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test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-pro02a | test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-pro02b | The fact that it is a Representative highlights the fact that the EU is based on consultation and consensus, and that is a positive thing. While the new 'EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy' marks only a bold first step towards a more unified voice for the EU, the decisions are indeed still based on... | onal europe politics defence leadership house favours common eu foreign policy Consultation, collaboration and the attempted creation of a common set of values has not worked and is not likely to work. This language is not much different from what we have heard with every attempt the EU has made to push for further pol... |
test-religion-frghbbgi-pro03a | test-religion-frghbbgi-pro03b | The God hypothesis is unnecessary Science provides us with the tools to form a comprehensive view of the Universe which does not include a supernatural being. From Galileo to Darwin to the modern day, scientists have continually uncovered the true natural mechanisms behind the creation and evolution of the universe. T... | faith religion general house believes belief god irrational This is an inaccurate caricature of the relationship between science and religion. In fact most of the great scientists of history, such as Descartes, Newton and Einstein, have been religious believers, and the more we learn about the physical world (e.g. the ... |
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-con01a | test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-con01b | Transparency can result in normalisation While something is secret it is clearly not a normal every day part of government, it is deniable and the assumption is that when it comes to light it has probably been wound up long ago. However making something transparent without winding it up can be a bad thing as it makes ... | ch debate media and good government politics defence government digital freedoms Drones are an unusual example (though not unique) because they are a new form of warfare over which there are few clear rules and norms. This means that making it transparent will create new norms. However in the vast majority of covert op... |
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-pro03a | test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-pro03b | Governments can re-define industry standards by choosing open source software. Economists use the term 'network effect' to describe the phenomenon whereby, as several people use the same communication platform (be it a specific device, such as a telephone, or a complicated service, such as Facebook), it becomes more v... | digital freedoms intellectual property house believes governments should The network effect is more complex than the argument that, if a government uses a product, then its population will too. Firstly, 90% of desktop PCs use Microsoft products; the cost for companies and citizens to transition from Microsoft to an ope... |
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-con02a | test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-con02b | Open source software undermines national security. Even if closed source software firms are ultimately answerable to their shareholders, their shareholders want them to produce software which meets the needs of their customers so that they can sell their products. That is why Microsoft has offered a cheap version of W... | digital freedoms intellectual property house believes governments should This is a matter of national security and sovereignty, as well as one of cost effectiveness. Governments around the world are increasingly shifting their operations online, which has created a vast number of digital tax returns, criminal records, ... |
test-economy-bhahwbsps-pro02a | test-economy-bhahwbsps-pro02b | This ban would lower healthcare costs. The health problems that smokers experience cost taxpayers (where healthcare is provided by the government) or the individual (for private healthcare) a lot of money. Decreasing the number of smokers – as a result of a reduction in both "social smokers" (those who smoke when out ... | business health addiction house would ban smoking public spaces f the government wants to save money, they should not be trying to reduce smoking levels, since smokers are the source of a great deal of tax income. While the NHS might spend some of their money on smokers (whose health issues may or may not be directly t... |
test-health-dhpelhbass-con03a | test-health-dhpelhbass-con03b | Only God can give and take away life Life is Sacred so no one has the right to take a life, this includes ones own. As a result both suicide and assisted suicide are wrong. There are many passages within the bible that speak of the idea that God has appointed a time for all to die, 'Hebrews 9:27, "And as it is appoint... | disease healthcare philosophy ethics life house believes assisted suicide should Were the disposal of human life so much reserved as the peculiar province of the almighty, that it were an encroachment on his right for men to dispose of their own life, it would be equally criminal to act for the preservation of life as ... |
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-con03a | test-politics-oapdhwinkp-con03b | Ignoring North Korea wont resolve the situation While the great powers can try to keep on with business as usual how will this be helpful? The situation is unstable and needs to be resolved which is something that ignoring the North will not do. Commentators thought that the North would collapse as a result of the wit... | onal asia politics defence house would ignore north korean provocations So far engagement has done little to resolve the situation in North Korea either; the regime is practically immune to pressure from those states that are willing to pressurise it. There are occasional hopes that China will put more pressure on Nort... |
