question stringlengths 11 194 | answer stringlengths 1 934 | context_chunks list | document_id int64 187 2.68k | id int64 239 5.32k |
|---|---|---|---|---|
What is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children? | Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 262 |
What plays the crucial role in the Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1 and what increases the risk | DC-SIGNR plays a crucial role in MTCT of HIV-1 and that impaired placental DC-SIGNR expression increases risk of transmission. | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 276 |
How many children were infected by HIV-1 in 2008-2009, worldwide? | more than 400,000 children were infected worldwide, mostly through MTCT and 90% of them lived in sub-Saharan Africa. | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 278 |
What is the role of C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 Like 1 (CCL3L1) in mother to child transmission of HIV-1? | High copy numbers of CCL3L1, a potent HIV-1 suppressive ligand for CCR5, are associated with higher chemokine production and lower risk of MTCT of HIV-1 among South African infants | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 316 |
What is DC-GENR and where is it expressed? | Dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)) can interact with a plethora of pathogens including HIV-1 and is expressed in placental capillary endothelial cells | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 305 |
How does the presence of DC-SIGNR affect the MTCT of HIV-1? | the presence of DC-SIGNR at the placental endothelial cell surface may protect infants from HIV-1 infection by capturing virus and promoting its degradation/presentation. | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 306 |
Why do low levels of DC-SIGNR enhance Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1? | in placenta containing low levels of DC-SIGNR, HIV-1 would preferentially binds CCR5 on endothelial cells resulting in a loss of placental barrier integrity and enhanced passage of maternal HIV-1-infected cells in foetal circulation leading to MTCT of HIV-1 | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 307 |
What is the percentage of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1, when there is no intervention? | Without specific interventions, the rate of HIV-1 mother-tochild transmission (MTCT) is approximately 15-45% | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 277 |
Does C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) affect the transmission of HIV-1? | Genetic variants in CCR5 have been shown to influence vertical transmission of HIV-1. CCR5 promoter variants resulting in higher expression of the receptor were associated with increased risk of MTCT of HIV-1 among sub-Saharan Africans | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 312 |
How does Mannanose Binding Lectin (MBL) affect elimination of HIV-1 pathogen? | Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an innate immune receptor synthesised in the liver and secreted in the bloodstream in response to inflammation signal. MBL promotes pathogen elimination by opsonization and phagocytosis, | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 318 |
How can CCR5's effect in HIV-1 transmission be reduced? | The 32-pb deletion polymorphism in CCR5 has be shown to protect from vertical transmission of HIV-1 | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 321 |
What kinds of viruses are Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), sindbis virus(SV), and dengue virus(DV)? | arboviruses | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,003 |
What are the current clinically-available methods to detect encephalitis viral antigens? | ELISA and IFA | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,004 |
What methods exist for detecting multiple antigens simultaneously in a one-sample, laboratory test? | two-dimensional gel electrophoresis , protein chip, mass spectrometry, and suspension array technology | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,005 |
How many antigens could be detected by Liew's multiplex ELISA test? | 9 | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,006 |
What kind of antibodies were used in the ELISA-array assay? | monoclonal | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,007 |
How was the ELISA assay validated? | using cultured viruses and inoculated chicken eggs with patient sera | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,008 |
What capture antibodies were used in the study? | 4D5, 2B5, 1F1, 2B8, 4F9, and 4E11 | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,009 |
What was the spotting concentration range for the capture antibodies? | from 0.2 to 0.0125 mg/ml | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,010 |
How was the proper spotting concentration determined? | combination of minimized cross reaction and higher signal intensity | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,011 |
How was cross reaction detection determined? | by applying JEV, YF, and DV cultures | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,012 |
How was the ELISA-array assay validated? | using cultured viruses and inoculated chicken eggs with patient sera | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,013 |
In 2010, how many cases of tuberculosis were estimated in China? | 108 per 100,000 | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,014 |
What is the population of Shandong province? | 94 million | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,015 |
What was the purpose of this study? | estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,016 |
What was the age range for the people surveyed? | 15 years old or above | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,017 |
