Design2Code: How Far Are We From Automating Front-End Engineering?
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Crosschain Risk Framework
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/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TjASc3CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
}
/* cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TjASc-CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
}
/* greek-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TjASc2CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF;
}
/* greek */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TjASc5CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF;
}
/* vietnamese */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TjASc1CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TjASc0CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0100-02AF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TjASc6CsQ.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xFIzIFKw.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
}
/* cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xMIzIFKw.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
}
/* greek-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xEIzIFKw.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF;
}
/* greek */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xLIzIFKw.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF;
}
/* vietnamese */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xHIzIFKw.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xGIzIFKw.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0100-02AF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xIIzI.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TzBic3CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
}
/* cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TzBic-CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
}
/* greek-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TzBic2CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF;
}
/* greek */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TzBic5CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF;
}
/* vietnamese */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TzBic1CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TzBic0CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0100-02AF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TzBic6CsQ.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fCRc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
}
/* cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fABc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
}
/* greek-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fCBc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF;
}
/* greek */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fBxc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF;
}
/* vietnamese */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fCxc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fChc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0100-02AF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fBBc4.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu72xKOzY.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
}
/* cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu5mxKOzY.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
}
/* greek-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7mxKOzY.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF;
}
/* greek */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu4WxKOzY.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF;
}
/* vietnamese */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7WxKOzY.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7GxKOzY.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0100-02AF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu4mxK.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmWUlfCRc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
}
/* cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmWUlfABc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
}
/* greek-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmWUlfCBc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF;
}
/* greek */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmWUlfBxc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF;
}
/* vietnamese */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmWUlfCxc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmWUlfChc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0100-02AF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmWUlfBBc4.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto Mono';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/robotomono/v23/L0xdDF4xlVMF-BfR8bXMIjhOsXG-q2oeuFoqFrlnAIe2Imhk1T8rbociImtEluUlYIw.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
}
/* cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto Mono';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/robotomono/v23/L0xdDF4xlVMF-BfR8bXMIjhOsXG-q2oeuFoqFrlnAIe2Imhk1T8rbociImtEn-UlYIw.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
}
/* greek */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto Mono';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/robotomono/v23/L0xdDF4xlVMF-BfR8bXMIjhOsXG-q2oeuFoqFrlnAIe2Imhk1T8rbociImtEmOUlYIw.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF;
}
/* vietnamese */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto Mono';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/robotomono/v23/L0xdDF4xlVMF-BfR8bXMIjhOsXG-q2oeuFoqFrlnAIe2Imhk1T8rbociImtElOUlYIw.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto Mono';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/robotomono/v23/L0xdDF4xlVMF-BfR8bXMIjhOsXG-q2oeuFoqFrlnAIe2Imhk1T8rbociImtEleUlYIw.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0100-02AF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto Mono';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: fallback;
src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/robotomono/v23/L0xdDF4xlVMF-BfR8bXMIjhOsXG-q2oeuFoqFrlnAIe2Imhk1T8rbociImtEm-Ul.woff2) format('woff2');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Roboto Mono';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 700;
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<!-- BEGIN INCLUDE framework/01intro/introduction.md -->
<h1 id="introduction">
Introduction
</h1>
<p>
With several layer-one protocols gaining meaningful traction over the last few years and layer-two protocols taking
<a>
center stage in the scalability roadmap for Ethereum
</a>
, it is increasingly becoming clear that the future will be multichain. This thesis is further reinforced by emerging patterns such as
<a>
modular blockchains
</a>
,
<a>
application-specific chains
</a>
, and
<a>
fractal scaling
</a>
. A multichain world is one in which disparate chains co-exist as thriving ecosystems.
</p>
<p>
In the absence of a countervailing force, the proliferation of chains would naturally lead to increased fragmentation and the siloing of ecosystems. Crosschain protocols directly address this problem by enabling interoperation across distinct chains.
