbrough , at risk . Dozens of volunteers , including members of the club 's board , worked all morning to clear the pitch . The game finally kicked off an hour late , finishing goalless in front of 32,000 spectators . The Birmingham Daily Post editorial next day suggested that `` the fact that so many spectators attended under such adverse conditions augurs well for the step that the directors have taken '' , and that the directors were `` to be congratulated in having provided their supporters with a ground second to none in the country '' . The Football Association chose the ground to host the FA Cup semi-final in March 1907 between Sheffield Wednesday and Woolwich Arsenal ."}
{"_id": "1080s", "title": "1080s", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1998_Safari_Rally", "title": "1998 Safari Rally", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Safari Rally ( formally the 46th Safari Rally Kenya ) was held between 28 February and 2 March 1998 . It was the first World Rally Championship victory for Richard Burns and his co-driver Robert Reid after his team-mate Tommi Mäkinen and fellow Briton Colin McRae both retired ."}
{"_id": "1st_Africa_Movie_Academy_Awards", "title": "1st Africa Movie Academy Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st Africa Movie Academy Awards ceremony was held on May 30 , 2005 at the Gloryland Cultural Center in Yenagoa , Bayelsa State , Nigeria , to honor the best African films of 2004 . The ceremony was broadcast live on Nigerian national television . Nollywood actress Stella Damasus-Aboderin and Nollywood actor Segun Arinze hosted the ceremony ."}
{"_id": "1964_in_literature", "title": "1964 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1964 ."}
{"_id": "1955_Torneo_Godó", "title": "1955 Torneo Godó", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 Torneo Godó was the third edition of the Torneo Godó annual tennis tournament played on clay courts in Barcelona , Spain and it took place from May 10 -- 15 , 1955 ."}
{"_id": "1981_South_American_U-20_Championship", "title": "1981 South American U-20 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The South American Youth Championship 1981 was held in Guayaquil and Quito , Ecuador . It also served as qualification for the 1981 FIFA World Youth Championship ."}
{"_id": "1937_in_poetry", "title": "1937 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1993_in_England", "title": "1993 in England", "headings": "", "text": "Events from 1993 in England"}
{"_id": "1957–58_Luxembourg_National_Division", "title": "1957–58 Luxembourg National Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Luxembourg National Division in season 1957/1958 ."}
{"_id": "1895_North_Carolina_A&M_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1895 North Carolina A&M Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1895 North Carolina A&M Aggies football team represented the North Carolina A&M Aggies of North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts during the 1895 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1965_All-Ireland_Intermediate_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1965 All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship was the fifth staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship . The championship ended on 19 September 1965 .   Wexford were the defending champions , however , they were defeated in the home final . Cork won the title after defeating London by 2-20 to 5-5 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1992_UMass_Minutemen_football_team", "title": "1992 UMass Minutemen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 UMass Minutemen football team represented the University of Massachusetts Amherst in the 1992 NCAA Division I-AA football season as a member of the Yankee Conference . The team was coached by Mike Hodges and played its home games at Warren McGuirk Alumni Stadium in Hadley , Massachusetts . The 1992 season was Hodges ' first as head coach of the Minutemen . UMass finished the season with a record of 7 -- 3 overall and 5 -- 3 in conference play ."}
{"_id": "1923_Virginia_Cavaliers_football_team", "title": "1923 Virginia Cavaliers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia in the 1923 college football season ."}
{"_id": "10_Years_Later", "title": "10 Years Later", "headings": "", "text": "10 Years Later or Ten Years Later may refer to :   10 Years Later ( song ) , a song by Collective Soul  10 Years Later ( TV series ) , a Georgian TV series  The Vicomte of Bragelonne : Ten Years Later , a novel by Alexandre Dumas  Ten Years Later , a band with Alvin Lee"}
{"_id": "11th_European_Film_Awards", "title": "11th European Film Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th European Film Awards were presented on 7 December 1998 in London , England ."}
{"_id": "1933–34_Divizia_A", "title": "1933–34 Divizia A", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 -- 34 Divizia A was the twenty-second season of Divizia A , the top-level football league of Romania ."}
{"_id": "1946_NAIA_Division_I_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1946 NAIA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 NAIA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament was held in March at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City , Missouri . The 9th annual NAIA basketball tournament featured 32 teams playing in a single-elimination format . The championship game was won by Southern Illinois University when the Salukis defeated the Indiana State University Sycamores 49-40 .   Central Missouri State , the original National Champions , and first back-to-back National Champions , played in their final NAIA tournament , although they remained an NAIA member for another decade , leaving in the mid 1950s to join the NCAA . The Mules appeared seven tournaments recording an overall record of 13 wins and 6 loses . The Mules won two National Championships in 1937 and 1938 and finishing in 4th place in 1942 ."}
{"_id": "1993_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships", "title": "1993 UCI Track Cycling World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were held at Vikingskipet in Hamar , Norway , from 17 to 29 August 1993 . Eleven events were held , eight for men and three for women , with five world records being set ."}
{"_id": "1942_Washington_Redskins_season", "title": "1942 Washington Redskins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 Washington Redskins '' ' began with the team trying to improve on their 6 -- 5 record from 1941 . They would end the season by winning the NFL Championship against the Chicago Bears , 14 -- 6 ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_UEFA_Cup_qualifying_round", "title": "1999–2000 UEFA Cup qualifying round", "headings": "", "text": "The qualifying round matches of the 2000 -- 01 UEFA Cup were played on 12 and 26 August 2000 . The round consisted of 38 matches ."}
{"_id": "1896_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team", "title": "1896 Tennessee Volunteers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1896 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1896 college football season . It was the first official Tennessee Volunteers football team since 1893 . The 1896 Vols went undefeated at 4 -- 0 for the first winning season in school history . This was also the Tennessee 's first season in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SIAA ) , though they did not play a conference opponent ."}
{"_id": "18_and_Life", "title": "18 and Life", "headings": "", "text": "For the Canadian television series with a similar name , see 18 to Life   `` 18 and Life '' is a song by American heavy metal band Skid Row . It was released in June 1989 as the second single from their eponymous debut album . The song was to be the band 's biggest hit , reaching No. 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 11 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . It was named the 60th best hard rock song of all time by VH1 . It was certified Gold on September 13 , 1989 , when it sold 500,000 copies .  The song also charted at No. 12 on the UK Singles chart .   In April 2015 , a newly re-recorded version with their new singer Tony Harnell was released as a free download on the band 's website ."}
{"_id": "10th_Regional_Support_Group", "title": "10th Regional Support Group", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th Support Group ( Regional ) is a United States Army logistical support unit located in Okinawa , Japan . It is the senior U.S. Army unit on the island , and has coordinating responsibilities for U.S. Army activities there .   The 10th Support Group and United States Army , Japan conduct theater sustainment ; execute reception , staging , onward movement ( RSO ) ; conduct expeditionary logistics in support of the US Army Pacific ; overseas contingency operations and the defense of Japan ; and support OEF , OIF , POLMIL , multi and bilateral partnership engagements .   The Group provides command and control ( C2 ) to seven operational battalions and nine company sized elements . This headquarters is strategically postured to provide responsive logistics support throughout the Pacific , with elements on both mainland Japan and the Island of Okinawa ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_Northern_Rugby_Football_League_season", "title": "1965–66 Northern Rugby Football League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 -- 66 Rugby Football League season was the 71st season of rugby league football . A three-way county championship was also held , with comparative minnows Cumberland against Yorkshire and Lancashire ."}
{"_id": "1990_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_–_OFC_First_Round", "title": "1990 FIFA World Cup qualification – OFC First Round", "headings": "", "text": "This page provides the summaries of the OFC First Round matches for 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification ."}
{"_id": "1992_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament", "title": "1992 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament was played at the end of the 1992 NCAA Division I baseball season to determine the national champion of college baseball . The tournament concluded with eight teams competing in the College World Series , a double-elimination tournament in its forty sixth year . Eight regional competitions were held to determine the participants in the final event . Each region was composed of six teams , resulting in 48 teams participating in the tournament at the conclusion of their regular season , and in some cases , after a conference tournament . The forty-sixth tournament 's champion was Pepperdine , coached by Andy Lopez . The Most Outstanding Player was Phil Nevin of Cal State Fullerton ."}
{"_id": "1968_New_York_Mets_season", "title": "1968 New York Mets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 New York Mets season was the 7th regular season for the Mets . They went 73 -- 89 and finished 9th in the National League . They were managed by Gil Hodges . They played home games at Shea Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1800_in_Norway", "title": "1800 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1889_Washington_football_team", "title": "1889 Washington football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1889 Washington football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1889 college football season . The 1889 Washington team was the first team to represent the University of Washington . The team played only one game , losing to a team made up of eastern college alumni , 20 -- 0 , in Seattle on November 28 , 1889 . Frank Griffiths was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1156_Kira", "title": "1156 Kira", "headings": "", "text": "1156 Kira is a main belt asteroid orbiting the Sun , making a revolution around it once every three years . It was discovered by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth at Heidelberg , Germany on February 22 , 1928 . Its provisional designation was 1928 DA . Any reference of this name to a person or occurrence is unknown ."}
{"_id": "1975_Portland_Timbers_season", "title": "1975 Portland Timbers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Portland Timbers season was the inaugural season for the Portland Timbers , an expansion team in the now-defunct North American Soccer League . In the Timbers first year of existence , the club won the Western Division title while amassing more points than any other club in the league . In the playoffs , the Timbers needed overtime to get past the Seattle Sounders and then defeated the St. Louis Stars en route to a berth in Soccer Bowl ' 75 . Portland lost the championship game 2 -- 0 to fellow expansion side Tampa Bay Rowdies at Spartan Stadium in San Jose , California on August 24 ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Cypriot_Third_Division", "title": "1990–91 Cypriot Third Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 Cypriot Third Division was the 20th season of the Cypriot third-level football league . Othellos Athienou FC won their 1st title ."}
{"_id": "1995_Football_League_play-offs", "title": "1995 Football League play-offs", "headings": "", "text": "The Football League play-offs for the 1994 -- 95 season were held in May 1995 , with the finals taking place at Wembley Stadium in London . The play-off semi-finals were played over two legs and were contested by the teams who finished in 2nd , 3rd , 4th and 5th place in the Football League First Division and Football League Second Division and the 3rd , 4th , 5th , and 6th placed teams in the Football League Third Division table . The winners of the semi-finals progressed through to the finals , with the winner of these matches gaining promotion for the following season ."}
{"_id": "1829_in_architecture", "title": "1829 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1829 in architecture involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1987_FINA_Men's_Water_Polo_World_Cup", "title": "1987 FINA Men's Water Polo World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 FINA Men 's Water Polo World Cup was the fifth edition of the event , organised by the world 's governing body in aquatics , the International Swimming Federation ( FINA ) . The event took place in Thessalonica , Greece . Eight teams participated to decide the winner of what would be a bi-annual event until 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1970_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team", "title": "1970 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1970 college football season , the 76th season of Sooner football . The team was led by head coach Chuck Fairbanks in his fourth season as the OU head coach . They played their home games at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman , Oklahoma . They were a member of the Big Eight Conference .   Conference play began at Folsom Field in Boulder , Colorado on October 17 , with a win over the Colorado Buffaloes , and ended on November 28 at home in Norman with a win over Oklahoma State in the annual Bedlam Series .   After finishing the regular season with a record of 7 -- 4 ( 5 -- 2 in Big 8 play ) , the Sooners were invited to play in the Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl , where they tied the Alabama Crimson Tide , 24 -- 24 .   Following the season , John Watson was selected in the seventh round of the 1971 NFL Draft , and Steve Casteel was chosen in the 10th ."}
{"_id": "1996_in_Italy", "title": "1996 in Italy", "headings": "", "text": "Events in Italy in 1996 :"}
{"_id": "1941–42_Wisconsin_Badgers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1941–42 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 -- 1942 Wisconsin Badgers men 's basketball team represented University of Wisconsin -- Madison . The head coach was Harold E. Foster , coaching his eighth season with the Badgers . The team played their home games at the UW Fieldhouse in Madison , Wisconsin and was a member of the Big Ten Conference ."}
{"_id": "1808_in_the_United_States", "title": "1808 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1808 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1978_San_Francisco_Giants_season", "title": "1978 San Francisco Giants season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 San Francisco Giants season was the Giants ' 96th season in Major League Baseball , their 21st season in San Francisco since their move from New York following the 1957 season , and their 19th at Candlestick Park . The team finished in third place in the National League West with an 89-73 record , 6 games behind the Los Angeles Dodgers ."}
{"_id": "1986_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_–_Men's_Giant_Slalom", "title": "1986 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's Giant Slalom", "headings": "", "text": "Men 's Giant Slalom World Cup 1985/1986"}
{"_id": "1999_Australian_Formula_Ford_Championship", "title": "1999 Australian Formula Ford Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Australian Formula Ford Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing title for drivers of Formula Ford racing cars . It was the 30th national series for Formula Fords to be held in Australia and 7th to be contested under the Australian Formula Ford Championship name ."}
{"_id": "1997_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_long_jump", "title": "1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's long jump event at the 1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on March 7 -- 8 ."}
{"_id": "1971–72_ice_hockey_Bundesliga_season", "title": "1971–72 ice hockey Bundesliga season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971-72 Ice hockey Bundesliga season was the 14th season of the Ice hockey Bundesliga , the top level of ice hockey in Germany . Nine teams participated in the league , and Düsseldorfer EG won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1200_in_poetry", "title": "1200 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1870_in_Australian_literature", "title": "1870 in Australian literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1870 .   For an overview of world literature see 1870 in literature .   See also :  1869 in Australian literature ,  1870 in Australia ,  1871 in Australian literature ."}
{"_id": "1992_in_Dutch_television", "title": "1992 in Dutch television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Dutch television related events from 1992 ."}
{"_id": "1999_IBF_World_Championships_–_Mixed_Doubles", "title": "1999 IBF World Championships – Mixed Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 IBF World Championships were held in Copenhagen , Denmark , between 10 May and 23 May 1999 . Following the results of the mixed doubles ."}
{"_id": "1._FC_Saarbrücken_(women)", "title": "1. FC Saarbrücken (women)", "headings": "", "text": "1 . FC Saarbrücken ( women ) is women 's association football team from Saarbrücken , Saarland . It is part of the 1 . FC Saarbrücken club ."}
{"_id": "1978_Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1978 Mississippi State Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Mississippi State Bulldogs football team represented Mississippi State University during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Bulldogs were not invited to a bowl game despite being eligible . After the season , head coach Bob Tyler resigned ."}
{"_id": ".fm", "title": ".fm", "headings": "", "text": ". fm is the country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for the Federated States of Micronesia , an independent island nation located in the Pacific Ocean .   Except for reserved names like . com.fm , . net.fm , . org.fm and others , any person in the world can register a . fm domain for a fee , much of the income from which goes to the government and people of the islands . The domain name is popular ( and thus economically valuable ) for FM radio stations and streaming audio websites ( other similar ccTLDs are . am , . tv , . cd , . dj and . mu ) ; a notable example is Last.fm , a social music website ."}
{"_id": "1958_in_fine_arts_of_the_Soviet_Union", "title": "1958 in fine arts of the Soviet Union", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1958 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts ."}
{"_id": "1899_in_the_United_States", "title": "1899 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1899 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1936_Swedish_Ice_Hockey_Championship", "title": "1936 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship was the 15th season of the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship , the national championship of Sweden . Hammarby IF won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1._Liga", "title": "1. Liga", "headings": "", "text": "In sports , 1 . Liga , 1 . liga or I Liga may refer to :"}
{"_id": "1225_Ariane", "title": "1225 Ariane", "headings": "", "text": "1225 Ariane , provisional designation 1930 HK , is a main-belt asteroid discovered on April 23 , 1930 , by Hendrik van Gent at the Leiden Southern Station , annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa .   Photometric observations made in 2003 at the U.S. Carbuncle Hill Observatory ( 912 ) near Providence , Rhode Island , give a synodic rotation period of hours . The light curve shows a brightness variation of in magnitude .   The asteroid is named after `` Ariane Leprieur '' , the principal role in the play Le Chemin de Crête by Gabriel Marcel ( 1889 -- 1973 ) ."}
{"_id": "1940_Wisła_Kraków_season", "title": "1940 Wisła Kraków season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 season was Wisła Kraków 32nd year as a club ."}
{"_id": "1968_Soviet_Top_League", "title": "1968 Soviet Top League", "headings": "", "text": "20 teams took part in the league with FC Dynamo Kyiv winning the championship ."}
{"_id": "1st_Cossack_Cavalry_Division", "title": "1st Cossack Cavalry Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st Cossack Cavalry Division ( 1 . Kosaken-Kavallerie-Division ) was a Russian Cossack division of the German Army that served during World War II . It was created on the Eastern Front mostly out of Don Cossacks already serving in the Wehrmacht , those who escaped from the advancing Red Army and Soviet POWs . In 1945 , the division was transferred to the Waffen SS , becoming the 1st SS Cossack Cavalry Division ( 1 . SS-Kosaken-Kavallerie-Division ) . At the end of the war , the unit ceased to exist ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_OPJHL_season", "title": "1996–97 OPJHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 OPJHL season is the fourth season of the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League ( OPJHL ) . The twenty-two teams of the MacKenzie , MacKinnon , Phillips , and Ruddock Divisions competed in a 51-game schedule . The top 4 teams of each division make the playoffs .   The winner of the OPJHL playoffs , the Milton Merchants , lost the 1997 Buckland Cup and Dudley Hewitt Cup to the Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League ."}
{"_id": "1953_in_Sweden", "title": "1953 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1953 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1993_in_organized_crime", "title": "1993 in organized crime", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1972_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team", "title": "1972 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1972 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1995_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Soccer_Championship", "title": "1995 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Championship was the 36th organized men 's college soccer tournament by the National Collegiate Athletic Association , to determine the top college soccer team in the United States . The Wisconsin Badgers won their first national title by defeating the Duke Blue Devils in the championship game , 2 -- 0 . The semifinals , on December 8 , 1995 , and the final match , on December 10 , 1995 , were played in Richmond , Virginia at Richmond Stadium . All the other games were played at the home field of the higher seeded team ."}
{"_id": "1991_Denver_Broncos_season", "title": "1991 Denver Broncos season", "headings": "", "text": "The Denver Broncos season was the team 's 32nd year in professional football and its 22nd with the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team improved on its 5 -- 11 from 1990 , winning their third AFC West title in five years , and advanced to the AFC Championship game ."}
{"_id": "1947–48_SM-sarja_season", "title": "1947–48 SM-sarja season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 -- 48 SM-sarja season was the 17th season of the SM-sarja , the top level of ice hockey in Finland . Seven teams participated in the league , and Tarmo Hameenlinna won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1999_Monaco_Grand_Prix", "title": "1999 Monaco Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Monaco Grand Prix ( formally the LVII Grand Prix Automobile de Monaco ) was a Formula One motor race held on 16 May 1999 at the Circuit de Monaco in Monte Carlo , Monaco . It was the fourth race of the 1999 Formula One season . The 78-lap race was won by Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher after starting from second position . It was Schumacher 's 16th win with Ferrari , breaking the record held by Niki Lauda . His team-mate Eddie Irvine finished second with Mika Häkkinen third for the McLaren team .   The race was Schumacher 's second win of the season , his fourth at Monaco , and the result meant that he extended his lead in the Drivers ' Championship , to eight points over Irvine and twelve over Häkkinen . Ferrari extended their lead in the Constructors ' Championship , twenty-four points ahead of McLaren and twenty-eight ahead of Jordan with 12 races of the season remaining ."}
{"_id": "1944–45_Slovenská_liga", "title": "1944–45 Slovenská liga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 -- 45 Slovenská liga ( English : Slovak league ) was the seventh and last season of the Slovenská liga , the first tier of league football in the Slovak Republic , formerly part of Czechoslovakia until the German occupation of the country in March 1939 .   In the Slovak Republic an independent Slovak league had been established in 1939 and played out its own championship which was abandoned after just two rounds in 1944 -- 45 . In the German-annexed Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia a separate league , the Národní liga ( English : National league ) , was played was not played at all in the 1944 -- 45 season . A national Czechoslovak championship was not played between 1939 and 1945 ."}
{"_id": "1951–52_Oberliga_(disambiguation)", "title": "1951–52 Oberliga (disambiguation)", "headings": "", "text": "1951 -- 52 Oberliga may refer to :   1951 -- 52 Oberliga , a West German association football season  1951 -- 52 DDR-Oberliga , an East German association football season  1951 -- 52 Oberliga ( ice hockey ) season , a West German ice hockey season  1951 -- 52 DDR-Oberliga ( ice hockey ) season , an East German ice hockey season"}
{"_id": "1909_Coupe_de_Chamonix", "title": "1909 Coupe de Chamonix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 Coupe de Chamonix was the first edition of the Coupe de Chamonix , an international ice hockey tournament . It was held from January 23-25 , 1909 , in Chamonix , France . Princes Ice Hockey Club from Great Britain won the tournament ."}
{"_id": "111th_Reconnaissance_Squadron", "title": "111th Reconnaissance Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 111th Reconnaissance Squadron ( 111 RS ) is a unit of the Texas Air National Guard 147th Reconnaissance Wing located at Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base , Houston , Texas . The 111th is equipped with the MQ-1B Predator unmanned aerial vehicle ( UAV ) .   The squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 111th Aero Squadron , established on 14 August 1917 . It was reformed on 29 June 1923 , as the 111th Observation Squadron , and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II .   The 111th Reconnaissance Squadron is the oldest unit of the Texas Air National Guard , with over 95 years of service to the State of Texas and the United States ."}
{"_id": "1932_All-Ireland_Minor_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1932 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship was the fifth staging of the All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1928 .   Kilkenny entered the championship as the defending champions .   On 2 October 1932 Tipperary won the championship following an 8-6 to 5-1 defeat of Kilkenny in the All-Ireland final . This was their second All-Ireland title ."}
{"_id": "1977_Asian_Men's_Handball_Championship", "title": "1977 Asian Men's Handball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Asian Men 's Handball Championship was the first Asian Championship , which took place from March 26 to April 4 , 1977 , in Kuwait City , Kuwait ."}
{"_id": "1958_Chicago_White_Sox_season", "title": "1958 Chicago White Sox season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Chicago White Sox season was the team 's 58th season in the major leagues , and its 59th season overall . They finished with a record 82 -- 72 , good enough for second place in the American League , 10 games behind the first-place New York Yankees ."}
{"_id": "1948_Isle_of_Man_TT", "title": "1948 Isle of Man TT", "headings": "", "text": "In the 1948 Isle of Man Tourist Trophy festival Harold Daniell , lap record holder since 1938 , failed to finish the 1948 Senior TT on his Norton , and victory went to Norton team member , Artie Bell , the flying Ulsterman . Norton dominated , taking the first three places , losing fourth to Geoff Murdoch 's AJS , and then filling the next four places . There were thirty three Nortons in a field of fifty six .   Artie Bell also came third in the Junior TT with Freddie Frith taking the flag for first place , and A. R. ( Bob ) Foster coming second , both on Velocettes . Maurice Cann won the Lightweight with his DOHC 250 cc Moto Guzzi , followed by Roland Pike on a Rudge .   Three Clubman races were again included , for the second year , in the festival with the Clubman Senior race allowing entires of bikes up to 1,000 cc engine capacity .   Later in 1948 , at the FICM ( later called FIM ) meeting in London , it was decided there would be a motorcycle World Championship along Grand Prix lines . It would be a six-race annual series with points being awarded for a placing , and a point for the fastest lap of each race . There would be four classes : 500cc , 350cc , 250cc and 125cc . In the past a Grand Prix had been an individual race . In 1949 for the first time , starting with the Isle of Man TT , a series of Grand Prix races would decide who would be the 1949 World Champion ."}
{"_id": "1986_ECAC_Hockey_Men's_Ice_Hockey_Tournament", "title": "1986 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 ECAC Hockey Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 25th tournament in league history . It was played between March 7 and March 15 , 1986 . Quarterfinal games were played at home team campus sites , while the ` final four ' games were played at the Boston Garden in Boston , Massachusetts . By winning the tournament , Cornell received the ECAC 's automatic bid to the 1986 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Nationale_1A_season", "title": "1996–97 Nationale 1A season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 Nationale 1A season was the 76th season of the Nationale 1A , the top level of ice hockey in France . Eight teams participated in the league , and Albatros de Brest won their second league title . Club des Sports de Megève , Gap Hockey Club , and Image Club d'Epinal were relegated to the Nationale 1B ."}
{"_id": "1886_in_science", "title": "1886 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1886 in science and technology involved some significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane", "title": "1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane", "headings": "", "text": "1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane is a chlorinated hydrocarbon . It is a colorless liquid with a sweet chloroform-like odor . It is used as a solvent and in the production of wood stains and varnishes ."}
{"_id": "1936–37_Czechoslovak_Extraliga_season", "title": "1936–37 Czechoslovak Extraliga season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 -- 37 Czechoslovak Extraliga season was the first season of the Czechoslovak Extraliga , the top level of ice hockey in Czechoslovakia . Eight teams participated in the league , and LTC Prag won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1991_British_Touring_Car_Championship", "title": "1991 British Touring Car Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Esso RAC British Touring Car Championship season was the 34th British Touring Car Championship ( BTCC ) season and marked the first year of the Super Touring era ."}
{"_id": "1662_in_Ireland", "title": "1662 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1662 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1972_Meistaradeildin", "title": "1972 Meistaradeildin", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Meistaradeildin in the 1972 season ."}
{"_id": "1949_NSWRFL_season", "title": "1949 NSWRFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the forty-second season of Sydney 's top-level professional rugby league football club competition , Australia 's first . Ten teams from across the city contested the premiership during the season which culminated in a grand final between St. George and South Sydney ."}
{"_id": "1996_in_South_Africa", "title": "1996 in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "164th_Division_(1st_Formation)(People's_Republic_of_China)", "title": "164th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)", "headings": "", "text": "The 164th Division was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army , issued by Central Military Commission on November 1 , 1948 , basing on the 11th Independent Division , PLA Northeastern Field Army . The 164th Division was a Korean unit , composing of basically Korean soldiers .   The division was under direct control of PLA Fourth Field Army . Under the flag of 164th division it took part in the Chinese Civil War , especially in the Siege of Changchun . In July 1949 , the division was disbanded , and its 10821 Korean soldiers moved to North Korea , where it was re-organized as 5th Division of the Korean People 's Army . Its Chinese soldiers stayed and later re-organized as 6th Artillery Division along with other units .   As of its disbandment the division was composed of :  490th Regiment ;  491st Regiment ;  492nd Regiment ."}
{"_id": "1971–72_Detroit_Red_Wings_season", "title": "1971–72 Detroit Red Wings season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 -- 72 Detroit Red Wings season was Marcel Dionne 's rookie season . The Red Wings placed fifth to miss the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1952_in_Australia", "title": "1952 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1998_Laurence_Olivier_Awards", "title": "1998 Laurence Olivier Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Laurence Olivier Awards were held in 1998 in London celebrating excellence in West End theatre by the Society of London Theatre ."}
{"_id": "1991_U.S._Pro_Indoor_–_Doubles", "title": "1991 U.S. Pro Indoor – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Rick Leach and Jim Pugh were the defending champions .   Leach and Pugh successfully defended their title , defeating Udo Riglewski and Michael Stich 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Arsenal_F.C._season", "title": "1995–96 Arsenal F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1995 -- 96 English football season , Arsenal F.C. competed in the FA Premier League ( known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons ) ."}
{"_id": "1572_in_Ireland", "title": "1572 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1572 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "144th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry", "title": "144th New York Volunteer Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 144th New York Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1909–10_Montreal_Canadiens_season", "title": "1909–10 Montreal Canadiens season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 -- 1910 Montreal Canadiens season was the team 's inaugural season and also the first season of the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) . The 1910 Montreal Canadiens operated as ` Les Canadiens ' and were owned by Ambrose O'Brien of Renfrew , Ontario , as one of four franchises he owned in the NHA . After the season , the franchise was suspended and a NHA franchise was sold to George Kennedy . All of the players of ` Les Canadiens ' went to Kennedy 's organization ."}
{"_id": "1978_Georgian_demonstrations", "title": "1978 Georgian demonstrations", "headings": "", "text": "On 14 April 1978 , demonstrations in Tbilisi , capital of the Georgian SSR , took place in response to an attempt by the Soviet government to change the constitutional status of languages in Georgia . After a new Soviet Constitution was adopted in October 1977 , the Supreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR considered a draft constitution in which , in contrast to the Constitution of 1936 , Georgian was no longer declared to be the sole State language . A series of indoor and outdoor actions of protest ensued and implied with near-certainty there would be a clash between several thousands of demonstrators and the Soviet government , but Georgian Communist Party chief Eduard Shevardnadze negotiated with the central authorities in Moscow and managed to obtain permission to retain the previous status of the Georgian language .   This highly unusual concession to an open expression of opposition to state policy of the Soviet Union defused popular anger in Tbilisi , but triggered tensions in the Abkhaz ASSR ( Abkhazia ) , an autonomous republic in northwest Georgia , where Abkhaz Communist officials protested against what they saw as a capitulation to Georgian nationalism and demanded that their autonomy be transferred from Georgia to the Russian SFSR . The request was rejected but a number of political , cultural and economic concessions were made . Since 1990 , 14 April has been celebrated in Georgia as the Day of the Georgian Language ."}
{"_id": "1992_Dutch_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1992 Dutch Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Magnus Gustafsson was the defending champion , but the sixth seeded Swede lost in the second round to Jacco Eltingh . Karel Nováček won the singles event at the 1992 Dutch Open defeating Jordi Arrese in the final 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 and captured his second title in Hilversum ."}
{"_id": "1968_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_–_Men's_Slalom", "title": "1968 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's Slalom", "headings": "", "text": "Men 's Slalom World Cup 1967/1968"}
{"_id": "1987_Dow_Chemical_Classic_–_Singles", "title": "1987 Dow Chemical Classic – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Pam Shriver was the three-time defending champion and won in the final against Larisa Savchenko , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 ."}
{"_id": "1871_Washington_Olympics_season", "title": "1871 Washington Olympics season", "headings": "", "text": "The Washington Olympics played their first season in 1871 as a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players . They finished fourth in the league with a record of 15-15 ."}
{"_id": "-30-_(film)", "title": "-30- (film)", "headings": "", "text": "-30 - ( released as Deadline Midnight in the UK ) is a 1959 film starring Jack Webb and William Conrad as night managing editor and night city editor , respectively , of a fictional Los Angeles newspaper , loosely based on the real-life ( and now-defunct ) Los Angeles Herald-Examiner ."}
{"_id": "1982_Sun_Bowl", "title": "1982 Sun Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Sun Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game that featured the North Carolina Tar Heels and the Texas Longhorns ."}
{"_id": "1737_in_poetry", "title": "1737 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1971_Central_American_Championships_in_Athletics", "title": "1971 Central American Championships in Athletics", "headings": "", "text": "The sixth Central American Championships in Athletics were held at the Pista Eduardo Garnier in San José , Costa Rica , between November 19 -- 21 , 1971 ."}
{"_id": "1975_San_Diego_Padres_season", "title": "1975 San Diego Padres season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 San Diego Padres season was the seventh in franchise history . It was the first season in which the Padres did not finish in the National League West cellar . The team finishing in fourth place ."}
{"_id": "171_BC", "title": "171 BC", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 171 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar . At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Crassus and Longinus ( or , less frequently , year 583 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 171 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years ."}
{"_id": "1988–89_Detroit_Pistons_season", "title": "1988–89 Detroit Pistons season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988-89 NBA season was the Pistons ' 41st season in the NBA and 32nd season in the Detroit metropolitan area . The Pistons moved from the Pontiac Silverdome to the brand-new Palace of Auburn Hills before the start of the season , which culminated in the Pistons ' first NBA championship , sweeping the Lakers in four games in a rematch from last year 's NBA Finals and avenging their NBA Finals loss .   The team 's season roster is featured in the video games NBA 2K16 and NBA 2K17 ."}
{"_id": "1994_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Men's_Doubles", "title": "1994 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde were the defending champions and won in the final 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 3 ) , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 against Grant Connell and Patrick Galbraith ."}
{"_id": "1732_in_Great_Britain", "title": "1732 in Great Britain", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1732 in Great Britain ."}
{"_id": "1950_Giro_d'Italia", "title": "1950 Giro d'Italia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Giro d'Italia was the 33rd edition of the Giro d'Italia , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . The Giro started off in Milan on 24 May with a 225 km individual time trial and concluded in Salsomaggiore Terme with a 230 km relatively flat mass-start stage on 13 June . Fifteen teams entered the race , which was won by Swiss Hugo Koblet of the Guerra team . Second and third respectively were Italians Gino Bartali and Alfredo Martini ."}
{"_id": "1989_New_South_Wales_Open_–_Women's_Doubles", "title": "1989 New South Wales Open – Women's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Ann Henricksson and Christiane Jolissaint were the defending champions but only Henricksson competed that year with Gretchen Magers .   Henricksson and Magers lost in the semifinals to Elizabeth Smylie and Wendy Turnbull .   Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver won in the final 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 against Smylie and Turnbull ."}
{"_id": "1978_Constitution_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China", "title": "1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Constitution of the People 's Republic of China was promulgated in 1978 . This was the PRC 's 3rd constitution , and was adopted at the 1st Meeting of the 5th National People 's Congress on March 5 , 1978 , two years after the downfall of the Gang of Four .   The number of articles grew from the 1975 Constitution 's 30 articles to double the amount . The courts and the procurates , which were minimised or dumped altogether in the 1975 Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , were somewhat restored . A number of checks and balances present in the 1954 Constitution , including term limits for party leaders , elections and more independence in the judiciary , were restored .   The 1978 Constitution was the first Constitution in the PRC to touch explicitly on the political status of Taiwan . It said that `` Taiwan is part of China '' and said that the PRC `` must liberate Taiwan , and finish the great task of reunifying the motherland '' . However , in 1979 , the PRC dropped the liberation stance and opted for peaceful reunification instead . Notice the usage of the word `` China '' in the 1978 Constitution ; the 1982 Constitution mentioned that `` Taiwan is a sacred part of the territory of the People 's Republic of China '' instead of just `` China '' .   Citizen rights were also reinstated somewhat . The right to strike was still present , although it would be removed in the 1982 Constitution . However , the required support for the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the socialist system remained as part of citizens ' duties .   However , the Constitution still suffered from the backdrop of the just-gone-by Cultural Revolution . Revolutionary language was still persistent ( such as `` Revolutionary Committees '' ) , although the slogans were gone . The 1978 Constitution survived for four years before being superseded by the current ( 1982 ) Constitution of the People 's Republic of China during the Deng Xiaoping era ."}
{"_id": "1962_Connecticut_Huskies_football_team", "title": "1962 Connecticut Huskies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Connecticut Huskies football team represented the University of Connecticut in the 1962 college football season . The Huskies were led by eleventh year head coach Robert Ingalls , and completed the season with a record of 3 -- 6 ."}
{"_id": "1984_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia", "title": "1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was a series of fourteen rugby union matches played by the New Zealand national rugby union team ( the All Blacks ) in Australia in July and August 1984 . The All Blacks won thirteen games and lost only the first of the three international matches against the Australia national rugby union team . It was the 25th tour of Australia by a New Zealand team .   The previous tour by the All Blacks in Australia was the 1980 tour , while Australia had visited New Zealand on their 1982 tour   The All Blacks won two test matches of three and retained the Bledisloe Cup which they had won in the 1982 series ."}
{"_id": "1985_US_Open_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1985 US Open – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Martina Navratilova was the defending champion , but she was defeated by Hana Mandlíková in the final , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 3 ) , 1 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 2 ) ."}
{"_id": "1920–21_Southern_Football_League", "title": "1920–21 Southern Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 -- 21 season was the 23rd in the history of the Southern League . League was split into two sections , one for English clubs and one for Welsh clubs . The previous season had seen all Division One clubs elected to the Football League to form the new Third Division , leaving ten of the eleven clubs from Division Two ( Caerphilly , who had finished bottom of Division Two , had resigned from the league ) as the sole remaining members , all of which were from Wales . As a result , the league admitted thirteen new clubs from England ( nine of which were reserve teams ) and one from Wales ( Aberdare Athletic ) .   Brighton & Hove Albion reserves won the English section , whilst Barry won the Welsh section . Brighton reserves were declared Southern League champions after defeating Barry in a championship play-off ; after a 1 -- 1 draw at Millwall 's Den stadium , Brighton beat Barry 2 -- 1 after eighty minutes of extra-time in a replay at Cardiff City 's Ninian Park .   Alongside Barry , five other Southern League clubs applied for election to the two places in Division Three South of the Football League . Welsh Section runners-up Aberdare Athletic and the English Section 's eighth-placed club Charlton Athletic won the most votes and joined the League the following season ."}
{"_id": "101st_kilometre", "title": "101st kilometre", "headings": "", "text": "The phrase 101st kilometre ( 101-й километр , sto pervyy kilometr ) is a colloquial name for the law restricting freedom of movement in the Soviet Union . The phrase was first coined after the 1980 Moscow Olympics when all `` undesirable elements '' ( loiterers , prostitutes , alcoholics , etc. ) were forcibly removed beyond the Eastern boundary of the Moscow Oblast , which lay 101 km from Moscow ."}
{"_id": "1973_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1973 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 1973 was the 87th series of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , Ireland 's premier hurling knock-out competition . Limerick won the championship , beating Kilkenny 1-21 to 1-14 in the final at Croke Park , Dublin ."}
{"_id": "1118_Hanskya", "title": "1118 Hanskya", "headings": "", "text": "1118 Hanskya , provisional designation 1927 QD , is a dark asteroid from the asteroid belt , about 77 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered by Russian astronomers Sergey Belyavsky and Nikolaj Ivanov at the Crimean Simeiz Observatory on 29 August 1927 . The asteroid was independently discovered by two other prolific astronomers in the field , namely Karl Reinmuth at the German Heidelberg Observatory -- who observed the body only one day later and announced it first -- and by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory , Uccle on 17 September .   The main-belt asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.1 -- 3.4 AU once every 5 years and 9 months . Its rotation period has been measured to take about hours . It has a low geometric albedo of only 0.047 , according to numerous observations made by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite ( IRAS ) .   It was named in honor of the 25th anniversary of the death of the first astronomer of the Simeiz Observatory , Aleksey Pavlovitch Hansky ."}
{"_id": "1947_Palestine_Cup", "title": "1947 Palestine Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Palestine Cup ( הגביע הארץ-ישראלי , HaGvia HaEretz-Israeli ) was the fifteenth season of Israeli Football Association 's nationwide football cup competition , and the last competed before the declaration of independence of Israel .   The competition reverted to its previous format , of each round decided with a single match . Maccabi Tel Aviv and Beitar Tel Aviv met at a tempestuous final , which was abandoned at the 88th minute , with Maccabi leading 3 -- 2 . After Beitar claimed scoring an equalising goal , which was n't given , the crowd stormed the pitch and Beitar player Yom-Tov Menasherov took the cup and escaped the pitch with it undetected by the authorities ."}
{"_id": "1953–54_Rheinlandliga", "title": "1953–54 Rheinlandliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 -- 54 Rheinlandliga was the second season of the highest amateur class of the Rhineland Football Association under the name of 1 . Amateurliga Rheinland . It was a predecessor of today 's Rheinlandliga .   The 1 . Amateurliga was below II . Division Southwest until 1963 and therefore the third-class in the hierarchy . In the seasons 1956 -- 57 to 1962 -- 63 the league was played in two divisions ( East and West ) . The two division champions played to determine the Rhineland champion . With the introduction of the regional league Southwest as second highest class , starting in the 1963 -- 64 season , the Amateur league Rheinland was again combined into one division . Beginning in the 1974 -- 75 season , the league played a role as a sub-team to the newly introduced 2 . Bundesliga , where the Rhineland champion played in a relegation against the champion of the Verbandsliga Südwest and the Saarlandliga , for a position in the south divisions of the 2 . Bundesliga . Starting from the 1978 -- 79 season , the Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar was introduced as the highest amateur class and this class was renamed to the `` Verbandsliga Rheinland '' and since then only fourth class ."}
{"_id": "1936_São_Paulo_FC_season", "title": "1936 São Paulo FC season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 football season was São Paulo 's 7th season since club 's existence ."}
{"_id": "109_Virginis", "title": "109 Virginis", "headings": "", "text": "109 Virginis is the seventh-brightest star in the constellation Virgo .   109 Virginis is a white A-type main sequence dwarf with an apparent magnitude of +3.73 . It is approximately 129 light years from Earth . This star has 2.3 times the mass of the Sun and 1.7 times the Sun 's radius . It shines with 23 times the luminosity of the Sun , with the energy being radiated from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 9,820 K."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Liga_Nacional_de_Fútbol_Femenino", "title": "1999–2000 Liga Nacional de Fútbol Femenino", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 Liga Nacional de Fútbol Femenino was the 12th season of the Spanish women 's football first division . Irex Puebla won its first title ."}
{"_id": "1700s_in_archaeology", "title": "1700s in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The decade of the 1700s in archaeology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1890–91_FA_Cup_qualifying_rounds", "title": "1890–91 FA Cup qualifying rounds", "headings": "", "text": "This was the third season where the FA Cup , or the Football Association Challenge Cup , used a series of qualifying rounds in order to determine qualifiers for the actual Cup competition itself and the first season that a Preliminary Round was used .   See 1890 -- 91 FA Cup for details of the rounds from the First Round onwards ."}
{"_id": "1933_in_Japan", "title": "1933 in Japan", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1933 in Japan ."}
{"_id": "1977_President's_Cup_Football_Tournament", "title": "1977 President's Cup Football Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "1977 President 's Cup was the seventh competition of President 's Cup . The competition was held from 3 September 1977 to 15 September 1977 . The tournament was won by São Paulo state under-21 team for the second time , who defeated Korea Republic in the final ."}
{"_id": "1953_Open_Championship", "title": "1953 Open Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 Open Championship was the 82nd Open Championship , held 8 -- 10 July at the Carnoustie Golf Links in Carnoustie , Angus , Scotland . In his only Open Championship appearance , Ben Hogan prevailed by four strokes over four runners-up to win his third major championship of the year .   The total prize money was increased by nearly fifty percent , from # 1,700 to # 2,500 . The winner received # 500 , with # 300 for second , # 200 for third , # 100 for fourth , # 75 for fifth , # 30 for next 20 , and then # 25 each for the remaining players . There was also a # 15 prize for winning the qualification event and four # 15 prizes for the lowest score in each round . The purse of # 2,500 ( $ 7,000 ) and the winner 's share of # 500 ( $ 1,400 ) , were less than one-third that of the U.S. Open or PGA Championship in 1953 .   Qualifying took place on 6 -- 7 July , Monday and Tuesday , with 18 holes each on the Championship and Burnside courses . The number of qualifiers was limited to a maximum of 100 , and ties for 100th place would not qualify . On Monday , John Panton led the qualifiers on the Championship course after a 69 while Bobby Locke scored 65 on the Burnside course . Locke 's scored 71 on the second day and a total of 136 put him five shots ahead of the rest . Panton and Christy O'Connor were next on 141 , and Hogan qualified comfortably on 145 . Peter Thomson , the 1952 runner-up , only just qualified on 154 after taking 80 on the Championship course . The qualifying score was 154 and 91 players advanced .   Hogan , with the Masters and U.S. Open titles , made the trip across the Atlantic for the Open Championship for the only time . He arrived at Carnoustie two weeks early to practice with the smaller British golf ball .   The policy of requiring all players to qualify , the small purse , the lengthy ocean voyage , and the conflict of schedule with the PGA Championship kept all but a few Americans at home ; only four qualified for the first round on Wednesday , and three made the 36-hole cut to play the final two rounds on Friday . A maximum of 50 players could make the cut after 36 holes , and ties for 50th place were not included ; it was at 154 ( +10 ) and 49 advanced to the final two rounds .   Although the field of 91 that qualified was mostly British , a strong international contingent stood ready to challenge Hogan , including fellow Americans Lloyd Mangrum and Frank Stranahan , Thomson of Australia , Antonio Cerdá and Roberto De Vicenzo of Argentina , and Locke of South Africa , the defending champion .   The Open Championship was Hogan 's third major title of the year , but the modern Grand Slam was not possible , as the PGA Championship conflicted with the Open in 1953 ; the final match ( 36 holes ) of the seven-day PGA Championship was played near Detroit on Tuesday , 7 July . After his automobile accident in 1949 , Hogan did not enter the PGA Championship until 1960 , after it became a stroke play event . He had won the PGA Championship in 1946 and 1948 before the accident .   Hogan did not play in another Open Championship , although he did make a lasting impression on Carnoustie . The par-5 6th hole features a split fairway , with the right side being safer but the left offering a better angle to the green . Hogan found the narrow left side in each of the four rounds , and that hole is now known as `` Hogan 's Alley . ''   Hogan remains the only player to win the Masters , U.S. Open , and Open Championship in the same calendar year . After winning the first two majors of the year , Arnold Palmer ( 1960 ) and Jack Nicklaus ( 1972 ) were runners-up by a stroke . Tiger Woods won the Masters and U.S. Open in 2002 , but shot 81-65 on the weekend to finish six strokes back at Muirfield , tied for 28th place . At St. Andrews in 2015 , Jordan Spieth bogeyed the 71st hole ( Road ) and missed a three-man playoff by one stroke ."}
{"_id": "1995_Kashiwa_Reysol_season", "title": "1995 Kashiwa Reysol season", "headings": "", "text": "1995 Kashiwa Reysol season"}
{"_id": "1992_New_Zealand_rugby_league_season", "title": "1992 New Zealand rugby league season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 New Zealand rugby league season was the 85th season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand . The main feature of the year was the National Provincial Competition that was won by Auckland ."}
{"_id": "1970_California_Golden_Bears_football_team", "title": "1970 California Golden Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley in the Pacific-8 Conference ( Pac-8 ) during the 1970 college football season . In their seventh year under head coach Ray Willsey , the Golden Bears compiled a 6 -- 5 record ( 4 -- 3 against Pac-8 opponents ) , finished in a tie for second place in the Pac-8 , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 272 to 249 .   The team 's statistical leaders included Dave Penhall with 1,785 passing yards , Stan Murphy with 603 rushing yards , and Steve Sweeney with 679 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1989_Benson_&_Hedges_Championships_–_Doubles", "title": "1989 Benson & Hedges Championships – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Ken Flach and Robert Seguso were the defending champions but lost in the quarterfinals to Jeremy Bates and Kevin Curren .   Jakob Hlasek and John McEnroe won in the final 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 against Bates and Curren ."}
{"_id": "10:_1993–2003_–_Ten_Years_Of", "title": "10: 1993–2003 – Ten Years Of", "headings": "", "text": "10 : 1993 -- 2003 -- Ten Years Of is a compilation album by K 's Choice released in 2003 . It peaked at position 9 in the Belgian and at 73 in the Dutch album charts ."}
{"_id": "1991_Rugby_World_Cup_–_European_qualification", "title": "1991 Rugby World Cup – European qualification", "headings": "", "text": "In 1989-1990 , 14 European teams competed for the two available positions in the 1991 Rugby World Cup ."}
{"_id": "1910_World_Allround_Speed_Skating_Championships", "title": "1910 World Allround Speed Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 World Allround Speed Skating Championships took place on 5 and 6 March 1910 at the ice rink Pohjoissatama in Helsinki , Finland .   Oscar Mathisen was the defending champion .  Nikolay Strunnikov had the fewest points awarded and became world champion ."}
{"_id": "1884_Ottawa_Hockey_Club_season", "title": "1884 Ottawa Hockey Club season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1884 Ottawa Hockey Club season was the club 's first season of play . The club had formed the previous March and now was playing a season against other clubs . They played in red and black striped sweaters ."}
{"_id": "156th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry", "title": "156th New York Volunteer Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 156th New York Volunteer Infantry ( aka , `` Mountain Legion '' ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1916_Boreas", "title": "1916 Boreas", "headings": "", "text": "1916 Boreas , provisional designation , is an eccentric , stony Amor asteroid discovered on 1 September 1953 , by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle . The asteroid was observed for 2 months and then with time became a lost asteroid . It was recovered in 1974 by Richard Eugene McCrosky , G. Schwartz and JH Bulger based on a predicted position by Brian G. Marsden .   The near-Earth asteroid measures about 3 to 4 kilometers in diameter . It has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.25 AU . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.2 -- 3.3 AU once every 3 years and 5 months ( 1,251 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.45 and an inclination of 13 ° with respect to the ecliptic .   It takes 3.5 hours to rotate once around its axis and has an albedo of 0.20 , as assumed by the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link . Its stony composition ( S-type ) is one of the most common ones among asteroids .   This minor planet is named after the Greek god of the north wind , Boreas , as the asteroid was discovered moving rapidly northward after passing the ascending node of its orbit . Naming citation was published on 8 April 1982 ."}
{"_id": "1977–78_Ekstraklasa", "title": "1977–78 Ekstraklasa", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Ekstraklasa in the 1977 -- 78 season ."}
{"_id": "1671_in_paleontology", "title": "1671 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": "Martin Lister , a member of London 's Royal Society declares that despite their appearances , fossils were never part of any animals ."}
{"_id": "1759_in_science", "title": "1759 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1759 in science and technology involved several significant events ."}
{"_id": "1991_CONCACAF_U-17_Tournament", "title": "1991 CONCACAF U-17 Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 CONCACAF U-17 Championship was a North American international association football tournament , it determined the 1991 FIFA U-17 World Championship entrants from the CONCACAF region . The 1991 edition of the competition was held in Trinidad and Tobago , the second consecutive tournament to be held on the twin island nation ."}
{"_id": "1999_Meath_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1999 Meath Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Meath Senior Football Championship was the 107th edition of the Meath GAA 's premier club Gaelic football tournament for senior graded teams in County Meath , Ireland . The tournament consists of 16 teams , with the winner going on to represent Meath in the Leinster Senior Club Football Championship . The championship starts with a group stage and then progresses to a knock out stage .   St. Peter 's Dunboyne were the defending champions after they defeated Oldcastle in the previous years final , however in this year 's campaign they failed to progress past the group phase . They were chosen to represent Meath in the 1999 Leinster Senior Club Football Championship as the Meath SFC was still ongoing by the first round of the Leinster Club SFC at the beginning of November .   Blackhall Gaels were promoted after claiming the 1998 Meath Intermediate Football Championship title , their first Intermediate win and hence their first period as a Senior club .   On 21 November 2000 , Skryne claimed their 11th Senior Championship title with a 1-12 to 0-8 win over Dunshaughlin in the final . Mick O'Dowd raised the Keegan Cup for Skryne while All-Star Trevor Giles claimed the ` Man of the Match ' award .   This year , automatic promotion and relegation were introduced to the Meath SFC and IFC . This means that clubs in the top two grades can no longer afford to lose a few championship games without putting their status in serious peril . In bygone times , when clubs had to apply for demotion , the championship had stagnated , leading to the non-fulfillment of fixtures as the competitions meandered towards their conclusions . Carnaross and Slane were the first clubs to feel the wrath of relegation . Carnaross were relegated after 6 years in the senior grade while Slane were relegated after 15 years as a senior club ."}
{"_id": "1958_Claxton_Shield", "title": "1958 Claxton Shield", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Claxton Shield was the 19th annual Claxton Shield , and was held in Brisbane . The participants were South Australia , New South Wales , Victoria , Western Australia and Queensland . The series was won by Victoria claiming their sixth Shield title ."}
{"_id": "1924_Dartmouth_Indians_football_team", "title": "1924 Dartmouth Indians football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 Dartmouth Indians football team represented Dartmouth College in the 1924 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1962_County_Championship", "title": "1962 County Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 County Championship was the 63rd officially organised running of the County Championship . Yorkshire won the Championship title ."}
{"_id": "1824_in_Norway", "title": "1824 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1936_Philadelphia_Eagles_season", "title": "1936 Philadelphia Eagles season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 Philadelphia Eagles season was their fourth in the league . The team failed to improve on their previous output of 2 -- 9 , winning only one game . Being shut out in six of their twelve games , the team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the fourth consecutive season ."}
{"_id": "1708_in_Ireland", "title": "1708 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1708 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": ".mobi", "title": ".mobi", "headings": "", "text": "The domain name mobi is a top-level domain ( TLD ) in the Domain Name System of the Internet . Its name is derived from the adjective mobile , indicating it is used by mobile devices for accessing Internet resources via the Mobile Web .   The domain was approved by ICANN on 11 July 2005 , and is managed by the mTLD global registry . It was originally financially backed and sponsored by Google , Microsoft , Nokia , Samsung , Ericsson , Vodafone , T-Mobile , Telefónica Móviles , Telecom Italia Mobile , Orascom Telecom , GSM Association , Hutchison Whampoa , Syniverse Technologies , and Visa , with an executive from each company serving on mTLD 's board of directors .   In February 2010 , Afilias acquired mTLD Top-Level Domain Ltd. ( known publicly as `` dotMobi '' ) ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Israel_State_Cup", "title": "1990–91 Israel State Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 Israel State Cup ( גביע המדינה , Gvia HaMedina ) was the 52nd season of Israel 's nationwide football cup competition and the 37th after the Israeli Declaration of Independence .   The competition was won by Maccabi Haifa who have beaten Hapoel Petah Tikva 3 -- 1 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1999_Pakistani_coup_d'état", "title": "1999 Pakistani coup d'état", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Pakistani coup d'état was a bloodless coup d'état in which the Pakistan Army and then-Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee , General Pervez Musharraf , seized the control of the civilian government of publicly elected Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on 12 October 1999 . Two days into seizing the government , on 14 October 1999 , General Musharraf , who then-acted as the country 's Chief Executive , declared a state of emergency by issuing a Provisional Constitutional Order that suspended the writ of the Constitution of Pakistan .   The martial law occurred due to meltdown of civil-military relations and the simmering tensions between the Prime Minister Sharif and Chairman joint chiefs General Musharraf as Sharif attempted to relieved General Musharraf , who was en route to Pakistan from Sri Lanka after paying an official visit . Instead , General Ziauddin Butt , then-DG ISI , was appointed army chief and the Joint Staff HQ refused to follow the orders of new army chief and the commanders of the army corps decided to defend General Musharraf by having launched an order to arrest and detained to pre-empt Pakistani spymaster Ziauddin Butt from taking the control of the military . The pace of the coup startled the observers , within 17 hours , from attempting to relieved General Musharraf by Prime Minister Sharif , the army commanders took control of all key government secretariats throughout the country while placing the Prime Minister Sharif and his civilian cabinet , including his brother under house arrest . The military police took control of the state broadcaster , radio , and the entire critical communications infrastructure and announced that Nawaz Sharif had been dismissed .   The Supreme Court of Pakistan led by Chief Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui validated the martial law in a view of `` doctrine of necessity '' but provided its legality only limited to three years . Meanwhile , Sharif was trialed by the judge advocate general court and convicted him for risking the life of all the passengers on board including the sitting Chairman joint chiefs . The military court later in their findings decided that all allegations are fact based and Sharif was actually involved in aerial hijacking and it was he , who ordered , the Pakistan CAA for not letting the plane land on Pakistani soil ; eventually , the judge advocate general awarding Sharif the life imprisonment .   When the decision was announced , it sparked fury in Sharif 's PML ( N ) but welcomed by many of his political opponents . By mid-November 1999 , a petition was filed by the PML ( N ) 's leadership , challenging the legality of the coup , proclamation of state emergency , and demanding the release of Sharif as well as reinstating the writ of the constitution . In 2000 , the Supreme Court of Pakistan led by Chief Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui viewed this coup as a `` violation of constitution '' and subsequently resigned , only to be replaced by acting Chief Justice Irshad Hasan who acted towards validating the coup as constitutional after hearing the case .   On 10 December 2000 , Chief Executive Pervez Musharraf unexpectedly issued a pardon of Nawaz Sharif and allowed the immediate members of former first family to travel to Saudi Arabia on a private jet provided by the Saudi Royal Family . In 2016 , Musharraf later confessed in an interview given to Kamran Shahid of Dunya that `` he pardoned Nawaz Sharif from life imprisonment on the request of Kind Abdullah and Rafic Hariri . ''   In 2001 , General Musharraf issued the executive decree and eventually forced President Rafiq Tarar to resign in order for General Musharraf to assume the presidency . In the light of Supreme Court 's verdict , the national referendum was held on 30 April 2002 , allowing himself to continue his rule . The controversial referendum , which Musharraf won with almost 98 % of the votes in his favour , was alleged by many , including the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan , to be fraudulent . In 2002 , the general elections restored the democracy when the Musharraf-backed PML ( Q ) , the libertarians , were able to form the minority government who would later nominate General Musharraf 's for the presidential elections held in 2004 . In 2007 , President Musharraf eventually imposed another martial law by having suspend the populist Chief Justice IM Chaudhry , leveling charges on corruption and misconduct . Unlike the earlier martial law , Musharraf was widely disapproved , inviting the mass demonstration led by Nawaz Sharif , and eventually resigned in an attempt to avoid impeachment in the Parliament .   In 2009 , the Supreme Court acquitted Sharif of hijacking case and quoted that : `` Mr. Sharif had neither used force nor ordered its use or employed deceitful mean . '' In 2014 , Sharif was also acquitted from money laundering and corruption cases from an accountability court .   According to the historian , Mazhar Aziz , the 1999 coup d'état in Pakistan makes a `` striking example in the case study of civil military relations '' in a post -- Cold War era ."}
{"_id": "1943_NFL_playoffs", "title": "1943 NFL playoffs", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 National Football League season resulted in a tie for the Eastern Division championship between the New York Giants and Washington Redskins , requiring a one-game playoff to be played between them . This division championship game was played on December 19 , 1943 , at the Polo Grounds . The winner of that game then traveled to Chicago to play in the championship game against the Chicago Bears on December 26 ."}
{"_id": "1902_College_Football_All-Southern_Team", "title": "1902 College Football All-Southern Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1902 College Football All-Southern Team consists of American football players selected to the College Football All-Southern Teams selected by various organizations for the 1902 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season . Clemson won the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SIAA ) championship , though Virginia was often ranked as best team in the south .   Fuzzy Woodruff 's A History of Southern Football records the first All-Southern team as in 1902 . Woodruff relates `` The first selections that had any pretense of being backed by a judicial consideration were made by W. Reynolds Tichenor , old-time Auburn quarterback , who had kept in intimate contact with football through being a sought after official . ''"}
{"_id": "12th_National_Hockey_League_All-Star_Game", "title": "12th National Hockey League All-Star Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th National Hockey League All-Star Game took place at the Montreal Forum on October 4 , 1958 . The hometown Montreal Canadiens defeated the NHL All-Stars 6 -- 3 ."}
{"_id": "1884_in_the_United_States", "title": "1884 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1884 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1595_in_Norway", "title": "1595 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1595 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1994_Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons_football_team", "title": "1994 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their second season under head coach Jim Caldwell , the Demon Deacons compiled a 3 -- 8 record and finished in eighth place in the Atlantic Coast Conference ."}
{"_id": "1-alkylglycerophosphocholine_O-acyltransferase", "title": "1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase", "headings": "", "text": "In enzymology , a 1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   acyl-CoA + 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine CoA + 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine   Thus , the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine , whereas its two products are CoA and 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine .   This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases , specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups . The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA :1 - alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase . This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism ."}
{"_id": "138_(number)", "title": "138 (number)", "headings": "", "text": "138 ( one hundred -LSB- and -RSB- thirty-eight ) is the natural number following 137 and preceding 139 ."}
{"_id": "1991_San_Marino_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1991 San Marino motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 San Marino motorcycle Grand Prix was the twelfth round of the 1991 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on the weekend of 16 -- 18 August 1991 at the Mugello Circuit ."}
{"_id": "1976_Detroit_Lions_season", "title": "1976 Detroit Lions season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Detroit Lions season was the 47th season in franchise history . After the first four games of the season , Rick Forzano resigned under pressure of owner William Clay Ford , and was replaced by one time BYU head coach and Lions assistant Tommy Hudspeth . In spite of a stellar season by quarterback Greg Landry , that year 's NFL Comeback Player Of The Year , the team was still mired in mediocrity , fininsing 6 -- 8 ."}
{"_id": "1985_Epsom_Derby", "title": "1985 Epsom Derby", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Epsom Derby ( known as the Ever Ready Derby for sponsorship reasons ) was the 206th annual running of the Derby horse race . It took place at Epsom Downs Racecourse on 5 June 1985 .   The race was won by Lord Howard de Walden 's Slip Anchor , at odds of 9/4 ridden by jockey Steve Cauthen and trained at Newmarket by Henry Cecil . The win was a first success in the race for owner , trainer and jockey . Cauthen became the first man to ride the winners of both the Kentucky Derby and the Epsom Derby ."}
{"_id": "1954_U.S._Women's_Open_Golf_Championship", "title": "1954 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 U.S. Women 's Open Golf Championship was the ninth U.S. Women 's Open , held July 1 -- 3 at Salem Country Club in Peabody , Massachusetts . It was the second conducted by the United States Golf Association ( USGA ) .   Babe Zaharias won her third U.S. Women 's Open , twelve strokes ahead of runner-up Betty Hicks , a record victory margin which still stands . It was the last of her ten major championships and her final U.S. Women 's Open as a competitor .   Zaharias missed the event in 1953 while recovering from surgery for colon cancer . She did not defend in 1955 due to back surgery , which discovered that cancer had recurred near her sacrum and she died in September 1956 at age 45 .   Future four-time champion Mickey Wright , age 19 , was the low amateur and tied for fourth place . She was paired with Zaharias on Saturday for the final two rounds and impressed the three-time champion ."}
{"_id": "1988_Little_League_World_Series", "title": "1988 Little League World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Little League World Series took place between August 23 and August 27 in Williamsport , Pennsylvania . The Taiping Little League of Taichung , Chinese Taipei ( Taiwan ) defeated the Pearl City Little League of Pearl City , Hawaii in the championship game of the 42nd Little League World Series ."}
{"_id": "1691_in_France", "title": "1691 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1691 in France"}
{"_id": "1858_in_art", "title": "1858 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1858 in art ."}
{"_id": "1930_Maryland_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1930 Maryland Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 Maryland Aggies football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1930 college football season . In their 20th season under head coach Curley Byrd , the Aggies compiled a 7 -- 5 record ( 4 -- 2 in conference ) , finished in sixth place in the Southern Conference , and outscored their opponents 231 to 142 ."}
{"_id": "1982_in_science", "title": "1982 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1982 in science and technology involved many significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "1983_Benson_&_Hedges_Championships", "title": "1983 Benson & Hedges Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Benson & Hedges Championships was a men 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Wembley Arena in London in England that was part of the 1983 Volvo Grand Prix . The tournament was held from November 7 through November 12 , 1983 ."}
{"_id": "1713_in_Canada", "title": "1713 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1713 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1978_1._deild_karla", "title": "1978 1. deild karla", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 season of 1 . deild karla was the 24th season of second-tier football in Iceland . It is notable for being the only season KR have spent outside the top tier ."}
{"_id": "1991_Calder_Cup_playoffs", "title": "1991 Calder Cup playoffs", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Calder Cup playoffs of the American Hockey League began on April 2 , 1991 . Ten teams , five from each division , qualified for the playoffs . The top three teams in each division received a bye for the preliminary round while the fourth - and fifth-placed teams in each division played a two-game series with the winners advancing to the Division Semifinals ; if each team won one game , the series winner was decided in sudden-death `` super overtime '' immediately following Game 2 . The eight remaining teams then played best-of-seven series for Division Semifinals and Division Finals . The division champions played a best-of-seven series for the Calder Cup . The Calder Cup Final ended on May 24 , 1991 , with the Springfield Indians defeating the Rochester Americans four games to two to win the Calder Cup for the second consecutive year , and the seventh and final time in team history . This was a rematch of the 1990 Calder Cup Final where Springfield defeated Rochester four games to two . Similarly , a Springfield goaltender -- this time Kay Whitmore -- won the Jack A. Butterfield Trophy as the MVP of the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "18th_Pomeranian_Uhlan_Regiment", "title": "18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment ( Polish language : 18 Pulk Ulanów Pomorskich , 18 p.ul . ) was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic . Formed in April 1919 in Poznan , it fought in the Polish-Soviet War and the Invasion of Poland . In the interbellum period , the regiment was garrisoned in Grudziadz ( since September 1923 ) . Pomeranian uhlans became famous for the legendary Charge at Krojanty , after which the unit ceased to exist ."}
{"_id": "1805_in_South_Africa", "title": "1805 in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __"}
{"_id": "1934–35_FC_Barcelona_season", "title": "1934–35 FC Barcelona season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 -- 35 season is FC Barcelona 's 36th in existence . It covers the period from August 1 , 1934 to July 31 , 1935 .   After two years without winnign a title , FC Barcelona won the Catalan League for the 19th time ."}
{"_id": "12th_Iowa_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment", "title": "12th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Regiment Iowa Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_Inter_Milan_season", "title": "1986–87 Inter Milan season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1986_NCAA_Division_I_Women's_Soccer_Tournament", "title": "1986 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 NCAA Division I Women 's Soccer Tournament was the fifth annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA women 's collegiate soccer . The championship game was played again at George Mason Stadium in Fairfax , Virginia during December 1986 .   North Carolina defeated Colorado College in the final , 2 -- 0 , to win their fourth national title . Coached by Anson Dorrance , the Tar Heels finished the season 23 -- 0 -- 1 . This would go on to become the first of North Carolina 's record nine consecutive national titles ( 1986 -- 1994 ) .   The Most Outstanding Player was April Heinrichs from North Carolina . An All-Tournament Team , consisting of five players , was also named . Henrichs was also the tournament 's leading scorer ( 4 goals ) ."}
{"_id": "1987_Stockholm_Open", "title": "1987 Stockholm Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Stockholm Open was a tennis tournament played on hard courts and part of the 1987 Nabisco Grand Prix ; the tournament took place in Stockholm , Sweden . The tournament was held from November 2 through November 8 , 1987 ."}
{"_id": "1957–58_United_States_network_television_schedule_(weekday)", "title": "1957–58 United States network television schedule (weekday)", "headings": "", "text": "Following are the programs on the 1957 -- 1958 United States network television weekday schedule , listing daytime Monday -- Friday schedules on three networks for each calendar season beginning September 1957 . All times are Eastern and Pacific .   Talk shows are highlighted in yellow , local programming is white , reruns of prime-time programming are orange , game shows are pink , soap operas are chartreuse , news programs are gold and all others are light blue . New series are highlighted in bold ."}
{"_id": "1977_U.S._Pro_Indoor_–_Singles", "title": "1977 U.S. Pro Indoor – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Jimmy Connors was the defending champion , but lost in the final this year .   Dick Stockton won the title , beating Connors 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1969_South_Pacific_Games", "title": "1969 South Pacific Games", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 South Pacific Games , held from 13 -- 23 August 1969 at Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea , was the third edition of the South Pacific Games . A total of 1,150 athletes participated in the games ."}
{"_id": "1992_California_Golden_Bears_football_team", "title": "1992 California Golden Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley in the Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10 ) during the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their first year under head coach Keith Gilbertson , the Golden Bears compiled a 4 -- 7 record ( 2 -- 6 against Pac-10 opponents ) , finished in ninth place in the Pac-10 , scored 284 points , and allowed 284 points .   The team 's statistical leaders included Dave Barr with 2,343 passing yards , Russell White with 1,069 rushing yards , and Sean Dawkins with 1,070 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1994_Milan_Indoor", "title": "1994 Milan Indoor", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Milan Indoor was an ATP tournament held in Milan , Italy . The tournament was played on indoor carpet and was held from 7 to 13 February . Boris Becker won his first title of the year , and 39th of his career . It was his 4th win at Milan ."}
{"_id": "1994_Washington_Huskies_football_team", "title": "1994 Washington Huskies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season . In its second season under head coach Jim Lambright , the team compiled a 7 -- 4 record , finished in fourth place in the Pacific-10 Conference , and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 295 to 233 . For the second consecutive year , Napoleon Kaufman was selected as the team 's most valuable player . Kaufman , Mark Bruener , David Killpatrick , and Donovan Schmidt were the team captains ."}
{"_id": "1865_in_Denmark", "title": "1865 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1865 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1_and_2_Tai_Cochion", "title": "1 and 2 Tai Cochion", "headings": "", "text": "1 and 2 Tai Cochion consists of a pair of joined cottages in the village of Nannerch , Flintshire , Wales . Each of the cottages is designated by Cadw as a Grade II listed building . They were built for the railway engineer William Barber Buddicom in 1877 -- 88 and designed by the Chester architect John Douglas .   The cottages are built in brick in vernacular revival style with tiled hipped roofs . Each is a mirror image of the other and they share a central chimney stack ; the cottages are divided by a buttress in the lower storey . They have gables containing a lozenge pattern in the brickwork . Both cottages have rear extensions added in the 20th century ."}
{"_id": "1995_European_Road_Championships", "title": "1995 European Road Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 European Road Championships were held in Trutnov , the Czech Republic , in the last weekend of August 1995 . These European Road Championships were the first regulated by the European Cycling Union . The event consisted of a road race for men and women under 23 ."}
{"_id": "1939_All-Southern_Conference_football_team", "title": "1939 All-Southern Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 All-Southern Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by the Associated Press ( AP ) and United Press ( UP ) for the All-Southern Conference football team for the 1939 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1956_Los_Angeles_Rams_season", "title": "1956 Los Angeles Rams season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Los Angeles Rams season was the team 's 19th year with the National Football League and the 11th season in Los Angeles ."}
{"_id": "1971–72_Scottish_Cup", "title": "1971–72 Scottish Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 -- 72 Scottish Cup was the 87th staging of Scotland 's most prestigious football knockout competition . The Cup was won by Celtic who defeated Hibernian in the final ."}
{"_id": "1977_Pot_Black", "title": "1977 Pot Black", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Pot Black was a professional invitational snooker tournament , which was held in the Pebble Mill Studios in Birmingham , and this year , the tournament expanded from 8 to 12 players . All matches were one-frame shoot-outs .   Broadcasts were on BBC2 and started at 21:00 on Friday 7 January 1977 Alan Weeks presented the programme with Ted Lowe as commentator and Sydney Lee as referee .   With 12 players now competing in this series , The round robin format has now become 4 groups of 3 players . The two debutants Perrie Mans and Doug Mountjoy faced each other in the final which Mans won 90-21"}
{"_id": "1410_AM", "title": "1410 AM", "headings": "", "text": "The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1410 kHz : The Federal Communications Commission classifies 1410 AM as a regional frequency in the United States ."}
{"_id": "\"A\"_Is_for_Alibi", "title": "\"A\" Is for Alibi", "headings": "", "text": "`` A '' Is for Alibi is crime writer Sue Grafton 's debut mystery novel in the Kinsey Millhone `` Alphabet mystery '' series , first published in 1982 . The novel is set in the fictional southern California city of Santa Teresa , based on Santa Barbara . Grafton admits she conceived the story on her own `` fantasies '' of murdering her then husband while going through a divorce . The choice of murder by substituting the contents of an antihistamine tablet with crushed oleander meant that an alibi held no value because the contents of the tablet could have been switched a considerable time earlier than the victim actually swallowed the tablet .   The first printing of `` A '' Is for Alibi was 7,500 copies , with sales of about 6,000 ."}
{"_id": "1970_in_Norwegian_music", "title": "1970 in Norwegian music", "headings": "", "text": "The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1970 in Norwegian music ."}
{"_id": "1973_Scottish_League_Cup_Final", "title": "1973 Scottish League Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Scottish League Cup Final was played on 15 December 1973 and was the final of the 28th Scottish League Cup competition . It was contested by Dundee and Celtic . Dundee won the match 1 -- 0 , with Gordon Wallace scoring the winning goal ."}
{"_id": "1991_American_League_Championship_Series", "title": "1991 American League Championship Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 American League Championship Series was played between the Minnesota Twins and the Toronto Blue Jays from October 8 to 13 . The Twins defeated the favored Blue Jays , winning the Series four games to one . Minnesota would go on to face ( and ultimately defeat ) the Atlanta Braves in seven games in 1991 World Series , ranked by ESPN as the greatest ever played .   This was the first postseason series played entirely indoors , as both teams played in domed stadiums .   Minnesota outfielder Kirby Puckett was named the Series MVP , based on his .429 batting average , two home runs , and five RBI ."}
{"_id": "154th_Division", "title": "154th Division", "headings": "", "text": "154th Division or 154th Infantry Division may refer to :   154th Division ( Imperial Japanese Army )  Italian 154th Garrison Division"}
{"_id": "1996_New_York_Yankees_season", "title": "1996 New York Yankees season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 New York Yankees season was the 94th season for the Yankees . The 1996 New York Yankees were managed by Joe Torre , and played at Yankee Stadium in the Bronx .   The team finished first in the American League Eastern Division with a record of 92 -- 70 , 4 games ahead of the Baltimore Orioles and won their first division title since 1981 ( the 1994 team had the best record in the American League , but the strike took it away ) . The team defeated the Texas Rangers in the American League Division Series , three games to one . The Yankees went on to defeat the Orioles in the American League Championship Series four games to one .   In the 1996 World Series the Yankees beat the National League champion Atlanta Braves four games to two , winning four consecutive games to overcome a two-games-to-none deficit . The Yankees earned their 23rd World Series title and their first since 1978 ."}
{"_id": "1944_Brooklyn_Dodgers_season", "title": "1944 Brooklyn Dodgers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 Brooklyn Dodgers saw constant roster turnover as players left for service in World War II . The team finished the season in seventh place in the National League ."}
{"_id": "1924_TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_team", "title": "1924 TCU Horned Frogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University ( TCU ) in the 1924 college football season . The Horned Frogs finished the season 4 -- 5 overall and 1 -- 5 in the Southwest Conference . The team was coached by Matty Bell in his second year as head coach . The Frogs played their home games at Clark Field , which was located on campus in Fort Worth , Texas ."}
{"_id": "1913_Asmara_earthquake", "title": "1913 Asmara earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 Asmara earthquake took place outside Asmara , Eritrea on 27 February . The data as to the magnitude of the earthquake is imprecise due to the frequency and magnitude of aftershocks , but a maximum felt intensity of VI ( Strong ) on the Mercalli intensity scale was recorded at Asmara . The `` felt '' area of the earthquake extended into Northern Ethiopia as well as Kassala in Sudan . The earthquake caused significant damage in Asmara ( VI ) , Keren ( IV ) , Massawa ( V ) and Adi Ugri ( V ) ."}
{"_id": "1999_Copa_CONMEBOL", "title": "1999 Copa CONMEBOL", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Copa CONMEBOL was the eighth edition of CONMEBOL 's annual club tournament . Teams that failed to qualify for the Copa Libertadores played in this tournament . Fourteen teams from nine South American football confederations ( Uruguay sent no representatives ) qualified for this tournament . Talleres defeated CSA in the finals ."}
{"_id": "1_Train_(song)", "title": "1 Train (song)", "headings": "", "text": "`` 1 Train '' is a song by American hip hop recording artist ASAP Rocky from his debut studio album , Long . Live . ASAP ( 2013 ) . The song was produced by Hit-Boy , and features additional verses from fellow American rappers Kendrick Lamar , Joey Badass , Yelawolf , Danny Brown , Action Bronson and Big K.R.I.T. . The song is a posse cut created to feel like an `` original '90s underground track . '' Upon the release of the album , high downloads resulted in the song peaking at number three on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart ."}
{"_id": "1997_Big_Ten_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "title": "1997 Big Ten Conference Baseball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Big Ten Conference Baseball Tournament was held at Ray Fisher Stadium on the campus of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor , Michigan from May 15 through 19 . The top four teams from the regular season participated in the double-elimination tournament , the seventeenth annual tournament sponsored by the Big Ten Conference to determine the league champion . won their fourth tournament championship and earned the Big Ten Conference 's automatic bid to the 1997 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament ."}
{"_id": "19_Kislev", "title": "19 Kislev", "headings": "", "text": "The 19 Kislev refers to the 19th day of the Jewish month of Kislev ."}
{"_id": "1894_in_India", "title": "1894 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1894 in India ."}
{"_id": "(Love_Is)_The_Tender_Trap", "title": "(Love Is) The Tender Trap", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( Love Is ) The Tender Trap '' is a popular song composed by Jimmy Van Heusen , with lyrics by Sammy Cahn .   It was written for the 1955 film The Tender Trap , where it was introduced by Debbie Reynolds and Frank Sinatra , who each sing the song separately . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song , but lost to `` Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing '' from the movie of the same name .   The song became a huge hit in the United Kingdom , peaking at no. 2 in February 1956 . It reached no. 23 in the US charts ."}
{"_id": "10th_Anniversary_Show:_Young_Wolves_Rising", "title": "10th Anniversary Show: Young Wolves Rising", "headings": "", "text": "10th Anniversary Show : Young Wolves Rising was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the Ring of Honor ( ROH ) promotion , that took place on March 4 , 2012 at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City . It was the tenth `` Anniversary Show '' and the first event in the 2012 ROH PPV schedule ."}
{"_id": "1917_Furman_Purple_Hurricane_football_team", "title": "1917 Furman Purple Hurricane football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 Furman Purple Hurricane football team represented the Furman Purple Hurricane of Furman University during the 1917 college football season ."}
{"_id": "(Everybody's_Waitin'_for)_The_Man_with_the_Bag", "title": "(Everybody's Waitin' for) The Man with the Bag", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( Everybody 's Waitin ' for ) The Man with the Bag '' is a Christmas song written in 1950 by Irving Taylor , Dudley Brooks , and Hal Stanley . The `` man with the bag '' is a reference to Santa Claus , who drops off presents from his sleigh to people who have been `` extra special good '' .   The song was originally made popular by Kay Starr and regularly appeared on Billboard 's list of most popular Christmas songs in the early 1950s . It has been covered by many artists , including The Brian Setzer Orchestra . The TV show Ally McBeal borrowed the song 's title for a December 11 , 2000 episode that featured Vonda Shepard singing the song . Her version was included in the holiday album Ally McBeal : A Very Ally Christmas . '' The album received positive reviews and several critics cited Shephard 's version of the song as the album 's highlight .  Diana Krall , 2001"}
{"_id": "1966_FIFA_World_Cup_Final", "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 FIFA World Cup Final was the final match in the 1966 FIFA World Cup , the eighth football World Cup and one of the most controversial finals ever . The match was played by England and West Germany on 30 July 1966 at Wembley Stadium in London , and had an attendance of 96,924 . The British television audience peaked at 32.30 million viewers , making the final the most watched television event ever in the United Kingdom .   England won 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the Jules Rimet Trophy . The England team became known as the `` wingless wonders '' , on account of their then-unconventional narrow attacking formation , described at the time as a 4 -- 4 -- 2 . The match is remembered for England 's only World Cup trophy , Geoff Hurst 's hat-trick -- the first one ever scored in a World Cup Final -- and the controversial third goal awarded to England by referee Gottfried Dienst and linesman Tofiq Bahramov ."}
{"_id": "1964_Little_League_World_Series", "title": "1964 Little League World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The Little League World Series took place between August 25 and August 29 in Williamsport , Pennsylvania . Mid-Island Little League of Staten Island , New York defeated Obispado Little League of Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico in the championship game of the 18th Little League World Series ."}
{"_id": "1909_(film)", "title": "1909 (film)", "headings": "", "text": "1909 ( Devanagari : एकोणविसशे नऊ ) is a 2014 Marathi movie based on the assassination of British officer Arthur Jackson by Anant Kanhere . Directed by Abhay Kambli , the film is set in the year 1909 , during the period of British dominion over India and focuses on the young revolutionaries ' efforts to drive the British out of the country and gain freedom . But it 's not just one 's spirit that plays an important role here . It takes proper execution of a plan to bring success , and then , laying down your life for the country does n't seem a difficult task anymore ."}
{"_id": "12_Squadron_SAAF", "title": "12 Squadron SAAF", "headings": "", "text": "12 Squadron was a South African Air Force squadron that served in World War II in East Africa and the Western Desert as a medium bomber squadron . After the war , the squadron was used in various roles , including that of a helicopter squadron until 1963 when it was equipped with Canberra light bombers -- remaining a light bomber and reconnaissance squadron until disbanded in 1990 ."}
{"_id": "1958–59_Nationalliga_A_season", "title": "1958–59 Nationalliga A season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958-59 Nationalliga A season was the 21st season of the Nationalliga A , the top level of ice hockey in Switzerland . Eight teams participated in the league , and SC Bern won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1922_in_literature", "title": "1922 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1922 .   Under modern copyright law of the United States , all works published before January 1 , 1923 , with a proper copyright notice entered the public domain in the United States no later than 75 years from the date of the copyright . Hence books published in 1922 or earlier entered the public domain in the United States in 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1997_CFL_Draft", "title": "1997 CFL Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 CFL Draft took place on Monday , April 7 , 1997 . 48 Canadian football players were chosen from 363 eligible Canadian universities as well as Canadian players playing in the NCAA .   The Ottawa Rough Riders folded following the 1996 CFL season , but any trades involving the club were still in effect . Since the Rough Riders finished last in the CFL , teams that received selections in trades picked first in those rounds , including the first overall pick . Conversely , the Hamilton Tiger-Cats traded their third round selection to the Rough Riders and that pick was subsequently forfeited . All other Ottawa selections were skipped ."}
{"_id": "1992_U.S._Men's_Clay_Court_Championships_–_Singles", "title": "1992 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Jaime Yzaga was the defending champion , but lost in the first round this year .   MaliVai Washington won the title , defeating Claudio Mezzadri 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1363_in_Ireland", "title": "1363 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1363 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "10th_Wisconsin_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment", "title": "10th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1944–45_Gauliga_Donau-Alpenland", "title": "1944–45 Gauliga Donau-Alpenland", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 -- 45 Gauliga Donau-Alpenland was the seventh and final season of the Gauliga Donau-Alpenland , formerly the Gauliga Ostmark , the first tier of football in German-annexed Austria from 1938 to 1945 .   The 1944 -- 45 edition was not completed and stopped after nine rounds . Nazi Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945 and , in the following season , an independent Austrian football championship was held again ."}
{"_id": "1994_NECBL_All-Star_Game", "title": "1994 NECBL All-Star Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 NECBL All-Star Game was the 1st exhibition game between all-stars of the New England Collegiate Baseball League . The game was contested between the league-leading Bristol Nighthawks and an All-Star team from the league 's other four teams . The game , played at Muzzy Field in Bristol , Connecticut , was won 6-0 by the Nighthawks .   Ryan Fitzgerald , of Brandeis University and South Hadley , Massachusetts , led the Nighthawks offense . He went 3-3 with 2 RBI on the night . Wenzel Walker also scored a run for the Nighthawks .   NECBL Commissioner George Foster after the game stated his wishes that the league be sanctioned by Major League Baseball . This followed a presentation of a letter of thanks to him during the game by the Chief Financial Officer of Major League Baseball , Jeff White ."}
{"_id": "1961_F-84_Thunderstreak_incident", "title": "1961 F-84 Thunderstreak incident", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 F-84 Thunderstreak incident , occurring on 14 September 1961 , was an incident during the Cold War , in which two Republic F-84F Thunderstreak fighter-bombers of JaBoG 32 of the German Air Force ( Luftwaffe ) crossed into East German airspace because of a navigational error , before landing at Berlin Tegel Airport . The two planes successfully evaded a large number of Soviet fighter planes by finding cover in a heavy layer of clouds , but also by the actions of an airman at the United States Air Force air route traffic control center at Berlin Tempelhof Airport who ordered the planes on to Berlin rather than forcing them to turn around and face the pursuing fighter planes . The event came at a historically difficult time in relations between the two Germanies . Only a month before , the Berlin Wall had been built , which completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin . It also came three days before the West German federal election , held on 17 September 1961 ."}
{"_id": "102nd_Regiment_of_Foot_(disambiguation)", "title": "102nd Regiment of Foot (disambiguation)", "headings": "", "text": "102nd Regiment of Foot may refer to :   102nd Regiment of Foot ( Royal Madras Fusiliers ) raised by the East India Company in 1742 and absorbed by the British Army in 1862 .  102nd Regiment of Foot ( Queen 's Royal Volunteers ) , raised in 1760  102nd Regiment of Foot ( 1781 ) , raised in 1781  102nd Regiment of Foot ( Irish Rangers ) , raised in 1794  102nd Regiment of Foot , or New South Wales Corps , raised in 1789"}
{"_id": "1950_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1950 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Louise Brough ( USA ) defeated Margaret Du Pont ( USA ) 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 in the final to win the Ladies ' Singles tennis title at the 1950 Wimbledon Championships ."}
{"_id": "1949–50_French_Rugby_Union_Championship", "title": "1949–50 French Rugby Union Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949-50 French Rugby Union Championship was contested by 48 teams divided en 8 pools , 32 teams were qualified to play the play-offs   The Championship was won by Castres that beat Racing Paris in the final ."}
{"_id": "1942–43_Southern_League_Cup_(Scotland)", "title": "1942–43 Southern League Cup (Scotland)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 -- 43 Southern League Cup was the third edition of the regional war-time football tournament ."}
{"_id": "$pread", "title": "$pread", "headings": "", "text": "$ pread was a quarterly magazine by and for sex workers and those who support their rights . The magazine 's focus was : `` personal experiences and political insights '' and it `` contain ( ed ) practical information like news , features , health columns , and resources related to the sex industry . ''"}
{"_id": "1990_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team", "title": "1990 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma during the 1990 NCAA Division I-A football season . They played their home games at Oklahoma Memorial Stadium and competed as members of the Big Eight Conference . They were coached by second-year head coach Gary Gibbs . They were ineligible to participate in a bowl game since they were on probation ."}
{"_id": "1979_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team", "title": "1979 Alabama Crimson Tide football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Alabama Crimson Tide football team ( variously `` Alabama '' , `` UA '' or `` Bama '' ) represented the University of Alabama in the 1979 NCAA Division I-A football season . It was the Crimson Tide 's 85th overall and 46th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team was led by head coach Bear Bryant , in his 22nd year , and played their home games at Bryant -- Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham , Alabama . They finished the season undefeated ( 12 -- 0 overall , 6 -- 0 in the SEC ) and with a victory over Arkansas in the Sugar Bowl . For their collective efforts , the Crimson Tide were recognized as consensus national champions for the 1979 season .   In 1979 the Alabama Crimson Tide capped off a decade of remarkable success with the program 's seventh perfect season in college history after 1925 , 1930 , 1934 , 1945 , 1961 , and 1966 ( discounting the 1897 `` season '' in which Bama played and won only one game ) . The Tide defense recorded five shutouts and allowed only two teams to score in double digits . The offense scored thirty points or more seven times .   Despite this dominance Alabama had three close calls . Against Tennessee on October 20 , Alabama fell behind 17 -- 0 in the second quarter before rallying to win 27 -- 17 . Three weeks later , against LSU , all the Tide offense could scrape up was a single field goal , but it was enough to win 3 -- 0 . In the regular season finale against Auburn , after leading 14 -- 3 at the half Alabama let Auburn take an 18 -- 17 fourth quarter lead before winning 25 -- 18 . The Auburn and Tennessee games were the only two times in the 1979 season that Alabama trailed . A 24 -- 9 victory over Arkansas capped a 12 -- 0 season and a unanimous national championship , Alabama 's sixth wire service national title ."}
{"_id": "1998_NBA_Finals", "title": "1998 NBA Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 NBA Finals was the championship round of the 1998 playoffs of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the conclusion of the 1997 -- 98 NBA season . The Eastern Conference champion Chicago Bulls played against the Western Conference champion Utah Jazz , with the Jazz holding home-court advantage with the first 2 games in Salt Lake City . In a repeat of the previous year 's Finals , the Bulls won the series 4 games to 2 for their third consecutive NBA title and their sixth in eight seasons . Michael Jordan was voted the NBA Finals MVP of the series ( he also had won the award the last five times the Bulls won the Finals : 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , and 1997 ) . This would be his sixth NBA championship and sixth Finals MVP award in six full basketball seasons . Until 2014 , it was the last consecutive Finals rematch between two teams .   The 1998 Finals garnered the highest Nielsen TV ratings in NBA history at 18.7 , and even surpassed the Nielsen ratings for the 1998 World Series , marking the first time the NBA had a higher rating in its championship round than of Major League Baseball 's championship round .   The 1998 NBA season documentary `` Unforgettabulls '' was the first of five narrated by Will Lyman through NBA Entertainment , which recaps the entire Bulls ' season . Rick Telander narrates on the opening credits . Marv Albert narrates the timeline of Michael Jordan 's career with the Bulls ."}
{"_id": "1988_in_China", "title": "1988 in China", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events in the year 1988 in China ."}
{"_id": "1971_Clean_Air_Classic", "title": "1971 Clean Air Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Clean Air Classic was a tennis tournament that took place in New York in the United States . It was part of the 1971 Virginia Slims Circuit and began on December 4 , 1971 ."}
{"_id": "1981_Maghreb_Athletics_Championships", "title": "1981 Maghreb Athletics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Maghreb Athletics Championships was the eighth edition of the international athletics competition between the countries of the Maghreb . Algeria , Tunisia and Libya were the competing nations . Organised by the Union des Fédérations d'Athlétisme du Maghreb Uni ( Union of Athletics Federations of the United Maghreb ) , it took place in Casablanca , Morocco from 15 -- 17 July . A total of 39 athletics events were contested , 23 for men and 16 for women .   The 1981 edition marked a rejuvenation of the tournament , there having been a six-year gap since the last edition . It was the second time that Algiers played host to the championships , and also the second time Libya sent a team . With Morocco absent , the hosts , Algeria , were dominant at the competition , winning a total of 29 gold medals . Tunisia had nine gold medals , and Libya took the sole remaining gold medal .   The women 's heptathlon was introduced , replacing the women 's pentathlon in line with the new international standard set at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics . A women 's 400 metres hurdles and Maghreb men 's marathon were also staged for the first time . Track events were only officially timed to the tenth of a second ."}
{"_id": "1964_WCHA_Men's_Ice_Hockey_Tournament", "title": "1964 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 WCHA Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 5th conference playoff in league history . The tournament was played between March 12 and March 14 , 1964 . All games were played at home team campus sites . By reaching the title game both Denver and Michigan were invited to participate in the 1964 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament ."}
{"_id": "1910–11_in_Belgian_football", "title": "1910–11 in Belgian football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910-1911 season was the 16th season of competitive football in Belgium ."}
{"_id": "1999_BYU_Cougars_football_team", "title": "1999 BYU Cougars football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 BYU Cougars football team represented Brigham Young University in the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Cougars were led by 28th-year head coach LaVell Edwards , in what would be his second-to-last season with the team , and played their home games at Cougar Stadium . This was the school 's first year in the newly formed Mountain West Conference , and they would go on to share the conference 's first conference championship with Utah and Colorado State . They finished with a record of 8 -- 4 ( 5 -- 2 MW ) , and were invited to the 1999 Motor City Bowl , where they lost to undefeated Marshall , 3 -- 21 ."}
{"_id": "1964_in_jazz", "title": "1964 in jazz", "headings": "", "text": "This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1964 ."}
{"_id": "1992_Prague_Skate", "title": "1992 Prague Skate", "headings": "", "text": "Prague Skate was an international Figure Skating Competition organized in Tchechoslavakia and later in Tchech Republik . The 1992 Prague Skate was held October 28 - November 01 , 1992 . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles and pair skating . The event was organized as a test competition for the 1993 World Figure Skating Championships ."}
{"_id": "1715_in_poetry", "title": "1715 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1991_European_Women's_Cricket_Championship", "title": "1991 European Women's Cricket Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 European Women 's Cricket Championship ( Dutch : Europees Kampioenschap Dames Cricket 1991 ) was an international cricket tournament held in the Netherlands from 16 to 20 July 1991 . It was the third edition of the Women 's European Championship , and all matches at the tournament held One Day International ( ODI ) status .   Four teams participated , with the hosts , the Netherlands , joined by the three other European members of the International Women 's Cricket Council ( IWCC ) -- Denmark , England , and Ireland . A round-robin format was used , with the top two teams proceeding to the final . England was undefeated in the round-robin stage and beat Denmark by 179 runs in the final , winning the championship for the third time in a row . The tournament was marked by low scoring , with the seven matches yielding only two individual half-centuries and one team score over 200 . England 's Wendy Watson led the tournament in runs for a third consecutive time , while her teammate Jo Chamberlain was the leading wicket-taker . All matches at the tournament were played in Haarlem , at the Sportpark Koninklijke HFC ."}
{"_id": "1984_in_Israel", "title": "1984 in Israel", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1984 in Israel ."}
{"_id": "1932_in_British_music", "title": "1932 in British music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a summary of 1932 in music in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1938_French_Championships_(tennis)", "title": "1938 French Championships (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 French Championships ( now known as the French Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France . The tournament ran from 2 June until 11 June . It was the 43rd staging of the French Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year ."}
{"_id": "1932–33_Detroit_Red_Wings_season", "title": "1932–33 Detroit Red Wings season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 -- 33 Detroit Red Wings season was the first season under the newly named Detroit Red Wings name , seventh of the franchise . The Red Wings qualified for the playoffs and defeated the Montreal Maroons before losing to the New York Rangers in the playoff semi-finals ."}
{"_id": "1st_Battalion,_4th_Marines", "title": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines", "headings": "", "text": "1st Battalion , 4th Marines ( 1/4 ) is an infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton , California consisting of approximately 800 Marines and sailors . They fall under the command of the 1st Marine Regiment and the 1st Marine Division ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_Algerian_Cup", "title": "1963–64 Algerian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 Algerian Cup is the Secound edition of the Algerian Cup . ES Sétif are the defending champions , having beaten ES Mostaganem 2 -- 0 in the previous season 's final ."}
{"_id": "1306_in_Scotland", "title": "1306 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1306 in the Kingdom of Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1895_FA_Cup_Final", "title": "1895 FA Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1895 FA Cup Final was contested by Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion at Crystal Palace . Aston Villa won 1 -- 0 , with Bob Chatt being credited with scoring the fastest goal in FA Cup Final history , scored after just 30 seconds . This record would stand for 114 years before being broken by Louis Saha of Everton in the 2009 FA Cup Final with a goal after 25 seconds ."}
{"_id": "1614_in_music", "title": "1614 in music", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1614 in music involved some significant musical events ."}
{"_id": "14th_Lambda_Literary_Awards", "title": "14th Lambda Literary Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th Lambda Literary Awards were held in 2002 to honour works of LGBT literature published in 2001 ."}
{"_id": "1943–44_Dumbarton_F.C._season", "title": "1943–44 Dumbarton F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Season 1943 -- 44 was the fifth Scottish football season in which Dumbarton competed in regional football during World War II ."}
{"_id": "1962_Duke_Blue_Devils_football_team", "title": "1962 Duke Blue Devils football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Duke Blue Devils football team represented the Duke Blue Devils of Duke University during the 1962 college football season .   Duke won their third consecutive ACC Championship with a record of 6-0 in conference play . They were ranked eighth in the polls for their season opener against USC , but dropped out of the rankings following their loss and were not ranked again for the remainder of the season .   The Blue Devils declined an invitation to play in the 1962 Gator Bowl ."}
{"_id": "1935–36_Northern_Rugby_Football_League_season", "title": "1935–36 Northern Rugby Football League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 -- 36 Rugby Football League season was the 41st season of rugby league football . Thirty teams competed in a single league Championship . The Challenge Cup was contested for the 36th time and the second European Championship took place ."}
{"_id": "1375_in_Ireland", "title": "1375 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1375 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1917_Cincinnati_Reds_season", "title": "1917 Cincinnati Reds season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball . The team finished fourth in the National League with a record of 78 -- 76 , 20 games behind the New York Giants ."}
{"_id": "1834_in_Ireland", "title": "1834 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1834 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1600_in_France", "title": "1600 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1600 in France"}
{"_id": "1992_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Men's_discus_throw", "title": "1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's discus throw", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's discus throw event at the 1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Seoul , Korea , at Olympic Stadium on 16 and 17 September . A 2kg ( senior implement ) discus was used ."}
{"_id": "1986_Air_Force_Falcons_football_team", "title": "1986 Air Force Falcons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Air Force Falcons football team represented the United States Air Force Academy in the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team was led by third-year head coach Fisher DeBerry and played its home games at Falcon Stadium . They finished the season with a 6 -- 5 record overall and a 5 -- 2 record in Western Athletic Conference games ."}
{"_id": "1-Phenylethylamine", "title": "1-Phenylethylamine", "headings": "", "text": "1-Phenylethylamine is the organic compound with the formula C6H5CH ( NH2 ) CH3 . Classified as a monoamine , this colorless liquid is often used in chiral resolutions . Like benzylamine , it is highly basic and forms stable ammonium salts and imines .   This compound may be prepared by the reductive amination of acetophenone under various standard conditions for this type of reaction . One major route for this chemical uses the Mignonac reaction , a one-pot protocol using hydrogen gas as the reducing agent :   The Leuckart reaction , using ammonium formate , is another method for this transformation ."}
{"_id": "1992_NAIA_Division_II_football_season", "title": "1992 NAIA Division II football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 NAIA Division II football season , as part of the 1992 college football season in the United States and the 37th season of college football sponsored by the NAIA , was the 23rd season of play of the NAIA 's lower division for football .   The season was played from August to November 1992 and culminated in the 1992 NAIA Division II Football National Championship , played in Portland , Oregon near the campus of Linfield College .   Findlay defeated Linfield in the championship game , 26 -- 13 , to win their second NAIA national title ."}
{"_id": "1887_in_film", "title": "1887 in film", "headings": "", "text": "The following is an overview of the events of 1887 in film , including a list of films released and notable births ."}
{"_id": "1920–21_Netherlands_Football_League_Championship", "title": "1920–21 Netherlands Football League Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The Netherlands Football League Championship 1920/1921 was contested by 43 teams participating in four divisions . The national champion would be determined by a play-off featuring the winners of the eastern , northern , southern and western football division of the Netherlands . NAC won this year 's championship by beating Be Quick 1887 , AFC Ajax , and Go Ahead ."}
{"_id": "1993_England_rugby_union_tour_of_Canada", "title": "1993 England rugby union tour of Canada", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 England rugby union tour of Canada was a series of five matches played by the England national rugby union team in Canada in May and June 1993 . The English team won four matches and lost one . They drew their two match international series against the Canada national rugby union team , losing the first game and winning the second to share the series one-all . Sixteen England players were taking part in the 1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand at the time so the team was not fully representative of England 's strength . England did not award full international caps for the matches with Canada ."}