How was the survey designed? | in accordance with WHO recommendations | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,018 |
Was was the sample size? | 52500 | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,019 |
How were the clusters selected? | A stratified multi stage random sampling | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,020 |
How many people were in a community cluster? | 1250 to 1750 | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,021 |
Who was excluded from the study? | Military barracks and prisons | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,022 |
When was the study conducted? | March to June 2010 | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,023 |
Who conducted the study? | clinicians, public health doctors, radiologists, laboratory technicians and nurses | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,024 |
What medium was used to collect the sputum samples? | Löwenstein-Jensen medium | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,025 |
What was the response rate for the study? | 95% to 97% | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,026 |
What was the average age of a study participant? | 46 years | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,027 |
What was the prevalence rate in Shandong in 2010 for sputum positive cases of tuberculosis? | 22.1 | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,028 |
What was the most striking finding of the study regarding tuberculosis patients? | a large proportion of TB patients did not present consistent cough | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,029 |
How many cases of sputum positive tuberculosis patients had no persistent cough? | 45% | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,030 |
How many tuberculosis patients in Shandong were over 65 years old? | over half | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,031 |
How long is the SAIBK gene? | 27,534 nucleotides | [
"Infectious bronchitis virus IBV causes tremendous economic losses to the poultry industry. Here, we report the complete genome analysis results for a new natural recombination nephropathogenic IBV strain named SAIBK, which was isolated in the Sichuan province of China in 2005. Text: tagious and acute disease in do... | 1,547 | 1,622 |
How many open reading frames are in the SAIBK gene? | 10 | [
"Infectious bronchitis virus IBV causes tremendous economic losses to the poultry industry. Here, we report the complete genome analysis results for a new natural recombination nephropathogenic IBV strain named SAIBK, which was isolated in the Sichuan province of China in 2005. Text: tagious and acute disease in do... | 1,547 | 1,623 |
What virus has the closest genetic identity with the SAIBK gene? | Chinese IBV strain SC021202 | [
"Infectious bronchitis virus IBV causes tremendous economic losses to the poultry industry. Here, we report the complete genome analysis results for a new natural recombination nephropathogenic IBV strain named SAIBK, which was isolated in the Sichuan province of China in 2005. Text: tagious and acute disease in do... | 1,547 | 1,624 |
How many surgical masks or respirators have past studies projected will be required for a pandemic in the United States? | an estimated 7.3 billion | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323.:1129-1130. .1001/jama.2020.1960 COVID-19 Resource Center related articles icon Related A... | 187 | 257 |
What is the acronym MERS-CoV? | Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323.:1129-1130. .1001/jama.2020.1960 COVID-19 Resource Center related articles icon Related A... | 187 | 248 |
What are the critical factors that determine the effect of an epidemic? | Transmissibility and severity | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323.:1129-1130. .1001/jama.2020.1960 COVID-19 Resource Center related articles icon Related A... | 187 | 249 |
When did the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declare the 2019-nCoV epidemic as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern? | January 30, 2020 | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323.:1129-1130. .1001/jama.2020.1960 COVID-19 Resource Center related articles icon Related A... | 187 | 250 |
What influenza virus was identified in China in 2013? | H7N9 | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323.:1129-1130. .1001/jama.2020.1960 COVID-19 Resource Center related articles icon Related A... | 187 | 251 |
What past research has been done on severe, single-wave pandemics? | After a new influenza virus (H7N9) was identified in China in 2013, a series of modeling articles described the effect of, and level of preparedness for, a severe, single-wave pandemic in the United States. | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323.:1129-1130. .1001/jama.2020.1960 COVID-19 Resource Center related articles icon Related A... | 187 | 252 |
What is a clinical attack rate? | the proportion of individuals who become ill with or die from a disease in a population initially uninfected | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323.:1129-1130. .1001/jama.2020.1960 COVID-19 Resource Center related articles icon Related A... | 187 | 253 |
What was the clinical attack rate in the 2009 H1N1 pandemic? | 20% | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323.:1129-1130. .1001/jama.2020.1960 COVID-19 Resource Center related articles icon Related A... | 187 | 254 |
What is the estimated R0 of COVID-19? | 2.2 | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323.:1129-1130. .1001/jama.2020.1960 COVID-19 Resource Center related articles icon Related A... | 187 | 255 |
How many ventilators have past studies projected will be required for a pandemic in the United States?