</p>
<p>
The growth and adoption of such protocols over the last couple of years have been astounding. The total value locked in token bridges on Ethereum alone, which only offers a partial picture of the scale of adoption of such protocols, reached a high of US$27B in late 2021.
</p>
<p>
The flip side to this rapid growth and adoption has been the slew of high-profile hacks and failures of these protocols. Between 2021 and 2022, more than
<a>
US$2.5B was stolen in bridge hacks
</a>
, which is more than two-thirds of all DeFI hacks in that period.
</p>
<p>
To this end, this document provides a high-level systematic overview of the security risks in crosschain protocols by identifying, classifying, and analyzing the risk elements inherent in the design, implementation, and operation of such infrastructure. In addition, it offers a set of risk controls and best practices to mitigate the likelihood and severity of risks.
</p>
<p>
While this document is still a work in progress, its ultimate objective is to enable progress toward more secure, robust, and decentralized crosschain protocols that can serve as solid foundations for a multichain future. We highly encourage contributions and feedback from the community towards this end.
</p>
<h2 id="types-of-crosschain-interaction">
Types of Crosschain Interaction
</h2>
<p>
Broadly defined, crosschain protocols enable the exchange of data and value across chains through one of the following three types of interactions:
</p>
<h4 id="asset-exchange">
Asset Exchange
</h4>
<p>
Asset Exchange involves coordinating the transfer of ownership of an asset in one
<a>
network
</a>
with a corresponding transfer of ownership in another. This enables two or more parties to swap assets across networks under pre-agreed exchange terms.
</p>
<h4 id="asset-transfer">
Asset Transfer
</h4>
<p>
Asset Transfer involves moving the value of an asset from a source ledger to a destination ledger. It enables assets in one network to be used inside applications in another.
</p>
<h4 id="general-purpose-messaging">
General-purpose Messaging
</h4>
<p>
General-purpose messaging refers to the communication of any data across chains. It can enable asset exchanges and transfers but also orchestrate complex application behavior across chains for a broad range of use cases.
</p>
<h2 id="stakeholders">
Stakeholders
</h2>
<p>
Crosschain protocols can have several distinct stakeholders with direct or indirect involvement in the system. These stakeholders can be individuals, groups, or organizations and have different roles, constraints, goals, and incentives.
</p>
<h4 id="users">
Users
</h4>
<p>
Users are the primary customers of the service offered by a crosschain protocol. They interact with the system directly to exchange assets or transfer data and value across chains.
</p>
<h4 id="liquidity-providers">
Liquidity Providers
</h4>
<p>
In a crosschain asset exchange, a
<em>
liquidity provider
</em>
is the counter-party to a user.
</p>
<h4 id="bridge-wrapped-token-holders">
Bridge-wrapped Token Holders
</h4>
<p>
A common approach to enabling the transfer of assets from one chain to another is through a lock-and-mint mechanism, in which crosschain protocols lock assets on one network and mint corresponding synthetic assets on another.
<em>
bridge token holder
</em>
. A
<em>
bridge token holder
</em>
might or might not be a user of a crosschain protocol.
</p>
<h4 id="bridge-validators">
Bridge Validators
</h4>
<p>
Crosschain protocols typically coordinate several off-chain systems and actors that collectively ensure the integrity of state communication across chains.
<em>
bridge validators
</em>
are the primary entities that ensure the security and continued operation of a crosschain protocol and thus represent a significant source of potential risk to the overall system.
</p>
<h4 id="bridge-operators">
Bridge Operators
</h4>
<p>
<em>
Bridge operators
</em>
are actors that can update or reconfigure key elements of a crosschain protocol (e.g., upgrading on-chain smart contracts, updating validator registries, or moving contract funds). How many bridge operators a protocol has, what they are allowed to change and what policies govern their actions can significantly influence the risk profile of a protocol and varies considerably across projects.