{"_id": "1982_State_of_the_Union_Address", "title": "1982 State of the Union Address", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 State of the Union address was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 97th United States Congress on January 26 , 1982 . The speech was the first State of the Union address of President Reagan 's first term .   The speech lasted 40 minutes and 14 seconds and contained 5154 words . The address was broadcast live on radio and television .   The Democratic Party response was delivered by Senator Donald Riegle ( MI ) , Senator James Sasser ( TN ) , Rep. Albert Gore Jr. ( TN ) , Senator Robert Byrd ( W.Va ) , Senator Edward Kennedy ( MA ) , House Speaker Thomas P. O'Neill III ( MA ) , Senator Gary Hart ( CO ) , Senator Paul Sarbanes ( MD ) , Senator J. Bennett Johnston ( LA ) , and Senator Alan Cranston ( CA ) ."}
{"_id": "1973_in_heavy_metal_music", "title": "1973 in heavy metal music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a timeline documenting the events of heavy metal in the year 1973"}
{"_id": "1961_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team", "title": "1961 Michigan Wolverines football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1961 Big Ten Conference football season . The team 's head coach was Bump Elliott . The Wolverines played their home games at Michigan Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1973_Chicago_Bears_season", "title": "1973 Chicago Bears season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Chicago Bears season was their 54th regular season completed in the National Football League . The club posted a 3 -- 11 record , the second worst showing in franchise history ."}
{"_id": "1915–16_Rangers_F.C._season", "title": "1915–16 Rangers F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 -- 16 season is the 26th season of competitive football by Rangers ."}
{"_id": "1925_St._Louis_Cardinals_season", "title": "1925 St. Louis Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team 's 44th season in St. Louis , Missouri and the 34th season in the National League . The Cardinals went 77 -- 76 during the season and finished 4th in the National League ."}
{"_id": "1901–02_Haverford_Fords_men's_soccer_team", "title": "1901–02 Haverford Fords men's soccer team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 -- 02 Haverford Fords men 's soccer team represented Haverford College during the 1901 -- 02 college soccer season . It was the Fords first season of existence . The Fords competed in ACCL and were deemed national co-champions by the American Soccer History Archives and the Intercollegiate Football Research Association . The Fords garnered a record of four wins , a loss and no draws ."}
{"_id": "16th_Guards_Tank_Division", "title": "16th Guards Tank Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Guards Tank Division was a tank division of the Soviet Army and later the Russian Ground Forces .   The division traced its lineage back to the World War II 3rd Tank Corps , formed in the spring of 1942 . The corps received its baptism of fire in the Zhizdra-Bolkhov Offensive during the summer and spent the fall in reserve . In early 1943 , the corps fought in Operation Gallop and was destroyed in the Third Battle of Kharkov in late February . The corps was rebuilt in the following months and joined the 2nd Tank Army in June . The corps fought in the Battle of Kursk in July and in the Chernigov-Pripyat Offensive in August and September . In early 1944 , it fought in the Korsun-Shevchenkovsky Offensive and the Uman -- Botoșani Offensive . For its actions in the latter , the corps received the honorific `` Uman '' and the Order of Suvorov . During the summer of 1944 , the corps fought in the Lublin -- Brest Offensive , advancing into Poland . For its actions in the offensive , the corps received the Order of the Red Banner and in November became a guards unit , the 9th Guards Tank Corps , along with the rest of the army . The corps fought in the Vistula -- Oder Offensive and the East Pomeranian Offensive in early 1945 . For its actions , the corps received the Order of Lenin in April . The corps then fought in the Berlin Offensive , ending the war in the German capital .   In the summer of 1945 the corps became a tank division and was relocated to Neustrelitz , becoming part of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany ( GSFG ) . In 1965 , the division was renumbered as the 16th Guards Tank Division . The division served with the GSFG through the Cold War and after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1992 began a withdrawal to Russia which was completed in 1993 . The division remained at Markovsky , Perm Krai until its 1997 disbandment , when it became a storage base . The storage base was disbanded in 2009 ."}
{"_id": "1966_in_Spain", "title": "1966 in Spain", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1966 in Spain ."}
{"_id": "1998_New_York_Jets_season", "title": "1998 New York Jets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 New York Jets season was the 39th season for the team and the 29th in the National Football League . The team improved on its previous season by three games , finishing 12 -- 4 in their second season under head coach Bill Parcells , winning their first division title since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 ; the 12 -- 4 record was also the best in Jets history . This success came just two years after the Jets ' 1 -- 15 record in 1996 .   The Jets earned a first-round bye , given to the two division winners with the best records , for the first time . They defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars in the Divisional round of the playoffs . Their attempt to reach their first Super Bowl in thirty years fell short when they lost to John Elway and the Denver Broncos in the AFC Championship game 23 -- 10 .   The 1998 Jets are one of only two teams in NFL history to win seven games against teams that would go on to make the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1596_in_France", "title": "1596 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1596 in France"}
{"_id": "1._FC_Neukölln", "title": "1. FC Neukölln", "headings": "", "text": "1 . FC Neukölln is a German association football club from the city of Berlin . The club 's men 's teams greatest success has been the four seasons spend in the tier one Oberliga Berlin-Brandenburg in the late 1920s as well as promotion to the tier two Regionalliga Berlin , where it played from 1965 to 1974 .   The club 's women 's team , now defunct , was a founding member of the Women 's Bundesliga , where it played for one season in 1990 -- 91 ."}
{"_id": "1972_FIBA_Korać_Cup", "title": "1972 FIBA Korać Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971-72 FIBA Korać Cup was the inaugural edition of FIBA 's competition for European basketball non national champions and cup winners , running from 4 January to 7 March 1972 . 8 teams took part in the competition .   Lokomotiva from Zagreb defeated OKK Beograd ( another Yugoslav club ) , in a two-legged final to become the competition 's first champion ."}
{"_id": "1744_in_art", "title": "1744 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1744 in art ."}
{"_id": "1994_in_South_African_sport", "title": "1994 in South African sport", "headings": "", "text": "In South Africa , many events and sports took place , like Rugby and Football , in 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1991_Pro_Bowl", "title": "1991 Pro Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Pro Bowl was the NFL 's 41st annual all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1990 season . The game was played on Sunday , February 3 , 1991 , at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu , Hawaii before a crowd of 50,345 . The final score was AFC 23 , NFC 21 .   Art Shell of the Los Angeles Raiders led the AFC team against an NFC team coached by San Francisco 49ers head coach George Seifert . The referee was Gordon McCarter .   Quarterback Jim Kelly of the Buffalo Bills was named the game 's Most Valuable Player . Players on the winning AFC team received $ 10,000 apiece while the NFC participants each took home $ 5,000 ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_FA_Trophy", "title": "1976–77 FA Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 -- 77 FA Trophy was the eighth season of the FA Trophy ."}
{"_id": "1932_Freeport_hurricane", "title": "1932 Freeport hurricane", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 Freeport hurricane was an intense tropical cyclone that primarily affected areas of the Texas coast in August of the 1932 Atlantic hurricane season . It was the second storm and first hurricane of the season , developing just off the Yucatán Peninsula on August 12 . While moving to the northwest , the storm began to quickly intensify the next day . It rapidly intensified from a category 1 hurricane to a category 4 with winds estimated at 150 mph and an estimated central pressure of 935 mbar shortly before making landfall near Freeport , Texas , early on August 14 . After landfall , the hurricane began to quickly weaken before dissipating over the Texas Panhandle .   The storm caused heavy rainfall inland , peaking at 9.93 in in Angleton . Record rainfall rates were also reported in some areas . Power outages were reported in Galveston and San Antonio . The storm caused $ 7.5 million in damages , mostly to crops , and 40 deaths ."}
{"_id": "1955-56_FC_Barcelona_season", "title": "1955-56 FC Barcelona season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 -- 56 season was the 57th season for FC Barcelona ."}
{"_id": "1983_in_Afghanistan", "title": "1983 in Afghanistan", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1983 in Afghanistan ."}
{"_id": "1978–79_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup", "title": "1978–79 FIBA European Champions Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 -- 79 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 22nd season of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at the Palais des Sports , in Grenoble , France , on April 5 , 1979 . Bosna defeated Emerson Varese , by a result of 96 -- 93 . This final was the last in an impressive run of ten consecutive finals appearances for Varese , and is also notable for Bosna 's Žarko Varajić scoring 47 points , a still active record for the number of most points scored in a single EuroLeague Finals game ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_WIHL_season", "title": "1972–73 WIHL season", "headings": "", "text": "1972-73 was the 26th season of the Western International Hockey League ."}
{"_id": "12m²_Sharpie", "title": "12m² Sharpie", "headings": "", "text": "The 12m ² Sharpie was designed in 1931 by the Kroger Brothers . The peak of the class was in the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games . To this day , the original design has been preserved , and the class is sailed competitively in the UK , Holland , Germany , and Portugal , .  The European Championships are rotated between these four countries every year .   The term ` Twelve Square Metre ' evolves from the original sail area , though on modern sharpies due to modern sail designs has now reached to around sixteen square metres .  thumb | 12m ² Sharpie   Past Australian champions to have passed through the ranks include Sir James Hardy , John Cuneo , Rolly Tasker and John Bertrand . Rolly Tasker won Australia 's first sailing medal at the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne when he and John Scott won a silver medal in their 12m ² Sharpie .   The 12m ² Sharpie is one of the Vintage classes for the 2016 Vintage Yachting Games .   There are still a small number of original sharpies in Australia and Brasil , though they have not been sailed competitively on International level since the 1960s . In Australia , the original ` heavyweight ' Sharpie has now evolved into the lightweight Australian Sharpie .   When racing in a mixed fleet , the 12m ² Sharpie has a Portsmouth number of 1026 ."}
{"_id": "1965_Chase", "title": "1965 Chase", "headings": "", "text": "| -RCB-   The 1965 Chase is a Grade 2 National Hunt steeplechase in Great Britain which is open to horses aged four years or older . It is run at Ascot over a distance of 2 miles and 5 furlongs ( 4,255 metres ) , and during its running there are seventeen fences to be jumped . The race is scheduled to take place each year in November .   The event is sponsored by Stella Artois , and it commemorates 1965 , the inaugural year of jump racing at Ascot . It was established in 2006 , and it was originally a limited handicap . It became a conditions race in 2009 and was previously sponsored by Amlin . Prior to 2015 it was run over 2 miles and 3 furlongs .   The race was run from 1994 to 2004 as the First National Gold Cup , a limited handicap over 2 miles and 4 furlongs . Prior to this the race had been known as the H & T Walker Gold Cup ."}
{"_id": "1980_Danish_1st_Division", "title": "1980 Danish 1st Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Danish 1st Division season was the 35th season of the Danish 1st Division league championship , governed by the Danish Football Association . It constituted the 67th edition of the Danish football championship , and saw Kjøbenhavns Boldklub win their fifteenth and last championship title .   The Danish champions qualified for the European Cup 1981-82 , while the second placed teams qualified for the UEFA Cup 1981-82 . The three lowest placed teams of the tournament were directly relegated to the Danish 2nd Division for the following season . Likewise , the Danish 2nd Division champions and two first runners-up were promoted to the 1st Division ."}
{"_id": "1984_Texas_Rangers_season", "title": "1984 Texas Rangers season", "headings": "", "text": "The Texas Rangers 1984 season involved the Rangers ' finishing 7th in the American League west , with a record of 69 wins and 92 losses ."}
{"_id": "1981_Australian_Open_–_Women's_Doubles", "title": "1981 Australian Open – Women's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Betsy Nagelsen and Martina Navratilova were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year , Nagelsen with Candy Reynolds and Navratilova with Pam Shriver .   Nagelsen and Reynolds lost in the first round to Chris Newton and Brenda Remilton .   Navratilova and Shriver lost in the final 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 against Kathy Jordan and Anne Smith ."}
{"_id": "1904_Oregon_Webfoots_football_team", "title": "1904 Oregon Webfoots football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon in the 1904 college football season . It was the Webfoots ' eleventh season , they competed as an independent and were led by head coach Richard Shore Smith . They finished the season with a record of five wins and three losses ( 5 -- 3 ) ."}
{"_id": "176_(Abu_Klea)_Battery_Royal_Artillery", "title": "176 (Abu Klea) Battery Royal Artillery", "headings": "", "text": "176 ( Abu Klea ) Battery Royal Artillery is the junior currently-existent regular battery of the Royal Artillery . Its name is pronounced `` One Seven Six '' , and the battery is commonly referred to as `` The Abus '' , and its members as `` Abus '' , after the battery 's Honour Title . The battery was one of the sub-units of 39th Regiment Royal Artillery , part of the British Army . It was formed in 1860 and since then has participated in many campaigns , most notably the Battle of Abu Klea in 1885 , where Gunner Smith earned a Victoria Cross and later its Honour Title ."}
{"_id": "1979_in_association_football", "title": "1979 in association football", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the football ( soccer ) events of the year 1979 throughout the world ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Ottawa_Senators_season", "title": "1997–98 Ottawa Senators season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 Ottawa Senators season would see the Senators face the challenge of improving on their very successful 1996 -- 97 season , when they made the playoffs for the first time in team history . The 1997 -- 98 season would be even more successful , as Ottawa finished over .500 for the first time in club history , qualified for the playoffs for the second straight year and won their first playoff series in modern club history . The Senators defeated the top-seeded New Jersey Devils in six games before falling to the Washington Capitals in five games in the second round ."}
{"_id": "1905_Birthday_Honours", "title": "1905 Birthday Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 Birthday Honours for the British Empire were announced on 30 June , to celebrate the birthday of Edward VII on 9 November .   The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour , and arranged by honour , with classes ( Knight , Knight Grand Cross , etc. ) and then divisions ( Military , Civil , etc. ) as appropriate ."}
{"_id": "1954_in_South_Vietnam", "title": "1954 in South Vietnam", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1954 in South Vietnam ."}
{"_id": "'Malakeng", "title": "'Malakeng", "headings": "", "text": "` Malakeng is a community council located in the Mafeteng District of Lesotho . Its population in 2006 was 8,382 ."}
{"_id": "1986_NSL_First_Division", "title": "1986 NSL First Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 National Soccer League First Division was the second edition of the NSL First Division in South Africa . It was won by Rangers ."}
{"_id": "1947_Chicago_White_Sox_season", "title": "1947 Chicago White Sox season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Chicago White Sox season was the White Sox 's 47th season in the major leagues , and their 48th season overall . They finished with a record 70 -- 84 , good enough for 6th place in the American League , 27 games behind the first place New York Yankees ."}
{"_id": "1978–79_Alpha_Ethniki", "title": "1978–79 Alpha Ethniki", "headings": "", "text": "Alpha Ethniki 1978-79 complete season"}
{"_id": "1965–66_SM-sarja_season", "title": "1965–66 SM-sarja season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 -- 66 SM-sarja season was the 35th season of the SM-sarja , the top level of ice hockey in Finland . 12 teams participated in the league , and Ilves Tampere won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1955–56_Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_F.C._season", "title": "1955–56 Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 -- 56 Maccabi Tel Aviv season was the club 's 50th season since its establishment in 1906 , and 8th since the establishment of the State of Israel .   At the start of the season , the league which started during the previous season was completed , with the club finishing as runners-up , missing on championship in the last round . The new league season , with the top division being re-named Liga Leumit , began on 3 December 1955 and was completed on 3 June 1956 , with the club winning the championship , its 8th championship title .   During the season , the club also competed in the State Cup , which was also carried over the summer break . The club eliminated Hapoel Hadera and Maccabi Haifa to reach the cup final against Hapoel Petah Tikva . Maccabi Tel Aviv won the match 3 -- 1 and won its 8th State Cup ."}
{"_id": "1990_Paris_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1990 Paris Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1639_in_Ireland", "title": "1639 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1639 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1998_Nebelhorn_Trophy", "title": "1998 Nebelhorn Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Nebelhorn Trophy was the Nebelhorn Trophy of the 1998 -- 99 figure skating season . The Nebelhorn Trophy is an international senior-level figure skating competition organized by the Deutsche Eislauf-Union and held annually in Oberstdorf , Germany . The competition is named after the Nebelhorn , a nearby mountain .   Skaters were entered by their respective national federations , rather than receiving individual invitations as in the Grand Prix of Figure Skating , and competed in four disciplines : men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pair skating , and ice dancing . The Fritz-Geiger-Memorial Trophy was presented to the country with the highest placements across all disciplines .   The 1998 Nebelhorn Trophy took place between August 25 and 28 , 1998 at the Bundesleistungszentrum Oberstdorf ."}
{"_id": "115_King_William_Street", "title": "115 King William Street", "headings": "", "text": "115 King William street is a high-rise building located on King William Street in the Adelaide Central business district . It rises 87 metres to the roof and 90 metres to the antenna spire . The building has 26 storeys .  Construction of the building began in 2015 and was completed in 2016 . 115 King William Street is now the 6th tallest building in Adelaide .   Brinz Holdings PTY LTD owns 115 King William Street ."}
{"_id": "(a,b)-tree", "title": "(a,b)-tree", "headings": "", "text": "In computer science , an ( a , b ) tree is a kind of balanced search tree .   An ( a , b ) - tree has all of its leaves at the same depth , and all internal nodes except for the root have between and children , where and are integers such that . The root has , if it is not a leaf , between 2 and children ."}
{"_id": "1964_European_Nations'_Cup", "title": "1964 European Nations' Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 UEFA European Nations ' Cup was the second European Football Championship . The final tournament was held in Spain . It was won by the hosts 2 -- 1 over defending champions Soviet Union .   The tournament was a knockout competition ; 29 teams entered ( Greece withdrew after being drawn with Albania ) . The Soviet Union , Austria , and Luxembourg received byes into the second round . The teams played home-and-away matches until the semi-finals ; the final four teams would move on to the final tournament , whose host was selected after the teams became known .   Luxembourg proved to be the giant-killers of the qualifying rounds ; they beat the Netherlands 3 -- 2 on aggregate ( 1 -- 1 and 2 -- 1 ) , and then drew with Denmark 3 -- 3 and 2 -- 2 , before losing the replay 1 -- 0 . Denmark thus became the most surprising of the qualifiers for the final tournament , joining the Soviet Union , Spain , and Hungary .   In the semi-finals , the Soviet Union defeated the Danes 3 -- 0 in Barcelona and Spain beat Hungary 2 -- 1 in extra time in Madrid , the winning goal being scored by Amancio . Spain had withdrawn from the tournament in 1960 rather than play the Soviet Union , but on this occasion General Franco let his team play the Soviets . In front of more than 79,000 at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid , the hosts won 2 -- 1 after a late goal from Marcelino ."}
{"_id": "1930_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final", "title": "1930 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the 43rd All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1930 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship , an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland .   Monaghan scored first but Kerry won comprehensively with goals by John Joe Landers , John Joe Sheehy and Ned Sweeney .   It was the first of five All-Ireland football titles won by Kerry in the 1930s .   This was also the first Championship meeting of Kerry and Monaghan ."}
{"_id": "1981–82_DFB-Pokal_(women)", "title": "1981–82 DFB-Pokal (women)", "headings": "", "text": "The Frauen DFB-Pokal 1981 -- 82 was the second season of the cup competition , Germany 's second-most important title in women 's football . In the final which was held in Frankfurt on 1 May 1982 SSG Bergisch Gladbach defeated VfL Wittekind Wildeshausen 3 -- 0 , thus claiming their second cup title ."}
{"_id": "1982_Washington_Redskins_season", "title": "1982 Washington Redskins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Washington Redskins season was the team 's 50th in the National Football League , and 45th in Washington , D.C. . Although the Redskins lost all their preseason games , they were to advance from an 8 -- 8 record the previous season to become the only team in NFL History to win the Super Bowl after not winning a pre-season game . Only the 1990 Buffalo Bills and the 2000 New York Giants have since made it to the Super Bowl after a winless pre-season .   The 1982 NFL season was shortened from sixteen games per team to nine because of a players ' strike . The NFL adopted a special 16-team playoff tournament ; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1 -- 8 , and division standings were ignored . Washington had the best record in the NFC , and were the number one seed in the conference for the playoff tournament .   The Redskins marched through the NFC playoffs , beating each of their opponents by an average of 19 points . In a rematch of Washington 's only prior Super Bowl appearance ten years prior , the Redskins -- in a game famous for Washington 's `` 70 Chip ' play on fourth-and-1 -- went on to beat the Miami Dolphins 27 -- 17 to win Super Bowl XVII . It was the Redskins ' first ever Super Bowl victory , and their first NFL Championship in forty years . Combining the post-season and their first Super Bowl victory , the Redskins finished the season with an overall record of 12 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1982_San_Diego_Padres_season", "title": "1982 San Diego Padres season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 San Diego Padres season was the 14th in franchise history ."}
{"_id": "1979_Avon_Championships_of_Dallas", "title": "1979 Avon Championships of Dallas", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Avon Championships of Dallas was a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Moody Coliseum in Dallas , Texas in the United States that was part of the 1979 Virginia Slims World Championship Series . It was the eighth edition of the tournament and was held from February 26 through March 4 , 1979 . First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title and earned $ 35,000 first-prize money . <"}
{"_id": "1949_Italian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1949 Italian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 Italian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Monza on 11 September 1949 . The race was won by Alberto Ascari ."}
{"_id": "1918_Wisconsin_Badgers_football_team", "title": "1918 Wisconsin Badgers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 Wisconsin Badgers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1918 Big Ten Conference football season . In its first and only season under head coach Guy Lowman , the team compiled a 3 -- 3 record ( 1 -- 2 against conference opponents ) , finished in seventh place in the Big Ten Conference , and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 44 to 42 .   Quarterback Eber Simpson was recognized as a first-team player on the 1918 All-Big Ten Conference football team ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_John_Player_Cup", "title": "1976–77 John Player Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976-1977 John Player Cup was the sixth edition of England 's premier rugby union club competition at the time . Gosforth won the competition for the second consecutive year defeating Waterloo in the final . The event was sponsored by John Player cigarettes and the final was held at Twickenham Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1,1'-Bi-2-naphthol", "title": "1,1'-Bi-2-naphthol", "headings": "", "text": "1,1 ' - Bi-2-naphthol ( BINOL ) is an organic compound that is often used as a ligand for transition-metal catalysed asymmetric synthesis . BINOL has axial chirality and the two enantiomers can be readily separated and are stable toward racemisation . The specific rotation of the two enantiomers is + / - 35.5 ° ( c = 1 in THF ) . BINOL is a precursor for another chiral ligand called BINAP ."}
{"_id": "1991_Canadian_Junior_Curling_Championships", "title": "1991 Canadian Junior Curling Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Pepsi Canadian Junior Curling Championships were held in Leduc , Alberta ."}
{"_id": "1952_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_Final", "title": "1952 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the 65th All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1952 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland . The match was held at Croke Park , Dublin , on 7 September 1952 , between Cork and Dublin . The Leinster champions lost to their Munster opponents on a score line of 2-14 to 0-7 ."}
{"_id": "1957_French_Championships_(tennis)", "title": "1957 French Championships (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 French Championships ( now known as the French Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France . The tournament ran from 21 May until 1 June . It was the 56th staging of the French Championships , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1957 ."}
{"_id": "1980–81_Washington_Bullets_season", "title": "1980–81 Washington Bullets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980-81 NBA season was the Bullets 20th season in the NBA and their 8th season in the city of Washington , D.C. ."}
{"_id": "192nd_Tank_Battalion", "title": "192nd Tank Battalion", "headings": "", "text": "The 192nd Tank Battalion of the United States Army was a federalized Army National Guard unit activated in November 1940 . Deployed to the Philippines , the battalion was engaged in combat during the Japanese invasion and the US retreat to the Bataan Peninsula ; being part of the force that surrendered to the Japanese there , it subsequently ceased to exist as an active unit ."}
{"_id": "1915_Dartmouth_football_team", "title": "1915 Dartmouth football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 Dartmouth football team represented Dartmouth College in the 1915 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1994_Australian_FAI_Indycar_Grand_Prix", "title": "1994 Australian FAI Indycar Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Australian FAI Indycar Grand Prix was the opening round of the 1994 CART World Series season , held on 20 March 1994 on the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit , Australia .   Nigel Mansell , the defending winner and CART series champion , won the pole position in Newman-Haas 's new Lola T94/00 . Alongside on the grid was Michael Andretti , who was beginning his comeback to the CART series with Chip Ganassi Racing after spending a year in Formula One . Starting in eighth position was future CART and Formula One champion Jacques Villeneuve , making his first start in the CART series . It was also the Indy car debut of the Reynard chassis and the Honda engine .   The race start was delayed because of changing wet weather conditions and accidents during each of the first two attempts . The first incident occurred in Turn 12 ( the final corner ) and collected Raul Boesel , Willy T. Ribbs , Robbie Buhl , and Alessandro Zampedri . The second aborted start saw further carnage ; this time in the second chicane involving Boesel and Zampedri again , along with Mario Andretti , Hiro Matsushita , and Davy Jones slowed the field . Bobby Rahal hit the tyre wall in the first chicane , apparently on his own , and Paul Tracy spun off in Turn 4 undamaged . The race finally started around 4 p.m. , with Andretti overtaking Mansell on the first lap .   Michael Andretti got by Mansell after the start ( the third attempt ) , as did Robby Gordon . In Turn 5 he muscled his way past Mansell , who soon outbraked the Californian in the same place . On Lap 17 Gordon spun and crashed after he clipped too much curb in the backstretch chicanes . Lap 20 saw the exit of Mark Smith , who locked up the right front , and Zampedri ( in his third incident of the race ) who seemed to be watching Smith rather than the road .   On the restart Andretti caught a huge break when Mansell spun on the damp track in front of Emerson Fittipaldi and Teo Fabi . A moment later in the second chicane Michael slid into the tyre barrier but continued on undamaged . Mansell later spun off in Turn 9 while passing Maurício Gugelmin . He spun the car around , but bumped the wall with the left rear tyre and stalled the engine . On Lap 38 Stefan Johansson and rookie Jacques Villeneuve touched coming towards Turn 9 , ending the Canadian 's IndyCar debut early . Later on , because of the delays , darkness fell over the circuit . Former racer Chip Ganassi , whose car was in the lead , was very concerned about visibility . He pleaded with CART to end the race after saying to ABC 's Gary Gerould , `` This is a dangerous situation ! The lights are on along the pits here ! The lights are on at the Marriott hotel ... the race needs to be stopped ! '' The circuit was lit during the end of the race , but not sufficiently to run safely as a night race , and the 65 lap distance was shortened by 10 laps due to darkness . Andretti , leading all 55 laps , won in his Ganassi debut , which was also Reynard 's first IndyCar race . This continued their record of winning on their debut in various categories including Formula 3 and F3000 . Emerson Fittipaldi , driving the new Penske PC-23 , finished second , followed by Mario Andretti , who began his final CART season with the final podium finish of his Indy car career . Jimmy Vasser and Stefan Johansson rounded out the Top five ."}
{"_id": "1977_ATP_Buenos_Aires_(April)_–_Singles", "title": "1977 ATP Buenos Aires (April) – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Guillermo Vilas defeated Wojtek Fibak 6-4 , 6-3 , 6-0 to win the April 1977 ATP Buenos Aires singles competition . Vilas was the defending champion ."}
{"_id": "1803_in_India", "title": "1803 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1803 in India ."}
{"_id": "1914–15_Scottish_Division_Two", "title": "1914–15 Scottish Division Two", "headings": "", "text": "The 1914 -- 15 Scottish Division Two was the last season of play in the Scottish Division Two before World War I . It would not commence again until the 1921 -- 22 season .   It was won by Cowdenbeath after a round robin tournament to decide the title with three clubs tied . Vale of Leven finished bottom ."}
{"_id": "1979_Australian_Open", "title": "1979 Australian Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts at the Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne in Victoria in Australia and was held from 24 December 1979 through 2 January 1980 . It was the 68th edition of the Australian Open and the fourth Grand Slam tournament of the year . The singles titles were won by Argentinian Guillermo Vilas and American Barbara Jordan ."}
{"_id": "1992_Amstel_Gold_Race", "title": "1992 Amstel Gold Race", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Amstel Gold Race was the 27th edition of the annual road bicycle race `` Amstel Gold Race '' , held on Sunday April 25 , 1992 , in the Dutch province of Limburg . The race stretched 247.5 kilometres , with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Maastricht . There were a total of 168 competitors , with 82 cyclists finishing the race ."}
{"_id": "16th_Rifle_Corps", "title": "16th Rifle Corps", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Rifle Corps was a corps of the Soviet Red Army . It was part of the 11th Army on June 22 , 1941 . It took part in the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 . It later became part of the 18th Army , 56th Army and 33rd Army ."}
{"_id": "1999_Grand_Prix_of_Las_Vegas", "title": "1999 Grand Prix of Las Vegas", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Grand Prix of Las Vegas was the eighth and final round of the 1999 American Le Mans Series season . It took place at Las Vegas Motor Speedway , Nevada , on November 7 , 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1977_Australian_Open_(January)_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1977 Australian Open (January) – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "The first of the two Australian Opens held in 1977 started on 3 January and ended on 9 January . For the second Australian Open held in December 1977 , see : 1977 Australian Open ( December ) .   Evonne Goolagong was the defending champion , but did not compete in January 1977 .   Kerry Reid defeated Dianne Fromholtz , 7 -- 5 6 -- 2 , in the final to win the Women 's Singles title at the 1977 Australian Open ."}
{"_id": "1999_Holiday_Bowl", "title": "1999 Holiday Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Holiday Bowl was a college football bowl game played December 29 , 1999 , in San Diego , California . It was part of the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season . It featured the Washington Huskies , and the Kansas State Wildcats .   Washington scored the first points of the game , after a 39-yard John Anderson field goal , giving Washington an early 3-0 lead . Kansas State responded with a 1-yard touchdown run by Jonathan Beasley , giving KSU a 7-3 lead . John Anderson kicked his second field goal of the game , a 49 yarder , making it 7-6 Kansas State .   In the second quarter , Kansas State 's Jamie Rheem kicked a 41-yard field goal , increasing Kansas State 's lead to 10-6 . Washington later scored on a 3-yard touchdown run by Pat Coniff , giving Washington a 13-10 halftime lead .   In the third quarter , Jonathan Beasley scored his second touchdown of the game with an 11-yard run , to put Kansas State back on top 17-13 . Washington reclaimed the lead after Maurice Shaw took a handoff , and ran 5 yards for a touchdown , 20-17 . In the fourth quarter , Jonathan Beasley scored his third rushing touchdown of the game , giving Kansas State the lead for good at 24-20 ."}
{"_id": "1997_Big_12_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1997 Big 12 Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1998_Norwegian_First_Division", "title": "1998 Norwegian First Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Norwegian First Division , Norway 's second-tier football league , began play on 19 April 1998 and ended on 18 October 1998 . The league was contested by 14 teams , and the top two teams won promotion to Tippeligaen , while the third placed played a promotion-playoff against the 12th-placed team in Tippeligaen to win promotion . The bottom four teams were relegated to the Second Division .   Odd Grenland and Skeid won promotion to Tippeligaen , while Kjelsås lost the promotion-playoff against Kongsvinger . Aalesund , Strindheim , Ullern and Ham-Kam was relegated to the Second Division ."}
{"_id": "13th_Reserve_Division_(German_Empire)", "title": "13th Reserve Division (German Empire)", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th Reserve Division ( 13 . Reserve-Division ) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I . The division was formed on the mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 . The division was disbanded in 1919 , during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I . The division was a reserve division of the VII Reserve Corps and was recruited primarily in the Province of Westphalia ."}
{"_id": "120th_Brigade", "title": "120th Brigade", "headings": "", "text": "120th Brigade may refer to :   120th Brigade a ` bantam ' infantry formation of the British Army 1915 -- 18  120th ( Highland ) Brigade an infantry formation of the British Army 1918  120th Infantry Brigade a deception formation of the British Army in Sicily 1943 -- 44  CXX Brigade Royal Artillery a British Army unit 1915 -- 16  120th Guards Mechanised Brigade of the Belarusian Ground Forces  120th Infantry Brigade of the Egyptian Army 1973  120th Field Artillery Brigade of the Egyptian Army  120th Independent Mixed Brigade of the Japanese Army 1945  120th Artillery Brigade of the Russian Ground Forces  120th Anti-Aircraft Brigade of the Ukrainian Air Force  120th Infantry Brigade of the US Army"}
{"_id": "'t_Vlasbloemeken", "title": "'t Vlasbloemeken", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  ' t Vlasbloemeken is a restaurant located in Koewacht , Netherlands . It is a fine dining restaurant that is awarded a Michelin star for the period 2012-present .   In 2014 , GaultMillau awarded the restaurant 15 out of 20 points .   Head chef of ' t Vlasbloemeken is Eric van Bochoven ."}
{"_id": "1883_in_baseball", "title": "1883 in baseball", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1986_SANFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1986 SANFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 SANFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football competition . beat 135 to 87 ."}
{"_id": "1987_All-Big_Eight_Conference_football_team", "title": "1987 All-Big Eight Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 All-Big Eight Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Big Eight Conference teams for the 1987 NCAA Division I-A football season . The selectors for the 1987 season included the Associated Press ( AP ) ."}
{"_id": "1985_NBA_Finals", "title": "1985 NBA Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 NBA World Championship Series was the championship round of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's 1984 -- 85 season , and the culmination of the season 's playoffs .   The Boston Celtics were looking to repeat as NBA Champions for the first time since the season . The Celtics had homecourt advantage for the second year in a row as they finished the regular season with a 63-19 record while the Los Angeles Lakers compiled a 62-20 record . The Lakers looked to bounce back from the previous year 's painful loss to the Celtics in the championship series , and were still seeking to beat Boston for the first time ever in NBA Finals history . Also for the first time , the Finals went to a 2-3-2 format with Games 1 and 2 in Boston while the next three games were in Los Angeles . The final two games of the series would be played in Boston , if required . This change of format came after David Stern had a conversation with Celtics legend Red Auerbach in 1984 , who did n't like the frequent traveling between games . The 2-3-2 format would be used until the 2013 NBA Finals , after which the 2-2-1-1-1 format returned the following year .   The Los Angeles Lakers defeated the Celtics four games to two to defeat the Celtics for the first time in Laker history in the NBA Finals .   It would mark the last time the NBA World Championship Series branding would be in use as the NBA Finals branding would replace it the next season .   The video documentary Return to Glory recaps the 1985 NBA Playoff action . It would be the last documentary until 1989 narrated by Dick Stockton ."}
{"_id": "19139_Apian", "title": "19139 Apian", "headings": "", "text": "19139 Apian is a main-belt asteroid discovered on April 6 , 1989 , by F. Borngen at the astronomical observatory of the Thuringian State Observatory Tautenburg , Germany .   Apian is named after the German humanist Peter Apian . The name applies as official international standard and is registered at the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) ."}
{"_id": "1940_Cornell_Big_Red_football_team", "title": "1940 Cornell Big Red football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1940 college football season . In their fifth season under head coach Carl Snavely , the Big Red compiled a 6 -- 2 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 201 to 38 ."}
{"_id": "1993_ATP_Buenos_Aires_–_Doubles", "title": "1993 ATP Buenos Aires – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Pablo Albano and Javier Frana were the defending champions , but lost in the quarterfinals this year .   Tomás Carbonell and Carlos Costa won the title , defeating Sergio Casal and Emilio Sánchez 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 in the final ."}
{"_id": "12_Nights_of_Christmas", "title": "12 Nights of Christmas", "headings": "", "text": "12 Nights of Christmas is the first holiday and fourteenth studio album by American R&B singer R. Kelly ."}
{"_id": "1995_Aerobic_Gymnastics_World_Championships", "title": "1995 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Paris , France from December 16 to December 17 , 1995 ."}
{"_id": "1921_college_football_season", "title": "1921 college football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 NCAA football season had no clear-cut champion , with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing California Golden Bears , Cornell Big Red , Iowa Hawkeyes , Lafayette Leopards , Washington & Jefferson Presidents , and Vanderbilt Commodores as champions . Only California , Cornell , and Lafayette claim national championships for the 1921 season .   Andy Smith 's Pacific Coast Conference champion `` Wonder Team '' at California continued on its streak since 1920 . Eastern power Cornell was coached by Gil Dobie and led by one of the sport 's great backfields with George Pfann , Eddie Kaw , Floyd Ramsey , and Charles E. Cassidy . Jock Sutherland 's Lafayette Maroons were led on the line by Frank Schwab .   Big Ten champion Iowa upset Notre Dame 10 -- 7 . Grantland Rice noted that the 1921 Notre Dame team `` was the first team we know of to build its attack around a forward passing game , rather than use a forward passing game as a mere aid to the running game . ''   1921 was the last season for the old Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association . Vanderbilt tied co-champion Georgia on an onside kick . On October 6 , Centre upset Harvard 6 -- 0 in what is widely considered one of the greatest upsets in college football history . Overjoyed students painted the `` impossible formula '' C6H0 ( Centre 6 , Harvard 0 ) on everything in sight . Georgia Tech also claimed a conference title .   The 1922 Rose Bowl was fought to a scoreless tie , between California and Washington & Jefferson , in the last Rose Bowl to be played at Tournament Park . W&J is the smallest school to ever play in a Rose Bowl ."}
{"_id": "1932_Chicago_Cubs_season", "title": "1932 Chicago Cubs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 Chicago Cubs season was the 61st season of the Chicago Cubs franchise , the 57th in the National League and the 17th at Wrigley Field . The Cubs finished first in the National League with a record of 90 -- 64 , four games ahead of the second place Pittsburgh Pirates . The team was swept four games to none by the New York Yankees in the 1932 World Series ."}
{"_id": "1974_Mr._Olympia", "title": "1974 Mr. Olympia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Mr. Olympia contest was an IFBB professional bodybuilding competition held on October 12 , 1974 at the Felt Forum at Madison Square Garden in New York City , New York . It was the 10th Mr. Olympia competition held ."}
{"_id": "1953_VFA_season", "title": "1953 VFA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 Victorian Football Association season was the 72nd season of the Australian rules football competition . The premiership was won by the Port Melbourne Football Club , after it defeated Yarraville by 60 points in the Grand Final on 3 October . It was Port Melbourne 's seventh VFA premiership , and it was the only premiership that the club won during a sequence of eight consecutive Grand Finals played from 1950 until 1957 , and five consecutive minor premierships won from 1951 until 1955 ."}
{"_id": "1971_John_Player_League", "title": "1971 John Player League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 John Player League was the third competing of what was generally known as the Sunday League . The competition was won for the first time by Worcestershire County Cricket Club ."}
{"_id": "1978_Sri_Lanka_cyclone", "title": "1978 Sri Lanka cyclone", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 cyclone in Eastern province ( JTWC designation : 04B ) was the strongest tropical cyclone to strike Eastern province of Sri Lanka on November 23 , 1978 . The cyclone was started at local time 6.30 pm and continued to next day morning and damaged the areas from Trincomalee to Arugam bay . In eastern province , Akkaraipattu , Ninthavur , Kalmunai , Pattiruppu , Chettipalayam , Thalankudah , Kattankudy , Batticaloa , Eravur and Kalkudah were most affected area due to cyclone 's vortex zone .   Due to the cyclone , approximately a thousand persons died , more than one million people affected , nearly 250,000 houses partially and completely damaged , 240 school buildings damaged , one fifth of Batticaloa 's fishing fleet smashed up , 9 of the 11 paddy stores destroyed , 90 percent of the coconut plantation ( 28,000 odd acres of coconut plantation ) in the Batticaloa district destroyed . Government had spent over LKR 600 million in order to response to the disaster . A post cyclone survey found that approximately 130 miles of electric cables were laid , so many religious building were destroyed or damaged . The cyclone resulted to people suffer without electricity , water and debris of fallen buildings , trees , etc. . TIROS-N was observation satellite during the disaster and it was able to inform and to capture images ."}
{"_id": "1964_Sligo_Senior_Football_Championship", "title": "1964 Sligo Senior Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "This is a round-up of the 1964 Sligo Senior Football Championship . The holders and four-in-a-row champions Ballisodare/St . Patrick 's , dubbed as the `` Pride of the West '' , were dethroned after a semi-final replay , with Keash the victors . They in turn fell to Curry in the final , thus ending a 42-year wait for the South Sligo club 's third title ."}
{"_id": "1985_Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_football_team", "title": "1985 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1985 college football season . In their first year under head coach Don Morton , the Golden Hurricane compiled a 6 -- 5 record , 3 -- 0 against conference opponents , and won the Missouri Valley Conference championship . The team 's statistical leaders included quarterback Steve Gage with 1,069 passing yards , Gordon Brown with 1,201 rushing yards , and Ronnie Kelly with 379 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1999_Special_Olympics_World_Summer_Games", "title": "1999 Special Olympics World Summer Games", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Special Olympics World Summer Games were held in Raleigh , Durham , and Chapel Hill in North Carolina , United States between June 26 and July 4 , 1999 . The events in 19 sports were predominantly held on the campuses of North Carolina State University , the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , and North Carolina Central University ."}
{"_id": "16th_New_Zealand_Parliament", "title": "16th New Zealand Parliament", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the New Zealand Parliament . It was elected at the 1905 general election in December of that year ."}
{"_id": "1950_Iowa_Hawkeyes_football_team", "title": "1950 Iowa Hawkeyes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1950 Big Nine Conference football season . This season marks Leonard Raffensperger 's first season as head coach ."}
{"_id": "1897_Cincinnati_Reds_season", "title": "1897 Cincinnati Reds season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball . The team finished in fourth place in the National League with a record of 76 -- 56 , 17 games behind the Boston Beaneaters ."}
{"_id": "163rd_Division_(1st_Formation)(People's_Republic_of_China)", "title": "163rd Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)", "headings": "", "text": "The 163rd Division was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army , issued by Central Military Commission on November 1 , 1948 , basing on the 14th Independent Division of Northeastern People 's Liberation Army , formed in September .   The division was under direct control of Northeastern Military Region.Under the flag of 163rd division it took part in the Chinese civil war . In November 1951 the division was disbanded .   As of disbandment the division was composed of :  487th Regiment ;  488th Regiment ;  489th Regiment ."}
{"_id": "1893_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_football_team", "title": "1893 Illinois Fighting Illini football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1893 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1893 college football season . In their second season under head coach Edward K. Hall , the Illini compiled a 3 -- 2 -- 3 record . End George H. Atherton was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1991_Copper_Bowl", "title": "1991 Copper Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Copper Bowl was an American college football bowl game played on December 31 , 1991 at Arizona Stadium in Tucson , Arizona . The game featured the Indiana Hoosiers and the Baylor Bears .   In the first quarter , Indiana quarterback Trent Green scored on a 1-yard touchdown run making it 7 -- 0 Indiana . In the second quarter , Indiana got a 27-yard field goal from Bonnell making the lead 10 -- 0 . Vaughn Dunbar scored on a 5-yard touchdown run giving Indiana a 17 -- 0 halftime lead . In the fourth quarter , Trent Green scored on a 4-yard touchdown run , making the final margin 24 -- 0 . The 1991 Copper Bowl is Indiana 's last bowl win ."}
{"_id": "1954_in_Norway", "title": "1954 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1954 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1920–21_Blackpool_F.C._season", "title": "1920–21 Blackpool F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920-21 season was Blackpool F.C. 's twentieth season ( seventeenth consecutive ) in the Football League . They competed in the 22-team Division Two , then the second tier of English football , finishing fourth .   Blackpool defender Horace Fairhurst suffered a head injury during Blackpool 's game against Barnsley at Oakwell on 27 December 1920 . He died at home eleven days later as a result of the injury .   Jimmy Heathcote was the club 's top scorer , with eighteen goals ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_Austrian_Football_Bundesliga", "title": "1983–84 Austrian Football Bundesliga", "headings": "", "text": "This are the statistics of Austrian Football Bundesliga in the 1983/1984 season ."}
{"_id": "17_BC", "title": "17 BC", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 17 BCE was either a common year starting on Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Saturday , Sunday or Monday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ( the sources differ , see leap year error for further information ) and a leap year starting on Friday of the Proleptic Julian calendar . At the time , it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Furnius and Silanus ( or , less frequently , year 737 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 17 BCE for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years ."}
{"_id": "1984_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_800_metres", "title": "1984 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 800 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 800 metres event at the 1984 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 3 and 4 March ."}
{"_id": "1987–88_Southern_Football_League", "title": "1987–88 Southern Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 -- 88 season was the 85th in the history of the Southern League ."}
{"_id": "1996_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Women's_400_metres", "title": "1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 400 metres event at the 1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Sydney , Australia , at International Athletic Centre on 21 , 22 and 23 August ."}
{"_id": "1979_Pau_Grand_Prix", "title": "1979 Pau Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Pau Grand Prix was a Formula Two motor race held on 4 June 1979 at the Pau circuit , in Pau , Pyrénées-Atlantiques , France . The Grand Prix was won by Eddie Cheever , driving the Osella FA2/79 . Siegfried Stohr finished second and Marc Surer third ."}
{"_id": "1993_Federation_Cup_Asia/Oceania_Zone_–_Pool_B", "title": "1993 Federation Cup Asia/Oceania Zone – Pool B", "headings": "", "text": "Group B of the 1993 Federation Cup Asia/Oceania Zone was one of three pools in the Asia/Oceania zone of the 1993 Federation Cup . Three teams competed in a round robin competition , with the top two teams advancing to the play-offs ."}
{"_id": "1998_Montana_Grizzlies_football_team", "title": "1998 Montana Grizzlies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Montana Grizzlies football team represented the University of Montana in the 1998 NCAA Division I-AA football season . The Grizzlies were led by third-year head coach Mick Dennehy and played their home games at Washington -- Grizzly Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1922_Italian_general_strike", "title": "1922 Italian general strike", "headings": "", "text": "The Italian general strike of October 1922 was a general strike against Benito Mussolini 's power-grab with the March on Rome . It was led by socialists and ended in defeat for the workers . Mussolini famously referred to this as the `` Caporetto of Italian Socialism '' .   Rudolph Rocker , an active Anarcho-Syndicalist of this period , described the event in his book : `` When in 1922 the general strike against Fascism broke out , the democratic government armed the Fascist hordes and throttled this last attempt at the defence of freedom and right . But Italian democracy had dug its own grave . It thought it could use Mussolini as a tool against the workers , but thus it became its own grave-digger . ''"}
{"_id": "1947_Idaho_Vandals_football_team", "title": "1947 Idaho Vandals football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Idaho Vandals football team represented the University of Idaho in the 1947 college football season . The Vandals were led by first-year head coach Dixie Howell , and were members of the Pacific Coast Conference . Home games were played on campus in Moscow at Neale Stadium , with one game in Boise at Public School Field . The Vandals were 4 -- 4 overall and 1 -- 4 in conference play .   Howell , age 34 , had been the head coach at Arizona State before the war and was a finalist for the Idaho job six years earlier in 1941 , which went to Francis Schmidt . He played with Don Hutson and Bear Bryant at Alabama , and was the passer and a consensus All-American on the undefeated 1934 team that won the Rose Bowl and the national title ."}
{"_id": "1974_in_music", "title": "1974 in music", "headings": "", "text": "List of notable events in music that took place in the year 1974 .   __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1896_in_Argentine_football", "title": "1896 in Argentine football", "headings": "", "text": "1896 in Argentine football saw Lomas 's attempt to win its 4th successive Primera División championship , but the title was finally won by Lomas Academy , the other team from the club , which played its last tournament so it would be dissolved . Buenos Aires and Rosario Railway merged with Belgrano Athletic Club , which debuted that season ."}
{"_id": "1989_IMSA_GT_Championship", "title": "1989 IMSA GT Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Camel GT Championship season was the 19th season of the IMSA GT Championship auto racing series . It was for GTP and Lights classes of prototypes , as well as Grand Tourer-style racing cars which ran in the GTO and GTU classes , as well as a tube-frame American Challenge ( AC ) class during select GT-only rounds . It began February 4 , 1989 , and ended October 22 , 1989 , after twenty rounds ."}
{"_id": "13_Egeria", "title": "13 Egeria", "headings": "", "text": "13 Egeria is a large main-belt G-type asteroid . It was discovered by A. de Gasparis on November 2 , 1850 . Egeria was named by Urbain Le Verrier , whose computations led to the discovery of Neptune , after the mythological nymph Egeria of Aricia , Italy , the wife of Numa Pompilius , second king of Rome .    Egeria occulted a star on January 8 , 1992 . Its disc was determined to be quite circular ( 217 × 196 km ) . On January 22 , 2008 , it occulted another star , and this occultation was timed by several observers in New Mexico and Arizona , coordinated by the IOTA Asteroid Occultation Program . The result showed that Egeria presented an approximately circular profile to Earth of 214.8 × 192 km , well in agreement with the 1992 occultation . It has also been studied by radar .   In 1988 a search for satellites or dust orbiting this asteroid was performed using the UH88 telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories , but the effort came up empty . Spectral analysis of Egeria shows it to be unusually high in water content , 10.5 -- 11.5 % water by mass . This makes Egeria a prominent candidate for future water-mining ventures ."}
{"_id": "1991_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1991 Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Challenge Cup was the 90th staging of rugby league 's oldest knockout competition , the Challenge Cup . Known as the Silk Cut Challenge Cup for sponsorship reasons , the final was contested by Wigan and St. Helens at Wembley . Wigan won the match 13 -- 8 ."}
{"_id": "1997_Davis_Cup", "title": "1997 Davis Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Davis Cup was the 86th edition of the most important tournament between nations in men 's tennis . Group IV was added to the regional Zones , with promotion and relegation between it and Group III . A total of 127 nations participated in the tournament . In the final , Sweden defeated the United States at the Scandinavium in Gothenburg , Sweden , on 28 -- 30 November , giving Sweden their 6th title ."}
{"_id": "1969_Queen's_Club_Championships_–_Singles", "title": "1969 Queen's Club Championships – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "There was no defending champion , as the 1968 final was cancelled due to rain .   Fred Stolle won the singles title at the 1969 Queen 's Club Championships tennis tournament , defeating John Newcombe 6 -- 3 , 22 -- 20 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1901_Clemson_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1901 Clemson Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 Clemson Tigers football team represented the Clemson Tigers of Clemson Agricultural College during the 1901 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season . Under second year head coach John Heisman , the team posted a 3 -- 1 -- 1 record and 1 -- 0 -- 1 in the SIAA ."}
{"_id": "1984_Toronto_International_Film_Festival", "title": "1984 Toronto International Film Festival", "headings": "", "text": "The 9th Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) took place in Toronto , Ontario , Canada between September 6 and September 15 , 1984 . The festival introduced Perspective Canada programme , devoted to Canadian films . The festival screened 225 feature films and more than half of them were Canadian films .   In 1984 Top 10 Canadian Films of All Time list was released . It was created by the votes of film critics , professors , fans and festival staff ."}
{"_id": "1944_Argentine_Primera_División", "title": "1944 Argentine Primera División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 Argentine Primera División was the 53 ° season of top-flight football in Argentina . The season began on April 16 and ended on November 26 .   Boca Juniors won the championship , achieving its 12 ° league title . Vélez Sársfield returned after promoting last year while Banfield was relegated . ."}
{"_id": "1976_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "title": "1976 24 Hours of Le Mans", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 44th Grand Prix of Endurance , and took place on 12 and 13 June 1976 ."}
{"_id": "1998_NFL_season", "title": "1998 NFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 NFL season was the 79th regular season of the National Football League .   The season culminated with Super Bowl XXXIII , with the Denver Broncos defeating the Atlanta Falcons 34-19 at Pro Player Stadium . The Broncos had won their first thirteen games , the best start since the undefeated 1972 Dolphins , and were tipped by some to have a realistic chance at winning all nineteen games . The Minnesota Vikings became the first team since the 1968 Baltimore Colts to win all but one of their regular season games and not win the Super Bowl .   Football Outsiders noted `` 1998 was the last hurrah for the great quarterbacks who came into the league in the 1980s . The top four QBs -LSB- statistically -RSB- were all over 35 : Vinny Testaverde , Randall Cunningham , Steve Young , and John Elway . Troy Aikman , age 32 , was fifth . Dan Marino was 11th in his last good year . ''"}
{"_id": "1990_World_Rowing_Championships", "title": "1990 World Rowing Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 World Rowing Championships were World Rowing Championships that were held from 31 October to 4 November 1990 at Lake Barrington in Tasmania , Australia ."}
{"_id": "1941_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game", "title": "1941 Major League Baseball All-Star Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the ninth playing of the mid-summer classic between the all-stars of the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball . The game was held on July 8 , 1941 , at Briggs Stadium in Detroit , Michigan , the home of the Detroit Tigers of the American League .   The game resulted in the American League defeating the National League , 7 -- 5 . Ted Williams hit a walk-off home run with two outs in the ninth inning to win it for the AL. ."}
{"_id": "1959–60_Nationalliga_A_season", "title": "1959–60 Nationalliga A season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959-60 Nationalliga A season was the 22nd season of the Nationalliga A , the top level of ice hockey in Switzerland . Eight teams participated in the league , and HC Davos won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1984_County_Championship", "title": "1984 County Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 Britannic Assurance County Championship was the 85th officially organised running of the County Championship . Essex won their second successive Championship title .   The Championship was sponsored by Britannic Assurance for the first time ."}
{"_id": "1976_John_Player_League", "title": "1976 John Player League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 John Player League was the eighth competing of what was generally known as the Sunday League . The competition was won for the third time by Kent County Cricket Club ."}
{"_id": "1929_World_Snooker_Championship", "title": "1929 World Snooker Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 World Snooker Championship was a snooker tournament held between 17 December 1928 and 7 March 1929 at various venues in England , with the final beginning on 4 March 1929 . Joe Davis won his third World title by defeating Tom Dennis 19 -- 14 in the final . `` Dead '' frames were played , the score when Davis won the match was 17 -- 12 . The highest break of the tournament was 61 made by Davis in the final ."}
{"_id": "136th_Pennsylvania_Infantry", "title": "136th Pennsylvania Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 136th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1628_in_Japan", "title": "1628 in Japan", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1628 in Japan ."}
{"_id": "1999_Armenian_Premier_League", "title": "1999 Armenian Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Armenian Premier League in the 1999 season .   Zvartnots-AAL F.C. are promoted .  Erebuni-Homenmen Yerevan changed their name to Erebuni FC .  Aragats FC changed their name to FC Gyumri ."}
{"_id": "1999_Finlandia_Trophy", "title": "1999 Finlandia Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The Finlandia Trophy is an annual senior-level international figure skating competition held in Finland . Skaters compete in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles , and ice dancing .   The 1999 competition was held in Helsinki , Finland ."}
{"_id": "1943_in_organized_crime", "title": "1943 in organized crime", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1604_in_France", "title": "1604 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1604 in France"}
{"_id": "1959_Five_Nations_Championship", "title": "1959 Five Nations Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Five Nations Championship was the thirtieth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship . Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations , this was the sixty-fifth series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship . Ten matches were played between 10 January and 18 April . It was contested by England , France , Ireland , Scotland and Wales . France won for the first time on his own right , after two shared wins in 1954 and 1955 ."}
{"_id": "1996_Five_Nations_Championship_squads", "title": "1996 Five Nations Championship squads", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1916_U.S._Open_(golf)", "title": "1916 U.S. Open (golf)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1916 U.S. Open was the 22nd U.S. Open , held June 29 -- 30 at Minikahda Club in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Amateur Chick Evans led wire-to-wire and set a new U.S. Open scoring record to win his only U.S. Open title , two strokes ahead of runner-up Jock Hutchison .   There were 94 entries and on-site qualifying was held and only the defending champion was exempt . Qualifying was held on Tuesday and Wednesday , and each day half the field played 36 holes for 32 places in the starting field of 64 .   Evans opened the championship on Thursday with rounds of 70-69 , the first in history to break 140 in the first two rounds of a U.S. Open . He led by three over Wilfrid Reid , who went out of contention after a 79 ( +7 ) in the third round . Evans carded a 74 to maintain his three-shot advantage after 54 holes , with Jim Barnes as the nearest pursuer . After a double-bogey at the fourth hole , Evans recovered with a birdie at the next and matched Barnes through the front nine . At the par-5 12th , Evans found the green in two shots and two-putted for a birdie . He finished with a round of 73 to Barnes ' 74 . Hutchison , nine back after two rounds , moved up to second place with a 68 ( − 4 ) , the lowest score to date in the final round of a U.S. Open . As the top professional , he took home the winner 's share of the purse .   Evans ' total of 286 established a new U.S. Open scoring record that stood for two decades , until 1936 . Three months later , he won the U.S. Amateur championship at Merion near Philadelphia and became the first to win both titles in the same year . Evans won the U.S. Amateur again in 1920 .   Like previous editions , this U.S. Open was scheduled for just two days , at 36 holes each . Not held in 1917 and 1918 due to World War I , it resumed in 1919 and was stretched to three days , with 18 holes on each of the first two days and 36 holes on the third . It reverted to the two-day format in 1920 , then went to the three-day schedule in 1926 ."}
{"_id": "1973_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Championships_in_Athletics", "title": "1973 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics were held at the Estadio José Pachencho Romero in Maracaibo , Venezuela between 26 -- 29 July ."}
{"_id": "1870_United_States_Census", "title": "1870 United States Census", "headings": "", "text": "The United States Census of 1870 was the ninth United States Census . Conducted by the Census Bureau in June 1870 , the 1870 Census was the first census to provide detailed information on the black population , only years after the culmination of the Civil War when slaves were granted freedom . The population was said to be 38,555,983 individuals , a 22.62 % increase since 1860 . The 1870 Census ' population estimate is controversial , as many believed it underestimated the true population numbers , especially in New York and Pennsylvania ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_Belgian_First_Division", "title": "1965–66 Belgian First Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Belgian First Division in the 1965/1966 season ."}
{"_id": "1965_KFK_competitions_(Ukraine)", "title": "1965 KFK competitions (Ukraine)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 KFK competitions in Ukraine were part of the 1965 Soviet KFK competitions that were conducted in the Soviet Union . It was first season of the KFK in Ukraine . The winner eventually qualified to the 1966 Soviet Second League ."}
{"_id": "1-Heptanol", "title": "1-Heptanol", "headings": "", "text": "1-Heptanol is an alcohol with a seven carbon chain and the structural formula of CH3 ( CH2 ) 6OH . It is a clear colorless liquid that is very slightly soluble in water , but miscible with ether and ethanol ."}
{"_id": "1983_Orly_Airport_attack", "title": "1983 Orly Airport attack", "headings": "", "text": "The Orly Airport attack was the 15 July 1983 bombing of a Turkish Airlines check-in counter at Orly Airport in Paris , France , by the Armenian militant organization ASALA as part of its campaign for the recognition of and reparations for the Armenian Genocide .   The explosion killed eight people and injured 55 ."}
{"_id": "1994_Kids'_Choice_Awards", "title": "1994 Kids' Choice Awards", "headings": "", "text": "In 1994 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards was the seventh annual awards event . The event was held on May 1 , 1994 , from the Pantages Theater in Los Angeles , and hosted by Joey Lawrence , Candace Cameron , and Marc Weiner ."}
{"_id": "1981_Major_League_Baseball_draft", "title": "1981 Major League Baseball draft", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1896–97_Belgian_First_Division", "title": "1896–97 Belgian First Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Belgian First Division in the 1896/1897 season ."}
{"_id": "1800s_in_Wales", "title": "1800s in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1800 - 1809 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1999_Legg_Mason_Tennis_Classic", "title": "1999 Legg Mason Tennis Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Legg Mason Tenis Classic was the 30th edition of this tennis tournament and was played on outdoor hard courts . The tournament was part of the International Series of the 1999 ATP Tour . It was held at the William H.G. FitzGerald Tennis Center in Washington , D.C. from August 16 through August 22 , 1999 ."}
{"_id": "17_cm_mittlerer_Minenwerfer", "title": "17 cm mittlerer Minenwerfer", "headings": "", "text": "The 17 cm mittlerer Minenwerfer ( 17 cm mMW ) was a mortar used by Germany in World War I."}
{"_id": "1895_population_census_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina", "title": "1895 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "headings": "", "text": "The 1895 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the third census of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina taken during the Austro-Hungarian occupation ."}
{"_id": "14th_Bangladesh_National_Film_Awards", "title": "14th Bangladesh National Film Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th Bangladesh National Film Awards , presented by Ministry of Information , Bangladesh to felicitate the best of Bangladeshi Cinema released in the year 1989 . The ceremony took place in Dhaka and awards were given by then President of Bangladesh . The National Film Awards are the only film awards given by the government itself . Every year , a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry , and the award ceremony is held in Dhaka . 1989 was the 14th National Film Awards ."}
{"_id": "1933–34_New_York_Rangers_season", "title": "1933–34 New York Rangers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 -- 34 New York Rangers season was the eighth season for the team in the National Hockey League . In the regular season , the Rangers finished third in the American Division with a 21 -- 19 -- 8 record . New York qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs , where they lost to the Montreal Maroons 2 -- 1 in a two-game , total goals series ."}
{"_id": "1776_in_art", "title": "1776 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1776 in art ."}
{"_id": "1992_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Women's_60_metres", "title": "1992 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 60 metres event at the 1992 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held in Palasport di Genova on 29 February ."}
{"_id": "1965_Skyways_Coach-Air_Avro_748_crash", "title": "1965 Skyways Coach-Air Avro 748 crash", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Skyways Coach-Air Avro 748 crash occurred on 10 July 1965 when Avro 748-101 Series 1 G-ARMV , flown during a scheduled international passenger flight from Beauvais Airport , Oise , France , crashed on landing at its intended destination of Lympne Airport , Kent , United Kingdom . The accident was due to the grass runway being unable to support the weight of the aircraft during a heavy landing . This caused the nose wheels to dig in and the aircraft to overturn , losing both wings and the starboard tailplane in the process . All 52 people on board survived . This was the first accident involving the Avro 748/HS 748 that resulted in a write-off . A concrete runway was later installed at Lympne ."}
{"_id": "12th_Goya_Awards", "title": "12th Goya Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Goya Awards were presented in Madrid , Spain on 31 January 1998 .   Lucky Star won the award for Best Film ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Minnesota_Timberwolves_season", "title": "1993–94 Minnesota Timberwolves season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 NBA season was the Timberwolves ' 5th season in the National Basketball Association . The city of Minneapolis hosted the 1994 NBA All-Star Game . Top draft pick Isaiah Rider had a solid rookie season finishing second on the team in scoring with 16.6 points per game . He also won the Slam Dunk Contest during the All-Star Weekend . Midway through the season , the team traded Luc Longley to the Chicago Bulls for Stacey King . However , the Timberwolves continued to struggle losing their final ten games of the season , finishing fifth in the Midwest Division with a 20 -- 62 record .   Following the season , the Timberwolves were nearly sold to a group of investors that would have moved the team to New Orleans , despite the stellar attendance at the Target Center . However , the NBA Board of Governors vetoed the sale , and new owner Glen Taylor promised to keep the team in Minneapolis . Also following the season , Chuck Person signed as an unrestricted free agent with the San Antonio Spurs , Thurl Bailey retired and head coach Sidney Lowe was fired ."}
{"_id": "116_000", "title": "116 000", "headings": "", "text": "116 000 is the European missing children hotline number . It was the first harmonised service of social value to be adopted by the European Union . The 116 000 hotline provides free , immediate life saving support when children go missing . It is active in 29 countries in Europe : Albania , Austria , Belgium , Bulgaria , Croatia , Cyprus , Czech Republic , Denmark , Estonia , France , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , the Netherlands , Poland , Portugal , Romania , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Sweden and the United Kingdom . Finland is the only country in the European Union that has n't does n't have an operational 116 000 hotline .   Missing Children Switzerland is now the embodiment of `` 116 000 '' in Switzerland . Accessible day and night , 7 days a week , in 4 languages ( FR , DE , IT , EN ) . Calls free of charge and confidential .   Fundación ANAR in Spain and Missing People in the UK in 2010 .   Calls are answered locally by trained and professional staff from organisations specialising in dealing with cases of missing children by providing free emotional , psychological , social , administrative and legal advice , as required .   A European wide number was reserved by the European Commission for a variety of reasons . First the phenomenon of missing children is becoming increasingly a cross-border problem as the Schengen area is expanding . Secondly swift action in cases of disappearance is of vital importance , as a report from the United States ' Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention suggests that 76.2 % of children who are murdered after having been abducted are dead within the first three hours of disappearance . Furthermore parents need the support of an organisation specialised in dealing with these cases . And finally there is a need to communicate about a missing child beyond national borders ."}
{"_id": "10_January_2017_Afghanistan_bombings", "title": "10 January 2017 Afghanistan bombings", "headings": "", "text": "On 10 January , 2017 , multiple bombings in Afghanistan occurred at government and tribal establishments during the renewed War in Afghanistan . The Taliban claimed responsibility for all but one of the attacks , which targeted a United Arab Emirates diplomatic mission . In total , at least 64 to at least 88 people were killed and at least 94 were wounded , with at least three attackers also being killed . Other attacks may have taken place ."}
{"_id": "1993_NHL_Entry_Draft", "title": "1993 NHL Entry Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 NHL Entry Draft took place on June 26 , 1993 , at the Quebec Coliseum in Quebec City , Quebec ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Michigan_Wolverines_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1996–97 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team represented the University of Michigan in intercollegiate college basketball during the 1996 -- 97 season . The team played its home games in the Crisler Arena in Ann Arbor , Michigan , and was a member of the Big Ten Conference . Under the direction of head coach Steve Fisher , the team finished tied for sixth in the Big Ten Conference . The team earned an invitation to the 1997 National Invitation Tournament where it emerged as champion . The team was ranked for sixteen of the eighteen weeks of Associated Press Top Twenty-Five Poll , starting the season ranked ninth , peaking at number fourth and ending unranked , and it also ended the season unranked in the final USA Today/CNN Poll . The team had a 3 -- 4 record against ranked opponents , including the following victories : December 8 , 1996 , against # 10 Duke 62 -- 61 on the road , December 21 , 1996 , against # 6 Arizona 73 -- 71 in overtime at the Palace of Auburn Hills , and on January 9 , 1997 , against # 25 Illinois 88 -- 74 at home .   Robert Traylor and Travis Conlan served as team co-captains , while Robert Traylor and Louis Bullock shared team MVP honors . The team 's leading scorers were Louis Bullock ( 569 points ) , Robert Traylor ( 460 points ) and Maurice Taylor ( 433 points ) . The leading rebounders were Robert Traylor ( 271 ) , Maceo Baston ( 231 ) , and Maurice Taylor ( 218 ) .   Bullock led the Big Ten Conference in three-point field goals made in all games ( 101 ) and free throw percentage in conference games ( 89.3 % ) . The team led the Big Ten in scoring average with a 73.3 average in conference games .   Bullock set school records for single-season three-point field goals ( 101 ) made and single-season free throw percentage ( 84.48 ) , surpassing Glen Rice ( 99 , 1989 ) and Cazzie Russell ( 84.27 , 1964 ) , respectively . Both marks continue to be school bests but carry an asterisk due to Bullock 's participation in the University of Michigan basketball scandal . Bullock would surpass his free throw percentage mark two years later . The team set a new school record for single-season three-point shots made ( 203 ) , which they would rebreak the following season . This surpassed the 196 total set in 1989 ."}
{"_id": "1905_CAHL_season", "title": "1905 CAHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 Canadian Amateur Hockey League ( CAHL ) season was the seventh and final season of the league . Teams played a ten-game schedule . This year saw the addition of two teams , Montreal Westmount and Montreal Nationals . Montreal Nationals had previously been in the FAHL . Montreal Victorias won the league championship with a record of 9 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C._season", "title": "1991–92 Queens Park Rangers F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1991 -- 92 English football season , Queens Park Rangers F.C. competed in the Football League First Division ."}
{"_id": "1899_VMI_Keydets_football_team", "title": "1899 VMI Keydets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1899 VMI Keydets football team represented the Virginia Military Institute in their ninth season of organized football . Samuel Boyle , Jr. coached his second season for the Keydets , which featured only one game -- a 39 -- 0 win over .  Although the team only played one game in mid-October , the squad was assembled for practice in early September .   The 1899 football season at VMI was cut short by an outbreak of typhoid fever on the campus . As reported by one account : `` VMI had time to crush only Washington and Lee 39 -- 0 before the 1899 season was abruptly ended by an outbreak of typhoid fever which closed the Institute for six weeks . '' On October 16 , 1899 , all 250 cadets were sent to their homes on account of the outbreak . At least one cadet died in the outbreak , and the school was not re-opened until November 28 , 1899 -- after the football season had ended .   VMI 's sole opponent for the year , Washington & Lee , finished the season with a record of 0 wins , 4 losses , and 1 tie . The `` Keydets '' of VMI handed their one opponent the biggest defeat ( by score ) of the season .   In the lone game of the season , W. B. `` Bruce '' Montgomery , Jr. , the captain and quarterback for VMI , scored a touchdown on an 80-yard carry . Montgomery would go on to the next season to be team captain and assist with coaching duties .   One of the individuals who played for the VMI football team in 1899 and 1900 was George C. Marshall , who went on to be Chief of Staff of the Army , Secretary of State , and Secretary of Defense ."}
{"_id": "1997_Guanabara_Bay_oil_spill", "title": "1997 Guanabara Bay oil spill", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Guanabara Bay oil spill was one of three major oil spills in Guanabara Bay in Brazil . It leaked from the oil refinery at Duque de Caxias ( REDUC ) operated by Petrobras .   Petrobras estimated that a leaking pipeline released 600,000 liters ( 160,000 US gal ) of oil into the bay , but according to Sindipetro - the petroleum industry 's union - it was 2,000,000 liters ( 530,000 US gal ) of oil that had been spilled . The incident also had a large damaging effect on marine life in the ocean ; as well as , other existing areas surrounding the bay area . Many fish suffered tragic deaths as they were washed up on the shore dead or  covered in oil . In addition , the fishing industry suffered a great downfall and local fishermen were unable to work or fish in the bay ."}
{"_id": "1959_in_Belgian_television", "title": "1959 in Belgian television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Belgian television related events from 1959 ."}
{"_id": "1688_Smyrna_earthquake", "title": "1688 Smyrna earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1688 Smyrna earthquake occurred at 11:45 on 10 July . It had an epicenter close to Izmir , Turkey . It had an estimated surface wave magnitude of 7.0 , with a maximum felt intensity of X ( Extreme ) on the Mercalli intensity scale , and caused about 16,000 casualties ."}
{"_id": "10_Magazine_(South_Korean_magazine)", "title": "10 Magazine (South Korean magazine)", "headings": "", "text": "Founded in October 2008 , 10 Magazine is an English language , `` events-led '' monthly magazine published in Seoul , South Korea . The content focuses on the month 's events ( concerts , exhibitions , festivals , etc. ) around the country and entertaining activities to experience while visiting or residing in Korea ."}
{"_id": "1978_Currie_Cup", "title": "1978 Currie Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Currie Cup was the 40th edition of the Currie Cup , the premier annual domestic rugby union competition in South Africa .   The tournament was won by for the tenth time ; they beat 13 -- 9 in the final in Bloemfontein ."}
{"_id": "1902_LSU_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1902 LSU Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1902 LSU Tigers football team represented the Tigers of Louisiana State University during the 1902 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season . W. S. Borland returned in 1902 for his second season as LSU head coach . The seven-game 1902 season was the longest for the Tigers since their first game in 1893 and also featured the most games on the road : five games played away and only two in Baton Rouge ."}
{"_id": "173rd_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry", "title": "173rd New York Volunteer Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 173rd New York Volunteer Infantry ( , `` 4th Metropolitan Guard '' and `` 4th National Guard '' ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "147th_Ohio_Infantry", "title": "147th Ohio Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 147th Ohio Volunteer Infantry ( or 147th OVI ) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1669_in_Denmark", "title": "1669 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1669 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1975–76_Calgary_Cowboys_season", "title": "1975–76 Calgary Cowboys season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 -- 76 Calgary Cowboys season was the fourth season of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) franchise and first in Calgary , Alberta . The Vancouver Blazers relocated to Calgary prior to the season . The Cowboys qualified for the playoffs , losing in the second round to the Winnipeg Jets ."}
{"_id": "1934_National_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1934 National Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 National Challenge Cup was the annual open cup held by the United States Football Association now known as the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup ."}
{"_id": "1971_NCAA_University_Division_baseball_season", "title": "1971 NCAA University Division baseball season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 NCAA University Division baseball season , play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) began in the spring of 1971 . The season progressed through the regular season and concluded with the 1971 College World Series . The College World Series , held for the twenty fifth time in 1971 , consisted of one team from each of eight geographical districts and was held in Omaha , Nebraska at Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium as a double-elimination tournament . Southern California claimed the championship ."}
{"_id": "1998_NHL_Expansion_Draft", "title": "1998 NHL Expansion Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 NHL Expansion Draft was held in on June 26 , 1998 . The draft took place to fill the roster of the league 's expansion team for the 1998 -- 99 season , the Nashville Predators ."}
{"_id": "1291_Phryne", "title": "1291 Phryne", "headings": "", "text": "1291 Phryne ( 1933 RA ) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on September 15 , 1933 , by E. Delporte at Uccle ."}
{"_id": "1901_Latrobe_Athletic_Association_season", "title": "1901 Latrobe Athletic Association season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1900 Latrobe Athletic Association season was their seventh season in existence . It was a low profile season for Latrobe . The team played in only 3 games this season and finished 2-1 ."}
{"_id": "1994_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Women's_100_metres", "title": "1994 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 100 metres event at the 1994 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Lisbon , Portugal , at Estádio Universitário de Lisboa on 20 and 21 July ."}
{"_id": "1986_US_Open_–_Men's_Doubles", "title": "1986 US Open – Men's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The Men 's Doubles tournament at the 1986 US Open was held from August 26 to September 7 , 1986 , on the outdoor hard courts at the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City , United States . Andrés Gómez and Slobodan Živojinović won the title , defeating Joakim Nyström and Mats Wilander in the final ."}
{"_id": "1984_(1956_film)", "title": "1984 (1956 film)", "headings": "", "text": "1984 is a 1956 British black-and-white science fiction drama film , freely based on the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell , depicting a totalitarian future society . This is the first cinema rendition of the story , directed by Michael Anderson and starring Edmond O'Brien as protagonist Winston Smith , and featuring Donald Pleasence , Jan Sterling , and Michael Redgrave . The character O'Brien , the antagonist , was renamed `` O'Connor '' , due to the shared surname of the actor Edmond O'Brien .   The film was distributed in 1956 on a double bill with another British sci-fi film , The Gamma People . After the customary distributor agreement expired , the film was withdrawn from theatrical and TV distribution channels by Orwell 's estate and has not been obtainable legally for many years .   In 1954 , Peter Cushing and Andre Morell starred in a BBC-TV made-for-TV adaptation that was extremely popular with British audiences , which led to the making of the 1956 O'Brien theatrical film version . Pleasence had also appeared in the 1954 television version , playing the character of Syme , which for the film was amalgamated with that of Parsons ."}
{"_id": "1969–70_Soviet_League_season", "title": "1969–70 Soviet League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 -- 70 Soviet Championship League season was the 24th season of the Soviet Championship League , the top level of ice hockey in the Soviet Union . 12 teams participated in the league , and CSKA Moscow won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1961_Albanian_Cup", "title": "1961 Albanian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "1961 Albanian Cup was the twelfth season of Albania 's annual cup competition . It began in Spring 1961 with the First Round and ended in May 1961 with the Final matches . Dinamo Tirana were the defending champions , having won their sixth Albanian Cup last season .   The cup was won by KF Partizani .   The rounds were played in a two-legged format similar to those of European competitions . If the aggregated score was tied after both games , the team with the higher number of away goals advanced . If the number of away goals was equal in both games , the match was decided by extra time and a penalty shootout , if necessary ."}
{"_id": "13th_Empire_Awards", "title": "13th Empire Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th Empire Awards ceremony ( officially known as the Sony Ericsson Empire Awards ) , presented by the British film magazine Empire , honored the best films of 2007 and took place on 9 March 2008 at the Grosvenor House Hotel in London , England . During the ceremony , Empire presented Empire Awards in 12 categories as well as three honorary awards . The awards for the Sony Ericsson Soundtrack and the Done In 60 Seconds competition were first introduced this year . The Best Newcomer returned to a single award , having last year been split into `` Best Male Newcomer '' and `` Best Female Newcomer '' awards and the honorary Outstanding Contribution to British Cinema was renamed to Outstanding Contribution to British Film . The ceremony was televised in the United Kingdom by ITV2 on March 10 . Welsh actor Rob Brydon hosted the show for the first time . The awards were sponsored by Sony Ericsson for the fifth year , having last sponsored the 11th ceremony held in 2006 .   Atonement won the most awards with three including Best British Film . Other winners included Control with two awards and 28 Weeks Later , American Gangster , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Hot Fuzz , Stardust and The Bourne Ultimatum with one . Ewan McGregor received the Empire Icon Award , Guillermo del Toro received the Empire Inspiration Award , and Shane Meadows received the Outstanding Contribution to British Film award . Nick Jesper from the United Kingdom won the Done In 60 Seconds Award for his 60-second film version of Titanic ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Newport_A.F.C._season", "title": "1992–93 Newport A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 season was the third consecutive season played in the Southern League Midland Division . The season was spent ground-sharing at Gloucester City 's Meadow Park stadium after the FAW refused permission for the club to use Somerton Park ."}
{"_id": "12th_(Yorkshire)_Parachute_Battalion", "title": "12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th ( Yorkshire ) Parachute Battalion was an airborne infantry battalion of the Parachute Regiment , raised by the British Army during the Second World War . The battalion was formed by the conversion of the 10th ( East Riding Yeomanry ) Battalion , Green Howards to parachute duties in May 1943 . They were then assigned to the 5th Parachute Brigade , alongside the 7th and 13th Parachute battalions , which was part of the 6th Airborne Division .   They battalion took part in Operation Tonga during the D-Day landings , capturing Ranville and held it against several German counter-attacks . It later fought in the Battle of Breville , and played a part in the 6th Airborne Division advance to the River Seine , after which it was returned to England in September 1944 . The battalion was deployed to the River Meuse with the 5th Parachute Brigade during the German Ardennes offensive in December . Its final mission in Europe was Operation Varsity , the River Rhine crossing in March 1945 . They then advanced further into Germany , and had reached the Baltic Sea , when Germany surrendered .   After the war in Europe the battalion was sent to the Far East , taking part in operations in Malaya and Java . In 1946 the battalion rejoined the 6th Airborne Division in Palestine , where it was disbanded . In 1947 a new 12th Battalion was raised as part of the 16th Airborne Division in the reformed Territorial Army ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_HNK_Hajduk_Split_season", "title": "1998–99 HNK Hajduk Split season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 season was the 88th season in Hajduk Split 's history and their eighth in the Prva HNL . Their 2nd place finish in the 1997 -- 98 season meant it was their 8th successive season playing in the Prva HNL ."}
{"_id": "1977_Romika_Cup_–_Doubles", "title": "1977 Romika Cup – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Juan Gisbert , Sr. and Manuel Orantes were the defending champions , but did not participate this year .   František Pala and Balázs Taróczy won the title , defeating Nikola Špear and John Whitlinger 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1971_Local_Council_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church", "title": "1971 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church", "headings": "", "text": "1971 meeting of the Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church was the third in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church , and second in the second patriarchal period ( since 1917 ) , which took place 30 May to 2 June 1971 in the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius . The Local Council meeting was held in connection with the need to elect a new primate of the Church after the death of Patriarch Alexy I. New patriarch was elected locum tenens of the patriarchal throne , Metropolitan Pimen of Krutitsy and Kolomna . Another important act of the cathedral - the abolition of the oath on the old rites of the Great Moscow Council of 1667 ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_Omani_League", "title": "1983–84 Omani League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 -- 85 Omani League was the 10th edition of the top football league in Oman . Dhofar S.C.S.C. were the defending champions , having won the previous 1982 -- 83 Omani League season . Fanja SC emerged as the champions of the 1983 -- 84 Omani League ."}
{"_id": "1927–28_Belgian_First_Division", "title": "1927–28 Belgian First Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Belgian First Division in the 1927/1928 season ."}
{"_id": "114th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry", "title": "114th New York Volunteer Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 114th New York Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1960:_The_Making_of_the_President", "title": "1960: The Making of the President", "headings": "", "text": "1960 : The Making of the President is a board game simulation of the 1960 U.S. presidential election in which John F. Kennedy defeated Richard M. Nixon . It was created by Jason Matthews and Christian Leonhard and is published by Z-Man Games . Graphic design was supplied by Joshua Cappel . The game was released in 2007 ."}
{"_id": "1882_in_Scotland", "title": "1882 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1882 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "10th_Bangladesh_National_Film_Awards", "title": "10th Bangladesh National Film Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th Bangladesh National Film Awards were presented by the Ministry of Information , Bangladesh , to felicitate the best of Bangladeshi cinema released in the year 1985 . Bangladesh National Film Awards is a film award ceremony in Bangladesh established in 1975 by Government of Bangladesh . Every year , a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry , and the award ceremony is held in Dhaka . 1985 was the 10th ceremony of Bangladesh National Film Award ."}
{"_id": "1976_National_Society_of_Film_Critics_Awards", "title": "1976 National Society of Film Critics Awards", "headings": "", "text": "11th NSFC Awards  January 4 , 1977   Best Film :  All the President 's Men  The 11th National Society of Film Critics Awards , given on 4 January 1977 , honored the best filmmaking of 1976 ."}
{"_id": "1906_Latrobe_Athletic_Association_season", "title": "1906 Latrobe Athletic Association season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1906 Latrobe Athletic Association season was their eleventh season in existence . The team finished 3-1 ."}
{"_id": "1994_Symmons_Plains_ATCC_round", "title": "1994 Symmons Plains ATCC round", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Symmons Plains ATCC round was the third round of the 1994 Australian Touring Car Championship . It was held on the weekend of 11 to 13 March at Symmons Plains Raceway in Launceston , Tasmania ."}
{"_id": "1983_Meath_Intermediate_Football_Championship", "title": "1983 Meath Intermediate Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Meath Intermediate Football Championship is the 57th edition of the Meath GAA 's premier club Gaelic football tournament for intermediate graded teams in County Meath , Ireland . The tournament consists of 20 teams . The championship starts with a group stage and then progresses to a knock out stage .   This was St. Michael 's first year ever in this grade as they were promoted from the J.F.C. after claiming the 1982 Meath Junior Football Championship title . It was also just their 4th year in existence after the two clubs Kilbeg and Carlanstown amalgamated in 1980 .   From this season onwards , the Division II ( now known as Junior B ) club Kilmessan and Intermediate club Dunsany amalgamated . The football section of the new club was called Dunsany and the hurling section was named Kilmessan .   For the 1983 season , Junior club St. Louis Blues and Intermediate club Rathkenny amalgamated under the name Grove Emmets , but were relegated at the end of the season .   On 23 October 1983 , Moynalvey claimed their 1st Intermediate championship title when they defeated St. Mary 's Donore 1-8 to 0-6 in the final at Pairc Tailteann . This was their first time ever to be awarded a place in the S.F.C.   Grove Emmets , Kilcloon and Kilbride were relegated to the J.F.C."}
{"_id": "1852_in_poetry", "title": "1852 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Luxembourg_National_Division", "title": "1997–98 Luxembourg National Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Luxembourg National Division in season 1997/1998 ."}
{"_id": "1995_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season", "title": "1995 Pittsburgh Steelers season", "headings": "", "text": "The Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise 's 63rd season as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League .   This season saw the Steelers return to the Super Bowl for the first time in sixteen years ( Super Bowl XIV ) . The team 's 11 -- 5 finish was good enough for the AFC Central championship and the second seed in the conference .   For the second consecutive season Pittsburgh hosted the AFC Championship Game at home by virtue of the Indianapolis Colts ' that upsetted of the top-seeded Kansas City Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium .  The Steelers won the game , but lost to the 1995 Dallas Cowboys in the Super Bowl in a matchup of teams that were looking to join the San Francisco 49ers as the only other team ( at the time ) to win five Super Bowls . It was the first time in three Super Bowl meetings that the Steelers had lost to the Cowboys . Pittsburgh coach Bill Cowher became ( at the time ) the youngest head coach to lead his team to the Super Bowl .   After the Super Bowl loss , quarterback Neil O'Donnell signed as a free agent with the New York Jets ."}
{"_id": "1969_in_Brazilian_television", "title": "1969 in Brazilian television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Brazilian television related events from 1969 ."}
{"_id": "1995_UEFA_European_Under-16_Championship", "title": "1995 UEFA European Under-16 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 UEFA European Under-16 Championship was the 13th edition of UEFA 's European Under-16 Football Championship . Belgium hosted the championship , during April 24 - May 6 , 1995 . 16 teams entered the competition , and Portugal defeated Spain in the final to win the competition for the second time ."}
{"_id": "1909–10_Ohio_Bobcats_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1909–10 Ohio Bobcats men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 -- 10 Ohio Bobcats men 's basketball team represented Ohio University . James C. Jones returned as the head coach for the third year of the program and played their home games in Ohio Gymnasium ."}
{"_id": "159th_meridian_east", "title": "159th meridian east", "headings": "", "text": "The meridian 159 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , Australasia , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 159th meridian east forms a great circle with the 21st meridian west ."}
{"_id": "1994_Ýokary_Liga", "title": "1994 Ýokary Liga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Turkmenistan Higher League ( Ýokary Liga ) season was the third season of Turkmenistan 's professional football league ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_French_Division_2", "title": "1996–97 French Division 2", "headings": "", "text": "The Division 2 season 1996/1997 , organised by the LFP was won by LB Châteauroux and saw the promotions of LB Châteauroux and Toulouse FC , whereas FC Perpignan , FCO Charleville , SAS Épinal and Stade Briochin were relegated to National ."}
{"_id": "1947_All-Pro_Team", "title": "1947 All-Pro Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 All-Pro Team consisted of American football players who were chosen by various selectors for the All-Pro team for the 1947 football season . Teams were selected by , among others , the Associated Press ( AP ) , the United Press ( UP ) , Pro Football Illustrated , and the New York Daily News ( NYDN ) . The AP selections included players from the National Football League ( NFL ) and All-America Football Conference ; the UP , PFI , and NYDN selections were limited to players from the NFL ."}
{"_id": "151st_Aviation_Regiment_(United_States)", "title": "151st Aviation Regiment (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 151st Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army , primarily provided by the South Carolina Army National Guard ."}
{"_id": "1370s_in_England", "title": "1370s in England", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the 1370s in England ."}
{"_id": "1888_Open_Championship", "title": "1888 Open Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1888 Open Championship was the 28th Open Championship , held 6 October at the Old Course at St Andrews , Fife , Scotland . Jack Burns won the Championship by a stroke from David Anderson , Jr. and Ben Sayers .   Willie Campbell led after 18 holes for the third successive year and was the leader on 84 with Sayers on 85 and a group of four players on 86 .   In the afternoon Sayers , in the first group , scored 87 and took an early lead on 172 . Campbell made a number of mistakes and scored 90 for a total of 174 . Sayers was then joined on 172 by David Anderson . Playing a few groups behind , Burns scored an 85 and took the lead on 171 , a score none of the later players could match .   Burns 's score for his first round had originally been added up to 87 but an R&A member noticed that it was added up incorrectly and the total was adjusted to 86 , making Burns the champion ."}
{"_id": "1994_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship", "title": "1994 UEFA European Under-18 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1994 Final Tournament was held in Spain . It also served as the European qualification for the 1995 FIFA World Youth Championship ."}
{"_id": "1894_Missouri_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1894 Missouri Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1894 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri as an independent during the 1894 college football season ."}
{"_id": "129_(number)", "title": "129 (number)", "headings": "", "text": "129 ( one hundred -LSB- and -RSB- twenty-nine ) is the natural number following 128 and preceding 130 ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_rankings", "title": "1985–86 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 -- 86 NCAA Division I men 's basketball rankings was made up of two human polls , the AP Poll and the Coaches Poll , in addition to various other preseason polls ."}
{"_id": "1957–58_Mexican_Primera_División_season", "title": "1957–58 Mexican Primera División season", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Primera División de México in season 1957-58 ."}
{"_id": "1954_Bulgarian_Cup_Final", "title": "1954 Bulgarian Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 Bulgarian Cup Final was the 14th final of the Bulgarian Cup ( in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army ) , and was contested between CSKA Sofia and Slavia Sofia on 7 November 1954 at Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia . CSKA won the final 2 -- 1 , claiming their second national cup title ."}
{"_id": "16th_Connecticut_Infantry_Regiment", "title": "16th Connecticut Infantry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1959_New_Year_Honours", "title": "1959 New Year Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The New Year Honours 1959 were appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries . They were announced on 30 December 1958 to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 1959 .   The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour , and arranged by honour , with classes ( Knight , Knight Grand Cross , etc. ) and then divisions ( Military , Civil , etc. ) as appropriate .   At this time , awards were still being made within the United Kingdom honours list on the advice of the premiers of Australian states . There was also a ( federal ) Australian honours list of awards made `` on the advice of Her Majesty 's Australian Ministers '' . The separate Australian honours system began in 1975 ."}
{"_id": "1981_in_French_television", "title": "1981 in French television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of French television related events from 1981 ."}
{"_id": "1995_Fed_Cup_Europe/Africa_Zone_Group_II_–_Pool_C", "title": "1995 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II – Pool C", "headings": "", "text": "Group C of the 1995 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa Zone Group II of the 1995 Fed Cup . Five teams competed in a round robin competition , with the top two teams advancing to the play-offs ."}
{"_id": "1993_ABN_AMRO_World_Tennis_Tournament_–_Doubles", "title": "1993 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Marc-Kevin Goellner and David Prinosil were the defending champions , but chose not to participate that year .   Henrik Holm and Anders Järryd won in the final 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 , against David Adams and Andrei Olhovskiy ."}
{"_id": "1990_Pepsi_Hotshots_season", "title": "1990 Pepsi Hotshots season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Pepsi Hotshots season was the 1st season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_EHF_Women's_Champions_League", "title": "1993–94 EHF Women's Champions League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 EHF Women 's Champions League was the first edition of the European Champions Cup , the premier European women 's club handball tournament , being organized by the European Handball Federation . The competition was renamed EHF Champions League and the format of the football 1991 -- 92 European Cup and 1992 -- 93 UEFA Champions League was adopted .   This inaugural edition of the Champions League was won by Hypo Niederösterreich in a replay of the previous season 's final match against Vasas Budapest . It was their third European Cup in a row ."}
{"_id": "1962–63_AHL_season", "title": "1962–63 AHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 -- 63 AHL season was the 27th season of the American Hockey League . Nine teams played 72 games each in the schedule . The Buffalo Bisons finished first overall in the regular season , and won their fourth Calder Cup championship ."}
{"_id": "1994_Montana_Grizzlies_football_team", "title": "1994 Montana Grizzlies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Montana Grizzlies football team represented the University of Montana in the 1994 NCAA Division I-AA football season . The Grizzlies were led by ninth-year head coach Don Read and played their home games on campus at Washington -- Grizzly Stadium in Missoula .   Sonoma State W 41-7   Carson-Newman W 48-14   Eastern Washington W 49-29   at North Texas W 21-17   Cal Poly W 45-0   Northern Arizona W 34-24   at Weber State W 35-20   Idaho W 45-21   at Boise State L 38-14   at Idaho State L 28-23   Montana State W 55-20   Northern Iowa W 23-20 -- Division I-AA playoffs   McNeese State W 30-28 -- Division I-AA quarterfinal   at Youngstown State L 28-9 -- Division I-AA semifinal"}
{"_id": "1546_in_Ireland", "title": "1546 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1546 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1921_VFL_season", "title": "1921 VFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 Victorian Football League season was the 25th season of the elite Australian rules football competition ."}
{"_id": "1960_Republican_National_Convention", "title": "1960 Republican National Convention", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States was held in Chicago , Illinois , from July 25 to July 28 , 1960 , at the International Amphitheatre . It was the 14th and most recent time overall that Chicago hosted the Republican National Convention , more times than any other city .   The convention nominated Vice President Richard M. Nixon for President and former Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. of Massachusetts for Vice President ."}
{"_id": "1957_USC_Trojans_football_team", "title": "1957 USC Trojans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California ( USC ) in the 1957 college football season . In their first year under head coach Don Clark , the Trojans compiled an 1 -- 9 record ( 1 -- 6 against conference opponents ) , finished in a tie for seventh place in the Pacific Coast Conference , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 204 to 86 .   Tom Maudlin led the team in passing with 48 of 100 passes completed for 552 yards , no touchdowns and eight interceptions . Rex Johnston led the team in rushing with 74 carries for 304 yards . Larry Boies was the leading receiver with 14 catches for 144 yards and no touchdowns .   No member of the 1957 Trojans received first-team honors on the 1957 All-Pacific Coast Conference football team . Tackle Mike Henry received second-team honors from the conference coaches ."}
{"_id": "1934_in_Argentina", "title": "1934 in Argentina", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1934 in Argentina ."}
{"_id": "1927_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_football_team", "title": "1927 Illinois Fighting Illini football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois in the 1927 Big Ten Conference football season . The Fighting Illini compiled a 7 -- 0 -- 1 record ( 5 -- 0 against Western Conference opponents ) and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 152 to 24 . The team was selected as the 1927 national champion by the Billingsley Report , Dickinson System , Helms Athletic Foundation , National Championship Foundation , and Parke H. Davis .   Though the team had no consensus All-Americans and was known for its lack of prominent names , center Robert Reitsch and guard Russ Crane made a handful of first-team selections . Reitsch was also the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1955–56_Netherlands_Football_League_Championship", "title": "1955–56 Netherlands Football League Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The Netherlands Football League Championship 1955/1956 was contested by 36 teams participating in two divisions . The national champion would be determined by a play-off featuring the two best placed teams in both divisions of the Netherlands . Rapid JC won this year 's championship by beating NAC , Elinkwijk and Sparta Rotterdam ."}
{"_id": "1931_World_Archery_Championships", "title": "1931 World Archery Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 World Archery Championships was the inaugural edition of the World Archery Championships . The event was held in Lwów , Poland in August 1931 .   Following the competition , on 4 September , the World Archery Federation ( FITA ) was formally founded by the four nations which sent representatives to the Championships ( Sweden , Czechoslovakia , France , Poland ) along with representatives of the United States , Hungary and Italy ."}
{"_id": "1909–10_Istanbul_Football_League", "title": "1909–10 Istanbul Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 -- 10 İstanbul Football League season was the 6th season of the league . Galatasaray won the league for the second time ."}
{"_id": "1996_in_Scotland", "title": "1996 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1996 in Scotland"}
{"_id": "1767_in_Canada", "title": "1767 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1767 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1983_Lisbon_Open", "title": "1983 Lisbon Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Lisbon Open , also known by its sponsorship name Lights Cup , was a men 's tennis tournament held in Lisbon , Portugal and played on outdoor clay courts . It was the only edition of the tournament and was held from April 4 to May 16 . It was part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit as a Super Series category event .   Mats Wilander won his 6th career title and his 2nd of the year by defeating Yannick Noah in the final ."}
{"_id": "1498_Nankai_earthquake", "title": "1498 Nankai earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1498 Nankai earthquake ( 明応地震 Meiō Jishin ) occurred off the coast of Nankaidō , Japan , at about 08:00 local time on 20 September 1498 . It had a magnitude estimated at 8.6 MS and triggered a large tsunami . The death toll associated with this event is uncertain , but between 26,000 and 31,000 casualties were reported . A tsunami caused by the Meiō Nankaidō earthquake washed away the building housing the statue of the Great Buddha at Kōtoku-in in Kamakura ."}
{"_id": "1992_in_Croatia", "title": "1992 in Croatia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1992 in Croatia ."}
{"_id": ".hiv", "title": ".hiv", "headings": "", "text": ". hiv is a generic top-level domain ( gTLD ) proposed by the Berlin-based nonprofit dotHIV and owned by Uniregistry as of September 2014 . It is the first open charitable gTLD and its ICANN designation states that the domain 's operator is precluded from making a profit . Funds raised from . hiv domain sales will initially benefit projects to increase access to HIV/AIDS treatment in Rwanda , South Africa , Turkey , and the United States ."}
{"_id": "1949_UCI_Road_World_Championships", "title": "1949 UCI Road World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 UCI Road World Championships took place in Copenhagen , Denmark between 20 -- 21 August 1949 ."}
{"_id": "1985_Ginebra_San_Miguel_season", "title": "1985 Ginebra San Miguel season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Ginebra San Miguel season was the 7th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) ."}
{"_id": "1950_County_Championship", "title": "1950 County Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 County Championship was the 51st officially organised running of the County Championship .   Lancashire and Surrey shared the Championship title ."}
{"_id": "1918_in_motorsport", "title": "1918 in motorsport", "headings": "", "text": "The following is an overview of the events of 1918 in motorsport including the major racing events , motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year , championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year , births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people ."}
{"_id": "1952_Alexander_Cup", "title": "1952 Alexander Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Alexander Cup was the Canadian national major ( ` open ' to both amateur and professional leagues ) senior ice hockey championship for the 1951-52 season ."}
{"_id": "1975_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season", "title": "1975 Kansas City Chiefs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Kansas City Chiefs season ended with a second consecutive 5 -- 9 record and no playoff berth . San Francisco 49ers defensive coordinator Paul Wiggin was named the second head coach in franchise history on January 23 . A former Pro Bowl defensive end for the Cleveland Browns , Wiggin inherited the unenviable task of rebuilding a squad whose pool of talent had been largely depleted due to age and a number of ill-fated trades that had left the club devoid of first-round draft choices in 1973 and 1975 . After an 0 -- 3 start to the season , Wiggin directed the Chiefs to three straight wins , beginning with a convincing 42 -- 10 victory against the Raiders on October 12 . The highlight of the season was a 34 -- 31 upset win at Dallas on Monday Night Football . The club could not maintain the early success ; Owning a 5 -- 5 record heading into the homestretch of the season , injuries to a number of key players crippled the team . The team dropped its final four contests of the year to finish at 5 -- 9 for the second consecutive season . The regular season finale at Oakland marked the final games in the Hall of Fame careers of Len Dawson and Buck Buchanan ."}
{"_id": "1977–78_Boston_Celtics_season", "title": "1977–78 Boston Celtics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 -- 78 Boston Celtics season was the 32nd season of the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and was linked to the Buffalo Braves season . While the Braves were struggling on the court , their owner John Y. Brown brokered a deal to take over the legendary Celtics franchise . Celtics owner Irv Levin wanted to move the franchise to California , however , the NBA would not allow him to take the cornerstone franchise out of Boston .   NBA lawyer ( and future commissioner ) David Stern offered a comprise in which Levin and Brown would swap franchises , so that Levin could take over the Braves and move them to San Diego . The Braves , ironically , played their last game of the season in Boston . Eventually , the owners of the 22 franchises voted 21 -- 1 to approve the deal , and the Braves moved from Buffalo to San Diego . The deal also included a 7-player trade in which the Celtics acquired Nate Archibald , Billy Knight and Marvin Barnes in exchange for Freeman Williams , Kevin Kunnert , Kermit Washington and Sidney Wicks . The Braves would not request a draft pick in the deal , allowing the Celtics to retain the draft rights to future Hall of Famer Larry Bird .   This was one of only three seasons from 1951 to 1993 that the Celtics finished with a losing record . This was the 16th and final season for the legendary John Havlicek . No person has played more seasons for the Celtics than Havlicek ."}
{"_id": "1999_MLS_College_Draft", "title": "1999 MLS College Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Major League Soccer College Draft was held on February 6 and 7 , 1999 in Fort Lauderdale , Florida . The first round of the draft took place on February 6 with the second and third rounds on February 7 . The College Draft was followed by the 1999 MLS Supplemental Draft later on February 7 ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_S.L._Benfica_season", "title": "1992–93 S.L. Benfica season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 season was Sport Lisboa e Benfica 's 89th season in existence and the club 's 59th consecutive season in the top flight of Portuguese football , covering the period from 1 July 1992 to 30 June 1993 . Benfica competed domestically in the Primeira Divisão and the Taça de Portugal , and participated in the UEFA Cup by finishing second in the previous season .   This season was the first after the departure of Sven-Göran Eriksson , with Tomislav Ivić succeeding the Swedish coach for a brief spell before former manager Toni took over until the end of the season . In the transfer market , the club look into strengthening their defence , after conceding 23 goals in the league in the year before , with regular starters being brought in , notably the cases of Abel Xavier , Hélder and Mozer . Also with strikers like Rui Àguas and Yuran , players that could play in the hole were needed , so João Pinto and Mostovoi were signed . Benfica finished the league in the second place , two points behind defending champions Porto -- against whom they also lost the 1991 Supertaça in a replay final -- but secured a record 22nd Taça de Portugal title ."}
{"_id": "1971_French_Grand_Prix", "title": "1971 French Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Circuit Paul Ricard on 4 July 1971 . It was the fifth race of the 1971 Formula One season . The 55-lap race was won by Tyrrell driver Jackie Stewart after he started from pole position . His teammate François Cevert finished second and Lotus driver Emerson Fittipaldi came in third ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_League_of_Ireland_First_Division", "title": "1998–99 League of Ireland First Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 League of Ireland First Division season was the 14th season of the League of Ireland First Division ."}