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-pro04a | test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-pro04b | Freedom of expression, like any right is fairly meaningless if it's only respected when it's convenient. Recognising rights when there is no inconvenience to anybody involved is verging on the irrelevant. This is, perhaps, especially true, with freedom of expression. If I recognise your right to express yourself freel... | nothing sacred house believes christians should be allowed wear cross Proposition is completely over-reacting. Nobody is stopping the women involved from practising their faith but there is nothing within mainstream Christianity that requires the wearing of a cross as a public statement. Furthermore, a tolerant society... |
test-science-ascidfakhba-pro01a | test-science-ascidfakhba-pro01b | Intellectual property is a legal fiction created for convenience in some instances, but copyright should cease to be protected under this doctrine An individual's idea only truly belongs solely to them so long as it rests in their mind alone. When they disseminate their ideas to the world they put them in the public d... | arts science censorship ip digital freedoms access knowledge house believes all Although ideas are not tangible intellectual property generally, and copyright in particular, is far from a fiction. Rather it is a realization of the hard work and demiurgic force that sparks the generation and fulfilment of artistic endea... |
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-con01a | test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-con01b | Internet regulation is necessary to ensure a safe internet Citizens, corporations, and public organizations face several security threats when online: critical infrastructure systems can be hacked, like the energy transport system, [1] citizens can fall victim to identity theft, [2] and phishing, [3] whereby hackers g... | e internet freedom politics government digital freedoms freedom Internet regulation isn't an effective and legitimate means to create a safe internet Setting up CERTs aren't an effective means to create a safer internet, because most of the threats are a result of 'social engineering', which means that hackers use soc... |
test-education-pshhghwpba0-pro03a | test-education-pshhghwpba0-pro03b | A healthy breakfast improves students concentration Children are in school to learn. To do this they need to concentrate. To be able to concentrate they need to have a balanced meal – one without too much sugar – that will ensure they are not hungry until lunchtime. A child who is hungry is not going to be concentrati... | primary secondary health health general house would provide breakfast all 0 Exactly, the role of the school is to teach children, not to be providing food and using periods of time for this that could be used for lessons. |
test-law-ralhrilglv-con01a | test-law-ralhrilglv-con01b | Criminal defendants don't get to pick and choose trial dates Irrespective of who they are, Kenyatta and Ruto are nothing special – they're just another two criminal defendants. A person who is on trial murder or any other offence, whoever they are, can't pick and choose their trial date for their own convenience or f... | rnational africa law human rights international law government leadership voting Not every defendant is a head of state. While justice should aim to treat all defendants alike, there are some cases where things have to be changed in order to allow states to function. |
test-economy-egecegphw-con02a | test-economy-egecegphw-con02b | Expanding Heathrow would be at the expense of the environment Expanding Heathrow will directly contribute to climate change and make it impossible for the UK to stay within the EU legal limits. The EU has established limits on the levels of harmful pollution and the UK has signed a commitment to reduce Green House Gas... | economy general environment climate environment general pollution house would The former Labour government when considering expansion made it clear that environment would be taken into account when considering the construction of a third run-way so there would be environmental restrictions to make sure that this is not... |
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-con04a | test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-con04b | The public is apathetic to reform. Whether or not reform of the House of Lords should be a top priority in the current economic climate is debateable, let alone whether or not a coalition government would be able to initiate and drive through such measures. Attempts to reform the House of Lords have been delayed time ... | government voting house believes house lords should be reformed The AV campaign cannot be compared to reform to the House of Lords, furthermore one should not mistake a misinformed public due to political spin, with apathy. Often voters express that they are apathetic because they feel that they can't change anything, ... |
test-international-miasimyhw-con01a | test-international-miasimyhw-con01b | Migration reasonings and exploitation. A free labour market perceives migration in a predominantly neoclassical light - people migrate due to pull factors, to balance the imbalance of jobs, people move due to economic laws. However, such a perspective fails to include the complex factors enticing migration and lack of... | ment international africa society immigration minorities youth house would The prevalence of trafficking across Africa today is not new so it is likely a free labour market will make little difference. Further, uncertainty remains as to whether or not the extent of human trafficking is actually rising. With the exact n... |