</p>
<h4 id="bridge-developers">
Bridge Developers
</h4>
<p>
<em>
Bridge developers
</em>
design, build, test, and maintain the codebase behind a crosschain protocol.
<a>
implementation risk
</a>
.
</p>
<p>
In addition to the direct stakeholders discussed above, crosschain protocols also have indirect stakeholders. These entities have interest in or influence over the security and efficacy of crosschain protocols, even though they might not directly interact with them.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>
Blockchain Network Participants: Recent bridge hacks have shown how failures in crosschain protocols can cause significant disruptions and halts of the underlying blockchains, impacting all network participants.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Crosschain Applications: Applications built atop crosschain protocols have independent economic value that could influence the security of the underlying bridge. In addition, they have their own stakeholders that are impacted by the operations of the crosschain protocol.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Bridge Protocol Investors: Investors of bridge protocols can directly or indirectly influence the operations and security of a protocol. For instance, the security guarantees of Proof-of-Stake bridges depend on the value of the bridge tokens staked.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
For brevity, the rest of this document primarily focuses only on direct stakeholders of crosschain protocols.
</p>
<h2 id="security-risks">
Security Risks
</h2>
<p>
At its essence, crosschain communication creates a dependency relationship between two or more networks.
<em>
unidirectional
</em>
or
<em>
bidirectional
</em>
,
<em>
transient
</em>
or
<em>
persistent
</em>
.
</p>
<ol>
<li>
Only states that are valid and final in the source network are communicated to the destination network
</li>
<li>
All relevant state transitions in the source network are relayed to the destination network in a timely manner
</li>
<li>
Any invariants that emerge from the crosschain interactions are preserved
</li>
</ol>
<p>
This document primarily discusses and assesses the risk of crosschain protocols by considering factors that affect these core security requirements.
</p>
<!-- END INCLUDE -->
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Last update:
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October 13, 2023
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Created:
<span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date">
October 13, 2023
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@media (min-width: 1000px){body{width:800px;margin:40px auto}p{text-align:justify}}@media not all and (min-width: 1000px){.github-corner{display:none}}body{font-family:sans, sans-serif}code{padding:0.15em 0.25em;border-radius:0.25em;color:#bf0707;background:#fff4f4}pre{background:#fff4f4;padding:1em;overflow-x:auto}pre code{padding:0;border-radius:0}a:link,a:visited{color:#bf0707}a:hover{color:red}h2 .permalink,h3 .permalink,h4 .permalink,h5 .permalink,h5 .permalink{margin-left:5px;text-decoration:none;visibility:hidden}h2 .permalink::before,h3 .permalink::before,h4 .permalink::before,h5 .permalink::before,h5 .permalink::before{content:"#"}h2:target,h3:target,h4:target,h5:target,h5:target{border-left:5px solid #bf0707;padding-left:5px}h2:hover .permalink,h3:hover .permalink,h4:hover .permalink,h5:hover .permalink,h5:hover .permalink{visibility:visible}#bin-search-wrapper{margin:50px 0;padding:10px 0;position:relative}#bin-search-wrapper #bin-search-filters{text-align:center}#bin-search-wrapper #bin-search-filters a{background:#fff4f4;font-size:initial;border-radius:0.25em}#bin-search-wrapper #bin-search-filters a:hover:before{content:attr(data-title);font-size:0.8rem;display:block;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;margin-top:1.75rem;margin-left:10%;margin-right:10%;padding:1em;border-radius:1em;color:#fff4f4;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.75);z-index:1;pointer-events:none}#bin-search-wrapper #bin-search{margin-top:25px;padding:1em;font-size:1rem;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #bf0707;outline-color:#bf0707}#bin-table{width:100%}#bin-table th,#bin-table td{padding:0.2em 1em}#bin-table th{text-align:left}#bin-table tbody tr:hover{background:#fff4f4}#bin-table #search-message{display:none;text-align:center;padding:1em}.function-list{font-size:0.8rem;list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}.function-list li{display:inline-block}.function-list li a{display:inline-block;padding:0.25em 0.5em;margin:0.2em 0;border:1px solid #bf0707}.function-list