{"_id": "1961_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_South_Africa", "title": "1961 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Australia rugby union tour of Southern Africa was a series of six rugby union matches played by the Wallabies in July and August 1961 .   The test series was won by the Springboks with two wins from two matches ."}
{"_id": "1976_Japan_Soccer_League", "title": "1976 Japan Soccer League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1976 ."}
{"_id": "1994_Dubai_Tennis_Championships_–_Singles", "title": "1994 Dubai Tennis Championships – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Magnus Gustafsson defeated Sergi Bruguera 6 -- 4 6 -- 2 to win the 1994 Dubai Tennis Championships singles event . Karel Nováček was the defending champion ."}
{"_id": "1546_in_France", "title": "1546 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1546 in France ."}
{"_id": "130th_New_York_State_Legislature", "title": "130th New York State Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The 130th New York State Legislature , consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly , met from January 2 to July 26 , 1907 , during the first year of Charles Evans Hughes 's governorship , in Albany ."}
{"_id": "1830_English_cricket_season", "title": "1830 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1830 English cricket season saw Surrey win the first of two consecutive titles ."}
{"_id": "131st_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)", "title": "131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)", "headings": "", "text": "The 131st Infantry Brigade , originally the Surrey Brigade was an infantry formation of Britain 's Territorial Army that saw service during both World War I and World War II . In World War I the brigade was in British India for most of the war and did not see service as a complete unit but many of its battalions would see service in the Middle East .   The brigade , assigned to the 44th ( Home Counties ) Division , saw extensive service in World War II , in France and was later evacuated at Dunkirk in May 1940 . It later saw service in the North African Campaign in late 1942 at El Alamein and Tunisia , Salerno in Italy , both in late 1943 , and the invasion of Normandy and throughout North-west Europe from June 1944 until May 1945 . From late 1942 , when 44th Division was broken up , the brigade served with the 7th Armoured Division , nicknamed `` The Desert Rats '' ."}
{"_id": "1997_UEFA_Super_Cup", "title": "1997 UEFA Super Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 UEFA Super Cup was a two-legged football match played on 8 January 1998 and 11 March 1998 between Borussia Dortmund of Germany , winner of the 1996 -- 97 UEFA Champions League and Barcelona of Spain , winner of the 1996 -- 97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . Barcelona won the match 3 -- 1 on aggregate , beating Borussia Dortmund 2 -- 0 at Camp Nou in the first leg and drawing the second leg 1 -- 1 in Westfalenstadion , Dortmund .   This was the last Super Cup played over two legs . Since 1998 , it has been played as a single match at a neutral venue ."}
{"_id": "1947–48_Ranji_Trophy", "title": "1947–48 Ranji Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 -- 48 Ranji Trophy was the 14th season of the Ranji Trophy . Holkar won the title defeating Bombay in the final ."}
{"_id": "1941_Santa_Barbara_State_Gauchos_football_team", "title": "1941 Santa Barbara State Gauchos football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team represented Santa Barbara StateUC Santa Barbara was known as Santa Barbara State College from 1921 -- 1943 . See : UC Santa Barbara during the 1941 College Division football season .   Santa Barbara competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . Due to World War II , this was the last year of competition for Santa Barbara until 1946 . The team was led by first-year head coach Stan Williamson and played home games at La Playa Stadium in Santa Barbara , California . The Gauchos finished the season with a record of three wins , five losses and one tie ( 3 -- 5 -- 1 , 1 -- 2 CCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1790_in_architecture", "title": "1790 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1790 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings ."}
{"_id": "1965_Washington_Redskins_season", "title": "1965 Washington Redskins season", "headings": "", "text": "The Washington Redskins season began with the team trying to improve on their 6 -- 8 record from 1964 . After dropping their first five , the Redskins won two-thirds of their remaining games to finish again at 6 -- 8 , fourth in the Eastern Conference ."}
{"_id": "1987_Copa_América", "title": "1987 Copa América", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Copa América was the 33rd edition of the Copa América , CONMEBOL 's national team competition . It was the first Copa América under the new rotational hosting system . Argentina , as the first country alphabetically , hosted the tournament between June 27 and July 12 . Uruguay successfully defended their title , winning a record 13th Copa América ."}
{"_id": "1_John_4", "title": "1 John 4", "headings": "", "text": "1 John 4 is the fourth chapter of the First Epistle of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible . The epistle is traditionally attributed to John the Apostle ."}
{"_id": "1940_Giro_d'Italia", "title": "1940 Giro d'Italia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 Giro d'Italia was the 28th edition of the Giro d'Italia , a cycling race organized and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport . The race began on 17 May in Milan with a stage that stretched 180 km to Turin , finishing back in Milan on 9 June after a 180 km stage and a total distance covered of 3574 km . The race was won by the Italian rider Fausto Coppi of the Legnano team , with fellow Italians Enrico Mollo and Giordano Cottur coming in second and third respectively .   It was won by Fausto Coppi , at his first participation . Coppi , who was 20 years old at the time , is still the youngest winner of the Giro ."}
{"_id": "1913_Ais_Gill_rail_accident", "title": "1913 Ais Gill rail accident", "headings": "", "text": "The Ais Gill rail accident occurred on the Settle-Carlisle Railway in the north of England on 2 September 1913 . The proximate cause of the crash was a signal passed at danger , but there were a very large number of contributing factors ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Denver_Nuggets_season", "title": "1996–97 Denver Nuggets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 NBA season was the Nuggets ' 21st season in the National Basketball Association , and 30th season as a franchise . In the offseason , the Nuggets acquired Mark Jackson and Ricky Pierce from the Indiana Pacers while signing free agent Ervin Johnson . However , after a 4 -- 9 start to the season , Bernie Bickerstaff was forced out as head coach and replaced with Dick Motta , where the Nuggets then lost ten straight games along the way . Midway through the season , Jackson was traded back to the Indiana Pacers , while Pierce was dealt to the Charlotte Hornets . Meanwhile , the Nuggets signed free agent Kenny Smith , who won championships with the Houston Rockets . As the season drew , the Nuggets still struggled losing 26 of their final 30 games finishing fifth in the Midwest Division with a 21 -- 61 record . Despite playing just 55 games due to injury , LaPhonso Ellis led the team in scoring with a career high of 21.9 points per game .   Following the season , second-year star Antonio McDyess was traded to the Phoenix Suns , Dale Ellis was traded back to the Seattle SuperSonics , Johnson was dealt to the Milwaukee Bucks , Tom Hammonds signed as a free agent with the Minnesota Timberwolves , Smith retired and Motta was fired as coach ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_Nationalliga_A", "title": "1952–53 Nationalliga A", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swiss Super League in the 1952 -- 53 season ."}
{"_id": "1986_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_–_CONMEBOL_Group_3", "title": "1986 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONMEBOL Group 3", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 FIFA World Cup qualification CONMEBOL Group 3 was a CONMEBOL qualifying group for the 1986 FIFA World Cup . The group comprised Bolivia , Brazil and Paraguay .   The group was won by Brazil , who qualified for the 1986 FIFA World Cup . Runners up were Paraguay who entered the CONMEBOL play-off stage ."}
{"_id": "1982_PGA_Tour", "title": "1982 PGA Tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 PGA Tour season was played from January 7 to October 31 , and consisted of 44 official money events . Calvin Peete , Craig Stadler , and Tom Watson won the most tournaments , four , and there were five first-time winners . The tournament results , leaders , and award winners are listed below .   The season began as the `` TPA Tour , '' then reverted to the `` PGA Tour '' in mid-March . The `` Tournament Players Association '' name had been adopted less than seven months earlier , in late August 1981 ."}
{"_id": "1426", "title": "1426", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1426 ( MCDXXVI ) was a common year starting on Tuesday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1869_Cachar_earthquake", "title": "1869 Cachar earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1869 Cachar earthquake occurred on 10 January with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.4 and a maximum EMS-98 intensity of VII ( Damaging ) . Two people were killed and damage was considered severe ."}
{"_id": "1971–72_Liga_Leumit", "title": "1971–72 Liga Leumit", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 -- 72 Liga Leumit season saw Maccabi Tel Aviv win the title , whilst Bnei Yehuda and Hapoel Hadera were both relegated . Yehuda Shaharabani of Hakoah Ramat Gan was the league 's top scorer with 21 goals ."}
{"_id": "1933–34_Michigan_Wolverines_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1933–34 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 -- 34 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team represented the University of Michigan in intercollegiate basketball during the 1933 -- 34 season . The team compiled an 6 -- 14 record and 4 -- 8 against Big Ten Conference opponents . The team finished in a tie for eighth place in the Big Ten .   Franklin Cappon was in his third year as the team 's head coach . Fred Petoskey was the team captain , and Alfred Plummer was the team 's leading scorer with 84 points in 20 games for an average of 4.2 points per game ."}
{"_id": "1983_French_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1983 French motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 French motorcycle Grand Prix was held at the Bugatti Circuit on April 3 , 1983 . It was the second round of the 1983 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season .   This race was remembered for two fatal accidents that occurred over the weekend in the 500cc class . The first occurred during Friday practice when Italian rider Loris Reggiani collided with Japanese rider Iwao Ishikawa . Ishikawa died shortly after from severe injuries . In the race itself , defending winner Michel Frutschi crashed heavily and was taken to hospital , but later died ."}
{"_id": "1948_in_film", "title": "1948 in film", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1948 in film involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1985_Tour_de_France,_Prologue_to_Stage_11", "title": "1985 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Tour de France was the 72nd edition of Tour de France , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . The Tour began in Plumelec with a prologue individual time trial on 28 June and Stage 11 occurred on 9 July with a mountainous stage to Morzine Avoriaz . The race finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 21 July ."}
{"_id": "1982_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_100_metres", "title": "1982 European Athletics Championships – Women's 100 metres", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Women 's 100 metres event at the 1982 European Championships in Athens , Greece , held at Olympic Stadium `` Spiros Louis '' on 6 and 7 September 1982 ."}
{"_id": "1948_Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_football_team", "title": "1948 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1948 college football season . In their third year under head coach Buddy Brothers , the Golden Hurricane compiled a 0 -- 9 -- 1 record , 0 -- 1 -- 1 against conference opponents , and finished in fourth place in the Missouri Valley Conference ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Tranmere_Rovers_F.C._season", "title": "1992–93 Tranmere Rovers F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1992 -- 93 English football season , Tranmere Rovers F.C. competed in the Football League First Division ."}
{"_id": "1939–40_OB_I_bajnoksag_season", "title": "1939–40 OB I bajnoksag season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939-40 OB I bajnokság season was the fourth season of the OB I bajnokság , the top level of ice hockey in Hungary . Three teams participated in the league , and BKE Budapest won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1918_Mississippi_A&M_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1918 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team represented the Mississippi A&M Aggies of Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi during the 1918 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season ."}
{"_id": "1908_American_Cup", "title": "1908 American Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 American Cup was the annual open cup held by the American Football Association . The West Hudsons won the tournament for the second time in three years defeating the Paterson True Blues in the final as they did in 1906 ."}
{"_id": "1514_in_India", "title": "1514 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1514 in India ."}
{"_id": "1954_VFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1954 VFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Footscray Football Club and Melbourne Football Club , held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 25 September 1954 . It was the 58th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League , staged to determine the premiers for the 1954 VFL season . The match , attended by 80,897 spectators , was won by Footscray by 51 points , marking that club 's first premiership victory .   Footscray led by 29 points at quarter-time and were comfortably in front for the rest of the game . Jack Collins kicked 7 goals for the match and John Kerr had 32 disposals ."}
{"_id": "1993_Volvo_Tennis_San_Francisco", "title": "1993 Volvo Tennis San Francisco", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Volvo Tennis San Francisco was a tennis tournament in San Francisco , CA in the United States and was part of the World Series of the 1993 ATP Tour . The tournament was held from February 1 through February 7 . After 21 years it was the final time the tournament was held in San Francisco before switching location to San Jose . Andre Agassi won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1976_Big_Ten_Conference_football_season", "title": "1976 Big Ten Conference football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Big Ten Conference football season was the 81st season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference and was a part of the 1976 NCAA Division I football season .   The 1976 Michigan Wolverines football team , under head coach Bo Schembechler , finished the season with a 10 -- 2 record , tied for the Big Ten championship , led the country in both scoring offense ( 38.7 points per game in regular season ) and scoring defense ( 7.2 points allowed per game in regular system ) , lost to USC in the 1977 Rose Bowl , and was ranked No. 3 in the final AP and UPI Polls . Running back Rob Lytle rushed for 1,469 yards , finished third in the voting for the Heisman Trophy , and won the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the Big Ten 's most valuable player . Lytle and offensive guard Mark Donahue were both selected as consensus first-team All-Americans . Linebacker Calvin O'Neal and receiver Jim Smith also received first-team All-American honors from multiple selectors .   The 1976 Ohio State Buckeyes football team , under head coach Woody Hayes , compiled a 9 -- 2 -- 1 record , won the 1977 Orange Bowl against Colorado , and was ranked No. 6 in the final AP Poll . Defensive end Bob Brudzinski and offensive tackle Chris Ward were recognized as consensus first-team All-Americans . Punter Tom Skladany also received first-team All-American honors from multiple selectors . Running back Jeff Logan ranked second in the conference with 1,248 rushing yards .   The conference 's statistical leaders included Ed Smith and Kirk Gibson of Michigan State with 1,749 passing yards and 748 receiving yards , respectively , Rob Lytle of Michigan with 1,469 rushing yards , Mike Carroll of Wisconsin with 1,773 yards of total offense , and Pete Johnson of Ohio State with 114 points scored ."}
{"_id": "1999_Edward_R._Murrow_Awards_(Radio_Television_Digital_News_Association)", "title": "1999 Edward R. Murrow Awards (Radio Television Digital News Association)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Edward R. Murrow Awards were presented by the Radio-Television News Directors Association ( RTNDA ) , now renamed the Radio Television Digital News Association ( RTDNA ) in recognition of what the association terms `` outstanding achievements in electronic journalism . '' National winners were selected from a pool of regional award winners . Below are the 1999 national award winners , which recognizes coverage that aired during the previous 1998 calendar year .   Categories that are not listed either had no entrants or the entries received were not deemed worthy of the award . The category currently called Breaking News was called `` Spot News Coverage '' in 1999 , so the lists below have been edited to read Breaking/Spot News to avoid any confusion .   The information on this page was retrieved using the Archive.org Internet Wayback Machine to access the now defunct website for RTNDA.org , a domain that was abandoned when the organization was renamed RTDNA ."}
{"_id": "1985_Ohio_Bobcats_football_team", "title": "1985 Ohio Bobcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Ohio Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Ohio University in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their first season under head coach Cleve Bryant , the Bobcats compiled a 2 -- 9 record ( 2 -- 7 against MAC opponents ) , finished in last place in the MAC , and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 305 to 181 ."}
{"_id": "1956_Finnish_Cup", "title": "1956 Finnish Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Finnish Cup ( Suomen Cup ) was the 2nd season of the main annual association football cup competition in Finland . It was organised as a single-elimination knock -- out tournament and participation in the competition was voluntary . The final was held at the Olympic Stadium , Helsinki on 28 October 1956 with Pallo-Pojat defeating Tampereen Kisatoverit by 2 -- 1 before an attendance of 2,020 spectators ."}
{"_id": "'Allo_'Allo!_(series_9)", "title": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 9)", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  The ninth series of the British sitcom series ` Allo ` Allo ! contains six episodes which first aired between 9 November and 14 December 1992 .   Series 9 was the last series of the show , and contains the final regular episode ( The Best of ` Allo ` Allo ! aired some two years later ; but was mostly made up of archive footage ) . Richard Gibson did not take part in the final series ; so the character of Herr Otto Flick was taken over by David Janson .   The following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternate region titles given below them ."}
{"_id": "1992_PGA_Tour_Qualifying_School_graduates", "title": "1992 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  This is a list of the 43 players who earned 1993 PGA Tour cards through the PGA Tour Qualifying Tournament in 1992 .   PGA Tour rookie in 1993"}
{"_id": "1912_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1912 Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1912 Challenge Cup was the 16th staging of rugby league 's oldest knockout competition , the Challenge Cup .   The final was contested by Dewsbury and Oldham at Headingley Rugby Stadium in Leeds .   The final was played on Saturday 27 April 1912 , where Dewsbury caused an upset to beat Oldham 8-5 at Headingley in front of a crowd of 15,271 .   Dewsbury won the Challenge Cup in their first appearance in the final ."}
{"_id": "1877_Kentucky_Derby", "title": "1877 Kentucky Derby", "headings": "", "text": "The 1877 Kentucky Derby was the 3rd running of the Kentucky Derby . The race took place on May 22 , 1877 . The 1877 Derby was the first to attract a major celebrity spectator , Polish actress Helena Modjeska ."}
{"_id": "1917_Presbyterian_Blue_Hose_football_team", "title": "1917 Presbyterian Blue Hose football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 Presbyterian Blue Hose football team represented Presbyterian College during the 1917 college football season . The Blue Hose 's team captain was D.M. Fulton ."}
{"_id": "1961_Eastern_Suburbs_season", "title": "1961 Eastern Suburbs season", "headings": "", "text": "Eastern Suburbs ( now known as the Sydney Roosters ) competed in their 54th New South Wales Rugby League season in 1961 finishing the season in 5th position ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Leeds_United_A.F.C._season", "title": "1999–2000 Leeds United A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1999 -- 2000 season , Leeds United A.F.C. competed in the FA Premier League ( known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons ) ."}
{"_id": "1903_Michigan_State_Normal_Normalites_football_team", "title": "1903 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1903 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team represented Michigan State Normal College ( later renamed Eastern Michigan University ) during the 1903 college football season . In their first and only season under head coach Hunter Forest , the Normalites compiled a record of 4 -- 4 and were outscored by a combined total of 88 to 78 . Guy E. Bates was the team captain ."}
{"_id": "1908_in_Australia", "title": "1908 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": "See also : 1907 in Australia , other events of 1908 , 1909 in Australia , Timeline of Australian history ."}
{"_id": "1956_Virginia_500", "title": "1956 Virginia 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Virginia 500 was a NASCAR Grand National Series ( now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ) event that was held on May 20 , 1956 , at Martinsville Speedway in Martinsville , Virginia . As the inaugural event for the NASCAR Grand National Series in Martinsville , this race would set a precedent for all other 500-lap races to follow on this newly paved short track .   By the 1990s , NASCAR 's top-level series became a media circus that only races at facilities that are worth hundreds of millions of dollars ."}
{"_id": "1934_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season", "title": "1934 Pittsburgh Pirates season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 53rd season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise ; the 48th in the National League . The Pirates finished fifth in the league standings with a record of 74 -- 76 ."}
{"_id": "1962_NCAA_Track_and_Field_Championships", "title": "1962 NCAA Track and Field Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 NCAA Track and Field Championships were contested June 16 − 17 at the 40th annual NCAA-sanctioned track meet to determine the individual and team national champions of men 's collegiate track and field events in the United States . This year 's meet was hosted by the University of Oregon at Hayward Field in Eugene . This was first time the event was held at Hayward , which hosted the championship thirteen more times .   This was the last championship before the NCAA split the championship into the two separate classes : the University Division ( precursor to Division I ) and the College Division ( precursor to Divisions II and III ) .   Oregon won the team national championship , the Ducks ' first team title ."}
{"_id": "1934_St._Louis_Cardinals_season", "title": "1934 St. Louis Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team 's 53rd season in St. Louis , Missouri and the 43rd season in the National League . The Cardinals went 95 -- 58 during the season and finished first in the National League . In the World Series , they defeated the Detroit Tigers in seven games , winning the last 11 -- 0 ."}
{"_id": "1968_Major_League_Baseball_expansion_draft", "title": "1968 Major League Baseball expansion draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Major League Baseball expansion draft was conducted to stock up the rosters of four expansion teams in Major League Baseball created via the 1969 Major League Baseball expansion and which would begin play in the 1969 season .   The expansion draft for the Montreal Expos and the San Diego Padres was held on October 14 , 1968 . The expansion draft for the Kansas City Royals and the Seattle Pilots was held on October 15 , 1968 ."}
{"_id": "1919_Chicago_Cubs_season", "title": "1919 Chicago Cubs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 Chicago Cubs season was the 48th season of the Chicago Cubs franchise , the 44th in the National League and the 4th at Wrigley Field ( then known as `` Weeghman Park '' ) . The Cubs finished third in the National League with a record of 75 -- 65 ."}
{"_id": "1940_VFL_Lightning_Premiership", "title": "1940 VFL Lightning Premiership", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 VFL Lightning Premiership ( known at the time as the Patriotic Premiership ) was an Australian rules football knockout competition played entirely on Saturday , 3 August , 1940 , at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . It was played during a week 's break of the Victorian Football Leagues 's 1940 season between Rounds 14 and 15 . It was contested by the 12 teams who competed in the 1940 VFL season . A total of 30,407 witnessed the day 's matches . St Kilda won the lighting premiership competition , defeating Richmond in the final by 24 points . It was the first premiership of any kind at any grade that the St Kilda Football Club had won in its history .   This was the first time a lightning premiership had been contested in the VFL . The tournament was played to raise money for the Patriotic Fund during World War II ; similar tournaments were held in other leagues , including the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , around the same time ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Leicester_City_F.C._season", "title": "1992–93 Leicester City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1992 -- 93 English football season , Leicester City F.C. competed in the Football League First Division ."}
{"_id": "1975_Pacific_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1975 Pacific Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Pacific Tigers football team represented the University of the Pacific ( UOP ) in the 1975 NCAA Division I college football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association.The Big West Conference was known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association from its founding in 1969 through 1987 . See : Big West Conference   The team was led by head coach Chester Caddas , in his fourth year , and played their home games at Pacific Memorial StadiumAmos Alonzo Stagg Memorial Stadium was known as Pacific Memorial Stadium from its opening in 1950 through 1987 . See : Stagg Memorial Stadium in Stockton , California . They finished the season with a record of five wins , six losses and one tie ( 5 -- 6 -- 1 , 2 -- 3 PCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "16th_Vanier_Cup", "title": "16th Vanier Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Vanier Cup was played on November 29 , 1980 , at Varsity Stadium in Toronto , Ontario , and decided the CIAU football champion for the 1980 season . The Alberta Golden Bears won their third championship by defeating the Ottawa Gee-Gees by a score of 40-21 ."}
{"_id": "1634_in_science", "title": "1634 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1634 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1880_in_architecture", "title": "1880 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1880 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings ."}
{"_id": "1935_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1935 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1983–84_Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C._season", "title": "1983–84 Queens Park Rangers F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1983 -- 84 English football season , Queens Park Rangers F.C. competed in the Football League First Division ."}
{"_id": "1942_in_Germany", "title": "1942 in Germany", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1942 in Germany ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_William_&_Mary_Indians_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1963–64 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 William & Mary Indians men 's basketball team represented the College of William & Mary in intercollegiate basketball during the 1963 -- 64 NCAA University Division men 's basketball season . Under the seventh year of head coach Bill Chambers , the team finished the season 9 -- 13 and 5 -- 9 in the Southern Conference .   William & Mary played most of its home games on campus at Blow Gymnasium , with one home game played off campus at the Norfolk Municipal Auditorium in Norfolk , Virginia . This was the 59th season of the collegiate basketball program at William & Mary , whose nickname is now the Tribe .   The Indians finished in seventh place in the conference and qualified for the 1964 Southern Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament , held at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte , North Carolina . William & Mary , however , fell to second-seeded West Virginia in the first round .   The Indians did not participate in a post-season tournament ."}
{"_id": "1984_IMSA_GT_Championship", "title": "1984 IMSA GT Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 Camel GT Championship season was the 14th season of the IMSA GT Championship auto racing series . It was for GTP class prototypes and GTO and GTU class Grand Tourer-style racing cars . It began February 4 , 1984 , and ended November 25 , 1984 , after seventeen rounds ."}
{"_id": "1923_Prime_Minister_Honours", "title": "1923 Prime Minister Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 Prime Minister Honours were announced on 8 February 1923 , the list of political appointments was recommended by the Prime Minister Bonar Law . The list was not issued as part of the 1923 New Year Honours as it was delayed to allow scrutiny by a Privy Council committee following a recommendation of a Royal Commission on Honours . It was sometimes known as the `` Short Honours List '' ."}
{"_id": "1999_Davidoff_Swiss_Indoors", "title": "1999 Davidoff Swiss Indoors", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Davidoff Swiss Indoors was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts . It was the 30th edition of the event known that year as the Davidoff Swiss Indoors , and was part of the World of the 1999 ATP Tour . It took place at the St. Jakobshalle in Basel , Switzerland , from 3 October through 10 October 1999 . Karol Kučera won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1995_Paris_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1995 Paris Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Andre Agassi was the defending champion but did not compete this year .  Pete Sampras won the title , defeating Boris Becker in the final , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 5 ) , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4"}
{"_id": "(469306)_1999_CD158", "title": "(469306) 1999 CD158", "headings": "", "text": ", provisional designation , is a resonant trans-Neptunian object from the circumstellar disc of the Kuiper belt in the outer Solar System , approximately 420 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 10 February 1999 , by astronomers Jane Luu , David Jewitt and Chad Trujillo at Mauna Kea Observatories on the Big Island of Hawaii , United States . According to astronomer Michael Brown , it is a possible dwarf planet ."}
{"_id": "101_(topic)", "title": "101 (topic)", "headings": "", "text": "101 is a topic for beginners in any area . It has all the basic principles and concepts that is expected in a particular field .   In American university course numbering systems , the number 101 is often used for an introductory course at a beginner 's level in a department 's subject area . This common numbering system was designed to make transfer between colleges easier . In theory , any numbered course in one academic institution should bring a student to the same standard as a similarly numbered course at other institutions ."}
{"_id": "1934_Indiana_Hoosiers_football_team", "title": "1934 Indiana Hoosiers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented the Indiana Hoosiers in the 1934 college football season . The participated as members of the Big Ten Conference . The Hoosiers played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington , Indiana . The team was coached by Bo McMillin , in his first year as head coach of the Hoosiers ."}
{"_id": "151_BC", "title": "151 BC", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 151 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar . At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lucullus and Albinus ( or , less frequently , year 603 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 151 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years ."}
{"_id": "1967–68_La_Liga", "title": "1967–68 La Liga", "headings": "", "text": "La Liga 1967-68 season was the 37th since its establishment . The season started on September 9 , 1967 , and finished on April 28 , 1968 . It consisted of the following clubs :"}
{"_id": "1967_in_Spain", "title": "1967 in Spain", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1967 in Spain ."}
{"_id": "1951–52_William_&_Mary_Indians_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1951–52 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 -- 52 William & Mary Indians men 's basketball team represented the College of William & Mary in intercollegiate basketball during the 1951 -- 52 NCAA men 's basketball season . Under the first , and only , year of head coach H. Lester Hooker , the team finished the season 15 -- 13 and 10 -- 6 in the Southern Conference . This was the 47th season of the collegiate basketball program at William & Mary , whose nickname is now the Tribe . William & Mary played its home games at Blow Gymnasium .   The Indians finished in 8th place in the conference and qualified as the # 8 seed for the 1952 Southern Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament , hosted by North Carolina State University at Reynolds Coliseum in Raleigh , North Carolina , where the Indians lost to # 10 West Virginia in the quarterfinals . William & Mary failed to qualify for a post-season tournament ."}
{"_id": "1973_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team", "title": "1973 Vanderbilt Commodores football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1973 NCAA Division I football season . The Commodores were led by head coach Steve Sloan in his first season and finished the season with a record of five wins and six losses ( 5 -- 6 overall , 1 -- 5 in the SEC ) ."}
{"_id": "1924–25_Connecticut_Aggies_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1924–25 Connecticut Aggies men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 -- 25 Connecticut Aggies men 's basketball team represented Connecticut Agricultural College , now the University of Connecticut , in the 1924 -- 25 collegiate men 's basketball season . The Aggies completed the season with a 10 -- 4 overall record . The Aggies were members of the New England Conference , where they ended the season with a 3 -- 0 record . The Aggies played their home games at Hawley Armory in Storrs , Connecticut , and were led by second-year head coach Sumner A. Dole ."}
{"_id": "1945_Cincinnati_Reds_season", "title": "1945 Cincinnati Reds season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball . The team finished seventh in the National League with a record of 61 -- 93 , 37 games behind the Chicago Cubs ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_1.Lig", "title": "1965–66 1.Lig", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Turkish First Football League in season 1965/1966 ."}
{"_id": "1991_Monte_Carlo_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1991 Monte Carlo Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Andrei Chesnokov was the defending champion , but lost to Boris Becker in the quarterfinals .   Sergi Bruguera defeated Boris Becker 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 ( 8 -- 6 ) , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 4 ) in the final ."}
{"_id": "1993_ICF_Canoe_Sprint_World_Championships", "title": "1993 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held in Copenhagen , Denmark for the third time . The Danish city had hosted the event previously in 1950 and 1970 .   The men 's competition consisted of eight Canadian ( single paddle , open boat ) and nine kayak events . Five events were held for the women , all in kayak . This was the first championship following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the first since Czechoslovakia broke up into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in early 1993 .   This was the 25th championships in canoe sprint ."}
{"_id": "1969_Latvian_SSR_Higher_League", "title": "1969 Latvian SSR Higher League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Latvian Higher League in the 1969 season ."}
{"_id": "130_Cedar_Street", "title": "130 Cedar Street", "headings": "", "text": "130 Cedar Street ( Formerly known as the Green Exchange Building ) is a mid-rise in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan . It is located between Cedar Street and Albany Street running along Washington Street , sharing a block with 90 West Street . It was designed by Renwick , Aspinwall & Guard . It was completed in 1931 ."}
{"_id": "1981_Sirch_earthquake", "title": "1981 Sirch earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Sirch earthquake occurred at 00:22 local time ( 17:22 UTC ) on July 28 . It had a magnitude of 7.1 on the surface wave magnitude scale and a maximum perceived intensity of IX ( Violent ) on the Mercalli intensity scale . The epicentre was in the province of Kerman in eastern Iran . The earthquake caused the destruction of Kerman and serious damage to towns and villages in the surrounding area . The estimated number of deaths is 1,500 , with a further 1,000 injured , 50,000 homeless , and extensive damage in the Kerman Region .   This is the largest event in the Kerman province since the 1981 Golbaf earthquake that killed 3,000 people . The 2003 Bam earthquake was the most significant earthquake in the Kerman Province ."}
{"_id": "100_Million_BC", "title": "100 Million BC", "headings": "", "text": "100 Million BC is a 2008 direct-to-DVD action film by film studio The Asylum , continuing the urban myth of the Philadelphia Experiment ."}
{"_id": "1902_in_chess", "title": "1902 in chess", "headings": "", "text": "Events in chess in 1902 :"}
{"_id": "1962_Men's_British_Open_Squash_Championship", "title": "1962 Men's British Open Squash Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Open Championship was held at the Royal Automobile Club in Pall Mall , London from 27 November - 4 December 1961 .  Azam Khan won his fourth consecutive title beating Mo Khan in a repeat of the 1961 final . Roshan Khan defeated Dardir El Bakary in the third place play off 9-6 9-7 8-10 0-9 9-1 ."}
{"_id": "11th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)", "title": "11th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)", "headings": "", "text": "The 11th Infantry Division ( 11 . Infanterie-Division ) was a formation of Nazi Germany 's Wehrmacht during World War II . Formed 1 October 1934 as Infanterieführer I in Allenstein it was renamed 11 . Infanterie-Division on 15 . October 1935 with the disclosure of German rearmament .  The division was evacuated from Courland pocket on 30 April 1945 ."}
{"_id": "1960_Gator_Bowl", "title": "1960 Gator Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 Gator Bowl may refer to :   1960 Gator Bowl ( January ) - January 2 , 1960 , game between the Arkansas Razorbacks and the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets  1960 Gator Bowl ( December ) - December 31 , 1960 , game between the Florida Gators and the"}
{"_id": "1974–75_SM-sarja_season", "title": "1974–75 SM-sarja season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 -- 75 SM-sarja season was the 44th and last season of the SM-sarja , the top level of ice hockey in Finland . The SM-liiga became the new top level league in 1975-76 . 10 teams participated in the league , and Tappara Tampere won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1928_PGA_Championship", "title": "1928 PGA Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1928 PGA Championship was the 11th PGA Championship , held October 1 -- 6 at the Five Farms Course of the Baltimore Country Club in Lutherville , Maryland , north of Baltimore . Then a match play championship , Leo Diegel defeated Al Espinosa 6 & 5 in the finals to win the first of his two consecutive titles .   Prior to the finals , Diegel defeated both Walter Hagen and Gene Sarazen , the winners of the previous seven PGA Championships , in the two preceding matches . He prevailed 2 & 1 over nemesis Hagen in the quarterfinals and 9 & 8 over Sarazen in the semifinals . Diegel had lost to Hagen in the 1925 quarterfinals ( 40 holes ) and the 1926 finals .   Five-time champion Hagen had won 22 consecutive matches and four straight titles at the PGA Championship . Prior to his loss to Diegel in the quarterfinals , his match record in the 1920s was 32 -- 1 , falling only to Sarazen in 38 holes in the 1923 finals .   The Five Farms Course , now the East Course , was designed by A. W. Tillinghast and opened two years earlier in September 1926 .   Diegel continued the tradition of repeat champions and successfully defended his title in 1929 ."}
{"_id": "1991_Seattle_Mariners_season", "title": "1991 Seattle Mariners season", "headings": "", "text": "The Seattle Mariners 1991 season was their 15th since the franchise creation , and ended the season finishing 5th in the American League West , finishing with a record of 83-79 . It was the first above -.500 season in franchise history ."}
{"_id": "1359_in_Ireland", "title": "1359 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1359 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1980_World_Championship_Tennis_Finals", "title": "1980 World Championship Tennis Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 World Championship Tennis Finals was a men 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts . It was the 10th edition of the WCT Finals and was part of the 1980 Volvo Grand Prix . It was played at the Reunion Arena in Dallas , Texas in the United States and was held from April 28 through May 4 , 1980 ."}
{"_id": "1934_in_British_television", "title": "1934 in British television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of events related to British television in 1934 ."}
{"_id": "1963_Miami_Hurricanes_football_team", "title": "1963 Miami Hurricanes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Miami Hurricanes football team represented the University of Miami for the 1963 college football season . The Hurricanes played their home games at the Miami Orange Bowl in Miami , Florida . The team was coached by Andy Gustafson , in his sixteenth year as head coach for the Hurricanes ."}
{"_id": "1870s_in_music", "title": "1870s in music", "headings": "", "text": "The 1870s was a decade where the only way to obtain music was on sheet music sold in stores . There were several prominent kinds of music in the 1870s ."}
{"_id": "1985_Hamilton_Tiger-Cats_season", "title": "1985 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season was the 28th season for the team in the Canadian Football League and their 36th overall . The Tiger-Cats finished in 1st place in the East division with an 8 -- 8 -- 0 record which marked the first time in league history that a team finished in first place without a winning record . The team appeared in the 73rd Grey Cup game , but lost to the BC Lions ."}
{"_id": "1594_in_Sweden", "title": "1594 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1594 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1907_in_Wales", "title": "1907 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1907 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1DayLater", "title": "1DayLater", "headings": "", "text": "1DayLater was free , web-based software that was focused on professional invoicing and collaborative working . It was aimed at companies of any size ; from solo workers to large business enterprises . The company was closed and customer data returned in October 2013 .   The main function of 1DayLater was to help users create Invoices for clients . It could also be used to build Quotes and Estimates , to track time and other expenses , work to budgets , and to track projects . Multiple users could simultaneously work on the same projects together .   The software was developed by two brothers , Paul and David King ; after they experienced similar frustrations while working freelance , the brothers wanted to create a product that would let them track time , expenses and business miles in a single online location .   PCmag voted 1DayLater as one of the ` Best Free Software of 2010 '"}
{"_id": "1958–59_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season", "title": "1958–59 Toronto Maple Leafs season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1901_TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_team", "title": "1901 TCU Horned Frogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University ( TCU ) in the 1901 college football season ."}
{"_id": "116th_Delaware_General_Assembly", "title": "116th Delaware General Assembly", "headings": "", "text": "The 116th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government , consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives . Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January . This date was January 2 , 1951 , which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Governor Elbert N. Carvel and Alexis I. du Pont Bayard as Lieutenant Governor .   Currently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties . Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties . The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time .   In the 116th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority ."}
{"_id": "1972_World_Championship_Tennis_Finals_–_Singles", "title": "1972 World Championship Tennis Finals – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Ken Rosewall was the defending champion and won in the final 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 ( 3 -- 7 ) , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 5 ) against Rod Laver . The final is credited as the `` match that made tennis in the United States '' because its unprecedented domestic television audience of 23 million fueled a massive increase in the sport 's popularity ."}
{"_id": "1999_ASB_Classic_–_Doubles", "title": "1999 ASB Classic – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 ASB Classic -- Doubles was the doubles event of the fourteenth edition of the ASB Classic ; a WTA Tier IV tournament and the most prestigious women 's tennis tournament held in New Zealand . Nana Miyagi and Tamarine Tanasugarn were the defending champions but did not compete that year .   Silvia Farina and Barbara Schett lost in the final 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 2 ) against Seda Noorlander and Marlene Weingärtner ."}
{"_id": "1972_1000_km_Buenos_Aires", "title": "1972 1000 km Buenos Aires", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Buenos Aires 1000 Kilometers was the opening round of the 1972 World Championship for Makes season . It took place at the Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez , Argentina , on January 10 , 1972 . This would be the last time that the World Championship ran in a South American country .   Grand tourer class cars did not participate in this event ."}
{"_id": "121st_Ohio_General_Assembly", "title": "121st Ohio General Assembly", "headings": "", "text": "The One Hundred Twenty-first Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1995 and 1996 . In this General Assembly , both the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives were controlled by the Republican Party . In the Senate , there were 20 Republicans and 13 Democrats . In the House , there were 56 Republicans and 43 Democrats ."}
{"_id": "1938_National_Invitation_Tournament", "title": "1938 National Invitation Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 National Invitation Tournament was the 1938 edition of the annual NCAA basketball competition . It was the inaugural National Invitational Tournament and was won by Temple ."}
{"_id": "14th_Cavalry_Division_(Russian_Empire)", "title": "14th Cavalry Division (Russian Empire)", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th Cavalry Division ( 14-я кавалерийская дивизия , 14-ya Kavaleriiskaya Diviziya ) was an cavalry formation of the Russian Imperial Army ."}
{"_id": "1996_America's_Red_Clay_Court_Championships_–_Doubles", "title": "1996 America's Red Clay Court Championships – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde were the defending champions and won in the final 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 against Ivan Baron and Brett Hansen-Dent ."}
{"_id": "1979_English_cricket_season", "title": "1979 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 English cricket season saw the second Cricket World Cup played in England . West Indies defeated England in the final . India toured England to compete in a test series with England winning 1-0 .   The County Championship was won by Essex for the first time in their history ."}
{"_id": "1666_census_of_New_France", "title": "1666 census of New France", "headings": "", "text": "The 1666 census of New France was the first census conducted in Canada ( and indeed in North America ) . It was organized by Jean Talon , the first Intendant of New France , between 1665 and 1666 .   Talon and the French Minister of the Marine Jean-Baptiste Colbert had brought the colony of New France under direct royal control in 1663 , and Colbert wished to make it the centre of the French colonial empire . To do this he needed to know the state of the population , so that the economic and industrial basis of the colony could be expanded .   Jean Talon conducted the census largely by himself , travelling door-to-door among the settlements of New France . He did not include Native American inhabitants of the colony , or the religious orders such as the Jesuits or Recollets .   According to Talon 's census there were 3,215 people in New France , and 538 separate families . The census showed a difference in the number of men at 2,034 versus 1,181 women . Children and those who were unmarried were grouped together ; there were 2,154 of these , while only 1,019 people were married ( 42 were widowed ) .  A total of 625 people lived in Montreal , the largest settlement ; 547 people lived in Quebec ; and 455 lived in Trois-Rivières . The largest single age group , 21 - to 30-year-olds , numbered 842 . 763 people were professionals of some kind , and 401 of these were servants , while 16 were listed as `` gentlemen of means '' ."}
{"_id": "1940_Washington_Senators_season", "title": "1940 Washington Senators season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 Washington Senators won 64 games , lost 90 , and finished in seventh place in the American League . They were managed by Bucky Harris and played home games at Griffith Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1997_Sugar_Bowl", "title": "1997 Sugar Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Sugar Bowl was the 63rd edition to the annual Sugar Bowl game and served as the Bowl Alliance 's designated national championship game for the 1996 season . It featured a bowl rematch of the top-ranked Florida State Seminoles and their heated rivals , the third ranked Florida Gators , whom the Seminoles had previously defeated 24 -- 21 in the final game of the regular season . Florida defeated Florida State in their Sugar Bowl rematch in convincing fashion , with a final score of 52 -- 20 , and with the victory , earned its first-ever consensus national championship .   The Gators were led by their Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback , Danny Wuerffel , who threw three touchdown passes to Ike Hilliard and ran for another score . Wuerffel became the second Heisman Trophy-winner in four years to win a national championship , following Charlie Ward of Florida State in 1993 .   Third-ranked Florida was invited to the Bowl Alliance 's designated national championship game for the 1996-97 season because the Pac-10 Conference champion was contractually obligated to play in the Rose Bowl , and unavailable to participate in the Bowl Alliance . As a result , the second-ranked Pac-10 champion , Arizona State , played the fourth-ranked Big Ten champion , Ohio State , in the Rose Bowl . When Ohio State defeated second-ranked Arizona State in the Rose Bowl the day prior , the Sugar Bowl winner was all but assured of winning the consensus national championship ."}
{"_id": "1961_Men's_British_Open_Squash_Championship", "title": "1961 Men's British Open Squash Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Open Championship was held at the Royal Automobile Club in Pall Mall , London from 29 November - 4 December 1960 . Once again the Open championship was held during the previous December to avoid a clash with the professional championship . This method would be used until 1969 .  Azam Khan won his third consecutive title beating Mo Khan in the final . A third place play off also took place in which Roshan Khan defeated Denis Hughes 9-3 9-0 9-3 ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_I-Divisioona_season", "title": "1976–77 I-Divisioona season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 -- 77 I-Divisioona season was the third season of the I-Divisioona , the second level of Finnish ice hockey . 10 teams participated in the league , and Kärpät Oulu won the championship . Kärpät Oulu and Vaasan Sport qualified for the promotion/relegation round of the SM-liiga ."}
{"_id": "1961_Dufour", "title": "1961 Dufour", "headings": "", "text": "1961 Dufour , provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , approximately 50 kilometers in diameter .   It was discovered on 19 November 1973 , by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern , Switzerland , and later named for 19th-century Swiss General Henri Dufour ."}
{"_id": "1964_UCLA_Bruins_football_team", "title": "1964 UCLA Bruins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 UCLA Bruins football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Los Angeles during the 1964 college football season . In their seventh and final year under head coach Bill Barnes , the Bruins compiled a 4 -- 6 record ( 2 -- 2 AAWU ) and finished in fourth place in the Athletic Association of Western Universities .   UCLA 's offensive leaders in 1964 were quarterback Larry Zeno with 1,363 passing yards and 325 rushing yards , and Mike Haffner with 515 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1-Methyltryptophan", "title": "1-Methyltryptophan", "headings": "", "text": "1-Methyltryptophan is a chemical compound that is an inhibitor of the tryptophan catabolic enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase ( IDO or INDO EC 1.13.11.52 ) . It is a chiral compound that can exist as both D - and L-isomers . The L-isomer ( L-1MT ) inhibits IDO weakly but also serves as an enzyme substrate . The D-isomer ( D-1MT ) does not inhibit IDO at all , but it can inhibit the IDO-related enzyme IDO2 and restore mTOR signaling in cells starved of tryptophan due to IDO activity . D-1MT is also known as indoximod and is currently in clinical trials for cancer treatment ."}
{"_id": "/Film", "title": "/Film", "headings": "", "text": "/ Film ( pronounced `` slashfilm '' ) is a blog that covers movie news , reviews , interviews , and trailers . It was founded by Peter Sciretta in August 2005 ."}
{"_id": "1877_Princeton_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1877 Princeton Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1877 Princeton Tigers football team represented the College of New Jersey in the 1877 college football season . The team finished with a 2 -- 0 -- 1 record and was retroactively named national champion by the Billingsley Report and as co-national champion by Parke H. Davis . This season marked the seventh national championship in nine years , and one of 11 in a 13-year period between 1869 and 1881 . Princeton defeated Harvard for the first time ."}
{"_id": "1974_in_philosophy", "title": "1974 in philosophy", "headings": "", "text": "1974 in philosophy"}
{"_id": "1934_Connecticut_State_Huskies_football_team", "title": "1934 Connecticut State Huskies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Connecticut State Huskies football team represented Connecticut State College , now the University of Connecticut , in the 1934 college football season . The Huskies were led by first year head coach J. O. Christian , and completed the season with a record of 1 -- 6 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1923_in_philosophy", "title": "1923 in philosophy", "headings": "", "text": "1923 in philosophy"}
{"_id": "1997–98_North_West_Counties_Football_League", "title": "1997–98 North West Counties Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 North West Counties Football League season was the 16th in the history of the North West Counties Football League , a football competition in England . Teams were divided into two divisions : Division One and Division Two ."}
{"_id": "15", "title": "15", "headings": "", "text": "Fifteen or 15 may refer to :  15 ( number )  one of the years 15 BC , AD 15 , 1915 , 2015"}
{"_id": "1964_in_aviation", "title": "1964 in aviation", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of aviation-related events from 1964 :"}
{"_id": "1925_New_York_Yankees_season", "title": "1925 New York Yankees season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 New York Yankees season was the team 's 23rd season in New York and its 25th overall . The team finished with a record of 69 -- 85 , in 7th place , 30 games behind the Washington Senators . New York was managed by Miller Huggins . The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium . All members of this team are now dead .   This season was marred by Babe Ruth 's `` stomach ache '' that kept him out a good portion of the season . It was the club 's lowest finish , in both percentage and place in the standings , since their 7th-place finish in 1913 . It was also the first time they had finished below .500 since 1918 . The Yankees would regroup and it would be 40 years before they would finish below .500 again ."}
{"_id": "1989_in_France", "title": "1989 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1989 in France ."}
{"_id": "1987_Minnesota_Twins_season", "title": "1987 Minnesota Twins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Minnesota Twins won the World Series for the first time since moving from Washington in 1961 , marking the second time that the franchise had won the World Series . ( The Washington Senators had won it in 1924 . ) Manager Tom Kelly managed the rare feat of winning the World Series in his first full season as manager ."}
{"_id": "1983_Cameroonian_Premier_League", "title": "1983 Cameroonian Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "In the 1983 season of MTN Elite One , 16 teams competed . Tonnerre Yaoundé won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1885_Home_Nations_Championship", "title": "1885 Home Nations Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1885 Home Nations Championship was the third series of the rugby union Home Nations Championship . It was contested by England , Ireland , Scotland , and Wales , but the tournament was not completed .   The 1885 Championship was notable for the disputes occurring between the Home Nation Unions which prevented a full tournament to be completed . England and Scotland refused to face each other due to the refereeing disagreement from their 1884 encounter , and Wales and Ireland also failed to meet due to union disputes . The 1885 Championship also experienced a rare replay , when the Ireland versus Scotland game at Ormeau was abandoned after bad weather stopped play . The replay was played in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1953_Titleholders_Championship", "title": "1953 Titleholders Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 Titleholders Championship was contested from March 12 -- 15 at Augusta Country Club . It was the 14th edition of the Titleholders Championship .   This event was won by Patty Berg ."}
{"_id": "1836_in_Australia", "title": "1836 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1933_NFL_season", "title": "1933 NFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 NFL season was the 14th regular season of the National Football League . Because of the success of the 1932 NFL Playoff Game , the league divided its teams into two divisions for the first time , with the winners of each division playing in a championship game to determine the NFL champion . Three new teams also joined the league : the Pittsburgh Pirates , the Philadelphia Eagles , and the Cincinnati Reds . Also , the Boston Braves changed their name to the Boston Redskins and the Staten Island Stapletons left the league .   The season ended when the Chicago Bears defeated the New York Giants in the first ever NFL Championship Game ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Charlotte_Hornets_season", "title": "1998–99 Charlotte Hornets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 NBA season was the eleventh season for the Charlotte Hornets in the National Basketball Association . During the offseason , the Hornets signed free agents Derrick Coleman , Chuck Person and Eldridge Recasner . After a four-month lockout wiped out half the season , the Hornets began their season dealing with injuries , as Anthony Mason was lost for the entire season with a elbow injury suffered in practice a few days before the start of the season . Glen Rice was also on the injured list and demanded a trade . The Hornets struggled losing eight of their first nine games , which led to a disappointing 4 -- 11 start to the season as head coach Dave Cowens was replaced with Paul Silas .   A few days later , Rice was traded along with J.R. Reid , and B.J. Armstrong to the Los Angeles Lakers for All-Star guard Eddie Jones , and Elden Campbell . The team improved under Silas posting a 22 -- 13 record , including a nine-game winning streak in April . The Hornets finished fifth in the Central Division with a 26 -- 24 record . However , they failed to qualify for the playoffs for the first time since the 1995 -- 96 season . The Hornets finished sixth the NBA in attendance for the season . Following the season , Person signed with the Seattle SuperSonics ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Hazfi_Cup", "title": "1998–99 Hazfi Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The Hazfi Cup 1998 -- 99 was the 12th staging of Iran 's football knockout competition ."}
{"_id": "1922_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1922 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Suzanne Lenglen defeated Molla Mallory 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 in the final to win the Ladies ' Singles tennis title at the 1922 Wimbledon Championships . The match lasted only 23 minutes , the quickest singles final match in the history of the tournament ."}
{"_id": "(Much)_Wenlock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)", "title": "(Much) Wenlock (UK Parliament constituency)", "headings": "", "text": "( Much ) Wenlock was a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It was named after the town of that name in Shropshire .   It was founded in 1468 as borough constituency . It was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England until 1707 , then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 , and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1885 . It was represented by two burgesses . It was abolished in 1885 ."}
{"_id": "1208_in_Ireland", "title": "1208 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1208 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1989_Virginia_Slims_of_Albuquerque", "title": "1989 Virginia Slims of Albuquerque", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Virginia Slims of Albuquerque was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Albuquerque , New Mexico in the United States that was part of Tier V of the 1989 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from August 14 through August 20 , 1989 ."}
{"_id": "1942_in_motorsport", "title": "1942 in motorsport", "headings": "", "text": "The following is an overview of the events of 1942 in motorsport including the major racing events , motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year , championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year , births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people ."}
{"_id": "1911_Brigham_Young_University_modernism_controversy", "title": "1911 Brigham Young University modernism controversy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1911 modernism controversy at Brigham Young University was an episode involving four professors at Brigham Young University ( BYU ) , who between 1908 and 1911 widely taught evolution and higher criticism of the Bible , arguing that modern scientific thought was compatible with Christian and Mormon theology . The professors were popular among students and the community but their teachings concerned administrators , and drew complaints from stake presidents , eventually resulting in the resignation of all four faculty members , an event that `` leveled a serious blow to the academic reputation of Brigham Young University -- one from which the Mormon school did not fully recover until successive presidential administrations . ''"}
{"_id": "1987_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_rankings", "title": "1987 NCAA Division I baseball rankings", "headings": "", "text": "The following polls make up the 1987 NCAA Division I baseball rankings . Baseball America began publishing its poll of the top 20 teams in college baseball in 1981 . Beginning with the 1985 season , it expanded to the top 25 . Collegiate Baseball Newspaper published its first human poll of the top 20 teams in college baseball in 1957 , and expanded to rank the top 30 teams in 1961 ."}
{"_id": "1898–99_Irish_League", "title": "1898–99 Irish League", "headings": "", "text": "The Irish League in season 1898 -- 99 comprised 6 teams , and Distillery won the championship after a play-off with Linfield ."}
{"_id": "1900–01_Stoke_F.C._season", "title": "1900–01 Stoke F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1900 -- 01 season was Stoke 's 12th season of in the Football League .   It was a hard season for Stoke as they were almost relegated to the Second Division but survived after winning their final match the season 4 -- 2 away at Notts County ."}
{"_id": "1998_New_York_Giants_season", "title": "1998 New York Giants season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 New York Giants season was the team 's 74th season in the National Football League . The team failed to improve upon their previous season 's output of 10 -- 5 -- 1 , winning only eight games and missing the playoffs . Perhaps the most memorable moment of the 1998 season took place during week 15 , when the Giants defeated the previously undefeated Denver Broncos on a late touchdown pass from Kent Graham to Amani Toomer ."}
{"_id": "1307_in_Scotland", "title": "1307 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1307 in the Kingdom of Scotland ."}
{"_id": "$100_hamburger", "title": "$100 hamburger", "headings": "", "text": "$ 100 hamburger ( `` hundred-dollar hamburger '' ) is aviation slang for the excuse a general aviation pilot might use to fly .   A $ 100 hamburger trip typically involves flying a short distance ( less than two hours ) , eating at an airport restaurant , and flying home . `` $ 100 '' originally referred to the approximate cost of renting or operating a light general aviation aircraft , such as a Cessna 172 , for the time it took to fly round-trip to a nearby airport . However , increasing fuel prices have since caused an increase in hourly operating costs for most airplanes , and a Cessna 172 now costs US$ 95 -- $ 130 per Hobbs hour to rent , including fuel .   In Perth , Western Australia , a similar mentality resulted in the ` Rotto Bun Run ' . A group of pilots who had run out of Hot Cross Buns on Good Friday decided to fly to the closest open bakery on Rottnest Island . The run is now an annual charity event ."}
{"_id": "1764_in_Great_Britain", "title": "1764 in Great Britain", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1764 in Great Britain ."}
{"_id": "1992_South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football_team", "title": "1992 South Carolina Gamecocks football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina in the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season . This was the first season for the Gamecocks as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . In 1992 the SEC expanded to twelve teams and two divisions with South Carolina placed in the SEC East Division . The Gamecocks were led by Sparky Woods , in his fourth season as head coach , and finished the season with a 5 -- 6 record . After beginning the season 0 -- 5 , Steve Taneyhill assumed the starting quarterback position and led the Gamecocks to a 5 -- 1 finish ."}
{"_id": "1970_1000km_of_Spa-Francorchamps", "title": "1970 1000km of Spa-Francorchamps", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 1000km of Spa-Francorchamps was an endurance race held at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps , Belgium on May 17 , 1970 . It was the sixth round of the 1970 International Championship for Makes ."}
{"_id": "1908_Kentucky_State_College_Blue_and_White_football_team", "title": "1908 Kentucky State College Blue and White football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 Kentucky State College Blue and White football team represented Kentucky State College -- now known as the University of Kentucky -- during the 1908 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1:1_pixel_mapping", "title": "1:1 pixel mapping", "headings": "", "text": "1:1 pixel mapping is a video display technique applicable to devices with native fixed pixels , such as LCD monitors and plasma displays . A monitor that has been set to 1:1 pixel mapping will display an input source without scaling it , such that each pixel received is mapped to a single native pixel on the monitor . This technique avoids loss of sharpness due to scaling artifacts and normally avoids incorrect aspect ratio due to stretching . If the input resolution is less than the monitor 's native resolution , this will result in black borders around the image ( e.g. letterboxing or windowboxing ) ."}
{"_id": "1926_in_literature", "title": "1926 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1926 ."}
{"_id": "1999_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Championships", "title": "1999 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships were held in Poprad , Slovakia on Saturday 30 January 1999 and Sunday 31 January 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1994_Fort_Lauderdale_Strikers_season", "title": "1994 Fort Lauderdale Strikers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Fort Lauderdale Strikers season was the fifth season of the team in the American Professional Soccer League . It was the club 's twenty-eighth season in professional soccer . This year , the team finished in fifth place in the regular season . They did not make it to the playoffs . After the end of the season , the club folded the team in the APSL . They joined forces with the Fort Lauderdale Kicks of the United States Interregional Soccer League , and fielded a new Strikers team for the 1995 season in the USISL Professional League ."}
{"_id": "1986_IPSC_Handgun_World_Shoot", "title": "1986 IPSC Handgun World Shoot", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 IPSC Handgun World Shoot VII held in Florida , United States was the 7th Handgun World Shoot , and was won by Rob Leatham of United States ."}
{"_id": "1547_in_literature", "title": "1547 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1547 ."}
{"_id": "1881_SAFA_season", "title": "1881 SAFA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1881 South Australian Football Association season was the 5th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia . The premiership season began on Saturday 7 May .   went on to record its 4th consecutive premiership .   The years premiership trophy was called the Fowler Challenge Cup .   Kensington and merged to create a full squad but withdrew after 4 games ."}
{"_id": "1974_Swedish_Grand_Prix", "title": "1974 Swedish Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Swedish Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Scandinavian Raceway on 9 June 1974 .   The race was totally dominated by the two Tyrrell-Cosworth 007s of Jody Scheckter and Patrick Depailler . Depailler took pole position , however Scheckter beat him by 0.380 sec in the race , to score his first Grand Prix win ."}
{"_id": "1982_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_shot_put", "title": "1982 European Athletics Championships – Women's shot put", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Women 's Shot Put event at the 1982 European Championships in Athens , Greece . The final was held at Olympic Stadium `` Spiros Louis '' on 6 September 1982 ."}
{"_id": "1909_Lafayette_football_team", "title": "1909 Lafayette football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 Lafayette football team represented Lafayette College in the 1909 college football season . Lafayette shut out seven of its eight opponents and finished with a 7 -- 0 -- 1 record in their first year under head coach Bob Folwell . Significant games included victories over Princeton ( 6 -- 0 ) and Lehigh ( 21 -- 0 ) . The only blemish on the team 's record was a 6 -- 6 tie with Penn. . The 1909 Lafayette team outscored its opponents by a combined total of 176 to 6 . Lafayette fullback George McCaa received recognition on the 1909 College Football All-America Team , as a third-team selection by Walter Camp and a second-team selection by The New York Times ."}
{"_id": "1952_U.S._National_Championships_(tennis)", "title": "1952 U.S. National Championships (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 U.S. National Championships ( now known as the US Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club , Forest Hills in New York , United States . The tournament ran from 29 August until 8 September . It was the 72nd staging of the U.S. National Championships , and the fourth Grand Slam tennis event of the year ."}
{"_id": "1st_Colonial_Infantry_Division_(France)", "title": "1st Colonial Infantry Division (France)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st Colonial Infantry Division ( 1e Division d'Infanterie Coloniale , 1e DIC ) was a French Army formation prior to World War I and during World War II .   Prior to the start of World War I , the division was composed of :  5th Colonial Infantry Regiment  6th Colonial Infantry Regiment  21st Colonial Infantry Regiment  23rd Colonial Infantry Regiment   However , in the re-organisation immediately prior to World War I , the division was disbanded , with the 5th and 6th Colonial Infantry Regiments going to the French 14th Corps , and the 21st and 23rd Colonial Infantry Regiments going to the French 1st Colonial Corps .   During the Battle of France in May 1940 the division was made up of the following units :  3rd Colonial Infantry Regiment  12th Senegalese Tirailleurs Regiment  14th Senegalese Tirailleurs Regiment  71st Reconnaissance Battalion  1st Colonial Divisionary Artillery Regiment  201st Colonial Artillery Regiment   It was an active division which existed during peacetime . The Senegalese Tirailleurs Regiments contained troops from French West Africa . The Colonial Infantry and Artillery Regiments were made up of French troops who had volunteered to serve overseas if needed ."}
{"_id": "1222_Brescia_earthquake", "title": "1222 Brescia earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1222 Brescia earthquake occurred on Christmas Day in the year 1222 . The chronicler Salimbene de Adam records that it was so powerful that the inhabitants of Brescia left their city en masse and camped outside , so that the falling buildings would not crush them ."}
{"_id": "1990_Mass_Uprising_in_Bangladesh", "title": "1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 mass uprising was a democratic movement that took place on 4 December and led to the fall of General Hussain Muhammad Ershad in Bangladesh . The uprising was the result of a series of popular protests that started from 10 October 1990 to topple General Ershad who came to power in 1982 by imposing martial law and replaced a democratically elected President through a bloodless coup .   The uprising is marked as the starting point of parliamentary democracy in Bangladesh after nine years of military rule and paved the way for a credible election in 1991 . Bangladesh Nationalist Party led 7-party alliance , Bangladesh Awami League led 8-party alliance and Leftist 5-party alliance was instrumental in staging the uprising against Ershad .   About hundred people died during the protests those led to the upsurge from 10 October till 4 December , around fifty were the casualty of the violent protests and street fights started from 27 November after a state of emergency was declared .  General Ershad was arrested immediately after the uprising on corruption charges ."}
{"_id": "1943_in_Lebanon", "title": "1943 in Lebanon", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1943 in Lebanon ."}
{"_id": "1918–19_Maltese_Premier_League", "title": "1918–19 Maltese Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Maltese Premier League in season 1918/1919 ."}
{"_id": "1988_South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football_team", "title": "1988 South Carolina Gamecocks football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina as an independent team in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . They finished with eight wins and four losses ( 8 -- 4 ) and with a loss against Indiana in the 1988 Liberty Bowl . The Gamecocks were led by head coach Joe Morrison in his final season as head coach prior to his dying of a heart attack in February 1989 ."}
{"_id": "1947_Purdue_Boilermakers_football_team", "title": "1947 Purdue Boilermakers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1947 Big Nine Conference football season . In their first season under head coach Stu Holcomb , the Boilermakers compiled a 5 -- 4 record , finished in tie for fourth place in the Big Ten Conference with a 3 -- 3 record against conference opponents , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 205 to 130 .   Notable players from the 1947 Purdue team included halfback Harry Szulborski and tackle Phil O'Reilly ."}
{"_id": "103d_Fighter_Squadron", "title": "103d Fighter Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 103d Fighter Squadron ( 103 FS ) is an inactive unit of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard . It was last assigned to the 111th Fighter Wing , stationed at Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Willow Grove , Willow Grove , Pennsylvania . The squadron was inactivated on 31 March 2011 .   The squadron was a descendant organization of the Pennsylvania National Guard 103d Observation Squadron , formed on 27 June 1924 . It was one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II ."}
{"_id": "1989–90_NK_Dinamo_Zagreb_season", "title": "1989–90 NK Dinamo Zagreb season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 -- 90 season was the 44th season of competitive football played by Dinamo Zagreb . The season was marked by a football riot on May 13 , 1990 , at Maksimir Stadium in Zagreb on a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade ."}
{"_id": "1970_in_British_music", "title": "1970 in British music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a summary of 1970 in music in the United Kingdom , including the official charts from that year ."}
{"_id": "1994_Canada_rugby_union_tour_of_England_and_France", "title": "1994 Canada rugby union tour of England and France", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Canada rugby union tour of England and France was a series of matches played in December 1994 in England and France by the Canada national rugby union team to prepare for the 1995 Rugby World Cup ."}
{"_id": "1382_in_Ireland", "title": "1382 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1382 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "15th_Test_Squadron", "title": "15th Test Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 15th Test Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the Air Force Materiel Command at Hill Air Force Base , Utah , where it was inactivated ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_Irish_League", "title": "1952–53 Irish League", "headings": "", "text": "The Irish League in season 1952 -- 53 comprised 12 teams , and Glentoran won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_Brentford_F.C._season", "title": "1979–80 Brentford F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1979 -- 80 English football season , Brentford competed in the Football League Third Division . Despite challenging for promotion in the first half of the season , a barren run between December 1979 and March 1980 meant that the Bees ' Third Division status was only preserved on the final day of the season ."}
{"_id": "1982_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification", "title": "1982 FIFA World Cup qualification", "headings": "", "text": "A total of 109 teams entered the 1982 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds , which began with the preliminary qualification draw on 14 October 1979 at Zürich , competing for a total of 24 spots in the final tournament , an increase from 16 in the previous World Cups . Spain , as the hosts , and Argentina , as the defending champions , qualified automatically , leaving 22 spots open for competition .   The 24 spots available in the 1982 World Cup would be distributed among the continental zones as follows :  Europe ( UEFA ) : 14 places , one to automatic qualifier Spain , while the other 13 places were contested by 33 teams ( including Israel ) .  South America ( CONMEBOL ) : 4 places , one to automatic qualifier Argentina , while the other 3 places were contested by 9 teams .  North , Central America and Caribbean ( CONCACAF ) : 2 places , contested by 15 teams .  Africa ( CAF ) : 2 places , contested by 29 teams .  Asia ( AFC ) and Oceania ( OFC ) : 2 places , contested by 21 teams .   A total of 103 teams played at least one qualifying match . A total of 306 qualifying matches were played , and 797 goals were scored ( an average of 2.60 per match ) ."}
{"_id": "1967_Australia_Cup", "title": "1967 Australia Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Australia Cup was the sixth season of the Australia Cup , which was the main national association football knockout cup competition in Australia . Sixteen clubs from around Australia qualified to enter the competition . Participating teams included APIA Leichhardt , St George-Budapest , Melbourne Hungaria , Melbourne Juventus , Melbourne Croatia , Footscray JUST , Launceston United , West Adelaide Hellas , Adelaide Juventus , Perth Azzurri , Canberra Juventus , Lake Macquarie , South Sydney Croatia , Newcastle Austral , Pan Hellenic , Latrobe-Western Suburbs ."}
{"_id": "1998–2002_Argentine_great_depression", "title": "1998–2002 Argentine great depression", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 2002 Argentine Great Depression was an economic depression in Argentina , which began in the third quarter of 1998 and lasted until the second quarter of 2002 . It almost immediately followed the 1974 -- 1990 Great Depression after a brief period of rapid economic growth .   The depression , which began after the Russian and Brazilian financial crises , caused widespread unemployment , riots , the fall of the government , a default on the country 's foreign debt , the rise of alternative currencies and the end of the peso 's fixed exchange rate to the US dollar .  The economy shrank by 28 percent from 1998 to 2002 . In terms of income , over 50 percent of Argentines were poor and 25 percent , indigent ; seven out of ten Argentine children were poor at the depth of the crisis in 2002 .   By the first half of 2003 , however , GDP growth had returned , surprising economists and the business media , and the economy grew by an average of 9 % for five years .   Argentina 's GDP exceeded pre-crisis levels by 2005 , and Argentine debt restructuring that year were resumed payments on most of its defaulted bonds ; a second debt restructuring in 2010 brought the percentage of bonds out of default to 93 % , though holdout lawsuits led by vulture funds remained ongoing . Bondholders who participated in the restructuring have been paid punctually and have seen the value of their bonds rise . Argentina repaid its International Monetary Fund loans in full in 2006 , but had a long dispute with the 7 % of bond-holders left . In April 2016 Argentina came out of the default when the new government decided to repay the country 's debt , paying the full amount to the vulture/hedge funds ."}
{"_id": "1973_Isle_of_Man_TT", "title": "1973 Isle of Man TT", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Isle of Man TT was a motorcycle event held on June 8 , 1973 on the 37-mile Snaefell Mountain Course on the Isle of Man . It was the fifth round of the 1973 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season ( now MotoGP ) . The Australian rider Jack Findlay won the Senior ( 500cc ) event ."}
{"_id": "1968_All-Pacific-8_Conference_football_team", "title": "1968 All-Pacific-8 Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 All-Pacific-8 Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Pacific-8 Conference teams for the 1968 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1990_in_Afghanistan", "title": "1990 in Afghanistan", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  See also : 1989 in Afghanistan and 1991 in Afghanistan .   Fierce fighting flares anew at the beginning of the year between government troops and the mujaheddin guerrillas , but by winter no military victory is in sight for either side . In the face of an extended stalemate and in a bid to end the 12-year-old war , Washington and Moscow agree that elections should be held to decide the political future of the country . Neither superpower can agree on what role Najibullah would play in the interim government , however . Washington insists he relinquish control over the military and intelligence , a demand that Najibullah and Moscow reject . Nevertheless , the president is willing to relinquish control of the state media and a limited number of troops to an interim commission if new elections are held . Since their withdrawal after a nine-year intervention , the Soviets have sent an estimated $ 500 million in weapons and supplies to Kabul every month . The U.S. have funneled $ 300 million in aid to the Muslim resistance through Pakistan , but Washington lobbies for reduced aid to fundamentalist Gulbuddin Hekmatyar , considered the most anti-Western of all the seven resistance leaders , after numerous reports blamed him for brutal infighting that killed scores of Afghan civilians and guerrilla fighters . Pakistan 's Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto also seeks a reduced role for the rebel leader , contradicting the Pakistani military 's policy of favouring Hekmatyar for most of the civil war . But arms shipments to Hekmatyar reportedly rise dramatically after Bhutto is ousted August 6 and replaced by right-wing opponents . Renewed arms shipments coincide with escalating rocket attacks on Kabul in the first two weeks of October that kill at least 60 people and injure scores of others ."}
{"_id": "1987_Monte_Carlo_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1987 Monte Carlo Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Joakim Nyström was the defending champion , but lost to Thomas Muster in the second round .   Mats Wilander won the title , defeating Jimmy Arias 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1892_Rutgers_Queensmen_football_team", "title": "1892 Rutgers Queensmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1892 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1892 college football season . The Queensmen compiled a 3 -- 5 -- 1 record and were outscored by their opponents , 160 to 108 . The team had no coach , and its captain was John C. Loud ."}
{"_id": "1995_King_Fahd_Cup_Final", "title": "1995 King Fahd Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 King Fahd Cup Final was a football match to determine the winners of the 1995 King Fahd Cup . The match was held at King Fahd II Stadium , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia , on 13 January 1995 and was contested by Denmark and Argentina . Denmark won the match 2 -- 0 ."}
{"_id": "1961_World_Men's_Handball_Championship", "title": "1961 World Men's Handball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 World Men 's Handball Championship was the fourth team handball World Championship . It was held in West Germany between 1-12 March 1961 . A united team composed of players from the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany competed . Romania won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1977_Virginia_Slims_of_Detroit", "title": "1977 Virginia Slims of Detroit", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Virginia Slims of Detroit was a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Cobo Hall & Arena in Detroit , Michigan in the United States that was part of the 1977 Virginia Slims World Championship Series . It was the sixth edition of the tournament and was held from February 22 through February 27 , 1977 . First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title and earned $ 20,000 first-prize money ."}
{"_id": "1993_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships", "title": "1993 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The XVII World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships were held in Alicante , Spain , on November 4-07 1993 ."}
{"_id": "1985_All_England_Open_Badminton_Championships", "title": "1985 All England Open Badminton Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Yonex All England Open Championships was the 75th edition held in 1985 , at Wembley Arena , London ."}
{"_id": "1965_Cape_South_Easter_Trophy", "title": "1965 Cape South Easter Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Cape South Easter Trophy was a non-championship Formula One race held at Killarney on January 9 , 1965 , one week after the South African Grand Prix ."}
{"_id": "1998_in_Pakistan", "title": "1998 in Pakistan", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1904_German_football_championship_Final", "title": "1904 German football championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 German football championship Final was to decide the winner of the 1904 German football championship , the 2nd edition of the German football championship , a knockout football cup competition contested by the regional association winners to determine the national champions .   The match was supposed to be played on 29 May 1904 in Kassel between VfB Leipzig , the title holders , and Britannia Berlin . However , the final was not played , as the German Football Association ( DFB ) aborted it due to a protest by Karlsruher FV . Karlsruhe had protested the fact that matches had not been played on neutral ground as was stipulated by the rules . The DFB had already ignored this rule for financial reasons in the previous year , but this time Karlsruhe argued that some of their players could not travel to the match in Berlin , and this had caused Karlsruhe 's defeat . As a result , the championship was annulled ."}
{"_id": "1936–37_Cypriot_First_Division", "title": "1936–37 Cypriot First Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Cypriot First Division in the 1936/1937 season ."}
{"_id": "1993_shootings_at_CIA_Headquarters", "title": "1993 shootings at CIA Headquarters", "headings": "", "text": "On January 25 , 1993 , outside the United States Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) headquarters campus in Langley , Virginia , a gunman killed two CIA employees and wounded three others . The perpetrator , later identified as Pakistani national Mir Qazi ( also spelled as Kasi or Kansi ) , shot CIA employees in their cars as they were waiting at a stoplight .   Qazi fled the country and was placed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list , sparking a four-year international manhunt . He was captured by a joint FBI-CIA/ISI task force in Pakistan in 1997 and rendered to the United States to stand trial . He admitted that he shot the victims of the attack , was subsequently found guilty of capital and first-degree murder , and executed by lethal injection in 2002 ."}
{"_id": "1979_Player's_Canadian_Open", "title": "1979 Player's Canadian Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Player 's International Canadian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the National Tennis Centre in Toronto in Canada that was part of the 1979 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix and of the 1979 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from August 13 through August 19 , 1979 ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Liga_Artzit", "title": "1990–91 Liga Artzit", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 Liga Artzit season saw Maccabi Petah Tikva win the title and earn promotion to Liga Leumit alongside runners-up Maccabi Yavne . At the other end of the table Maccabi Ramat Amidar and Hapoel Tirat HaCarmel were relegated to Liga Alef , whilst Hapoel Bat Yam were relegated after losing the promotion-relegation play-offs ."}
{"_id": "110s_BC", "title": "110s BC", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1930–31_Scottish_Cup", "title": "1930–31 Scottish Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 -- 31 Scottish Cup was the 53rd staging of Scotland 's most prestigious football knockout competition . The Cup was won by Celtic who defeated Motherwell in the replayed final ."}
{"_id": "1950_U.S._National_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1950 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "First-seeded Margaret Osborne duPont defeated Doris Hart 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 in the final to win the Women 's Singles tennis title at the 1950 U.S. National Championships ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Serie_B", "title": "1990–91 Serie B", "headings": "", "text": "This article contains information on the 1990-1991 season of Serie B , the second highest football league in Italy ."}
{"_id": "1884_VFA_season", "title": "1884 VFA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1884 Victorian Football Association season was the eighth season of the Australian rules football competition . The premiership was won by the Geelong Football Club . It was the club 's sixth VFA premiership in just seven seasons , and was the third in a sequence of three consecutive premierships won from 1882 to 1884 ."}
{"_id": "1954–55_Austrian_football_championship", "title": "1954–55 Austrian football championship", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Austrian Staatsliga A in the 1954/1955 season ."}
{"_id": "1989_NatWest_Trophy", "title": "1989 NatWest Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 NatWest Trophy was the 9th NatWest Trophy . It was an English limited overs county cricket tournament which was held between 28 June and 2 September 1989 . The tournament was won by Warwickshire County Cricket Club who defeated Middlesex County Cricket Club by 4 wickets in the final at Lord 's ."}
{"_id": "1990_Portland_Timbers_season", "title": "1990 Portland Timbers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Portland Timbers season was the tenth season for a club bearing the Portland Timbers name ."}
{"_id": "1936_All-Big_Ten_Conference_football_team", "title": "1936 All-Big Ten Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Big Ten Conference teams chosen by various selectors for the 1936 Big Ten Conference football season ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Nottingham_Forest_F.C._season", "title": "1999–2000 Nottingham Forest F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1999 -- 2000 English football season , Nottingham Forest competed in the Football League First Division ."}
{"_id": "1993_Stockholm_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1993 Stockholm Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde were the defending champions .   Woodbridge and Woodforde successfully defended their title , defeating Gary Muller and Danie Visser 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1980_Blue_Swords", "title": "1980 Blue Swords", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Blue Swords was held November 1980 . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies ' singles and pair skating ."}
{"_id": "11_Andromedae", "title": "11 Andromedae", "headings": "", "text": "11 Andromedae ( abbreviated 11 And ) is a K-type giant star in the constellation of Andromeda . 11 Andromedae is the Flamsteed designation . It has an apparent visual magnitude of approximately 5.457 ."}
{"_id": "1975_Oakland_Athletics_season", "title": "1975 Oakland Athletics season", "headings": "", "text": "The Oakland Athletics ' 1975 season involved the A 's finishing first in the American League West with a record of 98 wins and 64 losses . They went on to play the Boston Red Sox in the 1975 American League Championship Series , losing in three straight games ."}
{"_id": "1987_Gulf_Club_Champions_Cup", "title": "1987 Gulf Club Champions Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The Gulf Club Champions Cup , is a football league tournament for the Arabian Peninsula clubs . The 1987 edition was known as the Gulf Cooperation Council Club Tournament .   The tournament doubled up as the qualifying round of the 1987 -- 88 Asian Club Championship . The winners and runners up would progress to the ACC 's latter stages ."}
{"_id": "1899_in_Denmark", "title": "1899 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1899 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Vancouver_Grizzlies_season", "title": "1996–97 Vancouver Grizzlies season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 NBA season was the Grizzlies ' second season in the National Basketball Association . Coming off of an NBA worst record of 15 -- 67 in their first season , the Grizzlies acquired Anthony Peeler and George Lynch from the Los Angeles Lakers , while signing free agent Lee Mayberry during the offseason . However , they continued to struggle in their second season losing their first seven games as head coach Brian Winters was fired after an 8 -- 35 start , and was replaced with Stu Jackson . The Grizzlies then suffered a 15-game losing streak between February and March , finishing last place in the Midwest Division with a league worst record of 14 -- 68 , their worst record in franchise history . Top draft pick Shareef Abdur-Rahim led the Grizzlies with 18.7 points per game and made the All-Rookie First Team . Following the season , Greg Anthony signed as a free agent with the Seattle SuperSonics ."}
{"_id": "1992_African_Women's_Handball_Championship", "title": "1992 African Women's Handball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 African Women 's Handball Championship was held in Ivory Coast . It acted as the African qualifying tournament for the 1993 World Women 's Handball Championship ."}
{"_id": "16th_Helpmann_Awards", "title": "16th Helpmann Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Annual Helpmann Awards for live performance in Australia were held on 25 July 2016 at the Sydney Lyric Theatre .   The Australian production of Matilda the Musical received thirteen awards including every award for musicals . Griffin Theatre Company 's drama The Bleeding Tree received three awards including Best Play . Brisbane Baroque 's production of Handel 's Agrippina received four awards including Best Opera , and Bangarra Dance Theatre 's Sheoak received three awards including Best Ballet or Dance Work . New musical Ladies in Black was named Best New Australian Work ."}
{"_id": "1969_SCCA_Continental_Championship", "title": "1969 SCCA Continental Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 SCCA Continental Championship was the third annual running of the Sports Car Club of America 's professional open wheel racing series . It was the first to carry the SCCA Continental Championship name as the previous two series had both been staged as the Grand Prix Championship .   The 1969 championship was open only to Formula A cars . Formula B and Formula C cars , which had competed with the Formula A cars in the previous two championships , were now given their own races at each event and competed for separate points ."}
{"_id": "1907_William_&_Mary_Orange_and_White_football_team", "title": "1907 William & Mary Orange and White football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1907 William & Mary Orange and White football team represented William & Mary during the 1907 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1996_Oceania_Handball_Championship", "title": "1996 Oceania Handball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Oceania Handball Nations Cup , was the second official competition for senior men 's national handball teams from the region . It was held from 8-9 December , 1996 in Porirua , New Zealand . The winner would play Lithuania in the qualifying competition for the 2013 World Men 's Handball Championship .   Australia and New Zealand played a two-game series to determine the winner ."}
{"_id": "1904_in_music", "title": "1904 in music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1904 ."}
{"_id": "1985_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final", "title": "1985 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the 98th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1985 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship , an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland .   Kerry led by nine points at half-time and two Joe McNally goals in the second half could n't stop them .   It was the fourth of five All-Ireland football titles won by Kerry in the 1980s .   The teams would next meet in an All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final in 2011 ."}
{"_id": "1867_in_Mexico", "title": "1867 in Mexico", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1867 in Mexico ."}
{"_id": "1987_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_–_Women's_Giant_Slalom", "title": "1987 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's Giant Slalom", "headings": "", "text": "Women 's Giant Slalom World Cup 1987/1988"}
{"_id": "1889_in_Germany", "title": "1889 in Germany", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1889 in Germany ."}
{"_id": "1988_PBA_All-Filipino_Conference_Finals", "title": "1988 PBA All-Filipino Conference Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 PBA All-Filipino Conference Finals was the best-of-5 series basketball championship of the 1988 PBA All-Filipino Conference , and the conclusion of the conference 's playoffs . The Añejo Rum 65ers and Purefoods Hotdogs played for the 40th championship contested by the league .   The Añejo Rum 65ers won the All-Filipino Conference title with a 3-1 series victory over Purefoods Hotdogs , for their 2nd PBA championship , the Rum Masters became the fifth team to win the All-Filipino crown ."}
{"_id": "1896_LSU_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1896 LSU Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1896 LSU Tigers football team represented the LSU Tigers of Louisiana State University during the 1896 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season . This was LSU 's first season playing as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SIAA ) . The Tigers , led by coach Allen Jeardeau , went undefeated and were the SIAA co-champions . It was LSU 's second undefeated season in football . The 1896 team was also the first LSU team to use the nickname `` Tigers '' ."}
{"_id": "1994_TAAC_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1994 TAAC Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Trans America Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament ( now known as the Atlantic Sun Men 's Basketball Tournament ) was held March 3 -- 5 at the UCF Arena in Orlando , Florida . This was the first tournament since 1992 after not being held in 1993 .   Hosts defeated in the championship game , 70 -- 67 , to win their first TAAC/Atlantic Sun men 's basketball tournament . The Golden Knights , therefore , received the TAAC 's automatic bid to the 1994 NCAA Tournament , their first Division I tournament appearance ( College of Charleston also participated , receiving an at-large bid ) .   Since the 1992 tournament , one program had departed the TAAC ( Georgia Southern , who left for the SoCon ) and three new programs were added ( Central Florida in 1993 , College of Charleston and Florida Atlantic in 1994 ) , leaving total conference membership at ten teams . However , the two newcomers ( College of Charleston and FAU ) did not participate in this tournament ."}
{"_id": "1949_in_art", "title": "1949 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1993_Australian_FAI_IndyCar_Grand_Prix", "title": "1993 Australian FAI IndyCar Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Australian FAI IndyCar Grand Prix was the opening round of the 1993 CART World Series season , held on 21 March 1993 on the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit , Australia . The race was won by series débutant Nigel Mansell , the reigning Formula One World Champion from . Mansell also became the first person to win their first IndyCar race since Graham Hill had won the 1966 Indianapolis 500 .   Due to the appearance of Mansell in the CART World Series , over 800 press passes were given out by the race organisers . This was second only in number for the series to the amount of press at the Indianapolis 500 ."}
{"_id": "1997_Asian_Judo_Championships", "title": "1997 Asian Judo Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Asian Judo Championships were held in Manila , Philippines 22 November to 23 November 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1949_England_v_Ireland_football_match", "title": "1949 England v Ireland football match", "headings": "", "text": "England v Ireland . On 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park , Liverpool , the home of Everton , England were defeated 2-0 by Ireland in a friendly international . As a result , Ireland became the first foreign team to beat England at home . In 1953 the Hungarian team known as the Mighty Magyars defeated England 6-3 , to become the second team ."}
{"_id": "1982_Escort_Championships", "title": "1982 Escort Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Escort Championships ( also known as the Escort Cup ) was an Australian rules football knock out tournament held between March and July 1982 . The tournament was organised by Australian Football Championships , and was contested by teams from the Victorian Football League , South Australian National Football League and West Australian Football League . The tournament was won by the Swans , who defeated in the Grand Final ."}
{"_id": "1601_in_Ireland", "title": "1601 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1601 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1908–09_Western_Football_League", "title": "1908–09 Western Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 -- 09 season was the 17th in the history of the Western Football League .   For the last time , Division One was split into two sections of six clubs , reorganised from the previous season , with the winner of each section playing each other in a Championship decider . Brighton & Hove Albion won Section A and reigning champions Millwall won Section B , with Millwall winning the decider 2 -- 1 in a replay after the first match was drawn . At the end of this season , all 14 clubs in Division One resigned from the League , leaving Division Two as the only division in the league . All the member clubs of Division One also competed in the Southern League during this season . As with the previous season , the Division Two champions were Bristol City Reserves ."}
{"_id": "1986_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team", "title": "1986 Michigan Wolverines football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team 's head coach was Bo Schembechler . The Wolverines played their home games at Michigan Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1965_in_Canada", "title": "1965 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1965 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1993_Air_Force_Falcons_football_team", "title": "1993 Air Force Falcons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Air Force Falcons football team represented the United States Air Force Academy in the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team was led by 10th-year head coach Fisher DeBerry and played its home games at Falcon Stadium . It finished the season with a 4 -- 8 record overall and a 1 -- 7 record in Western Athletic Conference games ."}
{"_id": "1971_Can-Am_season", "title": "1971 Can-Am season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Canadian-American Challenge Cup was the sixth season of the Can-Am auto racing series . It consisted of FIA Group 7 racing cars running two-hour sprint events . It began June 13 , 1971 , and ended October 31 , 1971 , after ten rounds ."}
{"_id": "1915_U.S._Open_(golf)", "title": "1915 U.S. Open (golf)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 U.S. Open was the 21st U.S. Open , held June 17 -- 18 at Baltusrol Golf Club in Springfield , New Jersey , west of New York City . Four-time U.S. Amateur champion Jerome Travers captured his only U.S. Open title , one stroke ahead of runner-up Tom McNamara . The championship was played on the original course at Baltusrol , now known as the Old Course , which no longer exists .   Future U.S. Open champions Jim Barnes and Chick Evans shared the first round lead , with Travers five behind . After a 72 in the second round , Travers pulled to within two-shots of leaders Barnes and Louis Tellier .   Travers took the lead in the third round with a 73 , a shot ahead of Barnes , Tellier , Bob MacDonald , and Mike Brady , with McNamara two behind . MacDonald shot a 78 in the final round to finish in third , while Barnes and Tellier both shot 79 to finish in fourth . McNamara posted a 75 to total 298 as Travers made the turn at 39 , and needed a 37 on the back-nine to win the title . His drive at the 10th went out of bounds , while his second shot found the rough . His third shot cleared the water surrounding the green and settled less than three feet ( 0.9 m ) from the hole . He managed to save par with a 15-footer ( 4.5 m ) at the 11th , three-putted for bogey at the 12th , but then made a birdie at 15 . Pars over the final three holes saw him finish with a 76 and a 297 total .   Shortly after this win , Travers announced his retirement from competitive golf and never played in the U.S. Open again .   Defending champion Walter Hagen finished nine strokes back , in a tie for tenth place .   The Old Course at Baltusrol was plowed under three years later in 1918 by course architect A. W. Tillinghast to create the Upper and Lower Courses ."}
{"_id": "1943–44_Gauliga_Bayern", "title": "1943–44 Gauliga Bayern", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 -- 44 Gauliga Bayern was the eleventh season of the league , one of the 31 Gauligas in Germany at the time . It was the first tier of the football league system in Bavaria ( German : Bayern ) from 1933 to 1945 . It was the second and last season of the league being sub-divided into a northern and southern division , the Gauliga Nordbayern and Gauliga Südbayern , with further sub-dividing taking place in the uncompleted 1944 -- 45 season .   For FC Bayern Munich it was the only Gauliga championship while , for 1 . FC Nürnberg , it was the seventh and last the club would win in the era from 1933 to 1944 . Unlike TSV 1860 in the previous season FC Bayern did not receive an invitation by the Lord Mayor of Munich , Karl Fiehler , to celebrate their title at the town hall , the club having been unpopular with the Nazis because of its past Jewish connections . Both Gauliga champions qualified for the 1944 German football championship , where Bayern Munich was knocked out in the first preliminary round after losing 2 -- 1 to VfR Mannheim while Nürnberg lost 3 -- 1 to eventual winners Dresdner SC in the semi finals ."}
{"_id": "1943_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1943 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 57th staging of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , the Gaelic Athletic Association 's premier inter-county hurling tournament . The championship began non 2 May 1943 and ended on 5 September 1943 .   The championship was won by Cork who secured the title following a 5-16 to 0-4 defeat of Antrim in the All-Ireland final . This was their 14th All-Ireland title .   Cork were also the defending champions and retained the title for the second successive year to become the fourth team to win the three in-a-row ."}
{"_id": "1939_in_the_United_States", "title": "1939 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1939 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1936_Major_League_Baseball_season", "title": "1936 Major League Baseball season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 Major League Baseball season ."}
{"_id": "1292", "title": "1292", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1292 ( MCCXCII ) was a leap year starting on Tuesday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1964_NHL_Amateur_Draft", "title": "1964 NHL Amateur Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 NHL Amateur Draft was held at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal , Quebec , Canada .   As was the case in the 1963 Draft , amateur players turning 17 years of age between August 1 , 1964 , and July 31 , 1965 , were eligible , if they were not already sponsored by an NHL club .   The order of the draft followed the agreement reached in 1963 , where the order was fixed as Red Wings , Bruins , Rangers , Black Hawks , Maple Leafs and Canadiens . Once again each team received four picks , each team having the right to forfeit their selection and pass it to the next team in the order . All picks were exercised this year .   Of the 24 players selected only nine played in the NHL . Syl Apps , Jr. , Jim Dorey , Tim Ecclestone and Mike Pelyk went on to have fruitful NHL careers , each playing well over 200 games a piece . However , the steal of this draft was the Bruins ' third pick , 14th overall : Ken Dryden . Dryden made it known to the Bruins that he would elect to play at Cornell University , earning a Bachelor of Arts degree , instead of turning professional . The Bruins traded his negotiation rights to the Canadiens , where he would play seven full seasons and part of an eighth , earning a Conn Smythe Trophy , Calder Memorial Trophy , five Vezina Trophies , five All-Star Game appearances , five First All-Star awards and six Stanley Cups ."}
{"_id": "1630_in_poetry", "title": "1630 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1951_Florida_State_Seminoles_football_team", "title": "1951 Florida State Seminoles football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 Florida State Seminoles football team represented Florida State University in the 1951 college football season . 1951 was the beginning of the longstanding rivalry with Miami . The Hurricanes won the first meeting by a score of 35 -- 13 ."}
{"_id": "1945–46_Primeira_Divisão", "title": "1945–46 Primeira Divisão", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Portuguese Liga in the 1945 -- 1946 season ."}
{"_id": "1934_Monaco_Grand_Prix", "title": "1934 Monaco Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Monaco Grand Prix ( formally the VI Grand Prix de Monaco ) was a Grand Prix motor race held on 2 April 1934 at Circuit de Monaco in and out of Monte Carlo . The race comprised 100 laps of a 3.180 km circuit , for a total race distance of 318.0 km .   The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus ( AIACR ) had announced on 12 October 1932 that a new Grand Prix formula will go into effect for the 1934 season , and the 1934 Monaco Grand Prix was the first Grand Épreuve event run under the new regulations . Although one of the new rules required the race distance to be over 500 km , Monaco GP was permitted to be run for 100 laps or 318 km , as the time required to complete 100 laps at the slow Circuit de Monaco was comparable to 500 km at faster tracks such as Monza .   The race was won by Guy Moll , a newly recruited Algerian of Scuderia Ferrari , driving an Alfa Romeo Tipo B/P3 . In addition to winning the very first race after the enrollment to the Ferrari team , Moll ( at 23 years and 10 months old ) remained the youngest driver to have won a Monaco GP until Lewis Hamilton ( at 23 years and 4 months ) won in 2008 ."}
{"_id": "1928_KML_season", "title": "1928 KML season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1928 Korvpalli Meistriliiga was the 3rd season of the Estonian basketball league .   A single game was held on 1 April 1928 with Tallinna Vitjas defeating Tallinna NMKÜ 42 -- 22 ."}
{"_id": "1599_in_Sweden", "title": "1599 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1599 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1994–95_IIHF_Federation_Cup", "title": "1994–95 IIHF Federation Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The Federation Cup 1994 -- 95 was the first edition of the IIHF Federation Cup . The season started on November 11 , 1994 , and finished on December 29 , 1994 .   The tournament was won by Salavat Yulaev Ufa , who beat HC Pardubice in the final ."}
{"_id": "1850_in_rail_transport", "title": "1850 in rail transport", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1916–17_Ottawa_Senators_season", "title": "1916–17 Ottawa Senators season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1916 -- 17 Ottawa Senators season was the Ottawa Hockey Club 's 32nd season of play . This was the 8th and final season of the National Hockey Association . Teams were to play two half-seasons of 10 games each , though this was disrupted . Ottawa won the second half and played off against first-half winner Montreal Canadiens for the NHA title , but lost ."}
{"_id": "1970–71_Australian_region_cyclone_season", "title": "1970–71 Australian region cyclone season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 -- 71 Australian region cyclone season was a very active tropical cyclone season ."}
{"_id": "1918_in_Spain", "title": "1918 in Spain", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1918 in Spain ."}
{"_id": "1802_State_of_the_Union_Address", "title": "1802 State of the Union Address", "headings": "", "text": "The 1802 State of the Union Address was written by Thomas Jefferson , the third President of the United States , on December 15 , 1802 . He said , `` When we assemble together , fellow citizens , to consider the state of our beloved country , our just attentions are first drawn to those pleasing circumstances which mark the goodness of that Being from whose favor they flow and the large measure of thankfulness we owe for His bounty . Another year has come around , and finds us still blessed with peace and friendship abroad ; law , order , and religion at home ; good affection and harmony with our Indian neighbors ; our burthens lightened , yet our income sufficient for the public wants , and the produce of the year great beyond example . ''"}
{"_id": "1867_in_Russia", "title": "1867 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1867 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1803_in_Australia", "title": "1803 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "'hood", "title": "'hood", "headings": "", "text": "` Hood may refer to :   Neighbourhood  Ghetto  ` Hood ( film )"}
{"_id": "1963–64_Borussia_Dortmund_season", "title": "1963–64 Borussia Dortmund season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 Borussia Dortmund season was the 1st season in the Fußball-Bundesliga for Borussia Dortmund . After winning the 1963 German football championship , they could not defend their title and ended up 4th in the inaugural Bundesliga season . In the European Cup they closely missed the final after losing the semifinal against F.C. Internazionale Milano ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_Chicago_Black_Hawks_season", "title": "1952–53 Chicago Black Hawks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 -- 53 Chicago Black Hawks season was the team 's 27th season in the NHL , and they were coming off of two consecutive seasons of finishing in last place in the six team NHL . The Black Hawks had a record of 17 -- 44 -- 9 in 1951 -- 52 , missing the playoffs for the sixth straight season . In 1952 -- 53 , the Black Hawks qualified for the playoffs , losing in the first round to the Montreal Canadiens ."}
{"_id": "1994_Oahu_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1994 Oahu Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Wayne Ferreira won in the final 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 ( 3 -- 7 ) , 6 -- 1 , against Richey Reneberg ."}
{"_id": "1940_U.S._National_Championships_(tennis)", "title": "1940 U.S. National Championships (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 U.S. National Championships ( now known as the US Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club , Forest Hills in New York , United States . The tournament ran from 2 September until 9 September . It was the 60th staging of the U.S. National Championships and the second Grand Slam tennis event of the year because of the cancellation of Wimbledon and the French Championships due to World War II . Don McNeill capped an outstanding season with his win over Bobby Riggs in the finals of the men 's singles . Earlier in the year McNeill won the U.S. Men 's Intercollegiate Singles Championships for Kenyon College , defeating Joe Hunt of Navy . A dramatic moment occurred in this 1940 National Championships during the men 's singles quarter-final match between 1943 national champion , Joe Hunt and third seeded Frank Kovacs . Kovacs had the reputation as a court clown , and early in the third set , Kovacs ' antics with the gallery compelled Hunt to sit down on the baseline and refuse to play until the umpire stopped the disturbance . Hunt ignored several of Kovacs ' serves , allowing them to harmlessly fly by . In short order , Kovacs also sat on his baseline and Forest Hills experienced what was called `` tennis ' first sit-down strike . '' About five minutes went by with the crowd alternately cheering and jeering . When order was restored , Hunt went on to win the match in straight sets ."}
{"_id": "1885_Pittsburg_Alleghenys_season", "title": "1885 Pittsburg Alleghenys season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1885 Pittsburg Alleghenys season was the 4th season of the Pittsburg Alleghenys franchise . The Alleghenys finished third in the American Association with a record of 56 -- 55 ."}
{"_id": "1995_in_India", "title": "1995 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1995 in the Republic of India ."}
{"_id": "1999_du_Maurier_Open", "title": "1999 du Maurier Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Canadian Open ( known as the du Maurier Open for sponsorship reasons ) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts . It was the 110th edition of the Canada Masters , and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1999 ATP Tour , and of the Tier I Series of the 1999 WTA Tour . The men 's event took place at the du Maurier Stadium in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , from August 2 through August 8 , 1999 , and the women 's event at the National Tennis Centre in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , from August 16 through August 23 , 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1999_Japanese_Grand_Prix", "title": "1999 Japanese Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Japanese Grand Prix ( formally the XXV Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix ) was a Formula One motor race held on 31 October 1999 at the Suzuka International Racing Course in Suzuka , Japan . It was the sixteenth and final round of the 1999 Formula One season . The 53-lap race was won by McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen after starting from second position . Michael Schumacher finished second in a Ferrari with team-mate Eddie Irvine finishing third . Häkkinen 's victory confirmed him as 1999 Drivers ' Champion . Ferrari were also confirmed as Constructors ' Champions .   This was the last race for Toranosuke Takagi , Alessandro Zanardi and 1996 World Champion Damon Hill ."}