| 35 000 to 60 000 | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323.:1129-1130. .1001/jama.2020.1960 COVID-19 Resource Center related articles icon Related A... | 187 | 1,657 |
What is the leading cause of death among children after the age of 1 month? | Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 502 |
How has the number of childhood pneumonia been reduced? | New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae have contributed to decreases in radiologic, clinical and complicated pneumonia cases | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 504 |
What percentage of childhood deaths are due to pneumonia? | approximately 900,000 of the estimated 6.3 million child deaths in 2013 | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 507 |
How has the childhood population grown in the last two decades? | global childhood population from 605 million in 2000 to 664 million in 2015 | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 510 |
What is the reduction in the number of childhood pneumonia cases? | Recent data suggest that there has been a 25% decrease in the incidence of pneumonia, from 0.29 episodes per child year in low-and middle-income countries in 2000, to 0.22 episodes per child year in 2010 . This is substantiated by a 58% decrease in pneumonia-associated disability-adjusted life years between 1990 and 2... | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 511 |
How much is the reduction in the childhood pneumonia deaths? | Pneumonia deaths decreased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 900,000 in 2013 | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 512 |
Childhood pneumonia rate for high income countries vs low and middle income countries. | The incidence in high-income countries is estimated at 0.015 episodes per child year, compared to 0.22 episodes per child year in low-and middle-income countries . On average, 1 in 66 children in high-income countries is affected by pneumonia per year, compared to 1 in 5 children in low-and middle-income countries. | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 513 |
What percentage of childhood pneumonia deaths occur outside hospital in low and middle income countries? | up to 81% of severe pneumonia deaths occur outside a hospital | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 514 |
Case Fatality Rates for Childhood Pneumonia in high income vs low and middle income countries. | the case fatality rate is estimated to be almost 10-fold higher in low-and middle-income countries as compared to high-income countries | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 515 |
How can childhood pneumonia affect the subsequent health of a person? | Early life pneumonia can impair longterm lung health by decreasing lung function . Severe or recurrent pneumonia can have a worse effect on lung function; increasing evidence suggests that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease might be related to early childhood pneumonia | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 516 |
What is the increase in the risk of respiratory disease after having childhood pneumonia. | The risk of developing at least one of the major sequelae was estimated as 6% after an ambulatory pneumonia event and 14% after an episode of hospitalized pneumonia. | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 517 |
Which is the best method to identify pneumonia in a person? | Chest radiologic changes have been considered the gold standard for defining a pneumonia event | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 518 |
What is responsible for the reduction of radiologic pneumonia? | Widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination and Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccination has decreased the incidence of radiologic pneumonia. | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 520 |
What is the percentage reduction in pneumonia cases due to vaccination? | Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccination in high-burden communities, the vaccination was associated with an 18% decrease in radiologic pneumonia . Introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination was associated with a 26% decrease in radiologic pneumonia in California between 1995 and 1998 . In vaccine e... | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 521 |
What is the revised WHO definition of Bacterial Pneumonia? | A revised case definition of "presumed bacterial pneumonia" has been introduced, and this definition includes pneumonia cases with WHO-defined alveolar consolidation, as well as those with other abnormal chest radiograph infiltrates and a serum C-reactive protein of at least 40 mg/L | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 522 |
What is the reduction in bacterial pneumonia under the revised WHO definition of bacterial pneumonia? | Using the revised definition, the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-10), had a vaccine efficacy of 22% in preventing presumed bacterial pneumonia in young children in South America , and pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-13 had a vaccine efficacy of 39% in preventing presum... | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 524 |
What caused the increase in the incidence of empyema in children in the recent past? | An increased incidence of empyema in children was noted in some high-income countries following pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-7 introduction, and this was attributed to pneumococcal serotypes not included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-7, especially 3 and 19A | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 530 |
How have the incidence Empyema been reduced? | These trends have been reversed since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-13. Data from the United States suggest that empyema decreased by 50% in children younger than 5 years | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 532 |
What pneumonia related or chest conditions indicate the need for child radiography? | chest radiography should not be routinely performed in children with ambulatory pneumonia . Indications for chest radiography include hospitalization, severe hypoxemia or respiratory distress, failed initial antibiotic therapy, or suspicion for other diseases (tuberculosis, inhaled foreign body) or complications. | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 533 |
What chest diseases and pneumonia were identified as leading causes prior to the availability of vaccines? | prior to availability of new conjugate vaccines confirmed S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae type B as the most important bacterial causes of pneumonia, with Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with some severe cases. Respiratory syncytial virus was the leading viral cause, identified in 15-40% of p... | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 534 |
Why has pertussis immunity in infants has decreased in infants? | Because pertussis immunity after acellular pertussis vaccination is less long-lasting than immunity after wild-type infection or whole-cell vaccination, many women of child-bearing age have waning pertussis antibody levels. | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 535 |