li a:link,.function-list li a:visited{color:#bf0707;text-decoration:none}.function-list li a:hover{color:red;border-color:red}.function-list li.match a{background:#fcc}.examples{display:table;width:100%;table-layout:fixed;counter-reset:item;margin:0;padding:0}.examples>li{display:table-row}.examples>li:not(:only-child):before{display:table-cell;font-size:0.8rem;font-weight:bold;width:3em;text-align:center;counter-increment:item;content:"(" counter(item,lower-alpha) ")"}.logo{float:right;width:100px;height:100px;margin-left:20px;margin-bottom:20px}.bin-name{font-family:monospace;font-size:1.2rem}.function-name{font-size:1.4rem;font-weight:bold}.github-buttons{display:inline-block;margin-left:10px}.github-buttons a.github-button{visibility:hidden}
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</style>
<h1>
GTFOArgs
<div class="github-buttons">
<span>
</span>
</div>
</h1>
<p>
<img alt="logo" class="logo" src="rick.jpg">
</p>
<p>
GTFOArgs is a curated list of Unix binaries that can be manipulated for argument injection, possibly resulting in security vulnerabilities.
</p>
<p>
Argument injection (sometimes referred to as parameter injection) takes advantage of a program’s legitimate functionality in order to extend the capabilities provided by the method in which the program is intended to be run.
</p>
<p>
The project collects legitimate
<a>
arguments
</a>
of Unix binaries that can be abused to break out of the environment they were run, in order to escalate privileges, transfer files, spawn bind and reverse shells, and facilitate other post-exploitation tasks.
</p>
<p>
GTFOArgs is a
<a>
collaborative
</a>
project where everyone can
<a>
contribute
</a>
with additional binaries and techniques.
</p>
<p>
This project was inspired by
<a>
GTFOBins
</a>
and most of the layout source code is written by them.
</p>
<div id="bin-search-wrapper">
<ul class="function-list" id="bin-search-filters">
<li>
<a data-title="It can be used to break out from restricted environments by spawning an interactive system shell.">
Shell
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a data-title="It can be used to break out from the intended program by running non-interactive system commands.">
Command
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a data-title="It can exfiltrate files on the network.">
File upload
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a data-title="It can download remote files.">
File download
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<input id="bin-search" placeholder="Search among 20 binaries: <binary> +<function> ..." type="text">
</div>
<div id="bin-table-wrapper" style="height: 768px;">
<table id="bin-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>
Binary
</th>
<th>
Functions
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<a class="bin-name">
awk
</a>
</td>
<td>
<ul class="function-list">
<li class="">
<a>
Shell
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a>
Command
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a>
File write
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a>
File read
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<a class="bin-name">
curl
</a>
</td>
<td>
<ul class="function-list">
<li class="">
<a>
File upload
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a>
File download
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a>
File write
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a>
File read
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<a class="bin-name">
dig
</a>
</td>
<td>
<ul class="function-list">
<li class="">
<a>
File read
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
</tfoot>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
|
|
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<style class="anchorjs">
</style>
</head>
<body>
<!-- HEADER -->
<div class="outer" id="header_wrap">
<header class="inner">
<a id="forkme_banner">
View on GitHub
</a>
<h1 id="project_title">
Architectural Decision Records
</h1>
<h2 id="project_tagline">
<a aria-label="Anchor" class="anchorjs-link" data-anchorjs-icon="" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: inherit; font-family: anchorjs-icons; position: absolute; margin-left: -1em; padding-right: 0.5em;">
</a>
Homepage of the ADR GitHub organization
</h2>
</header>
</div>
<!-- MAIN CONTENT -->
<div class="outer" id="main_content_wrap">
<section class="inner" id="main_content">
<h1 id="architectural-decision-records-adrs">
Architectural Decision Records (ADRs)
</h1>
<p>
An
<a>
Architectural Decision (AD)
</a>
is a justified design choice that addresses a functional or non-functional requirement that is architecturally significant.