{"_id": "1952_Major_League_Baseball_season", "title": "1952 Major League Baseball season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Major League Baseball season . The Braves were playing their final season in Boston , before the team relocated to Milwaukee the following year , thus , ending fifty seasons without any MLB team changing addresses ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Colorado_Avalanche_season", "title": "1995–96 Colorado Avalanche season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Colorado Avalanche season was the first season of the Nordiques/Avalanche franchise after moving from Quebec City to Denver . As a result , the Avalanche were assigned to the Pacific Division of the NHL 's Western Conference ."}
{"_id": "1983_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1983 Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Challenge Cup was the 82nd staging of rugby league 's oldest knockout competition , the Challenge Cup . Known as the State Express Challenge Cup for sponsorship reasons , the final was contested by Featherstone Rovers and Hull F.C. at Wembley . Featherstone won the match 14 -- 12 , and is considered one of the biggest upsets in Challenge Cup final history ."}
{"_id": "1989–90_FA_Cup", "title": "1989–90 FA Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The FA Cup 1989 -- 90 was the 109th season of the world 's oldest football knockout competition , The Football Association Challenge Cup , or FA Cup for short . The competition started in September 1989 for teams outside the football league who played in a qualifying competition ."}
{"_id": "155th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade", "title": "155th Indian Infantry Brigade", "headings": "", "text": "The 155th Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the Indian Army during the Second World War .   The brigade was formed by the conversion of the Risalpur Training Brigade in March 1944 , and it operated as a jungle training brigade ."}
{"_id": "1999_Russian_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1999 Russian Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Russian Figure Skating Championships ( Чемпионат России по фигурному катанию на коньках 1999 ) is held annually to determine the Russian national champions . Skaters compete in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies singles , pair skating , and ice dancing . The results of the 1999 Nationals were one of the criteria used to pick the Russian teams to the 1999 European Figure Skating Championships and the 1999 World Figure Skating Championships .   The 1999 championships took place in Moscow from January 4 through 7th , 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1975_Federation_Cup_(tennis)", "title": "1975 Federation Cup (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Federation Cup was the 13th edition of the most important competition between national teams in women 's tennis . 31 nations participated in the tournament , which was held at the Aixoise C.C. , Aix-en-Provence , France , from 5 -- 11 May . Czechoslovakia defeated Australia in the final , giving Czechoslovakia their first title ."}
{"_id": "1938_Estonian_Cup", "title": "1938 Estonian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 Estonian Cup ( Eesti Karikas ) was the first season of the Estonian football knockout tournament . 11 teams took part of the competition . In that time there was no penalty shoot-out after extra time . Because of that another final had to be arranged as the first match ended 1 -- 1 . In the second match , played on November 6 in Kadriorg Stadium , VS Sport Tallinn narrowly won over Tallinna Jalgpalliklubi , thus becoming the first cup champions of Estonia ."}
{"_id": "1994_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_–_OFC_Second_Round", "title": "1994 FIFA World Cup qualification – OFC Second Round", "headings": "", "text": "This page provides the summaries of the OFC Second Round matches for 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification ."}
{"_id": "1755_(band)", "title": "1755 (band)", "headings": "", "text": "1755 ( pronounced seventeen fifty-five ) is an Acadian band formed by Kenneth Saulnier , Pierre Robichaud , Roland Gauvin , Donald Boudreau and Ronald Dupuis . The band was active from 1975 to 1984 , when it officially disbanded . After they broke up , every member of the band went on to work on solo albums , or joined new bands such as Les Méchants Maquereaux .   1755 combined folk , country and rock , with traditional folk song lyrics , or original compositions from the band members or from Acadian poet Gérald Leblanc . The most of the songs are performed in the French dialect of south eastern New-Brunswick , known as `` chiac '' , but some compositions are in English as well . The group is considered an icon of modern Acadian culture , and is credited for launching the modern Acadian musical scene at the international level and for influencing several Acadian artists and bands that came after them , such as Fayo or Dominique Dupuis .   Although officially broken up , 1755 often reunite to perform shows and summer tours , especially during Acadian-related festivities such as National Acadian Day . A particularly notable show was at the Moncton Coliseum , during the first Acadian World Congress in 1994 , which was filmed and turned into a live album Les retrouvailles de la famille and a video release on VHS and DVD ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Czech_Cup", "title": "1995–96 Czech Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Czech Cup was the third season of the annual football knock-out tournament of the Czech Republic . Winners Sparta Prague qualified for the 1996 -- 97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ."}
{"_id": "1937_Men's_British_Open_Squash_Championship", "title": "1937 Men's British Open Squash Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Open Championship featured the defending open champion F. D. Amr Bey of Egypt being challenged by Jim Dear the professional champion . The first leg was held at Dear 's club the Royal Automobile Club on 22 November . Bey won the first leg three games to two . The second leg took place at Bey 's home Bath Club on 29 November . Bey won his fifth consecutive Open Championship title by clinching the second leg three games to one in a fifty-minute match . After securing a sixth Amateur Championship in December 1937 the Egyptian retired from international competitions the following March and received a national banquet attended by King Farouk in his honour on 25 March in Cairo ."}
{"_id": "1967_VFA_Grand_Final", "title": "1967 VFA Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 VFA Division 1 Grand Final was an Australian rules football match played between the Dandenong Redlegs and the Port Melbourne Borough . The match was held on Sunday 24 September 1967 at the Punt Road Oval in Jolimont , Melbourne , to decide the Division 1 Premiership for the 1967 Victorian Football Association season .   The match was described by historian John Devaney as `` indisputably one of the most infamous matches in Australian football history '' . after Port Melbourne captain-coach Brian Buckley nearly led his team off the field in protest at the performance of umpire David Jackson . Dandenong went on to win the game 16.13 ( 109 ) to 12.12 ( 84 ) , securing the first Division 1 premiership in Dandenong 's history ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Cypriot_Cup", "title": "1992–93 Cypriot Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 Cypriot Cup was the 51st edition of the Cypriot Cup . A total of 72 clubs entered the competition . It began on 28 November 1992 with the first preliminary round and concluded on 19 June 1993 with the final which was held at GSZ Stadium . APOEL won their 13th Cypriot Cup trophy after beating Apollon 4 -- 1 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1999_Nottingham_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1999 Nottingham Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Justin Gimelstob and Byron Talbot were the defending champions , but Talbot did not partner this year . Gimelstob partnered Patrick Galbraith .   Galbraith and Gimelstob won the title , defeating Marius Barnard and Brent Haygarth 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1965_WANFL_season", "title": "1965 WANFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 WANFL season was the 81st season of the various incarnations of the Western Australian National Football League ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_New_York_Knicks_season", "title": "1993–94 New York Knicks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 NBA season was the 48th season for the Knicks in the National Basketball Association in New York City . This marked the last season in which the Knicks ( and all other MSG properties ) were owned by Paramount Communications ( formerly Gulf + Western ) , which was sold near the end of the season to Viacom , which in turn sold them to ITT Corporation and Cablevision . A couple of years later , ITT would sell their share to Cablevision , who still owns the Knicks .   During the offseason , the Knicks signed free agent Anthony Bonner . The team got off to a fast start winning their first seven games . However , they would lose Doc Rivers for the rest of the season with a knee injury after just 19 games . At midseason , the Knicks traded Tony Campbell to the Dallas Mavericks for Derek Harper to fill in the void left by Rivers . Despite the injuries , the Knicks had another successful season posting a 15-game winning streak late in the season , including a 14 -- 0 record in March finishing first place in the Atlantic Division with a 57 -- 25 record . The Knicks earned the # 2 seed in the Eastern Conference . Three members of the team , Patrick Ewing , John Starks and Charles Oakley were all selected for the 1994 NBA All-Star Game .   In the first round of the playoffs , the Knicks defeated the New Jersey Nets in four games . In the semifinals , they faced the Chicago Bulls who were without their star player Michael Jordan , and defeated them in a full seven game series . In the Eastern Conference Finals , they defeated Reggie Miller and the 5th-seeded Indiana Pacers in another full seven game series . The Knicks advanced to the 1994 NBA Finals , but would lose in seven games to the Houston Rockets after taking a 3 -- 2 series lead . Following the season , Rolando Blackman was released and then retired ."}
{"_id": "1995_King_Fahd_Cup_Group_A", "title": "1995 King Fahd Cup Group A", "headings": "", "text": "Group A of the 1995 King Fahd Cup took place between 6 and 10 January 1995 . Denmark won the group , and advanced to the final , while Mexico finished second and advanced to third-place playoff . Saudi Arabia failed to advance ."}
{"_id": "1984_in_British_radio", "title": "1984 in British radio", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of events in British radio during 1984 ."}
{"_id": "1920_Histadrut_election", "title": "1920 Histadrut election", "headings": "", "text": "Elections to the first congress of the Zionist trade union centre Histadrut were held in 1920 ( the congress itself convened on December 4 , 1920 ) . In total 4433 of about 7000 Jewish workers in Palestine participated . The election was marred by irregularities , and the Jewish Socialist Workers Party ( MPSI ) protested against the ` fradulent behaviour ' of the dominant parties after the election ."}
{"_id": "16th_century_in_poetry", "title": "16th century in poetry", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1984_African_Cup_of_Nations", "title": "1984 African Cup of Nations", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 African Cup of Nations was the 14th edition of the Africa Cup of Nations , the soccer championship of Africa ( CAF ) . It was hosted by Côte d'Ivoire . Just like in 1982 , the field of eight teams was split into two groups of four . Cameroon won its first championship , beating Nigeria in the final 3 − 1 ."}
{"_id": "1969–70_Northern_Premier_League", "title": "1969–70 Northern Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 -- 70 Northern Premier League was the second season of the Northern Premier League , a regional football league in Northern England , and the northern areas of the Midlands . The season began on 9 August 1969 and concluded on 9 May 1970 ."}
{"_id": "1000_km_Brands_Hatch", "title": "1000 km Brands Hatch", "headings": "", "text": "The Brands Hatch 1000 km was an endurance sports car event that was part of the World Sportscar Championship for varying years from 1967 until 1989 . Originally a six-hour race running under the name BOAC 500 , the event was eventually extended to 1000 kilometres under a number of different sponsorship titles ."}
{"_id": "1908_Virginia_Cavaliers_football_team", "title": "1908 Virginia Cavaliers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia in the 1908 college football season . Led by first year coach Merritt Cooke , Jr. , the team went 7 -- 0 -- 1 and were one of two teams given the mythical title of Southern champion ."}
{"_id": "1973_in_Brazil", "title": "1973 in Brazil", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1973 in Brazil ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_Serie_B", "title": "1985–86 Serie B", "headings": "", "text": "This article contains information on the 1985-1986 season of Serie B , the second highest football league in Italy ."}
{"_id": "1997_FIBA_Europe_Under-16_Championship_qualification", "title": "1997 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship qualification", "headings": "", "text": "The qualification competition for the 1997 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship consisted in two different qualification rounds : the Qualifying Round and the Challenge Round . Greece , Macedonia and Italy , as third , fourth and fifth place in the previous tournament , received a bye to the Challenge Round . Croatia , as title holder , Spain , as runner-up , and Belgium , as host , qualified directly for the tournament ."}
{"_id": "10_Murray_Street", "title": "10 Murray Street", "headings": "", "text": "10 Murray Street is the address of the State Offices building in Hobart , and the name by which the building is frequently known . It is a Brutalist office building located behind Parliament House and close to Salamanca Place . The building is fully occupied by the State Government of Tasmania and is located next to Parliament House . They are directly linked via a skyway ."}
{"_id": "1931_Norwegian_Football_Cup", "title": "1931 Norwegian Football Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 Norwegian Football Cup was the 30th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament . The tournament was open for all members of NFF , except those from Northern Norway . The final was played at Lovisenlund in Larvik on 18 October 1931 , and was contested by ten-time former winners Odd and Mjøndalen , who also played in the final in 1924 , which they lost . Odd won the final 4-2 , and secured their eleventh title , which also was their last title in 69 years , before Odd again won the Norwegian Cup in 2000 . Ørn were the defending champions , but were eliminated by Gjøa in the third round ."}
{"_id": "1938_Norwegian_Football_Cup", "title": "1938 Norwegian Football Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 Norwegian Football Cup was the 37th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament . The tournament was open for all members of NFF , except those from Northern Norway . The final was played at Briskeby in Hamar on 16 October 1938 , and was contested by the defending champions Mjøndalen and the three-time former winners Fredrikstad . Fredrikstad secured their fourth title with a 3-2 win after extra time in the final . Fredrikstad 's cup-victory completed the first Norwegian double , having also won the inaugural League of Norway ."}
{"_id": "1933_Chicago_Bears_season", "title": "1933 Chicago Bears season", "headings": "", "text": "The Chicago Bears season was their 14th regular season and 2nd postseason completed in the National Football League . The club posted a 10 -- 2 -- 1 record in the first year of George Halas 's second tenure .   The Bears won their first six games while allowing only 33 points . In the middle of the season , the team struggled on the road , losing to Boston and New York and eking out a tie against the new Philadelphia Eagles franchise . After that , however , the Bears regained their winning ways , finishing the regular season with four consecutive wins , including two against Portsmouth , their foe in the indoor 1932 playoff game . The team won the newly established Western Division by 3 1/2 games and hosted the first ever NFL championship game on a hot streak ."}
{"_id": "1981_Cork_Senior_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1981 Cork Senior Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 93rd staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887 . The championship ended on 13 September 1981 .   St. Finbarr 's entered the championship as the defending champions .   On 13 September 1981 , St. Finbarr 's won the championship following a 1 = 12 to 1-9 defeat of Glen Rovers in the final . This was their 21st championship title and their second in succession ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_William_&_Mary_Tribe_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1997–98 William & Mary Tribe men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 William & Mary Tribe men 's basketball team represented the College of William & Mary in intercollegiate basketball during the 1997 -- 98 season . Under the fourth year of head coach Charlie Woollum , the team finished the season 20 -- 7 and 13 -- 3 in the Colonial Athletic Association . William & Mary played its home games at William & Mary Hall . This was the 93rd season of the collegiate basketball program at William & Mary .   William & Mary finished tied for first place in the CAA with UNC Wilmington , clinching just the second regular season conference title for the Tribe and first since 1982 -- 83 ( also the last time the Tribe won 20 games in a season ) . Even though the Tribe received the # 2 seed for the 1998 CAA Men 's Basketball Tournament , they lost to American in the quarterfinals and were not invited to a post-season tournament ."}
{"_id": "1926_NFL_season", "title": "1926 NFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 NFL season was the seventh regular season of the National Football League . The league grew to 22 teams , a figure that would not be equaled in professional football until 1961 , adding the Brooklyn Lions , the Hartford Blues , the Los Angeles Buccaneers , and the Louisville Colonels , with Racine Tornadoes re-entering . Cleveland Bulldogs sat out the season , the Rock Island Independents defected to the upstart American Football League , and the Rochester Jeffersons suspended operations for the final time ( eventually folding in early 1928 ) . The Akron Pros re-branded as the Akron Indians , the Duluth Kelleys as the Duluth Eskimos and the Buffalo Bison as the Buffalo Rangers ( the team also used the names `` Texas Rangers '' and `` Buffalo Cowboys '' ) . .   The Buccaneers , Eskimos , Colonels and Buffalo Rangers were `` showcase teams , '' the first efforts for the league to reach beyond the northeast and midwest . The Buccaneers , a response to the AFL 's Los Angeles Wildcats , represented the state of California ; the Eskimos the far northern plains , while the Colonels represented the Southern United States and the Rangers represented the state of Texas and other areas of the Southwestern United States . The four teams ( except the Rangers ) all played primarily as traveling teams . Three of the four teams only lasted one season ; the Buccaneers and Colonels both folded while the Rangers reverted to their previous status as the Bison , and only the Eskimos returned for 1927 .   In mid-November , Brooklyn merged with the AFL 's Brooklyn Horsemen and stayed in the NFL , playing one more game as the Lions before changing its name to the Brooklyn Horsemen for the last three games ( all shutout losses ) .   The Frankford Yellow Jackets were named the NFL champions after finishing the season with the best record ."}
{"_id": "1997_in_Pakistan", "title": "1997 in Pakistan", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1997_Ürümqi_bus_bombings", "title": "1997 Ürümqi bus bombings", "headings": "", "text": "On February 25 , 1997 , three bombs exploded on three buses ( line 10 , line 44 , and line 2 ) in Ürümqi , Xinjiang , China . Nine people were killed , including at least three children , and a further 74 were injured . Another bomb in the south railway station ( the main station in Ürümqi ) failed to explode . Steel balls , screws , and nails were found in the bombs .   Uyghur Islamists had committed the bombings . Responsibility for the attacks was claimed and acknowledged by factions of certain diaspora Uyghurs ."}
{"_id": "1938_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team", "title": "1938 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1938 college football season . In their second year under head coach Tom Stidham , the Sooners compiled a 10 -- 1 record ( 5 -- 0 against conference opponents ) , won the school 's first Big Six Conference football championship , and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 185 to 29 . The team 's only loss came in the 1939 Orange Bowl , losing to Tennessee by a 17 to 0 score .   End Waddy Young ( Walter R. Young ) received All-America honors in 1938 , and six Sooners received all-conference honors : Young , guards Jerry Bolton and Ralph Stevenson , backs Earl Crowder and Hugh McCullough , and tackle Gilford Duggan ."}
{"_id": "1945_New_York_Giants_(MLB)_season", "title": "1945 New York Giants (MLB) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 63rd season . The team finished in fifth place in the National League with an 78-74 record , 19 games behind the Chicago Cubs ."}
{"_id": "1967–68_Rangers_F.C._season", "title": "1967–68 Rangers F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 -- 68 season is the 71st season of competitive football by Rangers ."}
{"_id": "1983_Volvo_Masters", "title": "1983 Volvo Masters", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Masters ( also known as the 1983 Volvo Masters for sponsorship reasons ) was held in Madison Square Garden , New York City , United States between 10 January and 15 January 1984 . It was the year-end championship of the 1983 Volvo Grand Prix tour ."}
{"_id": "1st_Caithness_Artillery_Volunteers", "title": "1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers", "headings": "", "text": "The Caithness Artillery Volunteers were formed in 1860 as a response to a French invasion threat . They served as a Coast Artillery unit and continued in existence until being disbanded on the formation of the Territorial Force in 1908 ."}
{"_id": "1880_Troy_Trojans_season", "title": "1880 Troy Trojans season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1880 Troy Trojans improved slightly from the previous season , finishing with a 41 -- 42 record and in 4th place in the National League ."}
{"_id": "117th_Mahrattas", "title": "117th Mahrattas", "headings": "", "text": "The 117th Mahrattas were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army . The regiment traces their origins to 1800 , when they were raised as the Bombay Fencible Regiment .   During World War I the regiment was attached to the 6th ( Poona ) Division and served in the Mesopotamian campaign , delivered a setback at the Battle of Ctesiphon in November 1915 . They were forced to withdrew back to Kut , and forced to surrender after the Siege of Kut .   After World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments . In 1922 , the 117th Mahrattas became the 5th Battalion 5th Mahratta Light Infantry . After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army ."}
{"_id": "102.8_FM", "title": "102.8 FM", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 102.8 MHz :"}
{"_id": "1972_Mongolian_National_Championship", "title": "1972 Mongolian National Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Mongolian National Championship was the ninth recorded edition of the Mongolian National Championship for football , with the first tournament taking place in 1955 and no tournament held the previous year . It would appear however that championships were contested between 1956 and 1963 , as sources note that a team called Aldar won the title on numerous occasions during that time . Nonetheless , the 1971 national championship was won by Khudulmur ( literally : Labour or Workers and also romanised as Hödölmör ) , their third title following victory in the 1964 and 1966 championships ."}
{"_id": "1988_U.S._Women's_Hard_Court_Championships", "title": "1988 U.S. Women's Hard Court Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 U.S. Women 's Hard Court Championships was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in San Antonio , Texas in the United States and was part of Tier IV of the 1988 WTA Tour . The tournament ran from February 29 through March 5 , 1988 ."}
{"_id": "1970_in_Canadian_television", "title": "1970 in Canadian television", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1958_UCI_Road_World_Championships", "title": "1958 UCI Road World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 UCI Road World Championships took place in Reims , France ."}
{"_id": "1987_Speedway_Champions_Cup", "title": "1987 Speedway Champions Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The Speedway Champions Cup was an annual motorcycle speedway competition that took place between 1986 and 1993 , featuring the national champions of the sixteen participating nations . It was discontinued with the introduction of the Speedway Grand Prix in 1995 .   The 1987 championship was held at Miskolc and the winner was Zoltán Adorján from Hungary ."}
{"_id": "1939_Chicago_Bears_season", "title": "1939 Chicago Bears season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 Chicago Bears season was their 20th regular season completed in the National Football League . They finished second in the Western Division with an 8 -- 3 record . The Bears started the season well , winning 4 of their first 5 games . However , two mid-season losses to New York and Detroit cost them the Division to Green Bay . The Packers went on to win the NFL championship ."}
{"_id": "1996_in_hammer_throw", "title": "1996 in hammer throw", "headings": "", "text": "This page lists the World Best Year Performance in the year 1996 in both the men 's and the women 's hammer throw . The main event during this season were the Olympic Games in Atlanta , United States , where the final was held on July 28 , 1996 ."}
{"_id": "1913_Akron_Indians_season", "title": "1913 Akron Indians season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 Akron Indians season was their sixth season in existence . The team played in the Ohio League and posted an 11 -- 1 record to win their third state title ."}
{"_id": "1993_Japanese_Regional_Leagues", "title": "1993 Japanese Regional Leagues", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Japanese Regional Leagues in the 1993 season ."}
{"_id": "1940–41_Detroit_Red_Wings_season", "title": "1940–41 Detroit Red Wings season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1961–62_Southern_Football_League", "title": "1961–62 Southern Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 -- 62 Southern Football League season saw Oxford United win the championship for the second successive season and be admitted to the Football League ."}
{"_id": "1935_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game", "title": "1935 Major League Baseball All-Star Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 3rd playing of the mid-summer classic between the all-stars of the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball . The game was held on July 8 , 1935 , at Cleveland Stadium in Cleveland , Ohio , hosted by the Cleveland Indians of the American League . The game resulted in the American League defeating the National League 4 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1995_Copa_América_Final", "title": "1995 Copa América Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Copa América Final was the final match of the 1995 Copa América . It was held on July 23 , 1995 , in Montevideo , Uruguay . This was the fourth final for both Uruguay and reigning World Champion Brazil , and the third final featuring the two teams ; previously Uruguay had defeated Brazil in 1983 , with Brazil returning the favor in 1989 at the Estádio do Maracanã . Uruguay won the match 5 -- 3 on penalties , continuing its historic run of winning every international tournament held in Uruguay . This remarkable streak includes South American Championships victories in 1917 , 1923 , 1924 , 1942 , 1956 , and 1967 , and the 1930 FIFA World Cup .   By winning the 1995 Copa América tournament , Uruguay qualified for the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup ."}
{"_id": "1956_Colorado_Buffaloes_football_team", "title": "1956 Colorado Buffaloes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Colorado Buffaloes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1956 college football season . Head coach Dallas Ward led the team to a 4 -- 1 -- 1 mark in the `` Big 7 '' and 8 -- 2 -- 1 overall ."}
{"_id": "1905_in_organized_crime", "title": "1905 in organized crime", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1904 in organized crime ,  other events of 1905 ,  1906 in organized crime and the  list of ` years in organized crime ' ."}
{"_id": "1971_SCCA_Formula_Super_Vee_season", "title": "1971 SCCA Formula Super Vee season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 SCCA Formula Super Vee season was the first season of the Sports Car Club of America sanctioned Formula Super Vee championship ."}
{"_id": "1973_Australian_Indoor_Championships", "title": "1973 Australian Indoor Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Australian Indoor Championships was a men 's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Hordern Pavilion in Sydney , Australia . It was part of the 1973 Commercial Union Assurance Grand Prix as a Group B category tournament . The tournament was held from 4 November through 11 November 1973 . Rod Laver won the singles title and the accompanying $ 10,000 first-prize money ."}
{"_id": "1996_Formula_Shell_Zoom_Masters_season", "title": "1996 Formula Shell Zoom Masters season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Formula Shell Super Unleaded season was the 12th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) ."}
{"_id": "1952_Japan_Series", "title": "1952 Japan Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Japan Series was the Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) championship series for the 1952 season . It was the third Japan Series and featured the Pacific League champions , the Nankai Hawks , against the Central League champions , the Yomiuri Giants ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Charlotte_Hornets_season", "title": "1990–91 Charlotte Hornets season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 NBA season was the Charlotte Hornets ' third season in the National Basketball Association . After playing one year in the Midwest Division in the Western Conference , the Hornets returned to the Eastern Conference and moved into the Central Division . In the offseason , they signed unrestricted free agent Johnny Newman , who would lead the Hornets in scoring with 16.9 points per game . At midseason , they traded Armen Gilliam to the Philadelphia 76ers for Mike Gminski . The franchise improved seven games over the previous season finishing with 26 wins and 56 losses . However , they finished last place in their division for the third straight season . Top draft pick and Flyin ' Illini star Kendall Gill made the All-Rookie First Team , averaging 11.0 points and 1.3 steals per game . Charlotte also hosted the 1991 NBA All-Star Game during the season . The Hornets led the NBA in attendance for the second time in three seasons ."}
{"_id": "1975_Formula_One_season", "title": "1975 Formula One season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Formula One season was the 29th season of FIA Formula One motor racing . It featured the 1975 World Championship of F1 Drivers and the 1975 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers which were contested concurrently from 12 January to 5 October over fourteen races . The season also included three non-championship Formula One races and a nine race South African Formula One Championship .   After a strong finish to the 1974 season , many observers felt the Brabham team were favourites to win the 1975 title . The year started well , with an emotional first win for Carlos Pace at the Interlagos circuit in his native São Paulo . However , over the season tyre wear frequently slowed the cars , and the initial promise was not maintained .   Niki Lauda often refers to 1975 as `` the unbelievable year '' . In his second year with Ferrari , the team provided him with the Ferrari 312T -- a car that was technically far superior to any of the competition . He won his first world title with five wins and a huge margin over second place in the championship .   American Mark Donohue died in August , two days after a practice run crash for the Austrian Grand Prix . After the season in late November , an Embassy Hill airplane crashed in England and all six aboard were killed , including team owner Graham Hill and driver Tony Brise ."}
{"_id": "17th_Tank_Brigade_(Ukraine)", "title": "17th Tank Brigade (Ukraine)", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th Tank Brigade is a formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces . The full name of the Brigade is the 17th Separate Kryvyi Rih Tank Brigade . It was formerly known as 17th Guards Tank Division . The Brigade is located in Kryvyi Rih ."}
{"_id": "1856_Democratic_National_Convention", "title": "1856 Democratic National Convention", "headings": "", "text": "The 1856 Democratic National Convention was the seventh political convention of the United States Democratic Party . Held from June 2 to June 6 , 1856 , prior to the November elections , at Smith & Nixon 's Hall in Cincinnati , on the Ohio River in Ohio , it was the first national party nominating convention outside the original thirteen states . The party nominated James Buchanan , U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain , for President ( denying re-nomination to incumbent President Franklin Pierce ) , and former Representative John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky for Vice President ."}
{"_id": "173d_Air_Refueling_Squadron", "title": "173d Air Refueling Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 173d Air Refueling Squadron ( 173d ARS ) is a unit of the Nebraska Air National Guard 155th Air Refueling Wing . It is assigned to Lincoln Air National Guard Base , Nebraska and is equipped with the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker ."}
{"_id": "1890_California_Golden_Bears_football_team", "title": "1890 California Golden Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1890 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley during the 1890 college football season . The team competed as an independent , without a head coach , and compiled a record of 4 -- 0 ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Pittsburgh_Penguins_season", "title": "1994–95 Pittsburgh Penguins season", "headings": "", "text": "Despite the absence of Mario Lemieux , the Penguins started the 1994 -- 95 season off strong , winning their first seven games . They remained undefeated in their first 13 games , going 12 -- 0 -- 1 . However , after such a red-hot start to the season , the Penguins had a lukewarm record in their final 35 games , going 17 -- 16 -- 2 . Jaromir Jagr won the Art Ross Trophy for most points ( 70 ) , captain Ron Francis led the league in assists ( 48 ) and plus/minus ( +30 ) , and goaltender Ken Wregget led the league in wins ( 25 ) . In a 7 -- 3 Penguins ' win over the Florida Panthers on February 7 , Joe Mullen recorded an assist and became the first American-born NHL player to reach 1,000 points . Nine days later , Luc Robitaille scored four goals in a 5 -- 2 Penguins win over the Hartford Whalers ."}
{"_id": "1938–39_Stoke_City_F.C._season", "title": "1938–39 Stoke City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 -- 39 season was Stoke City 's 39th season in the Football League and the 25th in the First Division . It was the final full season of league football until 1946 due to World War II .   Stoke again made no major signings despite a very disappointing campaign last season . After a poor start Stoke began to play well during the season and finished in a respectable 7th place having collected 46 points almost equalling their best points tally of 47 ."}
{"_id": "1990_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_Final", "title": "1990 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the 103rd All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1990 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland . The match was held at Croke Park , Dublin , on 2 September 1990 , between Cork and Galway . The Connacht men surprisingly lost to their Munster opponents on a score line of 5-15 to 2-21 . The match is regarded as the best championship decider of the decade ."}
{"_id": "1971_in_Denmark", "title": "1971 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1971 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1962_Úrvalsdeild", "title": "1962 Úrvalsdeild", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Úrvalsdeild in the 1962 season ."}
{"_id": "1924_United_States_Army_Air_Service_aircraft_designation_system", "title": "1924 United States Army Air Service aircraft designation system", "headings": "", "text": "In 1924 problems with the previous designation system led to a general revamping of the designation system used by the United States Army Air Service . This system was to remain in effect with the U.S. Army Air Corps , the U.S. Army Air Forces and the independent U.S. Air Force , as well as those aircraft remaining in the U.S. Army after 1947 ; and with some minor changes , became the basis of the 1962 when a unified tri-service designation system for all services came into effect .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1947_French_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1947 French Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Patricia Todd defeated Doris Hart 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Women 's Singles tennis title at the 1947 French Championships ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Eliteserien_season", "title": "1995–96 Eliteserien season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995-96 Eliteserien season was the 57th season of ice hockey in Norway . Eight teams participated in the league , and Storhamar Ishockey won the championship ."}
{"_id": "148th_Reserve_Division_(Wehrmacht)", "title": "148th Reserve Division (Wehrmacht)", "headings": "", "text": "The German 148th Reserve Division ( German : 148 . Reserve-Division ) was a German reserve infantry formation during the Second World War . It was made up of three infantry regiments ( the 281st , 285th , and 286th ) and an artillery regiment ."}
{"_id": "1978_in_Dutch_television", "title": "1978 in Dutch television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Dutch television related events from 1978 ."}
{"_id": "1184", "title": "1184", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1184 ( MCLXXXIV ) was a leap year starting on Sunday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1950_St._Louis_Cardinals_season", "title": "1950 St. Louis Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team 's 69th season in St. Louis , Missouri and its 59th season in the National League . The Cardinals went 78 -- 75 during the season and finished 5th in the National League ."}
{"_id": "1996_Infiniti_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1996 Infiniti Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Infiniti Open was a Doubles Tennis event in 1996 .   Brent Haygarth and Kent Kinnear were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year , Haygarth with Lan Bale and Kinnear with Dave Randall .   Bale and Haygarth lost in the first round to Kelly Jones and Matt Lucena .   Kinnear and Randall lost in the quarterfinals to Marius Barnard and Piet Norval .   Barnard and Norval won in the final 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 against Jonas Björkman and Nicklas Kulti ."}
{"_id": "1984_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "title": "1984 24 Hours of Le Mans", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 52nd Grand Prix of Endurance , and took place on 16 -- 17 June 1984 . It was also the third round of the 1984 World Endurance Championship .   The works Rothmans Porsche team boycotted the 1984 Le Mans race due to a disagreement between Porsche and the Automobile Club de l'Ouest ( ACO ) over the fuel regulations , meaning that drivers such as multiple winners Jacky Ickx and Derek Bell were absent from the race for the first time in many years . Porsche originally stated that its contracted drivers would not be allowed to race with any other team , however they did relent only two or three weeks before the race . 1983 co-winner Vern Schuppan was the only member of the Rothmans team to race in 1984 , eagerly snapped up by Kremer Racing to drive a Porsche 956B he would share with fellow Australian , Formula One World Champion Alan Jones , and experienced French driver Jean-Pierre Jarier . Surprisingly , Schuppan was the only regular Rothmans team driver to actually compete in the event with his 1983 co-winners Al Holbert and Hurley Haywood joining Ickx , Bell , Jochen Mass and Stefan Bellof ( who would go on to win the 1984 World Endurance Championship ) as non-starters .   1984 saw the largest ever influx of Australian drivers in the race , with not only defending race winner Schuppan and ex-World Champion Jones driving , but also star touring car driver Peter Brock and ex-F1 driver Larry Perkins in a 956 supplied by John Fitzpatrick Racing , Rusty French in the second Kremer Porsche 956 ( French 's drive was a reward from Porsche for winning the 1983 Australian GT Championship in a Porsche 935 ) , Allan Grice in a Charles Ivey Racing 956 , and regular Group C2 competitor Neil Crang in a Cosworth DFL powered Spice-Tiga Racing Tiga GC84 .   Jaguar made its first official appearance at Le Mans for the first time since 1959 when Bob Tullius ' Group 44 team brought over its two Jaguar XJR-5 's powered by 6.0 litre Jaguar V12 engines from America . Group 44 racing , with the full backing of Jaguar , would compete in the IMSA GTP class . Before the decision to enter the race had been made , Jaguar had been concerned about the competitiveness of the XJR-5 's against the turbocharged Porsche 's and Ferrari powered Lancia 's , especially with regard to top speed on the 6 km ( 3.7 mi ) Mulsanne Straight . But those fears were put to rest when the 600 hp cars were clocked at over 200 mph during the 24 Hours of Daytona in February .   Reinhold Joest 's privately entered 956 driven by Frenchman Henri Pescarolo and West German Klaus Ludwig won the race in the # 7 Porsche 956B . For Pescarolo it was his fourth and last win at Le Mans , while for Ludwig it was his second win . After starting 3rd on the grid , the pair were only in 30th place after the first hour after pitting twice in the first 5 laps to fix a minor fuel feed problem after which the car ran almost faultlessly . The Porsche 956 dominated the final standings , taking the top seven places . The first non-Porsche 956 to finish was the Martini Racing Lancia LC2 of Bob Wollek and Alessandro Nannini . Wollek set the pole for the race with a 3:17.11 ( 248.873 km/h - 154.642 mp/h ) , some 11 seconds faster than Ludwig in the fastest Porsche . Formula 2 ace Nannini would set the races fastest lap and new lap record with a time of 3:28.90 ( 234.818 km/h - 145.908 mp/h ) on lap 261 , a time that would have been good enough for 5th place on the starting grid .   During the race , a French marshal , Jacky Loiseau ( 42 ) was killed when British driver John Sheldon crashed massively in the Aston Martin powered Nimrod NRA/C2 at the flat out right-hand kink on the Mulsanne Straight , a crash that also involved the second Aston Martin Nimrod of American driver Drake Olson , who hit some of the strewn bodywork from Sheldon 's Nimrod that had caught fire and crashed as well . He was unhurt . Another marshal , Andre-Guy Lefebvre ( 48 ) was seriously injured , but survived . Sheldon survived the 200 mph crash , but he was severely burned , and the Nimrod 's explosive impact against the Armco barriers was so violent , that some of the trees next to the track where the impact took place had been set on fire . The race was not stopped immediately , only that section of the straight was under caution , to protect the marshals and firefighters cleaning up the accident . Soon after , four pace cars were brought out under a full course caution , which lasted for 1 hour ."}
{"_id": "1935_SANFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1935 SANFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 SANFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football competition . beat 99 to 91 ."}
{"_id": "1071_Brita", "title": "1071 Brita", "headings": "", "text": "1071 Brita is a minor planet orbiting the Sun . Initially it received the designation 1924 RE ."}
{"_id": "1983_Soviet_First_League", "title": "1983 Soviet First League", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1786_English_cricket_season", "title": "1786 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1786 English cricket season saw the famous Walker brothers make their first appearances in senior cricket and the rare dismissal of hit the ball twice was first recorded ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Glasgow_Warriors_season", "title": "1996–97 Glasgow Warriors season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996-97 season is the first in the history of the Glasgow Warriors as a professional side . The Warriors rugby union provincial side was created by turning the amateur provincial side Glasgow District into a professional outfit . During this season the newly professional side competed as Glasgow Rugby .   This season saw Glasgow Rugby compete in the competitions : the Scottish Inter-District Championship and the European Challenge Cup ."}
{"_id": "1901_Penn_Quakers_football_team", "title": "1901 Penn Quakers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1901 college football season . The Quakers finished with a 10 -- 5 record in their tenth year under head coach and College Football Hall of Fame inductee , George Washington Woodruff . Significant games included victories over Penn State ( 23 -- 6 ) , Chicago ( 11 -- 0 ) , and Carlisle ( 16 -- 14 ) , and losses to Navy ( 5 -- 6 ) , Harvard ( 6 -- 33 ) , and Army ( 0 -- 24 ) . The 1901 Penn team outscored its opponents by a combined total of 203 to 121 . Two Penn players received recognition on the 1901 College Football All-America Team : guard John Teas ( Walter Camp , 3rd team ) ; and halfback Marshall S. Reynolds ( The Philadelphia Inquirer , 1st team ) ."}
{"_id": "1700_in_art", "title": "1700 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1700 in art ."}
{"_id": "1924_Summer_Student_World_Championships", "title": "1924 Summer Student World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 Summer Student World Championships were organised by the Confederation Internationale des Etudiants ( CIE ) and held in Warsaw , Poland . Held from 17 -- 20 September , seven nations competed in the men 's only programme . The seven nations were England , Estonia , France , Italy , New Zealand , Poland and the United States . A total of five sports were contested : athletics , fencing , association football , rowing and tennis ."}
{"_id": "1908_in_China", "title": "1908 in China", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1908 in China ."}
{"_id": "1990s_Thailand_national_football_team_results", "title": "1990s Thailand national football team results", "headings": "", "text": "This article lists the results for the Thailand national football team between 1990 and 1999 .   Only record the results that affect the FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking . See FIFA ` A ' matches criteria ."}
{"_id": "1987_in_the_Israeli_Civil_Administration_area", "title": "1987 in the Israeli Civil Administration area", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1987 in the Israeli Civil Administration area ."}
{"_id": "1973_in_architecture", "title": "1973 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1973 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings ."}
{"_id": "1953_Skyways_Avro_York_disappearance", "title": "1953 Skyways Avro York disappearance", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __   The 1953 Skyways Avro York disappearance occurred on 2 February when an Avro York four-engined piston airliner registered G-AHFA of Skyways Limited disappeared over the North Atlantic on a flight from the United Kingdom to Jamaica . The aircraft had 39 occupants including 13 children ."}
{"_id": "1963_Australian_Touring_Car_Championship", "title": "1963 Australian Touring Car Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Australian Touring Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing title for drivers of Appendix J Touring Cars . It was contested over a single 25 lap , 50 mile ( 80 km ) race at the Mallala Race Circuit in South Australia on 15 April 1963 and was the fourth running of the Australian Touring Car Championship . The race was won by Bob Jane , driving a Jaguar Mark 2 4.1 ."}
{"_id": "1465", "title": "1465", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1465 ( MCDLXV ) was a common year starting on Tuesday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1907_Texas_Longhorns_football_team", "title": "1907 Texas Longhorns football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1907 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1907 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1937_Washington_State_Cougars_football_team", "title": "1937 Washington State Cougars football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Washington State Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Washington State College during the 1937 college football season . Head coach Babe Hollingbery led the team to a 3 -- 3 -- 2 mark in the PCC and 3 -- 3 -- 3 overall ."}
{"_id": "1926_Norwegian_Football_Cup", "title": "1926 Norwegian Football Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 Norwegian Football Cup was the 25th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament . The tournament was open for all members of NFF , except those from Northern Norway . Odd won their first title , having beaten Ørn in the final . Brann were the defending champions , but were eliminated by Urædd in the quarterfinal ."}
{"_id": "104.1_Territory_FM", "title": "104.1 Territory FM", "headings": "", "text": "104.1 Territory FM is a community radio station based in Darwin , Australia . Territory FM broadcasts a broad range of adult contemporary music from the Casuarina campus of Charles Darwin University . News is provided by 2GB between 5:30 am and 11 pm .   The station is broadcast on 104.1 Darwin and Palmerston and previously on 98.7 Alice Springs and can also be heard across the Northern Territory in Batchelor , Katherine/Tindal , Tennant Creek , Nhulunbuy and Adelaide River ."}
{"_id": "1987_South_Australian_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1987 South Australian Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The event was not held the previous year .   Ivan Lendl and Bill Scanlon won the title , defeating Peter Doohan and Laurie Warder 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1988_Independence_Bowl", "title": "1988 Independence Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Independence Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game between the Southern Miss Golden Eagles and the UTEP Miners ."}
{"_id": "1657_in_music", "title": "1657 in music", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1657 in music involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1912_Brown_Bears_football_team", "title": "1912 Brown Bears football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1912 Brown Bears football team represented Brown University during the 1912 college football season ."}
{"_id": "103.1_FM", "title": "103.1 FM", "headings": "", "text": "The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 103.1 MHz :"}
{"_id": "1987_Washington_Huskies_football_team", "title": "1987 Washington Huskies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1987 NCAA Division I-A football season . In its 13th season under head coach Don James , the team compiled a 7 -- 4 -- 1 record , finished in third place in the Pacific-10 Conference , and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 295 to 254 . David Rill was selected as the team 's most valuable player . Rill , Chris Chandler , Darryl Franklin , Brian Habib were the team captains ."}
{"_id": "1942–44_musicians'_strike", "title": "1942–44 musicians' strike", "headings": "", "text": "On August 1 , 1942 , the American Federation of Musicians , at the instigation of union president James Petrillo , began a strike against the major American recording companies because of disagreements over royalty payments . Beginning at midnight , July 31 1942 , no union musician could make commercial recordings for any commercial record company . That meant that a union musician was allowed to participate on radio programs and other kinds of musical entertainment , but not in a recording session . The 1942 -- 44 musicians ' strike remains the longest strike in entertainment history .   The strike did not affect musicians performing on live radio shows , in concerts , or , after October 27 , 1943 , on special recordings made by the record companies for V-Discs for distribution to the armed forces fighting World War II , because V-Discs were not available to the general public . However , the union did frequently threaten to withdraw musicians from the radio networks to punish individual network affiliates who were deemed `` unfair '' for violating the union 's policy on recording network shows for repeat broadcasts ."}
{"_id": "1663_in_art", "title": "1663 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1663 in art ."}
{"_id": "1978_Liga_Deportiva_Universitaria_de_Quito_season", "title": "1978 Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito season", "headings": "", "text": "Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito 's 1978 season was the club 's 48th year of existence , the 25th year in professional football , the 18th in the top level of professional football in Ecuador and the second in the Serie B."}
{"_id": "1879_VFA_season", "title": "1879 VFA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1879 Victorian Football Association season was the third season of the Australian rules football competition . The premiership was won by the Geelong Football Club . It was the club 's second VFA premiership , and the second in a sequence of three consecutive premierships won from 1878 to 1880 ; for the second consecutive season , Geelong was unbeaten during the year ."}
{"_id": "1967_USAC_Championship_Car_season", "title": "1967 USAC Championship Car season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 USAC Championship Car season consisted of 21 races , beginning in Avondale , Arizona on April 9 and concluding in Riverside , California on November 26 . This season saw three new road courses added to the schedule in addition to the Hoosier Grand Prix at IRP : Mosport in Canada ; Circuit Mont-Tremblant also in Canada ; and the season finale at Riverside International Raceway in southern California in the United States . The USAC National Champion and Indianapolis 500 winner was A. J. Foyt ."}
{"_id": "1990_Purdue_Boilermakers_football_team", "title": "1990 Purdue Boilermakers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Purdue Boilermakers football team represented Purdue University during the 1990 NCAA Division I-A football season . They participated as members of the Big Ten Conference and played their home games at Ross -- Ade Stadium in West Lafayette , Indiana . It was Fred Akers ' final season as head coach , both at Purdue and in his coaching career ."}
{"_id": "1929_in_Sweden", "title": "1929 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1929 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1972_Grantland_Rice_Bowl", "title": "1972 Grantland Rice Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Grantland Rice Bowl was an NCAA College Division game following the 1972 season , between the Louisiana Tech Bulldogs and the Tennessee Tech Golden Eagles . Louisiana Tech quarterback Denny Duron was named outstanding offensive player , while his teammate linebacker Joe McNeely was named outstanding defensive player ."}
{"_id": "1959_Pan_American_Games_medal_table", "title": "1959 Pan American Games medal table", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Pan American Games , officially known as the III Pan American Games , were a continental multi-sport event held in Chicago , United States , from August 27 to September 7 , 1959 . At the Games , 2,263 athletes selected from 25 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated in events in 18 sports . Nineteen nations earned medals during the competition , and eleven won at least one gold medal ."}
{"_id": "1993_in_science", "title": "1993 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1993 in science and technology involved many significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "1987_Supertaça_Cândido_de_Oliveira", "title": "1987 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was the 9th edition of the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira , the annual Portuguese football season-opening match contested by the winners of the previous season 's top league and cup competitions ( or cup runner-up in case the league - and cup-winning club is the same ) . The 1987 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was contested over two legs , and opposed Benfica and Sporting CP of the Primeira Liga . Benfica qualified for the SuperCup by winning the 1986 -- 87 Primeira Divisão and the 1986 -- 87 Taça de Portugal , whilst Sporting CP qualified for the Supertaça by being the cup-runner .   The first leg which took place at the Estádio da Luz , saw Sporting CP defeat Benfica 3 -- 0 . The second leg which took place at the Estádio José Alvalade saw a 1 -- 0 Sporting CP win ( 4 -- 0 on aggregate ) , which granted the Leões a second Supertaça ."}
{"_id": "1980s_Thailand_national_football_team_results", "title": "1980s Thailand national football team results", "headings": "", "text": "This article lists the results for the Thailand national football team between 1980 and 1989 .   Only record the results that affect the FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking . See FIFA ` A ' matches criteria ."}
{"_id": "17th_Virginia_Infantry", "title": "17th Virginia Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia .   17th Infantry Regiment was organized at Manassas Junction , Virginia , in June , 1861 , using the 6th Battalion Virginia Militia as its nucleus . Men of this unit were recruited in the city of Alexandria , counties of Arlington , Fairfax , Fauquier , Loudoun , Prince William , and Warren .   After fighting at First Manassas in a brigade under James Longstreet , it was assigned to General Ewell 's , A.P. Hill 's , Kemper 's , and Corse 's Brigade . The 17th fought with the Army of Northern Virginia from Williamsburg to Fredericksburg , then participated in Longstreet 's Suffolk Expedition . During the Gettysburg Campaign it was on detached duty at Gordonsville and later served in Tennessee and North Carolina . Returning to Virginia it fought at Drewry 's Bluff and Cold Harbor , saw action in the Petersburg trenches , and ended the war at Appomattox .   This regiment totaled 600 men in April , 1862 , lost 17 killed and 47 wounded at Williamsburg , had 18 killed and 41 wounded at Seven Pines , and had 17 killed , 23 wounded , and 73 missing at Frayser 's Farm . It reported 48 casualties at Second Manassas , 13 at South Mountain , and of the 55 engaged at Sharpsburg about seventy-five percent were disabled . At Drewry 's Bluff 7 were killed and 23 wounded . Many were captured at Sayler 's Creek , and 2 officers and 46 men surrendered on April 9 , 1865 .   The field officers were Colonels Montgomery D. Corse , Arthur Herbert , and Morton Marye ; Lieutenant Colonels William Munford and Grayson Tyler ; and Majors George W. Brent and Robert H. Simpson ."}
{"_id": "1997_ANZ_Tasmanian_International_–_Singles", "title": "1997 ANZ Tasmanian International – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Julie Halard-Decugis was the defending champion but did not compete that year .   Dominique Van Roost won in the final 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 against Marianne Werdel-Witmeyer ."}
{"_id": "1988_Women's_European_Cup", "title": "1988 Women's European Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Women 's European Cup was the first women 's rugby European championship and the first multi-national women 's rugby competition of any sort , albeit not an official FIRA competition . It was also the only occasion where a Great Britain side entered such a competition . In all future women 's rugby competitions Great Britain would be represented by the four individual nations ."}
{"_id": "1923_Kansas_Jayhawks_football_team", "title": "1923 Kansas Jayhawks football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the 1923 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1885–86_Welsh_Cup", "title": "1885–86 Welsh Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1885 -- 86 FAW Welsh Cup was the 9th edition of the annual knockout tournament for competitive football teams in Wales ."}
{"_id": "1988_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season", "title": "1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 season was a memorable one for the Dodgers as a squad that was picked to finish fourth wound up winning the World Series , beating the heavily favored New York Mets and Oakland Athletics on the way . Kirk Gibson carried the Dodger offense , winning the National League Most Valuable Player Award . Orel Hershiser dominated on the mound , throwing a record 59 consecutive scoreless innings on his way to winning the Cy Young Award ."}
{"_id": "1798_in_music", "title": "1798 in music", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1834_in_literature", "title": "1834 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1834 ."}
{"_id": "1757_Berlin_raid", "title": "1757 Berlin raid", "headings": "", "text": "The 1757 Berlin raid took place during the Seven Years ' War . Cavalrymen of the Holy Roman Empire attacked and briefly occupied Berlin , the capital of Prussia ."}
{"_id": "1997_Florida_Citrus_Bowl", "title": "1997 Florida Citrus Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Florida Citrus Bowl was a college football bowl game played on January 1 , 1997 , at the Florida Citrus Bowl in Orlando , Florida . The game featured the Northwestern Wildcats and the Tennessee Volunteers ."}
{"_id": "1983_Dutch_Open_(tennis)", "title": "1983 Dutch Open (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Dutch Open was a Grand Prix tennis tournament staged in Hilversum , Netherlands . The tournament was played on outdoor clay courts and was held from July 18 to July 24 , 1983 . It was the 27th edition of the tournament ."}
{"_id": "1914_Liga_Peruana_de_Football", "title": "1914 Liga Peruana de Football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1914 Primera División was the third season of top-flight Peruvian football . A total of 8 teams competed in the league , The champion was Lima Cricket ."}
{"_id": "1873_in_Australian_literature", "title": "1873 in Australian literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1873 .   For an overview of world literature see 1873 in literature .   See also :  1872 in Australian literature ,  1873 in Australia ,  1874 in Australian literature ."}
{"_id": "1979_Sacramento_State_Hornets_football_team", "title": "1979 Sacramento State Hornets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Sacramento State Hornets football team represented Sacramento State University The official name of Sacramento State is California State University , Sacramento . However , it is still commonly known as Sacramento State . See : Sacramento State during the 1979 NCAA Division II football season .   Sacramento State competed in the Far Western Conference ( FWC ) . The Hornets were led by second-year head coach Bob Mattos . They played home games at Hornet Stadium in Sacramento , California . On the field , the team finished the season with a record of three wins and seven losses ( 3 -- 7 , 2 -- 3 FWC ) . Overall , the team was outscored by its opponents 121 -- 196 for the season .   It was later determined that Cal Poly Pomona had used ineligible players during the season . As such , they were required to forfeit three games , and one was the victory over Sacramento State on September 29 . The adjusted record for the Hornets is therefore four wins and six losses ( 4 -- 6 , 2 -- 3 FWC )"}
{"_id": "1975_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates", "title": "1975 in the United Arab Emirates", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1975 in the United Arab Emirates ."}
{"_id": "1842_in_Chile", "title": "1842 in Chile", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1842 in Chile ."}
{"_id": "1993_IBF_World_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1993 IBF World Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "The 8th World Badminton Championships were held in Birmingham , England in 1993 . Following the results of the men 's singles ."}
{"_id": "1986_Swan_Premium_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1986 Swan Premium Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Ivan Lendl was the defending champion but lost in the final 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 to Boris Becker ."}
{"_id": "1948_in_Sweden", "title": "1948 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1948 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1898_Boston_Beaneaters_season", "title": "1898 Boston Beaneaters season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1898 Boston Beaneaters won their second straight National League pennant and their eighth overall . It was also their fifth , and last , of the decade . This team has been cited ( along with the 1880s St. Louis Browns and the 1890s Baltimore Orioles ) as one of the greatest of the 19th century .   The starting line-up featured three Hall of Famers : third baseman Jimmy Collins and outfielders Billy Hamilton and Hugh Duffy . Collins led the league with 15 home runs , and Hamilton hit .369 with 54 stolen bases . The pitching staff was led by Hall of Famers Kid Nichols and Vic Willis . Nichols led the NL with 31 wins and had an ERA of 2.13 ."}
{"_id": "1973_Los_Angeles_Rams_season", "title": "1973 Los Angeles Rams season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Los Angeles Rams season was the team 's 36th year with the National Football League and the 28th season in Los Angeles . The Rams were 7 -- 0 at home for the first time since 1945 . On the road , the Rams were 5 -- 2 .   The Rams donned new uniforms , which remained in use until 1994 , their final season in Los Angeles , and though they moved to St. Louis in 1995 , the uniform tradition continued until 1999 , where they won Super Bowl XXXIV ."}
{"_id": "1990_Newsweek_Champions_Cup_and_the_Virginia_Slims_of_Indian_Wells", "title": "1990 Newsweek Champions Cup and the Virginia Slims of Indian Wells", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Newsweek Champions Cup and the Virginia Slims of Indian Wells Cup were tennis tournaments played on outdoor hard courts . It was the 15th edition of the tournament , and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1990 ATP Tour , and of the Tier II Series of the 1990 WTA Tour . It was held from March 6 to March 20 , 1990 .   The men 's singles draw was headlined by Boris Becker and Stefan Edberg . Other top seeds were Brad Gilbert , Aaron Krickstein , and Andre Agassi .   The women 's singles draw featured Martina Navratilova and Conchita Martínez . Other top seeds present were Helena Suková , Jana Novotná , and Katerina Maleeva ."}
{"_id": "1973_World_Aquatics_Championships", "title": "1973 World Aquatics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The first FINA World Championships in Aquatics were held in the Tašmajdan Sports Centre in Belgrade , Yugoslavia , from August 31 to September 9 , 1973 ."}
{"_id": "1938_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team", "title": "1938 Tennessee Volunteers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1938 season . Head coach Robert Neyland fielded his third team at Tennessee after returning from active duty in the United States Army . The 1938 Tennessee Volunteers won the school 's first national championship and are regarded as one of the greatest teams in SEC and NCAA history .   In 1938 , The Vols went 10 -- 0 in the regular season and then shut out fellow unbeaten Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl , 17 -- 0 , snapping the Sooners ' 14-game win streak and beginning a long winning streak for Neyland . Tennessee was selected by a majority of polls and selectors as the national champions with 24 crowning the Vols . Heisman Trophy winner Davey O'Brien and his undefeated TCU Horned Frogs were second with 14 .   The 1938 Volunteers were the first of three consecutive Tennessee squads that had undefeated regular seasons . Tennessee won three consecutive conference titles before Neyland left for military service in World War II in 1941 . Tennessee also began a historic streak in 1938 . By shutting out their last four regular season opponents , the Vols began a streak of 17 consecutive regular season shutouts and 71 consecutive shutout quarters , still NCAA records . Athlon Sports has named the 1938 UT team as the third best college football team of all time ."}
{"_id": "1946_German_Ice_Hockey_Championship", "title": "1946 German Ice Hockey Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 German Ice Hockey Championship consisted of two championships , the Bizone Championship and the German Championship . Both championships were unofficial , and there is no official German champion for 1946 ."}
{"_id": "1900–01_FC_Barcelona_season", "title": "1900–01 FC Barcelona season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1900 -- 01 season was the second season for FC Barcelona ."}
{"_id": "1950_French_Championships_(tennis)", "title": "1950 French Championships (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 French Championships ( now known as the French Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France . The tournament ran from 24 May until 3 June . It was the 49th staging of the French Championships , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1950 ."}
{"_id": "1964_Canada_Cup", "title": "1964 Canada Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Canada Cup took place December 3 -- 6 at the Kaanapali Golf Resort in Kaanapali , Hawaii , on the island of Maui . It was the 12th Canada Cup event , which became the World Cup in 1967 . The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 34 teams . These were the same teams that had competed in 1963 but with the addition of Hawaii . Each team consisted of two players from a country . The combined score of each team determined the team results . The American team of Jack Nicklaus and Arnold Palmer won by 11 strokes over the Argentine team of Roberto De Vicenzo and Leopoldo Ruiz . The individual competition was won by Jack Nicklaus , who finished two shots ahead of Arnold Palmer ."}
{"_id": "1967_Latvian_SSR_Higher_League", "title": "1967 Latvian SSR Higher League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Latvian Higher League in the 1967 season ."}
{"_id": "1860_in_paleontology", "title": "1860 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1993–94_Football_League_Cup", "title": "1993–94 Football League Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The Football League Cup 1993 -- 94 was the 34th Football League Cup , a knockout competition for England 's top 92 football clubs . Aston Villa won the competition , beating Manchester United 3-1 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_League_Cup_(rugby_league)", "title": "1979–80 League Cup (rugby league)", "headings": "", "text": "This was the ninth season for the League Cup , known as the John Player Trophy for sponsorship reasons .   Bradford Northern won the trophy , beating Widnes 6-0 in the final . The match was played at Headingley , Leeds , West Yorkshire . The attendance was 9,909 and receipts were # 11560 ."}
{"_id": "1994_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Soccer_Championship", "title": "1994 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Championship was the 35th organized men 's college soccer tournament by the National Collegiate Athletic Association , to determine the top college soccer team in the United States . The Virginia Cavaliers won their fifth national title , and fourth straight , by defeating the Indiana Hoosiers in the championship game , 1 -- 0 . For the first time , the top four teams from the regular season were seeded nationally for the tournament bracket . This was also the first tournament to see more than 100 goals scored during its entirety . The final match was played on December 11 , 1994 , in Davidson , North Carolina , at Richardson Stadium for the third straight year . All the other games were played at the home field of the higher seeded team ."}
{"_id": "1961_San_Francisco_Giants_season", "title": "1961 San Francisco Giants season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 San Francisco Giants season was the Giants ' 79th year in Major League Baseball , their 4th year in San Francisco since their move from New York following the 1957 season , and their second at Candlestick Park . The team finished in third place in the National League with an 85-69 record , eight games behind the NL Champion Cincinnati Reds . The Giants were managed by Alvin Dark ."}
{"_id": "1989_Pan_American_Gymnastics_Cup", "title": "1989 Pan American Gymnastics Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Pan American Gymnastics Cup was held in Victoria , Mexico , July 24 -- 29 , 1989 ."}
{"_id": "1509", "title": "1509", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 1509 ( MDIX ) was a common year starting on Monday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1982_European_Formula_Two_Championship", "title": "1982 European Formula Two Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 European Formula Two Championship was the sixteenth edition of the European Formula Two Championship , the main feeder series to Formula One . It was contested over 13 rounds and featured 22 different teams , 53 different drivers , seven different chassis and five different engines . Corrado Fabi won the championship in a works March-BMW after a season-long battle with teammate Johnny Cecotto and the Spirit-Honda of Thierry Boutsen ."}
{"_id": "1969_Detroit_Tigers_season", "title": "1969 Detroit Tigers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Detroit Tigers season was a season in American baseball . The team finished a distant second in the newly established American League East with a record of 90 -- 72 , 19 games behind the Baltimore Orioles ."}
{"_id": "1919_Rhode_Island_Rams_football_team", "title": "1919 Rhode Island Rams football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 Rhode Island Rams football team represented the University of Rhode Island in the 1919 college football season . They were led by second year head coach Fred Murray and completed their year 0 -- 7 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1937_Stanley_Cup_Finals", "title": "1937 Stanley Cup Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Stanley Cup Finals NHL championship series was contested by the defending champion Detroit Red Wings and the New York Rangers in their fifth Final series appearance . Detroit would win the series 3 -- 2 to win their second and second-straight Stanley Cup ."}
{"_id": "1980_IMSA_GT_Championship", "title": "1980 IMSA GT Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 IMSA GT Series season was the 10th season of the IMSA GT Championship auto racing series . It was a series for GTX class Group 5 cars and GTO and GTU class grand tourer cars . It began February 2 , 1980 , and ended November 30 , 1980 , after fourteen rounds ."}
{"_id": "1933_Paris–Nice", "title": "1933 Paris–Nice", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 Paris -- Nice was the first running of the Paris -- Nice cycling stage race , also known as the Race to the Sun . It was set up by Albert Lucas to promote two newspapers he ran , Le Petit Journal and Le Petit Nice . It ran from 14 March to 19 March 1933 . The winner was Alfons Schepers ."}
{"_id": "12th_Ohio_Cavalry", "title": "12th Ohio Cavalry", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Ohio Cavalry was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "10_år_–_En_snäll_mans_bekännelser", "title": "10 år – En snäll mans bekännelser", "headings": "", "text": "10 år -- En snäll mans bekännelser is a 2008 Patrik Isaksson compilation album ."}
{"_id": "1899_World_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1899 World Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion .   The 1899 competition took place on February 12 in Davos , Switzerland . All judges came from Switzerland ; however , there were no distortions in the judging , because there was no Swiss competitor ."}
{"_id": "1944_NAIA_Division_I_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1944 NAIA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 NAIA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament was not held due to the United States 's involvement in World War II . It would resume with the 8th annual 1945 NAIA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament the following year ."}
{"_id": "1979_World_600", "title": "1979 World 600", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 World 600 , the 20th running of the event , was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race that was held on May 27 , 1979 , at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord , North Carolina .   Before the performance , a skydiver was brought in to bring thrills to the live audience ; he would parachute into one of the turns . There was also an invocation service followed by the American national anthem . Vehicles that were entered into this race would have a wheelbase of 115 in ; bringing a form of stock car racing that emulates the production vehicles of the late-1970s . NASCAR 's decision to reduce the wheelbase size to 110 in would scale down the adrenaline level of the Cup Series races starting in 1981 ."}
{"_id": "1944_Pulitzer_Prize", "title": "1944 Pulitzer Prize", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1944 ."}
{"_id": "1849_in_India", "title": "1849 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1849 in India ."}
{"_id": "1st_Foreign_Parachute_Heavy_Mortar_Company", "title": "1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company was an ephemeral foreign airborne heavy mortar company of the French Foreign Legion which fought during the First Indochina War at the corps of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps ."}
{"_id": "1904–05_Swiss_Serie_A", "title": "1904–05 Swiss Serie A", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swiss Super League in the 1904 -- 05 season ."}
{"_id": "1959_Pacific_hurricane_season", "title": "1959 Pacific hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Pacific hurricane season featured the first Category 5 hurricane ever recorded in the Central Pacific basin .   During the season , 15 storms developed , 5 of those became hurricanes , and 3 of those became major hurricanes . The strongest of the storms was Hurricane Dot , which was a Category 4 and made landfall on Kauai , Hawaii , as a Category 1 . Patsy reached 170 mph winds , but had a pressure higher than Dot . The deadliest storm of the season was Hurricane Fifteen , which made landfall in Mexico at Category 4 and killed 1,800 people ."}
{"_id": "1968_in_North_Korea", "title": "1968 in North Korea", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1968 in North Korea ."}
{"_id": "1775_Liverpool_Seamen's_revolt", "title": "1775 Liverpool Seamen's revolt", "headings": "", "text": "The 1775 Liverpool Seamen 's revolt was a revolt by seamen faced by a cut in wages and consisted of industrial sabotage actions , protests and prison escapes . At the height of the struggle , the seamen bombarded Liverpool Town Hall .   At the time a large number of the working class in Liverpool were seamen and enjoyed the support of much of the general population . In August 1775 , the American War of Independence had a big impact on the economy of Liverpool : 3,000 unemployed seamen were to be found in Liverpool . Merchants decided to reduce the standard pay for rigging out a ship in preparation for a voyage , which was 30 shillings a month . Seamen who had been engaged to rig the Derby found that they were to be paid at only 20 shillings a month , and were told that there were plenty of sailors to be had in the port .   The seamen returned to the ship , cut down the rigging and left it lying on deck . The rest of the rigged ships in the harbour were treated in the same way . When nine of the men were arrested and committed to prison by the magistrates , two or three thousand seamen surrounded the prison and secured the release of eight of the men . They marched away , discovered that they had left one prisoner behind , and marched back to the prison . Here they succeeded in releasing not only the other seaman , but also a woman who had been accused of aiding and abetting the rioters .   The crowd marched to the Town Hall - which was also the merchants ' Exchange - with a red flag . They continued their peaceful meetings and marching and a delegation met Lord Mayor James Clemens on the fifth day . There was a report that the merchants agreed to pay the rates that were asked .   However , that afternoon the merchants hired a body of armed men at ten shillings a day , and posted some in the Town Hall to arrest the strike leaders . In the evening , they fired on the unarmed strikers who were surrounding the building . The dead were variously reported at two or seven , the wounded at ten or several .   The seamen went aboard ships collecting cannon , and then put them into position to bombard the Town Hall . They bedecked their hats with red ribbons , raised the red flag , and at 1pm the next day , they began bombarding the Town Hall . Four people were killed .   The merchants sent a message to the military in Manchester and two days later 100 cavalry with six officers set off for Liverpool . The seamen were attending the funeral of the victims of the shooting . The troops hunted down and arrested forty to sixty sailors and marched them off to Lancaster for indictment and trial .   Only twelve of the sailors were indicted at Lancaster . Eight were found guilty , but all were discharged on agreeing to enlist in the Navy ."}
{"_id": "1945_Duke_Blue_Devils_football_team", "title": "1945 Duke Blue Devils football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 Duke Blue Devils football team represented the Duke Blue Devils of Duke University during the 1945 college football season .   Duke won the 1945 Southern Conference Championship , and finished the season ranked 13th in the final AP poll ."}
{"_id": "17th_Empire_Awards", "title": "17th Empire Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th Empire Awards ceremony ( officially known as the Jameson Empire Awards ) , presented by the British film magazine Empire , honored the best films of 2011 and took place on 25 March 2012 at the Grosvenor House Hotel in London , England . During the ceremony , Empire presented Empire Awards in 13 categories as well as three honorary awards . The awards for The Art of 3D , the new Best Male Newcomer and Best Female Newcomer ( replacing the Best Newcomer award ) and the honorary Empire Legend Award were first introduced this year . English Radio DJ Lauren Laverne and Empire magazine 's news editor Chris Hewitt co-hosted the show , marking the first time for each and the first time the show was co-hosted . The awards were sponsored by Jameson Irish Whiskey for the fourth consecutive year .   In related events , Empire and Jameson Irish Whiskey held the 3rd Done In 60 Seconds Competition Global Final on March 23 , 2012 at the London Film Museum , London , England . The team of judges consisted of Empire editor-in-chief Mark Dinning , Sky Movies Premiere English presenter Alex Zane , Irish actor and comedian Chris O'Dowd and English director Gareth Edwards , which selected from a shortlist of 28 nominees the five Done In 60 Seconds Award finalists that were invited to the Empire Awards where the winner was announced .   Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy won the most awards with three including Best British Film . Other winners included Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 and Thor with two awards and Kill List , Like Crazy , The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn , The Inbetweeners Movie , and Tyrannosaur with one . Michael Fassbender received the Empire Hero Award , Ron Howard received the Empire Inspiration Award and Tim Burton received the Empire Legend Award . Indira Suleimenova from Kazakhstan won the Done In 60 Seconds Award for her 60-second film version of Black Swan ."}
{"_id": "1951_Titleholders_Championship", "title": "1951 Titleholders Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 Titleholders Championship was contested from March 15-18 at Augusta Country Club . It was the 12th edition of the Titleholders Championship .   This event was won by Pat O'Sullivan ."}
{"_id": "144th_meridian_west", "title": "144th meridian west", "headings": "", "text": "The meridian 144 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 144th meridian west forms a great circle with the 36th meridian east ."}
{"_id": "1917–18_Michigan_Wolverines_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1917–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1917 -- 18 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team represented the University of Michigan in intercollegiate basketball during the 1917 -- 18 season . The team was Michigan 's second varsity basketball team and the first after an eight-year hiatus following the 1908 -- 09 season . With no experienced collegiate players to draw from , the squad started from scratch and compiled a record of 6 -- 12 . They finished last in the Big Ten Conference with a record of 0 -- 10 against conference opponents , the only winless conference season in Michigan history .   Elmer Mitchell , a 28-year-old graduate of the University of Michigan , served as the coach . He returned to Michigan in 1917 after having held positions as the athletic director at Grand Rapids Union High School from 1912 to 1915 and at Michigan State Normal College ( now known as Eastern Michigan University ) from 1915 to 1917 . After a difficult start in the 1917 -- 18 season , Mitchell led the team to a 12-game turnaround with a 16 -- 8 record in the 1918 -- 19 season . In 1919 , Mitchell established the intramural sports program at Michigan and served as its director .   Alan W. Boyd was the team captain . James McClintock was the team 's leading scorer with 108 points on 43 field goals and 22 free throws in 16 games . Timothy Hewlett led in scoring average with 7.0 points per game ( 22 field goals and 12 free throws in eight games ) ."}
{"_id": "1985_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season", "title": "1985 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 37th F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship season ."}
{"_id": "1961_Missouri_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1961 Missouri Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Big Eight Conference ( Big 8 ) during the 1961 college football season . The team compiled a 7 -- 2 -- 1 record ( 5 -- 2 against Big 8 opponents ) , finished in a tie for second place in the Big 8 , and outscored opponents by a combined total of 124 to 57 . Dan Devine was the head coach for the fourth of 13 seasons . The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Columbia , Missouri .   The team 's statistical leaders included Andy Russell with 412 rushing yards , Ron Taylor with 428 passing yards and 514 yards of total offense , Conrad Hitchler with 124 receiving yards , and Bill Tobin with 38 point scored ."}
{"_id": "1972_in_radio", "title": "1972 in radio", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1972 in radio involved some significant events .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1997_Skoda_Czech_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1997 Skoda Czech Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Ruxandra Dragomir was the defending champion but lost in the second round to Ludmila Richterová .   Joannette Kruger won in the final 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 against Marion Maruska ."}
{"_id": "1884_in_Portugal", "title": "1884 in Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1884 in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1972_Formula_One_season", "title": "1972 Formula One season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Formula One season was the 26th season of the FIA 's Formula One motor racing . It featured the 23rd World Championship of Drivers , the 15th International Cup for F1 Manufacturers and numerous non-championship Formula One races . The World Championship season commenced on 23 January and ended on 8 October after twelve races .   For 1972 Team Lotus focused again on the type 72 chassis . Imperial Tobacco continued its sponsorship of the team under its new John Player Special brand . The cars , now often referred to as ` JPS ' , were fielded in a new black and gold livery . Lotus took the championship by surprise in 1972 with 25-year-old Brazilian driver Emerson Fittipaldi who became the youngest world champion at that point . Stewart came second in the championship .   This was the first year where all the races were run on circuits with safety features on them , and considerable progress had been made since 1968 , the last year where all races were run on circuits with no safety features .   The British Racing Motors ( BRM ) team took its last victory when Jean-Pierre Beltoise won the rain-affected 1972 Monaco Grand Prix in a BRM P160 .   The Dutch Grand Prix was cancelled this year because of safety arrangements that were not completed for the race . It was supposed to be held between the Belgian and French Grand Prix 's at the usual location , Zandvoort . Also , a second American motor race called the United States Grand Prix West , originally supposed to be held in April at the Ontario Motor Speedway near Los Angeles , was cancelled . The Mexican Grand Prix was scheduled to be the last race of the season , but it was cancelled after local interest dissipated after the death of Pedro Rodríguez ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_TBHSL_season", "title": "1997–98 TBHSL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997-98 Turkish Ice Hockey Super League season was the sixth season of the Turkish Ice Hockey Super League , the top level of ice hockey in Turkey . Seven teams participated in the league ."}
{"_id": "1922–23_Isthmian_League", "title": "1922–23 Isthmian League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 -- 23 season was the 14th in the history of the Isthmian League , an English football competition .   Clapton were champions , winning their second Isthmian League title . West Norwood resigned from the league at the end of the season and joined the Athenian League for 1924 -- 25 season ."}
{"_id": "1941_Maryland_Terrapins_football_team", "title": "1941 Maryland Terrapins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1941 college football season . In their third season under head coach Jack Faber , the Terrapins compiled a 3 -- 5 -- 1 record ( 1 -- 2 in conference ) , finished in 12th place in the Southern Conference , and outscored their opponents 196 to 49 ."}
{"_id": "1952_in_archaeology", "title": "1952 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1952 in archaeology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Segunda_Divisão_B", "title": "1990–91 Segunda Divisão B", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 Segunda Divisão season was the 57th season of the competition and the 41st season of recognised third-tier football in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1995_ABN_AMRO_World_Tennis_Tournament_–_Singles", "title": "1995 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Michael Stich was the defending champion , but chose not to participate that year .   Richard Krajicek won in the final 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 5 ) , 6 -- 4 , against Paul Haarhuis ."}
{"_id": "1990_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_4_×_400_metres_relay", "title": "1990 European Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Women 's 4x400 metres event at the 1990 European Championships in Split , Yugoslavia , held at Stadion Poljud on 31 August and 1 September 1990 ."}
{"_id": "1958–59_New_York_Knicks_season", "title": "1958–59 New York Knicks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 -- 59 New York Knicks season was the 13th season for the team in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . In the regular season , the Knicks finished in second place in the Eastern Division with a 40 -- 32 win -- loss record , qualifying for the NBA Playoffs for the first time since the 1955 -- 56 season . New York lost in the first round to the Syracuse Nationals , two games to none ."}
{"_id": "1966–67_SK_Rapid_Wien_season", "title": "1966–67 SK Rapid Wien season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1987_San_Jose_State_Spartans_football_team", "title": "1987 San Jose State Spartans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 San Jose State Spartans football team represented San Jose State University during the 1987 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association.The Big West Conference was known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association from its founding in 1969 through 1987 . See : Big West Conference The team was led by head coach Claude Gilbert , in his fourth year as head coach at San Jose State . They played home games at Spartan Stadium in San Jose , California . The Spartans finished the 1987 season as champions of the PCAA for the second consecutive season , with a record of ten wins and two losses ( 10 -- 2 , 7 -- 0 PCAA ) .   As a result of the PCAA Cchampionship , the Spartans qualified for a postseason bowl game against the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) champion Eastern Michigan Eagles . The 1987 California Bowl was played in Fresno , California on December 12 , with Eastern Michigan winning , 30 -- 27 ."}
{"_id": "1941_Argentine_Primera_División", "title": "1941 Argentine Primera División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Argentine Primera División was the 50 ° season of top-flight football in Argentina . The season began on March 30 and ended on November 15 . The number of teams was reduced from 18 to 16 ."}
{"_id": "1956_in_Australia", "title": "1956 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1984_All-Big_Ten_Conference_football_team", "title": "1984 All-Big Ten Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players chosen as All-Big Ten Conference players for the 1984 Big Ten Conference football season . The organizations selecting All-Big Ten teams in 1987 included the Associated Press ( AP ) and the United Press International ( UPI ) .   Ohio State running back Keith Byars , who led the country with 1,655 rushing yards and 144 points , was selected as the Big Ten Player of the Year . Byars and Illinois wide receiver David Williams , who led the country with 101 receptions for 1,278 yards , were unanimously selected as first-team All-Big Ten players by the AP . Those two , as well as Ohio State offensive lineman Jim Lachey and Iowa linebacker Larry Station , were also selected as consensus first-team All-Americans .   Other individual award winners included Wisconsin guard Jeff Dellenbach as the Big Ten Offensive Lineman of the Year , Iowa tackle Paul Hufford as the Big Ten Defensive Lineman of the Year , and Purdue 's Leon Burtnett as the Big Ten Coach of the Year ."}
{"_id": "1905_World_Wrestling_Championships", "title": "1905 World Wrestling Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The second World Greco-Roman Wrestling Championship was organized in Berlin , Germany in April 1905 ."}
{"_id": "1960_Arkansas_Razorbacks_football_team", "title": "1960 Arkansas Razorbacks football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas in the Southwest Conference ( SWC ) during the 1960 college football season . In their third year under head coach Frank Broyles , the Razorbacks compiled an 8 -- 3 record ( 6 -- 1 against SWC opponents ) , won the SWC championship , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 185 to 87 . The Razorbacks ' only losses during the regular season came against Baylor by a 28 -- 14 score and to Mississippi by a 10 -- 7 score . The team was ranked # 7 in both the final AP Poll and the final UPI Coaches Poll and went on to lose to Duke in the 1960 Cotton Bowl Classic by a 23 -- 14 score .   Lineman Wayne Harris was selected by the Football Writers Association of America as a first-team player on the 1960 All-America Team . He was also honored as a second-team player by the UPI . Halfback Lance Alworth was recognized as a third-team All-American by the American Football Coaches Association ."}
{"_id": "1999_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team", "title": "1999 Ole Miss Rebels football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season . They participated as members of the Southeastern Conference in the West Division . Coached by David Cutcliffe , the Rebels played their home games at Vaught -- Hemingway Stadium in Oxford , Mississippi ."}
{"_id": "1825_in_Wales", "title": "1825 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1825 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_Bulgarian_Cup", "title": "1963–64 Bulgarian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 Bulgarian Cup was the 24th season of the Bulgarian Cup ( in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army ) . Slavia Sofia won the competition , beating Botev Plovdiv 3 -- 2 in the final at the Vasil Levski National Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1916_Chicago_White_Sox_season", "title": "1916 Chicago White Sox season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1916 Chicago White Sox finished second in the American League , just two games behind the first-place Boston Red Sox . By this time , the nucleus of the 1917 -- 19 dynasty was in place . Chicago would win the World Series the following season ."}
{"_id": "1941_in_China", "title": "1941 in China", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1941 in China ."}
{"_id": "1997_Paris–Roubaix", "title": "1997 Paris–Roubaix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Paris -- Roubaix was the 95th running of the Paris -- Roubaix single-day cycling race , often known as the Hell of the North . It was held on 13 April 1997 over a distance of 273 km . These are the results for the 1997 edition of the Paris -- Roubaix cycling classic , in which Frédéric Guesdon won in a final sprint between eight riders ."}
{"_id": "(I_Got_No_Kick_Against)_Modern_Jazz", "title": "(I Got No Kick Against) Modern Jazz", "headings": "", "text": "( I Got No Kick Against ) Modern Jazz is a 1995 tribute album by various jazz artists and bands from the GRP Records label . It consists of jazz cover versions of songs originally by The Beatles . The album 's title comes from the lyrics of the Beatles 's cover of the Chuck Berry song , `` Rock and Roll Music '' , which was originally released on the studio album Beatles for Sale ."}
{"_id": "1998_NAIA_football_season", "title": "1998 NAIA football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 NAIA football season , as part of the 1998 college football season in the United States , was the 43rd season of college football sponsored by the NAIA .   The season was played from August to November 1998 , culminating in the 1998 NAIA Football National Championship , played this year on December 19 , 1998 at Jim Carroll Stadium in Savannah , Tennessee .   Azusa Pacific defeated Olivet Nazarene in the championship game , 17 -- 14 , to win their first NAIA national title .   Jack Williams , running back from Azusa Pacific , was named the 1998 NAIA Football Player of the Year ."}
{"_id": "1983_National_Panasonic_Open", "title": "1983 National Panasonic Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 National Panasonic Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts in Brisbane , Australia that was part of the 1983 Virginia Slims World Championship Series . The tournament was held from November 14 through November 20 , 1983 ."}
{"_id": "1924–25_Scottish_Division_One", "title": "1924–25 Scottish Division One", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 -- 25 Scottish Division One season was won by Rangers by three points over nearest rival Airdrieonians . Ayr United and Third Lanark finished 19th and 20th respectively and were relegated to the 1925 -- 26 Scottish Second Division ."}
{"_id": "1959_NFL_Draft", "title": "1959 NFL Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 National Football League draft had its first four rounds held on December 1 , 1958 , and its final twenty-six rounds on January 21 , 1959 . Both sessions were held at the Warwick Hotel in Philadelphia ."}
{"_id": "1957_U.S._National_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1957 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Mal Anderson defeated Ashley Cooper 10 -- 8 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Men 's Singles tennis title at the 1957 U.S. National Championships ."}
{"_id": "0_to_60_mph", "title": "0 to 60 mph", "headings": "", "text": "The time it takes to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph ( 0 to 97 km/h or 0 to 27 m/s ) is a commonly used performance measure for automotive acceleration in the United States and the United Kingdom . In the rest of the world , 0 to 100 km/h ( 0 to 62.1 mph ) is used . Present performance cars are capable of going from 0 to 60 mph in under 6 seconds , while exotic cars can do 0 to 60 mph in between 3 and 4 seconds , whereas motorcycles have been able to achieve these figures with sub-500cc since the 1990s . The Bugatti Veyron Super Sport World Record Edition was , in 2010 , the fastest production street legal car to reach 60 mph from a stop , taking about 2.46 seconds . The fastest automobile in 2015 was the Porsche 918 Spyder , which is a hybrid vehicle taking 2.2 seconds to accelerate from 0 to 60 .   Measuring the 0 to 60 speed of vehicles is usually done in a closed setting such as a race car track or closed lot used for professional drivers . This is done to reduce risk to the drivers , their teams , and the public in general . The closed course is set up for test-drives in order to reduce any variables , such as wind , weather , and traction . Each variable can have a dramatic impact on the friction of the track and the drag placed on the vehicle , which will influence the overall 0 to 60 time that is recorded .   The crew sets up accurate and precise measuring tools that are attached to computers . These tools included Doppler radar guns and precise timing instruments that are synchronized . This means that the driver is not worried about keeping time or the exact moment the car hits 60 miles per hour . The driver focuses solely on driving straight and fast with professional quick gear shifting .   The car is timed and recorded going in two separate and opposite directions . This practice eliminates variables such as wind , directional traction of the track and driver performance . The two times are averaged together to achieve the commonly accepted 0 to 60 time .   Jalopnik has said that launch control systems appearing on production exotic cars in the 2010s have made published 0 to 60 times invalid , since these cars have slower times from 5 mph to 60 mph ."}
{"_id": "1970_World_Championship_Tennis_season", "title": "1970 World Championship Tennis season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 season of the World Championship Tennis ( WCT ) circuit was one of the two rival professional male tennis circuits of 1970 . It was organized by World Championship Tennis ( WCT ) ."}
{"_id": "1992_Seattle_Seahawks_season", "title": "1992 Seattle Seahawks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Seattle Seahawks season was the team 's 17th season with the National Football League . The 1992 season was the first of three seasons in Seattle for head coach Tom Flores . The Seahawks ' 0.125 winning percentage in 1992 remains the worst in franchise history .   The Seahawks ' 140 points ( 8.8 points per game ) scored in the regular season is the lowest total for any team playing a 16-game season . For comparison , the 2008 Detroit Lions , who went winless , scored 268 points , nearly double . Long-time quarterback Dave Krieg had left Seattle for the rival Kansas City Chiefs in the offseason , leaving Seattle with Kelly Stouffer , Stan Gelbaugh and Dan McGwire ( brother of Major League Baseball star Mark McGwire ) as their three quarterbacks .   Football Outsiders calls Seattle 's 1992 offense `` the worst offense in -LSB- their ranking system 's -RSB- history . '' Seattle 's 1,778 passing yards are the fewest in a season by any team during the 1990s . Seattle was so inept that from Opening Day until their Week 13 overtime win over Denver , they collectively had fewer points scored than punts attempted ; for the entire season , the team finished with only slightly more points than punts .   Despite their historically inept offense , Football Outsiders also ranked Seattle as having the third-best defense in 1992 , making them the most imbalanced team ever measured . The Seahawks ' star defensive tackle Cortez Kennedy was named the 1992 NFL Defensive Player of the Year . Seattle gave up the fourth-fewest passing yards ( 2,661 ) , and tied for fewest passing touchdowns allowed ( 11 ) of any team in 1992 .   Before Seattle 's Monday Night Football victory over Denver in the Kingdome the Seahawks honored Pete Gross inducting him as the first member of the Ring of Honor . Gross would die two days later after his long bout with cancer . That game would also be the last MNF game played in the Kingdome and the last in Seattle until 2002 ( the Seahawks themselves did n't appear on MNF again until Mike Holmgren 's return to Green Bay in 1999 ) ."}
{"_id": "1768_in_science", "title": "1768 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1768 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "174", "title": "174", "headings": "", "text": "Year 174 ( CLXXIV ) was a common year starting on Friday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar . At the time , it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallus and Flaccus ( or , less frequently , year 927 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 174 for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years ."}
{"_id": "1908_OPHL_season", "title": "1908 OPHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 OPHL season was the first season of the Ontario Professional Hockey League . The Toronto Professional Hockey Club had the best record to win the league championship ."}
{"_id": "1988_CONCACAF_Men's_Pre-Olympic_Tournament", "title": "1988 CONCACAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 CONCACAF Men 's Pre-Olympic Tournament was an assosciation football tournament that took place between January 1987 and May 1988 to determine which national teams would participate at the 1988 Summer Olympic Games .   United States and Guatemala qualified for the 1988 Summer Olympics . Mexico had originally qualified but were disqualified by FIFA for the Cachirules scandal ."}
{"_id": "1972_in_architecture", "title": "1972 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1972 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings ."}
{"_id": "170th_Tunnelling_Company", "title": "170th Tunnelling Company", "headings": "", "text": "The 170th Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I . The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines , as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation , the digging of subways , saps ( a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches ) , cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services ."}
{"_id": "1996_Tippeligaen", "title": "1996 Tippeligaen", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Tippeligaen is the highest football league in Norway . 26 games are played with 3 points given for wins and 1 for draws . Number twelve , thirteen and fourteen are relegated . The winners of the two groups of the first division are promoted , as well as the winner of a play-off match between the two second placed teams in the two groups of the first division . This was the last time the first division was organized into two groups - from 1997 and onwards the first division has had all teams play in the same league ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Michigan_State_Spartans_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1993–94 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 Michigan State Spartans men 's basketball team represented Michigan State University in the 1993 -- 94 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The team played their home games at Breslin Center in East Lansing , Michigan and were members of the Big Ten Conference . They were coached by Jud Heathcote in his 18th year at Michigan State . The Spartans finished the season with a record of 20 -- 12 , 10 -- 8 to finish in fourth place in Big Ten play . They received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament as a No. 7 seed where they beat Seton Hall in the First Round before losing to second-seeded Duke in the Second Round ."}
{"_id": "1in.am", "title": "1in.am", "headings": "", "text": "1in . am Armenian News and Analyses ( Առաջին լրատվական Arajin Lratvakan , meaning `` First informative '' ) , or simply 1in . am is an Armenian website with hosting based in Moscow . It is an online newspaper , that covers local and world news and information , has divisions for Armenia , Caucasus , world , press , business and sports ( last two in Armenian only ) . 1in . am is available in three languages , Armenian , Russian and English . it is the 19th most visited website in Armenia and has about 38,000 visitors daily ."}
{"_id": "1640s_in_South_Africa", "title": "1640s in South Africa", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1952_Paraguayan_Primera_División_season", "title": "1952 Paraguayan Primera División season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 season of the Paraguayan Primera División , the top category of Paraguayan football , was played by 11 teams . The national champions were Presidente Hayes ."}
{"_id": "1947_Rutgers_Queensmen_football_team", "title": "1947 Rutgers Queensmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1947 college football season . In their sixth season under head coach Harvey Harman , the Queensmen compiled an 8 -- 1 record and outscored their opponents 262 to 99 . The team lost its opening game against Columbia before winning eight consecutive games , including a 31-7 victory over Harvard ."}
{"_id": "1956–57_Yugoslav_Cup", "title": "1956–57 Yugoslav Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 -- 57 Yugoslav Cup was the 10th season of the top football knockout competition in SFR Yugoslavia , the Yugoslav Cup ( Kup Jugoslavije ) , also known as the `` Marshal Tito Cup '' ( Kup Maršala Tita ) , since its establishment in 1946 ."}
{"_id": ".wiki", "title": ".wiki", "headings": "", "text": ". wiki is a top-level domain name . It was proposed in ICANN 's New generic top-level domain ( gTLD ) Program , and became available to the general public on May 26 , 2014 . Top Level Design ( TLD ) is the domain name registry for the string ."}
{"_id": "1931–32_Austrian_football_championship", "title": "1931–32 Austrian football championship", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Austrian first league in season 1931/1932 ."}
{"_id": "1413", "title": "1413", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1413 ( MCDXIII ) was a common year starting on Sunday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1938_Auburn_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1938 Auburn Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1938 college football season . The Tigers ' were led by head coach Jack Meagher in his fifth season and finished the season with a record of four wins , five losses and one tie ( 4 -- 5 -- 1 overall , 3 -- 3 -- 1 in the SEC ) ."}
{"_id": "1843_English_cricket_season", "title": "1843 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1843 English cricket season saw a third successive title for Kent"}
{"_id": "19th_Airlift_Wing", "title": "19th Airlift Wing", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th Airlift Wing is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Mobility Command 's Eighteenth Air Force . It is stationed at Little Rock Air Force Base , Arkansas . The wing is also the host unit at Little Rock .   The Wing provides the Department of Defense its largest Lockheed C-130 Hercules transport fleet , supplying humanitarian airlift relief to victims of disasters , to airdropping supplies and troops into the heart of contingency operations in hostile areas .   Active for over 60 years , the 19th was a component wing of Strategic Air Command 's deterrent force during the Cold War . The wing served in the Korean War and Operation Desert Storm . Its component units are currently engaged in combat operations as part of the Global War on Terrorism .   The 19th Airlift Wing is commanded by Colonel Charles E. Brown Jr. . Its Command Chief Master Sergeant is Chief Master Sergeant Kenneth Carter ."}
{"_id": "1946_Denver_Pioneers_football_team", "title": "1946 Denver Pioneers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 Denver Pioneers football team represented the University of Denver in the 1946 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1,3-Dipolar_cycloaddition", "title": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition", "headings": "", "text": "The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is a chemical reaction between a 1,3-dipole and a dipolarophile to form a five-membered ring . The earliest 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions were described in the late 19th century to the early 20th century , following the discovery of 1,3-dipoles . Mechanistic investigation and synthetic application were established in the 1960s , primarily through the work of Rolf Huisgen . Hence , the reaction is sometimes referred to as the Huisgen cycloaddition ( this term is often used to specifically describe the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between an organic azide and an alkyne to generate 1,2,3-triazole ) . Currently , 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is an important route to the regio - and stereoselective synthesis of five-membered heterocycles and their ring-opened acyclic derivatives ."}
{"_id": "1849_in_the_United_States", "title": "1849 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1849 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1921_U.S._National_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1921 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Bill Tilden defeated Wallace Johnson 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 in the final to win the Men 's Singles tennis title at the 1921 U.S. National Championships . It was Tilden 's second U.S. Championships title and his fourth Grand Slam title overall"}
{"_id": "1967–68_Port_Vale_F.C._season", "title": "1967–68 Port Vale F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 -- 68 season was Port Vale 's 56th season of football in the Football League , and their third successive season ( fourth overall ) in the Fourth Division . A poor season saw them battle to mid-table in order to avoid the re-election zone . Yet it would be off-the-field developments that would worry Vale supporters the most . An FA/Football League Joint-Inquiry investigated the club as club officials were forced to admit several breaches of the rules in regard to payment of players . The result was expulsion from the League , however before the start of the following season a vote of 39 to 9 allowed the club to be immediately readmitted to the competition . The whole saga was rather ironic , as the club re-entered the League in 1919 after Leeds City were expelled over illegal payments to their players . On the playing front it was the final season of both Harry Poole and Terry Miles ' careers ."}
{"_id": "1995_in_birding_and_ornithology", "title": "1995 in birding and ornithology", "headings": "", "text": "See also 1994 in birding and ornithology , main events of 1995 and 1996 in birding and ornithology"}
{"_id": "1987_hurricane_season", "title": "1987 hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "1987 hurricane season may refer to :   1987 Atlantic hurricane season  1987 Pacific hurricane season"}
{"_id": "1918_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team", "title": "1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1918 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season , which was interim head coach Ray Morrison 's first year as a head coach . Coach Morrison was asked to fill in for Dan McGugin who was in the US Army at the time ."}
{"_id": "1984_in_Chile", "title": "1984 in Chile", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1984 in Chile ."}
{"_id": "1998_Memorial_Cup", "title": "1998 Memorial Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Memorial Cup occurred May 9 -- 17 at the Spokane Veterans Memorial Arena in Spokane , Washington . It was the 80th annual Memorial Cup competition and determined the major junior ice hockey champion of the Canadian Hockey League ( CHL ) . Participating teams were the host Spokane Chiefs and the winners of the Ontario Hockey League , Quebec Major Junior Hockey League and Western Hockey League which were the Guelph Storm , Val-d'Or Foreurs and Portland Winter Hawks . The Winter Hawks won their second Memorial Cup defeating the Storm from a goal in overtime by Bobby Russell .   The tournament set a new Memorial Cup attendance record . However , that record was broken the following year in Ottawa ."}
{"_id": "1948_College_Baseball_All-America_Team", "title": "1948 College Baseball All-America Team", "headings": "", "text": "An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position -- who in turn are given the honorific `` All-America '' and typically referred to as `` All-American athletes '' , or simply `` All-Americans '' . Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit , the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media . Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889 .   From 1947-1980 , the American Baseball Coaches Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA ."}
{"_id": "1997_du_Maurier_Open_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1997 du Maurier Open – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Monica Seles was the defending champion and won in the final 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 against Anke Huber ."}
{"_id": "1914_International_Cross_Country_Championships", "title": "1914 International Cross Country Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1914 International Cross Country Championships was held in Amersham , England , at the Chesham Park on March 28 , 1914 . A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald .   Complete results , medallists ,  and the results of British athletes were published ."}
{"_id": "1988_Kansas_Jayhawks_football_team", "title": "1988 Kansas Jayhawks football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . They participated as members of the Big Eight Conference and were coached by head coach Glen Mason . They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence , Kansas ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_Southern_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1976–77 Southern Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976-77 Southern Hockey League season was the fourth season of the Southern Hockey League , a North American minor professional league . The league folded mid-season . The Hampton Gulls were in first place by 12 points at the time ."}
{"_id": "1963_in_Czech_television", "title": "1963 in Czech television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Czech television related events from 1963 ."}
{"_id": "12_Horas", "title": "12 Horas", "headings": "", "text": "12 Horas ( in English , 12 Hours ) is a 2001 Puerto Rican movie . It was written and directed by Raúl Marchand Sánchez , and marked both his screenwriting and directorial debut .   The movie follows the lives of several characters during the course of a night in Santurce , Puerto Rico ( hence the title referring to the time from dusk to dawn ) .   It had a six-week run in cinemas in Puerto Rico . Its profanity and sexual content were a definite deviation from the norm as far as the usual content of Puerto Rican films done up to that time ."}
{"_id": "1940_Boston_Red_Sox_season", "title": "1940 Boston Red Sox season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 Boston Red Sox season was the 40th season in the franchise 's Major League Baseball history . The Red Sox finished fourth in the American League ( AL ) with a record of 82 wins and 72 losses ."}
{"_id": "1927_college_football_season", "title": "1927 college football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 NCAA football season ended with the Illini of the University of Illinois ( 7-0-1 ) being recognized as champion under the Dickinson System . At season 's end , the Rissler Cup was awarded to the team that finished first in the `` Dickinson ratings '' , which considered strength of schedule , in that a win , loss or tie against a `` strong '' opponent was worth more than one against a lesser team , and the results were averaged .   Until the final week , when the team was upset by Georgia Tech , Georgia 's `` Dream and Wonder team '' was ranked # 1 . Georgia had upset Eastern power Yale 14 -- 10 . Though most selectors have either Illinois or Georgia as the 1927 national champion , Dana X. Bible 's Texas Aggies were retroactively named as the national champion by one selector , Jeff Sagarin .   In the Rose Bowl , the Pittsburgh Panthers ( 8-0-1 ) were invited to play against the Pacific Coast Conference champion . Though USC and Stanford had identical records in conference play , Stanford was given a chance to `` avenge '' its 7-7 tie against Alabama in the previous years Rose Bowl . Stanford won 7 -- 6 . Although an Illinois vs. USC matchup would have been equally plausible for the 1928 Rose Bowl , their Pasadena meeting would have to wait 80 years -- until 2008 ."}
{"_id": "1933_New_York_Yankees_season", "title": "1933 New York Yankees season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 New York Yankees season was the team 's 31st season in New York and its 33rd season overall . The team finished with a record of 91 -- 59 , finishing 7 games behind the Washington Senators . New York was managed by Joe McCarthy . The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1915_Transylvania_Pioneers_football_team", "title": "1915 Transylvania Pioneers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 Transylvania Pioneers football team represented Transylvania University , today known as Transylvania , during the 1915 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season ."}
{"_id": "100th_Anniversary_of_the_Independence_of_Albania", "title": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania", "headings": "", "text": "The 100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania was a yearlong celebration in 2012 when Albanians celebrated the 100th anniversary of establishing independent Albania , the first Albanian state in modern history ."}
{"_id": "1933_in_country_music", "title": "1933 in country music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1933 ."}
{"_id": "1915_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1915 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": "World War I and New Zealand 's participation in it dominate the year . Most notably , New Zealand troops take part in the landings at ANZAC cove , Gallipoli on 25 April , and the ensuing campaign .   The various political parties agree to form a wartime coalition in August , even though the Reform Party has an absolute majority in parliament .   Many sporting events are put on hold for the duration of the war , due to the number of men serving in the armed forces and the drive to conserve resources for the war effort ."}
{"_id": "1889_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team", "title": "1889 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1889 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota during the 1889 college football season . This was the only season to feature game coaches ."}
{"_id": "1866_in_architecture", "title": "1866 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1866 in architecture involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1st_Raider/Paratrooper_Brigade_(Greece)", "title": "1st Raider/Paratrooper Brigade (Greece)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st Raider/Paratrooper Brigade ( 1η ΤΑΞΚΔ-ΑΛ - 1η Ταξιαρχία Kαταδρομών-Αλεξιπτωτιστών , 1 TAXKD-AL - 1 Taxiarhia Katadromon-Alexiptotiston ) , is a brigade-sized formation of elite Greek light infantry and special operations forces . The formation is more commonly referred to as the Raider Forces ( Δυνάμεις Kαταδρομών - Dynameis Katadromon ) , and a soldier belonging to the Brigade a Raider ( Kαταδρομέας , Kαταδρομείς - Katadromeas , Katadromeis ) ."}
{"_id": "1951_All-Ireland_Senior_Camogie_Championship", "title": "1951 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship was the high point of the 1951 season in Camogie . The championship was won by Dublin who defeated Antrim by a 17-point margin in the final . The final was played at Croke Park ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Tranmere_Rovers_F.C._season", "title": "1997–98 Tranmere Rovers F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1997 -- 98 English football season , Tranmere Rovers F.C. competed in the Football League First Division ."}