What is the effect of childhood tuberculosis in childhood pneumonia? | A recent systematic review of tuberculosis as a comorbidity of childhood pneumonia reported culture-confirmed disease in about 8% of cases . Because intrathoracic tuberculosis disease is only culture-confirmed in a minority of cases, the true burden could be even higher; tuberculosis could therefore be an important co... | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 536 |
What are the risk factors in childhood pneumonia? | incomplete or inadequate vaccination must be considered as a major preventable risk factor for childhood pneumonia. Other risk factors include low birth weight, which is associated with 3.2 times increased odds of severe pneumonia in low-and middle-income countries, and 1.8 times increased odds in high-income countrie... | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 537 |
How does air pollution affect the incidence of childhood pneumonia? | Indoor air pollution from use of solid or biomass fuels increases odds of pneumonia by 1.6 times; lack of measles vaccination by the end of the first year of age increases odds of pneumonia by 1.8 times | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 538 |
What is the strongest risk factor for childhood pneumonia? | The single strongest risk factor for pneumonia is HIV infection, which is especially prevalent in children in sub-Saharan Africa. HIV-infected children have 6 times increased odds of developing severe pneumonia or of death compared to HIV-uninfected children | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 539 |
What is the global coverage of influenza and pneumonia vaccines? | By the end of 2015, Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccination had been introduced in 73 countries, with global coverage estimated at 68%. However, inequities are still apparent among regions: in the Americas coverage is estimated at 90%, while in the Western Pacific it is only 25%. By 2015, pneumococcal conj... | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 540 |
Is influenza vaccination during pregnancy safe? How long does it protect the child? | Influenza vaccination during pregnancy is safe, provides reasonable maternal protection against influenza, and also protects infants for a limited period from confirmed influenza infection (vaccine efficacy 63% in Bangladesh and 50.4% in South Africa ). However as antibody levels drop sharply after birth, infant prot... | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 541 |
What is emphyema? | a rare complication of pneumonia | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 923 |
How is the term end point consolidation described with regard to pneumonia diagnosis? | as a dense or fluffy opacity that occupies a portion or whole of a lobe, or the entire lung. | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 4,573 |
What factors make H5N1 a worldwide threat to public health? | rapid spread and high pathogenicity | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,217 |
What are the symptoms of H5N1 infection in humans? | fever, encephalitis, pneumonia, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,218 |
Name some medications used to treat influenza. | zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir (Tamiflu) | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,219 |
Why have antiretrovirals medications had limited benefit in treating influenza? | drug-resistance and frequent antigenic mutation | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,220 |
What is the focus of the current study? | effect of EAP against H5N1 influenza infection | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,221 |
What is the result of the current study? | the anti-H5N1 effects of EAP offer an alternative strategy for developing antiinfluenza agents | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,222 |
How do the polysaccharides in plants effect the immune response? | enhance the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF-, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12 | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,223 |
What does this study demonstrate? | EAP leaf extract is a prophylactic and immune enhancement agent against H5N1 influenza virus infection | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,224 |
In this study, how did treatment of EAP after infection affect survival? | did not provide a survival advantage | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,225 |
What viruses have been responsible for most common childhood acute respiratory track infections (ARTI)? | The most frequently reported viruses include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses A and B (IAV, IBV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), human rhinovirus (HRV) and adenovirus (ADV), | [
"BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of local viral etiologies is essential for the management of viral respiratory tract infections. Limited data are available in China to describe the epidemiology of viral respiratory infections, especially in small–medium cities and rural areas. OBJECTIVES: To determine the viral etiol... | 1,575 | 550 |
Are there any vaccines against to protect against respiratory viral infections? | Currently, there are no approved vaccines or medications available for most of the respiratory viruses | [
"BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of local viral etiologies is essential for the management of viral respiratory tract infections. Limited data are available in China to describe the epidemiology of viral respiratory infections, especially in small–medium cities and rural areas. OBJECTIVES: To determine the viral etiol... | 1,575 | 553 |
Which type of bacteria are implicated in carrying genes of drug resistance? | Gammaproteobacteria | [
"There have been an increasing number of reports implicating Gammaproteobacteria as often carrying genes of drug resistance from colonized sink traps to vulnerable hospitalized patients. However, the mechanism of transmission from the wastewater of the sink P-trap to patients remains poorly understood. Herein we re... | 2,585 | 544 |
What may be a likely cause of sink-to-sink spreading of pathogens in the hospital setting? | via a common sanitary pipe | [
"There have been an increasing number of reports implicating Gammaproteobacteria as often carrying genes of drug resistance from colonized sink traps to vulnerable hospitalized patients. However, the mechanism of transmission from the wastewater of the sink P-trap to patients remains poorly understood. Herein we re... | 2,585 | 545 |
What is the role of antibodies during infection? | Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 465 |
How can antibodies also create health problems? | Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 467 |
Which technology invention produced antibodies that are clones of a unique parent cell? | in the 1970s with the development of hybridoma technology to produce monoclonal antibodies | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 474 |
What mechanism is responsible for the creation of diversified repertoire for antibodies? | somatic rearrangement during B cell differentiation was responsible for antibody diversification | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 476 |
What developments have been made possible by the study of B-cell repertoire? | (1) vaccine candidates that elicit protective antibodies; (2) antibodies that prevent disease when given prophylactically; and (3) antibodies that can be given as therapy after the onset of disease. | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 478 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.