An
<a>
Architecturally Significant Requirement (ASR)
</a>
is a requirement that has a measurable effect on the architecture and quality of a software and/or hardware system.
An
<em>
Architectural Decision Record (ADR)
</em>
captures a single AD and its rationale;
the collection of ADRs created and maintained in a project constitute its
<em>
decision log
</em>
.
All these are within the topic of Architectural Knowledge Management (AKM), but ADR usage can be extended to design and other decisions (“any decision record”).
</p>
<p>
The aim of the
<a>
GitHub adr organization
</a>
is to:
</p>
<ol>
<li>
Motivate the need for and benefits of AD capturing and establish a common vocabulary.
</li>
<li>
Strengthen the tooling around ADRs, in support of agile practices as well as iterative and incremental engineering processes.
</li>
<li>
Provide pointers to public knowledge in the context of AKM and ADRs.
</li>
</ol>
<!-- > Note: The term "architecture decision record" can be used interchangeably. -->
<p>
The repository for the Website of the ADR organization is
<a>
https://github.com/adr/adr.github.io
</a>
.
</p>
<h2 id="adrs-in-the-media">
<a aria-label="Anchor" class="anchorjs-link" data-anchorjs-icon="" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: inherit; font-family: anchorjs-icons; position: absolute; margin-left: -1em; padding-right: 0.5em;">
</a>
ADRs in the Media
</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<a>
Love Unrequited: The Story of Architecture, Agile, and How Architecture Decision Records Brought Them Together
</a>
, Michael Keeling in the Pragmatic Designer column of IEEE Software Vol. 39 Issue 4 (2022) (
<a>
PDF
</a>
)
</li>
<li>
Chapter 3 of
<a>
“Patterns for API Design: Simplifying Integration with Loosely Coupled Message Exchanges”
</a>
in the Addison Wesley Signature Series at Pearson features six narratives guiding through the conceptual level of API design: 29 recurring decisions with options and criteria. Learn more in this
<a>
blog post
</a>
.
</li>
<li>
Architectural decision capturing is positioned as one of the essential activities in
<a>
Design Practice Reference
</a>
, a LeanPub e-Book.
</li>
<li>
(German)
<a>
Gut dokumentiert: Architecture Decision Records
</a>
by
<a>
@obfischer
</a>
published at
<a>
heise online
</a>
.
</li>
</ul>
<!-- markdownlint-disable-next-line MD022 -->
<h2 class="long" id="lightweight-adrs-should-be-adopted">
<a aria-label="Anchor" class="anchorjs-link" data-anchorjs-icon="" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: inherit; font-family: anchorjs-icons; position: absolute; margin-left: -1em; padding-right: 0.5em;">
</a>
Lightweight ADRs Should be Adopted
</h2>
<p>
A “lightweight” ADR consists of
<a>
title, status, context, decision, and consequences
</a>
(according to
<a>
[Username Redacted]
</a>
).
<a>
ThoughtWorks
</a>
listed architectural decision records as “adopt” at their
<a>
technology radar vol. 18
</a>
:
<a>
https://www.thoughtworks.com/en-us/radar/techniques/lightweight-architecture-decision-records
</a>
</p>
<p>
We think that the considered options with their pros and cons are crucial to understand the reason of a chosen option.
<a>
MADR
</a>
— The Markdown Any/Architecture Decision Records (MADR:
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">
[ˈmæɾɚ]
</code>
) in this ADR organization includes such tradeoff analysis information.