{"_id": "12th_Guldbagge_Awards", "title": "12th Guldbagge Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Guldbagge Awards ceremony , presented by the Swedish Film Institute , honored the best Swedish films of 1975 and 1976 , and took place on 13 September 1976 . Release the Prisoners to Spring directed by Tage Danielsson was presented with the award for Best Film ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Georgetown_Hoyas_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1994–95 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball team represented Georgetown University in the 1994 -- 95 NCAA Division I basketball season . John Thompson , Jr. , coached them in his 23rd season as head coach . They played their home games at USAir Arena in Landover , Maryland . They were members of the Big East Conference and finished the season with a record of 21-10 , 11-7 in Big East play . Their record earned them a bye in the first round of the 1995 Big East Men 's Basketball Tournament , and they advanced to the tournament semifinal before losing to Connecticut . They were awarded a No. 6 seed in the Southeast Region of the 1995 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament -- Georgetowns 16th NCAA Tournament appearance in 17 years -- and advanced to the Southeast Region Semifinals before losing to regions No. 2 seed , North Carolina . They were ranked No. 22 in the seasons final Associated Press Poll and No 16 in the postseason Coaches ' Poll ."}
{"_id": "1920_Allan_Cup", "title": "1920 Allan Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 Allan Cup was the Canadian national senior ice hockey championship for the 1919-20 Senior season ."}
{"_id": "1973–74_Los_Angeles_Sharks_season", "title": "1973–74 Los Angeles Sharks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 -- 74 Los Angeles Sharks season was the Los Angeles Sharks ' second and final season in Los Angeles in the World Hockey Association . The club finished last in the WHA Western Division and missed the playoffs . They moved to Detroit , MI after the season and became the Michigan Stags ."}
{"_id": "1999_UEFA_European_Under-16_Championship", "title": "1999 UEFA European Under-16 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 UEFA European Under-16 Championship was the 17th edition of UEFA 's European Under-16 Football Championship . Czech Republic hosted the championship , from 24 April to 7 May 1999 . 16 teams entered the competition , and Spain defeated Poland in the final to win the competition for the fifth time ."}
{"_id": "1931_in_the_United_States", "title": "1931 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1931 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "100_Años_de_Mariachi", "title": "100 Años de Mariachi", "headings": "", "text": "100 años de mariachi is title of a studio album released by Spanish performer Plácido Domingo . It was released on October 5 , 1999 , by EMI Latin . Domingo was awarded the Best Mexican-American/Tejano Music Performance at the 42nd Grammy Awards ."}
{"_id": "1-Propanol", "title": "1-Propanol", "headings": "", "text": "1-Propanol , is a primary alcohol with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH ( sometimes represented as PrOH or n-PrOH ) . This colorless liquid is also known as propan-1-ol , 1-propyl alcohol , n-propyl alcohol , and n-propanol . It is an isomer of isopropanol ( 2-propanol , isopropyl alcohol ) . It is formed naturally in small amounts during many fermentation processes and used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry mainly for resins and cellulose esters ."}
{"_id": "1986_Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1986 Mississippi State Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Mississippi State Bulldogs football team represented Mississippi State University during the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Bulldogs finished with a winning record in head coach Rockey Felker 's first season , but were not selected for a bowl game ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_SM-liiga_season", "title": "1991–92 SM-liiga season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991-92 SM-liiga season was the 17th season of the SM-liiga , the top level of ice hockey in Finland . 12 teams participated in the league , and Jokerit Helsinki won the championship ."}
{"_id": "128th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry", "title": "128th New York Volunteer Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "The 128th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment , nicknamed Old Steady , was a volunteer regiment from Dutchess County and Columbia County in upstate New York , during the American Civil War .  Formed in Hudson , New York , on September 5 , 1862 , by Col. David S. Cowles , the regiment was made up of volunteers from the surrounding towns and villages ."}
{"_id": "144_Squadron,_Republic_of_Singapore_Air_Force", "title": "144 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force", "headings": "", "text": "The 144 Squadron `` Blackite '' of the Republic of Singapore Air Force is a fighter-bomber squadron based at Paya Lebar Air Base , the squadron goes by the motto `` Dare To Excel '' with the black kite adopted as its mascot ."}
{"_id": "1990_Cheltenham_Gold_Cup", "title": "1990 Cheltenham Gold Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Cheltenham Gold Cup was a horse race which took place at Cheltenham on Thursday March 15 , 1990 . It was the 63rd running of the Cheltenham Gold Cup , and it was won by Norton 's Coin . The winner was ridden by Graham McCourt and trained by Sirrel Griffiths . The pre-race favourite Desert Orchid finished third .   With a starting price of 100/1 , Norton 's Coin became the longest-odds winner in the race 's history . He was the second winner to be trained in Wales -- the first was Patron Saint in 1928 ."}
{"_id": "1955_Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football_team", "title": "1955 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team represented Rutgers University in the 1955 college football season . In their 14th and final season under head coach Harvey Harman , the Scarlet Knights compiled a 3 -- 5 record and were outscored by their opponents 22 to 13 ."}
{"_id": "17th-century_philosophy", "title": "17th-century philosophy", "headings": "", "text": "17th-century philosophy in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy , and a departure from the medieval approach , especially Scholasticism .   Early 17th-century philosophy is often called the Age of Reason or Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed the Renaissance philosophy era and precede the Age of Enlightenment ."}
{"_id": "1991_Los_Angeles_Film_Critics_Association_Awards", "title": "1991 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards were announced on 14 December 1991 and given on 21 January 1992 ."}
{"_id": "1961_Detroit_Titans_football_team", "title": "1961 Detroit Titans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 Detroit Titans football team represented the University of Detroit in the 1961 college football season . Detroit outscored its opponents by a combined total of 181 to 173 and finished with a 5 -- 6 record in its third year under head coach Jim Miller ."}
{"_id": "1983_Liberty_Bowl", "title": "1983 Liberty Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Liberty Bowl was an American college football bowl game played on December 29 , 1983 at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis , Tennessee . The game pitted the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and the Boston College Eagles ."}
{"_id": "16", "title": "16", "headings": "", "text": "Sixteen or 16 may refer to :  16 ( number )  one of the years 16 BC , AD 16 , 1916 , 2016"}
{"_id": "1913_Carlisle_Indians_football_team", "title": "1913 Carlisle Indians football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 Carlisle Indians football team represented the Carlisle Indians football team of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School during the 1913 college football season . The Indians were coached by Pop Warner in his 12th year as head coach . . The team compiled a record of 10 -- 1 -- 1 , outscoring opponents 296 to 53 . The victory over Dartmouth was a great upset ."}
{"_id": "1975_Virginia_Slims_Championships", "title": "1975 Virginia Slims Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Virginia Slims Championships were the fourth season-ending Tour Championships , the annual tennis tournament for the best female tennis players in singles on the Virginia Slims Circuit . The 16 best players , based on points average , qualified for the tournament provided they had played at least six tournaments . The singles event consisted of an elimination round and the eight winners were subsequently divided over two round robin groups ( Gold and Green ) . The winners of each group played each other in the final and additionally there were play-off matches for third , fifth and seventh place . The tournament was played on synthetic carpet ( Sporteze ) and was held in the week of March 31 to April 5 , 1975 , at the Los Angeles Sports Arena in Los Angeles , California . This was the first year the tournament switched from October to April ."}
{"_id": "1944–45_Copa_del_Generalísimo", "title": "1944–45 Copa del Generalísimo", "headings": "", "text": "The Copa del Generalísimo 1945 is the 43rd staging of the Spanish Cup . The competition began on December 31 , 1944 , and concluded on June 24 , 1945 , with the final ."}
{"_id": "19th_Independent_Battery_Indiana_Light_Artillery", "title": "19th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery", "headings": "", "text": "19th Indiana Battery Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It was often referred to as Harris ' Battery ."}
{"_id": "1981_Benson_and_Hedges_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1981 Benson and Hedges Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "First-seeded Bill Scanlon defeated Tim Wilkison 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 to win the 1981 Heineken Open singles competition . John Sadri was the champion but did not defend his title ."}
{"_id": "1982_Vypeen_hooch_tragedy", "title": "1982 Vypeen hooch tragedy", "headings": "", "text": "1982 Vypeen hooch tragedy killed 77 people in 1982 in Vypeen near Kochi in Indian state of Kerala . Hundreds of people , mostly fish workers and other labour people , drunk spurious liquor supplied by several Government-licensed arrack shops . The tragedy occurred on the Onam day of 1982 and killed 77 people , blinded 63 , crippled 15 and nearly 650 families were reduced to penury ."}
{"_id": "1950_Cleveland_Browns_season", "title": "1950 Cleveland Browns season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Cleveland Browns season was the team 's first in the National Football League ( NFL ) after playing the previous four years in the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) , which folded after the 1949 season . The Browns finished the regular season with a 10 -- 2 win -- loss record and beat the Los Angeles Rams to win the NFL championship . It was Cleveland 's fifth consecutive championship victory , the previous four having come in the AAFC .   Cleveland added 12 new players to its roster before the season began , several of whom came from other AAFC teams that had dissolved as part of a selective merger of the Browns , the Baltimore Colts and the San Francisco 49ers into the NFL in 1949 . They included guard Abe Gibron , who went on to a 10-year football career , and Len Ford , a defensive end who had a Hall of Fame career with the Browns . The team 's top draft choice was halfback Ken Carpenter .   After winning all five of their preseason games , the Browns faced the two-time defending champion Philadelphia Eagles in their first regular-season game . Many sportswriters and owners considered the Browns inferior despite their success in the AAFC , calling them the dominant team in a minor league , but Cleveland defeated Philadelphia 35 -- 10 , the first of 10 victories on the season . Cleveland 's only two losses came against the New York Giants , with whom the team shared a 10 -- 2 record at the end of the regular season .   The tie forced a playoff to determine whether the Browns or Giants would win the American Conference and play in the championship game . Cleveland won the playoff 8 -- 3 in freezing weather at Cleveland Stadium . A week later , on Christmas Eve , the Browns faced the Rams at home in the championship . Cleveland fell behind 28 -- 20 in the fourth quarter against the Rams ' potent offense , but quarterback Otto Graham engineered a comeback with a touchdown pass to Rex Bumgardner and a long drive that set up a winning field goal by Lou Groza with 28 seconds left to play . It was the first of six straight NFL championship appearances for the Browns . Cleveland fullback Marion Motley led the NFL in rushing , and seven Browns were selected to play in the first-ever Pro Bowl , the league 's all-star game ."}
{"_id": "1809_in_paleontology", "title": "1809 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1951_in_architecture", "title": "1951 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1951 in architecture involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Chelsea_F.C._season", "title": "1992–93 Chelsea F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1992 -- 93 English football season , Chelsea F.C. competed in the inaugural season of the FA Premier League .   The season was the club 's 88th year in existence since their foundation in 1905 . It was their 58th season within England 's highest tier of football and their fourth season of their current top-flight spell following promotion at the end of the 1988-89 season ."}
{"_id": "1951–52_Colchester_United_F.C._season", "title": "1951–52 Colchester United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 -- 52 season was Colchester United 's tenth season in their history and their second season in the Third Division South , the third tier of English football . Alongside competing in the Third Division South , the club also participated in the FA Cup . Colchester reached the third round of the FA Cup before being knocked out by Second Division side Barnsley . In the league , they bettered the previous season 's 16th-placed finish by finishing 10th ."}
{"_id": "1998_Majorca_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1998 Majorca Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1946–47_Tercera_División", "title": "1946–47 Tercera División", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 -- 47 Tercera División was the 11th edition of the Spanish national third tier ."}
{"_id": "1968_NAIA_Division_I_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1968 NAIA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 NAIA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament was held in March at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City , Missouri . The 31st annual NAIA basketball tournament featured 32 teams playing in a single-elimination format ."}
{"_id": "1468_in_Ireland", "title": "1468 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1468 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "121_(number)", "title": "121 (number)", "headings": "", "text": "121 ( one hundred -LSB- and -RSB- twenty-one ) is the natural number following 120 and preceding 122 ."}
{"_id": "1988_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Women's_shot_put", "title": "1988 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's shot put", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's shot put event at the 1988 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 6 March ."}
{"_id": "1719_Establishment", "title": "1719 Establishment", "headings": "", "text": "The 1719 Establishment was the first formal ` Establishment ' ( mandatory requirements to govern the construction of warships for the Royal Navy ) laid down to govern the construction of all ships built or rebuilt down to those of 20 carriage guns , whether in the Royal Dockyards or by commercial contractors . It did not apply to ships and other vessels with fewer than 20 carriage guns ( which were unrated vessels ) . It superseded the previous 1706 Establishment , which had only specified the major dimensions of ships of 40 guns and above ( and had specifically excluded the 100-gun first rates ) .   The new 1719 Establishment was applied to all new ships from first rates down to sixth rates inclusive ( i.e. all ships of 20 or more guns ) as well as to rebuilds of existing ships . In fact , for the first 20 years from 1719 , all ships were technically rebuilds of existing ships , as the Admiralty were constrained not to build `` new '' ( i.e. additional ) ships . During this period , a rebuild could amount to anything from stripping off planking to facilitate replacement of rotten timbers and adjustments to suit the required dimensions , or complete dismantlement and construction of what was , for all intents and purposes , a completely new ship making but the scantiest use of timber from the old ship .   More important was that the new Establishment in 1719 was not simply limited to specifying the overall dimensions of each type of warship , but now set out in great detail other factors used in constructing the ship , down to the thickness of timbers ( `` scantlings '' ) used in construction and planking .   The Establishment adopted in 1719 was subject to substantial revisions in both 1733 and 1741 , although on neither occasion was the 1719 Establishment replaced . A new Establishment was finally adopted in 1745 .   Before the 1745 centralised all design work in the office of the Surveyor of the Navy , the design of every vessel was the responsibility of the Master Shipwright in the dockyard in which that vessel was built ; thus ships built to one Establishment has to conform to the dimensions and other measurements specified by that Establishment , but were to varying designs and therefore did not constitute a `` class '' in the modern use of the term . The exception to this was when ships were built under contract by commercial shipbuilders , for which a common design was prepared by the Surveyor and copies sent to the shipbuilder for execution ; this only applied to some of the two-decker ships and smaller vessels ( all three-deckers were built or rebuilt in the Royal Dockyards ) , and was almost exclusively a wartime occurrence ."}
{"_id": "1878_in_paleontology", "title": "1878 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1948_Orange_Bowl", "title": "1948 Orange Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Orange Bowl featured the Kansas Jayhawkers and the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets ."}
{"_id": "1994_Liga_Deportiva_Universitaria_de_Quito_season", "title": "1994 Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito season", "headings": "", "text": "Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito 's 1994 season was the club 's 64th year of existence , the 41st year in professional football , and the 34th in the top level of professional football in Ecuador ."}
{"_id": "1992_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Soccer_Championship", "title": "1992 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Championship was the 33rd organized men 's college soccer tournament by the National Collegiate Athletic Association , to determine the top college soccer team in the United States . The Virginia Cavaliers won their third national title , and second straight , by defeating the San Diego Toreros in the championship game , 2-0 . The final match was played on December 6 , 1992 , in Davidson , North Carolina , at Richardson Stadium . All the other games were played at the home field of the higher seeded team ."}
{"_id": "1986_All-Big_Eight_Conference_football_team", "title": "1986 All-Big Eight Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 All-Big Eight Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Big Eight Conference teams for the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season . The selectors for the 1986 season included the Associated Press ( AP ) and the United Press International ( UPI ) ."}
{"_id": "1996_Mountain_Dew_Southern_500", "title": "1996 Mountain Dew Southern 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Mountain Dew Southern 500 , the 47th running of the event , was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race held on September 1 , 1996 at Darlington Raceway in Darlington , South Carolina . Contested at 367 laps on the 1.366 mile ( 2.198 km ) speedway , it was the twenty-third race of the 1996 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season . Jeff Gordon of Hendrick Motorsports won the race ."}
{"_id": "1991_in_Germany", "title": "1991 in Germany", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1991 in Germany ."}
{"_id": "1937_Michigan_State_Normal_Hurons_football_team", "title": "1937 Michigan State Normal Hurons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Michigan State Normal Hurons football team represented Michigan State Normal College ( later renamed Eastern Michigan University ) during the 1937 college football season . In their 16th season under head coach Elton Rynearson , the Hurons compiled a record of 5 -- 2 -- 1 and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 156 to 69 . August R. DeFroscia was the team captain . The team played its home games at Normal Field on the school 's campus in Ypsilanti , Michigan .   In January 1937 , Walter Briggs Sr. , a native of Ypsilanti , agreed to donate an athletic plant to the school , consisting of a field house and football and baseball grandstands . The football field was called Walter O. Briggs Field in his honor . It opened in March 1938 ."}
{"_id": "1952_Northeast_Louisiana_State_Indians_football_team", "title": "1952 Northeast Louisiana State Indians football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Northeast Louisiana State Indians football team represented Northeast Louisiana State College in the 1952 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_Algerian_Championnat_National", "title": "1965–66 Algerian Championnat National", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965-1966 Algerian Championnat National was the fourth season of the Algerian Championnat National since its establishment in 1962 . A total of 16 teams contested the league , with CR Belcourt as the defending champions ."}
{"_id": "1980_Dominican_Republic_Embassy_siege_in_Bogotá", "title": "1980 Dominican Republic Embassy siege in Bogotá", "headings": "", "text": "The Dominican Republic Embassy siege was the 1980 siege of the embassy of the Dominican Republic by M-19 guerrillas in Bogotá , Colombia . The guerrillas held nearly 60 people , including 14 ambassadors , hostage for 61 days ."}
{"_id": "1", "title": "1", "headings": "", "text": "1 ( one , also called unit , unity , and ( multiplicative ) identity ) , is a number , a numeral , and the name of the glyph representing that number . It represents a single entity , the unit of counting or measurement . For example , a line segment of unit length is a line segment of length 1 . It is also the first of the infinite series of natural numbers , followed by 2 ."}
{"_id": "1935–36_Brentford_F.C._season", "title": "1935–36 Brentford F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1935 -- 36 English football season , Brentford competed in the Football League First Division for the first time in the club 's history . A torrid run in the opening half of the season left Brentford in the relegation places , but after a number of key signings were made , just two defeats from Christmas Day 1935 through to the end of the season elevated the Bees to an impressive 5th-place finish , the club 's highest-ever in the league pyramid . Brentford also reached the final of the London Challenge Cup for the second consecutive season , but were beaten by league rivals Arsenal . In 2013 , the Brentford supporters voted 1935 -- 36 as the club 's third-best season ."}
{"_id": "1893_WPI_Engineers_football_team", "title": "1893 WPI Engineers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1893 WPI Engineers football team represents Worcester Polytechnic Institute in the 1893 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1912_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team", "title": "1912 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1912 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team was the representative of the University of Nebraska in the 1912 college football season . The team was coached by Ewald O. Stiehm and played their home games at Nebraska Field in Lincoln , Nebraska ."}
{"_id": "1912_Anubis", "title": "1912 Anubis", "headings": "", "text": "1912 Anubis , also designated , is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , approximately 10 kilometers in diameter . It was named after the Egyptian deity Anubis ,"}
{"_id": "1937_Northern_Illinois_State_Evansmen_football_team", "title": "1937 Northern Illinois State Evansmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Northern Illinois State Evansmen football team represented Northern Illinois State Teachers College in the 1937 college football season . There were no divisions of college football during this time period , and the Evansmen competed in the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference . They were led by ninth year head coach Chick Evans and played their home games at the 5,500 seat Glidden Field , located on the east end of campus ."}
{"_id": "1737_in_science", "title": "1737 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1737 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Serie_A", "title": "1999–2000 Serie A", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 season of Serie A , the major Italian professional football league , was contested by 18 teams .   By late March , Juventus topped the table by nine points over Lazio with only eight games remaining , but they lost to Milan , to Lazio at the Stadio delle Alpi , and to Verona , with Lazio only dropping two points , against Fiorentina . Lazio won the title on the final day of the season when Juventus lost their match against Perugia 1 -- 0 on an almost flooded pitch , while Lazio comfortably beat Reggina 3 -- 0 at home at the Stadio Olimpico ."}
{"_id": "1991_Currie_Cup_Central_A", "title": "1991 Currie Cup Central A", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Currie Cup Central A was the second division of the Currie Cup competition , the premier domestic rugby union competition in South Africa . This was the 53rd season since the competition started in 1889 ."}
{"_id": "1990_National_League_Championship_Series", "title": "1990 National League Championship Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 National League Championship Series was played between the Cincinnati Reds ( 91 -- 71 ) and the Pittsburgh Pirates ( 95 -- 67 ) . It was the first playoff appearance for both teams since 1979 and the fifth NLCS meeting overall with Cincinnati winning the Pennant in 1970 , 1972 , and 1975 while Pittsburgh won in 1979 .   The Reds won the series 4 -- 2 and eventually went on to sweep the defending World Champion Oakland Athletics in the World Series . This was the only NLCS during the 1990s that did not feature the Atlanta Braves and was the first of four straight to feature either the Philadelphia Phillies or the Pittsburgh Pirates .   Between Game 2 ( in Cincinnati ) and Game 3 ( in Pittsburgh ) , the teams took two days off instead of the usual one . That Sunday , October 7 , the Pittsburgh Steelers needed to use Three Rivers Stadium for their scheduled game against the San Diego Chargers , so Game 3 ( and by extension , the rest of the series ) was pushed back a day ."}
{"_id": "1924_International_Lawn_Tennis_Challenge", "title": "1924 International Lawn Tennis Challenge", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the 19th edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup . The tournament was , for the second straight year , divided into the America and Europe Zones . 17 teams competed in the Europe Zone , and 6 in America . China , Cuba , Hungary , Mexico , and New Zealand all competed for the first time , and South Africa and Austria returned to create the largest field to date .   For the second straight year , Australia defeated France in the Inter-Zonal play-off , but once again fell to the United States in the challenge round . The final was played at the Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States on 11 -- 13 September ."}
{"_id": "1607", "title": "1607", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1921_Far_Eastern_Championship_Games", "title": "1921 Far Eastern Championship Games", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 Far Eastern Championship Games was the fifth edition of the regional multi-sport event , contested between China , Japan and the Philippines , and was held from 30 May to 3 June in Shanghai , Republic of China . A total of eight sports were contested over the course of the five-day event . India , Malaya , Siam ( Thailand ) , Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) and Java were all invited to participate at the games , but did not do so due to the expense of sending teams to Shanghai .   In the football competition , China was represented by South China AA , a Hong Kong-based team .   Women were included in the games for the first time . Although no women competed in sports events , around 830 Shanghai schoolgirls did a mass calisthenics demonstration , which included the miming of actions from the sports involved on the main , men-only programme .   The opening ceremony saw cheering of all participants by both Japanese visitors and the Chinese home crowd . The Japanese delegation contained athletes from Taiwan ( the former Chinese island then under Japanese rule ) , but there is no record of any Chinese reaction to this . The closing ceremony was marred by six anarchist protesters from Hunan disrupting the proceedings . The group distributed anti-capitalist material advocating the overthrow of the government and one fired a gun . The group were arrested at the scene ."}
{"_id": "1904_Villanova_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1904 Villanova Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 Villanova Wildcats football team represented the Villanova University during the 1904 college football season . The Wildcats team captain was Patrick O'Connor ."}
{"_id": "1952_Stanley_Cup_Finals", "title": "1952 Stanley Cup Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 Stanley Cup Final NHL championship series was contested by the Detroit Red Wings and the Montreal Canadiens in the first of the four Detroit-Montreal Final series of the 1950s . The Canadiens were appearing in their second straight Finals series , while Detroit was returning after winning the 1950 Final . The Red Wings would win the series 4 -- 0 , shutting out the Canadiens twice and allowing one goal in each of the other two games . By doing so , the Red Wings became the first team to go perfect in the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "12th_century_in_literature", "title": "12th century in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in the 12th century .   The 12th century in Western Europe saw an increase in the production of Latin texts and a proliferation of literate clerics from the multiplying cathedral schools . At the same time , vernacular literatures ranging from Provençal to Icelandic embodied in lyric and romance the values and worldview of an increasingly self-conscious and prosperous courtly aristocracy . These two trends contributed to a sweeping revival of letters with a lasting influence on the development of literature in the following centuries ."}
{"_id": "1951_VFL_season", "title": "1951 VFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 Victorian Football League season was the 55th season of the elite Australian rules football competition ."}
{"_id": "100_People_Who_Are_Screwing_Up_America", "title": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America", "headings": "", "text": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America ( and Al Franken is # 37 ) is a non-fiction book by Bernard Goldberg that was published in 2005 . The book 's central idea is to name and blame a long list of specific individuals for making the United States a `` far more selfish , vulgar , and cynical place . '' In 2006 , Goldberg updated his book , releasing 110 People Who Are Screwing Up America ."}
{"_id": "1907_Uruguayan_Primera_División", "title": "1907 Uruguayan Primera División", "headings": "", "text": "The Uruguayan Championship 1907 was the seventh official championship of Uruguayan football history ."}
{"_id": "18th_Oklahoma_Legislature", "title": "18th Oklahoma Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The Eighteenth Oklahoma Legislature was a meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma , composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives . The state legislature met in regular session at the Oklahoma State Capitol in Oklahoma City from January 7 to May 23 , 1941 , during the term of Governor Leon C. Phillips .   As Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma , James E. Berry served as the President of the Senate . H. M. Curnutt served as the President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate . E. Blumhagen served as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives ."}
{"_id": "1973_NCAA_Division_I_Soccer_Championship", "title": "1973 NCAA Division I Soccer Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Championship was the fifteenth organized men 's college soccer tournament by the National Collegiate Athletic Association , to determine the top Division I college soccer team in the United States . The Saint Louis Billikens won their tenth national title by defeating the UCLA Bruins for the second consecutive year in the championship game , 2-1 after one overtime period . The final match was played on January 4 , 1974 , in Miami , Florida , at the Miami Orange Bowl for the third straight year .   Starting in 1973 , the NCAA changed its classification system and the former University Division became Division I . At the same time , the College Division split into Division II and Division III ."}
{"_id": "1998_British_Speedway_Championship", "title": "1998 British Speedway Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 British Speedway Championship was the 1998 edition of the British Speedway Championship . The Final took place on 17 May at Brandon in Coventry , England . The Championship was won by Chris Louis , with Joe Screen in second place and Paul Hurry in third ."}
{"_id": "1946_in_Turkey", "title": "1946 in Turkey", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1946 in Turkey ."}
{"_id": "1982_English_Greyhound_Derby", "title": "1982 English Greyhound Derby", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Spillers Greyhound Derby took place during June with the final being held on 26 June 1982 at White City Stadium . The winner Lauries Panther received # 25,000 and the competition was sponsored by the Spillers for the final time ."}
{"_id": ".25_Stevens", "title": ".25 Stevens", "headings": "", "text": "The .25 Stevens was an American rimfire rifle cartridge .   Developed by J. Stevens Arms & Tool Company and Peters Cartridge Company , it was developed between 1898 and 1900 ; catalogs suggest it was introduced in 1898 , but most sources agree on 1900 . It was offered in the Crack Shot # 15 rifle , which debuted in 1900 . It may also have been available in the Favorite rifle , which was first released in 1894 . It originally used a 10 to black powder charge under a 67 gr slug ; this was later replaced by smokeless .   With `` an excellent reputation '' as a small game ( such as rabbit ) and varmint round , it suffered excessively high trajectory ( a drop of 5.1 in at 100 yd ) compared to the .22 Long Rifle . It was available with either solid lead or hollow point bullet .   Serving as the parent for the less-successful .25 Stevens Short and experimental Remington .267 Rimfire , it was dropped in 1942 ."}
{"_id": "1904_Colorado_Silver_and_Gold_football_team", "title": "1904 Colorado Silver and Gold football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 Colorado Silver and Gold football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1904 college football season . Dave Cropp led the team to a mark of 3 -- 1 in the CFA and 6 -- 2 -- 1 overall in his second and final season ."}
{"_id": "1963_LSU_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1963 LSU Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University during the 1963 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1995_Rugby_League_World_Cup_knockout_stage", "title": "1995 Rugby League World Cup knockout stage", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Rugby League World Cup knockout stage took place after the group stage of the 1995 Rugby League World Cup and culminated in the 1995 Rugby League World Cup Final .   The Semi-finals consisted of four teams ; 1st and 2nd from Group A , 1st from Group B and 1st from Group C."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Segunda_Divisão_B", "title": "1994–95 Segunda Divisão B", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 Segunda Divisão season was the 61st season of the competition and the 45th season of recognised third-tier football in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1953_NSWRFL_season", "title": "1953 NSWRFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1953 New South Wales Rugby Football League season was the forty-sixth season of the rugby league competition based in Sydney . Ten teams from across the city competed for the J. J. Giltinan Shield during the season , which culminated in a final between South Sydney and St. George ."}
{"_id": "1995_in_New_Zealand_television", "title": "1995 in New Zealand television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of New Zealand television events and premieres which occurred , or are scheduled to occur , in 1995 , the 35th year of continuous operation of television in New Zealand .   This is a list of New Zealand television-related events in 1995 ."}
{"_id": "1977_Dutch_Grand_Prix", "title": "1977 Dutch Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Zandvoort on 28 August 1977 ."}
{"_id": "1940_State_of_the_Union_Address", "title": "1940 State of the Union Address", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 State of the Union Address was given by the 32nd President of the United States , Franklin D. Roosevelt , on January 3 , 1940 , to both houses of Congress . It was given right before the United States entered World War II . He said , `` You are well aware that dictatorships -- and the philosophy of force that justifies and accompanies dictatorships -- have originated in almost every case in the necessity for drastic action to improve internal conditions in places where democratic action for one reason or another has failed to respond to modern needs and modern demands . ''"}
{"_id": "1979_Mississauga_train_derailment", "title": "1979 Mississauga train derailment", "headings": "", "text": "The Mississauga train derailment of 1979 , also known as the Mississauga Miracle occurred on Saturday , November 10 , 1979 , in Mississauga , Ontario , Canada , when a 106-car Canadian Pacific freight train carrying chemicals and explosives including Styrene , Toluene , Propane , Caustic Soda , and Chlorine from Windsor , Ontario derailed near the intersection of Mavis Road and Dundas Street in Mississauga , Ontario . As a result of the derailment , more than 200,000 people were evacuated in what was the largest peacetime evacuation in North America until the New Orleans evacuation of 2005 . There were no deaths resulting from the incident . This was the last major explosion in the Greater Toronto Area until the Sunrise Propane blast in 2008 ."}
{"_id": "1830_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1830 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1110_Jaroslawa", "title": "1110 Jaroslawa", "headings": "", "text": "1110 Jaroslawa is a main belt asteroid orbiting the Sun . It is approximately 67 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered by Grigory Nikolaevich Neujmin on August 10 , 1928 , at Simeis . Its provisional designation was 1928 PD . It is named after Jaroslav Grigorevich Neujmin , son of the discoverer ."}
{"_id": "1983_Murjani_Cup_–_Doubles", "title": "1983 Murjani Cup – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Kathy Jordan and Paula Smith were the defending champions but lost in the final 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 against Barbara Potter and Sharon Walsh ."}
{"_id": "1988_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Women's_400_metres", "title": "1988 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 400 metres event at the 1988 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Sudbury , Ontario , Canada , at Laurentian University Stadium on 27 , 28 and 29 July ."}
{"_id": "1949_Manchester_BEA_Douglas_DC-3_accident", "title": "1949 Manchester BEA Douglas DC-3 accident", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 Manchester BEA Douglas DC-3 accident occurred when a twin-engined British European Airways Douglas DC-3 ( registration : G-AHCY ) crashed on Saddleworth Moor in the Pennines near Oldham , Lancashire , after a flight from Belfast . The accident killed 24 of the passengers and crew on board . The aircraft had first flown in 1944 , and was captained by F. W. Pinkerton , a former RAF serviceman who , as a sergeant , had been posted missing during World War II . The airline was government-owned ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Elitserien_season", "title": "1995–96 Elitserien season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Elitserien season was the 21st season of the Elitserien , the top level of ice hockey in Sweden . 12 teams participated in the league , and Luleå HF won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1984_Auburn_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1984 Auburn Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season ."}
{"_id": "1962_Michigan_State_Spartans_football_team", "title": "1962 Michigan State Spartans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Michigan State Spartans football team represented Michigan State University in the 1962 Big Ten Conference football season . In their ninth season under head coach Duffy Daugherty , the Spartans compiled a 5 -- 4 overall record 3 -- 3 against Big Ten opponents ) and finished in fifth place in the Big Ten Conference .   Two Spartans were selected as first-team players on the 1962 All-Big Ten Conference football team . Halfback George Saimes received first-team honors from the Associated Press ( AP ) and United Press International ( UPI ) , and center Dave Behrman received first-team honors from the AP . Saimes was also a consensus first-team selection for the 1962 College Football All-America Team . Guard Ed Budde was selected by Time magazine as a first-team All-American .   The 1962 Spartans won all three of their annual rivalry games . In the annual Indiana -- Michigan State football rivalry game , the Spartans defeated the Hoosiers by a 26 to 8 score . In the Notre Dame rivalry game , the Spartans defeated the Fighting Irish by a 31 to 7 score . And , in the annual Michigan -- Michigan State football rivalry game , the Spartans defeated the Wolverines by a 28 to 0 score . In non-conference play , the Spartans also defeated North Carolina ( 38-6 ) and lost to Stanford ( 16-13 ) ."}
{"_id": "1984_Australian_Open_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1984 Australian Open – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Martina Navratilova was the defending champion , and entered this tournament with a record 70-match winning streak , and 6 consecutive Grand Slam titles . However , she was upset in the semifinals by Helena Suková . Despite this loss and failure to complete the elusive Calendar Year Grand Slam , her 74-match winning streak remains the longest in professional tennis history .   Chris Evert won the tournament , defeating Suková , 6 -- 7 ( 4 -- 7 ) , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 ."}
{"_id": "1991_Australian_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1991 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix was the second round of the 1991 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . The race took place on the weekend of 5 -- 7 April 1991 at Eastern Creek Raceway in Sydney , New South Wales . It was the first of six times the Australian motorcycle Grand Prix would be held at Eastern Creek before moving permanently back to Phillip Island in 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1707_in_Russia", "title": "1707 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1707 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1871_in_sports", "title": "1871 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1871 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1972_Detroit_Lions_season", "title": "1972 Detroit Lions season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Detroit Lions season was their 43rd in the league . The team improved on their previous season 's output of 7 -- 6 -- 1 , winning eight games . The team missed the playoffs for the second straight season . Linebacker Wayne Walker established a new team record for games played at 200 . It was also the final season for longtime DB Dick LeBeau ."}
{"_id": "13th_Ward_of_New_Orleans", "title": "13th Ward of New Orleans", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th Ward or Thirteenth Ward is a division of the city of New Orleans , Louisiana . It is one of the 17 Wards of New Orleans . The Ward was formerly part of the old Jefferson City annexed by New Orleans in 1870 ."}
{"_id": "1993_Cameroonian_Premier_League", "title": "1993 Cameroonian Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "In the 1993 season of MTN Elite One , 16 teams competed . Racing Bafoussam won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1994_James_Hardie_12_Hour", "title": "1994 James Hardie 12 Hour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 James Hardie 12 Hour was an endurance race for production cars held at the Mount Panorama Circuit , Bathurst , New South Wales , Australia on 3 April 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1578_in_Norway", "title": "1578 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1578 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "158", "title": "158", "headings": "", "text": "Year 158 ( CLVIII ) was a common year starting on Saturday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar . At the time , it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Tertullus and Sacerdos ( or , less frequently , year 911 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 158 for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years ."}
{"_id": "1,7-Octadiene", "title": "1,7-Octadiene", "headings": "", "text": "1,7-Octadiene ( C8H14 ) is a light flammable organic compound .   Researchers have used 1,7-octadiene to assist ethylene in a cross-enyne metathesis Diels -- Alder reaction .   Plasma polymerized 1,7-octadiene films deposited on silica can produce particles with tuned hydrophobicity ."}
{"_id": "1963_Boston_Red_Sox_season", "title": "1963 Boston Red Sox season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 Boston Red Sox season was the 63rd season in the franchise 's Major League Baseball history . The Red Sox finished seventh in the American League ( AL ) with a record of 76 wins and 85 losses , 28 games behind the AL champion New York Yankees ."}
{"_id": "1971_Five_Nations_Championship", "title": "1971 Five Nations Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Five Nations Championship was the forty-second series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship . Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations , this was the seventy-seventh series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship . This was the last Five Nations tournament where a try was worth 3 points . Ten matches were played between 16 January and 27 March . It was contested by England , France , Ireland , Scotland and Wales .   Wales won all their four matches to win the championship for the seventeenth time outright , excluding shared titles . They won the Triple Crown for the second time in three seasons and the twelfth time overall , and completed the Grand Slam for the first time since 1952 and the sixth time overall ."}
{"_id": "1964_in_sports", "title": "1964 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1964 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1999_European_Athletics_U23_Championships_–_Women's_heptathlon", "title": "1999 European Athletics U23 Championships – Women's heptathlon", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's heptathlon event at the 1999 European Athletics U23 Championships was held in Göteborg , Sweden , at Ullevi on 31 July and 1 August 1999 ."}
{"_id": "1950_in_Turkey", "title": "1950 in Turkey", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1950 in Turkey ."}
{"_id": "1847_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1847 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1982–83_Scottish_Football_League", "title": "1982–83 Scottish Football League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of the Scottish Football League in season 1982 -- 83 ."}
{"_id": "1803_in_architecture", "title": "1803 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1803 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings ."}
{"_id": "168th_Field_Artillery_Regiment", "title": "168th Field Artillery Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 168th Field Artillery Regiment is a Field Artillery Branch regiment of the Army National Guard .   During World War II the unit was configured under the 75th Field Artillery Brigade with the following units -  168th Field Artillery ( 155mm ) ( Motorized ) Battalion Colorado National Guard  181st Field Artillery ( 155mm ) ( Trk Drawn ) Battalion Tennessee National Guard  191st Field Artillery ( 155mm ) ( Trk Drawn ) Battalion Tennessee National Guard"}
{"_id": "101st_meridian_west", "title": "101st meridian west", "headings": "", "text": "The meridian 101 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 101st meridian west forms a great circle with the 79th meridian east ."}
{"_id": "1977–78_Bahraini_Premier_League", "title": "1977–78 Bahraini Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Bahraini Premier League in the 1977/1978 season ."}
{"_id": "1915_Australasian_Championships_–_Singles", "title": "1915 Australasian Championships – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Gordon Lowe defeated Horace Rice 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Men 's Singles tennis title at the 1915 Australasian Championships ."}
{"_id": "1991_Kremlin_Cup_–_Doubles", "title": "1991 Kremlin Cup – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Hendrik Jan Davids and Paul Haarhuis were the defending champions , but Haarhuis did not participate this year . Davids partnered Ģirts Dzelde , losing in the first round .   Eric Jelen and Carl-Uwe Steeb won the title , defeating Andrei Cherkasov and Alexander Volkov 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1994_Monaco_Grand_Prix_Formula_Three", "title": "1994 Monaco Grand Prix Formula Three", "headings": "", "text": "Results from the 1994 Monaco Grand Prix Formula Three held at Monte Carlo on May 14 , 1994 , in the Circuit de Monaco ."}
{"_id": "1972_Chicago_Cubs_season", "title": "1972 Chicago Cubs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Chicago Cubs season was the 101st season of the Chicago Cubs franchise , the 97th in the National League and the 57th at Wrigley Field . The Cubs finished second in the National League East with a record of 85 -- 70 ."}
{"_id": "1993_Blockbuster_Bowl", "title": "1993 Blockbuster Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Blockbuster Bowl game was a post-season college football bowl game between the Stanford Cardinal and the Penn State Nittany Lions played on January 1 , 1993 , at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida . It was the third edition of the bowl game .   The legendary status of both head coaches was the pregame focus -- Penn State 's Joe Paterno was attempting to get his 15th bowl game win , and Stanford 's Bill Walsh had won three Super Bowls with the San Francisco 49ers -- but the game itself was dominated by Stanford , which scored on its first possession and led the entire game , winning 24 -- 3 ."}
{"_id": "1986_UMass_Minutemen_football_team", "title": "1986 UMass Minutemen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 UMass Minutemen football team represented the University of Massachusetts Amherst in the 1986 NCAA Division I-AA football season as a member of the Yankee Conference . The team was coached by Jim Reid and played its home games at Warren McGuirk Alumni Stadium in Hadley , Massachusetts . The 1986 season was notable as it was Jim Reid 's first as coach of the Minutemen . Reid led UMass to their first conference championship since 1982 . UMass finished the season with a record of 8 -- 3 overall and 5 -- 2 in conference play ."}
{"_id": "1975_World_Karate_Championships", "title": "1975 World Karate Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 World Karate Championships are the 3rd edition of the World Karate Championships , and were held in Long Beach , United States in 1975 ."}
{"_id": "1880_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "1880 in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1880 in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": ".22_Hornet", "title": ".22 Hornet", "headings": "", "text": "The .22 Hornet or 5.6 × 35mmR is a varmint , small-game , predator , and competition centerfire rifle cartridge commercially introduced in 1930 . It is considerably more powerful than the .22 WMR and the .17 HMR , achieving higher velocity with a bullet twice the weight . The Hornet also differs very significantly from these in that it is not a rimfire but a centerfire cartridge . This makes it handloadable and reloadable , and thus much more versatile . It was the smallest commercially available .22 caliber centerfire cartridge until the introduction of the FN 5.7 × 28mm .   The .22 Hornet fills the gap between such popular varmint/predator cartridges as the .22 WMR and the .223 Remington . In regard to muzzle velocity , muzzle energy and noise , it is well suited to vermin and predator control in relatively built-up areas ."}
{"_id": "1940_Australian_Championships", "title": "1940 Australian Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1940 Australian Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on outdoor Grass courts at the White City Tennis Club , Sydney , Australia from 18 January to 28 January . It was the 33rd edition of the Australian Championships ( now known as the Australian Open ) , the 9th held in Sydney , and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year . The singles titles were won by Australians Adrian Quist and Nancye Wynne ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Slovenian_Football_Cup", "title": "1995–96 Slovenian Football Cup", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1993–94_Courage_League_National_Division_Three", "title": "1993–94 Courage League National Division Three", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 Courage League National Division Three was the seventh full season of rugby union within the third tier of the English league system , currently known as National League 1 . Following a reduction in size of the top four divisions of the league from thirteen to ten , the teams now play each other twice , home and away instead of just once .   Following their relegation last season , Coventry won the division and return to National Division Two for next season . They are joined by the runner-up , Fylde , who were also relegated last season . Havant and Redruth are both relegated to National Four . Havant were runners-up last season and would have been promoted to National Division Two if the leagues had not been re-organised ."}
{"_id": "1941_Hawthorn_Football_Club_season", "title": "1941 Hawthorn Football Club season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Hawthorn Football Club season was the clubs 17th season in the Victorian Football League ."}
{"_id": "1942_Iowa_Hawkeyes_football_team", "title": "1942 Iowa Hawkeyes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1942 Big Ten Conference football season . This was Eddie Anderson 's last season during his first stint as head coach for the Hawkeyes , before taking time off to serve in World War II ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_USISL_indoor", "title": "1991–92 USISL indoor", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 USISL indoor was an American soccer season run by the United States Interregional Soccer League during the winter of 1991 to 1992 ."}
{"_id": "1986_Asian_Games_medal_table", "title": "1986 Asian Games medal table", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Asian Games was a multi-sport event celebrated in Seoul , South Korea from September 20 to October 5 , 1986 ."}
{"_id": "(Pronounced_'Lĕh-'nérd_'Skin-'nérd)", "title": "(Pronounced 'Lĕh-'nérd 'Skin-'nérd)", "headings": "", "text": "( Pronounced ` Lĕh - ` nérd ` Skin - ` nérd ) is the debut album from Lynyrd Skynyrd , released in 1973 . The album features several of the band 's most well-known songs , including `` Gim me Three Steps '' , `` Simple Man '' , `` Tuesday 's Gone '' and `` Free Bird '' , which launched the band to national stardom ."}
{"_id": "1924_Yugoslav_Football_Championship", "title": "1924 Yugoslav Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 National Championship ( Serbo-Croato-Slovenian : Državno prvenstvo 1924 . / Државно првенство 1924 . ) held in the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes was the second nationwide domestic football competition . At this point there was no league championship in the modern sense as the competition was held in a single-legged cup format , with participating clubs qualifying via regional playoffs organised by regional football subfederations ."}
{"_id": "1890_English_cricket_season", "title": "1890 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1890 cricket season was the 293rd in England since the earliest known definite reference to cricket in January 1597 ( i.e. , Old Style -- 1598 New Style ) , and the first in which the County Championship was held as an official competition , following agreement between Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) and the leading county clubs at a meeting in December 1889 . Surrey became the first official county champions after winning nine out of fourteen games .   In Test cricket , England , captained by W. G. Grace , defeated Australia in a three-match series by 2 -- 0 to win The Ashes . It was the 13th test series between the sides . William Gunn of Nottinghamshire was the season 's highest runscorer ( 1,621 ) ; George Lohmann of Surrey took the most wickets ( 220 ) ."}
{"_id": "1992_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Basketball_Championship_Game", "title": "1992 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship Game was the finals of the 1992 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament and it determined the national champion for the 1991-92 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season The 1992 National Title Game was played on April 6 , 1992 at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis , Minnesota . The 1992 National Title Game was played between the 1992 East Regional Champions , # 1-seeded Duke and the 1992 Southeast Regional Champions , # 2-seeded Michigan ."}
{"_id": "1947–48_Western_Football_League", "title": "1947–48 Western Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 -- 48 season was the 46th in the history of the Western Football League .   The champions for the third time in their history and for the second consecutive season were Trowbridge Town , and the winners of Division Two were new club Salisbury , formed after the previous Salisbury club disbanded .   Two games in each division were left unplayed at the end of the season , and were ignored ."}
{"_id": "1951_Bulgarian_Cup", "title": "1951 Bulgarian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 Bulgarian Cup was the 11th season of the Bulgarian Cup ( in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army ) . CSKA Sofia won the competition , beating Akademik Sofia 1 -- 0 after extra time in the final at the People 's Army Stadium in Sofia ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_West_Ham_United_F.C._season", "title": "1998–99 West Ham United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1998 -- 99 English football season , West Ham United F.C. competed in the FA Premier League ( known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons ) ."}
{"_id": "14th_Deadly_Sin_(novel)", "title": "14th Deadly Sin (novel)", "headings": "", "text": "14th Deadly Sin is the fourteenth book of the Women 's Murder Club series . This novel was written by James Patterson and Maxine Paetro . At least one more book will follow , 15th Affair , in 2016 ."}
{"_id": "1417_in_Ireland", "title": "1417 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1417 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1931_Harvard_Crimson_football_team", "title": "1931 Harvard Crimson football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1931 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1633_in_art", "title": "1633 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1633 in art ."}
{"_id": "1984–85_Duke_Blue_Devils_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1984–85 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984-85 Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team represented Duke University in the 1984 -- 85 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The head coach was Mike Krzyzewski and the team finished the season with an overall record of 23-8 ."}
{"_id": "1987–88_Scottish_Football_League", "title": "1987–88 Scottish Football League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of the Scottish Football League in season 1987 -- 88 ."}
{"_id": "1993_in_heavy_metal_music", "title": "1993 in heavy metal music", "headings": "", "text": "This is a timeline documenting the events of heavy metal in the year 1993 ."}
{"_id": "1969_in_music", "title": "1969 in music", "headings": "", "text": "List of notable events in music that took place in the year 1969 .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1963–64_Aberdeen_F.C._season", "title": "1963–64 Aberdeen F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963-64 season was Aberdeen 's 51st season in the top flight of Scottish football and their 53rd season overall . Aberdeen competed in the Scottish League Division One , Scottish League Cup , Scottish Cup and the Summer Cup ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Detroit_Red_Wings_season", "title": "1990–91 Detroit Red Wings season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 Detroit Red Wings season saw the team return to the playoffs after missing the previous season , despite winning only thirty-four games . Until the 2016-17 season this was the last season when there were more losses than wins by the Red Wings , who were to set a National Hockey League record for the most consecutive winning seasons during the following two decades ."}
{"_id": "10.5_cm_hruby_kanon_vz._35", "title": "10.5 cm hruby kanon vz. 35", "headings": "", "text": "The 10.5 cm hrubý kanón vz . 35 ( Heavy Gun model 35 ) was a Czech field gun used in the Second World War . Those weapons captured after the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 were taken into Wehrmacht service as the 10.5 cm K 35 ( t ) . Former Yugoslav guns were designated as the 10.5 cm Kanone 339 ( j ) . It was used by a variety of German units during World War II , especially on coastal defense duties . 36 were in service with the Slovak Army ."}
{"_id": "1986_Soviet_First_League", "title": "1986 Soviet First League", "headings": "", "text": "Demoted from the Soviet Top League : FC Fakel Voronezh and FC SKA Rostov/Donu .  Promoted from the Soviet Second League : FC Rostselmash Rostov/Donu , FC Iskra Smolensk , and FC Atalantas Klaipėda .  There is some strange thing about FC Iskra Smolensk as it competed in both Soviet Leagues of 1985 the First and the Second simultaneously ."}
{"_id": "1999_Bank_of_the_West_Classic_–_Doubles", "title": "1999 Bank of the West Classic – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Bank of the West Classic -- Doubles was the doubles event of the twenty-eighth edition of the first tournament in the US Open Series .   Lindsay Davenport and Natasha Zvereva were the defending champions , but Zvereva did not compete this year . Davenport partnered up with Corina Morariu , and won her fifth Bank of the West Classic title in six years ."}
{"_id": "1512_in_art", "title": "1512 in art", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1968–69_FIBA_European_Cup_Winner's_Cup", "title": "1968–69 FIBA European Cup Winner's Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 -- 69 FIBA European Cup Winner 's Cup was the third edition of FIBA 's competition for European basketball national cup champions , running from December 1968 to 17 April 1969 . 22 teams took part in the competition .   The final , held in Vienna , confronted for the first time two clubs from the Eastern Bloc . Slavia VŠ Praha , which had lost the previous edition 's final to AEK , defeated Dinamo Tbilisi to become the competition 's first Czechoslovak champion ."}
{"_id": "1966–67_Austrian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1966–67 Austrian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 -- 67 Austrian Hockey League season was the 37th season of the Austrian Hockey League , the top level of ice hockey in Austria . Five teams participated in the league , and EC KAC won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1948_WANFL_season", "title": "1948 WANFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 WANFL season was the 64th season of senior football in Perth , Western Australia ."}
{"_id": "1948_Sun_Bowl", "title": "1948 Sun Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Sun Bowl matched the Texas Tech Red Raiders and the Miami ( Ohio ) Redskins ."}
{"_id": "1941_Florida_hurricane", "title": "1941 Florida hurricane", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Florida hurricane was a compact but strong tropical cyclone that affected the Bahamas , Florida , and the southeastern United States in October 1941 . The fifth known storm of the 1941 Atlantic hurricane season , it was first observed to the north of the Virgin Islands on October 3 . The storm tracked generally westward , reaching peak winds of 120 mi/h before passing through the Bahamas.These wind speeds correspond to a Category 3 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale , which did not exist at the time of this storm . After weakening somewhat , the storm later passed across southern Florida with winds of 100 mi/h . The hurricane then emerged into the Gulf of Mexico as a tropical storm , but regained hurricane intensity and made another landfall along the Florida Panhandle . Turning northeast , it crossed Georgia and South Carolina , and entered the Atlantic Ocean on October 8 .   In advance of the storm , preparations were extensive ; residents boarded up homes and businesses , while evacuations were recommended in some coastal areas . In the Bahamas , where winds reached 104 mph , the storm killed three people . The city of Nassau was struck particularly hard . In Florida , damage was relatively severe , and included the deaths of several people . High winds brought down trees and power lines , though the storm was characterized by highly unusual rainfall patterns . In the Everglades region , a storm surge flooded local streets . As the storm progressed northward , the city of Tallahassee suffered widespread power outages and damage to numerous vehicles . Throughout the state , the hurricane inflicted $ 675,000 USD ( $ 2011 USD ) in damage . The cyclone later killed one person in Georgia ."}
{"_id": "1953–54_Hong_Kong_First_Division_League", "title": "1953–54 Hong Kong First Division League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Hong Kong First Division League in the 1953/1954 season ."}
{"_id": "1994_Qatar_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1994 Qatar Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Boris Becker and Patrik Kühnen were the defending champions , but did not participate this year .   Olivier Delaître and Stéphane Simian won in the final 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , against Shelby Cannon and Byron Talbot ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Cuban_National_Series", "title": "1997–98 Cuban National Series", "headings": "", "text": "Pinar del Río won its second straight Cuban National Series . Perennial cellar-dwellers Guantánamo and Ciego de Ávila made the playoffs , where they were promptly swept in three games ."}
{"_id": "1254_in_poetry", "title": "1254 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1997_European_Tour", "title": "1997 European Tour", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 European Tour was the 26th official season of golf tournaments known as the PGA European Tour .   The Order of Merit was won by Scotland 's Colin Montgomerie ."}
{"_id": "1977–78_VfL_Bochum_season", "title": "1977–78 VfL Bochum season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 -- 78 VfL Bochum season was the 40th season in club history ."}
{"_id": "1960_French_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1960 French Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Darlene Hard defeated Yola Ramírez 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Women 's Singles tennis title at the 1960 French Championships ."}
{"_id": "174_Phaedra", "title": "174 Phaedra", "headings": "", "text": "174 Phaedra is a sizable , rocky main belt asteroid that was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer James Craig Watson on September 2 , 1877 , and named after Phaedra , the tragic lovelorn queen in Greek mythology .   Lightcurve data obtained from Phaedra indicates a rather irregular or elongated body .   Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Shadowbox Observatory in Carmel , Indiana , during 2009 gave a light curve with a period of 4.96 ± 0.01 hours . This is consistent with previous studies in 1977 , 1988 , and 2008 ."}
{"_id": "'80s_on_8", "title": "'80s on 8", "headings": "", "text": "'80s on 8 ( also known as The Big '80s on 8 ) is a commercial-free , satellite radio station on Sirius XM Radio channel 8 and also Dish Network 6008 . As a result of the Sirius/XM merger on November 12 , 2008 , the channel was merged with the Big '80s channel on Sirius 8 , and took its current name . The channel plays hit music from the 1980s .   The channel was created in 2000/2001 and programmed by Bruce Kelly , a veteran radio program director and morning drive/afternoon personality . Kelly 's morning show was one of XM 's highest rated programs . Kelly remained through 2005 .   The channel is currently voice-tracked by the four living original MTV VJs : Nina Blackwood , Mark Goodman , Alan Hunter and Martha Quinn ( part-time ) . The hosts record their programs from their homes . There are no live announcers at any time on this channel .   Much like the other decade channels , '80s on 8 attempts to recreate the feel of 1980s radio . It uses JAM Creative Productions ' `` Warp Factor '' , `` The Flame Thrower , '' `` Skywave '' and `` Turbo Z '' sound effects ( made popular in the '80s by Z100 in New York and other stations ) for jingles , as well as similar DJ habits , '80s slang , news updates , and occasional vintage commercial clips . The channel was also used for XM 's annual pop music chronology , IT .   In 2008 , '80s on 8 was the third-most listened to station on the XM service , with an Arbitron-estimated cume of 698,300 listeners per week ."}
{"_id": "1970_ACC_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1970 ACC Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Atlantic Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held in Charlotte , North Carolina , at the original Charlotte Coliseum from March 5 -- 7 , 1970 . NC State defeated South Carolina 42 -- 39 in double overtime to win the championship . Vann Williford of NC State was named tournament MVP ."}
{"_id": "1918–19_SK_Rapid_Wien_season", "title": "1918–19 SK Rapid Wien season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918-19 SK Rapid Wien season was the 21st season in club history ."}
{"_id": "1973_World_Sportscar_Championship", "title": "1973 World Sportscar Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 World Sportscar Championship season was the 21st season of FIA World Sportscar Championship motor racing . It featured the 1973 World Championship for Makes and the 1973 Cup for GT Cars which were contested concurrently over a ten race series . The World Championship for Makes , which was open to Group 5 Sports Cars and Group 4 GT Cars , was won by Matra and the Cup for GT Cars , which was open only to Group 4 GT Cars , was won by Porsche ."}
{"_id": "1989_Virginia_Slims_of_Oklahoma", "title": "1989 Virginia Slims of Oklahoma", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Virginia Slims of Oklahoma was a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at The Greens Country Club in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma in the United States and was part of Tier V of the 1989 WTA Tour . The tournament ran from February 27 through March 5 , 1989 ."}
{"_id": "1961_in_Scotland", "title": "1961 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1961 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1907_Texas_A&M_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1907 Texas A&M Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1907 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1907 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1970_Valley_State_Matadors_football_team", "title": "1970 Valley State Matadors football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Valley State Matadors football team represented Valley StateCalifornia State University , Northridge was known as San Fernando Valley State College from 1958 -- 1971 . More commonly it was called Valley State . See : Cal State Northridge during the 1970 College Division football season .   Valley State competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . The 1970 Matadors were led by second-year head coach Leon McLaughlin . They played home games at Birmingham High School in Van Nuys , California . Valley State finished the season with a record of four wins and six losses ( 4 -- 6 , 1 -- 2 CCAA ) ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Princeton_Tigers_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1996–97 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 Princeton Tigers men 's basketball team represented Princeton University in intercollegiate college basketball during the 1996 -- 97 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The head coach was Bill Carmody and the team captain was Sydney Johnson . The team played its home games in the Jadwin Gymnasium on the University campus in Princeton , New Jersey . The team was the undefeated champion of the Ivy League , which earned them an invitation to the 64-team 1997 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament where they were seeded twelfth in the East Region . This was Carmody 's first season taking over the coaching duties from Pete Carril who had been Princeton coach since 1967 and retired as the Ivy League 's winningest coach in terms of victories and conference championships .   Using the Princeton offense , the team posted a 24 -- 4 overall record and a 14 -- 0 conference record . On February 28 and March 1 , 1997 , Johnson established the current Ivy League record by making 11 consecutive three-point field goals against and , respectively . The six for six performance against Columbia stands as the only Ivy League perfect three-point shot game of six attempts or more . The team ended the regular season on a nineteen-game winning streak , which tied a school record . Nonetheless , in a March 13 , 1997 , NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament East Regional first round game at the Joel Coliseum in Winston-Salem , North Carolina against the fifth-seeded , the team lost 55 -- 52 .   The team was led by first team All-Ivy League selections Steve Goodrich and Johnson . Johnson earned Ivy League Men 's Basketball Player of the Year . He earned the award for his defense and was the first winner with a single-digit scoring average . The team won the ninth of twelve consecutive national statistical championships in scoring defense with a 53.4 points allowed average . Goodrich repeated as the Ivy League 's field goal percentage statistical champion with a 64.8 % average in conference games ."}
{"_id": "1935–36_Lebanese_Premier_League", "title": "1935–36 Lebanese Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Lebanese Premier League in the 1935/1936 season ."}
{"_id": "1980–81_FIRA_Trophy", "title": "1980–81 FIRA Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 -- 81 FIRA Trophy was the 21st edition of a European rugby union championship for national teams .   The tournament was won by Romania , who achieved a Grand Slam , defeating all their opponents . Romania had a memorable 15-0 win over France at 23 November 1980 , in Bucharest ."}
{"_id": "1989_Japan_Soccer_League_Cup", "title": "1989 Japan Soccer League Cup", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of JSL Cup in the 1989 season ."}
{"_id": "1924_Connecticut_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1924 Connecticut Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 Connecticut Aggies football team represented Connecticut Agricultural College , now the University of Connecticut , in the 1924 college football season . The Aggies were led by second year head coach Sumner Dole , and completed the season with a record of 6 -- 0 -- 2 . The Aggies were members of the New England Conference for the second year , and won their first conference championship with a 3 -- 0 record in the league . The New York Times said the team was one of the best in the nation , and the defense was the top in the nation , giving up only 13 points all season . The Aggies defeated rival Massachusetts for the first time ."}
{"_id": "1983_Pittsburgh_Open", "title": "1983 Pittsburgh Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Pittsburgh Open was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania in the United States that was part of the 1983 Virginia Slims World Championship Series . The tournament was held from March 7 through March 14 , 1983 ."}
{"_id": "1997_in_Japanese_television", "title": "1997 in Japanese television", "headings": "", "text": "Events in 1997 in Japanese television ."}
{"_id": "1985_Volvo_International_–_Singles", "title": "1985 Volvo International – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Joakim Nyström was the defending champion but did not compete that year .   John McEnroe won in the final 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 against Ivan Lendl ."}
{"_id": "1985_ICF_Canoe_Slalom_World_Championships", "title": "1985 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Augsburg , West Germany under the auspices of International Canoe Federation for the second time . Augsburg hosted the event previously in 1957 . It also marked the first time the championships took place on an artificial whitewater slalom course at the Eiskanal and the first to be held at an Olympic venue . The Eiskanal previously hosted the slalom canoeing events at the 1972 Summer Olympics held in neighboring Munich ."}
{"_id": "1988_Greenlandic_Men's_Football_Championship", "title": "1988 Greenlandic Men's Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Greenlandic Men 's Football Championship was the 18th edition of the Greenlandic Men 's Football Championship . The final round was held in Aasiaat . It was won by Kissaviarsuk-33 for the fifth time in its history ."}
{"_id": "1960_in_Scottish_television", "title": "1960 in Scottish television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of events in Scottish television from 1960 ."}
{"_id": "1987_Stella_Artois_Championships_–_Singles", "title": "1987 Stella Artois Championships – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Tim Mayotte was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to no. 1 seeded Boris Becker .   Becker won the singles title at the 1987 Stella Artois Championships tennis tournament by defeating Jimmy Connors in the final 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 ."}
{"_id": "1972_Rugby_League_World_Cup_Final", "title": "1972 Rugby League World Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Rugby League World Cup Final was the conclusive game of the 1972 Rugby League World Cup tournament and was played between Great Britain and Australia on 11 November 1972 at the Stade de Gerland ground in Lyon , France ."}
{"_id": "1991_Dhivehi_League", "title": "1991 Dhivehi League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Dhivehi League in the 1991 season ."}
{"_id": "1936_VFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1936 VFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Collingwood Football Club and South Melbourne Football Club at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 3 October 1936 . It was the 40th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League , staged to determine the premiers for the 1936 VFL season . The match , attended by 74,091 spectators , was won by Collingwood by a margin of 11 points , marking that club 's eleventh premiership victory ."}
{"_id": "1910_Boston_College_Eagles_football_team", "title": "1910 Boston College Eagles football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College during the 1910 college football season ."}
{"_id": "$pringfield_(or,_How_I_Learned_to_Stop_Worrying_and_Love_Legalized_Gambling)", "title": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)", "headings": "", "text": "`` $ pringfield ( Or , How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling ) '' , also known as `` $ pringfield '' , is the tenth episode of The Simpsons fifth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 16 , 1993 . In the episode , Springfield decides to legalize gambling to revitalize its economy . A casino owned by Mr. Burns is created and Homer gets a job as a blackjack dealer . Meanwhile , Marge develops a gambling addiction , Bart starts his own casino , and Burns develops an odd personality in a parody of Howard Hughes .   The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein , and directed by Wes Archer . Gerry Cooney and Robert Goulet guest starred as themselves . The episode features cultural references to films such as Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb , The Wizard of Oz , Rain Man , and 2001 : A Space Odyssey . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 11.7 , and was the highest-rated show on the Fox network the week it aired ."}
{"_id": "1-2-3-4..._Fire!", "title": "1-2-3-4... Fire!", "headings": "", "text": "1-2-3-4 ... Fire ! is a song by Penny McLean released as third single from her album Lady Bump in 1976 . Although not as successful as her Lady Bump single , the song appeared in 6 charts worldwide ."}
{"_id": "1909_Montana_football_team", "title": "1909 Montana football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 Montana football team represented the University of Montana in the 1909 college football season . They were led by second-year head coach Roy White , and finished the season with a record of six wins , zero losses and one tie ( 6 -- 0 -- 1 ) ."}
{"_id": "1885_in_baseball", "title": "1885 in baseball", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1964_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season", "title": "1964 Pittsburgh Steelers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the team 's 32nd in the National Football League .   The team played all of their home games at Pitt Stadium , and won five games , while losing nine , resulting in a fifth-place finish in the NFL Eastern Conference . Following the season , the Steelers dismissed head coach Buddy Parker and replaced him with Mike Nixon ."}
{"_id": "1987_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Championships_in_Athletics", "title": "1987 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics were held at the Estadio Olímpico in Caracas , Venezuela between 24 -- 26 July ."}
{"_id": "1994_Copenhagen_Open", "title": "1994 Copenhagen Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Copenhagen Open was a men 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Copenhagen , Denmark that was part of the World Series of the 1994 ATP Tour . It was the sixth edition of the tournament and was held from February 28 through March 7 , 1998 .   Yevgeny Kafelnikov won his second career title , both coming in this year ."}
{"_id": "1980_Japan_Soccer_League_Cup", "title": "1980 Japan Soccer League Cup", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of JSL Cup in the 1980 season ."}
{"_id": "1928–29_FC_Barcelona_season", "title": "1928–29 FC Barcelona season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1928 -- 29 season is FC Barcelona 's 30th in existence , and was their first year in the Primera División , and covers the period from 1928-07-01 to 1929-06-30 .   FC Barcelona won the first Liga title ever , and it was their only title of the year ."}
{"_id": "1906_Texas_Longhorns_football_team", "title": "1906 Texas Longhorns football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1906 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1906 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season . In their second year under head coach H. R. Schenker , the Longhorns compiled a 9 -- 1 record and outscored opponents by a collective total of 201 to 60 ."}
{"_id": "1999_Australian_GT_Production_Car_Championship", "title": "1999 Australian GT Production Car Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Australian GT Production Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing title for drivers of cars complying with CAMS Group 3E Series Production Car regulations . The championship was contested over an eight round series with two races per round .  Round 1 , Eastern Creek International Raceway , New South Wales , 28 March  Round 2 , Phillip Island , Victoria , 16 May  Round 3 , Hidden Valley , Northern Territory , 6 June  Round 4 , Sandown International Motor Raceway , Victoria , 27 June  Round 5 , Queensland Raceway , Ipswich , Queensland , 11 July  Round 6 , Calder Park , Victoria , 25 July  Round 7 , Winton , Victoria , 22 August  Round 8 , Oran Park , New South Wales , 5 September   Outright championship points were awarded on a 15-12-10-8-6-5-4-3-2-1 basis to the top ten outright finishers in each race with an additional point awarded to the driver gaining pole position for each race . Class points were awarded on the same 15-12-10-8-6-5-4-3-2-1 scale to the top ten finishers in each class in each race ."}
{"_id": "1899_Georgetown_Hoyas_football_team", "title": "1899 Georgetown Hoyas football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1899 Georgetown Hoyas football team represented Georgetown University during the 1899 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1933_Railway_Cup_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1933 Railway Cup Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 Railway Cup Hurling Championship was the seventh Inter-Provincial Championship , an annual hurling competition contested by three of the four provinces of Ireland . The tournament was held between 19 February and 17 March 1933 .   The championship was contested by Connacht , Leinster and Munster . Leinster won the championship for the second year in-a-row and for the third time overall ."}
{"_id": "1962_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team", "title": "1962 Ole Miss Rebels football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 1962 college football season . The Rebels ' finished the season undefeated , as Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) champions and with a victory over Arkansas in the Sugar Bowl . Ole Miss was awarded the national championship by the Billingsley Report , Litkenhous and , later , Sagarin Ratings .   The Rebels ' undefeated season was set against the backdrop of the civil rights movement taking place on their own campus as James Meredith , aided by the United States government , was attempting to be the first black student to enroll at the university . In 2012 , ESPN aired a documentary on the team , Ghosts of Ole Miss , as part of its 30 for 30 series ."}
{"_id": "1965_Six_Hour_Le_Mans", "title": "1965 Six Hour Le Mans", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Six Hour Le Mans was an endurance race open to Sports Cars , Improved Production Touring Cars & Series Production Touring Cars . The event was staged at the Caversham circuit in Western Australia on Monday , 7 June 1965 . Results were as follows :"}
{"_id": "1983_Israel_bank_stock_crisis", "title": "1983 Israel bank stock crisis", "headings": "", "text": "The Bank stock crisis was a financial crisis that occurred in Israel in 1983 , during which the stocks of the four largest banks in Israel collapsed . As a consequence , these banks were nationalized by the state ."}
{"_id": "1975_Scotland_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand", "title": "1975 Scotland rugby union tour of New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Scotland rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of seven matches played by the Scotland national rugby union team in New Zealand in May and June 1975 . The Scotland team won four of their matches and lost the other three . They lost the only international match against the New Zealand national rugby union team ( the All Blacks ) in a game played in a downpour on a saturated pitch ."}
{"_id": "117th_Military_Police_Battalion", "title": "117th Military Police Battalion", "headings": "", "text": "The 117th Military Police Battalion Combat Support ( CS ) , is a military police battalion of the Tennessee Army National Guard ( TNARNG ) and the United States Army Military Police Corps with its headquarters located in Athens , Tennessee . When not mobilized or deployed , the 117th MP BN is task organized as a subordinate battalion of the Tennessee Army National Guard 's 194th Engineer Brigade located in Jackson , Tennessee ."}
{"_id": "1980_Copa_del_Rey_Final", "title": "1980 Copa del Rey Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Copa del Rey Final was the 78th final of the King 's Cup , Spain 's premier football competition . The final was played at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid , on 4 June 1980 , and was won by Real Madrid , who beat their own reserve team Castilla 6 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1933_in_aviation", "title": "1933 in aviation", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of aviation-related events from 1933 :"}
{"_id": "1998_US_Open_–_Women's_Doubles_Qualifying", "title": "1998 US Open – Women's Doubles Qualifying", "headings": "", "text": "The qualifying rounds for the 1998 US Open were played from 25 to 29 August 1998 at the USTA National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows , New York City , United States ."}
{"_id": "1894_English_cricket_season", "title": "1894 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1894 English cricket season saw a close battle play out for the County Championship title between Surrey and last year 's champions Yorkshire . Before the round of 23 August , the two teams were tied on 10 points , with one match left to play and all other teams hopelessly distanced . Yorkshire travelled to Taunton in Somerset , and after the first day was rained off , Somerset had to bat on a rain-affected pitch . George Herbert Hirst took seven for 32 as Somerset fell to 99 , but Yorkshire never got the chance to reply as the third day was rained off . Meanwhile , in Sussex , Tom Richardson and Bill Lockwood roared through the hosts ' batting line-up , bowling them out for 44 and 109 and securing Surrey victory by an innings and 15 runs -- and the Championship title .   First-class cricket was officially defined in a meeting at Lord 's Cricket Ground in May , to be introduced from the beginning of the 1895 season ."}
{"_id": "1974–75_Takht_Jamshid_Cup", "title": "1974–75 Takht Jamshid Cup", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1585_Union", "title": "1585 Union", "headings": "", "text": "1585 Union ( 1947 RG ) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on September 7 , 1947 , by E. L. Johnson at Johannesburg ( UO ) ."}
{"_id": "1220s_in_architecture", "title": "1220s in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "__ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1988–89_European_Cup", "title": "1988–89 European Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 -- 89 European Cup was the 34th season of the European Cup football club tournament . The competition was won for the first time since 1969 , and third time overall , by Milan comfortably in the final against former winners Steaua București .   PSV Eindhoven , the defending champions , were eliminated by Real Madrid in the quarter-finals ."}
{"_id": "1963_Little_League_World_Series", "title": "1963 Little League World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The Little League World Series took place between August 20 and August 24 in Williamsport , Pennsylvania . Granada Hills National Little League of Granada Hills , California defeated Stratford Original Little League of Stratford , Connecticut in the championship game of the 17th Little League World Series .   This was the third consecutive title for the state of California . As of 2014 , this is the third longest winning streak by a Country/State , and the longest winning streak by one U.S. State .   This was the first LLWS to televise the championship game ."}
{"_id": "1877_in_architecture", "title": "1877 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1877 in architecture involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1906_Australasian_Championships", "title": "1906 Australasian Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1906 Australasian Championships ( tennis ) ( now known as the Australian Open ) was a tennis tournament played on the grass court at Hagley Park in Christchurch , New Zealand the event is a part of the Grand Slam . The tournament was held from 26 to 31 December ."}
{"_id": "1965–66_C.D._Platense_season", "title": "1965–66 C.D. Platense season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 -- 66 season was C.D. Platense 's 5th season in existence and the club 's 1st season in the top fight of Honduran football . The club obtained its first national title and became the first Honduran professional champions ."}
{"_id": "1982_Coupe_de_France_Final", "title": "1982 Coupe de France Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Parc des Princes , Paris on May 15 , 1982 , that saw Paris Saint-Germain FC defeat AS Saint-Étienne in a penalty shoot out . After normal time and extra-time could not separate the two sides , the match was to be decided on penalty kicks . Christian Lopez missed for AS Saint-Étienne ."}
{"_id": "1384_Kniertje", "title": "1384 Kniertje", "headings": "", "text": "1384 Kniertje ( 1934 RX ) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on September 9 , 1934 , by H. van Gent at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg . South Africa . It is the subject of multiple light curve studies , and was named after a character in Op Hoop van Zegen , a play by Dutch playwright Herman Heijermans . The asteroid has a high albedo of 0.3 ."}
{"_id": "1960–61_Yugoslav_First_League", "title": "1960–61 Yugoslav First League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 -- 61 Yugoslav First League season was won by FK Partizan , which was the club 's third title and its first in twelve years . The season was also a coming-out party of sorts for the club 's talented new generation of young players known as `` Partizan 's babies '' that would dominate Yugoslav football for the next few years and would even go on to make it to the 1966 European Cup final ."}
{"_id": "17th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)", "title": "17th Marine Regiment (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th Marine Regiment was a composite engineer regiment of the United States Marine Corps subordinate to the 1st Marine Division . It was formed primarily from units of the Division , and was disbanded during war with the 1st and 2nd battalions remaining in the Division ."}
{"_id": "1976_in_Israel", "title": "1976 in Israel", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1976 in Israel ."}
{"_id": "1988_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team", "title": "1988 Penn State Nittany Lions football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team was coached by Joe Paterno and played its home games in Beaver Stadium in University Park , Pennsylvania ."}
{"_id": "1958–59_Rangers_F.C._season", "title": "1958–59 Rangers F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 -- 59 season is the 62nd season of competitive football by Rangers ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_United_States_network_television_schedule", "title": "1990–91 United States network television schedule", "headings": "", "text": "This was the television schedule on all four networks for the fall season beginning in September 1990 . All times are Eastern and Pacific , with certain exceptions , such as Monday Night Football .   PBS , the Public Broadcasting Service , was in operation , but the schedule was set by each local station .   New series are highlighted in bold .  All times given are in U.S. Eastern Time and Pacific Time ( except for some live events or specials ) . Subtract one hour for Central and Mountain times .   Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research .   Lime indicates the # 1 most watched program of the season .  Yellow indicates the programs in the top 10 for the season .  Cyan indicates the programs in the top 20 for the season .  Magenta indicates the programs in the top 30 for the season .  Orange indicates the programs in the top 40 for of the season .  Silver indicates the programs in the top 40 for of the season ."}
{"_id": "1958_Missouri_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1958 Missouri Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Big Seven Conference ( Big 7 ) during the 1958 college football season . The team compiled a 5 -- 4 -- 1 record ( 4 -- 1 -- 1 against Big 7 opponents ) , finished in second place in the Big 7 , and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 164 to 141 . Dan Devine was the head coach for the first of 13 seasons . The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Columbia , Missouri .   The team 's statistical leaders included Mel West with 642 rushing yards and 642 yards of total offense , Phil Snowden with 548 passing yards and 37 points scored , and Danny LaRose with 215 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1935–36_Swiss_National_Ice_Hockey_Championship", "title": "1935–36 Swiss National Ice Hockey Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935-36 Swiss National Ice Hockey Championship was the 26th edition of the national ice hockey championship in Switzerland . Zürcher SC won the championship by defeating HC Davos in the final ."}
{"_id": "1931_NSWRFL_season", "title": "1931 NSWRFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the twenty-fourth season of Sydney 's top-level rugby league club competition , Australia 's first . During the season , which lasted from April until September , eight teams from across the city contested the premiership which culminated in a grand final between minor premiers Eastern Suburbs and South Sydney ."}
{"_id": "1972_UCLA_Bruins_football_team", "title": "1972 UCLA Bruins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 UCLA Bruins football team represented University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) in the 1972 college football season . Members of Pacific-8 Conference , the Bruins were led by second-year head coach Pepper Rodgers and played their home games at   The new quarterback this season was Mark Harmon , a junior college transfer and son of Heisman Trophy winner Tom Harmon . In his first game for the Bruins , Harmon led the wishbone offense and gained a late night upset of top-ranked Nebraska at the Coliseum . An underdog , UCLA was never behind ; Nebraska had five turnovers but fought back to tie the score before halftime at ten and again early in the fourth quarter at seventeen . In their final drive , Harmon drove UCLA into field goal range and Efren Herrera made a 29-yarder in the final half minute for the 20 -- 17 win . It halted the two-time defending national champion Huskers ' unbeaten streak at 32 games and vaulted the previously unranked Bruins in 1971 ) to eighth in the AP Poll , as Nebraska slid to tenth .   Two weeks later , the Bruins lost at home to Michigan , but then won six straight and improved to overall . An upset loss to Washington at Husky Stadium in Seattle and an expected one to top-ranked rival USC in the Coliseum ended UCLA 's season at 8 -- 3 . The Pac-8 runner-up , they were ranked fifteenth in the final AP poll ."}
{"_id": "1962_Pacific_typhoon_season", "title": "1962 Pacific typhoon season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Pacific typhoon season had no official bounds ; there was activity in every month but January , March , and June , but most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November and this conventionally delimits the season .   The majority of the Pacific typhoons in 1962 formed in the Pacific Ocean north of the equator and west of the International Date Line with two exceptions : Tropical Depressions Fifty and Sixty-three formed in the Central Pacific . Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes ; see 1962 Pacific hurricane season . All tropical depressions are assigned a number . Most systems reaching tropical storm strength were assigned a name ; all typhoons were named ."}
{"_id": "1383–1385_Portuguese_interregnum", "title": "1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum", "headings": "", "text": "The 1383 -- 1385 Portuguese interregnum was a time of civil war in Portuguese history when no crowned king reigned . It began when King Ferdinand I died without a male heir , and ended when King John I was crowned in 1385 after his victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota . Portuguese interpret this era as their earliest national resistance movement countering Castilian intervention ; Robert Durand considers it the `` great revealer of national consciousness '' . Burgesses and nobles worked together to establish the Aviz dynasty ( a branch of the Portuguese House of Burgundy ) securely on an independent throne , unlike the lengthy civil wars in France known as the Hundred Years ' War , and England as the War of the Roses , where aristocratic factions fought powerfully against a centralised monarchy ."}
{"_id": "1955_in_Australia", "title": "1955 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1996_Nike_Tour_graduates", "title": "1996 Nike Tour graduates", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  This is a list of players who graduated from the Nike Tour in 1996 . The top ten players on the Nike Tour 's money list in 1996 earned their PGA Tour card for 1997 .   * PGA Tour rookie for 1997 .   T = Tied  Green background indicates the player retained his PGA Tour card for 1998 ( won or finished inside the top 125 ) .  Yellow background indicates player did not retain his PGA Tour card for 1998 , but retained conditional status ( finished between 126 -- 150 ) .  Red background indicates the player did not retain his PGA Tour card for 1998 ( finished outside the top 150 ) ."}
{"_id": "145th_Airlift_Wing", "title": "145th Airlift Wing", "headings": "", "text": "The 145th Airlift Wing ( 145 AW ) is a unit of the North Carolina Air National Guard , stationed at Charlotte Air National Guard Base , at Charlotte Douglas International Airport in Charlotte , North Carolina . If activated to federal service within the United States Air Force , the wing is operationally gained by the Air Mobility Command ( AMC ) ."}
{"_id": "1995_Barber_Dodge_Pro_Series", "title": "1995 Barber Dodge Pro Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Barber Dodge Pro Series season was the eleventh season of the series . Dodge replaced Saab as the series engine provider . 1995 was also the first season the series was sanctioned by SCCA Pro Racing . All drivers used Dodge powered Goodyear shod Mondiale chassis . South African Jaki Scheckter won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1000hp", "title": "1000hp", "headings": "", "text": "`` 1000hp '' ( `` 1000 Horse Power '' ) is the lead single and title track from Godsmack 's sixth studio album of the same name . 1000hp was released on June 9 , 2014 , and was made available for digital download on Amazon and iTunes on June 10 . The single reached number one on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks , making it the band 's seventh number one single on the chart ."}
{"_id": "1st_Cornwall_(Duke_of_Cornwall's)_Artillery_Volunteers", "title": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers", "headings": "", "text": "The 1st Cornwall ( Duke of Cornwall 's ) Artillery Volunteers were formed in 1860 as a response to a French invasion threat . They served as a Coast Artillery unit and continued in existence until the dissolution of Coast Artillery in the UK in 1956 ."}
{"_id": "1943_Tottori_earthquake", "title": "1943 Tottori earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The occurred in Tottori prefecture , Japan at 17:36 local time on September 10 , 1943 . Although the earthquake occurred during World War II , information about the disaster was surprisingly uncensored , and relief volunteers and supplies came from many parts of the Japanese empire , including Manchukuo .   The Tottori earthquake had its epicenter offshore from Ketaka District , now part of Tottori , and registered a magnitude of 7.2 on the Richter scale . The seismic intensity was recorded as 6 in Tottori city , and 5 as far away as Okayama on the Inland Sea . The center of Tottori city , with many antiquated buildings was the hardest hit , with an estimated 80 % of its structures damaged or destroyed . As the earthquake struck in the evening when most kitchens had fires lit in preparation for the evening meal , fires broke out in 16 locations around the city . With water mains damaged , citizens formed bucket brigades to prevent fires from spreading ; however , the death toll was 1083 killed , including numerous Zainichi Koreans working in the nearby Aragane Copper Mines .   Two magnitude 6.2 earthquakes had occurred in the same area earlier that year on March 4 and 5 , but did not do significant damage ."}
{"_id": "16th_Empire_Awards", "title": "16th Empire Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Empire Awards ceremony ( officially known as the Jameson Empire Awards ) , presented by the British film magazine Empire , honored the best films of 2010 and took place on 27 March 2011 at the Grosvenor House Hotel in London , England . During the ceremony , Empire presented Empire Awards in 11 categories as well as three honorary awards . Irish comedian Dara Ó Briain hosted the show for the third consecutive year . The awards were sponsored by Jameson Irish Whiskey for the third consecutive year .   In related events , Empire and Jameson Irish Whiskey held the 2nd Done In 60 Seconds Competition Global Final on 25 March 2011 at the London Film Museum , London , England . The team of judges consisted of Empire editor-in-chief Mark Dinning , Irish actor and comedian Chris O'Dowd and English director Neil Marshall , which selected from a shortlist of 24 nominees the five Done In 60 Seconds Award finalists that were invited to the Empire Awards where the winner was announced .   Kick-Ass won two awards including Best British Film . Other winners included The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo also with two awards and Four Lions , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 , Inception , Let Me In , Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , The King 's Speech and The Last Exorcism with one . Keira Knightley received the Empire Hero Award , Gary Oldman received the Empire Icon Award and Edgar Wright received the Empire Inspiration Award . Maeve Stam from the Netherlands won the Done In 60 Seconds Award for her 60-second film version of 127 Hours ."}
{"_id": "1991_Campeonato_Brasileiro_Série_A", "title": "1991 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A was the 35th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A . The competition was won by São Paulo . Santos Futebol Clube 's Paulinho McLaren , with 15 goals , was the competition 's top goal scorer ."}
{"_id": "1996_Norwegian_Football_Cup", "title": "1996 Norwegian Football Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Norwegian Football Cup was won by Tromsø after they beat Bodø / Glimt in the cup final . This was the first time two teams from Nord-Norge had met in the final ."}
{"_id": "1919–20_Georgia_Bulldogs_basketball_team", "title": "1919–20 Georgia Bulldogs basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 -- 20 Georgia Bulldogs basketball team represents the University of Georgia during the 1919 -- 20 college men 's basketball season . The team captain of the 1919 -- 20 season was Kennon Mott ."}
{"_id": "1959_TANFL_season", "title": "1959 TANFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Tasmanian Australian National Football League ( TANFL ) premiership season was an Australian Rules football competition staged in Hobart , Tasmania over eighteen ( 18 ) roster rounds and four ( 4 ) finals series matches between 28 March and 19 September 1959 ."}
{"_id": "1950_World_Table_Tennis_Championships", "title": "1950 World Table Tennis Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 World Table Tennis Championships were held in Budapest from January 29 to February 5 , 1950 ."}
{"_id": "1500_in_Italy", "title": "1500 in Italy", "headings": "", "text": "An incomplete list of events which occurred in Italy in AD 1500   January 5 -- Duke Ludovico Sforza recaptures Milan , but is soon driven out again by the French .  April -- The Battle of Novara was fought in Milan between the forces of King Louis XII of France and the forces of Ludovico Sforza , the Duke of Milan . Ultimately , Sforza was taken to France as a captive after his troops were defeated in battle .  November 11 -- Treaty of Granada : Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon agree to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them ."}
{"_id": "1999_Scott_Tournament_of_Hearts", "title": "1999 Scott Tournament of Hearts", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Scott Tournament of Hearts Canadian women 's national curling championship , was played at the Charlottetown Civic Centre in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island . In the final , Colleen Jones and her Nova Scotia team would win their first of five championships together ( Jones ' second ) . They defeated the defending champions ( Team Canada ) skipped by Cathy Borst in the final ."}
{"_id": "104th_Regiment_Royal_Artillery", "title": "104th Regiment Royal Artillery", "headings": "", "text": "104 Regiment Royal Artillery is part of the Army Reserve and has sub-units throughout Wales and the West Midlands of England . It is equipped with the Desert Hawk III Mini Unmanned Air System . In 2017 , it will convert to a light artillery gun regiment ."}
{"_id": "1993_French_Grand_Prix", "title": "1993 French Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Magny-Cours on 4 July 1993 . The race was the eighth round of the 1993 Formula One season and was contested over 72 laps . It was won by Williams driver , and home favourite , Alain Prost , who extended his lead in the Drivers ' Championship ; his team-mate Damon Hill was second , and Michael Schumacher completed the podium for Benetton . The race was also the last for Fabrizio Barbazza ."}
{"_id": "1967_Michigan_State_Spartans_football_team", "title": "1967 Michigan State Spartans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1967 Michigan State Spartans football team represented Michigan State University in the 1967 Big Ten Conference football season . In their 14th season under head coach Duffy Daugherty , the Spartans compiled a 3 -- 7 overall record ( 3 -- 4 against Big Ten opponents ) and finished in sixth place in the Big Ten Conference .   Two Spartans were selected for the 1967 All-Big Ten Conference football teams . End George Chatlos received first-team honors from the Associated Press ( AP ) and second-team honors from the United Press International ( UPI ) . Tackle Joe Przbyycki received second-team honors from both the AP and UPI ."}
{"_id": "1987_in_hammer_throw", "title": "1987 in hammer throw", "headings": "", "text": "This page lists the World Best Year Performances in the year 1987 in the Men 's hammer throw . One of the main events during this season were the 1987 World Athletics Championships in Rome , Italy , where the final of the men 's competition was held on Tuesday September 1 , 1987 . ( The women did not compete in the hammer throw until the early 1990s . )"}
{"_id": "1920–21_Manchester_City_F.C._season", "title": "1920–21 Manchester City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 -- 21 season was Manchester City F.C. 's thirtieth season of league football , and seventh consecutive season in the Football League First Division , excluding the four years during the First World War in which no competitive football was played ."}
{"_id": "12th_Regiment", "title": "12th Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Regiment may refer to many military units .   12th Infantry Regiment ( South Korea )  12th Regiment Royal Artillery  12th Infantry Regiment ( Philippine Commonwealth )  12th Infantry Regiment ( USAFIP-NL )  12th Infantry Regiment ( United States )  12th Cavalry Regiment ( United States )  12th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry ( American Civil War )"}
{"_id": "1981_Romania_rugby_union_tour_of_Scotland", "title": "1981 Romania rugby union tour of Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Romania rugby union tour of Scotland was a series of three matches played by the Romania national rugby union team in Scotland in September 1981 . Romania won both of their three matches but lost the international match against the Scotland national rugby union team . Scotland awarded full international caps to its players for the match , becoming the first British country to do so for a match against Romania ."}
{"_id": "1981–82_Chicago_Bulls_season", "title": "1981–82 Chicago Bulls season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981-82 NBA season was the Bulls ' 16th season in the NBA ."}
{"_id": "1997_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Basketball_Championship_Game", "title": "1997 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game was the finals of the 1997 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament and it determined the national champion for the 1996 -- 97 season . The 1997 National Title Game was played on March 31 , 1997 , at the RCA Dome in Indianapolis , Indiana . The 1997 National Title Game was played between the 1997 West Regional Champions , # 1-seeded Kentucky and the 1997 Southeast Regional Champions , # 4-seeded Arizona ."}
{"_id": "14th_Air_Division", "title": "14th Air Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with Fifteenth Air Force , stationed at Beale Air Force Base , California . It was inactivated on 14 June 1989 ."}
{"_id": "1989_Champion_Hurdle", "title": "1989 Champion Hurdle", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Champion Hurdle was a horse race held at Cheltenham Racecourse on Tuesday 14 March 1989 . It was the 60th running of the Champion Hurdle .   The winner was Tony Geake 's Beech Road , a seven-year-old chestnut gelding trained in Hampshire by Toby Balding and ridden by Richard Guest . Beech Road 's victory was a first in the race for jockey , trainer and owner .   Beech Road had established himself as a useful handicap hurdler in his early career but failed to complete the course when tried over fences on two occasions in the early part of the 1988/1989 National Hunt season . He was switched back to hurdling and earned a place in the championship with a twenty length win in the National Spirit Hurdle at Fontwell Racecourse in February . In the 1989 Champion Hurdle he started a 50/1 outsider and won by two lengths from Celtic Chief , with the 1988 winner Celtic Shot in third place . The 11/8 favourite Kribensis finished seventh . Twelve of the fifteen runners completed the course ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_National_Hurling_League", "title": "1952–53 National Hurling League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 -- 53 National Hurling League was the 22nd season of the National Hurling League ."}
{"_id": "1850_English_cricket_season", "title": "1850 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1850 English cricket season saw the re-emergence of Middlesex as a county team , largely through the interest of the Walker family that eventually founded the present Middlesex club ."}
{"_id": "1937_in_Chile", "title": "1937 in Chile", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1937 in Chile ."}
{"_id": "1930_Green_Bay_Packers_season", "title": "1930 Green Bay Packers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 Green Bay Packers season was their 11th season in the National Football League . The club posted a 10 -- 3 -- 1 record under coach Curly Lambeau earning them a first-place finish and the Packers ' second consecutive National Football League Championship ."}
{"_id": "1958_Tangerine_Bowl", "title": "1958 Tangerine Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Tangerine Bowl may refer to :   1958 Tangerine Bowl ( January ) - January 1 , 1958 , game between the East Texas State Lions and the Southern Miss Golden Eagles .  1958 Tangerine Bowl ( December ) - December 27 , 1958 , game between the East Texas State Lions and the Missouri Valley Vikings . Most notable because the Buffalo Bulls unanimously voted to decline a bid to the game ( eventually filled by Missouri Valley ) when they were notified that the team 's two black players would not be allowed to play in the game ."}
{"_id": "1977_Dutch_train_hostage_crisis", "title": "1977 Dutch train hostage crisis", "headings": "", "text": "On May 23 , 1977 , a train hijacking took place close to Drentsche Aa river bridge at de Punt ( in the village of Glimmen ) on the provincial border between Groningen and Drenthe , northeastern Netherlands . Nine armed Moluccans pulled the emergency brake around 9 AM and took about 50 people hostage . The hijacking lasted for 482 hours ( 20 days ) ; two hostages and six hijackers were killed .   At the same time four other South-Moluccans took hostages at an elementary school in the village of Bovensmilde , also in Drenthe .   This was the second train hijacking in the Netherlands and , like the train hijacking in 1975 in Wijster , was perpetrated by Moluccans ."}
{"_id": "1970_Asbury_Park_race_riots", "title": "1970 Asbury Park race riots", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Asbury Park race riots were a major civil disturbance that occurred in Asbury Park , New Jersey between July 4 and July 10 , 1970 . The seven days of rioting , looting , and destruction left 180 people injured , including 15 state troopers , and the shopping district of the west side neighborhood of Asbury Park , completely destroyed ."}
{"_id": "1943–44_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season", "title": "1943–44 Toronto Maple Leafs season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1T-SRAM", "title": "1T-SRAM", "headings": "", "text": "1T-SRAM is a pseudo-static random-access memory ( PSRAM ) technology introduced by MoSys , Inc. , which offers a high-density alternative to traditional static random access memory ( SRAM ) in embedded memory applications . Mosys uses a single-transistor storage cell ( bit cell ) like dynamic random access memory ( DRAM ) , but surrounds the bit cell with control circuitry that makes the memory functionally equivalent to SRAM ( the controller hides all DRAM-specific operations such as precharging and refresh ) . 1T-SRAM ( and PSRAM in general ) has a standard single-cycle SRAM interface and appears to the surrounding logic just as an SRAM would .   Due to its one-transistor bit cell , 1T-SRAM is smaller than conventional ( six-transistor , or `` 6T '' ) SRAM , and closer in size and density to embedded DRAM ( eDRAM ) . At the same time , 1T-SRAM has performance comparable to SRAM at multi-megabit densities , uses less power than eDRAM and is manufactured in a standard CMOS logic process like conventional SRAM .   MoSyS markets 1T-SRAM as physical IP for embedded ( on-die ) use in System-on-a-chip ( SOC ) applications . It is available on a variety of foundry processes , including Chartered , SMIC , TSMC , and UMC . Some engineers use the terms 1T-SRAM and `` embedded DRAM '' interchangeably , as some foundries provide Mosys 's 1T-SRAM as `` eDRAM '' . However , other foundries provide 1T-SRAM as a distinct offering ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Los_Angeles_Kings_season", "title": "1996–97 Los Angeles Kings season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 Los Angeles Kings season was the Kings ' thirtieth season of operation in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Kings failed to make the playoffs ."}
{"_id": "1727_in_literature", "title": "1727 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications of literature in 1727 ."}
{"_id": "167th_meridian_east", "title": "167th meridian east", "headings": "", "text": "The meridian 167 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , New Zealand , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 167th meridian east forms a great circle with the 13th meridian west ."}
{"_id": "15_cm_Schiffskanone_C/28_in_Mörserlafette", "title": "15 cm Schiffskanone C/28 in Mörserlafette", "headings": "", "text": "The 15 cm Schiffskanone C/28 in Mörserlafette ( SK C/28 in Mrs Laf ) was a German heavy gun used in the Second World War . Production of carriages for the 21 cm Mörser 18 and the 17 cm Kanone 18 in Mörserlafette exceeded available barrels in 1941 and eight naval 15 cm SK C/28 coast defense gun barrels were adapted for use on the carriages . They were converted to Heer-standard percussion firing . See the articles of those guns for details on the design of the carriage . For Operation Barbarossa ( the invasion of the Soviet Union ) , it equipped Artillerie-Abteilung 625 . Most guns were replaced by 17 cm barrels as they became available . However , for Case Blue ( the German summer offensive in southern Russia ) , one battery of Artillery Battalion ( Artillerie-Abteilung ) 767 was still equipped with them . That same battery retained them through the beginning of the Battle of Kursk in July 1943 ."}
{"_id": "1971_County_Championship", "title": "1971 County Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 County Championship was the 72nd officially organised running of the County Championship . Surrey won the Championship title by virtue of winning more matches because they had finished level on points with Warwickshire ."}
{"_id": ".kg", "title": ".kg", "headings": "", "text": ". kg is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for Kyrgyzstan . While registrations are normally at the second level , there are some specialized third-level registrations such as those under gov.kg and mil.kg ."}
{"_id": "1947_Centralia_mine_disaster", "title": "1947 Centralia mine disaster", "headings": "", "text": "In the Centralia mine disaster on March 25 , 1947 , the Centralia No. 5 coal mine exploded near the town of Centralia , Illinois , killing 111 people . The Mine Safety and Health Administration of the United States Department of Labor reported the explosion was caused when an underburdened shot or blown-out shot ignited coal dust . At the time of the explosion , 142 men were in the mine ; 65 were killed by burns and other injuries and 45 were killed by afterdamp . Eight men were rescued , but one died from the effects of afterdamp . Only 31 miners escaped ."}
{"_id": "1987_America's_Cup", "title": "1987 America's Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 America 's Cup was the twenty-sixth challenge for the America 's Cup and the first time for 132 years that it had not been defended by the New York Yacht Club .   The American challenger Stars & Stripes 87 , sailed by Dennis Conner , beat the Australian defender Kookaburra III , sailed by Iain Murray , four wins to nil in the best of seven series . Conner thus became the first person both to unsuccessfully defend the America 's Cup and then to win it back again .   The series was held in Gage Roads off Fremantle , Western Australia during the Australian summer months between October 1986 and February 1987 . The Royal Perth Yacht Club was the defending club and the organiser of the defence series . Yacht Club Costa Smeralda of Porto Cervo , Sardinia was appointed the challenger of record and hence the organiser of the challenger series .   This was the last time that 12-metre class yachts were used in the America 's Cup ."}
{"_id": "1860_Constitutional_Union_Convention", "title": "1860 Constitutional Union Convention", "headings": "", "text": "The 1860 Constitutional Union National Convention met in Baltimore 's Eastside District Courthouse , nominating John Bell of Tennessee for president over Governor Sam Houston of Texas on the second ballot . Edward Everett was nominated for vice-president at the convention on May 9 , 1860 , one week before Lincoln ."}
{"_id": "1832_in_Scotland", "title": "1832 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1832 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "0I", "title": "0I", "headings": "", "text": "0I ( zero I ) or 0-I may refer to :   0i , an abbreviation for Zero Install software distribution ''  0i , an abbreviation for an Iron ( golf ) numbered zero  0i , an abbreviation for zero Inflation  0i , an abbreviation for zero initial in Syllable onset  0i , an abbreviation for zero ideal ; see List of zero terms"}