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-pro04a | test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-pro04b | A lack of transparency can endanger the leader A person is most likely to survive when they have an accident, a heart attack, or some other condition if they get prompt treatment and doctors are aware of any underlying conditions. Mills may well have lived, or lived longer if there had been more transparency about his... | ch debate free speech and privacy health general international africa politics All of these procedures could be put in place even if there is secrecy. Doctors are already committed to patient-doctor confidentiality so are unlikely to tell the press if they are told beforehand to be ready to receive the President. |
test-international-aghbfcpspr-con03a | test-international-aghbfcpspr-con03b | Reparations unfairly target the taxpayers of former colonial powers who had nothing to do with the deeds committed under colonisation. It is unclear who exactly is being punished under this mechanism. Ordering reparations rather than, for example, a public apology from a monarch or government, only serves to harm tax-... | africa global house believes former colonial powers should pay reparations Taxpayers already fund the foreign aid which is distributed habitually [1] [2] ; they are not to blame for a famine in Somalia, for example, but they continue to pay for it [3] . There is frequently a disconnection between the people who pay for... |
test-international-iwiaghbss-con02a | test-international-iwiaghbss-con02b | New countries forged by those fleeing disaster There have been very few countries that have been created in circumstances that are at all similar to that which would happen when island nations are forced to abandon their homeland. The closest parallel is Israel when Jews arrived en mass first because they were promise... | imate water international africa global house believes seychelles should Israel while it may be the only obvious modern example is a terrible analogy. The number of people from small island states is tiny compared to the number of Jews wishing to live in Israel/Palestine. Those from the small island state are unlikely ... |
test-politics-lghwdecm-con02a | test-politics-lghwdecm-con02b | Directly elected mayors provide opportunities for populists. The position of elected mayor is likely to attract populist and maverick candidates, who will seek to capitalise on the unpopularity of party politics with "single issue sloganising, glib promises and headline grabbing" (Ken Walker, Labour leader of Middlesb... | local government house would directly elect city mayors If the position of Mayor is given powers then it will attract a wide range of candidates, which may include extremists. However these candidates are no more likely to win than they would be in any other election. As with any other election voters are likely to vot... |
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-pro01a | test-science-wsihwclscaaw-pro01b | Cyber attacks are no different from traditional attacks The world has developed along with the new digital medium. Lots of crucial business and government services have moved online. While the military modernised in relation to digital developments, a definition of an act of war has not caught up with it yet. It is no... | warpeace science internet house would consider large scale cyber attack act war An important thing about recognising something as an act of war is that it allows countries to retaliate. This includes military retaliation that causes human casualties, and political and economic sanctions, which impose suffering on the c... |
test-health-dhpelhbass-pro01a | test-health-dhpelhbass-pro01b | Every human being has a right to life Perhaps the most basic and fundamental of all our rights. However, with every right comes a choice. The right to speech does not remove the option to remain silent; the right to vote brings with it the right to abstain. In the same way, the right to choose to die is implicit in th... | disease healthcare philosophy ethics life house believes assisted suicide should There is no comparison between the right to life and other rights. When you choose to remain silent, you may change your mind at a later date; when you choose to die, you have no such second chance. Arguments from pro-life groups suggest t... |
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-con01a | test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-con01b | The graduate response policy constitutes an invasion of privacy by the state Graduated response would require huge amounts of monitoring and logging of all internet traffic using technical systems called 'deep packet inspection' (DPI) equipment. This means that a computer program will look in close detail at all of th... | p ip internet digital freedoms intellectual property house would use Graduated response is not a massive privacy violation Firstly, ISPs already use Deep Packet Inspection right now, to engage in what they call 'network management', like checking whether users aren't hogging up bandwidth by downloading too much via pe... |
test-international-segiahbarr-con03a | test-international-segiahbarr-con03b | The Continent is still vulnerable to natural disasters A major road block to development and economic growth in Africa is the prevalence of natural disasters. These disasters commonly affect the poorest and most vulnerable in society, as they are often the ones living in the 'most exposed areas', thus preventing devel... | ss economy general international africa house believes africa really rising In recent years there has been a large amount of aid provided to Africa for the express purpose of climate change adaption, demonstrating a growing awareness to this issue. The UNEP claimed that between 2010 and 2011 it provided several hundred... |
test-politics-cpegiepgh-con01a | test-politics-cpegiepgh-con01b | For Britain to join the single currency is simply unthinkable; jobs will be lost The EU creates economic conditions that threaten jobs. As explained by Anthony Browne in The Euro: Should Britain join?, "Joining the Euro would damage the British economy with 'one size fits all' interest rates, and so destroy jobs."1 Th... | conomic policy economy general international europe politics government house No; Unemployment will rise if Britain stays out of the single currency. Britain's indecision over joining the single currency has already discouraged foreign investors from doing business with her, and this will only worsen if she stays out, ... |