</p>
<h2 id="relation-of-adrs-madr-and-others">
<a aria-label="Anchor" class="anchorjs-link" data-anchorjs-icon="" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: inherit; font-family: anchorjs-icons; position: absolute; margin-left: -1em; padding-right: 0.5em;">
</a>
Relation of ADRs, MADR, and Others
</h2>
<p>
<img alt="ADR" src="rick.jpg">
</p>
<h2 id="sustainable-architectural-decisions">
<a aria-label="Anchor" class="anchorjs-link" data-anchorjs-icon="" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: inherit; font-family: anchorjs-icons; position: absolute; margin-left: -1em; padding-right: 0.5em;">
</a>
Sustainable Architectural Decisions
</h2>
<p>
We base our work on the guidelines and principles in
<a>
Sustainable Architectural Decisions
</a>
by Zdun et al., for instance the Y-statement format suggested in that article.
However, we are open to other formats of ADRs as shown at
<a>
@joelparkerhenderson’s repository
</a>
.
</p>
<p>
In short, the Y-statement is as follows:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>
In the context of
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">
<use case/user story u>
</code>
, facing
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">
<concern c>
</code>
we decided for
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">
<option o>
</code>
to achieve
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">
<quality q>
</code>
, accepting
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">
<downside d>
</code>
.
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>
The long form of it is as follows (extra section “because”):
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>
In the context of
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">
<use case/user story u>
</code>
,
facing
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">
<concern c>
</code>
we decided for
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">
<option o>
</code>
and neglected
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">
<other options>
</code>
,
to achieve
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">
<system qualities/desired consequences>
</code>
,
accepting
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">
<downside d/undesired consequences>
</code>
,
because
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">
<additional rationale>
</code>
.
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>
You can find more explanations and examples on Medium
<a>
Y-Statements - A Light Template for Architectural Decision Capturing
</a>
.
</p>
<p>
<a>
A Definition of Done for Architectural Decision Making
</a>
proposes five criteria and a checklist to decide when it is time to set the status of a single decision to “done”: evidence, criteria and alternatives, agreement, documentation, and realization/review plan. Here, we focus on the ‘D’ in
<em>
ecADR
</em>
.
</p>
<h2 id="existing-adr-templates">
<a aria-label="Anchor" class="anchorjs-link" data-anchorjs-icon="" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: inherit; font-family: anchorjs-icons; position: absolute; margin-left: -1em; padding-right: 0.5em;">
</a>
Existing ADR Templates
</h2>
<ul>
<li>
Overview:
<a>
Architectural Decision Records
</a>
: collection of markdown templates converted to Markdown
</li>
<li>
<a>
MADR
</a>
: The Markdown Architecture Decision Records (MADR:
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">
[ˈmæɾɚ]
</code>
).
<a>
matter
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">
[ˈmæɾɚ]
</code>
</a>
.
</li>
<li>
Comparison of seven templates:
<a>
Architectural Decision Guidance Across Projects - Problem Space Modeling, Decision Backlog Management and Cloud Computing Knowledge
</a>
. WICSA 2015: 85-94.
</li>
<li>
Context, background and examples of good and bad justifications can be found in
<a>
this blog post
</a>
.
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="good-adrs-and-how-to-get-to-them">
<a aria-label="Anchor" class="anchorjs-link" data-anchorjs-icon="" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: inherit; font-family: anchorjs-icons; position: absolute; margin-left: -1em; padding-right: 0.5em;">
</a>
Good ADRs (and how to get to them)
</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<a>
How to create ADRs — and how not to
</a>
collects good practices and anti-patterns
</li>
<li>
<a>
Architectural Significance Test and Some Core Decisions
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a>
The Markdown ADR (MADR) Template Explained and Distilled
</a>
</li>
<li>
Proposal for
<a>
A Definition of Done for Architectural Decision Making
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="decision-capturing-tools">
<a aria-label="Anchor" class="anchorjs-link" data-anchorjs-icon="" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: inherit; font-family: anchorjs-icons; position: absolute; margin-left: -1em; padding-right: 0.5em;">
</a>
Decision Capturing Tools
</h2>
<p>
<em>
Disclaimer:
</em>
The following list is rather inclusive.