{"_id": "1998_U.S._Pro_Tennis_Championships", "title": "1998 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships was a men 's tennis tournament played on Hard courts in Boston , United States that was part of the International Series of the 1998 ATP Tour . It was the seventieth edition of the tournament and was held from 24 August -- 30 August 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1986_Arab_Junior_Athletics_Championships", "title": "1986 Arab Junior Athletics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Arab Junior Athletics Championships was the second edition of the international athletics competition for under-20 athletes from Arab countries . It took place in Cairo , Egypt . A total of 38 athletics events were contested , 22 for men and 16 for women . Algeria , a regional power in the sport , did not send a team .   Tunisia topped the medal table with twelve gold medals , most of them from the women 's section . Morocco and Saudi Arabia each won seven gold medals and were closely followed by Egypt , which took six . Four top world-level athletes emerged at this competition , all of them Moroccan . In the men 's 5000 metres , Brahim Boutayeb beat his compatriot Khalid Skah to the title -- both went on to win gold medals in the 10,000 metres at the Olympics . In the women 's 3000 metres , Zahra Ouaziz was only third in Cairo but as a senior she won two medals at the World Championships in Athletics . Nezha Bidouane was the Arab junior women 's champion in the 100 metres hurdles and the runner-up in the 400 metres hurdles and later was a two-time world champion in the latter event .   The most successful was Tunisia 's Selma Khardani won the women 's 800 , 1500 and 3000 m titles . She won senior honours at national level , but not internationally . Hanan Ahmed Khaled was the second most successful athlete at the competition , winning the shot put and discus throw events , and also a javelin throw bronze medal ; she became one of Egypt 's most successful sportswomen , with four gold medals at the African Championships in Athletics to her name ."}
{"_id": "1997_Detroit_Tigers_season", "title": "1997 Detroit Tigers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Detroit Tigers finished in third place in the American League Eastern Division with a record of 79-83 ( .488 ) . They were outscored by their opponents 790 to 784 . The Tigers drew 1,365,157 fans to Tiger Stadium in 1997 , ranking 13th of the 14 teams in the American League . This was the Tigers ' final year in the American League Eastern Division . Beginning in 1998 , the team joined the American League Central Division . On July 27 , 1997 , the Detroit Tigers retired pitcher Hal Newhouser 's number 16 ."}
{"_id": "1988_NBL_season", "title": "1988 NBL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 NBL season was the tenth season of competition since its establishment in 1979 . A total of 13 teams contest the league , Sydney Supersonics did not return this season instead they replaced by the Sydney Kings ."}
{"_id": "1891_in_Brazil", "title": "1891 in Brazil", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1891 in Brazil ."}
{"_id": "1955_in_spaceflight", "title": "1955 in spaceflight", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of spaceflight related events which occurred in 1955 ."}
{"_id": "1956_in_Turkey", "title": "1956 in Turkey", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1956 in Turkey ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Slovak_Cup", "title": "1998–99 Slovak Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 Slovak Cup was the 30th season of Slovakia 's annual knock-out cup competition and the sixth since the independence of Slovakia . It began on 29 July 1998 with Preliminary round and ended on 8 May 1999 with the Final . The winners of the competition earned a place in the first round of the UEFA Cup . Spartak Trnava were the defending champions ."}
{"_id": "1913_Goodall_Cup_Finals", "title": "1913 Goodall Cup Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 Goodall Cup Final marks the fifth inter-state ice hockey championship in Australia and the last championship played before the series was suspended due to World War I."}
{"_id": "1964–65_Colchester_United_F.C._season", "title": "1964–65 Colchester United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 -- 65 season was Colchester United 's 23rd season in their history and their third successive season in the Third Division , the third tier of English football . Alongside competing in the Third Division , the club also participated in the FA Cup and the League Cup .   Neil Franklin 's first full season in charge saw an influx of new players , with 14 new arrivals at Layer Road replacing a host of experienced players , including former apprentice Peter Wright and experienced wing half Roy McCrohan . As such , Colchester 's form suffered and the club battled against relegation for much of the season . They were eventually relegated after finishing in 23rd-position .   Colchester 's fortunes in the cup competitions were no better than the league . They experienced early exits in each cup , twice being eliminated by Torquay United ."}
{"_id": "1971_Green_Bay_Packers_season", "title": "1971 Green Bay Packers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Green Bay Packers season was their 52nd season in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The club posted a 4 -- 8 -- 2 record under first-year coach Dan Devine , earning them a fourth-place finish in the NFC Central division ."}
{"_id": "1958_Preakness_Stakes", "title": "1958 Preakness Stakes", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Preakness Stakes was the 83rd running of the $ 150,000 Preakness Stakes thoroughbred horse race . The race took place on May 17 , 1958 , and was televised in the United States on the CBS television network . Tim Tam , who was jockeyed by Ismael Valenzuela , won the race by one and one half lengths over runner-up Lincoln Road . Approximate post time was 5:50 p.m. Eastern Time . The race was run on a fast track in a final time of 1:571 / 5 The Maryland Jockey Club reported total attendance of 36,912 , this is recorded as second highest on the list of American thoroughbred racing top attended events for North America in 1958 ."}
{"_id": "1988_1._deild_karla", "title": "1988 1. deild karla", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 season of 1 . deild karla was the 34th season of second-tier football in Iceland ."}
{"_id": "1988_in_paleontology", "title": "1988 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1960_Albanian_Cup", "title": "1960 Albanian Cup", "headings": "", "text": "1960 Albanian Cup was the eleventh season of Albania 's annual cup competition . It began in Spring 1960 with the First Round and ended in May 1960 with the Final matches . KF Partizani were the defending champions , having won their fourth Albanian Cup last season .   The cup was won by Dinamo Tirana .   The rounds were played in a two-legged format similar to those of European competitions . If the aggregated score was tied after both games , the team with the higher number of away goals advanced . If the number of away goals was equal in both games , the match was decided by extra time and a penalty shootout , if necessary ."}
{"_id": "1971_Brownlow_Medal", "title": "1971 Brownlow Medal", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Brownlow Medal was the 44th year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) home and away season . Ian Stewart of the Richmond Football Club won the medal by polling twenty-one votes during the 1971 VFL season ."}
{"_id": "14_October_(newspaper)", "title": "14 October (newspaper)", "headings": "", "text": "14 October is an Arabic daily newspaper published in Aden , Yemen ."}
{"_id": "133_Cyrene", "title": "133 Cyrene", "headings": "", "text": "133 Cyrene is a fairly large and very bright main-belt asteroid that was discovered by J. C. Watson on August 16 , 1873 , and named after Cyrene , a nymph , daughter of king Hypseus and beloved of Apollo in Greek mythology . It is classified as an S-type asteroid based upon its spectrum . It is listed as a member of the Hecuba group of asteroids that orbit near the 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter .   In the Tholen classification system , it is categorized as a stony SR-type asteroid . Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Altimira Observatory in 1985 gave a light curve with a period of 12.707 ± 0.015 hours and a brightness variation of 0.22 in magnitude . This result matches previous measurements reported in 1984 and 2005 ."}
{"_id": "1986_in_France", "title": "1986 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1986 in France ."}
{"_id": "1993_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates", "title": "1993 in the United Arab Emirates", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1993 in the United Arab Emirates ."}
{"_id": "(I_Am)_The_Seeker", "title": "(I Am) The Seeker", "headings": "", "text": "The Seeker is a song written by ABBA composers Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson towards the end of the group 's career . The song was however not recorded by ABBA , but was ` given ' by the composers to be included in the 1983 London staging of the originally French musical `` Abbacadabra '' , based on 14 of the group 's songs . The lyrics were altered for the show by Don Black and Mike Batt .   The song was performed by singer and actor B. A. Robertson , and recorded for the English language cast album . It was used as the B-side to the single `` Time '' .   The song was re-recorded by Benny Anderssons Orchestra in 2007 with a new chorus and completely new lyrics , as well as a new title `` Upp Till Dig '' , and was performed by Helen Sjöholm .   Category : Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus  Category :1983 songs"}
{"_id": "1590_in_poetry", "title": "1590 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1998_Advanta_Championships_of_Philadelphia_–_Doubles", "title": "1998 Advanta Championships of Philadelphia – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Lisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs were the defending champions but lost in the semifinals to Monica Seles and Natasha Zvereva .   Elena Likhovtseva and Ai Sugiyama won in the final 7 -- 5 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 against Seles and Zvereva ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_Montreal_Canadiens_season", "title": "1986–87 Montreal Canadiens season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 -- 87 Montreal Canadiens season was the team 's 78th season . The season involved being eliminated in the Prince of Wales Conference Final versus the Philadelphia Flyers 4 games to 2 , in a series made famous by the pre-game brawl before game 6 , after Ed Hospodar attacked Claude Lemieux for shooting a puck into the Flyers empty net at the end of the warmup"}
{"_id": "1545_in_Ireland", "title": "1545 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1545 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1990_Laurence_Olivier_Awards", "title": "1990 Laurence Olivier Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Laurence Olivier Awards were held in 1990 in London celebrating excellence in West End theatre by the Society of London Theatre . As the last ceremony was held in 1988 , these awards honored productions from both 1989 and 1990 ."}
{"_id": "1836_in_birding_and_ornithology", "title": "1836 in birding and ornithology", "headings": "", "text": "John Gould formally describes the now extinct Norfolk Island kaka  Thomas C. Jerdon a pioneer of Indian ornithology arrives in Madras  Andrew Smith describes new birds in Report of the Expedition for Exploring Central Africa . Some are the African pygmy falcon , the red-billed buffalo weaver , the white-browed sparrow weaver the southern white-crowned shrike , the Kalahari scrub robin and the great sparrow  Death of Bernhard Meyer  Death of Edward Turner Bennett  Adolphe-Simon Neboux joins the French exploration ship La Venus as surgeon naturalist  William Yarrell becomes secretary of the Zoological Society of London   Ongoing events  John Gould Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1836 New birds described by Gould in this journal in 1836 include the blue-billed duck , the black currawong , the white-eared bulbul , the greater necklaced laughingthrush , the black-headed trogon and the black-breasted parrotbill  William Jardine and Prideaux John Selby with the co-operation of James Ebenezer Bicheno Illustrations of Ornithology various publishers ( Four volumes ) 1825 and -LSB- 1836 -- 43 -RSB- . Although issued partly in connection with the volume of plates , under the same title ( at the time of issue ) , text and plates were purchasable separately and the publishers ... express the hope , also voiced by the author in his preface to the present work , that the text will constitute an independent work of reference . Vol . I was issued originally in 1825 -LSB- by A. Constable , Edinburgh -RSB- , with nomenclature according to Temminck   Category : Years in birding and ornithology  Category :1836 in science"}
{"_id": "155_BC", "title": "155 BC", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  Year 155 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar . At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Corculum and Marcellus ( or , less frequently , year 599 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 155 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years ."}
{"_id": "1930s_in_comics", "title": "1930s in comics", "headings": "", "text": "See also : 1920s in comics , other events of the 1930s , 1940s in comics and the list of years in comics   __ NOTOC __  Publications : 1930 - 1931 - 1932 - 1933 - 1934 - 1935 - 1936 - 1937 - 1938 - 1939"}
{"_id": "1975_Hardie_Ferodo_1000", "title": "1975 Hardie Ferodo 1000", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Hardie-Ferodo 1000 was the 16th running of the Bathurst 1000 touring car race . It was an endurance race for touring cars complying with CAMS Group C regulations . The event was held at the Mount Panorama Circuit just outside Bathurst , New South Wales on 5 October 1975 over a distance of 1006.036 km ( 163 laps × 6.172 km ) . The race was Round 3 of the 1975 Australian Manufacturers ' Championship .   The race was won by Peter Brock , his second win , and Brian Sampson for his only Bathurst 1000 win . The pair drove their Gown - Hindhaugh entered Holden LH Torana SL/R 5000 L34 to a two-lap victory , avenging the previous year 's result when the pair built up a record six-lap lead before suffering terminal engine failure on lap 118 with Brock at the wheel . Another dealership entered L34 Torana , the Ron Hodgson Motors car of Bob Morris and Frank Gardner , finished second with the Holden Dealer Team L34 Torana of Colin Bond and Johnnie Walker completing a clean sweep of the top three places for Holden ."}
{"_id": "1905_LSU_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1905 LSU Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 LSU Tigers football team represented the LSU Tigers of Louisiana State University during the 1905 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season ."}
{"_id": "1999_Women's_Hockey_Champions_Trophy", "title": "1999 Women's Hockey Champions Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Women 's Hockey Champions Trophy was the 7th edition of the Hockey Champions Trophy for women . It was held between 10 -- 19 June 1999 in Brisbane , Australia . It was held simultaneously with the men 's tournament . This was the last biannual edition of the tournament until 2014 when it returned to its original format due to the introduction of the World League .   Australia won the tournament for the fifth consecutive time ."}
{"_id": "1977_Open_Championship", "title": "1977 Open Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 Open Championship was the 106th Open Championship , held 6 -- 9 July on the Ailsa Course at Turnberry , Scotland . Tom Watson won the second of his five Open titles by one stroke over runner-up Jack Nicklaus . The two played together in the final two rounds and had separated themselves from the field under clear skies , leading this Open to be remembered as the `` Duel in the Sun . '' This was the first Open ever held at Turnberry , which renamed its 18th hole after the duel . Three months earlier , Watson had held off Nicklaus to win his first green jacket at the Masters .   In the second round , Mark Hayes rebounded from his opening 76 ( +6 ) with 63 to establish a new single round record at The Open Championship by two strokes . The previous record of 65 was set by Henry Cotton in the second round in 1934 at Royal St. George 's and later equaled by nine others . Lightning briefly interrupted play in the third round on Friday .   Americans dominated the final leaderboard , filling the top eight spots and eleven of the first twelve . The first page of the leaderboard was loaded with future members of the World Golf Hall of Fame .   The leader after 36 holes , Roger Maltbie , finished with 80 for 289 ( +9 ) , in a tie for 26th place .   The previous year , Watson was defending champion , but missed the 54-hole cut after an 80 in the third round , while Nicklaus finished in a tie for second ."}
{"_id": "'Amran_Governorate", "title": "'Amran Governorate", "headings": "", "text": "` Amran is one of the governorates of Yemen , which is divided into the following districts :  Al Ashah District  Al Madan District  Al Qaflah District  Amran District  As Sawd District  As Sudah District  Bani Suraim District  Dhi Bin District  Habur Zulaymah District  Harf Sufyan District  Huth District  Iyal Surayh District  Jabal Iyal Yazid District  Khamir District  Kharif District  Maswar District  Raydah District  Shaharah District  Suwayr District  Thula District"}
{"_id": "'the_other'_Jan_van_Kessel", "title": "'the other' Jan van Kessel", "headings": "", "text": "Jan van Kessel or the other Jan van Kessel ( c. 1620 , Antwerp -- in or after 1661 , Amsterdam was a Flemish painter of still lifes of fruits , hunting pieces and flowers . After training in Antwerp he moved to the Dutch Republic where he is recorded as operating a studio in Amsterdam ."}
{"_id": "1908_Carlisle_Indians_football_team", "title": "1908 Carlisle Indians football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 Carlisle Indians football team represented the Carlisle Indians football team of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School during the 1908 college football season ."}
{"_id": "106th_meridian_west", "title": "106th meridian west", "headings": "", "text": "The meridian 106 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   106 ° W is the Third Meridian of the Dominion Land Survey in Canada .   The 106th meridian west forms a great circle with the 74th meridian east ."}
{"_id": "1971_BMC_Invitational", "title": "1971 BMC Invitational", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 BMC Invitational , also known as the British Motor Cars Invitational , was a women 's tennis tournament that took place at the Civic Auditorium in San Francisco in the United States . It was the initial tournament of the 1971 WT Women 's Pro Tour and as such was the first all-female professional tournament as part of a women 's tennis tour . The event was held from January 6 through January 9 , 1971 . The final drew an attendance of 3,100 spectators who saw first-seeded Billie Jean King won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1892_in_sports", "title": "1892 in sports", "headings": "", "text": "1892 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport ."}
{"_id": "1971_Men's_European_Volleyball_Championship", "title": "1971 Men's European Volleyball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Men 's European Volleyball Championship was the eighth edition of the event , organized by Europe 's governing volleyball body , the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball . It was hosted in several cities in Italy from September 23 to October 1 , 1971 , with the final round held in Milan ."}
{"_id": "1836_in_France", "title": "1836 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1836 in France ."}
{"_id": "1206_in_Ireland", "title": "1206 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1206 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "16th_Engineer_Brigade_(United_States)", "title": "16th Engineer Brigade (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Engineer Brigade is a combat engineer brigade of the United States Army National Guard of Ohio . The brigade is responsible for a number of units throughout Ohio , most of which are also combat engineer units ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_European_Cup", "title": "1983–84 European Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 -- 84 season of the European Cup football club tournament was won for a fourth time by Liverpool in a penalty shootout in the final against Roma . The game had finished 1 -- 1 . Phil Neal had scored for Liverpool and Roberto Pruzzo for Roma . It was the seventh title in eight seasons for English clubs .   Hamburg , the defending champions , were eliminated by Dinamo București in the second round ."}
{"_id": "1921_in_Spain", "title": "1921 in Spain", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1921 in Spain ."}
{"_id": "1999_Algerian_Cup_Final", "title": "1999 Algerian Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Algerian Cup Final was the 35th final of the Algerian Cup . The final took place on July 1 , 1999 , at Stade 5 Juillet 1962 in Algiers with kick-off at 15:00 . USM Alger beat JS Kabylie 2-0 to win their fourth Algerian Cup .   Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 clubs JS Kabylie and USM Alger will contest the final , in what will be the 44th edition of the Kabylo-Algiers Derby . The competition winners are awarded a berth in the 2000 African Cup Winners ' Cup ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Coca-Cola_Triangular_Series", "title": "1997–98 Coca-Cola Triangular Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 Coca-Cola Triangular Series was a One Day International cricket tournament held in India in May 1998 . It was a tri-nation series between the Bangladesh , India and Kenya . India defeated Kenya in the final to win the tournament ."}
{"_id": "1913_Indianapolis_500", "title": "1913 Indianapolis 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 Indianapolis 500-Mile Race , or International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race , the third such race in history , was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Friday , May 30 , 1913 ."}
{"_id": "1838_Mormon_War", "title": "1838 Mormon War", "headings": "", "text": "The Mormon War is a name sometimes given to the 1838 conflict which occurred between Latter-day Saints ( Mormons ) and their neighbors in the northwestern region of the US state of Missouri . This conflict is also sometimes referred to as the Missouri Mormon War to differentiate it from the Utah Mormon War ( also known as the `` Utah War '' ) and the lesser known Illinois Mormon War .   The specific dates of the war are from August 6 , 1838 , ( the Gallatin election battle ) to November 1 , 1838 , when Joseph Smith surrendered at Far West . During the conflict 22 people were killed ( three Mormons and one non-Mormon at Crooked River , one Mormon prisoner fatally injured while in custody , and 17 Mormons at Haun 's Mill ) . An unknown number of non-combatants died due to exposure and hardship as a result of being expelled from their homes in Missouri .   The conflict was preceded by the eviction of the Mormons from Jackson County , Missouri , in 1833 .   All of the conflicts in the Mormon War occurred in a corridor 100 mi to the east and northeast of Kansas City , Missouri .   As a result of the war , nearly all Mormons in Missouri , estimated at more than 10,000 , were forced to leave the state . Most of these refugees settled in or near what would become the city of Nauvoo , Illinois ."}
{"_id": ".avi_(album)", "title": ".avi (album)", "headings": "", "text": ". avi is the second studio album of the Serbian experimental band Consecration . The album received a string of positive reviews from all over the Balkans region and Europe , which increased the band 's popularity further ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Inter_Milan_season", "title": "1992–93 Inter Milan season", "headings": "", "text": "F.C. Internazionale Milano returned to the top echelon of the domestic scene , finishing second to city rivals A.C. Milan in the championship . The relatively narrow four-points margin between the two sides , was explained by Milan drawing several matches when it had already clinched the title , so the end result was a lot closer than it was during the course of the season .   Following the indifferent 1991-92 season , Inter sold all of its three German internationals Andreas Brehme , Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann back to Bundesliga . That enabled Inter to purchase several foreign players , and especially playmaker Igor Shalimov and topscorer Rubén Sosa proved vital in Inter 's resurgence . Strikers Darko Pančev and Salvatore Schillaci struggled to live up to expectations , which made Sosa 's 20 league goals vital ."}
{"_id": "1932_French_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1932 French Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Helen Wills Moody defeated Simonne Mathieu 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 in the final to win the Women 's Singles tennis title at the 1932 French Championships ."}
{"_id": "1935_U.S._National_Championships_(tennis)", "title": "1935 U.S. National Championships (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 U.S. National Championships ( now known as the US Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club , Forest Hills in New York , United States . The tournament ran from 29 August until 12 September . It was the 55th staging of the U.S. National Championships and the fourth Grand Slam tennis event of the year ."}
{"_id": "1405", "title": "1405", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1405 ( MCDV ) was a common year starting on Thursday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "101_(number)", "title": "101 (number)", "headings": "", "text": "101 ( one hundred -LSB- and -RSB- one ) is the natural number following 100 and preceding 102 .   It is variously pronounced `` one hundred and one '' / `` a hundred and one '' , `` one hundred one '' / `` a hundred one '' , and `` one oh one '' . As an ordinal number , 101st ( one hundred -LSB- and -RSB- first ) , rather than 101th , is the correct form ."}
{"_id": "1897_in_Spain", "title": "1897 in Spain", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1897 in Spain ."}
{"_id": "1993_Grand_Prix_(snooker)", "title": "1993 Grand Prix (snooker)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Skoda Grand Prix was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place at The Hexagon in Reading , Berkshire , England . Skoda replaced long-time sponsors Rothmans after 9 years and this year was the last time it was played at the Hexagon . The event started on 11 October 1993 and the televised stages were shown on BBC between 23 and 31 October 1993 .   Jimmy White was the defending champion , but he lost his last 16 match against Ken Doherty . Peter Ebdon won in the final 9 -- 6 against Doherty to win his first major title ."}
{"_id": "1920–21_Slovenian_Republic_League", "title": "1920–21 Slovenian Republic League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1920 -- 21 Slovenian Republic League was the second season of the Slovenian Republic League . The league was separated into Celje , Ljubljana and Maribor subdivisions . The final was played between the previous season winners Ilirija and Athletik . The first two games ended with a draw ( 4 -- 4 and 1 -- 1 ) . The third game ended 7 -- 2 for Ilirija , which won their second title in a row ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Ipswich_Town_F.C._season", "title": "1992–93 Ipswich Town F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1992 -- 93 English football season , Ipswich Town competed in the inaugural season of the Premier League , following promotion from the First Division the previous season ."}
{"_id": "(B,_N)_pair", "title": "(B, N) pair", "headings": "", "text": "In mathematics , a ( B , N ) pair is a structure on groups of Lie type that allows one to give uniform proofs of many results , instead of giving a large number of case-by-case proofs . Roughly speaking , it shows that all such groups are similar to the general linear group over a field . They were invented by the mathematician Jacques Tits , and are also sometimes known as Tits systems ."}
{"_id": "1957_in_Brazilian_football", "title": "1957 in Brazilian football", "headings": "", "text": "The following article presents a summary of the 1957 football ( soccer ) season in Brazil , which was the 56th season of competitive football in the country ."}
{"_id": "1962–63_A_Group", "title": "1962–63 A Group", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Bulgarian A Football Group in the 1962 -- 1963 season ."}
{"_id": "1935_Chicago_Cardinals_season", "title": "1935 Chicago Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 Chicago Cardinals season was their 16th in the league . The team improved on their previous output of 5 -- 6 , winning six games . They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the 10th consecutive season ."}
{"_id": "1972–73_Liverpool_F.C._season", "title": "1972–73 Liverpool F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "After seven years of not winning any trophies Liverpool F.C. won both the Football League and the UEFA Cup in an extremely successful season , the highlight of Bill Shankly 's managerial career . The rebuilding of the team from the one that served so well in the 1960s that had been fully realised .   The league which they came so close to winning the year before , had finally been conquered by winning the title by three points from Arsenal . The signing of Peter Cormack from Nottingham Forest during the summer of 1972 would also be another great signing .   The UEFA Cup would also be the beginning of their dominance of regularly winning European trophies as well . Overcoming the previous season 's winners Tottenham Hotspur in the Semi-Finals and over a two legged final overcoming Borussia Mönchengladbach three-two on aggregate .   The emergence of Kevin Keegan and Ray Clemence in the team would also see them start their international careers , with them both making their England debuts in the World Cup qualifier against Wales on 15 November 1972 alongside Emlyn Hughes already established in the England team ."}
{"_id": "1996_Toray_Pan_Pacific_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1996 Toray Pan Pacific Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Kimiko Date was the defending champion but lost in the second round to Naoko Sawamatsu .   Iva Majoli won in the final 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 against Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ."}
{"_id": "1976_Colgate_International", "title": "1976 Colgate International", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Colgate International was a women 's tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts at Devonshire Park in Eastbourne in England . The event was part of the 1976 WTA Tour . It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from 14 June through 20 June 1976 . First-seeded Chris Evert won the singles title and earn # 9,000 first-prize money ."}
{"_id": "1972_Iran_blizzard", "title": "1972 Iran blizzard", "headings": "", "text": "The Iran Blizzard of February 1972 resulted in the deaths of approximately 4,000 people . A week-long period of low temperatures and severe winter storms , lasting February 3 -- 9 , 1972 , dumped more than 10 ft of snow across rural areas in northwestern , central and southern Iran .   Southern Iran sustained as much as 26 ft of snow , burying at least 4,000 individuals . According to contemporary reports by the newspaper Ettela'at , the city of Ardakan and outlying villages were hardest hit , with no survivors in Kakkan or Kumar . In the northwest , near the border with Turkey , the village of Sheklab and its 100 inhabitants were buried .   This blizzard remains the deadliest in history ."}
{"_id": "1991_Five_Nations_Championship_squads", "title": "1991 Five Nations Championship squads", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1636_in_Sweden", "title": "1636 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1636 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1927_Philadelphia_Athletics_season", "title": "1927 Philadelphia Athletics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Philadelphia Athletics season involved the A 's finishing 2nd in the American League with a record of 91 wins and 63 losses ."}
{"_id": "1998_Australian_Open_–_Women's_Doubles", "title": "1998 Australian Open – Women's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Melbourne Park in Melbourne in Victoria in Australia . It was the 86th edition of the Australian Open and was held from 19 January through 1 February 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1933–34_Swedish_football_Division_2", "title": "1933–34 Swedish football Division 2", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swedish football Division 2 in season 1933/1934 ."}
{"_id": "1989_in_Estonian_television", "title": "1989 in Estonian television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Estonian television related events from 1989 ."}
{"_id": "1993_MTV_Video_Music_Awards", "title": "1993 MTV Video Music Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 2 , 1993 , honoring the best music videos from June 16 , 1992 , to June 15 , 1993 . The show was hosted by Christian Slater at the Gibson Amphitheatre in Los Angeles . This would be Kurt Cobain 's final VMA appearance .   This year marked the introduction of yet another new category with the addition of Best R&B Video ballot . However , this would be the first time that a new award was added to the list of genre categories , a move that was mainly propelled by the success and popularity of MTV Jams .   The night 's biggest winner was Pearl Jam , whose video for `` Jeremy '' earned four awards that night , including Video of the Year . Closely following were En Vogue with three Moonmen and Madonna and Peter Gabriel with two awards apiece . All other winners took one award each .   Meanwhile , in terms of nominations R&B group En Vogue and their video for `` Free Your Mind '' were the most nominated act and video ( respectively ) that night , receiving a total of eight nominations . The second most nominated artists of the night were Peter Gabriel , Aerosmith , and R.E.M. , who received six nominations that night . Gabriel split his six nominations evenly between his videos for `` Digging in the Dirt '' and `` Steam . '' All of R.E.M. 's nominations went to their video for `` Man on the Moon . '' Lastly , Aerosmith , the winners of the Viewer 's Choice award , received six nominations for their clip `` Livin ' on the Edge . ''"}
{"_id": "1949_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season", "title": "1949 Nippon Professional Baseball season", "headings": "", "text": "The Nippon Professional Baseball season"}
{"_id": "1997_Stockholm_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1997 Stockholm Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Thomas Enqvist was the defending champion , but lost in the second round this year .   Jonas Björkman won the tournament , beating Jan Siemerink in the final , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 2 ) , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_Scottish_League_Cup", "title": "1952–53 Scottish League Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 -- 53 Scottish League Cup was the seventh season of Scotland 's second football knockout competition . The competition was won Dundee for a second successive season , who defeated Kilmarnock in the Final ."}
{"_id": "1905–06_Crystal_Palace_F.C._season", "title": "1905–06 Crystal Palace F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The idea of a club at Crystal Palace was first proposed in 1904 by The Crystal Palace Company . The proposal was rejected by the Football Association , who disliked the idea of the owners of the Cup Final venue also possessing a football club . However a separate company was formed the following year in order to establish the club under the chairmanship of Sydney Bourne , chosen due to his propensity in buying tickets to the Cup Final . Crystal Palace Football Club was formed on 10 September 1905 playing in the Aston Villa colours of claret and blue . The choice of colours was a result of the important role in the club 's formation played by Edmund Goodman , an Aston Villa employee who was recommended to the fledgling club by the Villa chairman . Goodman organised the business side of the club and managed the team from 1907 to 1925 . A former amateur player with Villa , Goodman had lost his right leg after an injury led to amputation .   Along with two other newly formed London clubs , Chelsea and Clapton Orient , Palace applied to join the Second Division of the Football League . Chelsea and Clapton Orient were accepted , but Crystal Palace were not . Unfortunately Palace were too late to be considered for the First Division of the Southern League and were forced to settle for a place in the Second Division . To increase the number of club fixtures , they also joined the United Counties League . Manager John Robson established a team of 16 professionals , mainly drawn from Middlesbrough , and supplemented with local amateurs . The club 's inaugural campaign in Division Two of the Southern League , which consisted mainly of other clubs ' reserve sides alongside Southall , Southern United , St. Leonard 's and Grays United was a successful one . Their opening match was against Southampton Reserves , and approximately 3,000 people paid 6d to stand or a shilling to sit . Palace led 3 -- 0 after 30 minutes , before fading and losing 3 -- 4 . However , that was the club 's only defeat in the League all season , and Crystal Palace won the championship and were promoted to the Southern League First Division . The season included a run of 17 straight victories , and a 9 -- 1 win over Grays United at Crystal Palace . Attendances for the season were regularly between 2,000 and 3,000 although 4,000 watched the 1-1 FA Cup tie against Blackpool . Palace also secured their record victory in this season , a friendly against West Beckenham on 24 February 1906 which Palace won 17 -- 2 ."}
{"_id": "1981_NCAA_Rifle_Championships", "title": "1981 NCAA Rifle Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 NCAA Rifle Championship was the second annual tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA co-ed collegiate rifle shooting . The championship was held at the U.S. Military Academy in West Point , New York during March 1981 .   Tennessee Tech , with a team score of 6,139 , retained the national title , their second . West Virginia again finished in second , with 6,136 . The Golden Eagles were coached by James Newkirk .   Kurt Fitz-Randolph ( Tennessee Tech ) claimed the individual titles for smallbore , and John Rost ( West Virginia ) won the championship for air rifle ."}
{"_id": "1996_in_aviation", "title": "1996 in aviation", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of aviation-related events from 1996 :"}
{"_id": "1600_in_art", "title": "1600 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1600 in art ."}
{"_id": "1984_African_Championships_in_Athletics", "title": "1984 African Championships in Athletics", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 African Championships in Athletics were held in Rabat , Morocco from August 12 to August 15 , 1984 in the Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1967_National_Society_of_Film_Critics_Awards", "title": "1967 National Society of Film Critics Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 2nd National Society of Film Critics Awards , given by the National Society of Film Critics in January 1968 , honored the best in film for 1967 .   The member critics voting for the awards were Hollis Alpert of the Saturday Review , Brendan Gill of The New Yorker , Philip T. Hartung of Commonweal , Pauline Kael of The New Yorker , Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic , Arthur Knight of Saturday Review , Joseph Morgenstern of Newsweek , Andrew Sarris of The Village Voice , Richard Schickel of Life , Wilfrid Sheed of Esquire , and John Simon of The New Leader .   2nd NSFC Awards  January 1968   Best Picture :  Persona"}
{"_id": "1229", "title": "1229", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1229 ( MCCXXIX ) was a common year starting on Monday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1958_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(UEFA_–_Group_8)", "title": "1958 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA – Group 8)", "headings": "", "text": "The three teams in this group played against each other on a home-and-away basis . The group winner Northern Ireland qualified for the sixth FIFA World Cup held in Sweden ."}
{"_id": "1960–61_La_Liga", "title": "1960–61 La Liga", "headings": "", "text": "La Liga 1960-61 season was the 30th since its establishment . The season started on September 11 , 1960 , and finished on April 30 , 1961 . It consisted of the following clubs :"}
{"_id": "1938–39_AHL_season", "title": "1938–39 AHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 -- 39 AHL season was the third season of the International-American Hockey League , known in the present day as the American Hockey League . It was also the first season that the I-AHL played as a fully unified league . For the previous two seasons , the International Hockey League and Canadian-American Hockey League had played as a `` circuit of mutual convenience '' with an interlocking schedule . However , on June 29 , 1938 , the IHL and C-AHL formally merged into a single circuit under the I-AHL name .   Eight teams played 54 games each in the schedule . The Hershey Bears won the F. G. `` Teddy '' Oke Trophy as the Western Division champions , while the Cleveland Barons won the Calder Cup as league champions ."}
{"_id": "1947–48_Swedish_football_Division_3", "title": "1947–48 Swedish football Division 3", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swedish football Division 3 in season 1947/1948 ."}
{"_id": "1970–71_NK_Hajduk_Split_season", "title": "1970–71 NK Hajduk Split season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 -- 71 season was the 60th season in Hajduk Split 's history and their 25th season in the Yugoslav First League . Their 7th place finish in the 1969 -- 70 season meant it was their 25th successive season playing in the Yugoslav First League ."}
{"_id": "1976_Belgian_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1976 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix was the seventh round of the 1976 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on 4 July 1976 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps ."}
{"_id": "18-pounder_long_gun", "title": "18-pounder long gun", "headings": "", "text": "The 18-pounder long gun was an intermediary calibre piece of artillery mounted on warships of the Age of sail . They were used as main guns on the most typical frigates of the early 19th century , on the second deck of third-rate ships of the line , and even on the third deck of late first-rate ships of the line ."}
{"_id": "(It's_Gonna_Be_a)_Lonely_Christmas", "title": "(It's Gonna Be a) Lonely Christmas", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( It 's Gon na Be a ) Lonely Christmas '' is a Christmas song recorded by The Orioles in 1948 . It was their second hit ( following `` It 's Too Soon to Know '' ) , reaching position # 8 on Billboard 's Juke Box charts in December 1948 , and # 5 the following Christmas ."}
{"_id": "1944_Miami_Hurricanes_football_team", "title": "1944 Miami Hurricanes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 Miami Hurricanes football team represented the University of Miami for the 1944 college football season . The Hurricanes played their home games at the Burdine Stadium in Miami , Florida . The team was coached by Eddie Dunn , in his second and final year as interim head coach , while active head coach Jack Harding served in World War II ."}
{"_id": "1001_Ways_to_Beat_the_Draft", "title": "1001 Ways to Beat the Draft", "headings": "", "text": "1001 Ways to Beat the Draft is a satirical Vietnam War protest pamphlet written in 1966 by Robert Bashlow and Tuli Kupferberg . It was also published in book format .   The text reels through dozens of ways that young men facing conscription during the Vietnam War could avoid service . Kupferberg leaves no societal more unscathed in this anti-war pamphlet , which is considered one of the most notable antiwar publications . Donald L. Simons , in his autobiography I Refuse : Memories of a Vietnam War Objector , wrote `` It is not possible to determine how many men successfully fooled the system , but stories of attempts , and how to do it , became part of the Sixties culture . The most famous examples were Arlo Guthrie 's classic folk song , `` Alice 's Restaurant '' , and the book , 1001 Ways to Beat the Draft .   The pamphlet was published originally by Oliver Layton Press , New York ; Kupferberg also printed it under his publishing label , Birth Press , and an illustrated version from Grove Press came out in 1967 . Kupferberg published other humorous lists in the same format , including 1001 Ways to Live Without Working and 1001 Ways to Make Love .   An excerpt was included in Viking Press ' Portable Beat Reader"}
{"_id": "1975_Madrid_Tennis_Grand_Prix", "title": "1975 Madrid Tennis Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Madrid Tennis Grand Prix , also known as the Trofeo Meliá , was a combined men 's and women 's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Real Sociedad Hípica Española Club de Campo in Madrid , Spain . The men 's tournament was classified as Group A category and was part of the 1975 Grand Prix circuit . It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from 6 October through 12 October , 1975 . Jan Kodeš won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1981_NFL_Draft", "title": "1981 NFL Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players . It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting . The draft was held April 28 -- 29 , 1981 , at the New York Sheraton Hotel in New York City . The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season .   For the first time , the top two picks of the draft were named Offensive and Defensive Rookies of the Year , respectively ."}
{"_id": "1983_in_Wales", "title": "1983 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1983 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1991_California_Angels_season", "title": "1991 California Angels season", "headings": "", "text": "The California Angels 1991 season involved the Angels finishing 7th in the American League west with a record of 81 wins and 81 losses ."}
{"_id": "17α-Methylprogesterone", "title": "17α-Methylprogesterone", "headings": "", "text": "17α-Methylprogesterone ( 17α-MP ) , or 17α-methylpregn-4-ene-3 ,20 - dione , is a steroidal progestin related to progesterone that was synthesized and characterized in 1949 but was never marketed . Along with ethisterone ( 1938 ) and 19-norprogesterone ( 1951 ) , 17α-MP was one of the earliest derivatives of progesterone to be identified as possessing progestogenic activity . Similarly to progesterone and derivatives like 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 19-norprogesterone , 17α-MP was found to possess poor ( though not negligible ) oral bioavailability , but showed improved progestogenic activity relative to progesterone when administered via other routes ( e.g. , subcutaneous or vaginal ) . In addition to its activity as a progestogen , 17α-MP has also been found to possess some antiglucocorticoid activity .   The observation of two-fold improved potency of 17α-MP relative to progesterone led to renewed interest in 17α-substituted derivatives of progesterone . Subsequently , hydroxyprogesterone acetate and hydroxyprogesterone caproate were synthesized in 1953 and introduced in 1956 and 1957 , respectively , and medroxyprogesterone acetate was discovered in 1956 and introduced in 1959 . In addition , though 17α-MP itself was never introduced for medical use , progestogen derivatives of the compound , including medrogestone ( 1966 ) and the 19-norprogesterone derivatives demegestone ( 1974 ) , promegestone ( 1983 ) , and trimegestone ( 2001 ) , have been marketed ."}
{"_id": "1973–74_Rheinlandliga", "title": "1973–74 Rheinlandliga", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 -- 74 Rheinlandliga was the 22th season of the highest amateur class of the Rhineland Football Association under the name of 1 . Amateurliga Rheinland . It was a predecessor of today 's Rheinlandliga ."}
{"_id": "1972_in_Spain", "title": "1972 in Spain", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1972 in Spain ."}
{"_id": "1942_Cotton_Bowl_Classic", "title": "1942 Cotton Bowl Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic , part of the 1941 bowl game season , took place on January 1 , 1942 , at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas , Texas . The competing teams were the Alabama Crimson Tide , representing the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) , and the Texas A&M Aggies , representing the Southwest Conference ( SWC ) as conference champions . Alabama won the game 29 -- 21 ."}
{"_id": "1997_NCAA_Division_III_football_season", "title": "1997 NCAA Division III football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 NCAA Division III football season , part of the college football season organized by the NCAA at the Division III level in the United States , began in August 1997 , and concluded with the NCAA Division III Football Championship , also known as the Stagg Bowl , in December 1997 at Salem Football Stadium in Salem , Virginia . The Mount Union Purple Raiders won their third , and second consecutive , Division III championship by defeating the Lycoming Warriors , 61 − 12 .   The Gagliardi Trophy , given to the most outstanding player in Division III football , was awarded to Bill Borchert , quarterback from Mount Union ."}
{"_id": "1989_in_motoring", "title": "1989 in motoring", "headings": "", "text": "1989 in motoring includes developments in the automotive industry throughout the year 1989 by various automobile manufacturers , grouped by country . The automotive industry designs , develops , manufactures , markets , and sells motor vehicles ."}
{"_id": "1_Scorpii", "title": "1 Scorpii", "headings": "", "text": "1 Scorpii is a star in the constellation of Scorpius . This star has an apparent magnitude of 4.63 . It rotates extremely rapidly , is severely oblate , and due to this is a small amplitude variable star ."}
{"_id": "1._FC_Saarbrücken_II", "title": "1. FC Saarbrücken II", "headings": "", "text": "1 . FC Saarbrücken II was the reserve team of German association football club 1 . FC Saarbrücken , based in Saarbrücken , Saarland . Historically , until 2005 , the team has played as 1 . FC Saarbrücken Amateure during the times the senior team played in professional football .   The team has reached the first round of the DFB-Pokal , the German Cup , just once , in 2002 -- 03 . The team has played as high as the Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar , courtesy to league titles in the Verbandsliga Saarland , than the highest football league in the state ."}
{"_id": "1954–55_SM-sarja_season", "title": "1954–55 SM-sarja season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 -- 55 SM-sarja season was the 24th season of the SM-sarja , the top level of ice hockey in Finland . 10 teams participated in the league , and Ilves Tampere won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1922_Oglethorpe_Stormy_Petrels_football_team", "title": "1922 Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels football team represented Oglethorpe University in the sport of American football during the 1922 college football season . The Stormy Petrels faced a tough schedule , evidenced by its record . They played against some of the toughest teams in the United States . Many of the games were very close . An interesting note is that the Sewanee assistant , Herb Stein , was the brother of the Oglethorpe Coach ."}
{"_id": "1993_in_Israel", "title": "1993 in Israel", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1993 in Israel ."}
{"_id": "1983_South_Australian_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1983 South Australian Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Mike Bauer successfully defended his title , defeating Miloslav Mečíř 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1RXS_J160929.1−210524", "title": "1RXS J160929.1−210524", "headings": "", "text": "1RXS J160929.1-210524 ( also known as GSC 6213-1358 or PZ99 J160930.3-210459 ) is a pre-main-sequence star nearly 470 light-years away in the constellation of Scorpius .   The star was identified as a member of the Upper Scorpius subgroup of the Scorpius-Centaurus Association by Thomas Preibisch and coauthors in 1998 , and originally assigned an age of years old based on its group membership .  A more recent analysis of the ages of the stars in the Upper Scorpius group pegs its average age at 11 million years ."}
{"_id": "1951_Montana_Grizzlies_football_team", "title": "1951 Montana Grizzlies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 Montana Grizzlies football team represented the University of Montana in the 1951 college football season as a member of the Mountain States Conference ( MSC ) . The Grizzlies were led by third-year head coach Ted Shipkey , played their home games at Dornblaser Field and finished the season with a record of two wins and seven losses ( 2 -- 7 , 1 -- 4 MSC ) ."}
{"_id": "149th_Pennsylvania_Infantry", "title": "149th Pennsylvania Infantry", "headings": "", "text": "-RSB-   The 149th Pennsylvania Infantry , also known as the 2nd Bucktail Regiment , volunteered during the American Civil War and served a 3-year term from August 1862 to June 1865 . Like their forerunners in the 1st Bucktail Regiment , each soldier wore a bucktail on his headwear as a trophy of marksmanship .  During the first year of the Civil War , the 1st Bucktails distinguished themselves as skirmishers and sharpshooters , and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton desired to raise an entire brigade of similar characteristics . Stanton enlisted Major Roy Stone of the 1st Bucktails to this task , and Stone raised 20 companies of recruits by the end of August 1862 . These 20 companies became the 149th and 150th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiments .  The Regiment is most noted for its service and sacrifice on July 1 , 1863 , at the Battle of Gettysburg . One source reports 53 soldiers killed , 172 wounded , and 111 missing or captured out of 450 soldiers engaged for a total casualty rate of 74.7 % at the epic Battle ."}
{"_id": "1971_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_800_metres", "title": "1971 European Athletics Championships – Women's 800 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 800 metres at the 1971 European Athletics Championships was held in Helsinki , Finland , at Helsinki Olympic Stadium on 10 , 11 , and 12 August 1971 ."}
{"_id": "12_Step_Program_(album)", "title": "12 Step Program (album)", "headings": "", "text": "12 Step Program ( also stylized as 12SP ) is the ninth album by the People Under the Stairs . It is the second album entirely self-distributed using Thes One 's artist-cooperative label , Piecelock 70 , and it is also the group 's shortest record to be marketed as a full-length album upon its release . ( The group 's fifth album , ... Or Stay Tuned , while shorter , was initially marketed as an EP . ) 12 Step Program is also the group 's first album since their second album , Question in the Form of an Answer , that uses only samples and no live instrumentation .   Despite not having a physical release , the track `` 1 Up Til Sun Up '' was the lead single from the album . A music video for the song was released on April 7 , 2014 , the same day that iTunes debuted the song and began accepting pre-orders for 12 Step Program .   Upon the album release , PUTS embarked on a North American tour in support of the album , with plans to visit other countries later in the year ."}
{"_id": "1995_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina", "title": "1995 in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during the year 1995 in Bosnia and Herzegovina ."}
{"_id": "1983_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_3000_metres", "title": "1983 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 3000 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 3000 metres event at the 1983 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 6 March ."}
{"_id": "173rd_Airborne_Brigade_Combat_Team", "title": "173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team ( `` Sky Soldiers '' ) is an airborne infantry brigade combat team of the United States Army based in Vicenza , Italy . It is the United States European Command 's conventional airborne strategic response force for Europe .   Activated in 1915 , as the 173d Infantry Brigade , the unit saw service in World War I , but is best known for its actions during the Vietnam War . The brigade was the first major United States Army ground formation deployed in Vietnam , serving there from 1965 to 1971 and losing almost 1,800 soldiers . Noted for its roles in Operation Hump and Operation Junction City , the 173d is best known for the Battle of Dak To , where it suffered heavy casualties in close combat with North Vietnamese forces . Brigade members received over 7,700 decorations , including more than 6,000 Purple Hearts . The brigade returned to the United States in 1972 , where the 1st and 2d Battalion , 503d Infantry , were absorbed into the 3d Brigade , 101st Airborne Division ( Airmobile ) , and the 3d Battalion , 319th Field Artillery was reassigned to Division Artillery in the 101st . The remaining units of the 173d were inactivated .   Since its reactivation in 2000 , the brigade served five tours in the Middle East in support of the War on Terror . The 173d participated in the initial invasion of Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003 , and had four tours in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , and 2012 -- 13 . The brigade returned recently from a deployment stretching from late 2013 to late 2014 .   The 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team has received 21 campaign streamers and several unit awards , including the Presidential Unit Citation for its actions during the Battle of Dak To during the Vietnam War ."}
{"_id": "1936–37_Swedish_football_Division_2", "title": "1936–37 Swedish football Division 2", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swedish football Division 2 in season 1936/1937 ."}
{"_id": "1927_Nagpur_riots", "title": "1927 Nagpur riots", "headings": "", "text": "The Nagpur riots of 1927 were part of series of riots taking place across various cities in British India during the 1920s . Nagpur was then the capital of Central Provinces and Berar ( CP&B ) state of British India which covered most of the central India . The riots occurred on 4 September 1927 . It was the day of the Lakshmi Puja -- a Hindu festival day during Diwali . Nagpur had earlier experienced similar riots between Hindus and Muslims in 1923 ."}
{"_id": "1788_in_Sweden", "title": "1788 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1788 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1910_in_Russia", "title": "1910 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1910 in the Russian Empire ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Eliteserien_season", "title": "1990–91 Eliteserien season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990-91 Eliteserien season was the 52nd season of ice hockey in Norway . Eight teams participated in the league , and Valerenga Ishockey won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1954_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_800_metres", "title": "1954 European Athletics Championships – Men's 800 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 800 metres at the 1954 European Athletics Championships was held in Bern , Switzerland , at Stadion Neufeld on 25 , 27 , and 28 August 1954 ."}
{"_id": "1974_Torneo_Descentralizado", "title": "1974 Torneo Descentralizado", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 season of the Torneo Descentralizado , the top category of Peruvian football , was played by 22 teams . The top six qualified to the final group stage . The relegation system was as follows : The last-placed team was relegated , the worst Lima-based , Arequipa-based and Lima Province-based teams were relegated . The national champions were Universitario ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_Romanian_Hockey_League_season", "title": "1976–77 Romanian Hockey League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 -- 77 Romanian Hockey League season was the 47th season of the Romanian Hockey League . Ten teams participated in the league , and Steaua Bucuresti won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1864_Democratic_National_Convention", "title": "1864 Democratic National Convention", "headings": "", "text": "The 1864 Democratic National Convention was held at The Amphitheatre in Chicago , Illinois .   The Convention nominated Major General George B. McClellan from New Jersey for President , and Representative George H. Pendleton of Ohio for Vice President . McClellan , age 37 at the time of the convention and Pendleton , age 39 , are the youngest presidential ticket ever nominated as of 2016 ."}
{"_id": "1976_Pau_Grand_Prix", "title": "1976 Pau Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Pau Grand Prix was a Formula Two motor race held on 7 June 1976 at the Pau circuit , in Pau , Pyrénées-Atlantiques , France . The Grand Prix was won by René Arnoux , driving the Martini MK19 . Jacques Laffite finished second and Jean-Pierre Jabouille third ."}
{"_id": "1623_in_philosophy", "title": "1623 in philosophy", "headings": "", "text": "1623 in philosophy"}
{"_id": "1831_in_science", "title": "1831 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1831 in science and technology involved some significant events , listed below ."}
{"_id": "1908_in_Swedish_football", "title": "1908 in Swedish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 season in Swedish football , starting January 1908 and ending December 1908 :"}
{"_id": "1998_Football_League_play-offs", "title": "1998 Football League play-offs", "headings": "", "text": "The Football League play-offs for the 1997 -- 98 season were held in May 1998 , with the finals taking place at the old Wembley Stadium in London . The play-off semi-finals were played over two legs and were contested by the teams who finish in 3rd , 4th , 5th and 6th place in the Football League First Division and Football League Second Division and the 4th , 5th , 6th and 7th placed teams in the Football League Third Division table . The winners of the semi-finals will go through to the finals , with the winner of the matches gaining promotion for the following season ."}
{"_id": "1979_Oakland_Athletics_season", "title": "1979 Oakland Athletics season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Oakland Athletics season involved the A 's finishing 7th in the American League West with a record of 54 wins and 108 losses . Only 306,763 paying customers showed up to watch the A 's in 1979 , the team 's worst attendance since leaving Philadelphia .   Team owner Charlie Finley nearly sold the team to buyers who would have moved them to New Orleans for 1979 . Any deal to relocate fell through when the city of Oakland refused to release the A 's from their lease . The city was in the midst of its battle with the Oakland Raiders over their move to Los Angeles and did n't want to lose both teams .   The Athletics ' 54-108 finish remains , as of 2013 , their worst ( by far ) since moving to Oakland in 1968 . On a brighter note , the season saw the debut of Rickey Henderson . Henderson , a future Hall-of-Famer , would play for the team ( in four separate stints ) between 1979 and 1998 ."}
{"_id": "1960–61_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1960–61 Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 -- 61 Ohio State Buckeyes men 's basketball team represented Ohio State University . The team 's head coach was Fred Taylor ."}
{"_id": "125th_Battalion,_CEF", "title": "125th Battalion, CEF", "headings": "", "text": "The 125th Battalion ( 1st Overseas Battalion of 38th Regiment Dufferin Rifles ) , CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Brantford , Ontario , the unit began recruiting in late 1915 throughout Brant County . After sailing to England in August 1916 , the battalion was absorbed into the 8th Reserve Battalion on April 16 , 1918 . The 125th Battalion , CEF had one Officer Commanding : Lieut-Col . M. E. B. Cutcliffe .   The 125th Battalion is perpetuated by the 56th Field Artillery Regiment , RCA ."}
{"_id": "10.4mm_Swiss_Centerfire", "title": "10.4mm Swiss Centerfire", "headings": "", "text": "The 10.4 mm Swiss centerfire revolver cartridge was used in the Ordnance Revolver models 1872/78 and 1878 of the Swiss Army . The case is of brass ; the bullet is of hardened lead ."}
{"_id": "1929–30_Aberdeen_F.C._season", "title": "1929–30 Aberdeen F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929-30 season was Aberdeen 's 25th season in the top flight of Scottish football and their 26th season overall . Aberdeen competed in the Scottish League Division One and the Scottish Cup ."}
{"_id": "1662_in_Sweden", "title": "1662 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1662 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1992_Schenectady_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1992 Schenectady Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Javier Sánchez and Todd Woodbridge were the defending champions , but Woodbridge did not participate this year . Sánchez partnered Diego Nargiso , losing in the quarterfinals .   Jacco Eltingh and Paul Haarhuis won the title , defeating Sergio Casal and Emilio Sánchez 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1971_FAMAS_Awards", "title": "1971 FAMAS Awards", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences Awards Night was held in 1971 for the Outstanding Achievements for the year 1970 .   Mga Anghel na Walang Langit of FPJ Productions a movie about the life of street children won the most awards with 6 wins including the FAMAS Award for Best Picture and Best Story for Ronwaldo Reyes ( Fernando Poe Jr. ) . This is the very first movie that he used the name Ronwaldo Reyes . Except from close associates in the production , no one knew who Ronwaldo Reyes was until the FAMAS awarding when Reyes was declared as the winner for best story . Fernando appeared and revealed himself as the man behind the man . Since then , he had been using the name in his writing and directorial credit . On the other hand , Eddie Garcia was nominated in 3 different categories ; Best Director for Crisis , best actor for Tubog sa Ginto ( winner ) and Best Supporting Actor for Pipo ."}
{"_id": "1891_Wimbledon_Championships", "title": "1891 Wimbledon Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1891 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament ran from 29 June until 9 July . It was the 15th staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1891 . There were 22 competitors for the men 's singles . Wilfred Baddeley was 19 years , 5 months and 23 days old when he won the men 's singles final on July 4 . The ladies ' singles and men 's doubles were held after the men 's singles had been completed ."}
{"_id": "1901_Kendall_Orange_and_Black_football_team", "title": "1901 Kendall Orange and Black football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1901 Kendall Orange and Black football team represented Henry Kendall College ( later renamed the University of Tulsa ) during the 1901 college football season . The team compiled an 0 -- 1 record , losing its only game to Arkansas by a 48 -- 0 score at Fayetteville , Arkansas ."}
{"_id": "1948_Kansas_State_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1948 Kansas State Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1948 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1948 college football season . Ralph Graham served his first year as the team 's head coach . The Wildcats played their home games in Memorial Stadium . The Wildcats finished the season with a 1 -- 9 record with a 0 -- 6 record in conference play . They finished in last place in the Big Seven Conference . The Wildcats scored 78 points and gave up 323 points .   The victory against ended an NCAA-record 28-game losing streak ."}
{"_id": "1731_in_Wales", "title": "1731 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1731 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1903_VMI_Keydets_football_team", "title": "1903 VMI Keydets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1903 VMI Keydets football team represented the Virginia Military Institute in their 13th season of organized football . The Keydets finished a short year at 2 -- 1 led by first-year head coach Bill Roper ."}
{"_id": "1982_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_4_×_400_metres_relay", "title": "1982 European Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "These are the official results of the Women 's 4x400 metres event at the 1982 European Championships in Athens , Greece . The final was held at Olympic Stadium `` Spiros Louis '' on 11 September 1982 ."}
{"_id": "1999_IAAF_World_Race_Walking_Cup", "title": "1999 IAAF World Race Walking Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 IAAF World Race Walking Cup was held on 1 and 2 May 1999 in the streets of Mézidon-Canon , France . From this year on , there was no combined men 's team trophy ( Lugano Trophy ) , just the separate standings for the two races , and the women 's team trophy was no longer called `` Eschborn Cup '' as before with their distance being increased from 10 km to 20 km .   Detailed reports on the event and an appraisal of the results was given for the IAAF .   Complete results were published ."}
{"_id": "1902_Stanford_football_team", "title": "1902 Stanford football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1902 Stanford football team represented Stanford University in the 1902 college football season and was coached by Carl L. `` Clem '' Clemans in his only season coaching the team . Clemans played for Stanford 's first football teams and was the team 's first captain . He scored the first two touchdowns in the first Big Game against California ."}
{"_id": "1895–96_Scottish_Division_One", "title": "1895–96 Scottish Division One", "headings": "", "text": "The 1895 -- 96 Scottish Division One season was won by Celtic by four points over nearest rival Rangers ."}
{"_id": "1975_Copa_Fraternidad", "title": "1975 Copa Fraternidad", "headings": "", "text": "The Copa Fraternidad 1975 was the fifth Central American club championship played between 6 clubs ."}
{"_id": "1997_FIFA_World_Player_of_the_Year", "title": "1997 FIFA World Player of the Year", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 FIFA World Player of the Year award was won by Ronaldo , who became the first player to win the award two years in a row ."}
{"_id": "10th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China", "title": "10th Politburo of the Communist Party of China", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th Politburo of the Communist Party of China was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 10th Central Committee on August 30 , 1973 , consisting of 21 members and 4 alternate members . There were additions to the membership in 1973 and 1977 ."}
{"_id": "1877_Louisville_Grays_season", "title": "1877 Louisville Grays season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1877 Louisville Grays were the victim of Major League Baseball 's first gambling scandal . Pitcher Jim Devlin , outfielder George Hall , utility player Al Nichols and shortstop Bill Craver were accused of throwing games at the end of the season . All four were banned from baseball for life . The team was unable to continue and folded after the season ."}
{"_id": "1932_UCLA_Bruins_football_team", "title": "1932 UCLA Bruins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 UCLA Bruins football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Los Angeles during the 1932 college football season . In their eighth year under head coach William H. Spaulding , the Bruins compiled a 6 -- 4 record ( 4 -- 2 conference ) and finished in third place in the Pacific Coast Conference ."}
{"_id": "1973_Thai_popular_uprising", "title": "1973 Thai popular uprising", "headings": "", "text": "The popular uprising of 14 October 1973 ( เหตุการณ์ 14 ตุลา , , `` October 14 Event '' ; or วันมหาวิปโยค , , `` Day of Great Sorrow '' ) was a watershed event in Thailand 's history . The uprising resulted in the end of the ruling military dictatorship of anti-communist Thanom Kittikachorn and altered the Thai political system . Notably , it highlighted the growing influence of Thai university students in politics ."}
{"_id": "1249_Rutherfordia", "title": "1249 Rutherfordia", "headings": "", "text": "1249 Rutherfordia ( 1932 VB ) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on November 4 , 1932 , by K. Reinmuth at Heidelberg . It was later named after the city Rutherford in New York ."}
{"_id": "1738_in_poetry", "title": "1738 in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1980_Tooth_Cup", "title": "1980 Tooth Cup", "headings": "", "text": "In 1980 Tooth Cup was the name of the annual mid-week knockout rugby league competition which was played from April to August 1980 due to sponsorship from brewers , Tooth . Parramatta beat Balmain in the final ."}
{"_id": "1961_in_Laos", "title": "1961 in Laos", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1961 in Laos ."}
{"_id": "1979_Intertoto_Cup", "title": "1979 Intertoto Cup", "headings": "", "text": "In the 1979 Intertoto Cup no knock-out rounds were contested , and therefore no winner was declared ."}
{"_id": "1997_Japanese_Grand_Prix", "title": "1997 Japanese Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Japanese Grand Prix ( officially known as the XXIII Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix ) was a Formula One motor race held on 12 October 1997 at the Suzuka Circuit , Suzuka . It was the 16th and penultimate race of the 1997 Formula One season . The 53-lap race was won by Michael Schumacher for the Ferrari team after starting from second position . Heinz-Harald Frentzen finished second in a Williams , and Eddie Irvine third in the other Ferrari . Irvine led much of the race before moving over to assist Schumacher 's championship battle by blocking Drivers ' Championship leader Jacques Villeneuve .   Villeneuve started on pole position in a Williams car . Before the race , it emerged that Villeneuve had been put to the back of the grid , for having ignored waved yellow flags on two consecutive laps during a practice session for the race . Williams appealed and Villeneuve started from the pole . He drove a conservative race to finish 5th , gaining two points . After the race , Williams withdrew their appeal , meaning he lost the two points he originally earned . Schumacher 's win put him in front of Villeneuve in the championship on 78 points , with Villeneuve on 77 points . However , as a result of Frentzen finishing second , Williams clinched the Constructors ' Championship as Ferrari could not pass their points total with only one race remaining ."}
{"_id": "1944_Cleveland_Rams_season", "title": "1944 Cleveland Rams season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 Cleveland Rams season was the team 's seventh year with the National Football League . The Rams had not played in the 1943 NFL season due to player shortage as a result of World War II ."}
{"_id": "1989_Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football_team", "title": "1989 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team represented Rutgers University in the 1989 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their sixth and final season under head coach Dick Anderson , the Scarlet Knights compiled a 2 -- 7 -- 2 record while competing as an independent and were outscored by their opponents 319 to 245 . The team won victories over Boston College ( 9-7 ) and Northwestern ( 38-27 ) . The team 's statistical leaders included Scott Erney with 2,536 passing yards , James Cann with 429 rushing yards , and Randy Jackson with 599 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1070s", "title": "1070s", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1962_FIFA_World_Cup_Final", "title": "1962 FIFA World Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 FIFA World Cup Final was the deciding match of the 1962 FIFA World Cup . It was contested by Czechoslovakia and Brazil . Brazil won the game 3-1 to record their second consecutive World Cup victory . Both teams had played each other during the group stage which ended in a goalless draw . This was the second World Cup final match featuring teams who had already competed against each other during the group stage ( the first was the 1954 final between Hungary and West Germany ) .   Santiago 's Estadio Nacional served as the venue for the final itself , and after 15 minutes , Brazil again found themselves a goal behind in the World Cup final , as a long ball from Adolf Scherer was latched onto by Josef Masopust : 1 -- 0 Czechoslovakia . However , just like the previous final four years earlier , Brazil soon hit back , equalising two minutes later through Amarildo after an error by the previously flawless Czechoslovak goalkeeper Viliam Schrojf . The Brazilians did not stop there and with goals from Zito and Vavá ( another Schrojf error ) midway through the second half , the Czechoslovaks could not get back into the game . The match ended 3 -- 1 to Brazil , a successful defence of the title for only the second time in the history of the competition ( after Italy in 1938 ) in spite of the absence of one of their star players of 1958 , Pelé ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Scottish_Challenge_Cup", "title": "1999–2000 Scottish Challenge Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 Scottish Challenge Cup was the ninth season of the competition , which was also known as the Bell 's Challenge Cup for sponsorship reasons . It was competed for by the 30 member clubs of the Scottish Football League . The defending champions were Falkirk , who defeated Queen of the South 1 -- 0 in the 1997 final .   The final was played on 21 November 1999 , between Inverness Caledonian Thistle and Alloa Athletic at Excelsior Stadium in Airdrie . Alloa Athletic won 5 -- 4 on penalties after a 4 -- 4 draw after extra time , to win the tournament for the first time in the club 's history ."}
{"_id": "1923_Air_Union_Farman_Goliath_crash", "title": "1923 Air Union Farman Goliath crash", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 Air Union Farman Goliath crash may refer to either of two accidents to Farman F. 60 Goliath aircraft operated by Air Union .   May 1923 Air Union Farman Goliath crash , in which F-AEGB crashed at Monsures , Somme , France with the loss of all six on board  August 1923 Air Union Farman Goliath crash , in which F-AECB crashed at East Malling , Kent , with one passenger being killed"}
{"_id": "1651_in_Denmark", "title": "1651 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1651 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1987_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Women's_60_metres", "title": "1987 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 60 metres event at the 1987 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 22 February ."}
{"_id": "1975_in_jazz", "title": "1975 in jazz", "headings": "", "text": "This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1975 ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_Mersin_İdmanyurdu_season", "title": "1963–64 Mersin İdmanyurdu season", "headings": "", "text": "Mersin İdmanyurdu ( also Mersin İdman Yurdu , Mersin İY , or MİY ) Sports Club ; located in Mersin , east Mediterranean coast of Turkey in 1963-1964 . MİY was Turkey Amateur Champions in 1963 . The 1963 -- 64 season was the 1st season of Mersin İdmanyurdu football team in Second League , the second level division in Turkey . It was also the first season of the team in a professional league in Turkish football league system . The team also attended 1963 -- 64 Turkish Cup ( Türkiye Kupası ) and was eliminated at third round .   MİY attended Turkish Second Football League in 1963 -- 64 season as Çukurova İdmanyurdu ( ÇİY ) ( due to sponsorship reasons ) . The president of the club was Mehmet Karamehmet . The season started with preparation games in August 1963 and ended on 31 May 1964 with the last round game of the second league . Head coach was İlhan Taşucu . He managed team with trainer Nazım Koka . Mostly appeared players were Alp Sümeralp and Muaammer Yapıcı ( C ) , while top goal scorer was Hüseyin İlgin ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Slovenian_Basketball_League", "title": "1999–2000 Slovenian Basketball League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 2000 Slovenian Basketball League , known as Liga Kolinska for sponsorship reasons , was the 9th season of the Premier A Slovenian Basketball League , the highest professional basketball league in Slovenia ."}
{"_id": "1333_in_Ireland", "title": "1333 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1333 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1971_Australian_Open_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1971 Australian Open – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Ken Rosewall defeated defending champion Arthur Ashe 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 in the final to win the Men 's Singles tennis title at the 1971 Australian Open . He was the first man to win a Grand Slam singles title without dropping a set in the open era ."}
{"_id": "1924_in_Yugoslavia", "title": "1924 in Yugoslavia", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1924 in the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ."}
{"_id": "1628_(TV_series)", "title": "1628 (TV series)", "headings": "", "text": "1628 is a Swedish comedy television series . It was first broadcast in 1991 . It is set in the year 1628 during the war of Sweden against Poland ."}
{"_id": "1973–74_Cardiff_City_F.C._season", "title": "1973–74 Cardiff City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 -- 74 season was Cardiff City F.C. 's 47th season in the Football League . They competed in the 22-team Division Two , then the second tier of English football , finishing seventeenth .   Manager Jimmy Scoular , who had been in charge of the club for more than 9 years , left the club in November to be replaced by Frank O'Farrell ."}
{"_id": "1963_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships", "title": "1963 World Ice Hockey Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 World Ice Hockey Championships was the 30th edition of the Ice Hockey World Championships . The tournament was held in Stockholm , Sweden from March 7 to March 17 , 1963 . The Soviet Union won the tournament for the third time , starting their roll of nine straight championships . For the Soviets it was also their seventh European title . A new tie-breaking method was introduced , if there was a tie for a medal , it would be broken by the goal differential between only the top five placed nations . The Swedes , on the final day had nearly everything possible go against them . If they had won or tied against Czechoslovakia , or if Canada could have won or tied against the Soviets , or if the Americans had beaten the East Germans , they would have been crowned champions . The Czechs propelled themselves past Canada on the final day to capture the Bronze .   A record twenty-one nations participated , at three levels , with most nations returning to the group where they played in 1961 . This meant that the unfortunate Norwegians , despite defeating and placing higher than West Germany in 1962 , returned to the ` B ' pool . Even in the neutral site of Sweden , there was still a political incident . Unlike in 1961 , the two German nations ended up playing their game against each other , with the West winning . Following the game when the winners flag was raised , the East Germans refused to acknowledge it , and were suspended for three months following their final game .   The North American entries were historically poor . The Trail Smoke Eaters , representing Canada , finished out of the medals for the first time . It would be the last time that an Allan Cup champion would be selected to represent Canada . The Americans lost to everyone except the two German teams , finishing last . A heavy defeat by Sweden prompted President John F. Kennedy to complain about their performance in a telephone call to David Hackett ."}
{"_id": "1,2-Bis(diisopropylphosphino)ethane", "title": "1,2-Bis(diisopropylphosphino)ethane", "headings": "", "text": "1,2-Bis ( diisopropylphosphino ) ethane ( dippe ) is a commonly used bidentate ligand in coordination chemistry . This compound is similar to the ligand 1,2-bis ( diphenylphosphino ) ethane ( dppe ) , with the substitution of isopropyl groups for phenyl groups .   Category : Bisphosphanes"}
{"_id": "1986_in_Bangladesh", "title": "1986 in Bangladesh", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1986 in Bangladesh ."}
{"_id": "126th_Air_Refueling_Wing", "title": "126th Air Refueling Wing", "headings": "", "text": "The 126th Air Refueling Wing ( 126 ARW ) is a unit of the Illinois Air National Guard , stationed at Scott Air Force Base , Belleville , Illinois . If activated to federal service , the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command .   The 108th Air Refueling Squadron , assigned to the Wing 's 126th Operations Group , is a descendant organization of the World War I 108th Aero Squadron , established on 27 August 1917 . It was reformed on 1 July 1927 , as the 108th Observation Squadron , and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II ."}
{"_id": "1967–68_Ekstraklasa", "title": "1967–68 Ekstraklasa", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Ekstraklasa in season 1967/1968 ."}
{"_id": "\"Good_day,_fellow!\"_\"Axe_handle!\"", "title": "\"Good day, fellow!\" \"Axe handle!\"", "headings": "", "text": "Good Day , Fellow ! ' ` Axe Handle ! ( Norwegian : `` God dag , mann ! '' '' Økseskaft ! '' ) is a Norwegian folktale , collected by Asbjørnsen and Moe ."}
{"_id": "1988_LPGA_Championship", "title": "1988 LPGA Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 LPGA Championship was held May 19 -- 22 at Jack Nicklaus Golf Center at Kings Island in Mason , Ohio , a suburb northeast of Cincinnati . Played on the Grizzly Course , this was the 34th edition of the LPGA Championship .   Sherri Turner birdied the final two holes for a final round 67 and won her only major championship , one stroke ahead of runner-up Amy Alcott . Turner began the round six strokes behind Alcott , the 54-hole leader , in a tie for tenth place . It was the first of her three LPGA Tour wins ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Scottish_Second_Division", "title": "1998–99 Scottish Second Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 Scottish Second Division was won by Livingston who , along with second placed Inverness Caledonian Thistle , were promoted to the First Division . East Fife and Forfar Athletic were relegated to the Third Division ."}
{"_id": "1984–85_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup", "title": "1984–85 FIBA European Champions Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 -- 85 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 28th season of the FIBA European Champions Cup club competition ( now called EuroLeague ) . The Final was held at the Peace and Friendship Stadium in Piraeus , Greece , on April 3 , 1985 . Cibona won its first title , defeating Spanish side , Real Madrid , by a result of 87 -- 78 ."}
{"_id": "1981_NCAA_Division_I_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships", "title": "1981 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 NCAA Men 's Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships were contested June 2 − 6 at the 59th annual NCAA-sanctioned track meet to determine the individual and team national champions of men 's collegiate Division I outdoor track and field events in the United States .   This was the final meet before the introduction of women 's events at the 1982 championship   This year 's meet was contested at Bernie Moore Track Stadium at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . This was the Tigers ' second time hosting the event and the first since 1973 .   UTEP finished atop the team standings for the fourth consecutive year and , therefore , claimed their fifth national title ."}
{"_id": "1968_Montana_Grizzlies_football_team", "title": "1968 Montana Grizzlies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Montana Grizzlies football team represented the University of Montana in the 1968 college football season as a member of the Big Sky Conference ( Big Sky ) . The Grizzlies were led by second-year head coach Jack Swarthout , played their home games at Dornblaser Field and finished the season with a record of two wins and seven losses ( 2 -- 7 , 0 -- 4 Big Sky ) ."}
{"_id": "1955_in_philosophy", "title": "1955 in philosophy", "headings": "", "text": "1955 in philosophy"}
{"_id": "12_Canis_Majoris", "title": "12 Canis Majoris", "headings": "", "text": "12 Canis Majoris is a star in the constellation Canis Major .   12 Canis Majoris is a blue-white B-type giant with a mean apparent magnitude of +6.07 . It is approximately 668 light years from Earth . It is classified as an Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum type variable star and its brightness varies from magnitude +6.06 to +6.09 with a period of 2.18 days .   Category : Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variables  Category : B-type giants  Category : Canis Major ( constellation )  Canis Majoris , 12"}
{"_id": "1939_Texas_Longhorns_football_team", "title": "1939 Texas Longhorns football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1939 college football season . The Longhorns were coached by Dana X. Bible in his third season and played as a member of the Southwest Conference ( SWC ) . They finished the season with an overall record of five wins and four losses ( 5 -- 4 , 3 -- 3 SWC ) ."}
{"_id": "1994_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game", "title": "1994 Major League Baseball All-Star Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 65th playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball . The game was held on July 12 , 1994 , at Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , the home of the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League -- tying the Indians for the all-time record of most All-Star Games hosted by one franchise , as the Pirates had also hosted in 1944 , 1959 , and 1974 ( and would again in 2006 ) . The game resulted in the National League defeating the American League 8 -- 7 in 10 innings . It was the National League 's first win since 1987 ."}
{"_id": "1991_South_Asian_Games", "title": "1991 South Asian Games", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 South Asian Games ( or 5th SAF Games ) were held in Colombo , Sri Lanka in 1991 ."}
{"_id": "1910_Colorado_College_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1910 Colorado College Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1910 Colorado College Tigers football team represented Colorado College during the 1910 college football season ."}
{"_id": "105", "title": "105", "headings": "", "text": "Year 105 ( CV ) was a common year starting on Wednesday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar . At the time , it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Candidus and Iulius ( or , less frequently , year 858 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 105 for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years ."}
{"_id": "1834_in_Sweden", "title": "1834 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1834 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1941_Miami_Hurricanes_football_team", "title": "1941 Miami Hurricanes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1941 Miami Hurricanes football team represented the University of Miami for the 1941 college football season . The Hurricanes played their home games at the Burdine Stadium in Miami , Florida . The team was coached by Jack Harding , in his fifth year as head coach for the Hurricanes ."}
{"_id": "1986–87_Scottish_Inter-District_Championship", "title": "1986–87 Scottish Inter-District Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986-87 Scottish Inter-District Championship was a rugby union competition for Scotland 's district teams .   This season saw the 34th formal Scottish Inter-District Championship .   Edinburgh District won the competition with four wins ."}
{"_id": "1_Mile_North", "title": "1 Mile North", "headings": "", "text": "1 Mile North is an ambient / post-rock duo consisting of guitarist Jon Hills and keyboardist Mark Bajuk . The band has released two full-length albums , a split LP with Colophon and The Wind-Up Bird , and a collection of home and live recordings . On November 19 , 2013 , the duo announced that they are working on a new album . On November 23 , 2014 , they announced the completion of their third album .   The band 's music has been featured in Steven Okazaki 's Oscar Nominated documentary The Conscience of Nhem En , as well as Okazaki 's White Light/Black Rain : The Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Music was also featured within the score of 2013 's Facing Fear , a documentary from Jason Cohen nominated for an Oscar in 2014 ."}
{"_id": "1996_Seattle_Mariners_season", "title": "1996 Seattle Mariners season", "headings": "", "text": "The Seattle Mariners 1996 season was their 20th since the franchise creation , and ended the season finishing second in the American League West , with a record of 85-76 , four-and-a-half games behind the first-place Texas Rangers . The Mariners scored more runs during the 1996 regular season ( 993 ) than any other MLB team . In addition to leading the Majors in runs scored , the Mariners also led the MLB in doubles ( 335 ) , runs batted in ( 954 ) and slugging percentage ( .484 ) . Furthermore , four Mariners scored at least 100 runs and four drove in at least 100 runs ."}
{"_id": "1962_St._Louis_Cardinals_(NFL)_season", "title": "1962 St. Louis Cardinals (NFL) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team 's 43rd year with the National Football League ( NFL ) and the third season in St. Louis ."}
{"_id": "1933–34_Birmingham_F.C._season", "title": "1933–34 Birmingham F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 -- 34 Football League season was Birmingham Football Club 's 38th in the Football League and their 21st in the First Division . They finished in 20th position in the 22-team division , two points above the relegation places . They also competed in the 1933 -- 34 FA Cup , entering at the third round proper and losing to Leicester City in the fifth .   Twenty-nine players made at least one appearance in nationally organised competition , and there were nineteen different goalscorers . Half-backs Charlie Calladine was ever-present over the 45-match season , and Fred Roberts was leading scorer with just 8 goals , all of which came in the league .   At the end of the 1932 -- 33 season , Leslie Knighton left the club to become manager of Chelsea , who had made him an offer that Birmingham were unable to match . Former Birmingham defender George Liddell , a schoolteacher by profession , was appointed to succeed him . Liddell kept up his Saturday evening radio broadcast , This Week 's Sport in the Midlands , but only on days when Birmingham were not playing away from home ."}
{"_id": "1959_Kent_State_Golden_Flashes_football_team", "title": "1959 Kent State Golden Flashes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Kent State Golden Flashes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State University in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1959 college football season . In their 14th season under head coach Trevor J. Rees , the Golden Flashes compiled a 5 -- 3 record ( 3 -- 3 against MAC opponents ) , finished in fourth place in the MAC , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 144 to 124 .   The team 's statistical leaders included John Martin with 391 rushing yards , Dick Mostardo with 164 passing yards , and Lou Perry with 141 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1898_Kentucky_State_College_Blue_and_White_football_team", "title": "1898 Kentucky State College Blue and White football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1898 Kentucky State College Blue and White football team represented Kentucky State College -- now known as the University of Kentucky -- during the 1898 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season . The team , known as `` the Immortals , '' was undefeated , untied , and unscored upon , posted a 7 -- 0 record and outscored its opponents 181 to 0 . The game was stopped by rain after fifteen minutes of play ."}
{"_id": "1996_PBA_Governors'_Cup_Finals", "title": "1996 PBA Governors' Cup Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 PBA Governors Cup Finals was the best-of-7 basketball championship series of the 1996 PBA Governors Cup , and the conclusion of the conference 's playoffs . The Alaska Milkmen and Ginebra San Miguel played for the 65th championship contested by the league .   The Alaska Milkmen captured the coveted grandslam , winning their finals series over Ginebra San Miguel , 4 games to 1 ."}
{"_id": "1963_All-Pacific_Coast_football_team", "title": "1963 All-Pacific Coast football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 All-Pacific Coast football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Pacific Coast teams for the 1963 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1948_NCAA_Men's_Basketball_All-Americans", "title": "1948 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans", "headings": "", "text": "The consensus 1948 College Basketball All-American team , as determined by aggregating the results of three major All-American teams . To earn `` consensus '' status , a player must win honors from a majority of the following teams : the Associated Press , the Helms Athletic Foundation , and Converse ."}
{"_id": "1938_in_Denmark", "title": "1938 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1938 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1634:_The_Ram_Rebellion", "title": "1634: The Ram Rebellion", "headings": "", "text": "1634 : The Ram Rebellion is the seventh published work in the 1632 alternate history book series , and is the third work to establish what is best considered as a `` main plot line or thread '' of historical speculative focus that are loosely organized and classified geographically . The initial main thread is called the `` Western and North-Central Europe thread '' ( encompassing northern and western Germany , Denmark , England , France , the Low Countries , Sweden and the Baltic ) ; the second plot line , encompassing events in Italy , Spain , the Mediterranean region , and France , the `` South European thread '' , and this book can be considered the starting novel of the `` South-Central/South-East thread '' being set in southern Germany , Austria , Bavaria , and Bohemia . This geographically organized plot thread actually began in Ring of Fire in Flint 's novelette `` The Wallenstein Gambit '' which is set in Bohemia , Austria , and Germany , which tied into stories in various Grantville Gazettes ."}
{"_id": "1879_in_architecture", "title": "1879 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1879 in architecture involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1946_Australian_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1946 Australian Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Nancye Bolton defeated Joyce Fitch 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Women 's Singles title at the 1946 Australian Championships ."}
{"_id": "1994–95_Dallas_Stars_season", "title": "1994–95 Dallas Stars season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 -- 95 Dallas Stars season was the 28th season in franchise history and the second in Dallas , Texas . Injuries to forward Mike Modano caused him to miss 18 games , more than a third of the 48-game regular season , and finished with 29 points ( 12 goals , 17 assists ) . As a result the Stars did n't have the same offensive power they had had in 1993-94 , when Modano scored a career-high 50 goals and relied on Dave Gagner to pick up the slack , which he did , leading the team in goals , assists and points . Despite finishing the season on a 4-game losing streak for a 17-23-8 record , Dallas still scored more goals ( 136 ) than they allowed ( 135 ) ."}
{"_id": "1919_Michigan_Agricultural_Aggies_football_team", "title": "1919 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team represented Michigan Agricultural College ( MAC ) in the 1919 college football season . In their tenth non-consecutive year under head coach Chester Brewer ( Brewer previously coached the Aggies from 1903 to 1910 and in 1917 ) , the Aggies compiled a 4 -- 4 -- 1 record and outscored their opponents 132 to 99 ."}
{"_id": "1990_Georgia_Bulldogs_baseball_team", "title": "1990 Georgia Bulldogs baseball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Georgia Bulldogs baseball team represented the University of Georgia in the 1990 NCAA Division I baseball season . The Bulldogs played their home games at Foley Field . The team was coached by Steve Webber in his 10th season at Georgia .   The Bulldogs won the College World Series , defeating the in the championship game ."}
{"_id": "1933_Australian_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1933 Australian Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Joan Hartigan defeated Coral Buttsworth 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 in the final to win the Women 's Singles title at the 1933 Australian Championships ."}
{"_id": "1999_WNBA_All-Star_Game", "title": "1999 WNBA All-Star Game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 WNBA All-Star Game was played on July 14 , 1999 , at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Even though the WNBA began in 1997 , this was the inaugural All-Star Game ."}
{"_id": "1996_Páginas_Amarillas_Open", "title": "1996 Páginas Amarillas Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Páginas Amarillas Open was a women 's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Madrid in Spain that was part of Tier II of the 1996 WTA Tour . It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from May 21 through May 25 , 1996 . Jana Novotná won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1916_Chicago_Cubs_season", "title": "1916 Chicago Cubs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1916 Chicago Cubs season was the 45th season of the Chicago Cubs franchise , the 41st in the National League and the 1st at Wrigley Field ( then known as `` Weeghman Park '' ) . The Cubs finished fifth in the National League with a record of 67 -- 86 ."}
{"_id": "1961_British_Saloon_Car_Championship", "title": "1961 British Saloon Car Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1961 British Saloon Car Championship , was the fourth season of the championship . It began at Snetterton on 25 March and finished after 9 races back at Snetterton on 30 September . The championship switched to the new Group 2 regulations . This year saw the first championship win for a Mini , with a car driven by John Whitmore , winning the title in his debut season ."}
{"_id": "1000_Miles_Away", "title": "1000 Miles Away", "headings": "", "text": "`` 1000 Miles Away '' is a single by Australian rock group Hoodoo Gurus that was written by Dave Faulkner . It was released by RCA Records in June , 1991 and reached # 33 on the Australian singles chart ;   The crew of Royal Australian Navy frigate HMAS Canberra had an association with the song after they adopted it as their ` anthem ' . Hoodoo Gurus played a concert including the Replenishment At Sea song `` 1000 Miles Away '' on-board during their last voyage out of Fremantle to Fleet Base West , prior to its decommissioning in 2005 .   The single was also released as a limited edition picture disc , on which the B-side is not listed but titled as 4 symbolic drawings : an eye , a light bulb , a horseshoe , and a circle with a line through it ( for back cover see below right , when read using the Rebus Principle this becomes `` I Think You Know '' ) . It was also released as a cassette single with free ` Kinky ' Hoodoo Gurus magazine .   The B side `` I Think You Know '' was also written by Faulkner . The second B-side on the CD Maxi-single , `` Stomp the Tumbarumba '' , was originally recorded by New Zealand musician , Johnny Devlin , in 1963 . It featured an uncredited appearance by the Gibb brothers ( Bee Gees ) as backup singers and reached # 5 on the Sydney singles charts and # 5 on the Brisbane charts the year of its release ."}
{"_id": "1809_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1809 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": "Foveaux Strait is the centre of attention for sealing ships . Sealing gangs are dropped along the coast from southern Fiordland to Otago Harbour and on Stewart Island/Rakiura . The Bay of Islands is sometimes on the journey to or from Port Jackson . The Chatham Islands are also visited . A few whalers also operate around New Zealand ; some also collect timber from Bay of Islands .   In November the Boyd massacre occurs in Whangaroa Harbour . It is precipitated by ill-treatment of a Māori crew member . There are only four survivors and the ship is later accidentally set on fire . It takes several months for all vessels operating around New Zealand to hear what has happened and through confusion and misrepresentation the wrong chief is blamed .   Māori are taken on as crew or passengers on various vessels that travel throughout the Pacific and also to England ."}
{"_id": "1974_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_football_team", "title": "1974 Illinois Fighting Illini football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois in the 1974 Big Ten Conference football season . In their fourth year under head coach Bob Blackman , the Illini compiled a 6 -- 4 -- 1 record and finished in fifth place in the Big Ten Conference .   The team 's offensive leaders were quarterback Jeff Hollenbach with 1,037 passing yards , running back Chubby Phillips with 772 rushing yards , and wide receiver Joe Smalzer with 525 receiving yards . Hollenbach and linebacker Tom Hicks were selected as the team 's most valuable players ."}
{"_id": "1933–34_Gauliga_Bayern", "title": "1933–34 Gauliga Bayern", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 -- 34 Gauliga Bayern was the inaugural season of the league , one of the 16 Gauligas in Germany at the time . It was the first tier of the football league system in Bavaria ( German : Bayern ) from 1933 to 1945 . The Gauliga Bayern had replaced the Bezirksliga Bayern which had been played in two divisions , north and south , as the top tier of football in Bavaria at the end of the 1932 -- 33 seasons .   The Gauligas in Germany replaced the seven regional championships and a large number of local leagues that existed in Germany until then and were established after the rise of the Nazis to power in 1933 .   The league champions 1 . FC Nürnberg qualified for the 1934 German football championship , where it finished first in its group with Dresdner SC , Borussia Fulda and Wacker Halle and qualified for the semi-finals . After defeating Viktoria 89 Berlin 2 -- 1 Nürnberg advanced to the final where it lost 2 -- 1 to FC Schalke 04 . For 1 . FC Nürnberg it was the seventh time the club reached the final and the first time it lost , having won five national championships from 1920 to 1927 and also participated in the inconclusive 1922 final . For Nürnberg it was the first of seven Gauliga championships the club would win in the era from 1933 to 1944 .   After attempts to establish professionalism in German football in 1932 the rise of the Nazis to power put a sudden end to this , forcing all football leagues in Germany , including the Gauligas , to remain strictly amateur . The new political situation in Germany at the time of the introduction of the Gauligas , the Nazis having come to power , also meant that Jewish players and officials were no longer permitted to take part in German sport clubs . For Gauliga clubs like FC Bayern Munich , taunted as Judenklub , this meant it lost important figures that had built the club up to win its first German championship in 1932 . After president Kurt Landauer and coach Richard Dombi had to leave the club because of their Jewish back ground the club declined ."}
{"_id": "(433953)_1997_XR2", "title": "(433953) 1997 XR2", "headings": "", "text": "is an asteroid , classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group , approximately 230 meters in diameter . It was discovered on 4 December 1997 , by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research ( LINEAR ) program at Lincoln Laboratory 's Experimental Test Site near Socorro , New Mexico , in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1980_Minnesota_Twins_season", "title": "1980 Minnesota Twins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Minnesota Twins season was a season in American baseball . The Twins finished 77-84 , third in the American League West . 769,206 fans attended Twins games , the lowest total in the American League ."}
{"_id": "1962–63_in_Belgian_football", "title": "1962–63 in Belgian football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 -- 1963 season was the 60th season of competitive football in Belgium . Standard Liège won their 3rd Division I title . RSC Anderlechtois entered the 1962 -- 63 European Champion Clubs ' Cup as Belgian title holder and reached the quarter finals , beating Real Madrid in the preliminary round . RU Saint-Gilloise entered the 1962 -- 63 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . The Belgium national football team started their first UEFA European Football Championship qualification campaign but were eliminated in the preliminary round by Yugoslavia ."}
{"_id": "1909_Purdue_Boilermakers_football_team", "title": "1909 Purdue Boilermakers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1909 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1909 college football season . In their second season under head coach Frederick A. Speik , the Boilermakers compiled a 2 -- 5 record , finished in last place in the Western Conference with an 0 -- 4 record against conference opponents , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 147 to 72 ."}
{"_id": "1937–38_AHL_season", "title": "1937–38 AHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937-38 AHL season was the second season of the International-American Hockey League , known in the present day as the American Hockey League . It was the second season in which the International Hockey League and Canadian-American Hockey League played an interlocking schedule as a `` circuit of mutual convenience '' with an interlocking schedule . Teams played a 48 game season , with the IHL serving as the West Division and the C-AHL serving as the East Division . The Cleveland Barons won the F. G. `` Teddy '' Oke Trophy as the Western Division champions , while the Providence Reds won the Calder Cup as league champions .   After the season , the IHL and C-AHL formerly merged into a unified league under the I-AHL name ."}
{"_id": "1982_Edmonton_Eskimos_season", "title": "1982 Edmonton Eskimos season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Edmonton Eskimos finished in 1st place in the Western Conference with an 11 -- 5 -- 0 record and won their fifth consecutive Grey Cup championship after winning the 70th Grey Cup ."}
{"_id": "1970_in_games", "title": "1970 in games", "headings": "", "text": "This page lists board and card games , wargames , and miniatures games published in 1970 ."}
{"_id": "1987–88_League_of_Ireland_First_Division", "title": "1987–88 League of Ireland First Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 -- 88 League of Ireland First Division season was the third season of the League of Ireland First Division ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Barnsley_F.C._season", "title": "1995–96 Barnsley F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1995 -- 96 English football season , Barnsley F.C. competed in the Football League First Division ."}
{"_id": "1._FC_Femina", "title": "1. FC Femina", "headings": "", "text": "1 . FC Femina is a Hungarian women 's football team competing in the Hungarian First Division .   Founded in 1970 , Femina is the most successful team in the championship with 10 titles between 1988 and 2008 , including two 3-year winning streaks in 2000-03 and 2005-08 . The following two seasons marked a decline with the club 's worst rankings yet , while in 2011 Femina was 3rd . Femina has been less successful in the national Cup , with just one title to make a double in 1996 .   Femina was the first team to represent Hungary in the UEFA Women 's Cup . Its major success in its six appearances so far was reaching the last 16 in 2007 ."}
{"_id": "1984_Tokyo_Indoor_–_Singles", "title": "1984 Tokyo Indoor – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Ivan Lendl was the defending champion .   Jimmy Connors won the tournament , beating Lendl in the final , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 ."}
{"_id": "1988_360_km_of_Brno", "title": "1988 360 km of Brno", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Grand Prix ČSSR was the sixth round of the 1988 World Sports-Prototype Championship season . It took place at the Autodrom Brno , Czechoslovakia on July 10 , 1988 ."}
{"_id": "14th_Battalion_(Australia)", "title": "14th Battalion (Australia)", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army . Originally raised in 1914 as part of the Australian Imperial Force for service in World War I , the battalion served at Gallipoli initially before being sent to France where it served in the trenches along the Western Front until the end of the war , when it was disbanded . It was raised again in 1921 as a part-time unit of the Citizen Forces based in Victoria . Later , during World War II the battalion was called up for defensive duties to guard against possible Japanese invasion , but in late 1942 it was merged with the 32nd Battalion to become the 14th/32nd Battalion ."}
{"_id": "1898_Louisville_Colonels_season", "title": "1898 Louisville Colonels season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1898 Louisville Colonels baseball team finished with a 70 -- 81 record and ninth place in the National League ."}
{"_id": "1961_in_comics", "title": "1961 in comics", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1960 in comics ,  other events of 1961 ,  1962 in comics ,  1960s in comics and the  list of years in comics   __ NOTOC __  Publications : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December"}
{"_id": "1996–97_Celtic_F.C._season", "title": "1996–97 Celtic F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996-97 season was the 108th season of competitive football by Celtic ."}
{"_id": "1937–38_FA_Cup", "title": "1937–38 FA Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The FA Cup 1937 -- 38 was the 63rd staging of the world 's oldest football cup competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the FA Cup . Preston North End won the competition for the second and ( as of 2010 ) final time , beating Huddersfield Town 1 -- 0 after extra time in the final at Wembley .   Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round , which was always a Saturday . Some matches , however , might be rescheduled for other days if there were clashes with games for other competitions or the weather was inclement . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played , a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week . If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held until a winner was determined . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay , a 30-minute period of extra time would be played ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_Jordan_League", "title": "1991–92 Jordan League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Jordan League in season 1991/1992 ."}
{"_id": "1895_in_baseball", "title": "1895 in baseball", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1962_Ibero-American_Games", "title": "1962 Ibero-American Games", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Ibero-American Games were held at the Estadio de Vallehermoso in Madrid , Spain , between October 7 -- 12 , 1962 .   A total of 31 events were contested , 22 by men and 9 by women ."}
{"_id": "1926_Campeonato_de_Portugal_Final", "title": "1926 Campeonato de Portugal Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 Campeonato de Portugal Final was the final match of the 1925 -- 26 Campeonato de Portugal , the 5th season of the Campeonato de Portugal , the Portuguese football knockout tournament , organized by the Portuguese Football Federation ( FPF ) . The match was played on 6 June 1926 at the Campo do Ameal in Porto , and opposed Belenenses and Marítimo . Marítimo defeated Belenenses 2 -- 0 to claim their first Campeonato de Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1870_in_archaeology", "title": "1870 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1870 in archaeology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1414", "title": "1414", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1414 ( MCDXIV ) was a common year starting on Monday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": "1975_in_Denmark", "title": "1975 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1975 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1997_Faber_Grand_Prix", "title": "1997 Faber Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Faber Grand Prix was a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Hannover in Germany that was part of Tier II of the 1997 WTA Tour . It was the 5th edition of the tournament and was held from February 17 through February 23 , 1997 . Iva Majoli won the singles title ."}
{"_id": "1761_in_Scotland", "title": "1761 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1761 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_VfL_Bochum_season", "title": "1983–84 VfL Bochum season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 -- 84 VfL Bochum season was the 46th season in club history ."}
{"_id": "1968_Individual_Speedway_World_Championship", "title": "1968 Individual Speedway World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Individual Speedway World Championship ."}
{"_id": "1947_Five_Nations_Championship", "title": "1947 Five Nations Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Five Nations Championship was the eighteenth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship . Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations , this was the fifty-third series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship . Ten matches were played between 1 January and 19 April . It was contested by England , France , Ireland , Scotland and Wales .   The competition was not only the first after World War II , but also marked the return of France after an absence of 16 years . Les Bleus had been expelled from the tournament after the 1931 event over allegations of professionalism and administrative deficiencies ; they were readmitted after the 1939 tournament , but shortly thereafter war forced the suspension of international rugby . The return of France established the Five Nations lineup until 2000 , when the admission of Italy created the modern Six Nations ."}
{"_id": "1968_LPGA_Championship", "title": "1968 LPGA Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 LPGA Championship was the fourteenth LPGA Championship , held June 20 -- 24 at Pleasant Valley Country Club in Sutton , Massachusetts , southeast of Worcester .   In an 18-hole Monday playoff , Sandra Post won her only major title , defeating defending champion and LPGA president Kathy Whitworth by seven strokes . Post turned 20 earlier in the month and this was the first of her eight victories on the LPGA Tour . It was the only women 's major won by a Canadian for 48 years , until 18-year-old Brooke Henderson won this event in 2016 .   This was the second consecutive LPGA Championship held at Pleasant Valley , and the second of seven in an eight-year stretch ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Stoke_City_F.C._season", "title": "1995–96 Stoke City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 season was Stoke City 's 89th season in the Football League and 33rd in the second tier .   Prior to the start of the 1995 -- 96 season there was a lot of talk about the possibility of building a new stadium to bring Stoke up to the requirements of the Taylor Report . On the pitch Stoke enjoyed their most successful season for quite a long time as they mounted a push for promotion to the Premiership and made the end-of-season play-offs against Leicester City . Unfortunately for Stoke Leicester scored the only goal in the two-legged tie and they went on to be promoted ."}
{"_id": "1979_IAAF_World_Cross_Country_Championships", "title": "1979 IAAF World Cross Country Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Limerick , Ireland , at the Greenpark Racecourse on March 25 , 1979 . A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald .   Complete results for men , junior men , women , medallists ,  and the results of British athletes were published ."}
{"_id": "1970_French_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1970 French motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 French motorcycle Grand Prix was the second round of the 1970 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on 17 May 1970 at the Circuit Bugatti Le Mans ."}
{"_id": "1996_in_the_United_States", "title": "1996 in the United States", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1996 in the United States ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_Liga_Gimel", "title": "1976–77 Liga Gimel", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 -- 77 Liga Gimel season saw 112 clubs competing in 8 regional divisions for promotion to Liga Bet .   Maccabi Sektzia Ma'alot - Tarshiha , Hapoel Sakhnin , Hapoel Kfar Ruppin Gilboa , Hapoel Givat Haim , Hapoel Ganei Tikva , A.S. Lazarus Holon , Beitar Katamonim and Hapoel Yeruham won their regional divisions and promoted to Liga Bet ."}
{"_id": "1923_New_York_Yankees_season", "title": "1923 New York Yankees season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1923 New York Yankees season was the 23rd season for this American League franchise and its 21st season in New York . Manager Miller Huggins led the team to their third straight pennant with a 98 -- 54 record , 16 games ahead of the second place Detroit Tigers . The Yankees moved into the now famous Yankee Stadium . In the 1923 World Series , they avenged their 1921 and 1922 losses by defeating the New York Giants in 6 games , 4 games to 2 , and won their first World Series title ."}
{"_id": "1999_World_Weightlifting_Championships_–_Men's_+105_kg", "title": "1999 World Weightlifting Championships – Men's +105 kg", "headings": "", "text": "The Men 's Super Heavyweight Weightlifting Event ( +105 kg ) is the heaviest men 's weight class event at the weightlifting competition , open to competitors over 105 kilograms of body mass . The competition at the 1999 World Weightlifting Championships took place in Athens , Greece .   Each lifter performed in both the snatch and clean and jerk lifts , with the final score being the sum of the lifter 's best result in each . The athlete received three attempts in each of the two lifts ; the score for the lift was the heaviest weight successfully lifted ."}
{"_id": "1982_North_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_season", "title": "1982 North Indian Ocean cyclone season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was part of the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation . The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean . There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean -- the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India . The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) releases unofficial advisories . An average of five tropical cyclones form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November . Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45 ° E and 100 ° E are included in the season by the IMD ."}
{"_id": "1985_in_spaceflight", "title": "1985 in spaceflight", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1899_Kansas_Jayhawks_football_team", "title": "1899 Kansas Jayhawks football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1899 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the 1899 college football season . In their first and only season under head coach Fielding H. Yost , the Jayhawks compiled an undefeated 10 -- 0 record , shut out six of their ten opponents , scored 280 points ( 28.0 points per games ) and allowed only 37 points ( 3.7 points per game ) . The season included victories over ( 12 -- 0 and 18 -- 0 ) , Drake ( 29 -- 5 ) , Nebraska ( 36 -- 20 ) , and Missouri ( 34 -- 6 ) .   Bennie Owen , who later coached at Oklahoma for 22 years , was the team 's quarterback , and Hubert Avery was the team captain . Owen and coach Yost were both subsequently inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame ."}
{"_id": "1884_in_organized_crime", "title": "1884 in organized crime", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1883 in organized crime ,  1885 in organized crime and the  list of ` years in Organized Crime ' ."}
{"_id": "15th_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka", "title": "15th Parliament of Sri Lanka", "headings": "", "text": "The 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka is the current Parliament of Sri Lanka , with the membership determined by the results of the 2015 parliamentary election held on 17 August 2015 . The parliament met for the first time on 1 September 2015 . According to the Constitution of Sri Lanka the maximum term of parliament is 5 years therefore the 16th Parliament of Sri Lanka will meet for the first time no later than 1 September 2020 ."}
{"_id": "1891–92_Sheffield_United_F.C._season", "title": "1891–92 Sheffield United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1891 -- 92 season was the third in existence for Sheffield United . This was their first season playing in the recently formed Northern League as the club sought to establish itself as a major footballing force . The Blades had a reasonably successful season , finishing third in the league , and registering some comprehensive victories along the way . They improved on the previous season by reaching the second round proper of the FA Cup and were victorious in the local cup competitions , winning both the Sheffield Challenge Cup and the Wharncliffe Charity Cup for the first time .   Under the stewardship of Joseph Wostinholm , United continued to recruit more experienced players . Bob Cain was signed from Bootle and Harry Hammond arrived from Everton , both players cementing their place in United 's first team for several years to come . Most significant however was the emergence of a young Ernest Needham who made his United debut in the early part of the season and would go on to be one of the club 's greatest ever players and ultimately captain England . The season did see the first United players to gain international caps with both Harry Lilley and Michael Whitham appearing for England on 5 March , ( although in different matches as England played two different games concurrently on that day . )"}