test-international-epglghbni-pro05a | test-international-epglghbni-pro05b | Economic efficiency A Unified Ireland would be better off economically. "Ireland is too small for two separate administrations….There is a draw towards the greater integration of services, structures and bodies on an all-Ireland basis in order to deliver quality services and economies of scale." – Martin McGuinness, D... | europe politics government local government house believes northern ireland If you were to adopt a federal system, which would best please Unionists, the systems would not integrate very much anyway as Northern Irish 'states' would want their own state constitution and have separate judiciary to the rest of Ireland, as... |
test-economy-bepighbdb-con02a | test-economy-bepighbdb-con02b | Development is about more than economic growth Amartya Sen has argued that "the removal of substantial unfreedoms […] is constitutive of development [in so far as give people] the opportunity of exercising their reasoned agency [1] ". In a broader sense, democracy is necessary for a developed society because a precond... | business economic policy international global house believes dictatorship best Certain economic standards have to be met to genuinely satisfy individual autonomy and freedom. If economic growth is a necessity for democracy, dictatorships are better at gaining the required growth. If dictatorships grow faster while not ... |
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-con03a | test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-con03b | The graduated response is a violation of the basic right to due process Detection of copyright infringement isn't usually done by a detective sitting behind a computer. It relies on software like automated crawlers and fingerprinting, often created by commercial vendors and hired by the copyright holders. This softwar... | p ip internet digital freedoms intellectual property house would use Graduated response can be done prudently Many companies have 'Terms of Agreement', violation of which automatically leads to cancellation of service. Suppose you don't pay your library subscription for a year: no one would complain of 'lack of due pr... |
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-con03a | test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-con03b | The government has no right to prevent children from doing what they enjoy and are good at Many child performers would undoubtedly protest if their right to perform were taken away from them, and justly so. This can be seen in quotes from the likes of Roddy McDowall, who said in an interview in 1963 that he "had a par... | media modern culture television youth sport house would ban child performers Children might feel as if their rights are being taken away, but there is a reason why children are not given free reign over the way they live their lives. Governments have already stepped in to prevent children from endangering their health ... |
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-con01a | test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-con01b | Making children military targets The purpose of the ban on the use of child soldiers is to prevent the normalisation of such tactics in conflict zones. It is not an inflexible implementation of a lofty European ideal. The ban, and the role of the ICC in enforcing it, is designed to reduce the likelihood that civilians... | traditions law human rights international law society family house would require The purpose of the resolution is not to eliminate conflict in the developing world. Side proposition are merely seeking to remove the harmful side effects of the way in which the use of child soldiers is currently prosecuted – the risk of ... |
test-economy-fiahwpamu-pro04a | test-economy-fiahwpamu-pro04b | Rebuilding agricultural systems Africa is faced with an agrarian crisis. Microfinance is providing rural communities a chance to gain food security and reduce vulnerability to risks such as climate change, unstable demand, and political tensions. Microfinance supports small scale agriculture – which is more sustainabl... | finance international africa house would provide access microfinance unbanked There is a need to reinvigorate Africa's agricultural system; however, the ability for microfinance to do this is debatable. The distribution of loans is not necessarily adequate or responsive to the need. The loans provided need to be able t... |
test-international-iiahwagit-pro05a | test-international-iiahwagit-pro05b | The justice system does not currently work A major failing in current anti-poaching operations is that the poachers are rarely prosecuted. African legal systems rarely prioritise poaching as a serious crime, with offenders usually receiving trivial fines1. One of the major reasons for the Western black rhinoceros' ext... | imals international africa house would african government implement tougher Deterrents in the criminal justice system have not worked in similar cases. The US drug war, which identified a specific activity and made it a matter of national security, has resulted in harsh sentences for those who deal or smuggle illicit s... |
test-health-hdond-con04a | test-health-hdond-con04b | People may have valid religious reasons not to donate organs Many major religions, such as some forms of Orthodox Judaism {Haredim Issue}, specifically mandate leaving the body intact after death. To create a system that aims to strongly pressure people, with the threat of reduced priority for life-saving treatment, t... | healthcare deny organs non donors In reality, the majority of faiths that ban organ donation, and all of the faiths that feel particularly strongly about it, such as certain branches of the Jehovah's Witness with regard to blood transfusions {Blood – Vital for Life}, also ban accepting foreign organs. In such cases, pr... |