Please find out about the status and the maturity of the list entries for yourself by following the links.
We are happy to include more candidate assets here.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a>
adr-manager
</a>
: Craft MADR 2.x templates directly in the Web Browser.
</li>
<li>
<a>
adr-tools
</a>
- bash scripts to manage ADRs in the
<a>
Nygard format
</a>
.
<a>
example
</a>
.
<ul>
<li>
Ansible script to install adr-tools:
<a>
ansible-adr-tools
</a>
</li>
<li>
C# rewrite:
<a>
adr-cli
</a>
</li>
<li>
Go rewrite:
<a>
adr
</a>
</li>
<li>
Java rewrite:
<a>
adr-j
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a>
adr-plugin
</a>
- plugin to explore and search ADRs within a backstage based developer portal. Search at scale across mutliple orgs/repos.
</li>
<li>
<a>
adr-viewer
</a>
- python application to generate a website from a set of ADRs.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
For a more detailed list for tooling for MADR, please head to
<a>
https://adr.github.io/madr/tooling.html
</a>
.
</p>
<h3 id="tooling-related-to-architecture-management">
<a aria-label="Anchor" class="anchorjs-link" data-anchorjs-icon="" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: inherit; font-family: anchorjs-icons; position: absolute; margin-left: -1em; padding-right: 0.5em;">
</a>
Tooling related to architecture management
</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<a>
ArchUnit
</a>
: unit tests for architecture
</li>
<li>
<a>
docToolchain
</a>
: docToolchain is an implementation of the
<a>
docs-as-code
</a>
approach for software architecture plus some additional automation.
</li>
<li>
<a>
Structurizr
</a>
: Structurizr is a collection of tooling to help you visualise, document and explore your software architecture using the
<a>
C4 model
</a>
.
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="interesting-but-unmaintained-tooling">
<a aria-label="Anchor" class="anchorjs-link" data-anchorjs-icon="" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: inherit; font-family: anchorjs-icons; position: absolute; margin-left: -1em; padding-right: 0.5em;">
</a>
Interesting, but unmaintained tooling
</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<a>
adr-log
</a>
: Generates an architectural decision log out of MADRs.
</li>
<li>
<a>
ADMentor
</a>
Architectural Decision Modeling Add-In for
<a>
Sparx Enterprise Architect
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a>
eadlsync
</a>
: Synchronizes embedded architectural decision records with a repository of architectural decisions.
</li>
<li>
<a>
SE Repo
</a>
: Software Engineering Repository. A repository for versioning software engineering artifacts, which can be architectural decisions, patterns, and others.
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="more-information">
<a aria-label="Anchor" class="anchorjs-link" data-anchorjs-icon="" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: inherit; font-family: anchorjs-icons; position: absolute; margin-left: -1em; padding-right: 0.5em;">
</a>
More Information
</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<a>
“An Adoption Model for Architectural Decision Making and Capturing”
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a>
Architectural Decisions — The Making Of
</a>
- provides some history on architecture decision records.
</li>
<li>
<a>
Architectural Decision Records (ADR): Open & Transparent Decision History
</a>
in the Open Practice Library
</li>
<li>
An AWS Prescriptive Guidance recommends
<a>
using architectural decision records to streamline technical decision-making for a software development project
</a>
.
</li>
</ul>
<!-- - [Work by Daniel Popescu](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=dASv28sAAAAJ) -->
<h2 id="contribute">
<a aria-label="Anchor" class="anchorjs-link" data-anchorjs-icon="" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: inherit; font-family: anchorjs-icons; position: absolute; margin-left: -1em; padding-right: 0.5em;">
</a>
Contribute
</h2>
<p>
To improve this page, head to
<a>
https://github.com/adr/adr.github.io
</a>
, edit
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">
index.md
</code>
, and submit a pull request.
</p>
</section>
</div>
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<a>
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