{"_id": "1955_in_Norwegian_football", "title": "1955 in Norwegian football", "headings": "", "text": "Results from Norwegian football in 1955 ."}
{"_id": "1907_Yale_Bulldogs_football_team", "title": "1907 Yale Bulldogs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1907 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1907 college football season . The team finished with a 9 -- 0 -- 1 record and was retroactively named as the national champion by the Billingsley Report , Caspar Whitney , the Helms Athletic Foundation , the Houlgate System , the National Championship Foundation , and Parke H. Davis ."}
{"_id": "1950_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_Final", "title": "1950 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the 63rd All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1950 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland . The match was held at Croke Park , Dublin , on 3 September 1950 , between Tipperary and Kilkenny . The Leinster champions lost to their Munster opponents on a score line of 1-9 to 1-8 ."}
{"_id": "1793_in_architecture", "title": "1793 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1793 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings ."}
{"_id": "145th_Illinois_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment", "title": "145th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment", "headings": "", "text": "The 145th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It was among scores of regiments that were raised in the summer of 1864 as Hundred Days Men , an effort to augment existing manpower for an all-out push to end the war within 100 days ."}
{"_id": "1988_Virginia_Slims_of_Kansas_–_Doubles", "title": "1988 Virginia Slims of Kansas – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Svetlana Parkhomenko and Larisa Savchenko were the defending champions but only Parkhomenko competed that year with Natalia Bykova .   Bykova and Parkhomenko won in the final 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 against Jana Novotná and Catherine Suire ."}
{"_id": "1924–25_Montreal_Canadiens_season", "title": "1924–25 Montreal Canadiens season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 -- 25 Montreal Canadiens season was the team 's 16th season and eighth as a member of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Canadiens once again made it to the Stanley Cup Final but lost to the Victoria Cougars ."}
{"_id": "1997_Brownlow_Medal", "title": "1997 Brownlow Medal", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Brownlow Medal was the 70th year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Australian Football League ( AFL ) home and away season . Robert Harvey of the St Kilda Football Club won the medal by polling twenty-six votes during the 1997 AFL season . Despite polling more votes than Harvey , Chris Grant of the Western Bulldogs was ineligible due to suspension ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_National_League_1", "title": "1998–99 National League 1", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 -- 99 National League 1 , sponsored by Jewson , was the twelfth full season of rugby union within the third tier of the English league system ."}
{"_id": "1935–36_in_English_football", "title": "1935–36 in English football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 -- 36 season was the 61st season of competitive football in England . Sunderland AFC won the league , and in doing so they remain the last team to win the English League while wearing striped jerseys . They also equalled the record of six titles won by Aston Villa .   Aston Villa and Blackburn Rovers were relegated from the 1st Division and therefore became the last two of the founder members of the Football League to lose top flight status for the first time ."}
{"_id": "1965_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season", "title": "1965 Kansas City Chiefs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1965 Kansas City Chiefs season ended with a 7 -- 5 -- 2 record and no postseason appearance .   For the 1965 season , the Chiefs were caught in the middle of the AFL and NFL 's bidding wars for college talent . Kansas City made running back Gale Sayers from the University of Kansas their first-round draft pick , but Sayers eventually signed with the Chicago Bears , who had also drafted him with their first pick in the NFL 's draft .   The club suffered a devastating blow late in the 1965 season when running back Mack Lee Hill suffered torn ligaments in his right knee in the next-to-last regular season game of the year at Buffalo on December 12 . Following what was expected to be a routine surgery on December 14 at Menorah Hospital in Kansas City , Hill died from what was termed `` a sudden and massive embolism . '' Hunt called Hill 's death `` the worst shock possible . '' Just days after Hill 's unexpected death , the mourning Chiefs defeated the Denver Broncos on December 19 to finish the year with a 7 -- 5 -- 2 record ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Hartford_Whalers_season", "title": "1995–96 Hartford Whalers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Hartford Whalers season was the 24th season of the franchise , 17th season in the NHL .   Key dates prior to the start of the season :   The 1995 NHL Entry Draft"}
{"_id": "1916–17_Drexel_Blue_and_Gold_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1916–17 Drexel Blue and Gold men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1916 -- 17 Drexel Blue and Gold men 's basketball team represented Drexel Institute of Art , Science and Industry during the 1916 -- 17 men 's basketball season . The Blue and Gold , led by 3rd year head coach E.L. Lucas , played their home games at Main Building ."}
{"_id": "1956_Canada_Cup", "title": "1956 Canada Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Canada Cup took place 24 -- 26 June on the West Course at the Wentworth Club in Virginia Water , Surrey , England . It was the fourth Canada Cup event , which became the World Cup in 1967 . The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 29 teams . The Scandinavian team that had competed in 1954 and 1955 was replaced by teams from Denmark and Sweden , while there were new teams from Chinese Taipei , Portugal and South Korea . Each team consisted of two players from a country . The combined score of each team determined the team results . 18 holes were played on the first two days with 36 holes played on the final day . Because of the time taken to play each round , a cut was introduced after the second day , with only the leading 20 teams competing on the final day . An 18-hole consolation event was held for the remaining 9 teams . There was provision for an individual in one of these 9 teams to complete the 72 holes if they were well-placed after the second day .   The American team of Ben Hogan and Sam Snead won by 14 strokes over the South African team of Bobby Locke and Gary Player . The individual competition was won by Hogan , five shots ahead of Roberto De Vicenzo ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_NCAA_Division_I_men's_ice_hockey_season", "title": "1990–91 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season began in October 1990 and concluded with the 1991 NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Tournament 's championship game on March 30 , 1991 , at the Saint Paul Civic Center in Saint Paul , Minnesota . This was the 44th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 96th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team ."}
{"_id": "1996_in_Turkey", "title": "1996 in Turkey", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1996 in Turkey ."}
{"_id": "12/1", "title": "12/1", "headings": "", "text": "12/1 may refer to :  December 1 ( month-day date notation )  January 12 ( day-month date notation )"}
{"_id": "1871–72_Home_Nations_rugby_union_matches", "title": "1871–72 Home Nations rugby union matches", "headings": "", "text": "The 1871-72 Home Nations rugby union matches was a single international friendly held between the England and Scotland national rugby union teams . With no other recognised rugby union teams in Britain or the rest of the World , the encounter between Scotland and England represented the only possible match that could be arranged , and would continue as such until 1875 , when Ireland formed a national team ."}
{"_id": "15th_Air_Transport_Squadron", "title": "15th Air Transport Squadron", "headings": "", "text": "The 15th Air Transport Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . It was last assigned to the 1607th Air Transport Wing of Military Air Transport Service at Dover Air Force Base , Delaware , where it was inactivated on 1 January 1965 .   During World War II the squadron was active from 1942 to 1943 . It was disbanded when Air Transport Command disbanded its squadrons and groups and replaced them with numbered stations .   The squadron was reconstituted in 1952 and served for the next thirteen years as a heavy airlift unit on the east coast of the United States ."}
{"_id": "1999_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Women's_4_×_100_metres_relay", "title": "1999 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "The Women 's 4x100 metres relay event at the 1999 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Estadio Olímpico de Sevilla on August 28 and August 29 ."}
{"_id": "1995_FIBA_Oceania_Championship", "title": "1995 FIBA Oceania Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The FIBA Oceania Championship for Men 1995 was the qualifying tournament of FIBA Oceania for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . The tournament was held in Sydney . won its 12th Oceania Championship to qualify for the Olympics ."}
{"_id": "1906_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1906 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "111th_Fighter_Escadrille_(Poland)", "title": "111th Fighter Escadrille (Poland)", "headings": "", "text": "The 111th Fighter Escadrille of the Polish Air Force ( 111 . eskadra myśliwska ) was one of the fighter units of the Polish Army . Created in 1921 , immediately after the end of the Polish-Soviet War , the unit inherited the traditions of the famous war-time Polish 7th Air Escadrille ( known as the Kościuszko Squadron ) , in which both Polish and American volunteers served ."}
{"_id": "1999_European_Road_Championships", "title": "1999 European Road Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 European Road Championships were held in Lisbon , Portugal , in August 1999 . Regulated by the European Cycling Union . The event consisted of a road race and time trial for under-23 women and under-23 men ."}
{"_id": "1995_UNCAF_Nations_Cup_squads", "title": "1995 UNCAF Nations Cup squads", "headings": "", "text": "Below are the rosters for the UNCAF Nations Cup 1995 tournament in San Salvador , El Salvador , from November 29 to December 10 , 1995 ."}
{"_id": "-ase", "title": "-ase", "headings": "", "text": "The suffix - ase is used in biochemistry to form names of enzymes . The most common way to name enzymes is to add this suffix onto the end of the substrate , e.g. an enzyme that breaks down peroxides may be called peroxidase ; the enzyme that produces telomeres is called telomerase . Sometimes enzymes are named for the function they perform , rather than substrate , e.g. the enzyme that polymerizes ( assembles ) DNA into strands is called polymerase ; see also reverse transcriptase .   The commonly used - ase suffix for naming enzymes was derived from the name diastase ."}
{"_id": "1889_American_Cup", "title": "1889 American Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1889 American Cup was the fifth edition of the soccer tournament organized by the American Football Association . The Fall River Rovers won their second consecutive title by defeating the Newark Caledonians in the final ."}
{"_id": "1906–07_Scottish_Division_One", "title": "1906–07 Scottish Division One", "headings": "", "text": "The 1906 -- 07 Scottish Division One season was won by Celtic by seven points over nearest rival Dundee ."}
{"_id": "1937–38_National_Football_League_(Ireland)", "title": "1937–38 National Football League (Ireland)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 -- 38 National Football League was the 11th staging of the National Football League ( NFL ) , an annual Gaelic football tournament for the Gaelic Athletic Association county teams of Ireland .   Mayo won the league for the fifth year in a row , beating Meath in the final . This season was notable for featuring the first commentary by Mícheál Ó hEithir , who , along with four others , did a test commentary on Dublin v. Louth in May 1938 . Dr Kiernan was so impressed by Ó hEithir 's performance that he allowed him to commentate on the entire second half . ɗ"}
{"_id": "1921_Evansville_Crimson_Giants_season", "title": "1921 Evansville Crimson Giants season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1921 Evansville Crimson Giants season was their inaugural in the National Football League . The team finished with a 3 -- 2 record against NFL teams , and finished in sixth place in the standings. ,"}
{"_id": "1919_in_Croatia", "title": "1919 in Croatia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1919 in Croatia ."}
{"_id": "1958_All-Ireland_Senior_Camogie_Championship_Final", "title": "1958 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "For more detail & team line-outs see separate entry for 1958 Senior Camogie Championship .   The 1958 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final was the 27th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1958 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship , an inter-county camogie tournament for the top teams in Ireland .   The game was played after the - hurling semi-final ( hence the high attendance figure ) . Dublin had a comfortable victory ."}
{"_id": "1899_New_Year_Honours", "title": "1899 New Year Honours", "headings": "", "text": "The New Year Honours 1899 were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours of the United Kingdom and British India .   They were published in The Times on 2 January 1899 , and the various honours were gazetted in The London Gazette on 2 January 1899 , 10 January 1899 , and on 13 January 1899 .   The recipients of honours are displayed or referred to as they were styled before their new honour , and arranged by honour and where appropriate by rank ( Knight Grand Cross , Knight Commander , etc. ) then divisions ( Military , Civil ) ."}
{"_id": "1970_Mongolian_National_Championship", "title": "1970 Mongolian National Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Mongolian National Championship was the seventh recorded edition of the Mongolian National Championship for football , with the first tournament taking place in 1955 and no tournament held in 1965 . It would appear however that championships were contested between 1956 and 1963 , as sources note that Aldar , ( literally : Glory ) the Mongolian Army Sports Club , won the title on numerous occasions during that time . Nonetheless , the 1970 national championship was won by Aldar , their first recorded title . Aldar went unbeaten throughout the entire season , with Khuldumur finishing as runners up and Darkhan in third place . The official best players for the championship included : Baigal , Bayanjargal , Sagar ( all Aldar ) , Emel , Grish , Purevjal ( all Darkhan ) , Samdan ( Khudulmur ) ."}
{"_id": "1704_in_Sweden", "title": "1704 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1704 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1932_Rutgers_Queensmen_football_team", "title": "1932 Rutgers Queensmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1932 college football season . In their second season under head coach J. Wilder Tasker , the Queensmen compiled a 6 -- 3 -- 1 record , won the Middle Three Conference championship , and outscored their opponents 159 to 58 ."}
{"_id": "13_Dead_Men", "title": "13 Dead Men", "headings": "", "text": "13 Dead Men is a 2003 film starring rapper Mystikal and Lorenzo Lamas . It was written and directed by Art Camacho ."}
{"_id": "10th_meridian", "title": "10th meridian", "headings": "", "text": "10th meridian may refer to :   10th meridian east , a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian  10th meridian west , a line of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian"}
{"_id": "13_posterunek", "title": "13 posterunek", "headings": "", "text": "13 posterunek ( literally translated as Police Station No. 13 ) is a Polish sitcom series directed and scripted by Maciej Ślesicki , starring Cezary Pazura and Marek Perepeczko . The whole series is made of eighty-three episodes and divided on two seasons which first of is made of 41 and the second - named 13 posterunek 2 - of 42 . Episodes number 41 and 83 are actually backstage episodes ."}
{"_id": "1604_in_art", "title": "1604 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1604 in art ."}
{"_id": "1928_Washington_Senators_season", "title": "1928 Washington Senators season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1928 Washington Senators won 75 games , lost 79 , and finished in fourth place in the American League . They were managed by Bucky Harris and played home games at Griffith Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1-(2-Diphenyl)piperazine", "title": "1-(2-Diphenyl)piperazine", "headings": "", "text": "1 - ( 2-Diphenyl ) piperazine , also known as RA-7 , is a drug which acts as a potent and selective agonist at the 5HT7 serotonin receptor . It was discovered as an active metabolite of the synthetic 5-HT7 agonists LP-12 and LP-211 , and unexpectedly turned out to be a similarly potent agonist with selectivity approaching that of the parent molecules , despite its much simpler structure ."}
{"_id": "100_Block_of_West_Broadway_Historic_District", "title": "100 Block of West Broadway Historic District", "headings": "", "text": "The 100 Block of West Broadway Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Council Bluffs , Iowa , United States . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 . At the time of its nomination the district consisted of 30 resources , including 22 contributing buildings , and eight non-contributing buildings . The linear district on the east side of the central business district is the north side of Broadway . Developed between mid-1850s and 1928 , it is the only section of the street that has maintained its historical integrity . The buildings are one to three stories tall with commercial space on the main floor . While many are vernacular commercial structures , others are the various revival styles of Victorian architecture ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Florida_Panthers_season", "title": "1998–99 Florida Panthers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 99 Florida Panthers season was their sixth season in the National Hockey League . The Panthers missed the playoffs , but made a big acquisition of Pavel Bure during the season ."}
{"_id": "1898_Grand_National", "title": "1898 Grand National", "headings": "", "text": "The 1898 Grand National was the 60th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool , England , on 25 March 1898 ."}
{"_id": "1938–39_Luxembourg_National_Division", "title": "1938–39 Luxembourg National Division", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Luxembourg National Division in season 1938/1939 ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Asia_Cup", "title": "1990–91 Asia Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 -- 91 Asia Cup , was the fourth Asia Cup tournament , and was held in India between December 25 , 1990 , and January 4 , 1991 . Three teams took part in the tournament : India , Sri Lanka and Asian leading associate member Bangladesh . Pakistan had pulled out of the tournament due to strained political relations with India .   The 1990 -- 91 Asia Cup was a round-robin tournament where each team played the other once , and the top two teams qualifying for a place in the final . India and Sri Lanka qualified for the final in which India beat Sri Lanka by 7 wickets to win its second consecutive ( and third in total ) Asia Cup ."}
{"_id": "1918–19_Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1918–19 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 -- 19 Illinois Fighting Illini men 's basketball team represented the University of Illinois ."}
{"_id": "1952_Soviet_Top_League", "title": "1952 Soviet Top League", "headings": "", "text": "14 teams took part in the league with FC Spartak Moscow winning the championship ."}
{"_id": "1997_San_Marino_Grand_Prix", "title": "1997 San Marino Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 San Marino Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari , Italy on 27 April 1997 . It was the fourth race of the 1997 Formula One season . The 62-lap race was won by Williams driver Heinz-Harald Frentzen after he started from second position . Michael Schumacher finished second for the Ferrari team with his teammate Eddie Irvine third ."}
{"_id": "1779_English_cricket_season", "title": "1779 English cricket season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1779 English cricket season saw the beginnings of Berkshire as an important team ."}
{"_id": "1937–38_Scottish_Football_League", "title": "1937–38 Scottish Football League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of the Scottish Football League in season 1937 -- 38 ."}
{"_id": ".desi", "title": ".desi", "headings": "", "text": ". desi is a top-level domain ( TLD ) used in the Domain Name System of the Internet . It is operated by Desi Networks LLC ."}
{"_id": "1963_Meistaradeildin", "title": "1963 Meistaradeildin", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Meistaradeildin in the 1963 season ."}
{"_id": "13th_Mechanized_Corps_(Soviet_Union)", "title": "13th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)", "headings": "", "text": "The 13th Mechanized Corps ( Military Unit Number 9825 ) was a mechanized corps of the Red Army , formed in March 1941 . Stationed in the Białystok salient , the corps was destroyed during the Battle of Białystok -- Minsk ."}
{"_id": "1978_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series", "title": "1978 NASCAR Winston Cup Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 NASCAR Grand National Winston Cup Series was the 30th season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 7th modern era NASCAR Cup series . The season began on Sunday , January 22 and ended on Sunday , November 19 . Cale Yarborough driving the Junior Johnson # 11 First National City Travelers Checks Oldsmobile won his then record third consecutive NASCAR Grand National Series Winston Cup Championship . Ronnie Thomas was crowned NASCAR Rookie of the Year in a tight battle with Roger Hamby ."}
{"_id": "1886_Sauk_Rapids_tornado", "title": "1886 Sauk Rapids tornado", "headings": "", "text": "The 1886 Sauk Rapids Tornado was a violent tornado that tore through the cities of Sauk Rapids , St. Cloud , and Rice , Minnesota , on April 14 , 1886 . It destroyed much of the town of Sauk Rapids and killed 72 people along its path . It is the deadliest tornado on record in Minnesota . Other tornadoes occurred in Iowa , Kansas , Missouri , and Texas on the same day , suggesting the possibility of a large outbreak ."}
{"_id": "1946_Rice_Owls_football_team", "title": "1946 Rice Owls football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 Rice Owls football team represented Rice University during the 1946 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1690s", "title": "1690s", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1765_in_Sweden", "title": "1765 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1765 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "12-metre_class", "title": "12-metre class", "headings": "", "text": "The 12 Metre class is a rating class for racing sailboats that are designed to the International rule . It enables fair competition between boats that rate in the class whilst retaining the freedom to experiment with the details of their designs . The designation `` 12 Metre '' does not refer to any single measurement on the boat , and is not referencing the vessels overall length , rather , measures the sum of the components directed by the formula which governs design and construction parameters . Typically 12 Metre class boats range from 65 to 75 feet ( about 20 to 23 m ) in length overall ; they are most often sloop-rigged , with masts roughly 85 feet ( 26 m ) tall .   The first 12 Metres were built in 1907 . The 12 Metre class was used in the Olympic Games of 1908 , 1912 and 1920 but few boats participated in these events . The 12 Metre class boats are best known as the boat design used in the America 's Cup from 1958 to 1987 .   Competitiveness between boats in the class is maintained by requiring the boats to be in compliance with the 12 Metre formula . Designers and builders are required to take into account such things as the sail area , the boat length at the waterline and the boat girth ( the measurement around the boat from one sideboard , under the keel , and then over the top on the opposite side back to the original side ) . The measurements are then weighted in the formula . For example , the present formula takes the square root of the sail area rather than total area . The combination of weighted measurements must be less than or equal to 12 metres . Designers are free to change any of the component variables , as well as other details , such as the size of the rudder and keel , so long as the corresponding changes elsewhere produce an ultimate sum of 12 metres and the resulting boat is both seaworthy and safe . Though disparity between boats are minimized by the rule , enough variation exists so that races are as much about design and construction as they are about seamanship and tactics .   The `` 12 Metre '' yachts are also referred to as `` Twelves '' , `` 12s '' , or `` 12 Metres '' ."}
{"_id": "108_St_Georges_Terrace", "title": "108 St Georges Terrace", "headings": "", "text": "108 St Georges Terrace or South32 Tower ( formerly known as Bankwest Tower , the Bond Tower and the R&I Tower ) is a 50-storey office tower in Perth , Western Australia . Completed in 1988 , the building measures 214 m to its roof and 247 m to the tip of its communications antenna . It was the tallest building in Perth from its completion in 1988 until 1992 when it was overtaken in height by Central Park . As of 2012 , it remains the third-tallest building in the city . The concrete tower has a distinctive profile , with a triangular plan .   The site occupied by the tower was home to the Palace Hotel , and organised opposition was formed to try to save that building from demolition to make way for an office tower . The site was subsequently acquired by businessman Alan Bond and the tower was approved and constructed in a plan that would retain much of the Palace Hotel . The tower then remained the headquarters of Bond 's companies until their collapse . The tower has also been the headquarters of Western Australia 's state bank , Bankwest ( formerly known as the R&I Bank ) , between its completion and 2012 ."}
{"_id": "164_(number)", "title": "164 (number)", "headings": "", "text": "164 ( one hundred -LSB- and -RSB- sixty-four ) is the natural number following 163 and preceding 165 ."}
{"_id": "1974–75_SK_Rapid_Wien_season", "title": "1974–75 SK Rapid Wien season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "12th_Infantry_Regiment_(Poland)", "title": "12th Infantry Regiment (Poland)", "headings": "", "text": "12th Infantry Regiment ( Polish language : 12 Pulk Piechoty , 12 pp ) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army . It existed from 1918 until 1939 . Garrisoned in Wadowice , the unit belonged to the 6th Infantry Division from Kraków .   The regiment celebrated its holiday on August 1 , the anniversary of the 1920 Battle Of Leszniow , against the Red Army . During the 1939 Invasion of Poland , it belonged to Kraków Army , together with the 6th Infantry Division ."}
{"_id": "1986_FIVB_Volleyball_Women's_World_Championship", "title": "1986 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 FIVB Volleyball Women 's World Championship was the tenth edition of the tournament , organised by the world 's governing body , the FIVB . It was held in Prague , Czechoslovakia from September 2 to September 13 , 1986 ."}
{"_id": "1970_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season", "title": "1970 Pittsburgh Pirates season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Pittsburgh Pirates season resulted in the team winning their first National League East title with a record of 89 -- 73 , five games ahead of the Chicago Cubs . However , they lost the NLCS to the NL West Champion Cincinnati Reds , three games to none .   The Pirates were managed by Danny Murtaugh and played their home games at Forbes Field during the first part of the year , before moving into the brand new Three Rivers Stadium on July 16 . Coinciding with their move , the Pirates became the first major league team to adopt pullover jerseys and sans-a-belt pants for their uniforms , a style copied by a majority of the MLB for the next two decades and which the Pirates themselves would wear through the 1990 season ."}
{"_id": "1225_in_Ireland", "title": "1225 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1225 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1968–69_Cupa_României", "title": "1968–69 Cupa României", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 -- 69 Cupa României was the 31st edition of Romania 's most prestigious football cup competition .   The title was won by Steaua București against Dinamo București ."}
{"_id": "1946_Polish_Football_Championship", "title": "1946 Polish Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "1946 Polish Football Championship - played by 18 regional champions in a cup system ."}
{"_id": "1962_Western_Michigan_Broncos_football_team", "title": "1962 Western Michigan Broncos football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 Western Michigan Broncos football team represented Western Michigan University in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1962 college football season . In their sixth season under head coach Merle Schlosser , the Broncos compiled a 5 -- 4 record ( 3 -- 3 against MAC opponents ) , finished in fourth place in the MAC , and outscored their opponents , 158 to 112 . The team played its home games at Waldo Stadium in Kalamazoo , Michigan .   The team 's statistical leaders included Roger Theder with 824 passing yards , Bill Schlee with 599 rushing yards , and Jim Bednar with 255 receiving yards . Center Mike Maul and quarterback Roger Theder were the team captains . Fullback Bill Schlee received the team 's most outstanding player award ."}
{"_id": "1978–79_FC_Basel_season", "title": "1978–79 FC Basel season", "headings": "", "text": "The Fussball Club Basel 1893 1978 -- 79 season was their 85th season since the club was founded . It was their 33rd consecutive season in the top flight of Swiss football after they won promotion during the season 1945 -- 46 . They played their home games in the St. Jakob Stadium ."}
{"_id": "1979–80_Detroit_Red_Wings_season", "title": "1979–80 Detroit Red Wings season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979-80 season was the first season that the Red Wings played at their at the time newly-built arena , the Joe Louis Arena ."}
{"_id": "1952_All-Ireland_Minor_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1952 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship was the 22nd staging of the All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1928 .   Cork entered the championship as the defending champions , however , they were beaten by Tipperary in the Munster semi-final .   On 7 September 1952 Tipperary won the championship following a 9-9 to 2-6 defeat of Dublin in the All-Ireland final . This was their seventh All-Ireland title and their first in three championship seasons ."}
{"_id": "1939_U.S._National_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1939 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Bobby Riggs defeated Welby Van Horn 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Men 's Singles tennis title at the 1939 U.S. National Championships ."}
{"_id": "1986_Amateur_World_Series", "title": "1986 Amateur World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Amateur World Series took place in the Netherlands from July 19 to August 2 . Cuba defeated Korea in the final to win the tournament . This was the last time the event was staged under this name ; future competitions were held under the name Baseball World Cup ."}
{"_id": "1952_British_Grand_Prix", "title": "1952 British Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 British Grand Prix was a Formula Two race held on 19 July 1952 at Silverstone Circuit . It was race 5 of 8 in the 1952 World Championship of Drivers , in which each Grand Prix was run to Formula Two rules rather than the Formula One regulations normally used .   New pit facilities had been built on the straight between Woodcote and Copse corners ; the original pits were located between Abbey and Woodcote ."}
{"_id": "1998_in_Malaysia", "title": "1998 in Malaysia", "headings": "", "text": "1998 in Malaysia is the 41st anniversary of Malaysia 's independence ."}
{"_id": "1992_7-Up_Uncolas_season", "title": "1992 7-Up Uncolas season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 7-Up Uncolas season was the 3rd season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) . Known as Pepsi Hotshots in the First Conference ."}
{"_id": "1977–78_Newport_County_A.F.C._season", "title": "1977–78 Newport County A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 -- 78 season was Newport County 's 16th consecutive season in the Football League Fourth Division and their 50th season overall in the Football League . Despite the eventual lowly 16th-place finish , this season was a much-improved performance over the previous season 's relegation battle . The club was actually in third place with promotion looking likely with ten games to go , but those games yielded a mere three points and County missed out again on a return to the Third Division ."}
{"_id": "1._Spielklasse_Bezirk_Braunschweig", "title": "1. Spielklasse Bezirk Braunschweig", "headings": "", "text": "The 1 . Spielklasse Bezirk Braunschweig , also known as 1 . Spielklasse Herzogtum Braunschweig , Bezirksliga Braunschweig and Bezirksmeisterschaft Braunschweig at various points , was the highest association football league in the German Duchy of Brunswick and , later , the Free State of Brunswick from 1904 to 1920 . The league also covered small parts of the neighbouring Prussian Province of Hanover . It was one of several first tier leagues in the German Empire and Weimar Republic ."}
{"_id": "007:_Licence_to_Kill", "title": "007: Licence to Kill", "headings": "", "text": "007 : Licence to Kill is a 1989 video game based on the James Bond film of the same name , developed by Quixel and published by Domark in 1989 . It was originally released for DOS and then ported to the Amiga , Amstrad CPC , Atari ST , BBC Micro , Commodore 64 , MSX and ZX Spectrum . The game was later released in South Korea in 1996 , for the Master System .   The game 's storyline closely follows that of the film , consisting of six scenes in which Bond chases drug czar Sanchez who has murdered his best friend Felix Leiter 's bride . The scenes within the game vary in setting and include helicopter chases , underwater diving , water-skis and behind the wheel of an 18-wheel tanker truck ."}
{"_id": "1932_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships", "title": "1932 UCI Track Cycling World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling . They took place in Rome , Italy from 27 August to 4 September 1932 . Three events for men were contested , two for professionals and one for amateurs ."}
{"_id": "16th_century", "title": "16th century", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1501 and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 ( depending on the reckoning used ; the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582 ) .   It is regarded by historians as the century in which the rise of the West occurred .  During the 16th century , Spain and Portugal explored the world 's seas and opened worldwide oceanic trade routes . Large parts of the New World became Spanish and Portuguese colonies , and while the Portuguese became the masters of Asia 's and Africa 's Indian Ocean trade , the Spanish opened trade across the Pacific Ocean , linking the Americas with Asia .   This era of colonialism established mercantilism as the leading school of economic thought , where the economic system was viewed as a zero-sum game in which any gain by one party required a loss by another . The mercantilist doctrine encouraged the many intra-European wars of the period and arguably fueled European expansion and imperialism throughout the world until the 19th century or early 20th century .   In Europe , the Protestant Reformation gave a major blow to the authority of the papacy and the Roman Catholic Church . European politics became dominated by religious conflicts , with the groundwork for the epochal Thirty Years ' War being laid towards the end of the century . In Italy , Luca Pacioli published the first work ever on accounting and Galileo Galilei made the first thermometer . In England , the Italian Alberico Gentili wrote the first book on public international law and divided secularism from canon law and Roman Catholic theology .   In the Middle East , the Ottoman Empire continued to expand , with the Sultan taking the title of Caliph , while dealing with a resurgent Persia . Iran and Iraq were caught by major popularity of the once-obscure Shiite sect of Islam under the rule of the Safavid dynasty of warrior-mystics , providing grounds for a Persia independent of the majority-Sunni Muslim world .   China evacuated the coastal areas , because of Japanese piracy . Japan was suffering a severe civil war at the time .   Mughal Emperor Akbar extended the power of the Mughal Empire to cover most of the South Asian sub continent . His rule significantly influenced arts , and culture in the region .   Copernicus proposed the heliocentric universe , which was met with strong resistance , and Tycho Brahe refuted the theory of celestial spheres through observational measurement of the 1572 appearance of a Milky Way supernova . These events directly challenged the long-held notion of an immutable universe supported by Ptolemy and Aristotle , and led to major revolutions in astronomy and science ."}
{"_id": "1990_Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_football_team", "title": "1990 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1990 college football season . In their third year under head coach David Rader , the Golden Hurricane compiled a 3 -- 8 record . The team 's statistical leaders included quarterback Gus Frerotte with 1,066 passing yards , Chris Hughley with 700 rushing yards , and Frank Cassano with 464 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1932_Albanian_First_Division", "title": "1932 Albanian First Division", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 Albanian First Division is the second season of the second tier of football in Albania . The league was played between April and May 1932 and it was divided into 3 groups , Group A being an exhibition tournament and the winners of Group B and C played each other in the final . The final was played between SK Kavajë and SK Vlorë , which was won by SK Kavajë 3-1 to be crowned champions ."}
{"_id": "1,2,6-Trigalloyl_glucose", "title": "1,2,6-Trigalloyl glucose", "headings": "", "text": "1,2,6-Trigalloyl glucose is a gallotannin found in cell cultures of Cornus officinalis ."}
{"_id": "1993_in_Burundi", "title": "1993 in Burundi", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1993 in Burundi ."}
{"_id": "1928_Oglethorpe_Stormy_Petrels_football_team", "title": "1928 Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1928 Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels football team represented Oglethorpe University in the sport of American football during the 1928 college football season . The 1928 season was highly anticipated . The Petrels were expected to do very well . However , the only game that was considered a true success was Oglethorpe 's victory of her rival , Mercer University ."}
{"_id": "1988_Masters_Tournament", "title": "1988 Masters Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Masters Tournament was the 52nd Masters Tournament , held April 7 -- 10 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta , Georgia . Sandy Lyle won his second major title with a birdie on the 72nd hole to win by one stroke over runner-up Mark Calcavecchia .   Lyle led after 36 and 54 holes , but relinquished the lead on the final nine ; he carded a double-bogey on the par-3 12th after his tee shot hit the bank and rolled back into Rae 's Creek . Having failed to make birdie on either of the two par-5s on the back nine , he remained one stroke behind Calcavecchia at the par-3 16th . Lyle 's tee shot found the green and left him with a 15 ft putt for birdie , which he holed .   Tied for the lead on the 18th tee , Lyle 's 1-iron tee shot found the fairway bunker . His 7-iron approach landed past the flag and up the slope of the tier running across the green , before gradually rolling back to finish around 10 ft from the hole . After holing the birdie putt , Lyle danced up the green to claim his only green jacket .   From Scotland , Lyle was the first winner of the Masters from the United Kingdom , which had four consecutive with Nick Faldo 's playoff wins in 1989 and 1990 and Ian Woosnam 's one-stroke victory in 1991 . Decades later , Lyle 's approach shot from the bunker on the final hole is still regularly referred to by BBC commentators , particularly Peter Alliss , who almost without fail , remark that any shot rolling back to the pin on the 18th has ` shades of Sandy Lyle ' about it ."}
{"_id": "1964–65_Women's_European_Cup_(handball)", "title": "1964–65 Women's European Cup (handball)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 -- 65 Women 's Handball European Champions Cup was the fifth edition of the international competition for European women 's handball national champion clubs , taking place from late 1964 to 16 April 1965 . The number of contestants decreased from thirteen to ten due to the absences of Austria , Poland and Romania , so the qualifying stage was reduced from five ties to just two . Unlike the two previous editions , the final was carried out as a two-legged tie .   HG Copenhague became the first team from the Western Bloc to win the competition in the third appearance in a row of the Danish representative in the final , while Budapesti Spartacus was the first Hungarian team to reach it . The absence of Romania meant there was no defending champion this year ."}
{"_id": "1937_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1937 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Dorothy Round defeated Jadwiga Jędrzejowska 6 -- 2 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 to win the Ladies ' Singles tennis title at the 1937 Wimbledon Championships ."}
{"_id": "1890s_in_Wales", "title": "1890s in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1890 -- 1899 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1996_Italian_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1996 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix was the fifth race of the 1996 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on 26 May 1996 at the Mugello Circuit ."}
{"_id": "1MISSION", "title": "1MISSION", "headings": "", "text": "1MISSION is a non-profit community development organization , currently operating in the `` Earn a home by serving the community '' space and aims to give people living in poverty a chance to build their own house by first serving their community . Headquartered in Phoenix , AZ , the organization was started by Jason Law , a former fire fighter , in 2008 ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_Wessex_Football_League", "title": "1995–96 Wessex Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 -- 96 Wessex Football League was the tenth season of the Wessex Football League . The league champions for the first time in their history were Thatcham Town , but there was no promotion to the Southern League . Swanage Town & Herston finished bottom and were relegated .   For sponsorship reasons , the league was known as the Jewson Wessex League ."}
{"_id": "1979_in_Iceland", "title": "1979 in Iceland", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened in 1979 in Iceland ."}
{"_id": "\"All_God's_Children\"_Campaign", "title": "\"All God's Children\" Campaign", "headings": "", "text": "The `` All God 's Children '' Campaign is a pointed effort by the Human Rights Campaign ( HRC ) to challenge the south 's religious opposition to the legalization of same-sex marriage , and to promote LGBT acceptance . To quote the HRC , the program was specifically designed to `` change hearts and minds , improve the public perception and overall awareness of LGBT people , begin to reduce the painful stigma that many face in their daily lives , and help future efforts to enact pro-equality legislation . '' The program specifically targeted Mississippi , Alabama , and Arkansas ; all states that had no form of housing , employment , or marriage protections for LGBT citizens ."}
{"_id": "1998_Toray_Pan_Pacific_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1998 Toray Pan Pacific Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Lindsay Davenport and Natasha Zvereva were the defending champions but lost in the final 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 against Martina Hingis and Mirjana Lučić ."}
{"_id": "1913_Utah_Utes_football_team", "title": "1913 Utah Utes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 Utah Utes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Utah during the 1913 college football season . Head coach Fred Bennion led the team to a 1 -- 2 -- 0 mark in the RMFAC and 2 -- 4 -- 1 overall ."}
{"_id": "1989_Big_South_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1989 Big South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Big South Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament took place from March 2 -- 4 , 1989 at the Winthrop Coliseum in Rock Hill , South Carolina . For the first time in their school history , the UNC Asheville Bulldogs won the tournament , led by head coach Don Doucette ."}
{"_id": "1974–75_Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C._season", "title": "1974–75 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1974 -- 75 season Hearts competed in the Scottish First Division , the Scottish Cup , the Scottish League Cup , the Texaco Cup and the East of Scotland Shield ."}
{"_id": "1998_Romania_rugby_union_tour_of_Argentina", "title": "1998 Romania rugby union tour of Argentina", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Romania rugby union tour of Argentina was a series of matches played in July and August 1998 by Romania national rugby union team ."}
{"_id": "1881_in_Russia", "title": "1881 in Russia", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1881 in Russia"}
{"_id": "1962_SANFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1962 SANFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 SANFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football competition . beat 58 to 55 ."}
{"_id": ".416_Remington_Magnum", "title": ".416 Remington Magnum", "headings": "", "text": "The .416 Remington Magnum is a .416 caliber ( 10.6 mm ) of a belted bottle-necked design . The cartridge was intended as a dangerous game hunting cartridge and released to the public in 1989 . The cartridge uses the case of the 8 mm Remington Magnum as a parent cartridge . When the cartridge was released in 1988 , author Frank C. Barnes considered the .416 Remington Magnum to be the `` most outstanding factory cartridge introduced in decades '' .   The cartridge was conceived as a less costly alternative to the .416 Rigby cartridge and was intended to replace the latter . While today the .416 Remington Magnum is considered in the field the most popular of the .416 cartridges , the .416 Remington did not replace the .416 Rigby as had been anticipated . Rather , it sparked a renewed interest in the .416 caliber ( 10.36 mm ) cartridges which led to the revival of the .416 Rigby and the introduction of other .416 cartridges such as the .416 Weatherby Magnum and the .416 Ruger .   The .416 Remington Magum is one of the more popular dangerous game cartridges used for the hunting of dangerous game in Africa . It also has been increasingly used in North America , in Alaska in particular for the hunting of and as a defense against large bears ."}
{"_id": "1979_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season", "title": "1979 NCAA Division I-AA football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 NCAA Division I-AA football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision level , began in August 1979 , and concluded with the National Championship Game of the NCAA Division I Football Championship on December 15 , 1979 , at Orlando Stadium in Orlando , Florida .   The Eastern Kentucky Colonels won their first I-AA championship , defeating the Lehigh Engineers by a final score of 30 − 7 ."}
{"_id": "1954–55_Serie_C", "title": "1954–55 Serie C", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 -- 55 Serie C was the seventeenth edition of Serie C , the third highest league in the Italian football league system ."}
{"_id": "1711_in_Norway", "title": "1711 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1711 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1982–83_Combined_Counties_Football_League", "title": "1982–83 Combined Counties Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 -- 83 Combined Counties Football League season was the fifth in the history of the Combined Counties Football League , a football competition in England , which operates at levels 9 -- 10 of the English football league system .   After several new clubs joined before the previous season , the league was split into two divisions -- East and West . With a number of clubs leaving the league at the end of that season , it reverted to a single division . The league was won by Hartley Wintney for the first time . There was no promotion or relegation ."}
{"_id": "1792_in_science", "title": "1792 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1792 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1944_Bolu–Gerede_earthquake", "title": "1944 Bolu–Gerede earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 Bolu -- Gerede earthquake occurred at 05:22 local time on 1 February . The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.2 and a maximum felt intensity of IX -- X ( Violent -- Extreme ) on the Mercalli intensity scale ."}
{"_id": "1997_Liga_Sudamericana_de_Básquetbol", "title": "1997 Liga Sudamericana de Básquetbol", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Liga Sudamericana de Básquetbol was the second edition of the top-tier tournament for basketball teams from South America . The tournament began on 18 February 1997 and finished on 9 May 1997 . Argentine club Atenas won the tournament , defeating Brazilian club Corinthians in the finals ."}
{"_id": "1996_Kashima_Antlers_season", "title": "1996 Kashima Antlers season", "headings": "", "text": "1996 Kashima Antlers season"}
{"_id": "1938–39_Hovedserien_season", "title": "1938–39 Hovedserien season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938-39 Hovedserien season was the fifth season of ice hockey in Norway . Eight teams participated in the league , and Grane won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1932_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia", "title": "1932 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the 14th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia ."}
{"_id": "1985–86_Football_League_Cup", "title": "1985–86 Football League Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 -- 86 Football League Cup , known as the Milk Cup for sponsorship reasons , was the 26th season of the Football League Cup , a knockout competition for England 's top 92 football clubs . The competition name reflects a sponsorship deal with the Milk Marketing Board .   The competition began on 20 August 1985 , and ended with the final on 20 April 1986 at the Old Wembley Stadium . The cup was won by Oxford United , who beat Queens Park Rangers 3 -- 0 in the final , to win their first major cup silverware . It was Oxford United 's first season in Division One . Goals from Trevor Hebberd , Ray Houghton and Jeremy Charles sealed the victory . TV coverage of this competition only began after Christmas following the `` blackout '' where no club matches were shown for the first half of the season , and there was no UEFA Cup place for the winners as a result of the ban on English clubs that followed the Heysel Stadium disaster ."}
{"_id": "1922_Stanley_Cup_playoffs", "title": "1922 Stanley Cup playoffs", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 Stanley Cup playoffs concluded on March 22 when the National Hockey League ( NHL ) champion Toronto St. Patricks defeated the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) champion Vancouver Millionaires in the final series , three games to two . With the debut of the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) at the start of the season , these playoffs marked the first time that the NHL , the PCHA , and the WCHL all competed for the Cup ."}
{"_id": "1980_NCAA_Division_III_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1980 NCAA Division III Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament was the sixth annual single-elimination tournament , held during March 1980 , to determine the national champions of National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) men 's Division III collegiate basketball in the United States .   The tournament field included 32 teams with the national championship rounds contested at Augustana College in Rock Island , Illinois .   Two-time defending champions North Park defeated Upsala , 83 -- 76 , in the championship game to claim their third overall title ."}
{"_id": "1926_Yorkshire_Cup", "title": "1926 Yorkshire Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1926 Yorkshire Cup was the nineteenth occasion on which the Yorkshire Cup competition was held . Huddersfield won the trophy for the seventh time in total by beating Wakefield Trinity in the final by the score of 10-3 . The match was played at Headingley , Leeds , now in West Yorkshire . The attendance was 11,300 and receipts were # 863 ."}
{"_id": "1772_in_France", "title": "1772 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1772 in France ."}
{"_id": "16-O-Methylcafestol", "title": "16-O-Methylcafestol", "headings": "", "text": "16-O-Methylcafestol , a derivative of cafestol , is an isolate of green coffee beans ."}
{"_id": "1974_American_500", "title": "1974 American 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 American 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series racing event that was held on October 20 , 1974 , at North Carolina Motor Speedway in Rockingham , North Carolina .   Joe Millikan would make his NASCAR Cup Series debut while Jerry Schild would exit the series in this event . A rare NASCAR Winston Cup appearance by former Champ Car team owner and driver Tony Bettenhausen , Jr. would make this race into a landmark event in motorsports history . His first NASCAR appearance was at the 1973 Atlanta 500 while his final appearance at the Cup Series level would be at the 1982 Champion Spark Plug 400 ."}
{"_id": "1972_IMSA_GT_Championship", "title": "1972 IMSA GT Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Camel GT Challenge season was the 2nd season of the IMSA GT Championship auto racing series . It was for Grand Tourer-style racing cars which ran in the GTO and GTU classes , as well as former Trans Am Series cars in the TO and TU classes . It began December 4 , 1971 , and ended November 19 , 1972 , after ten rounds ."}
{"_id": "1918–19_in_Scottish_football", "title": "1918–19 in Scottish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 -- 19 season was the 46th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 29th season of the Scottish Football League ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Sacramento_Kings_season", "title": "1996–97 Sacramento Kings season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 NBA season was the Kings ' 48th season in the National Basketball Association , and 12th season in Sacramento . During the offseason , the Kings acquired Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf from the Denver Nuggets . Coming off their first playoff appearance in ten years expectation in Sacramento were high . However , injuries and a tough early season schedule would clobber the Kings , who were on an 8 -- 17 start in their first 25 games . The Kings would rebound to get back in playoff connection with a 28 -- 32 record . However , they went on a 7-game losing streak in March as head coach Garry St. Jean was fired , and replaced with assistant Eddie Jordan . The Kings finished sixth in the Pacific Division with a 34 -- 48 record , missing the playoffs by just two games . Mitch Richmond finished fifth in the league in scoring averaging 25.9 points per game , while being selected for the 1997 NBA All-Star Game .   Following the season , Brian Grant who only played just 24 games due to injury , signed as a free agent with the Portland Trail Blazers . Meanwhile , second-year guard Tyus Edney signed with the Boston Celtics , Duane Causwell was traded to the Miami Heat , and Lionel Simmons and Kevin Gamble both retired ."}
{"_id": "1966–67_Southern_Football_League", "title": "1966–67 Southern Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 -- 67 season was the 64th in the history of the Southern League ."}
{"_id": "1958_Utah_Utes_football_team", "title": "1958 Utah Utes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Utah Utes football team represented the University of Utah during the 1958 college football season . Home games were played on campus in Salt Lake City at Ute Stadium .   Under first-year head coach Ray Nagel , the Utes were 4 -- 7 overall and 3 -- 3 in the Mountain States Conference ( Skyline ) . The defending conference champions , they were led on the field by senior quarterback Lee Grosscup and junior safety ( & halfback ) Larry Wilson , a future member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame ."}
{"_id": "1936–37_Newport_County_A.F.C._season", "title": "1936–37 Newport County A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936 -- 37 season was Newport County 's fifth consecutive season in the Third Division South and their 16th in the Football League ."}
{"_id": "1964–65_in_Belgian_football", "title": "1964–65 in Belgian football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 -- 1965 season was the 62nd season of competitive football in Belgium . RSC Anderlechtois won their 11th Division I title and joined RU Saint-Gilloise as the club with the most championship wins in Belgium . They also won the Belgian Cup final against rivals Standard Liège ( 3-2 after extra time ) . RSC Anderlechtois entered the 1964 -- 65 European Champion Clubs ' Cup as Belgian title holder and for the first time the Cup holder ARA La Gantoise entered the European Cup Winners ' Cup . RFC Liégeois , RU Saint-Gilloise and R Antwerp FC all played the 1964 -- 65 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . The Belgium national football team started their 1966 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign by defeating Israel 1-0 ."}
{"_id": "13_Colorful_Character", "title": "13 Colorful Character", "headings": "", "text": "is the thirteenth studio album by the Japanese girl group Morning Musume . It was released on September 12 , 2012 ."}
{"_id": "12th_Saskatchewan_Legislature", "title": "12th Saskatchewan Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan was elected in the Saskatchewan general election held in June 1952 . The assembly sat from February 12 , 1953 , to May 8 , 1956 . The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) led by Tommy Douglas formed the government . The Liberal Party led by Walter Adam Tucker formed the official opposition . After Tucker returned to federal politics in 1953 , Asmundur Loptson served as interim Liberal Party leader . Alexander Hamilton McDonald became Liberal Party leader and leader of the opposition in 1955 .   Tom Johnston served as speaker for the assembly ."}
{"_id": ".246_Purdey", "title": ".246 Purdey", "headings": "", "text": "The .246 Purdey , also known as the .246 Flanged , is an obsolete centerfire rifle cartridge developed by James Purdey & Sons and introduced in 1921 ."}
{"_id": "1922–23_Primera_Fuerza_season", "title": "1922–23 Primera Fuerza season", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Primera Fuerza in season 1922-23 ."}
{"_id": "1918_Kentucky_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1918 Kentucky Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the Kentucky Wildcats of the University of Kentucky during the 1918 college football season ."}
{"_id": "164th_Battalion_(Halton_and_Dufferin),_CEF", "title": "164th Battalion (Halton and Dufferin), CEF", "headings": "", "text": "The 164th Battalion ( Halton and Dufferin ) , CEF , was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Orangeville , Ontario , the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Halton and Dufferin Counties .   Prior to sailing for England in April 1917 , the battalion was reinforced by a draft from the 205th ( Tiger ) Battalion , CEF from Hamilton , Ontario . In June 1917 , the battalion was further reinforced by drafts from the 2nd , 5th , and 12th Reserve Battalions totalling over 400 men . The 164th ( Halton and Dufferin ) Battalion , CEF was assigned to the 13th Brigade of the 5th Canadian Division , and was based at Witley Camp .   On February 12 , 1918 , it was learned that the 5th Canadian Division would cease to exist . Over the course of the next two months , the battalion was slowly broken up through a series of drafts for frontline units , in particular the 102nd and 116th Battalions , CEF . Sizeable drafts were also sent to the 21st Battalion , CEF , Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry , and the Canadian Machine Gun Depot at Seaford . On April 16 , 1918 , the remaining members of the battalion -- six officers and 92 other ranks -- were absorbed into the 8th Reserve Battalion .   The 164th Battalion , CEF , had two Commanding Officers : Lieutenant Colonel Percy Domville ( April 22 , 1917 -- June 19 , 1917 ) and Lieutenant Colonel B. M. Green ( June 19 , 1917 -- April 16 , 1918 ) .   A listing of 164th soldiers from Dufferin County can be found in the Dufferin County Museum and Archives . It includes where they enlisted , enlisted number , next of kin , date of birth , plus , if known , if they earned a medal , if they were wounded , or killed in battle . A copy of the enlistment papers is also included in the binders holding The 164th Battalion Project . These binders are available for the public to view in the archives .   The 164 Battalion ( Halton and Dufferin ) , CEF , is perpetuated by The Lorne Scots ( Peel , Dufferin and Halton Regiment ) ."}
{"_id": "1976_Macdonald_Lassies_Championship", "title": "1976 Macdonald Lassies Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Canadian Ladies Curling Championship , known as the Macdonald Lassie for sponsorship reasons , Canada 's national women 's curling championship was held February 28 to March 5 , 1976 , at Winnipeg Arena in Winnipeg , Manitoba . Team British Columbia , skipped by Lindsay Sparkes ( then Davie ) won the event , after having beaten Alberta in a tie breaker match after the two teams finished the round robin with identical 7-2 records .   Attendance for the round robin event exceeded 17,000 , despite a transit strike ."}
{"_id": "1917–18_Southern_New_England_Soccer_League_season", "title": "1917–18 Southern New England Soccer League season", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Southern New England Soccer League in season 1917-18 ."}
{"_id": "1968_Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup_Final", "title": "1968 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final was the final of the tenth edition of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . It was played on 7 August and 11 September 1968 between Leeds United of England and Ferencváros of Hungary . Leeds United won the tie 1 -- 0 on aggregate ."}
{"_id": "1999_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_long_jump", "title": "1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's long jump event at the 1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on March 7 ."}
{"_id": "1628_in_literature", "title": "1628 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article is a summary of the literary events and publications of 1628 ."}
{"_id": "1953_British_Grand_Prix", "title": "1953 British Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "1  The 1953 British Grand Prix was a Formula Two motor race held on 18 July 1953 at Silverstone Circuit . It was race 6 of 9 in the 1953 World Championship of Drivers , which was run to Formula Two rules in 1952 and 1953 , rather than the Formula One regulations normally used . The 90-lap race was won by Ferrari driver Alberto Ascari after he started from pole position . Juan Manuel Fangio finished second for the Maserati team and Ascari 's teammate Nino Farina came in third ."}
{"_id": "1944_in_Turkey", "title": "1944 in Turkey", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1944 in Turkey ."}
{"_id": "1010_Brickell", "title": "1010 Brickell", "headings": "", "text": "1010 Brickell is a residential high-rise under construction in the Brickell neighborhood of Miami , Florida . It is located behind an office building at 1000 Brickell Avenue , adjacent to the Tenth Street Metromover station . Construction began in 2014 and required the demolition of an existing parking garage . The building is expected to rise about 548 ft with 50 floors and nearly 400 units , with ceiling heights of 9.28 ft. The 5,600 cubic yard mat pour was completed on April 4 , 2015 ."}
{"_id": "155th_meridian_west", "title": "155th meridian west", "headings": "", "text": "The meridian 155 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 155th meridian west forms a great circle with the 25th meridian east ."}
{"_id": "1795_in_literature", "title": "1795 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1795 ."}
{"_id": "1968_Pacific_Southwest_Open", "title": "1968 Pacific Southwest Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Pacific Southwest Open was a combined men 's and women 's professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Los Angeles Tennis Club in Los Angeles , California in the United States . It was the 42nd edition of the tournament , the first of the Open Era , and ran from September 14 through September 22 , 1968 . Rod Laver won the singles title and the $ 3,800 first prize ."}
{"_id": "1935_Palestine_Cup", "title": "1935 Palestine Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935 Palestine Cup ( הגביע הארץ-ישראלי , HaGavia HaEretz-Israeli ) was the seventh season of Israeli Football Association 's nationwide football cup competition .   The defending holders were Hapoel Tel Aviv . However , they chose not the defend the title and did not show up to their quarter-finals match against Hakoah Tel Aviv , in protest after the EIFA decided the cancel this year 's league .   Surprise contestants Maccabi Avshalom Petah Tikva and Hakoah Tel Aviv met at the final in the Maccabiah Stadium , with Petah Tikva winning by the odd goal ."}
{"_id": "1944_Purdue_Boilermakers_football_team", "title": "1944 Purdue Boilermakers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1944 Big Ten Conference football season . In their first season under head coach Cecil Isbell , the Boilermakers compiled a 5 -- 5 record , finished in third place in the Big Ten Conference with a 4 -- 2 record against conference opponents , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 207 to 166 .   Notable players from the 1944 Purdue team included fullback Babe Dimancheff , end Frank Bauman , and tackle Pat O'Brien ."}
{"_id": "1976–77_Birmingham_Bulls_season", "title": "1976–77 Birmingham Bulls season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 -- 77 Birmingham Bulls season was the Bulls ' first season of operation in Birmingham , Alabama after the Toronto Toros relocated from Toronto , Ontario , Canada ."}
{"_id": "1927_Wisła_Kraków_season", "title": "1927 Wisła Kraków season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 season was Wisła Kraków 19th year as a club ."}
{"_id": "1991_World_Series", "title": "1991 World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 World Series pitted the Minnesota Twins ( 95 -- 67 ) of the American League against the Atlanta Braves ( 94 -- 68 ) of the National League ; Minnesota won in seven games . ESPN selected it as the `` Greatest of All Time '' in their `` World Series 100th Anniversary '' countdown , with five of its games being decided by a single run , four games decided in the final at-bat and three games going into extra innings .   In addition to the suspense of the outcome of many of its games , the Series had other highlights . For example , the series-deciding seventh game was a scoreless tie ( 0 -- 0 ) through the regular nine innings , and went into extra innings ; Minnesota won the seventh game by a score of 1-0 in the 10th inning , with their starting pitcher , Jack Morris , pitching all ten innings ( Morris was named Most Valuable Player for the Series ) .   With 69 innings in total , the 1991 World Series holds the record for longest seven-game World Series ever ( some of the early years had nine-game Series , extending longer ) ."}
{"_id": "1988_in_sumo", "title": "1988 in sumo", "headings": "", "text": "The following is a list of events in professional sumo in 1988 . Six honbasho or official tournaments are held each year ."}
{"_id": "1956_Kentucky_Wildcats_football_team", "title": "1956 Kentucky Wildcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the University of Kentucky in the 1956 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1980_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_–_Men's_Downhill", "title": "1980 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's Downhill", "headings": "", "text": "Men 's Downhill World Cup 1979/1980"}
{"_id": "1958_Ice_Hockey_World_Championships", "title": "1958 Ice Hockey World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Ice Hockey World Championships were held between February 28 and March 9 , 1958 , in Oslo , Norway at the Jordal Amfi arena . The Whitby Dunlops represented Canada , winning the World Championship for the 17th time . The Soviets lost the final game to the Canadians 4 -- 2 , settling for both silver and their fourth European Championship . Scoring leader Connie Broden holds the distinction of being the only player ever to win the Stanley Cup and the World Championship in the same year ."}
{"_id": "1884_in_rail_transport", "title": "1884 in rail transport", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1912_State_of_the_Union_Address", "title": "1912 State of the Union Address", "headings": "", "text": "The 1912 State of the Union Address was given on December 3 , 1912 . It was written by William H. Taft , the 27th President of the United States . He stated , `` The position of the United States in the moral , intellectual , and material relations of the family of nations should be a matter of vital interest to every patriotic citizen . '' He said , `` Our small Army now consists of 83,809 men , excluding the 5,000 Philippine scouts . Leaving out of consideration the Coast Artillery force , whose position is fixed in our various seacoast defenses , and the present garrisons of our various insular possessions , we have to-day within the continental United States a mobile Army of only about 35,000 men . This little force must be still further drawn upon to supply the new garrisons for the great naval base which is being established at Pearl Harbor , in the Hawaiian Islands , and to protect the locks now rapidly approaching completion at Panama . ''"}
{"_id": "1940_in_Sweden", "title": "1940 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1940 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1996_Australian_motorcycle_Grand_Prix", "title": "1996 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix was the last round of the 1996 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It took place on 20 October 1996 at Eastern Creek Raceway ."}
{"_id": "1979_Calder_Cup_playoffs", "title": "1979 Calder Cup playoffs", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 Calder Cup playoffs of the American Hockey League began on April 11 , 1979 . The top three teams from each division qualified for the playoffs . The two division winners earned byes for the Division Semifinals while the other two teams in each division played best-of-five series . The winners played best-of-seven series with the team that received the first round bye in their division . The winners of each Division Final played a best-of-seven series for the Calder Cup . The Calder Cup Final ended on May 11 , 1979 , with the Maine Mariners defeating the New Haven Nighthawks four games to zero to win the Calder Cup for the second consecutive year , and the third time in team history . Maine also beat new Haven in the 1978 Calder Cup Final .   In game three of the Southern division final , New Haven scored 15 goals against Binghamton to set an AHL record for most goals scored by one team in one playoff game ."}
{"_id": "1998_Virginia_Tech_Hokies_football_team", "title": "1998 Virginia Tech Hokies football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Virginia Tech Hokies football team represented the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University during the 1998 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team 's head coach was Frank Beamer ."}
{"_id": "1937_Texas_Longhorns_football_team", "title": "1937 Texas Longhorns football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1937 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1937 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1992_Volvo_International_–_Doubles", "title": "1992 Volvo International – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Petr Korda and Wally Masur were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year , Korda with Jim Pugh and Masur with Mark Kratzmann .   Korda and Pugh lost in the first round to Mark Knowles and Alex O'Brien .   Kratzmann and Masur lost in the quarterfinals to Stefan Edberg and John McEnroe .   Kelly Jones and Rick Leach won in the final 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 against Patrick McEnroe and Rick Leach ."}
{"_id": "1982–83_Galatasaray_S.K._season", "title": "1982–83 Galatasaray S.K. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 -- 83 season was Galatasaray 's 79th in existence and the 25th consecutive season in the 1 . Lig . This article shows statistics of the club 's players in the season , and also lists all matches that the club have played in the season ."}
{"_id": "1996_Chatham_Cup", "title": "1996 Chatham Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Chatham Cup was the 69th annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand .   Up to the last 16 of the competition , the cup was run in three regions ( northern , central , and southern ) , with an open draw from the quarter-finals on . National League teams received a bye until the fourth round ( last 32 ) . In all , 127 teams took part in the competition , which consisted of a preliminary round and five rounds proper before quarter-finals , semi-finals , and a final ."}
{"_id": "1995–96_S.S._Lazio_season", "title": "1995–96 S.S. Lazio season", "headings": "", "text": "S.S. Lazio finished third in Serie A this season and reached the quarter final of the Coppa Italia and the round of 32 of the UEFA Cup ."}
{"_id": "1946_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_3000_metres_steeplechase", "title": "1946 European Athletics Championships – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 1946 European Athletics Championships was held in Oslo , Norway , at Bislett Stadium 25 August 1946 ."}
{"_id": "1929_Rose_Bowl", "title": "1929 Rose Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game and the 15th annual Rose Bowl Game . The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets defeated the California Golden Bears by a score of 8 -- 7 . The game was notable for a play by California All-American Roy Riegels in which he scooped up a Georgia Tech fumble and ran towards his own goal line . The two-point safety on the ensuing punt proved to be the margin of victory . Riegels ' teammate Benny Lom , who attempted to tackle Riegels on the run , was named the Rose Bowl Player Of The Game when the award was created in 1953 and selections were made retroactively ."}
{"_id": "1990_Central_American_Games", "title": "1990 Central American Games", "headings": "", "text": "The IV Central American Games ( Spanish : IV Juegos Deportivos Centroamericanos ) was a multi-sport event that took place between 5 -- 14 January 1990 . The games were officially opened by Honduran president José Azcona . Torch lighter was Zacarías Arzú , who represented Honduras internationally in both baseball and football ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_in_Armenian_football", "title": "1996–97 in Armenian football", "headings": "", "text": "1996-97 in Armenian football was the 5th season of independent football after the split-up from the Soviet Union . It was the second out of two seasons in Armenia that were different from the others . Including the 1995-96 season these were the only winter competitions , while all other Armenian seasons were summer competitions . The Armenian Premier League for 1996-97 existed of 12 teams of which the four lowest ranked team would relegate to the Armenian First League . Only two Armenian First League teams would be promoted for the 1997 fall season , switching back to the winter competitions ."}
{"_id": "1962_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(UEFA_–_Group_8)", "title": "1962 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA – Group 8)", "headings": "", "text": "The three teams in this group played against each other on a home-and-away basis . Czechoslovakia and Scotland finished level on points , a play-off on neutral ground was played to decide who would qualify . The winner ( Czechoslovakia ) qualified for the seventh FIFA World Cup held in Chile ."}
{"_id": "1973_Intertoto_Cup", "title": "1973 Intertoto Cup", "headings": "", "text": "In the 1973 Intertoto Cup no knock-out rounds were contested , and therefore no winner was declared ."}
{"_id": "1968_California_Angels_season", "title": "1968 California Angels season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 California Angels season involved the Angels finishing 8th in the American League with a record of 67 wins and 95 losses ."}
{"_id": "1813_in_literature", "title": "1813 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1813 ."}
{"_id": "1946–47_Hibernian_F.C._season", "title": "1946–47 Hibernian F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1946 -- 47 season Hibernian , a football club based in Edinburgh , came second out of 16 clubs in the Scottish First Division ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_WPHL_season", "title": "1999–2000 WPHL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999-00 Western Professional Hockey League season was the fourth season of the Western Professional Hockey League , a North American minor pro league . 18 teams participated in the regular season , and the Shreveport Mudbugs were the league champions ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Second_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia", "title": "1999–2000 Second League of FR Yugoslavia", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999-2000 Second League of FR Yugoslavia season ( Serbian : Druga Liga Jugoslavije ) consisted of three groups of 18 teams .   Originally 14 teams from 7 groups of Third Division would be promoted , but in the end only 13 teams remained ( only one of which was from the Timok Group ) . It was not necessary to relegate one team from Second League East , as Crvena Zvezda Gnjilane had already withdrawn .   Due to the formation of South Group ( Montenegro ) , no team were relegated in West Group ."}
{"_id": "1972_in_Danish_television", "title": "1972 in Danish television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Danish television related events from 1972 ."}
{"_id": "1908–09_VMI_Keydets_basketball_team", "title": "1908–09 VMI Keydets basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1908 -- 09 VMI Keydets basketball team represented the Virginia Military Institute in their first ever season of basketball . The team was coached by Pete Krebs and went 3 -- 3 the first year . They played their games out of the Lexington Skating Rink ."}
{"_id": "1880_in_Norway", "title": "1880 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1880 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1901–02_Swiss_Serie_A", "title": "1901–02 Swiss Serie A", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swiss Super League in the 1901 -- 02 season ."}
{"_id": "07th_Expansion", "title": "07th Expansion", "headings": "", "text": "07th Expansion is a Japanese dōjin circle that specializes in the creation of visual novels known as sound novels . They started out drawing for the trading card game Leaf Fight , but they are known for creating the dōjin game series Higurashi no Naku Koro ni and Umineko no Naku Koro ni . They were also involved in the additional console editions of Higurashi produced by Alchemist , Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Matsuri for the PlayStation 2 and the Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Kizuna series for the Nintendo DS . Their most recent work is Triantholgy ."}
{"_id": "1998_NCAA_Division_II_football_rankings", "title": "1998 NCAA Division II football rankings", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 NCAA Division II football rankings are from the NCAA Division II football committee . This is for the 1998 season ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_Birmingham_City_F.C._season", "title": "1997–98 Birmingham City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 -- 98 season was Birmingham City Football Club 's 95th in the Football League . They finished in seventh position in the 24-team Division One , the second tier of the English football league system , missing out on the playoff places on goals scored . Needing to win their last game , at home to Charlton Athletic , and hope that Sheffield United failed to win theirs , Birmingham `` were repeatedly foiled in this emotionally-charged game by a brilliant display from Charlton 's goalkeeper '' Saša Ilić ; the game finished goalless . They entered the 1997 -- 98 FA Cup at the third round , losing to Leeds United in the fifth , and entered the League Cup in the first round and lost to Arsenal in the third .   In August 1997 , co-owner David Gold took up the post of chairman after Jack Wiseman 's retirement ."}
{"_id": "1993–94_Portland_Trail_Blazers_season", "title": "1993–94 Portland Trail Blazers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 -- 94 NBA season was the 24th season for the Portland Trail Blazers in the National Basketball Association . In the offseason , the Blazers acquired Harvey Grant from the Washington Bullets and signed unrestricted free agent Chris Dudley . However , Dudley struggled playing just six games due to injury . The Blazers finished the season with a 47 -- 35 record , fourth in the Pacific Division and seventh in the Western Conference . It was their 12th straight trip to the postseason . Clifford Robinson led the Blazers in scoring with 20.1 points per game , and was selected for the 1994 NBA All-Star Game along with Clyde Drexler .   The Blazers were knocked out of the playoffs in the first round by a 3 -- 1 margin against the Houston Rockets , who went on to win their first of two straight NBA championships . Game 4 of that series would be the last playoff game Drexler would play as a member of the Blazers , the team that drafted him ; he would be traded to the Rockets on February 14 , 1995 ( right before the next season 's trade deadline ) , honoring his wish to be traded to a contender . Following the season , head coach Rick Adelman was fired ."}
{"_id": "1939_College_Football_All_Polish-American_Team", "title": "1939 College Football All Polish-American Team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 College Football All Polish-American Team was the first all-star College Football Team of Polish-Americans . The team was selected by five American sport scribes from leading American newspapers ."}
{"_id": "1966_Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_football_team", "title": "1966 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1966 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1966 college football season . In their sixth year under head coach Glenn Dobbs , the Golden Hurricane compiled a 6 -- 4 record , 3 -- 1 against conference opponents , and finished tied for first place in the Missouri Valley Conference .   The team 's statistical leaders included Greg Barton with 1,673 passing yards , Gene Lakusiak with 330 rushing yards , and Neal Sweeney with 740 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1981_Austrian_Grand_Prix", "title": "1981 Austrian Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Österreichring on August 16 , 1981 ."}
{"_id": "1953_Australian_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1953 Australian Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Ken Rosewall defeated Mervyn Rose 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 in the final to win the Men 's Singles tennis title at the 1953 Australian Championships ."}
{"_id": "1979_Lunar_New_Year_Cup", "title": "1979 Lunar New Year Cup", "headings": "", "text": "1979 Lunar New Year Cup was a Hong Kong football tournament , played on the first few days of Chinese New Year ."}
{"_id": "1010s_in_poetry", "title": "1010s in poetry", "headings": "", "text": "Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation 's poetry or literature ( for instance , Irish or France ) ."}
{"_id": "1952_in_Ireland", "title": "1952 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1952 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1994_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1994 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1875–76_Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C._season", "title": "1875–76 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Season 1875 -- 76 was the first season in which Heart of Midlothian competed at a Scottish national level , entering the Scottish Cup for the first time ."}
{"_id": "1788_in_science", "title": "1788 in science", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1788 in science and technology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1919_Stanford_football_team", "title": "1919 Stanford football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1919 Stanford football team represented Stanford University in the 1919 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1924–25_Manchester_City_F.C._season", "title": "1924–25 Manchester City F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1924 -- 25 season was Manchester City F.C. 's thirty-fourth season of league football , and eleventh consecutive season in the Football League First Division , excluding the four years during the First World War in which no competitive football was played .   The season was the first season for twelve years in which then-longest serving manager Ernest Mangnall was not at the helm of the club . In his place David Ashworth was appointed as manager ."}
{"_id": "1988_Scottish_League_Cup_Final", "title": "1988 Scottish League Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Scottish League Cup Final was played on 23 October 1988 at Hampden Park in Glasgow and was the final of the 43rd Scottish League Cup . The final was contested by Aberdeen and Rangers . Rangers won the match 3 -- 2 thanks to goals from Ally McCoist and Ian Ferguson ."}
{"_id": "12th_&_Delaware", "title": "12th & Delaware", "headings": "", "text": "12th & Delaware is a documentary film set in a crisis pregnancy center and an abortion clinic across the street from it in Fort Pierce , Florida . The film was produced and filmed by Rachel Grady and Heidi Ewing and covers the center and its patients over the period of a year . The film shows interviews of staff at both facilities , as well as pregnant women who are going to them . 12th & Delaware premiered on January 24 , 2010 at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival in the U.S. Documentary Competition . It won a Peabody Award that same year `` for its poignant portrait of women facing exceedingly difficult decisions at a literal intersection of opposing ideologies . ''"}
{"_id": "1995_in_Chile", "title": "1995 in Chile", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1995 in Chile ."}
{"_id": "1956_in_Malaya", "title": "1956 in Malaya", "headings": "", "text": "1956 in Malaya"}
{"_id": "1815_in_Scotland", "title": "1815 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1815 in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1994_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Women's_javelin_throw", "title": "1994 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's javelin throw", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's javelin throw event at the 1994 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Lisbon , Portugal , at Estádio Universitário de Lisboa on 20 and 22 July . An old specification 600g javelin was used ."}
{"_id": "1993_New_York_Giants_season", "title": "1993 New York Giants season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 New York Giants season was the 69th season for the club in the National Football League . Following the 1992 season , Ray Handley was replaced by former Broncos coach Dan Reeves , who immediately released Jeff Hostetler and named Phil Simms the team 's starting quarterback . 1993 turned out to be the final season for both Simms and all-time Giants great linebacker , Lawrence Taylor ."}
{"_id": "1998_Australian_Open_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1998 Australian Open – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Pete Sampras was the defending champion , but lost to Karol Kučera in the quarterfinals .   Petr Korda ended up winning the tournament , defeating Marcelo Ríos in the final to claim what would be his only Grand Slam title , and Ríos ' only Grand Slam final ."}
{"_id": "12th_Armoured_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)", "title": "12th Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th Armoured Infantry Brigade , formerly the 12th Mechanized Brigade , is a regular brigade of the British Army which has been in almost continuous existence since 1899 and now forms part of 3rd Mechanised Division ."}
{"_id": "1945–46_Swedish_Division_I_season", "title": "1945–46 Swedish Division I season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1945 -- 46 Swedish Division I season was the second season of Swedish Division I. Hammarby IF defeated Sodertalje SK in the league final , 2 games to 1 ."}
{"_id": "1963_NHL_Amateur_Draft", "title": "1963 NHL Amateur Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 NHL Amateur Draft was held on June 5 at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . It was the first NHL Amateur Draft and consisted of 16-year-old players .   The Amateur Draft was instituted by NHL President Clarence Campbell as a means of phasing out the sponsorship of amateur teams by the league 's member clubs . The NHL wanted to create what Campbell called `` a uniform opportunity for each team to acquire a star player . '' Prior to the creation of the draft NHL teams would sponsor amateur teams and players , pre-empting other NHL clubs from acquiring new , young talent , and limiting amateur players ' prospects in the NHL to the team which sponsored them .   Eligibility in this draft was limited to all amateur players who would reach 17 years of age between August 1 , 1963 , and July 31 , 1964 . Under the league rules , teams were not allowed to talk to the drafted players about turning professional until they turned 18 . At that point , the teams had 72 hours to get the players signed or placed on their negotiation list . Players already on sponsorship lists were ineligible .   The draft order was determined by giving the teams choice of their place in the six-team order based on a reverse order of the standings , for example , as the Boston Bruins finished last in the 1962 -- 63 season they were given first choice of pick in the order . The final draft order was chosen to be Montreal Canadiens , Detroit Red Wings , Boston Bruins , New York Rangers , Chicago Black Hawks and Toronto Maple Leafs . The order would rotate in the next draft such that each team moved up one spot in the order , and the first pick Canadiens would move to sixth .   This first draft consisted of four rounds , however few top prospects were available to the draft in the early years as most of hockey 's top junior players had already been assigned to NHL clubs through sponsored junior teams . In the 1963 draft only 21 players , out of a possible 24 picks , were chosen . This is because teams were allowed to defer their pick to the next team in the draft order . The Red Wings chose not to exercise their third and fourth round picks , and the Black Hawks elected not to exercise their fourth round pick .   Of the players selected five eventually played in the NHL , and only one won the Stanley Cup ( Peter Mahovlich ) . None of the players selected have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame ."}
{"_id": "1972_Cal_State_Los_Angeles_Diablos_football_team", "title": "1972 Cal State Los Angeles Diablos football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1972 Cal State Los Angeles Diablos football team represented California State University , Los Angeles during the 1972 University Division football season .   The Diablos were members of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association in 1972 , but they had downgraded their football program to the point where they no longer qualified as a University Division team . The two games they played against PCAA teams ( losses to Fresno State and Pacific ) did not count in the conference standings . The Big West Conference was known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association from its founding in 1969 through 1987 . See : Big West Conference   The Diablos were led by Foster Anderson in his second year as head coach . The team played home games at the Campus Stadium . They finished the season with a record of three wins and seven losses ( 3 -- 7 ) . The Diablos were outscored 155 -- 257 for the season ."}
{"_id": "1999_Wisconsin_Badgers_football_team", "title": "1999 Wisconsin Badgers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season ."}
{"_id": "1935–36_Dumbarton_F.C._season", "title": "1935–36 Dumbarton F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Season 1935 -- 36 was the 59th Scottish football season in which Dumbarton competed at national level , entering the Scottish Football League for the 37th time and the Scottish Cup for the 48th time ."}
{"_id": "1963_Paraguayan_Primera_División_season", "title": "1963 Paraguayan Primera División season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 season of the Paraguayan Primera División , the top category of Paraguayan football , was played by 11 teams . The national champions were Cerro Porteño ."}
{"_id": "1/2_−_1/4_+_1/8_−_1/16_+_⋯", "title": "1/2 − 1/4 + 1/8 − 1/16 + ⋯", "headings": "", "text": "In mathematics , the infinite series is a simple example of an alternating series that converges absolutely .   It is a geometric series whose first term is and whose common ratio is − , so its sum is"}
{"_id": "1998_Milan–San_Remo", "title": "1998 Milan–San Remo", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Milan -- San Remo was the 89th edition of the monument classic Milan -- San Remo and was won by Erik Zabel of . The race was run on March 21 , 1998 , and the 294 km were covered in 7 hours , 10 minutes and 14 seconds ."}
{"_id": "1898_World_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1898 World Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion .   The 1898 competition took place on February 15th in London , United Kingdom .   According to the results of the championship , Gustav Hügel and Gilbert Fuchs filed a protest against the biased refereeing . Judges Adams , Jenkin , and von Rosen in their opinion strongly overestimate the Swede , vyvev it in the first place . In protest , they demanded to deprive Henning Grenander title . Protest organizers considered and rejected as not substantiated . After this scandal , Grenander left figure skating and in the official competition is no longer performed ."}
{"_id": "1976_Montana_State_Bobcats_football_team", "title": "1976 Montana State Bobcats football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Montana State Bobcats football team represented the Montana State University in the 1976 NCAA Division II football season . The team was led by sixth-year head coach Sonny Holland and won the Division II national championship . The Bobcats played their home games on campus in Bozeman at Reno H. Sales Stadium .   Led on the field by southpaw sophomore quarterback Paul Dennehy , Montana State went undefeated in the Big Sky and against all Division II opponents , falling only to Fresno State of Division I. Montana State finished their schedule with a 28 -- 7 victory at Hawaii to end the regular season at 9 -- 1 .   In the Division II playoffs , the Bobcats hosted New Hampshire in Bozeman in the quarterfinals and won by a point , 17 -- 16 . In the semifinals at Fargo , MSU defeated North Dakota State for a second time in 1976 , by a much closer 10 -- 3 score in the Grantland Rice Bowl . In the Pioneer Bowl for the Division II title in Wichita Falls , Texas , the Bobcats defeated Akron 24 -- 13 and became the first Big Sky team to win a national title in football ."}
{"_id": "1995_in_Dutch_television", "title": "1995 in Dutch television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Dutch television related events from 1995 ."}
{"_id": "1962_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_long_jump", "title": "1962 European Athletics Championships – Women's long jump", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's long jump at the 1962 European Athletics Championships was held in Beograd , then Yugoslavia , at JNA Stadium on 14 and 15 September 1962 ."}
{"_id": "1997_FIBA_Americas_Championship_for_Women", "title": "1997 FIBA Americas Championship for Women", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 FIBA Americas Championship for Women , was the fourth FIBA Americas Championship for Women regional basketball championship held by FIBA Americas , which also served as Americas qualifier for the 1998 FIBA World Championship for Women , granting berths to the top four teams in the final standings . It was held in Brazil between 5 August and 10 August 1997 . Eight national teams entered the event under the auspices of FIBA Americas , the sport 's regional governing body . The city of São Paulo hosted the tournament . Brazil won their first title after defeating the United States in the final ."}
{"_id": "1839_in_Spain", "title": "1839 in Spain", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1839 in Spain ."}
{"_id": "1958_Mississippi_State_Maroons_football_team", "title": "1958 Mississippi State Maroons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 Mississippi State Maroons football team represented Mississippi State University during the 1958 college football season . Although the Maroons finished 6 -- 2 -- 1 the previous year , they were unable to capitalize on the momentum and fell back to last place in the SEC ."}
{"_id": "1944_in_Portugal", "title": "1944 in Portugal", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1944 in Portugal ."}
{"_id": "1981–82_Port_Vale_F.C._season", "title": "1981–82 Port Vale F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1981 -- 82 season was Port Vale 's 70th season of football in the Football League , and their fourth successive season ( tenth overall ) in the Fourth Division . John McGrath led his team to a seventh-place finish , a big improvement on the previous two seasons . Top-scorer Ernie Moss and midfielder Mark Chamberlain proved to be the stars of the season . The season was notable for Vale Park 's lowest ever Football League attendance ."}
{"_id": "1540s_in_Denmark", "title": "1540s in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1540s in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1988_NCAA_Division_I_Softball_Tournament", "title": "1988 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament was the seventh annual tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA women 's collegiate softball . Held during May 1988 , twenty Division I college softball teams contested the championship , an expansion of four teams from the previous year . The tournament featured eight regionals of either two or three teams . The regions of two teams consisted of a simple best-of-three series whereas the regions of three teams consisted of a double elimination tournament of four or five games . The 1988 Women 's College World Series was held in Sunnyvale , California from May 25 through May 29 and marked the conclusion of the 1988 NCAA Division I softball season . won the championship by defeating 3 -- 0 in the final game .   The 1988 event was the first WCWS played in Sunnyvale ."}
{"_id": "1992_Korean_League_Cup", "title": "1992 Korean League Cup", "headings": "", "text": "Korean League Cup 1992 , known as Adidas Cup 1992 due to the competition 's sponsorship ."}
{"_id": "1639_in_art", "title": "1639 in art", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1639 in art ."}
{"_id": "1901_in_paleontology", "title": "1901 in paleontology", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1893_in_rail_transport", "title": "1893 in rail transport", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1998_Cerezo_Osaka_season", "title": "1998 Cerezo Osaka season", "headings": "", "text": "1998 Cerezo Osaka season"}
{"_id": "1737_in_literature", "title": "1737 in literature", "headings": "", "text": "This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1737 ."}
{"_id": "1815_in_France", "title": "1815 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1815 in France ."}
{"_id": "1986_Seattle_Seahawks_season", "title": "1986 Seattle Seahawks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Seattle Seahawks season was the team 's 11th season with the National Football League ."}
{"_id": "1971–72_Rangers_F.C._season", "title": "1971–72 Rangers F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 -- 72 season was the 75th season of competitive football by Rangers ."}
{"_id": "1925_Boston_Braves_season", "title": "1925 Boston Braves season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1979–80_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season", "title": "1979–80 Toronto Maple Leafs season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 -- 80 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 63rd season of the franchise , 53rd season as the Maple Leafs . In July 1979 , Leafs owner Harold Ballard brought back Punch Imlach , a longtime friend , as general manager . Imlach traded Lanny McDonald to undermine team captain Darryl Sittler 's influence on the team . The McDonald trade sent the Leafs into a downward spiral . They finished five games under .500 and only made the playoffs due to the presence of the Quebec Nordiques , a refugee from the WHA , in the Adams Division ."}
{"_id": "1_Regiment_Army_Air_Corps", "title": "1 Regiment Army Air Corps", "headings": "", "text": "1 Regiment Army Air Corps is a regiment of the Army Air Corps ( AAC ) ."}
{"_id": "1971_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_4_×_400_metres_relay", "title": "1971 European Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 4 x 400 metres relay at the 1971 European Athletics Championships was held in Helsinki , Finland , at Helsinki Olympic Stadium on 14 and 15 August 1971 ."}
{"_id": "1958–59_Nemzeti_Bajnokság_I", "title": "1958–59 Nemzeti Bajnokság I", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Nemzeti Bajnokság I in the 1958/1959 season ."}
{"_id": "1922–23_League_of_Ireland", "title": "1922–23 League of Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 -- 23 League of Ireland was the second season of senior football in Republic of Ireland . It began on September 16 , 1922 , and ended in March , 1923 . St James 's Gate was the defending champion . Shamrock Rovers was the winner for this season ."}
{"_id": "1870_in_the_United_Kingdom", "title": "1870 in the United Kingdom", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1870 in the United Kingdom ."}
{"_id": "1750_in_Sweden", "title": "1750 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1750 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1986_Pot_Black", "title": "1986 Pot Black", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Pot Black was the eighteenth edition of the professional invitational snooker tournament and the last of the original run It took place in December 1985 but was broadcast in 1986 . The tournament was held at Pebble Mill Studios in Birmingham , and featured sixteen professional players in a knock-out system . All matches until the semi-final were one-frame shoot-outs , the semi-final was aggregate score of two frames and the final being contested over the best of three frames .   Broadcasts were on BBC2 and started at 22:10 on Thursday 16 January 1986 , more later than in previous series . David Icke presented with Ted Lowe as commentator and John Williams as referee .   Debut in the last series include Patsy Fagan as all the competitors for this series are 1985 World Championship last 16 players . Jimmy White won the event beating Kirk Stevens 2 -- 0 with a 106 break in the last frame ."}
{"_id": "1936_World_Figure_Skating_Championships", "title": "1936 World Figure Skating Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion .   The 1936 men and pairs competitions took place from February 28 to 29 in Paris , France . The 1936 ladies competitions took place from February 21 to 22 also in Paris , France ."}
{"_id": "17th_Iranian_Majlis", "title": "17th Iranian Majlis", "headings": "", "text": "The 17th Iranian Majlis was a legislative assembly with a term beginning on Apr , 25 , 1952 .   Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh was removed from power in a coup on 19 August 1953 , organised and carried out by the CIA at the request of the British MI6 which chose Iranian General Fazlollah Zahedi to succeed Mosaddegh .   The 17th Majlis was ultimately dissolved by Mohammad Reza Shah ."}
{"_id": "1927_Florida_Gators_football_team", "title": "1927 Florida Gators football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1927 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida in the sport of American football during the 1927 Southern Conference football season . The season was Harold Sebring 's third and last season as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team . After suffering a 0 -- 12 upset loss at the hands of the Davidson College Wildcats , the Gators rallied to defeat the Auburn Tigers 33 -- 6 , defeating the Tigers for the first time and ending a six-game losing streak , and to upset coach Wallace Wade 's Alabama Crimson Tide 13 -- 6 . Sebring 's 1927 Florida Gators finished 7 -- 3 overall , and 5 -- 2 in the Southern Conference , placing sixth of twenty-two teams in the conference standings .   The loss to Davidson featured captain Frank Oosterhoudt , who was later declared ineligible , and replaced at captain by Bill Middlekauff . With Middlekauff at captain , the Gators suffered just two further losses : to conference co-champions NC State ; and to Georgia 's `` Dream and Wonder team '' . NC State was led by Hall of Famer and Gainesville native Jack McDowall ."}
{"_id": "1934_Central_America_hurricane", "title": "1934 Central America hurricane", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Central America Hurricane is among the deadliest hurricanes on record . Although a weak hurricane , it killed 1,000-3 ,000 people , mainly from landslides in Central America , and spawned eight tornadoes when it made landfall in Louisiana ."}
{"_id": "1989_Eagle_Classic", "title": "1989 Eagle Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Eagle Classic was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Scottsdale , Arizona in the United States that was part of World Championship Tennis and the 1989 Nabisco Grand Prix . The tournament took place from March 6 through March 13 , 1989 ."}
{"_id": "171_Ophelia", "title": "171 Ophelia", "headings": "", "text": "171 Ophelia is a large , dark Themistian asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer Alphonse Borrelly on January 13 , 1877 , and named after the fictional character Ophelia in Shakespeare 's play Hamlet .   This asteroid is a member of the Themis family of asteroids that share similar orbital elements . It probably has a primitive composition , similar to that of the carbonaceous chondrite meteorites .   A 1979 study of the Algol-like light curve produced by this asteroid concluded that it was possible to model the brightness variation by assuming a binary system with a circular orbit , a period of 13.146 hours , and an inclination of 15 ° to the line of sight from the Earth . Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Leura Observatory in Leura , Australia during 2006 gave a rotation period of 6.6666 ± 0.0002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.50 ± 0.02 in magnitude . This is in agreement with previous studies .   Ophelia is also the name of a moon of Uranus ."}
{"_id": "1639_in_Spain", "title": "1639 in Spain", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1639 in Spain ."}
{"_id": "1987–88_Nationalliga_A", "title": "1987–88 Nationalliga A", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Swiss National League A in the 1987 -- 88 football season ."}
{"_id": "1984_WCT_World_Doubles", "title": "1984 WCT World Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984 WCT World Doubles , also known by its sponsored name Barratt World Doubles Championship , was a men 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at Royal Albert Hall in London , England that was part of the 1984 World Championship Tennis circuit . It was the tour finals for the doubles season of the WCT Tour section . The tournament was held from January 3 through January 8 , 1984 ."}
{"_id": "1901_in_film", "title": "1901 in film", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1901 in film involved some significant events .  __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "1954_European_Aquatics_Championships", "title": "1954 European Aquatics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954 LEN European Aquatics Championships were held 31 August -- 5 September in Turin , Italy . In swimming , butterfly events were contested for the first time ; 100 m for women and 200 m for men ."}
{"_id": "1913_FEF_Copa_del_Rey_Final", "title": "1913 FEF Copa del Rey Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 Copa del Rey Final was the 13th final of the Spanish cup competition , the Copa del Rey . The final was played at Estadio O'Donnell in Madrid on 22 March 1913 . The match ended 2 -- 2 , after extra time . The replay game was played the next day ."}
{"_id": "1943_Army_Cadets_football_team", "title": "1943 Army Cadets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1943 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1943 college football season . In their third year under head coach Earl Blaik , the Cadets compiled a 7 -- 2 -- 1 record , shut out five of their ten opponents , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 299 to 66 . In the annual Army -- Navy Game , the Cadets lost to the Midshipmen by a 13 to 0 score . The Cadets also lost to Notre Dame by a 26 to 0 score , but won convincing victories over Colgate ( 42-0 ) , Temple ( 51-0 ) , Columbia ( 52-0 ) , and Brown ( 59-0 ) .   Two Army players were honored on the 1943 College Football All-America Team . Center Cas Myslinski was a consensus first-team honoree , and tackle Francis E. Merritt was selected as a first-team player by Football News and a second-team player by the Associated Press ."}
{"_id": "1976_NCAA_Division_III_football_season", "title": "1976 NCAA Division III football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 NCAA Division III football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division III level , began in August 1976 , and concluded with the NCAA Division III Football Championship in December 1976 at Garrett-Harrison Stadium in Phenix City , Alabama . The St. John 's ( MN ) Johnnies won their first Division III championship , defeating the Towson State Tigers by a final score of 31 − 28 ."}
{"_id": "1905–06_Welsh_Amateur_Cup", "title": "1905–06 Welsh Amateur Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 -- 06 Welsh Amateur Cup was the sixteenth season of the Welsh Amateur Cup . The cup was won by Buckley Engineers who defeated Porthmadog 3-1 in a replayed final , at Welshpool ."}
{"_id": "1935–36_SM-sarja_season", "title": "1935–36 SM-sarja season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1935-1936 SM-sarja season was played between 4 teams from 2 cities . For the first time there was straight relegation facing the team who would finish the lowest . The teams played 6 games each ."}
{"_id": "1998_Colorado_Buffaloes_football_team", "title": "1998 Colorado Buffaloes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Colorado Buffaloes football team represented the University of Colorado at Boulder during the 1998 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team played their home games at Folsom Field in Boulder , Colorado . They participated in the Big 12 Conference in the North Division . They were coached by head coach Rick Neuheisel , who would resign after the conclusion of the season to become the head coach at Washington ."}
{"_id": "1949_Hamilton_Tigers_season", "title": "1949 Hamilton Tigers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 Hamilton Tigers season was the second for the club in the Ontario Rugby Football Union after playing in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union for 34 seasons since 1907 . This would also be the last season for the Tigers as the club would merge with the Hamilton Wildcats following this season .   The Tigers finished in 1st place in the ORFU with a 10 -- 2 record , but lost to the Montreal Alouettes in the Eastern Final ."}
{"_id": "1988_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_rankings", "title": "1988 NCAA Division I-A football rankings", "headings": "", "text": "Two human polls comprised the 1988 National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I-A football rankings . Unlike most sports , college football 's governing body , the NCAA , does not bestow a national championship , instead that title is bestowed by one or more different polling agencies . There are two main weekly polls that begin in the preseason -- the AP Poll and the Coaches ' Poll ."}
{"_id": "1717_in_Canada", "title": "1717 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1717 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1980_Individual_Speedway_World_Championship", "title": "1980 Individual Speedway World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Individual Speedway World Championship .   With 1979 World Champion Ivan Mauger failing to qualify for a World Final for the first time since 1965 , and Ole Olsen only qualifying as a reserve , the 1980 World Final at the Ullevi Stadium in Göteborg , Sweden was seen as an open final with a number of potential winners . Michael Lee , Bruce Penhall , Dave Jessup and Billy Sanders considered the favourites with Jan Andersson ( the only Swedish rider in the World Final ) , John Davis , Hans Nielsen , Zenon Plech , Intercontinental Final winner Chris Morton and 1976 World Champion Peter Collins all expected to challenge .   Twenty-two-year-old English ace Lee who had only finished 7th in the Intercontinental Final at White City , won his only World Championship with 14 points from his 5 rides . Dave Jessup finished second after defeating Billy Sanders in a runoff when both riders finished on 12 points to give England a 1-2 finish in a World Final .   Michael Lee became only the fourth rider from Great Britain to win Motorcycle speedway 's ultimate individual prize , joining Welshman Freddie Williams ( 1950 ) , and fellow Englishman Peter Craven ( 1955 and 1962 ) and Peter Collins ( 1976 ) as a Speedway World Champion ."}
{"_id": "1918_in_Australia", "title": "1918 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": "See also :  1917 in Australia ,  other events of 1918 ,  1919 in Australia and the  Timeline of Australian history .   1918 in Australia was dominated by national participation in World War I . The Australian Corps was formed at the beginning of the year from the five divisions of the First Australian Imperial Force played a significant role in the Allied victory ."}
{"_id": "1986_Full_Members'_Cup_Final", "title": "1986 Full Members' Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Full Members ' Cup final was a football match which took place at Wembley Stadium on 23 March 1986 . It was the final of the inaugural Full Members ' Cup , the competition created in the wake of the 1985 ban on English clubs from European competitions following the Heysel disaster . Contested between First Division sides Chelsea and Manchester City , the game produced nine goals , with Chelsea prevailing 5 -- 4 . Chelsea had led 5 -- 1 courtesy of David Speedie 's hat-trick and a brace by Colin Lee , but Man City scored three times in the last five minutes to give the Blues a scare . Rougvie 's own goal , the result of a shot by City 's Lillis , denied Lillis the consolation of having scored the fastest hat trick in Wembley history at that point . Both clubs had played First Division games the previous day ; Chelsea a 1-0 victory over Southampton , Manchester City a 2-2 draw with local rivals Manchester United . Ten players from each side featured in both games over the weekend ."}
{"_id": "153rd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)", "title": "153rd Infantry Regiment (United States)", "headings": "", "text": "The 153d Infantry Regiment ( First Arkansas ) is a United States infantry regiment , currently represented in the Arkansas Army National Guard by the 1st Battalion , 153rd Infantry , headquartered at Malvern , Arkansas , and 2nd Battalion , 153rd Infantry , headquartered at Searcy , Arkansas , elements of the 39th Brigade Combat Team . The regiment was also represented by the 3rd Battalion , 153rd Infantry Regiment headquartered at Warren , Arkansas until that unit was deactivated on 5 September 2005 . The regiment was activated as the 1st Arkansas Volunteer Infantry for the Spanish-American War , but did not deploy overseas . The regiment was activated for World War I , redesignated as the 153rd Infantry and shipped to France as a part of the 39th Division , but became a replacement division and personnel were reassigned to other AEF units . The regiment was activated for World War II and deployed to the Aleutian Islands , participating in the Aleutian Islands Campaign . Recently , elements of the regiment have participated in two deployments in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom , in 2004 and again in 2008 ."}
{"_id": "(S)-cheilanthifoline_synthase", "title": "(S)-cheilanthifoline synthase", "headings": "", "text": "In enzymology , a ( S ) - cheilanthifoline synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   ( S ) - scoulerine + NADPH + H + + O2 ( S ) - cheilanthifoline + NADP + + 2 H2O   The 4 substrates of this enzyme are ( S ) - scoulerine , NADPH , H + , and O2 , whereas its 3 products are ( S ) - cheilanthifoline , NADP + , and H2O .   This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases , specifically those acting on paired donors , with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen . The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor , and the other dehydrogenated . The systematic name of this enzyme class is ( S ) - scoulerine , NADPH : oxygen oxidoreductase ( methylenedioxy-bridge-forming ) . This enzyme is also called ( S ) - scoulerine oxidase ( methylenedioxy-bridge-forming ) . This enzyme participates in alkaloid biosynthesis i."}
{"_id": "1985_du_Maurier_Classic", "title": "1985 du Maurier Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 du Maurier Classic was contested from July 25 -- 28 at Beaconsfield Golf Club . It was the 13th edition of the du Maurier Classic , and the seventh edition as a major championship on the LPGA Tour .   This event was won by Pat Bradley ."}
{"_id": "1973_Open_Championship", "title": "1973 Open Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 Open Championship was the 102nd Open Championship , played 11 -- 14 July at Troon Golf Club in Troon , Scotland . Tom Weiskopf won his only major championship by three strokes over runners-up Neil Coles and Johnny Miller , the winner of the U.S. Open a month earlier . Weiskopf was a wire-to-wire winner and his four-round total of 12-under-par 276 matched the then-existing Open Championship record set by Arnold Palmer on the very same course in 1962 .   Gene Sarazen , 71 , made a hole-in-one in the first round at the famous 8th hole , a 126 yd par-3 named the `` Postage Stamp , '' due to its small green . Lee Trevino 's bid for a third straight Open fell short , thirteen strokes back in a tie for tenth place .   This was the last Open Championship as Troon Golf Club ; it became Royal Troon Golf Club five years later in 1978 , and next hosted in 1982 ."}
{"_id": "1938–39_William_&_Mary_Indians_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1938–39 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1938 -- 39 William & Mary Indians men 's basketball team represented the College of William & Mary in intercollegiate basketball during the 1938 -- 39 season . Under the second year of head coach John Kellison 's second stint with William & Mary , the team finished the season 9 -- 12 and 4 -- 9 in the Southern Conference . This was the 34th season of the collegiate basketball program at William & Mary , whose nickname is now the Tribe .   The Indians finished 12th in the conference and did not quality for the 1939 Southern Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament . However , the Indians did record their first ever conference victories during 1939 ."}
{"_id": "1951_Little_League_World_Series", "title": "1951 Little League World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 Little League World Series was held during August 1951 in Williamsport , Pennsylvania . The Stamford Little League of Stamford , Connecticut defeated the Austin Little League of Austin , Texas in the championship game of the 5th Little League World Series ."}
{"_id": "1982_CFL_Draft", "title": "1982 CFL Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 CFL Draft composed of six rounds where 72 Canadian football players were chosen from eligible Canadian universities and Canadian players playing in the NCAA . A total of 18 players were selected as territorial exemptions , with every team making at least one selection during this stage of the draft ."}
{"_id": "1934–35_Polska_Liga_Hokejowa_season", "title": "1934–35 Polska Liga Hokejowa season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 -- 35 Polska Liga Hokejowa season was the eighth season of the Polska Liga Hokejowa , the top level of ice hockey in Poland . Four teams participated in the final round , and Czarni Lwow won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1995_Yokohama_Marinos_season", "title": "1995 Yokohama Marinos season", "headings": "", "text": "1995 Yokohama Marinos season"}
{"_id": "1915_Navy_Midshipmen_football_team", "title": "1915 Navy Midshipmen football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1915 college football season . In its first season under head coach Jonas Ingram , the team compiled a 3 -- 5 -- 1 record and was outscored by a combined score of 118 to 99 .   The annual Army -- Navy Game was played on November 27 , 1915 , at the Polo Grounds in New York , N.Y. Army won by a 14 to 0 score ."}
{"_id": "1814_in_Sweden", "title": "1814 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1814 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1997–98_Meistriliiga_(ice_hockey)_season", "title": "1997–98 Meistriliiga (ice hockey) season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997-98 Meistriliiga season was the eighth season of the Meistriliiga , the top level of ice hockey in Estonia . Five teams participated in the league , and Kreenholm Narva won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1915_New_York_Yankees_season", "title": "1915 New York Yankees season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1915 New York Yankees season was the 13th season for the Yankees and their 15th overall . The team was under new ownership and new management .   The team finished with a record of 69 -- 83 , 32 1/2 games behind the American League champion Boston Red Sox . New York was managed by Bill Donovan . Home games were played at the Polo Grounds ."}
{"_id": "1990_Football_League_Second_Division_play-off_Final", "title": "1990 Football League Second Division play-off Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Football League Division Two play-off Final was contested by Sunderland and Swindon Town at Wembley Stadium , London . Swindon won the match by a scoreline of one goal to nil , with a Alan McLoughlin goal via a wicked deflection from Gary Bennett thus deciding the fixture . Swindon Town were later demoted after being found guilty of financial irregularities which resulted in Sunderland gaining promotion ."}
{"_id": "1_+_2_+_3_+_4_+_⋯", "title": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯", "headings": "", "text": "The infinite series whose terms are the natural numbers is a divergent series . The nth partial sum of the series is the triangular number   which increases without bound as n goes to infinity . Because the sequence of partial sums fails to converge to a finite limit , the series does not have a sum .   Although the series seems at first sight not to have any meaningful value at all , it can be manipulated to yield a number of mathematically interesting results , some of which have applications in other fields such as complex analysis , quantum field theory , and string theory . Many summation methods are used in mathematics to assign numerical values even to a divergent series . In particular , the methods of zeta function regularization and Ramanujan summation assign the series a value of − , which is expressed by a famous formula :   where the left hand side has to be interpreted as being the value obtained by using one of the aforementioned summation methods and not as the sum of an infinite series in its usual meaning .   In a monograph on moonshine theory , Terry Gannon calls this equation `` one of the most remarkable formulae in science '' ."}
{"_id": "1998_Little_League_World_Series", "title": "1998 Little League World Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 Little League World Series took place from August 23 -- 29 in Williamsport , Pennsylvania , United States . Toms River , New Jersey , USA defeated Kashima , Ibaraki , Japan in the title game , punctuated by a standout performance by future MLB Home Run Derby champion Todd Frazier , who went 4-4 with a lead-off home run and also was the winning pitcher ."}
{"_id": "1897_Grand_National", "title": "1897 Grand National", "headings": "", "text": "The 1897 Grand National was the 59th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool , England , on 26 March 1897 ."}
{"_id": "1992_Daikyo_IndyCar_Grand_Prix", "title": "1992 Daikyo IndyCar Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 Daikyo IndyCar Grand Prix was the opening round of the 1992 CART World Series season , held on March 22 , 1992 on the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit , Queensland , Australia ."}
{"_id": "1983_world_oil_market_chronology", "title": "1983 world oil market chronology", "headings": "", "text": "Oil glut takes hold . Demand falls as a result of conservation , use of other fuels and recession . OPEC agrees to limit overall output to 17.5 MMB/D . OPEC agrees to individual output quotas and cuts prices by $ 5 to $ 29 per barrel .  April : Iraq increases missile attacks on Iran .  July 20 -- 30 : Iran moves into northern Iraq . Casualties top 13,800 in ten days .  July 26 : U.S. threatens action to preserve navigation in Persian Gulf .  July -- August : Heavy fighting and casualties in Iran-Iraq war .  October : Iran attacks northern Iraq , threatening Kirkuk pipeline .   | -  | width = `` 30 % '' align = `` center '' | previous year :1982 world oil market chronology  | width = `` 40 % '' align = `` center '' | This article is part of theChronology of world oil market events ( 1970-2005 )  | width = `` 30 % '' align = `` center '' | following year :1984 world oil market chronology  | -   Category : Oil market timelines  World oil market chronology  World Oil Market Chronology , 1983"}
{"_id": "1950_Gator_Bowl", "title": "1950 Gator Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Gator Bowl was the fifth edition of the Gator Bowl and featured the Maryland Terrapins representing the University of Maryland and the Missouri Tigers representing the University of Missouri . It was the first-ever meeting of the two teams .   Maryland was led by third-year head coach Jim Tatum , who had engineered one season turn-arounds at Maryland and previously Oklahoma . Missouri was coached by his former boss , Don Faurot , under whom Tatum had previous been an assistant coach for the U.S. Navy 's Iowa Pre-Flight team . This game was the first in a six-game series between the former colleagues and would last for the remainder of Tatum 's tenure at Maryland .   The game was described as a `` proving ground '' for the split-T formation , which was employed by both teams . Several prominent Southern coaches were in attendance at the game to watch the formation , including Bob Neyland of Tennessee , Wally Butts of Georgia , Frank Howard of Clemson , George Barclay of Washington & Lee , and Tom Nugent of VMI ."}
{"_id": "1993_Amstel_Gold_Race", "title": "1993 Amstel Gold Race", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Amstel Gold Race was the 28th edition of the annual road bicycle race `` Amstel Gold Race '' , held on April 24 , 1993 , in the Dutch province of Limburg . The race stretched 249 kilometres , with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Maastricht . There were a total of 158 competitors , with 87 cyclists finishing the race ."}
{"_id": "1955_Pequeña_Copa_del_Mundo_de_Clubes", "title": "1955 Pequeña Copa del Mundo de Clubes", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 Pequeña Copa del Mundo de Clubes was the fourth edition of the Pequeña Copa del Mundo , a tournament held in Venezuela between 1952 and 1957 , and in 1963 and in 1965 . It was played by four participants , half from Europe and half from South America in double round robin format ."}
{"_id": "1985_Orange_Bowl", "title": "1985 Orange Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Orange Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game between the Washington Huskies and the Oklahoma Sooners ."}
{"_id": "1929_PGA_Championship", "title": "1929 PGA Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1929 PGA Championship was the 12th PGA Championship , held December 2 -- 7 at Hillcrest Country Club in Los Angeles , California . Then a match play championship , defending champion Leo Diegel defeated Johnny Farrell 6 & 4 in the finals to win the second of his two major titles .   Like the year before , Diegel defeated both Walter Hagen and Gene Sarazen on his way to the title ; this year he won 3 & 2 over both , Sarazen in the quarterfinals and Hagen in the semifinals .   Prior to his loss to Diegel in the semifinals , five-time champion Hagen was 35 -- 2 in match play at the PGA Championship in the 1920s , losing only to Sarazen in 38 holes in the 1923 finals , and Diegel 2 & 1 in the 1928 quarterfinals . Hagen 's victory over Tony Manero in the 1929 quarterfinals was his last match win at the PGA Championship until 1940 ; he was winless in the 1930s with five first round losses .   This was the first major championship played in the western United States ; it was originally scheduled to be played in Santa Barbara . The PGA Championship returned to the west a dozen years later in 1941 in Colorado .   In the Cheviot Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles ,  Hillcrest later hosted the Los Angeles Open on the PGA Tour in 1932 and 1942 , the latter won by Ben Hogan in an 18-hole playoff ."}
{"_id": "1994_Cook_Islands_Round_Cup", "title": "1994 Cook Islands Round Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 season of the Cook Islands Round Cup was the twenty first recorded season of top flight association football competition in the Cook Islands , with any results between 1951 and 1969 and also in 1986 and 1988 -- 1990 currently unknown . Avatiu won the championship , their third recorded championship , although some sources indicate that they also won the 1993 season ."}
{"_id": "1706_Rittenhouse", "title": "1706 Rittenhouse", "headings": "", "text": "1706 Rittenhouse is a private residence in Rittenhouse Square , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It is known for being an expensive residential building , with many units costing over $ 3.9 million ."}
{"_id": "13_Dita", "title": "13 Dita", "headings": "", "text": "13 dita is the first solo album by Italian pianist Giovanni Allevi , released in 1997 by Soleluna Records ."}
{"_id": "1999_SpeedVision_World_Challenge", "title": "1999 SpeedVision World Challenge", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 SpeedVision World Challenge was the tenth running of the Sports Car Club of America 's premier series . It was the first season that the series was covered by the SpeedVision network . The season also marked a new format , with Touring 1 becoming Grand Touring and Touring 2 becoming Touring Car . 1999 was also the first year in which the series would have a corporate sponsor since 1991 . Pontiac got its final series win this season , joining Oldsmobile and Saturn as General Motors brands gradually disappearing from the World Challenge . It was not until the rise of the Cadillac CTS-V that a GM division other than Chevrolet would see a win . This also led to the beginning of a longtime BMW-Mazda-Acura affair in touring car ."}
{"_id": "1868_Arica_earthquake", "title": "1868 Arica earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1868 Arica earthquake occurred on 13 August 1868 , near Arica , then part of Peru , now part of Chile , at 21:30 UTC . It had an estimated magnitude between 8.5 and 9.0 . A tsunami ( or multiple tsunamis ) in the Pacific Ocean was produced by the earthquake , which was recorded in Hawaii , Japan , Australia , and New Zealand ."}
{"_id": "1958_NCAA_Swimming_and_Diving_Championships", "title": "1958 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships were contested in March 1958 at the Intramural Sports Building at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor , Michigan at the 22nd annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men 's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States .   Michigan retained the national title , the Wolverines ' eighth ( and second consecutive ) , after finishing nine points ahead of Yale in the team standings ."}
{"_id": "1761_in_music", "title": "1761 in music", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1954–55_Soviet_Cup_(ice_hockey)", "title": "1954–55 Soviet Cup (ice hockey)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1954-55 Soviet Cup was the fifth edition of the Soviet Cup ice hockey tournament .   21 teams participated in the tournament , which was won by CDSA Moscow for the second consecutive season ."}
{"_id": "10th_century_BC", "title": "10th century BC", "headings": "", "text": "The 10th century BC started the first day of 1000 BC and ended the last day of 901 BC . This period followed the Bronze Age collapse in the Near East , and the century saw the Early Iron Age take hold there . The Greek Dark Ages which had come about in 1200 BC continued . The Neo-Assyrian Empire is established towards the end of the 10th century BC . In Iron Age India , the Vedic period is ongoing . In China , the Zhou Dynasty is in power . The European Bronze Age continued with Urnfield culture . Japan was inhabited by an evolving hunter-gatherer society during the Jomon period ."}
{"_id": "1928_in_architecture", "title": "1928 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1928 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings ."}
{"_id": "1996_Mongolian_Premier_League", "title": "1996 Mongolian Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Mongolian National Championship was the twenty-ninth recorded edition of top flight football in Mongolia and the first season of the Mongolian Premier League , which took over as the highest level of competition in the country from the previous Mongolian National Championship . Erchim were champions , with Biznesijn Cengeruud ( also known simply as Business ) finishing as runners up , with Tasyn Suudal in third place ."}
{"_id": "1891_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_Final", "title": "1891 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1891 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the 4th All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1891 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland . The match was held at Clonturk Park , Dublin , on 28 February 1892 , between Kerry and Wexford . The Leinster champions lost out to their Munster counterparts on a score line of 2-3 to 1-5 .   The game is notable for a number of reasons . This remains Kerry 's only triumph in the All-Ireland championship . It came a full twelve years before their first All-Ireland title in Gaelic football . This remains the only All-Ireland final to be decided after a period of extra-time ."}
{"_id": "10.9", "title": "10.9", "headings": "", "text": "10.9 may refer to :   OS X 10.9 , the version number of the Apple operating system OS X Mavericks  .44 Magnum , ammunition of 10.9 mm caliber"}
{"_id": "1974_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Ice_Hockey_Tournament", "title": "1974 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974 NCAA Men 's Division I Ice Hockey Tournament was the culmination of the 1973 -- 74 NCAA Division I men 's ice hockey season , the 27th such tournament in NCAA history . It was held between March 14 and 16 , 1974 , and concluded with Minnesota defeating Michigan Tech 4-2 . All games were played at the Boston Garden in Boston , Massachusetts .   This is the last tournament to not have a team returning from the previous season 's bracket . ( as of 2016 )"}
{"_id": "1990_Montreal_Expos_season", "title": "1990 Montreal Expos season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1980_Trans-Am_Series", "title": "1980 Trans-Am Series", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 Trans-Am Series was the fifteenth running of the Sports Car Club of America 's premier series . After several years of recovery from the decline of demand for muscle cars in the early seventies and the 1973 Oil Crisis , Trans Am evolved into a support series for the IMSA GT Championship , using vehicles that were also used in IMSA GT races . This would set the standard for the series thereafter , and this standard would be applied to the SCCA 's World Challenge series many years later . Almost all of the races ran for approximately one hundred miles . Besides Watkins Glen , the only exception was Trois-Rivieres ( ~ 75 miles ) ."}
{"_id": "1932–33_New_York_Rangers_season", "title": "1932–33 New York Rangers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 -- 33 New York Rangers season was the seventh season for the team in the National Hockey League . In the regular season , the Rangers finished third in the American Division with a 23 -- 17 -- 8 record . New York qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs , where the Rangers defeated the Montreal Canadiens 8 -- 5 in the quarter-finals and the Detroit Red Wings 6 -- 3 in the semi-finals to reach the Stanley Cup Finals for the fourth time in franchise history . In the Cup Finals , New York defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs , three games to one to win the second Stanley Cup in New York Rangers history ."}
{"_id": "1949–50_Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C._season", "title": "1949–50 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Huddersfield Town 's 1949 -- 50 campaign saw Town finish in their highest position in Division 1 since their 3rd-place finish in the 1935 -- 36 season . They finished in 15th place with just 37 points and most of the highlights of the season were of the negative sort with disappointing thrashings by Wolverhampton Wanderers and Manchester United , as well as a 6 -- 0 drubbing by Sunderland in the FA Cup ."}
{"_id": "1985_1000_km_of_Monza", "title": "1985 1000 km of Monza", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Trofeo Filippo Caracciolo was the second round of the 1985 World Endurance Championship . It took place at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza , Italy on April 28 , 1985 .   Although scheduled for 173 laps ( 1000 km ) , the race was stopped after 138 laps due to a tree falling and blocking the circuit ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_UEFA_Champions_League_group_stage", "title": "1997–98 UEFA Champions League group stage", "headings": "", "text": "The group stage of the 1997 -- 98 UEFA Champions League began on 17 September 1997 and ended on 10 December 1997 . Eight teams qualified automatically for the group stage , while 16 more qualified via a preliminary round . The 24 teams were divided into four groups of four , and the teams in each group played against each other on a home-and-away basis , meaning that each team played a total of six group matches . For each win , teams were awarded three points , with one point awarded for each draw ."}
{"_id": "1912_Indianapolis_500", "title": "1912 Indianapolis 500", "headings": "", "text": "The 1912 Indianapolis 500-Mile Race , or International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race , the second such race in history , was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Thursday , May 30 , 1912 ."}
{"_id": "1978_Atlantic_hurricane_season", "title": "1978 Atlantic hurricane season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Atlantic hurricane season was the last Atlantic hurricane season to use an all-female naming list . The hurricane season officially began on June 1 , and ended on November 30 . It was an above average season due to a subsiding El Niño . The first storm , a subtropical storm , developed unusually early -- on January 18 -- and dissipated five days later without causing any damage . At the end of July and early August , short-lived Tropical Storm Amelia caused extensive flooding in Texas after dropping as much as 48 in of rain . There were 33 deaths and $ 110 million ( 1978 USD ) in damage . Tropical Storm Bess and Hurricane Cora resulted in only minor land impacts , while the latter was attributed to one fatality .   Later in August , Tropical Storm Debra produced widespread effects , though damage was also relatively minor . Hurricane Ella became the northernmost Category 4 hurricane while located at 38 ° N , and lashed the East Coast of the United States and Atlantic Canada with gusty winds and rip currents . Hurricanes Flossie and Kendra as well as Tropical Storms Hope , Irma , and Juliet caused minimal land impacts as a tropical cyclone . However , the precursor to Hurricane Kendra caused flooding in Puerto Rico . Hurricane Greta brought strong winds , high tides , and flooding to Central America , particularly Belize and Honduras . Greta resulted in about $ 25 million in damage and at least five fatalities . Overall , the storms of this season collectively caused $ 191 million in damage and 42 fatalities . Hurricane Greta crossed into the eastern pacific and was renamed Olivia ."}
{"_id": "1989_Virginia_Cavaliers_men's_soccer_team", "title": "1989 Virginia Cavaliers men's soccer team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Virginia Cavaliers men 's soccer team represented the University of Virginia during the 1989 NCAA Division I men 's soccer season . The Cavaliers , playing their 49th season of existence , won their first ever national championship , which was a co-title with Santa Clara . It was often considered the start to the Cavaliers ' early 1990s dynasty run in college soccer ."}
{"_id": "1993_Úrvalsdeild", "title": "1993 Úrvalsdeild", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Úrvalsdeild in the 1993 season ."}
{"_id": "1995_Urawa_Red_Diamonds_season", "title": "1995 Urawa Red Diamonds season", "headings": "", "text": "1995 Urawa Red Diamonds season"}
{"_id": "16th_Arizona_State_Legislature", "title": "16th Arizona State Legislature", "headings": "", "text": "The 16th Arizona State Legislature , consisting of the Arizona State Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives , was constituted in Phoenix from January 1 , 1943 to December 31 , 1944 , during the second of Sidney Preston Osborn 's four consecutive terms as Governor of Arizona . The number of senators remained constant at 19 , while the house increased from 52 to 58 members . The Democrats controlled one hundred percent of both the senate and house seats ."}
{"_id": "1970_Buffalo_Bulls_football_team", "title": "1970 Buffalo Bulls football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1970 Buffalo Bulls football team represented the University at Buffalo in the 1970 NCAA University Division football season . The Bulls offense scored 133 points while the defense allowed 299 points ."}
{"_id": "1931_American_Soccer_League", "title": "1931 American Soccer League", "headings": "", "text": "At the start of this season the American Soccer League was in decline , suffering from the effects of the Great Depression . Clubs had begun to fold , merge and disappear . The eventual champions , New Bedford Whalers , had been formed by Sam Mark following the merger of Fall River F.C. and New York Yankees . Long time ASL members Brooklyn Wanderers folded before the season . However New York Americans , later to become a perennial contender in the second ASL , made their debut .   The season began on February 29 , 1931 . The first half ended on May 31 , 1931 . The second half began September 19 , 1931 , and the season concluded on December 27 , 1931 . The season saw strong performances by New Bedford Whalers , New York Giants and a resurgent Pawtucket Rangers . Hakoah All-Stars improved markedly to take fourth place . Although the Whalers won this season , they lost the playoff series for the overall 1931 champion , being defeated by Spring 1931 champions New York Giants in a play-off . Whalers took the first game at home 8-3 before the Giants came back to win 6-0 , taking the series on a 9-8 aggregate score ."}
{"_id": "1857_in_Canada", "title": "1857 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1857 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1894_Boston_Beaneaters_season", "title": "1894 Boston Beaneaters season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1894 Boston Beaneaters season was a season in American baseball . The team finished in third place in the National League with a record of 83 -- 49 , 8 games behind the Baltimore Orioles . They hold the MLB record for most runs scored in a single season by one team with 1,220 , a stunning 9.24 runs per contest ."}
{"_id": ".500_S&W_Magnum", "title": ".500 S&W Magnum", "headings": "", "text": "The .500 S&W Magnum ( 12.7 × 41mmSR ) is a fifty-caliber semi-rimmed handgun cartridge developed by Cor-Bon in partnership with the Smith & Wesson `` X-Gun '' engineering team for use in the Smith & Wesson Model 500 X-frame revolver and introduced in February 2003 at the SHOT show . Its primary design purpose was as a hunting handgun cartridge capable of taking all North American game species ."}
{"_id": "1998–99_Mansfield_Town_F.C._season", "title": "1998–99 Mansfield Town F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1998 -- 99 English football season , Mansfield Town Football Club competed in the Football League Third Division where they finished in 8th position on 67 points , missing out on a play-off position by four points ."}
{"_id": "1996_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_–_Men's_3000_metres", "title": "1996 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 3000 metres", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's 3000 metres event at the 1996 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held in Stockholm Globe Arena on 8 -- 9 March ."}
{"_id": "13_Ghosts", "title": "13 Ghosts", "headings": "", "text": "13 Ghosts is a 1960 American horror film written by Robb White and directed by William Castle . The film stars 11-year-old child actor Charles Herbert , Jo Morrow , Rosemary DeCamp , Martin Milner , Donald Woods , and co-features experienced character actress Margaret Hamilton . The film was released on a double bill in 1960 with either The Electronic Monster or Battle in Outer Space in most areas .   Throughout the film , Buck ( Herbert ) refers to Elaine ( Hamilton ) as a witch . Though this is never confirmed , the film hints at the possibility . These inside references were an acknowledgement of Hamilton 's best known role as the Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) ."}
{"_id": "1999_Superbike_World_Championship", "title": "1999 Superbike World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Superbike World Championship was the twelfth FIM Superbike World Championship season . The season started on 28 March at Kyalami and finished on 10 October at Sugo after 13 rounds .   Carl Fogarty won the riders ' championship , his fourth , and Ducati won the manufacturers ' championship ."}
{"_id": "1949_South_American_Basketball_Championship", "title": "1949 South American Basketball Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The South American Basketball Championship 1949 was the fourteenth South American Basketball Championship . It was held in Asunción , Paraguay and won by the Uruguay national basketball team . 6 teams competed ."}
{"_id": "1626_in_Italy", "title": "1626 in Italy", "headings": "", "text": "An incomplete series of events which occurred in Italy in 1626 :"}
{"_id": "1999_Washington_Redskins_season", "title": "1999 Washington Redskins season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Washington Redskins began with the team trying to improve on their 6 -- 10 record from 1998 . They succeeded to the extent of reaching their first postseason appearance since 1992 and beating the Lions in the first week of the playoffs , before losing to the Buccaneers by a single point in the divisional playoff round . The season would also be the first for new team owner Daniel Snyder ."}
{"_id": "1969_Queen's_Club_Championships", "title": "1969 Queen's Club Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Queen 's Club Championships , also known by its official name London Grass Court Championships , was a combined men 's and women 's tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Queen 's Club in London in the United Kingdom . It was the 70th edition of the tournament and was held from 16 June through 21 June 1969 . Fred Stolle and Ann Jones won the singles titles ."}
{"_id": "100_Bullets", "title": "100 Bullets", "headings": "", "text": "100 Bullets is an American comic book published by DC Comics under its Vertigo imprint . Written by Brian Azzarello and illustrated by Eduardo Risso , the comic book ran for 100 issues and won the Eisner Award and Harvey Award ."}
{"_id": "1994_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremony", "title": "1994 Winter Olympics opening ceremony", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Winter Olympics opening ceremony took place on 12 February 1994 at Lysgårdsbakken in Lillehammer , Norway . Artistic content was made to present a range of Norwegian culture , included Sami joik , Telemark skiing , fiddlers and folk dancing , simulations of traditional weddings and their processions , and vetter from Norse mythology . After speeches by Heiberg and IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch , the games were officially declared opened by King Harald V . The Olympic Flame was to be carried by a skier down the skijump before lighting the cauldron . Originally this task had rested upon Ole Gunnar Fidjestøl , but after he was injured in a practice jump , his back-up Stein Gruben received the honour . The cauldron was lit by Crown Prince Haakon Magnus . The Olympic oaths were issued by Vegard Ulvang for the athletes and Kari Kåring for the officials .   On the day of the opening ceremonies , art thieves stole Edvard Munch 's masterpiece The Scream from the National Museum in Oslo ."}
{"_id": "1951_St._Louis_Cardinals_season", "title": "1951 St. Louis Cardinals season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1951 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team 's 70th season in St. Louis , Missouri and the 60th season in the National League . The Cardinals went 81 -- 73 during the season and finished 3rd in the National League ."}
{"_id": "1794_in_Wales", "title": "1794 in Wales", "headings": "", "text": "This article is about the particular significance of the year 1794 to Wales and its people ."}
{"_id": "1968_Yale_vs._Harvard_football_game", "title": "1968 Yale vs. Harvard football game", "headings": "", "text": "The 1968 Yale vs. Harvard football game was an American college football game between the team of Yale University and the team of Harvard University played on November 23 , 1968 . The game ended in a 29 -- 29 tie after Harvard made what is considered a miraculous last-moment comeback , scoring 16 points in the final 42 seconds to tie the game against a highly touted Yale squad . The significance of the moral victory for Harvard inspired the next day 's Harvard Crimson student newspaper to print the famous headline `` Harvard Beats Yale , 29 -- 29 '' . In 2010 , ESPN ranked it No. 9 in its list of the top ten college football ties of all time .   Yale came into the game with a 16-game winning streak and its quarterback , Brian Dowling , had only lost one game when he was in the starting lineup since the sixth grade . Both schools entered the game undefeated and untied with 8 -- 0 records . It was the first time both schools met when undefeated and untied since the 1909 season .   The tie left both teams 8 -- 0 -- 1 for the season . The famous headline was later used as the title for Harvard Beats Yale 29-29 , a 2008 documentary about the game directed by Kevin Rafferty .   This game stands as the final tie in the Harvard -- Yale series , as subsequent rule changes have eliminated ties from college football ."}
{"_id": "1988_Bavarian_Tennis_Championships", "title": "1988 Bavarian Tennis Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 Bavarian Tennis Championships was an Association of Tennis Professionals tennis tournament held in Munich , Germany . The tournament was held from 2 May through 8 May 1988 ."}
{"_id": "12th_parallel_south", "title": "12th parallel south", "headings": "", "text": "The 12th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 12 degrees south of the Earth 's equatorial plane . It crosses the Atlantic Ocean , Africa , the Indian Ocean , Australasia , the Pacific Ocean and South America ."}
{"_id": "1903_News_of_the_World_Match_Play", "title": "1903 News of the World Match Play", "headings": "", "text": "The 1903 News of the World Match Play was the first News of the World Match Play tournament . It was played from Tuesday 13 to Thursday 15 October at Sunningdale Golf Club . 32 players competed in a straight knock-out competition , with each match contested over 18 holes , except for the final which was over 36 holes . The winner received # 100 out of a total prize fund of # 200 . James Braid defeated Ted Ray 4 & 3 in the final to win the tournament ."}
{"_id": "1260_(computer_virus)", "title": "1260 (computer virus)", "headings": "", "text": "1260 , or V2PX , was a demonstration computer virus written in 1989 by Mark Washburn that used a form of polymorphic encryption . Derived from Ralph Burger 's publication of the disassembled Vienna Virus source code , the 1260 added a cipher and varied its signature by randomizing its decryption algorithm . Both the 1260 and Vienna infect . COM files in the current or PATH directories upon execution . Changing an authenticated executable file is detected by most modern computer operating systems ."}
{"_id": "1996_1._deild", "title": "1996 1. deild", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of 1 . deild in the 1996 season ."}
{"_id": "1978_in_the_Philippines", "title": "1978 in the Philippines", "headings": "", "text": "1978 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 1978 ."}
{"_id": "137th_Street–City_College_(IRT_Broadway–Seventh_Avenue_Line)", "title": "137th Street–City College (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)", "headings": "", "text": "137th Street -- City College is a local station on the IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway . Located at the intersection of 137th Street and Broadway in Harlem and Hamilton Heights , Manhattan , it is served by the 1 train at all times . The station serves the nearby City College of New York and Riverbank State Park .   __ TOC __"}
{"_id": "14th_Kisei", "title": "14th Kisei", "headings": "", "text": "The 14th Kisei was a Go competition that took place in 1990 . Koichi Kobayashi won the title 4 games to 1 over Hideo Otake ."}
{"_id": "1930_Detroit_Titans_football_team", "title": "1930 Detroit Titans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1930 Detroit Titans football team represented the University of Detroit in the 1930 college football season . Detroit outscored opponents by a combined total of 208 to 35 and finished with a 5 -- 3 -- 2 record in their sixth year under head coach and College Football Hall of Fame inductee , Gus Dorais . Significant games included a victory over West Virginia ( 23 -- 0 ) , a scoreless tie with Michigan State ( 0 -- 0 ) , and a loss to Iowa ( 3 -- 7 ) ."}
{"_id": "1815_Philadelphia_train_accident", "title": "1815 Philadelphia train accident", "headings": "", "text": "The 1815 Philadelphia train accident occurred on 31 July 1815 , in Philadelphia , County Durham , England , when an early experimental railway locomotive , Brunton 's Mechanical Traveller , suffered a boiler explosion . This engine , also known as the Steam Horse , ran on four wheels but was pushed by mechanical feet . This was both the first recorded boiler explosion and the first railway accident causing major loss of life , as 16 people were killed -LSB- some sources state 13 -RSB- .  The accident is not included in many texts because it was on an industrial waggonway or plateway , rather than a public railway . Nevertheless , it predated William Huskisson 's death at Edge Hill by 15 years , and the death toll was not exceeded by any railway accident until 1842 worldwide ( see Versailles train crash ) , and 1861 in the UK ( Clayton Tunnel ) . It also killed more people than any other railway boiler explosion of all time .   Most boiler explosions caused severe mechanical damage but often only the locomotive crew suffered physically ; however , Brunton 's locomotive was surrounded at the time by a crowd of curious sightseers , who formed the majority of the victims . The first high-pressure steam locomotive , Trevithick 's Penydarren engine , had only appeared 11 years earlier in 1804 , and engineering understanding of the forces and safety risks involved was still primitive ."}
{"_id": "1958–59_ice_hockey_Bundesliga_season", "title": "1958–59 ice hockey Bundesliga season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1958-59 Ice hockey Bundesliga season was the first season of the Ice hockey Bundesliga , the top level of ice hockey in Germany . Eight teams participated in the league , and EV Fussen won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1928_Welsh_Cup_Final", "title": "1928 Welsh Cup Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1928 Welsh Cup Final , the 47th in the competition , was contested by Bangor and Cardiff City at Farrar Road Stadium , Bangor . Cardiff won 2 -- 0 ."}
{"_id": "1970_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Women's_Singles", "title": "1970 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Ann Jones was the reigning champion , but she did not defend her title as she had retired from Grand Slam singles competition .   First-seeded Margaret Court won the title , defeating last-year 's finalist and second-seed Billie Jean King in the final 14 -- 12 , 11 -- 9 . This was her third step towards completing the Calendar Grand Slam ."}
{"_id": "1861_in_Australia", "title": "1861 in Australia", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1994_Grambling_State_Tigers_football_team", "title": "1994 Grambling State Tigers football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Grambling State Tigers football team represented Grambling State University as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) during the 1994 NCAA Division I-AA football season . The Tigers were led by head coach Eddie Robinson in his 52nd year and finished the season with a record of nine wins and three losses ( 9 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 SWAC ) . The Tigers offense scored 479 points while the defense allowed only 262 points . This was the final winning season during Eddie Robinson 's tenure as head coach at Grambling ."}
{"_id": "1990_Israel_Super_Cup", "title": "1990 Israel Super Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1990 Israel Super Cup was the 19th Israel Super Cup ( 24th , including unofficial matches , as the competition was n't played within the Israel Football Association in its first 5 editions , until 1969 ) , an annual Israel football match played between the winners of the previous season 's Top Division and Israel State Cup .   The match was played between Bnei Yehuda , champions of the 1989 -- 90 Liga Leumit and Hapoel Kfar Saba , winners of the 1989 -- 90 Israel State Cup .   This was Bnei Yehuda 's 3rd Israel Super Cup appearance ( including unofficial matches ) and Kfar Saba 's 4th . Watched by a crowd of 600 at Hatikva Neighborhood Stadium , Bnei Yehuda won the match 1 -- 0 ."}
{"_id": "1995_FIBA_Europe_Under-16_Championship", "title": "1995 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship ( known at that time as 1995 European Championship for Cadets ) was the 13th edition of the FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship . The cities of Setúbal , Seixal and Almada , in Portugal , hosted the tournament . Croatia won the trophy for the first time ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_English_Premiership_(rugby_union)", "title": "1996–97 English Premiership (rugby union)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 English Premiership ( known as the Courage League National 1 for sponsorship reasons ) was the tenth season of the top flight of rugby union in England . It was the first professional season in English rugby union history . The league was made up of twelve teams with each team playing each other twice , in a round robin system . Wasps were the champions , with a winning margin of six points above Bath , the runners -- up . West Hartlepool and Orrell were relegated to National Division 2 . It was the tenth and final season of sponsorship by Courage ."}
{"_id": "1975_Uruguayan_Primera_División", "title": "1975 Uruguayan Primera División", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Primera División Uruguaya in season 1975 ."}
{"_id": "1985_Milan_Indoor_–_Singles", "title": "1985 Milan Indoor – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Stefan Edberg was the defending champion , but did not participate this year .   John McEnroe won the tournament , beating Anders Järryd in the final , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 ."}
{"_id": "1988–89_in_Scottish_football", "title": "1988–89 in Scottish football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1988 -- 89 season was the 92nd season of competitive football in Scotland ."}
{"_id": "19th_Ersatz_Division_(German_Empire)", "title": "19th Ersatz Division (German Empire)", "headings": "", "text": "The 19th Ersatz Division ( 19 . Ersatz-Division ) was a unit of the German Army , in World War I . The division was formed on the mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 . The division was disbanded in 1919 , during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I."}
{"_id": "1928_All_England_Badminton_Championships", "title": "1928 All England Badminton Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1928 All England Championships was a badminton tournament held at the Royal Horticultural Halls , Westminster , England from March 4 to March 11 , 1928 ."}
{"_id": "1922_Austin_twin_tornadoes", "title": "1922 Austin twin tornadoes", "headings": "", "text": "The twin tornadoes that ripped through Austin , Texas on May 4 , 1922 are the most violent to ever strike Austin . The storm originally had one funnel cloud , but was eventually separated into two tornadoes . One tore through East Austin , Travis Heights , St. Edward 's University , Penn Field , St. Elmo , and Manchaca . Meanwhile , the other devastated the State Institute for Deaf , Dumb , and Blind Colored Youths , Deep Eddy , and Oak Hill .   The west tornado thrashed the University of Texas campus , removing roofs from some buildings and completely destroying others . No one at the University was seriously hurt . The west tornado next destroyed trees and damaged buildings at Deep Eddy . When it reached Oak Hill the west tornado demolished a house killing six people . The other tornado formed in East Austin . The east tornado began uprooting trees in the State Cemetery . The east tornado pounded St. Edward 's University , devastating the upper level of a dormitory and damaging the power plant and gymnasium . One student was killed . The tornado that hit the Woodward Manufacturing Company incurred the heaviest damage , knocking a steel water tank to the ground and damaging one frame and four brick buildings . The east tornado was the most destructive of the two . The property damage of the two tornadoes was estimated at $ 400,000 . The death toll of the two tornadoes was thirteen , six at Oak Hill , three at Penn Field , two at Manchaca , one at St. Edward 's , and one at St. Elmo . Fifty people total were reported to have been injured by both tornadoes ."}
{"_id": "1881_in_Denmark", "title": "1881 in Denmark", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1881 in Denmark ."}
{"_id": "1956_Speedway_National_League", "title": "1956 Speedway National League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 National League Division One was the eleventh post-war season of the highest tier of motorcycle speedway in Great Britain ."}
{"_id": "1879_Harvard_Crimson_football_team", "title": "1879 Harvard Crimson football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1879 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1879 college football season . They finished with a 2 -- 1 -- 2 record . The team captain was Robert Bacon ."}
{"_id": "1983_Federation_Cup_(tennis)", "title": "1983 Federation Cup (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 Federation Cup was the 21st edition of the most important competition between national teams in women 's tennis . The tournament was held at the Albisguetli Tennis Club in Zürich , Switzerland , from 17 -- 24 July . Czechoslovakia won the title , defeating West Germany in the final , in what was the first final since 1972 that did n't involve United States or Australia ."}
{"_id": "1984_Summer_Olympics_national_flag_bearers", "title": "1984 Summer Olympics national flag bearers", "headings": "", "text": "During the Parade of Nations portion of the 1984 Summer Olympics opening ceremony , athletes from each country participating in the Olympics paraded in the arena , preceded by their flag . The flag was borne by a sportsperson from that country chosen either by the National Olympic Committee or by the athletes themselves to represent their country ."}
{"_id": "1913_Florida_Gators_football_team", "title": "1913 Florida Gators football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1913 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1913 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season . The season was George Pyle 's fifth and last as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team . Pyle 's 1913 Florida Gators completed their eighth varsity football season with an overall record of 4 -- 3 and their fourth year in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SIAA ) with a conference record of 2 -- 2 .   The 144 -- 0 defeat of Florida Southern is the largest in school history ."}
{"_id": "1995_in_association_football", "title": "1995 in association football", "headings": "", "text": "The following are the football ( soccer ) events of the year 1995 throughout the world ."}
{"_id": "1740_in_Norway", "title": "1740 in Norway", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1740 in Norway ."}
{"_id": "1781_in_architecture", "title": "1781 in architecture", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1781 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings ."}
{"_id": "1980_USAC_Mini-Indy_Series_season", "title": "1980 USAC Mini-Indy Series season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1980 USAC Mini Indy Series season was the fourth and final season of the USAC sanctioned Formula Super Vee championship . All rounds were sanctioned by the USAC and a part of the 1980 SCCA Formula Super Vee season ."}
{"_id": "1999_Warsaw_Cup_by_Heros_–_Singles_Qualifying", "title": "1999 Warsaw Cup by Heros – Singles Qualifying", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Warsaw Cup by Heros was a WTA tennis tournament , played on outdoor clay courts ."}
{"_id": "1630_in_music", "title": "1630 in music", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1867–68_Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C._season", "title": "1867–68 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1867 -- 68 Season was Sheffield Wednesday F.C. 's first season after being formed on 5 September 1867 . For this first season of their existence `` The Wednesday '' as they were called played their home matches on an open field known as `` high field '' in the present Highfields area of Sheffield . The actual location of the ground was on Upper Colver Road which no longer exists but was situated on the present day site of the Highfields Library which stands near the junction of London Road and Abbeydale Road ."}
{"_id": "1987_Player's_Canadian_Open", "title": "1987 Player's Canadian Open", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Player 's International Canadian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts . The men 's tournament was held at the du Maurier Stadium in Montreal , Quebec , in Canada and was part of the 1987 Nabisco Grand Prix while the women 's tournament was held at the National Tennis Centre in Toronto , Ontario , and was part of the 1987 Virginia Slims World Championship Series . The men 's tournament was held from August 10 through August 16 , 1987 , while the women 's tournament was held from August 17 through August 23 , 1987 ."}
{"_id": "1886_college_football_season", "title": "1886 college football season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1886 college football season had no clear-cut champion , with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing Princeton and Yale as having been selected national champions ."}
{"_id": "1342", "title": "1342", "headings": "", "text": "Year 1342 ( MCCCXLII ) was a common year starting on Tuesday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ."}
{"_id": ".kr", "title": ".kr", "headings": "", "text": ". kr is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for South Korea ( Republic of Korea ) . Registrations are processed via registration agents .   From September 2006 , it became possible to register domain names directly under . kr ( although this is currently only possible for internationalized domain names ) . Trademark holders and public bodies benefited from an `` early registration period '' , after which the owners of . kr third-level domains had priority to get the corresponding second-level domains .   1 . Sunrise I ( September 18 -- November 20 , 2006 )  Governmental Bodies only  2 . Sunrise II ( November 21 -- February 27 , 2007 )  A holder of 3rd level . kr domain  The registered 3rd level domain and the 3rd level domain should be registered before March 13 , 2006  The full name of registered trademark using same alphabetical order  3 . Landrush ( March 28 -- April 11 , 2007 )  Anyone or any business entity who has an address in the territory  4 . General Registration ( from April 19 . 2007 )  First-come first-served basis   In 2011 a new top-level domain was registered for South Korea , intended for domain names in the local language . The top-level domain is Domain names and working sites became active during 2011 ."}
{"_id": "1996_Skoda_Czech_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1996 Skoda Czech Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Libor Pimek and Byron Talbot were the defending champions but lost in the semifinals to Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Daniel Vacek .   Kafelnikov and Vacek won in the final 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 against Luis Lobo and Javier Sánchez ."}
{"_id": "1998_King_Hassan_II_International_Cup_Tournament", "title": "1998 King Hassan II International Cup Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The King Hassan II International Cup Tournament was a minor international football competition , which took place in the spring of 1998 in Morocco .   Host nation Morocco , France , England and Belgium participated in the tournament , and matches took place at the Stade Mohamed V , home of Moroccan clubs Raja Casablanca and Wydad Casablanca .   This mini-tournament was arranged as a preparatory exercise for the participating teams of the 1998 FIFA World Cup , and took place two weeks before the tournament ."}
{"_id": "1958_BOAC_Bristol_Britannia_crash", "title": "1958 BOAC Bristol Britannia crash", "headings": "", "text": "G-AOVD was a Bristol Britannia 312 operated by BOAC which crashed near Christchurch , Dorset in the south of England on Christmas Eve 1958 , killing two of the five crew and all seven passengers ."}
{"_id": "1922_U.S._Open_(golf)", "title": "1922 U.S. Open (golf)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1922 U.S. Open was the 26th U.S. Open , held July 14 -- 15 at Skokie Country Club in Glencoe , Illinois , a suburb north of Chicago . Gene Sarazen won the first of his seven major championships , one stroke ahead of runners-up John Black and 20-year-old amateur Bobby Jones .   Walter Hagen , the winner of the British Open three weeks earlier , opened with 68 to take a three-shot lead over Black on Friday morning . In the second round that afternoon , Black shot a 71 to take a two-stroke lead over Bill Mehlhorn , with Hagen and Sarazen another stroke back .   Jones had an even-par 70 in the third round to take a share of the 54-hole lead with Mehlhorn , while Black 's 75 left him one behind . The leaders could not contend with Sarazen 's brilliant play in the final round , recording a two-putt birdie on the finishing hole for a 68 and 288 total . Black needed to par the final two holes to force a playoff , but his tee shot on 17 went out of bounds and led to a double bogey . Needing an eagle on the par-5 18th to tie , Black 's second shot landed 10 ft from the pin , but in a greenside bunker . When he failed to hole out from the sand , Sarazen clinched the title .   Sarazen , age 20 , became the fourth American-born champion of the U.S. Open , joining John McDermott , Francis Ouimet , and Hagen . He won a second U.S. Open ten years later in 1932 ."}
{"_id": "1946_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_pole_vault", "title": "1946 European Athletics Championships – Men's pole vault", "headings": "", "text": "The men 's pole vault at the 1946 European Athletics Championships was held in Oslo , Norway , at Bislett Stadium on 25 August 1946 ."}
{"_id": "1957_World_Weightlifting_Championships", "title": "1957 World Weightlifting Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1957 Men 's World Weightlifting Championships were held in Tehran , Iran from November 8 to November 12 , 1957 . There were 76 men in action from 21 nations ."}
{"_id": "1997_Tajik_League", "title": "1997 Tajik League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Tajik League season was the sixth season of the top division of the Tajikistan Football Federation . 13 teams competed in the 1997 season ."}
{"_id": "1167_in_Ireland", "title": "1167 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1167 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1984–85_Atlanta_Hawks_season", "title": "1984–85 Atlanta Hawks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984-85 NBA season was the Hawks ' 36th season in the NBA and 17th season in Atlanta ."}
{"_id": "1986_State_of_the_Union_Address", "title": "1986 State of the Union Address", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 State of the Union address was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 99th United States Congress on February 4 , 1986 . The speech was the second State of the Union address of President Reagan 's second term .   Reagan was the only president to have postponed his State of the Union Address . On January 28 , 1986 , he planned to give his address , but after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster , he postponed it for a week and addressed the nation on the day 's events . This was the only time that the State of the Union address had to be postponed because of a catastrophe .   The speech lasted approximately 31 minutes and contained 3,514 words . The address was broadcast live on radio and television .   The Democratic Party response was delivered by Senator George Mitchell ( ME ) , Lt. Gov. Harriett Woods ( MO ) , Gov. Charles Robb ( VA ) , Rep. Thomas Daschle ( SD ) and Rep. William Gray ( PA )   John Block , the Secretary of Agriculture , served as the designated survivor ."}
{"_id": "1964_New_York_Yankees_season", "title": "1964 New York Yankees season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 New York Yankees season was the 62nd season for the Yankees . The team finished with a record of 99 -- 63 , winning their 29th pennant , finishing 1 game ahead of the Chicago White Sox . New York was managed by Yogi Berra . The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium . In the World Series , they were defeated by the St. Louis Cardinals in 7 games .   Yogi Berra , taking over as manager from Ralph Houk , who in turn moved up to general manager , had a difficult early season , with many veterans missing games due to injury . Doubts about his ability to manage his former teammates were brought into the open with the Harmonica Incident in late August , in which he clashed with utility infielder Phil Linz on the team bus following a sweep by the Chicago White Sox that appeared to have removed the Yankees from pennant contention . The team rallied behind Berra afterwards , and won the pennant . However the incident may have convinced the team 's executives to replace Berra with Johnny Keane , manager of the victorious Cardinals , after the season .   This season is considered to be the endpoint of the `` Old Yankees '' dynasty that had begun with the Ruppert -- Huston partnership and then continued with the Topping -- Webb partnership . The Yankees would soon undergo ownership changes and front office turmoil , and would not be a serious factor in the pennant chase again until the early 1970s ."}
{"_id": "1994_Tour_de_France,_Prologue_to_Stage_10", "title": "1994 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 10", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Tour de France was the 81st edition of Tour de France , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . The Tour began in Lille with a prologue individual time trial on 2 July and Stage 10 occurred on 12 July with a flat stage to Cahors . The race finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 24 July ."}
{"_id": "1795_in_Sweden", "title": "1795 in Sweden", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1795 in Sweden"}
{"_id": "1973_All-Pacific-8_Conference_football_team", "title": "1973 All-Pacific-8 Conference football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 All-Pacific-8 Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Pacific-8 Conference teams for the 1973 NCAA Division I football season ."}
{"_id": "1733_in_Canada", "title": "1733 in Canada", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1733 in Canada ."}
{"_id": "1934_Philadelphia_Phillies_season", "title": "1934 Philadelphia Phillies season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 Philadelphia Phillies season was a season in Major League Baseball . The Phillies finished seventh in the National League with a record of 56 wins and 93 losses ."}
{"_id": "17th_Ohio_Battery", "title": "17th Ohio Battery", "headings": "", "text": "17th Ohio Independent Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War ."}
{"_id": "1964–65_Polska_Liga_Hokejowa_season", "title": "1964–65 Polska Liga Hokejowa season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 -- 65 Polska Liga Hokejowa season was the 30th season of the Polska Liga Hokejowa , the top level of ice hockey in Poland . Eight teams participated in the league , and GKS Katowice won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1947_Goodall_Cup_Finals", "title": "1947 Goodall Cup Finals", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 Goodall Cup was the 26th year that the Australian inter-state series was played . Victoria won the Cup for the first time in 25 years ."}
{"_id": "1983_French_Grand_Prix", "title": "1983 French Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Paul Ricard on April 17 , 1983 .   French driver Alain Prost won the race for the Renault team , and this was the French marque 's 3rd French Grand Prix win in a row and the 4th in 5 seasons . Second was the Brabham-BMW of World Champion Nelson Piquet , with Prost 's Renault team mate Eddie Cheever finishing third . Rounding out the points finishers were Patrick Tambay in his Ferrari , and the non-turbo Williams ' of Keke Rosberg and Jacques Laffite ."}
{"_id": "1874_NYU_Violets_football_team", "title": "1874 NYU Violets football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1874 NYU Violets football team represented New York University in the 1874 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1857", "title": "1857", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1944–45_Division_2_season_(Swedish_ice_hockey)", "title": "1944–45 Division 2 season (Swedish ice hockey)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1944 -- 45 season of Division 2 , then the second tier of ice hockey in Sweden , consisted of 35 clubs divided into six geographical groups . The six group winners continued to qualifiers for promotion to Division 1 to replace the four teams with the poorest records in the 1944 -- 45 Division 1 season .   The group winners were Mora IK ( norra ) , UoIF Matteuspojkarna ( östra ) , Västerås SK ( Västmanland ) , Forshaga IF ( västra ) , Södertälje IF ( Sörmland ) , and Atlas Diesels IF ( södra ) . Of these clubs , Mora , Västerås SK , Södertälje IF , and Atlas Diesels were promoted . Three clubs were relegated from Division 2 to play in their local district leagues for 1945 -- 46 season , these being IFK Lidingö , IF Eyra , and GoIF Tjalve ."}
{"_id": "1952_SANFL_season", "title": "1952 SANFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1952 South Australian National Football League season was the 73rd season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia ."}
{"_id": "1996–97_Milwaukee_Bucks_season", "title": "1996–97 Milwaukee Bucks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 -- 97 NBA season was the Bucks ' 29th season in the National Basketball Association . In the 1996 NBA draft , the Bucks selected Georgia Tech point guard Stephon Marbury with the fourth pick , but soon traded him to the Minnesota Timberwolves for rookie shooting guard Ray Allen out of Connecticut . Offseason acquisitions included signing free agents Armen Gilliam and Andrew Lang , while acquiring Elliot Perry from the Phoenix Suns . Under new head coach Chris Ford , the Bucks appeared to be on their way breaking out of the gate with a 15 -- 11 start . However , they could n't maintain that momentum and missed the playoffs again by finishing seventh in the Central Division with a 33 -- 49 record . Vin Baker made his third straight All-Star appearance in the 1997 NBA All-Star Game , and Allen was selected to the All-Rookie Second Team averaging 13.4 points per game .   Following the season , Baker was traded to the Seattle SuperSonics in an offseason three-team trade , Johnny Newman was dealt to the Denver Nuggets , and Sherman Douglas , who was involved in a trade with Cleveland signed as a free agent with the New Jersey Nets ."}
{"_id": "1998_International_Tennis_Championships_–_Singles", "title": "1998 International Tennis Championships – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Andrew Ilie defeated Davide Sanguinetti 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 to win the 1998 International Tennis Championships singles event . Jason Stoltenberg was the defending champion ."}
{"_id": "1975_Chapeltown_riot", "title": "1975 Chapeltown riot", "headings": "", "text": "The Chapeltown riot of 1975 occurred in the troubled Leeds district of Chapeltown in West Yorkshire , England . They were not to be the last riots in the area following further rioting in 1981 and 1987 and further rioting in nearby Harehills in 2001 ."}
{"_id": "1955_Speedway_National_League_Division_Two", "title": "1955 Speedway National League Division Two", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 National League Division Two was the tenth post-war season of the second tier of motorcycle speedway in Great Britain . The only change in the list of teams that finished the previous season was the replacement of Motherwell Eagles with Weymouth Scorchers .   Poole Pirates won the title   Weymouth Scorchers withdrew after 7 league fixtures , Bristol Bulldogs withdrew after 14 ."}
{"_id": "1982_Cronulla-Sutherland_Sharks_season", "title": "1982 Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks season was the sixteenth in the club 's history . Coached by Greg Pierce and captained by Steve Rogers and Dane Sorensen , they competed in the NSWRFL 's 1982 Winfield Cup premiership , finishing the regular season 8th ( out of 14 ) and failing to reach the finals . The Eels also competed in the 1982 KB Cup .   Rogers was Parramatta 's only player selected for representative football , playing for New South Wales in the 1982 State of Origin series and for Australia on the 1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France ."}
{"_id": "1895_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team", "title": "1895 Ohio State Buckeyes football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1895 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented Ohio State University in the 1895 college football season . The team was coached by Frederick Bushnell `` Jack '' Ryder , who was in his fourth and final year of coaching the Buckeyes . The team captain was Renick W. Dunlap ."}
{"_id": "1995_Wimbledon_Championships_–_Women's_Doubles", "title": "1995 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Gigi Fernández and Natalia Zvereva were the defending champions , but lost in the final to Jana Novotná and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario , 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 ."}
{"_id": "1995_Australian_Formula_Ford_Championship", "title": "1995 Australian Formula Ford Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Australian Formula Ford Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing championship open to Formula Ford racing cars . The championship was the 26th Australian series for Formula Fords , and the third to be contested under the Australian Formula Ford Championship name . The title was won by Jason Bright , driving a Van Diemen RF95 ."}
{"_id": "1872_in_India", "title": "1872 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1872 in India ."}
{"_id": "115_Thyra", "title": "115 Thyra", "headings": "", "text": "115 Thyra is a fairly large and bright inner main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer J. C. Watson on August 6 , 1871 and was named for Thyra , the consort of King Gorm the Old of Denmark . Based upon its spectrum , it is categorized as a stony S-type asteroid .   Observations made between 1978 and 1981 produced a composite light curve with two minima and maxima . However , a subsequent study in 1983 only found a single minima and maxima . A synodical rotation period of 7.241 hours was determined . This was confirmed by observations between 1995 and 2000 . The changes in brightness and color indicate a surface with an uneven composition .   The asteroid has a slightly elongated shape , with a ratio of 1.20 between the lengths of the major and minor axes . The orbital longitude and latitude of the asteroid pole in degrees is estimated to be ( λ0 , β0 ) = ( 68 ° , 23 ° ) . Measurements of the thermal inertia of 115 Thyra give a value of around 75 m − 2 K − 1 s − 1/2 , compared to 50 for lunar regolith and 400 for coarse sand in an atmosphere ."}
{"_id": "1962_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_football_team", "title": "1962 San Diego State Aztecs football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 San Diego State Aztecs football team represented San Diego State CollegeSan Diego State University was known as San Diego State College from 1935 -- 1971 . See : San Diego State during the 1962 NCAA College Division football season .   San Diego State competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . The team was led by head coach Don Coryell , in his second year , and played home games at Aztec Bowl . They finished the season as CCAA champions , with eight wins and two losses ( 8 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 CCAA ) . For the year , the offense averaged almost 30 points a game , totaling 294 points . The defense gave up an average of 13 points a game , totaling 135 in 10 games ."}
{"_id": "1928_Pottsville_Maroons_season", "title": "1928 Pottsville Maroons season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1928 Pottsville Maroons season was their fourth in the league and their last before changing their name to the Boston Bulldogs . The team failed to improve on their previous league output of 5 -- 8 , winning only two games . They finished eighth in the league ."}
{"_id": "1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine_O-acyltransferase", "title": "1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase", "headings": "", "text": "In enzymology , a 1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   acyl-CoA + 1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine CoA + 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerophosphocholine   Thus , the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine , whereas its two products are CoA and 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerophosphocholine .   This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases , specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups . The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA :1 - alkenylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase . This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism ."}
{"_id": "1959_Washington_State_Cougars_football_team", "title": "1959 Washington State Cougars football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Washington State Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Washington State University as an independent during the 1959 college football season . In their fourth season under head coach Jim Sutherland , the Cougars compiled a 6 -- 4 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 177 to 121 .   The team 's statistical leaders included Mel Melin with 526 passing yards , Keith Lincoln with 670 rushing yards , and Gail Cogdill with 531 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1973_European_Athletics_Junior_Championships", "title": "1973 European Athletics Junior Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 European Athletics Junior Championships was the second edition of the biennial athletics competition for European athletes aged under twenty . It was held in Duisburg , West Germany ."}
{"_id": "1910_in_Afghanistan", "title": "1910 in Afghanistan", "headings": "", "text": "__ NOTOC __  See also : 1909 in Afghanistan and 1911 in Afghanistan ."}
{"_id": "1978_Eastern_Michigan_Hurons_football_team", "title": "1978 Eastern Michigan Hurons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 Eastern Michigan Hurons football team represented Eastern Michigan University in the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their first season under head coach Mike Stock , the Hurons compiled a 3 -- 7 record ( 1 -- 5 against conference opponents ) , finished in last place in the Mid-American Conference , and were outscored by their opponents , 238 to 122 . The team 's statistical leaders included Burt Beaney with 833 passing yards , Doug Crisan with 485 rushing yards , and Tom Parm with 363 receiving yards ."}
{"_id": "1988_Summer_Olympics_Album:_One_Moment_in_Time", "title": "1988 Summer Olympics Album: One Moment in Time", "headings": "", "text": "1988 Summer Olympics Album : One Moment in Time is a compilation album that was released to coincide with the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea . It features songs by some of the most popular artists who were around at that time ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Slovenian_Republic_League", "title": "1990–91 Slovenian Republic League", "headings": "", "text": "The Slovenian Republic League 1990 -- 91 was the last season of Slovenian top-league within the Yugoslav football system . The first fourteen clubs secured their place in a newly established Slovenian First League ."}
{"_id": "1981–82_Brentford_F.C._season", "title": "1981–82 Brentford F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1981 -- 82 English football season , Brentford competed in the Football League Third Division . After losing ground in January and February 1982 , just one win from the final five matches of the season ended the Bees ' hopes of promotion ."}
{"_id": "1956_Maryland_Terrapins_football_team", "title": "1956 Maryland Terrapins football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1956 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) college football in its fourth season as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference . They were led by first-year head coach Tommy Mont , who had been promoted from backfield assistant after Jim Tatum left to take over at . Preseason hopes were high for the team , but it suffered numerous injuries and other misfortunes . Maryland finished with a 2 -- 7 -- 1 record , and the Associated Press called it `` one of the year 's most disappointing football teams '' ."}
{"_id": "1953–54_Brentford_F.C._season", "title": "1953–54 Brentford F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1953 -- 54 English football season , Brentford competed in the Football League Second Division . With Brentford in the relegation places , player-manager Tommy Lawton transferred out of the club in September 1953 and his replacement Bill Dodgin Sr. was unable to turn things round , which culminated in relegation to the Third Division South on the final day of the season . Brentford would not play again in the second-tier of English football until the 1992 -- 93 season ."}
{"_id": "1937_U.S._National_Championships_–_Men's_Singles", "title": "1937 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Don Budge defeated Gottfried von Cramm 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 9 , 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 in the final to win the Men 's Singles tennis title at the 1937 U.S. National Championships ."}
{"_id": "1955_Detroit_Tigers_season", "title": "1955 Detroit Tigers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 Detroit Tigers season was a season in American baseball . The team finished fifth in the American League with a record of 79 -- 75 , 17 games behind the New York Yankees ."}
{"_id": "1988_Monte_Carlo_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1988 Monte Carlo Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Mats Wilander was the defending champion , but lost to Claudio Pistolesi in the third round .   Ivan Lendl won the title , defeating Martín Jaite 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1922_in_Norwegian_music", "title": "1922 in Norwegian music", "headings": "", "text": "The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1922 in Norwegian music ."}
{"_id": "1984_Batticaloa_Jailbreak", "title": "1984 Batticaloa Jailbreak", "headings": "", "text": "1984 Batticaloa Jailbreak , was carried out by Ramalingam Paramadeva of Tamil Tigers to release a female political inmate who was left behind in the 1983 Batticaloa Jailbreak , this incident happened on 10 June 1984 . Paramadeva and his men dressed in prison guard uniform , fooled & overpowered the guards and released the inmate ."}
{"_id": "1963–64_Western_Football_League", "title": "1963–64 Western Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1963 -- 64 season was the 62nd in the history of the Western Football League .   The champions for the first time in their history were Bideford ."}
{"_id": "1976_ACC_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1976 ACC Men's Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1976 Atlantic Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held in the Washington , DC , suburb of Landover , Maryland , at the Capital Centre from March 4 -- 6 . Virginia defeated North Carolina 67 -- 62 to win the championship . Wally Walker was named the tournament MVP . This was the first ACC Tournament held outside the state of North Carolina ."}
{"_id": "1997_European_Athletics_U23_Championships_–_Women's_4_×_100_metres_relay", "title": "1997 European Athletics U23 Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay", "headings": "", "text": "The women 's 4 x 100 metres relay event at the 1997 European Athletics U23 Championships was held in Turku , Finland , on 13 July 1997 ."}
{"_id": "1974–75_FC_Dinamo_București_season", "title": "1974–75 FC Dinamo București season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1974-75 season was FC Dinamo Bucureşti 's 26th season in Divizia A. Dinamo dominated the national championship , winning the first six matches and leading from start to finish . Instead , they left the Romanian Cup yet again in the last 32 . In Europe , Dinamo played in the UEFA Cup and after the eliminating Boluspor , failed in the confrontation with F.C. Koln : 1-1 and 2-3 !   Dudu Georgescu became the championship 's top scorer , with 33 goals , and also won the European Golden Boot , being the first Romanian football player winner of a European prize ."}
{"_id": "1931_Balkan_Cup", "title": "1931 Balkan Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1931 Balkan Cup was an unofficial holding of the competition in which only three teams participated - Bulgaria , Yugoslavia and Turkey . It was played in Sept-Oct 1931 ( i.e. before the 1929-31 tournament had been completed ) and was won by Bulgaria . It featured three matches , all played in Sofia :   Bulgaria 5:1 Turkey  Turkey 2:0 Yugoslavia  Bulgaria 3:2 Yugoslavia"}
{"_id": "1885_Kentucky_Derby", "title": "1885 Kentucky Derby", "headings": "", "text": "The 1885 Kentucky Derby was the 11th running of the Kentucky Derby . The race took place on May 14 , 1885 ."}
{"_id": "1925_U.S._National_Championships_(tennis)", "title": "1925 U.S. National Championships (tennis)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1925 U.S. National Championships ( now known as the US Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club , Forest Hills in New York , United States . The tournament ran from 14 September until 19 September . It was the 45th staging of the U.S. National Championships and the fourth Grand Slam tennis event of the year ."}
{"_id": "1994_in_Polish_television", "title": "1994 in Polish television", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of Polish television related events from 1994 ."}
{"_id": "1978_World's_Strongest_Man", "title": "1978 World's Strongest Man", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 World 's Strongest Man was the second edition of World 's Strongest Man and was won by Bruce Wilhelm from the United States . It was his second title . Don Reinhoudt also from the United States finished second , and Lars Hedlund from Sweden third . The contest was held at the Universal Studios , California ."}
{"_id": "1952–53_Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C._season", "title": "1952–53 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "Huddersfield Town 's 1952-53 campaign was Town 's first season back in the 2nd Division since the 1919-20 season . Under the leadership of Andy Beattie , Town returned to the top flight at the first attempt . They finished in 2nd place behind Sheffield United by 2 points , with 58 points . The main reasons for Town 's success during the season were the 45 goals between Jimmy Glazzard and Vic Metcalfe . Also , 7 of Town 's players ( Jack Wheeler , Ron Staniforth , Laurie Kelly , Bill McGarry , Don McEvoy , Len Quested and Vic Metcalfe ) played every game in the season , while Jimmy Glazzard missed just the last game of the season ."}
{"_id": "1905_Kangra_earthquake", "title": "1905 Kangra earthquake", "headings": "", "text": "The 1905 Kangra earthquake occurred in the Kangra Valley and the Kangra region of the Punjab Province ( modern day Himachal Pradesh ) in India on 4 April 1905 . The earthquake measured 7.8 on the surface wave magnitude scale and killed more than 20,000 people . Apart from this , most buildings in the towns of Kangra , Mcleodganj and Dharamshala were destroyed ."}
{"_id": "1979_NCAA_Division_II_Basketball_Tournament", "title": "1979 NCAA Division II Basketball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 NCAA Division II Basketball Tournament involved 32 schools playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men 's NCAA Division II college basketball as a culmination of the 1978-9 NCAA Division II men 's basketball season . It was won by the University of North Alabama and North Alabama 's Perry Oden was the Most Outstanding Player ."}
{"_id": "1997_Superbike_World_Championship", "title": "1997 Superbike World Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Superbike World Championship was the tenth FIM Superbike World Championship season . The season started on 23 March at Phillip Island and finished on 12 October at Sentul after 12 rounds .   John Kocinski won the riders ' championship with 9 victories and Honda won the manufacturers ' championship ."}
{"_id": "1904–05_Kentucky_Wildcats_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1904–05 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1904 -- 05 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team competed on behalf of the University of Kentucky during the 1904-1905 season . The team finished with a final record of 1-4 ."}
{"_id": ".375_Whelen", "title": ".375 Whelen", "headings": "", "text": "The .375 Whelen cartridge ( A.K.A. 375-06 ) was developed in 1951 by L.R. `` Bob '' Wallack and named in honor of Colonel Townsend Whelen . It is a .30 -06 Springfield case necked up to .375 . While the .375 Whelen retains the .30 -06 's shoulder angle of 17 ° 30 ′ , an improved version was introduced with a 40 ° angle , providing more case capacity as well as better headspacing . The .375 Whelen Improved is favored by most ."}
{"_id": "1933–34_Galatasaray_S.K._season", "title": "1933–34 Galatasaray S.K. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1933 -- 34 season was Galatasaray SK 's 30th in existence and the club 's 22nd consecutive season in the Istanbul Football League .   25 of Galatasaray members , including some founders , left the club to build a new one called Güneş SK in 1933 . It was the reaction to the president and also Galatasaray High School 's principal Fethi İsfendiyaroğlu ' s decision regarding Eşref Şefik Atabey , who had written negative things about Galatasaray SK in Olimpiyat which was a sports magazine , excluded from the club ."}
{"_id": "1932–33_Georgetown_Hoyas_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1932–33 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1932 -- 33 Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball team represented Georgetown University during the 1932-33 NCAA Division I college basketball season . Fred Mesmer coached it in his second season as head coach . For the first time in its history , Georgetown was a member of an athletic conference for basketball competition , joining Carnegie Tech , Pittsburgh , Temple , and West Virginia as founding members of the Eastern Intercollegiate Conference ( EIC ) , which began play this season ; Georgetown would remain a member of the EIC until it disbanded after the end of the 1938-39 season . The team played its home games at Tech Gymnasium on the campus of McKinley Technical High School in Washington , D.C. -- except for one home game it played at Central High School Gymnasium on the campus of Washington , D.C.s Central High School -- and finished with a record of 6-11 overall , 3-5 in the EIC ."}
{"_id": "1997_European_Indoors_–_Doubles", "title": "1997 European Indoors – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Martina Hingis and Helena Suková were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year , Hingis with Arantxa Sánchez Vicario and Suková with Larisa Savchenko .   Savchenko and Suková lost in the final 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 against Hingis and Sánchez Vicario ."}
{"_id": "1963_South_American_Championship_squads", "title": "1963 South American Championship squads", "headings": "", "text": "These are the squads for the countries that played in the 1963 South American Championship . The participating countries were Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Colombia , Ecuador , Paraguay and Peru . Chile and Uruguay withdrew from the tournament . The teams plays in a single round-robin tournament , earning two points for a win , one point for a draw , and zero points for a loss ."}
{"_id": "1995_Japanese_Regional_Leagues", "title": "1995 Japanese Regional Leagues", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Japanese Regional Leagues in the 1995 season ."}
{"_id": "1_(The_Black_Heart_Procession_album)", "title": "1 (The Black Heart Procession album)", "headings": "", "text": "1 is the debut studio album by the American indie band The Black Heart Procession . It was released on January 1 , 1998 , on Headhunter ."}
{"_id": "1949_Pepperdine_Waves_football_team", "title": "1949 Pepperdine Waves football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 Pepperdine Waves football team represented George Pepperdine CollegePepperdine University was known as George Pepperdine College from 1937 -- 1970 . More commonly it was simply called Pepperdine College . See : Pepperdine during the 1949 College Division football season .   Pepperdine competed as an Independent in 1949 . They would move to the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) in 1950 . The team was led by first-year head coach Ray Richards . For the 1949 season , the Waves moved home games back to Sentinel Field on the campus of Inglewood High School in Inglewood , California . They had previously played at Sentinel Field in 1946 & 1947 . Pepperdine finished the season with a record of four wins and five losses ( 4 -- 5 ) ."}
{"_id": "1996_in_Estonian_football", "title": "1996 in Estonian football", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 season was the fifth full year of competitive football ( soccer ) in Estonia since gaining independence from the Soviet Union on 20 August 1991 ."}
{"_id": "1959_in_Brazil", "title": "1959 in Brazil", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1959 in Brazil ."}
{"_id": "1819_in_archaeology", "title": "1819 in archaeology", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1819 in archaeology involved some significant events ."}
{"_id": "1990–91_Hong_Kong_First_Division_League", "title": "1990–91 Hong Kong First Division League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Hong Kong First Division League in the 1990/1991 season ."}
{"_id": "1838_in_philosophy", "title": "1838 in philosophy", "headings": "", "text": "1838 in philosophy"}
{"_id": "1964_Minnesota_Vikings_season", "title": "1964 Minnesota Vikings season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1964 Minnesota Vikings season was the fourth year of season play for the Minnesota Vikings and the 45th regular season of the National Football League . The Vikings finished with a record of eight wins , five losses , and one tie under head coach Norm Van Brocklin . The eight wins was the most at the time in the franchise 's four-year history . To date , this is the only season the Vikings wore white jerseys for their home games ."}
{"_id": "1510_in_India", "title": "1510 in India", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1510 in India ."}
{"_id": "1971_CFL_season", "title": "1971 CFL season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 Canadian Football League season is considered to be the 18th season in modern-day Canadian football , although it was officially the 14th Canadian Football League season ."}
{"_id": "1960_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships", "title": "1960 UCI Track Cycling World Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1960 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling . They took place in Leipzig and Chemnitz , East Germany from 3 to 14 August 1960 . Eight events were contested , 6 for men ( 3 for professionals , 3 for amateurs ) and 2 for women ."}
{"_id": "199th_(Manchester)_Brigade", "title": "199th (Manchester) Brigade", "headings": "", "text": "The 199th ( 2/1st Manchester ) Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army that saw active service during the Great War as part of 66th ( 2nd East Lancashire ) Division and was reformed as 199th Infantry Brigade in World War II , serving with 55th ( West Lancashire ) Infantry Division until August 1944 when it was redesignated 166th Infantry Brigade ."}
{"_id": "1973_NHL_Amateur_Draft", "title": "1973 NHL Amateur Draft", "headings": "", "text": "The 1973 NHL Amateur Draft , the 11th National Hockey League draft was the first to be held on a separate day from other league activities on May 15 , 1973 , at the Mount Royal Hotel in Montreal , Quebec so it would not overshadow the rest of the league meetings . Previously , the league had held the amateur draft in mid-June . It also marks the second time the meeting took place at the Mount Royal Hotel rather than the Queen Elizabeth Hotel . In 1972 , when the World Hockey Association was beginning to take form , some teams were more focused on the amateur draft that they stopped paying attention to other issues ( mainly the WHA raiding NHL rosters ) and were spending their time preparing for the draft .   With the WHA having already operated for a full season , NHL teams realized they would have to fight to sign their top picks . This was especially important in a year when the draft was considered extremely deep and the WHA was scheduled to draft players just three days after the NHL .   The top pick of the 1973 NHL amateur draft was Ottawa 67 's star Denis Potvin who was projected to be the next Bobby Orr . The Montreal Canadiens , the most active team on draft day , re-positioned themselves by trading for several high picks and then offered the New York Islanders all types of packages for the first choice overall as they want to select Potvin for themselves . Islanders general manager Bill Torrey was not interested , however and held on to the top pick . He selected Potvin , who became a big part of the building block for the Islanders hockey dynasty between 1980 and 1983   Although the NHL had to compete hard with the WHA to sign these amateur players , they managed to sign all 16 of their first-round draft picks before the rival league could . The NHL-WHA competition was so fierce that the Toronto Maple Leafs offered a staggering , at the time , five-year $ 600,000 contract for right winger Lanny McDonald of the Medicine Hat Tigers , which kept the No. 4 pick from signing with the WHA 's Cleveland Crusaders .   Eligible for the draft were all amateur players born before January 1 , 1954 The NHL paid a lump sum to the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association to support major junior hockey as a group . Teams could offer a player a contract at any time after the draft without risking then re-entering a future NHL draft ."}
{"_id": "1997–98_West_Ham_United_F.C._season", "title": "1997–98 West Ham United F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1997 -- 98 English football season , West Ham United F.C. competed in the FA Premier League ( known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons ) ."}
{"_id": "1978_French_Grand_Prix", "title": "1978 French Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 2 July 1978 at Paul Ricard ."}
{"_id": "1971–72_Pittsburgh_Condors_season", "title": "1971–72 Pittsburgh Condors season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1971 -- 72 Pittsburgh Condors season was the 2nd and final season of the Pittsburgh Condors along with the 4th and final season of Pittsburgh involvement in the American Basketball Association . General manager Mark Binstein took over as coach after a 4 -- 6 start . By the time the season was half over , the team was 17 -- 25 . From that point , the team went 8 -- 34 , with a losing streak of 12 near the end of the season sealing any hope of getting out of the cellar of the Division . One factor was despite being 1st in points scored at 119.2 per game , they were dead last in points allowed , at 126.4 per game .   Attendance had simply dried up , with games being moved ( with one being moved to Uniontown , 46 miles from Pittsburgh ) away from the Arena , with the team unofficially becoming the `` United States Condors '' , with one game being played in Birmingham , Alabama . Fittingly , their penultimate game was played in Tucson , Arizona versus the Kentucky Colonels . On March 29 , they played ( and lost ) their final game , 113 -- 128 to the Indiana Pacers . Attempts to move the team failed after the season failed , and the league soon cancelled the franchise , ending pro basketball in Pittsburgh . Since then , no pro basketball team has played in Pittsburgh . The players were dispersed to other teams , with George Thompson going to the Memphis Tams , Mike Lewis to the Carolina Cougars , Skeeter Swift to the Dallas Chaparrals , and Walt Szczerbiak to the Kentucky Colonels ."}
{"_id": "1987_Donnay_Indoor_Championships", "title": "1987 Donnay Indoor Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1987 Donnay Indoor Championships was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Brussels in Belgium the event was part of the 1987 Nabisco Grand Prix . The tournament was held from March 23 to 29 , 1987 ."}
{"_id": "1876_Northwestern_University_football_team", "title": "1876 Northwestern University football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1876 Northwestern University football team represented Northwestern University during the 1876 college football season . The first Northwestern football team played one game , losing to the Chicago Football Club with two goals from touchdown and three touchdowns scored ."}
{"_id": "1978_Intertoto_Cup", "title": "1978 Intertoto Cup", "headings": "", "text": "In the 1978 Intertoto Cup no knock-out rounds were contested , and therefore no winner was declared ."}
{"_id": "1894–95_Everton_F.C._season", "title": "1894–95 Everton F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "12th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division_(Germany)", "title": "12th Luftwaffe Field Division (Germany)", "headings": "", "text": "12.Luftwaffen-Feld-Division was formed at the end of 1942 from Flieger-Regiment 12 and assigned to Army Group North in early 1943 . It was transferred to the German Army on 1 November 1943 . To better distinguish it in post-war literature , the division is called 12.Feld-Division ( L ) ; however , an official renaming did not occur . The division suffered heavy losses during the retreat from Leningrad . It took part in the retreat to Latvia and in the battles of the Courland Pocket . In April 1944 the 13th Luftwaffe Field Division was incorporated in the division . It was withdrawn to East Prussia where it surrendered in the area of Danzig/Gotenhafen in May 1945 ."}
{"_id": "1746_in_music", "title": "1746 in music", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "1984–85_New_York_Knicks_season", "title": "1984–85 New York Knicks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1984-85 NBA season was the Knicks ' 39th season in the NBA .   Bernard King injured his knee on March 25 and was put on injured reserve , ending his season . He was forced to sit out the next year . Before the injury , King scored 60 points in a Christmas Day game against the New Jersey Nets ."}
{"_id": "+Laburnocytisus_adamii", "title": "+Laburnocytisus adamii", "headings": "", "text": "+ Laburnocytisus adamii ( also known as Adam 's laburnum or broom laburnum ) is a horticultural curiosity ; a small tree which is a graft-chimaera between two species , a laburnum , Laburnum anagyroides , and a broom , Chamaecytisus purpureus ( syn . Cytisus purpureus ) , which bears some shoots typical of the one species , some of the other , and some which are a peculiar mixture of both `` parents '' . This binomial name is written as if it were one species , but strictly speaking it is not one species but two . The plus sign indicates its unusual origin . The plant can also be described by the formula Laburnum anagyroides + Chamaecytisus purpureus .   + Laburnocytisus adamii is a legume , a member of the pea family Faboideae ( or Papilionaceae , formerly Leguminosae ) . Only one cultivar , ` Adamii ' ( formally designated as + Laburnocytisus ` Adamii ' ) , is known to have arisen from this graft ."}
{"_id": "1,4-Dioxene", "title": "1,4-Dioxene", "headings": "", "text": "1,4-Dioxene is an organic compound with the formula ( C2H4 ) ( C2H2 ) O2 . The compound is derived from dioxane by dehydrogenation . It is a colourless liquid ."}
{"_id": "1995_Amway_Classic", "title": "1995 Amway Classic", "headings": "", "text": "The 1995 Amway Classic was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the ASB Tennis Centre in Auckland in New Zealand that was part of Tier IV of the 1995 WTA Tour . The tournament was held from January 30 through February 5 , 1995 ."}
{"_id": "1918_VFA_season", "title": "1918 VFA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1918 Victorian Football Association season was the 40th season of the Australian rules football competition . Played during the final year of hostilities in World War I , the 1918 season was the first to be played since 1915 ; but it was a short season , played with only six clubs , and with only ten rounds of matches before the finals .   The premiership was won by the North Melbourne Football Club , after it defeated Prahran by 93 points in the final on August 10 . It was the club 's sixth VFA premiership , and its third in a sequence of three premierships won consecutively between 1914 and 1918 . North Melbourne won all twelve premiership matches it played during 1918 , repeating its feat from 1915 of going through the season unbeaten ( albeit over shortened seasons on both occasions ) ; it was the last time a club would achieve the feat until Geelong West in 1972 . The season was part of a 58-match winning streak for North Melbourne which lasted from 1914 -- 1919 ."}
{"_id": "1946_San_Francisco_49ers_season", "title": "1946 San Francisco 49ers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1946 AAFC season San Francisco 49ers season was not only their inaugural season , but also the first season of the league 's existence . Despite losing their first game as a team and having a stretch of five consecutive road games , the 49ers went 9 -- 5 , earning the second-best record in the West division ( third-best overall ) . The 49ers also outscored every other team except for the eventual season champions , the Cleveland Browns ."}
{"_id": "158_Regiment_RLC", "title": "158 Regiment RLC", "headings": "", "text": "158 Regiment Royal Logistic Corps , is an reserve regiment of the British Army 's Royal Logistic Corps . The Regiment 's role is to provide logistical support to the Regular Army through its paired regular regiment , 7 Regiment RLC , as well as providing soldiers when required . The regiment is formed of a 200 headquarters squadron based in Peterborough and 4 transport squadrons ; 201 in Bedford , 202 in Ipswich , 203 in Loughborough and 160 in Lincoln which was formed in July 2014 as part of the Future Army 2020 restructuring . 158 Regiment currently comes under 102 Logistics Brigade ."}
{"_id": "1%_(song)", "title": "1% (song)", "headings": "", "text": "`` 1 % '' is the fourth solo single by Tomomi Itano ( a Japanese idol , a member of AKB48 ) . It was released in Japan on June 12 , 2013 , on the label You , Be Cool ! ( a subsudiary of King Records ) .   The physical CD single reached fourth place in the Japanese Oricon weekly singles chart ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Iowa_Hawkeyes_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1992–93 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1992 -- 93 Iowa Hawkeyes men 's basketball team represented the University of Iowa as members of the Big Ten Conference . The team was led by seventh-year head coach Tom Davis and played their home games at Carver-Hawkeye Arena . They ended the season 23 -- 9 overall and 11 -- 7 in Big Ten play to finish tied for third place . The Hawkeyes received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament as # 4 seed in the Southeast Region . After defeating Northeast Louisiana 82-69 in the first round , the Hawkeyes lost to Wake Forest 84-78 in the Round of 32 ."}
{"_id": "1995_Slovenian_Supercup", "title": "1995 Slovenian Supercup", "headings": "", "text": "The Slovenian Supercup 1995 was a football match that saw the 1994 -- 95 PrvaLiga champions , Olimpija , face off against Slovenian Cup winners , Mura . The match was held on 26 July 1995 at the Bežigrad Stadium in Ljubljana ."}
{"_id": "1992–93_Crystal_Palace_F.C._season", "title": "1992–93 Crystal Palace F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "During the 1992 -- 93 English football season , Crystal Palace F.C. competed in the inaugural season of the FA Premier League ."}
{"_id": "1982–83_San_Diego_Clippers_season", "title": "1982–83 San Diego Clippers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982-83 NBA season was the Clippers ' 13th season in the NBA and their 5th season in the city of San Diego ."}
{"_id": "1995_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup", "title": "1995 Alpine Skiing World Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 29th World Cup season began in December 1994 at Tignes , France , and concluded in March 1995 at the World Cup finals in Bormio , Italy . The overall champions were Alberto Tomba of Italy and Vreni Schneider of Switzerland   A break in the schedule was for the 1995 World Championships at Sierra Nevada in southern Spain . Due to lack of snow , these championships were postponed until 1996 ."}
{"_id": "1998_British_Grand_Prix", "title": "1998 British Grand Prix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1998 British Grand Prix ( formally the LI RAC British Grand Prix ) was a Formula One motor race held at the Silverstone Circuit , England on 12 July 1998 . It was the ninth race of the 1998 Formula One season . The 60-lap race was won by Michael Schumacher driving a Ferrari car after starting from second position . Mika Häkkinen , who started from pole position , finished second with Eddie Irvine third in the other Ferrari . Schumacher 's victory was his fourth of the season , and his third consecutive victory having won both the preceding Canadian and French Grand Prix , but was under controversial circumstances : he avoided a stop-and-go penalty by entering the pit lane to serve it on the final lap , crossing the finish line in the pit lane to win the race before reaching his pit box , although the controversial penalty was later rescinded ."}
{"_id": "1996_Seattle_Seahawks_season", "title": "1996 Seattle Seahawks season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1996 Seattle Seahawks season was the team 's 21st season with the National Football League ."}
{"_id": "1386_in_Ireland", "title": "1386 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1386 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1978_USAC_Mini-Indy_Series_season", "title": "1978 USAC Mini-Indy Series season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 USAC Mini Indy Series season was the second season of the USAC sanctioned Formula Super Vee championship ."}
{"_id": "1999_French_Open_–_Women's_Doubles", "title": "1999 French Open – Women's Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "Martina Hingis and Jana Novotná were the defending champions , but they did not compete together this year . Novotná instead partnered with Natasha Zvereva as the first seed , whereas Hingis partnered with Anna Kournikova as the second seed . Novotná and Zvereva retired in their quarterfinal match against Lindsay Davenport and Mary Pierce , but Hingis and Kournikova reached the final where they lost to American sisters Serena and Venus Williams , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 ( 2 -- 7 ) , 8 -- 6 . This was the first Grand Slam for the Williams sisters and would be their first step towards completing a Career Golden Slam in doubles ."}
{"_id": "1976_All-Ireland_Senior_B_Hurling_Championship", "title": "1976 All-Ireland Senior B Hurling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The All-Ireland Senior B Hurling Championship of 1976 was the third staging of Ireland 's secondary hurling knock-out competition . Kerry won the championship , beating London 0-15 to 1-10 in the final at Croke Park , Dublin ."}
{"_id": "1962_European_Judo_Championships", "title": "1962 European Judo Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1962 European Judo Championships were the 11th edition of the European Judo Championships , and were held in Essen , West Germany on 12 May 1962 ."}
{"_id": "1979_CECAFA_Cup", "title": "1979 CECAFA Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1979 CECAFA Cup was the 7th edition of annual CECAFA Cup , an international football competition consisting of the national teams of member nations of the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) . The tournament was held in Kenya from November 3 to November 17 and saw seven teams competing in the competition . It was held in Kenya , and was won by Malawi ."}
{"_id": "1544_in_Ireland", "title": "1544 in Ireland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1544 in Ireland ."}
{"_id": "1949–50_Chicago_Stags_season", "title": "1949–50 Chicago Stags season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1949 -- 50 NBA season was the fourth and final season for the Chicago Stags of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The team ceased operations after the season , and Chicago would be left without an NBA team until 1961 ."}
{"_id": "1912_Paris–Roubaix", "title": "1912 Paris–Roubaix", "headings": "", "text": "The 1912 Paris -- Roubaix was the 17th edition of the Paris -- Roubaix , a classic one-day cycle race in France . The single day event was held on 7 April 1912 and stretched 266 km from Paris to its end in a velodrome in Roubaix . The winner was Charles Crupelandt from France ."}
{"_id": "1873_in_France", "title": "1873 in France", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1873 in France ."}
{"_id": "1950_Michigan_State_Normal_Hurons_football_team", "title": "1950 Michigan State Normal Hurons football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 Michigan State Normal Hurons football team represented Michigan State Normal College ( later renamed Eastern Michigan University ) in the Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( IIAC ) during the 1950 college football season . In their second season under head coach Harry Ockerman , the Hurons compiled a 3 -- 6 record ( 0 -- 4 against IIAC opponents ) and were outscored by their opponents , 194 to 123 . Dr. James R. Wichterman was the team captain . Harry Mail was selected as a first-team player on the All-IIAC team ."}
{"_id": "1994_in_Turkey", "title": "1994 in Turkey", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1994 in Turkey ."}
{"_id": "1980_in_the_environment", "title": "1980 in the environment", "headings": "", "text": "This is a list of notable events relating to the environment in 1980 . They relate to environmental law , conservation , environmentalism and environmental issues ."}
{"_id": "1982_Allan_Cup", "title": "1982 Allan Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1982 Allan Cup was the Canadian national senior ice hockey championship for the 1981-82 Senior `` A '' season . The event was hosted by the Cranbrook Royals in Cranbrook , British Columbia . The 1982 playoff marked the 74th time that the Allan Cup has been awarded ."}
{"_id": "1181_in_Japan", "title": "1181 in Japan", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1181 in Japan ."}
{"_id": "1947_New_York_City_smallpox_outbreak", "title": "1947 New York City smallpox outbreak", "headings": "", "text": "The 1947 New York City smallpox outbreak occurred in March , 1947 and was declared ended on April 24 , 1947 . The outbreak marked two milestones for America . First , it was the largest mass vaccination effort ever conducted for smallpox in America , and second , it marked the last outbreak of smallpox in America . Within three weeks of the discovery of the outbreak , the U.S. Public Health Service , in conjunction with New York City health officials , had procured vaccine and inoculated over 6,350,000 adults and children . Of that number , 5,000,000 had been vaccinated within the first two weeks . The rapid response was credited with limiting the outbreak to 12 people , 10 of whom recovered , while 2 died ."}
{"_id": "1955_SANFL_Grand_Final", "title": "1955 SANFL Grand Final", "headings": "", "text": "The 1955 SANFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football championship game . beat 101 to 38 ."}
{"_id": "1923_in_fine_arts_of_the_Soviet_Union", "title": "1923 in fine arts of the Soviet Union", "headings": "", "text": "The year 1923 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts ."}
{"_id": ".40-60_Winchester", "title": ".40-60 Winchester", "headings": "", "text": "The .40 -60 Winchester is a centerfire rifle cartridge intended for 19th-century big-game hunting . Nomenclature of the era indicated the .40 -60 cartridge contained a 0.40 in diameter bullet with 60 gr of gunpowder . Winchester Repeating Arms Company necked down the .45 -60 Winchester cartridge to hold a bullet with improved ballistics for the Winchester Model 1876 rifle . The lever-action Model 1876 's advantage of faster loading for subsequent shots was eclipsed two years later by the stronger and smoother Winchester Model 1886 action capable of handling longer cartridges with heavier bullets . The .40 -60 and similarly short cartridges designed for the Model 1876 rifle faded into obsolescence as 20th-century hunters preferred more powerful smokeless powder loadings of cartridges designed for stronger rifles . Winchester production of .40 -60 cartridges ended during the great depression ."}
{"_id": "1990_in_Turkey", "title": "1990 in Turkey", "headings": "", "text": "Events in the year 1990 in Turkey ."}
{"_id": "1934_All-Ireland_Senior_Camogie_Championship", "title": "1934 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1934 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship was the high point of the 1934 season in Camogie . The championship was won by Cork who defeated Louth by an eight-point margin in the final ."}
{"_id": "1903–04_Burslem_Port_Vale_F.C._season", "title": "1903–04 Burslem Port Vale F.C. season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1903 -- 04 season was Burslem Port Vale 's sixth consecutive season ( tenth overall ) of football in the Football League . The club went the whole season without recording an away win , part of a club record 29 away games without victory . With the new rule of the direct free kick introduced , Arthur Rowley also wrote himself into the history books by becoming the first player to score from a free kick .   The first team was firmly established , and the players had been together for some years . The financial crisis that loomed over the club was held at bay by an FA Cup run and by selling a promising young winger ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_Football_League_Trophy", "title": "1983–84 Football League Trophy", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 -- 84 Football League Trophy , known as the 1983 -- 84 Associate Members ' Cup , was the first staging of the Football League Trophy , a knock-out competition for English football clubs in the Third Division and the Fourth Division . The winners were Bournemouth and the runners-up were Hull City .   The competition began on 20 February 1984 and ended with the final on 24 May 1984 at Boothferry Park , the home stadium of the losing finalists .   In the first round , there were two sections : North and South . In the following rounds each section gradually eliminates teams in knock-out fashion until each has a winning finalist . At this point , the two winning finalists face each other in the combined final for the honour of the trophy ."}
{"_id": "1973_Liberian_Premier_League", "title": "1973 Liberian Premier League", "headings": "", "text": "Statistics of Liberian Premier League in season 1973 ."}
{"_id": "1899_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team", "title": "1899 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1899 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1899 college football season . In their fifth year of football , and third year under head coach Vernon Louis Parrington , the Sooners compiled a 2-1 record , and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 61 to 28 .  This season would also be the first that the team played a current NCAA Division I FBS opponent , the Arkansas Cardinals ."}
{"_id": "1959_Mexico_hurricane", "title": "1959 Mexico hurricane", "headings": "", "text": "The 1959 Mexico hurricane is the deadliest eastern Pacific tropical cyclone on record . First observed south of Mexico on October 23 , the cyclone tracked northwest . It intensified into a Category 3 hurricane on October 25 and reached Category 4 intensity the following day . After turning toward the northeast , the hurricane maintained Category 4 status and made landfall near Manzanillo , Mexico . The system continued on that trajectory prior to dissipating the next day .   Impact from the hurricane was severe and widespread . Initially forecast to remain offshore , the system curved northeast and moved ashore , becoming one of Mexico 's worst natural disasters at the time . Up to 150 boats were submerged . Countless homes in Colima and Jalisco were damaged or destroyed , large portions of the states were inaccessible by flash flooding , and hundreds of residents were stranded . All coconut plantations were blown down during the storm , leaving thousands without work and instating fear that it would take the economy years to recover . Torrential rainfall across mountain terrain contributed to numerous mudslides that caused hundreds of fatalities . In the aftermath of the cyclone , convoys delivering aid were hindered by the destruction . Residents were vaccinated to prevent the spread of disease . Overall , the hurricane inflicted at least $ 280 million ( 1959 USD ) in damage ."}
{"_id": "1892_Central_Colonels_football_team", "title": "1892 Central Colonels football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1892 Central Colonels football team represented Central University in Richmond , Kentucky during the 1892 college football season ."}
{"_id": "1969_Maghreb_Athletics_Championships", "title": "1969 Maghreb Athletics Championships", "headings": "", "text": "The 1969 Maghreb Athletics Championships was the third edition of the international athletics competition between the countries of the Maghreb . Libya , Algeria , Tunisia and Morocco were the competing nations . Organised by the Union des Fédérations d'Athlétisme du Maghreb Uni ( Union of Athletics Federations of the United Maghreb ) , it took place on 24 and 25 July in Tripoli , Libya . It was the first time that Libya competed at the competition . A total of 33 athletics events were contested , 22 for men and 11 for women .   The tournament was evenly contested , with Morocco topped the medal table with ten gold medals . Tunisia were a close second with nine golds , while Algeria and Libya each took seven gold medals . It was the last time that the 80 metres hurdles featured on the programme , being replaced by the international standard 100 metres hurdles from 1970 onwards . Morocco 's Malika Hadki had a sprint triple , winning the 100 , 200 and 400 metres events . Three men managed individual doubles : Mohammed Gammoudi won both long-distance races ; Jadour Haddou was a double middle-distance champion ; and Youcef Boulfelfel added a triple jump title to his pentathlon crown ."}
{"_id": "1999_Crystal_Skate_of_Romania", "title": "1999 Crystal Skate of Romania", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 Crystal Skate of Romania was the Crystal Skate of Romania competition for the 1999 -- 2000 figure skating season . It was the 1st edition of the Crystal Skate of Romania to be held . The Crystal Skate of Romania is an annual senior-level international figure skating competition held in Romania . Skaters competed in the disciplines of men 's singles and ladies ' singles .   The 1999 Crystal Skate of Romania was held between January 14 and 16 , 2000 in Bucharest ."}
{"_id": "1975_Grantland_Rice_Bowl", "title": "1975 Grantland Rice Bowl", "headings": "", "text": "The 1975 Grantland Rice Bowl was an NCAA Division II game following the 1975 season , between the Western Kentucky Hilltoppers and the New Hampshire Wildcats . This was the second and last time that the game was played at Tiger Stadium on the campus of LSU . WKU defensive tackle Sam Fields was named the game 's outstanding defensive player , while his teammate running back Lawrence Jefferson was named the game 's outstanding offensive player ."}
{"_id": "1831_in_New_Zealand", "title": "1831 in New Zealand", "headings": "", "text": ""}
{"_id": "100,000_Cobbers", "title": "100,000 Cobbers", "headings": "", "text": "100,000 Cobbers is a 1942 dramatised documentary made by director Ken G. Hall for the Australian Department of Information during World War II to boost recruitment into the armed forces . Grant Taylor , Joe Valli and Shirley Ann Richards play fictitious characters ."}
{"_id": "1999–2000_Hong_Kong_First_Division_League", "title": "1999–2000 Hong Kong First Division League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1999 -- 00 Hong Kong First Division League season is the 88th since its establishment . The first match was played on 7 September 1999 with Happy Valley won against South China by 2 -- 0 ."}
{"_id": "1989_South_African_Open_–_Singles", "title": "1989 South African Open – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "Jakob Hlasek was the defending champion but did not compete that year .   Christo van Rensburg won in the final 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 against Paul Chamberlin ."}
{"_id": "1892–93_Northern_Football_League", "title": "1892–93 Northern Football League", "headings": "", "text": "The 1892 -- 93 Northern Football League season was the fourth in the history of the Northern Football League , a football competition in Northern England ."}
{"_id": "1994_Chicago_White_Sox_season", "title": "1994 Chicago White Sox season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1994 Chicago White Sox season was the White Sox 's 94th season in the major leagues , and their 95th season overall . They led the American League Central , 1 game ahead of the 2nd place Cleveland Indians with a record of 67-46 , when the season was cut short by the 1994 -- 95 Major League Baseball strike ."}
{"_id": "1993_Guatemalan_constitutional_crisis", "title": "1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Guatemala constitutional crisis took place in 1993 when then President Jorge Serrano Elías attempted a self-coup or autogolpe . On Tuesday May 25 , 1993 , Serrano illegally suspended the constitution , dissolved Congress and the Supreme Court , imposed censorship and tried to restrict civil freedom .   The attempted self-coup was similar to the one carried out by Alberto Fujimori , but unlike Fujimori 's , had no popular support : Serrano 's action met with strong protests by most elements of Guatemalan society , at the forefront of which was the Siglo Veintiuno newspaper under the leadership of José Rubén Zamora . This was combined with international pressure ( the Organization of American States condemned the autogolpe ) , and the army 's enforcement of the decisions of the Constitutional Court , which ruled against the attempted takeover .   In the face of this pressure , Serrano resigned as president and fled the country . He was replaced on an interim basis by his vice president , Gustavo Espina . However , Espina was judged by the Constitutional Court to have been involved in the coup as well , and Congress replaced him with Human Rights Ombudsman Ramiro de León ."}
{"_id": "1985_Michigan_State_Spartans_football_team", "title": "1985 Michigan State Spartans football team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1985 Michigan State Spartans football team represented Michigan State University in the 1985 Big Ten Conference football season . In their third season under head coach George Perles , the Spartans compiled a 7 -- 5 overall record ( 5 -- 3 against Big Ten opponents ) , finished in a tie for fourth place in the Big Ten Conference , and lost to Georgia Tech in the 1985 Hall of Fame Classic .   Six Spartans were recognized by the Associated Press ( AP ) and/or the United Press International ( UPI ) on the 1984 All-Big Ten Conference football team : running back Lorenzo White ( AP-1 ; UPI-1 ) ; offensive guard John Wojciechowski ( AP-1 ) ; offensive tackle Steve Bogdalek ( AP-2 ) ; linebacker Shane Bullough ( AP-2 ) ; defensive back Phil Parker ( UPI-1 ) ; and punter Greg Montgomery ( AP-1 ) ."}
{"_id": "1959_(John_Anderson_song)", "title": "1959 (John Anderson song)", "headings": "", "text": "`` 1959 '' is a song written by Gary Gentry , and recorded by American country music artist John Anderson . It was released in November 1980 as the fifth single from the album John Anderson . The song reached # 7 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart ."}
{"_id": "1997_Torneo_Godó_–_Singles", "title": "1997 Torneo Godó – Singles", "headings": "", "text": "The 1997 Torneo Godó was a men 's tennis tournament played on Clay in Barcelona , Spain that was part of the International Series Gold of the 1997 ATP Tour . It was the 45th edition of the tournament and was held from 14 -- 21 April ."}
{"_id": "10_mm_caliber", "title": "10 mm caliber", "headings": "", "text": "This article lists firearm cartridges which have a bullet in the 10 mm caliber range .   Length refers to the cartridge case length .  OAL refers to the overall length of the cartridge .   All measurements are in mm ( in ) ."}
{"_id": "1965_Copa_del_Generalísimo_Final", "title": "1965 Copa del Generalísimo Final", "headings": "", "text": "The Copa del Generalísimo 1965 Final was the 63rd final of the King 's Cup . The final was played at Santiago Bernabéu in Madrid , on 4 July 1965 , being won by Club Atlético de Madrid , who beat Real Zaragoza CD 1-0 ."}
{"_id": "(We_Want)_The_Same_Thing", "title": "(We Want) The Same Thing", "headings": "", "text": "'' ( We Want ) The Same Thing '' is a song by the American singer Belinda Carlisle . Written by Rick Nowels and Ellen Shipley , it was produced by Nowels for Carlisle 's third album Runaway Horses ( 1989 ) . It was released as the album 's sixth and final single in the United Kingdom , on October 2 , 1990 .   To help promote the single in the United Kingdom , Virgin Records released a deluxe 12 '' vinyl boxed set with free stickers , and a picture disc single on CD , in addition to standard formats . The single peaked at # 6 on the UK singles chart , and spent ten weeks in the Top 75 .   The song was used during adverts , including one for the Peugeot 106 ."}
{"_id": "1950_World_University_Cycling_Championship", "title": "1950 World University Cycling Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 World University Cycling Championship was a World University Cycling Championship not organized by the International University Sports Federation ( FISU ) . The championship consisted of a road cycling road race event . Jean Bobet from France defended successfully his title and became again World University Cycling Champion ."}
{"_id": "1310_in_Scotland", "title": "1310 in Scotland", "headings": "", "text": "Events from the year 1310 in the Kingdom of Scotland ."}
{"_id": "1977–78_WHA_season", "title": "1977–78 WHA season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1977 -- 78 WHA season was the sixth season of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . Eight teams played 80 games each . The Avco World Trophy winner was the Winnipeg Jets ."}
{"_id": "1978–79_Oklahoma_Sooners_men's_basketball_team", "title": "1978–79 Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball team", "headings": "", "text": "The 1978 -- 79 Oklahoma Sooners men 's basketball team represented the University of Oklahoma in competitive college basketball during the 1978 -- 79 NCAA Division I season . The Oklahoma Sooners men 's basketball team played its home games in the Lloyd Noble Center and was a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's ( NCAA ) former Big Eight Conference at that time . The team posted a 21 -- 10 overall record and a 10 -- 4 conference record to finish first in the Conference for head coach Dave Bliss . This was the only Big Eight Conference Regular Season Championship for Bliss .   The team was led by Big Eight Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year John McCullough ( basketball ) . Despite losing two of three games in the Big Eight Conference Pre-Season Tournament , the team posted a 10 -- 4 record during the conference regular season and won all three of its games during the Big Eight Conference Post-Season Tournament . Because of the conference tournaments , the team played both and four times . It swept the season series with Kansas State and split the season series with Kansas . The team also played three times , only winning the home game . The team reached the sweet sixteen round of the 1979 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament by beating before losing to Indiana State ."}
{"_id": "1991–92_European_Cup_(handball)", "title": "1991–92 European Cup (handball)", "headings": "", "text": "The 1991 -- 92 European Cup was the 32nd edition of Europe 's premier club handball tournament ."}
{"_id": "1950_All-Ireland_Senior_Camogie_Championship", "title": "1950 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1950 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship was the high point of the 1950 season in Camogie . The championship was won by Dublin who defeated London by a 21-point margin in the final , having already defeated Antrim by a ten-point margin in the home final ."}
{"_id": "1979_Tel_Aviv_Open_–_Doubles", "title": "1979 Tel Aviv Open – Doubles", "headings": "", "text": "This was the first edition of the event .   Ilie Năstase and Tom Okker won the title , defeating Mike Cahill and Colin Dibley 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 in the final ."}
{"_id": "1939_Brooklyn_Dodgers_season", "title": "1939 Brooklyn Dodgers season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1939 Brooklyn Dodgers started the year with a new manager , Leo Durocher , who became both the team 's manager and starting shortstop . They also became the first New York team to have a regular radio broadcast , with Red Barber handed the announcers job . The team finished in third place , showing some improvement over the previous seasons ."}
{"_id": "1993_Southern_Conference_Baseball_Tournament", "title": "1993 Southern Conference Baseball Tournament", "headings": "", "text": "The 1993 Southern Conference Baseball Tournament was held at College Park in Charleston , SC from April 28 through May 1 . Second seeded won the tournament and earned the Southern Conference 's automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament . It was the Catamounts seventh tournament win .   The tournament used a double-elimination format . Only the top eight teams participate , so Furman was not in the field ."}
{"_id": "1965_African_Cup_of_Nations_squads", "title": "1965 African Cup of Nations squads", "headings": "", "text": "Below is a list of squads used in the 1965 African Cup of Nations ."}
{"_id": "1986_Thomas_&_Uber_Cup", "title": "1986 Thomas & Uber Cup", "headings": "", "text": "The 1986 Thomas Cup & Uber Cup was the 14th tournament of Thomas Cup and the 11th tournament of Uber Cup , the most important badminton team competitions in the world .   China won its second title in the Thomas Cup and in the Uber Cup , both after beating Indonesia in the final round ."}
{"_id": "1977_Race_of_Champions", "title": "1977 Race of Champions", "headings": "", "text": "The XII Race of Champions was a non-championship Formula One race held at Brands Hatch on 20 March 1977 . John Watson qualified on pole , while James Hunt set fastest lap and won ."}
{"_id": "1907_in_Liberia", "title": "1907 in Liberia", "headings": "", "text": "The following lists events that happened during 1907 in Liberia ."}
{"_id": "1983–84_Soviet_League_season", "title": "1983–84 Soviet League season", "headings": "", "text": "The 1983 -- 84 Soviet Championship League season was the 38th season of the Soviet Championship League , the top level of ice hockey in the Soviet Union . 12 teams participated in the league , and CSKA Moscow won the championship ."}
{"_id": "1989_Meath_Intermediate_Football_Championship", "title": "1989 Meath Intermediate Football Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1989 Meath Intermediate Football Championship is the 63rd edition of the Meath GAA 's premier club Gaelic football tournament for intermediate graded teams in County Meath , Ireland . The tournament consists of 22 teams . The championship starts with a group stage and then progresses to a knock out stage .   This was Ballinlough 's return to the grade as they were promoted from the J.F.C. after claiming the 1988 Meath Junior Football Championship title .   St. Patrick 's were regraded from the S.F.C. last year , and returned to the middle grade after a 25 year stint in senior football .   On 24 September 1989 , St. Michael 's claimed their 1st Intermediate championship title when they defeated Dunderry 0-11 to 0-9 in the final at Pairc Tailteann , and condemning Dunderry to their 3rd consecutive final defeat .   Duleek were regraded to the J.F.C. for 1990 after 9 years as an Intermediate club . Ratoath also lost their middle grade status and returned to the Junior ranks for the first time in 19 years ."}
{"_id": "100_Grand_Bar", "title": "100 Grand Bar", "headings": "", "text": "100 Grand Bar ( formerly known as $ 100,000 Bar spoken as `` hundred thousand dollar bar '' until the mid 1980s ) is a candy bar produced by Nestlé in the United States . The candy bar was created in 1966 , and named after a series of successful game shows . It weighs 1.5 oz and includes chocolate , caramel and crisped rice . The bar contains 201 calories ; it is low in cholesterol and sodium , but high in saturated fat and sugar . Its slogan is `` That 's Rich ! ''"}
{"_id": "1936–37_Swiss_National_Ice_Hockey_Championship", "title": "1936–37 Swiss National Ice Hockey Championship", "headings": "", "text": "The 1936-37 Swiss National Ice Hockey Championship was the 27th and final edition of the national ice hockey championship in Switzerland . HC Davos won the championship by finishing first in the final round ."}