test-economy-eptpghdtre-pro01a | test-economy-eptpghdtre-pro01b | Bush squandered an extraordinary economic legacy on tax cuts for the wealthy and too expensive and unnecessary wars. The Clinton legacy was one of extraordinary economic health including an enormous $4,000 billion surplus. This could have been used to improve services and create jobs. Instead the Bush administration s... | economic policy tax politics government house doesnt trust republicans economy The logic behind tax cuts is two-fold. The first is that it isn't the government's money, it belongs to the people who worked hard to earn it. The second is that cash in people's pockets acts as a stimulus to the economy which it doesn't sit... |
test-economy-thhghwhwift-pro01a | test-economy-thhghwhwift-pro01b | An individual's BMI is no longer a purely personal matter The obesity epidemic is taking an enormous toll on global medical costs. In the US alone the health care costs attributable to either direct or indirect consequences of obesity have been estimated at $147bn. [1] Put into context, this amounts to roughly 9% of t... | tax health health general healthcare weight house would implement fat tax An important source of extravagant medical spending around the world, especially in the US, can be traced to inherent inefficiencies of current medical care systems. [1] And the current trends show the situation to be worsening. It is thus impos... |
test-international-ipecfiepg-pro03a | test-international-ipecfiepg-pro03b | A Greek default would increase stability for the rest of the Eurozone A Greek exit from the 'Eurozone does not mean the end of the euro. It will, instead, mark a new beginning. Germany has a long and proud tradition of currency strength, but it could not cope with going back to the deutschmark because it would rocket ... | ic policy eurozone crisis finance international europe politics government Greece's default will not decrease uncertainty. If anything, the perceived risk of investing in other Eurozone members suffering from their own debt problems like Italy, Spain, Portugal and Ireland would rocket sky-high. The Eurozone project as ... |
test-environment-assgbatj-pro05a | test-environment-assgbatj-pro05b | It would send out a consistent message Most countries have animal welfare laws to prevent animal cruelty but have laws like the UK's Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, [10] that stop animal testing being a crime. This makes means some people can do things to animals, but not others. If the government are seriou... | animals science science general ban animal testing junior There is a moral difference between harm for the sake of harming an animal and harm in order to save lives. Lifesaving drugs is a very different purpose to betting or enjoyment that animal welfare laws are aimed at. |
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-con01a | test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-con01b | This is a victory for democracy – a precious Filipino value - clear majorities in both houses and in the wider public support it Opposition have conveniently glossed over one critical issue in this debate – that the RH Bill has significant popular support [i] . It also, as has been demonstrated that a majority of elec... | church marriage religions society gender family house believes reproductive Opposition have conveniently glossed over one critical issue in this debate – that the RH Bill has significant popular support [i] . It also, as has been demonstrated that a majority of elected representatives support it. In itself these two fa... |
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-pro01a | test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-pro01b | The head of state/government must be accountable to the people Secrecy in relation to the leader's health shows a distrust or distain of the electorate. Not being open about health issues almost invariably means that the administration is lying to those who elected them, those who they are accountable to. A couple of ... | ch debate free speech and privacy health general international africa politics If a candidate has a condition during an election campaign then there is a clear right to know when the electorate is making the decision. But does such a right to know apply at other times when it will make no difference to the people? Ther... |
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-con01a | test-science-wsihwclscaaw-con01b | Cyber attacks are often carried out by non-state actors Cyber attacks are often carried out by non-state actors, such as cyberterrorists or hacktivists (social activists who hack), without any involvement of the actual state. For instance, in 2007 a massive cyber attack launched on Estonia was blamed on Russia due to ... | warpeace science internet house would consider large scale cyber attack act war In case of non-state actors attack, many practitioners in international law agree that the state can still retaliate in self-defence if another state is 'unwilling or unable to take effective action' to deal with attacks coming from within ... |
test-international-aegmeppghw-con01a | test-international-aegmeppghw-con01b | The geographical definition of Europe must be limited and does not include Turkey There is no obvious and widely accepted geographical definition of a frontier to Europe. Is Russia a European country? Are Georgia and Armenia? Are Cyprus and Malta? The fact that the Mediterranean country Italy became a member of a regi... | americas europe global middle east politics politics general house would Turkey is not a European country - 95% of the nation's landmass is on the wrong side of the Hellespont, in Asia. If Turkey is allowed into the European Union, not only would the institution's very name become nonsensical, but it would be impossibl... |
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-pro05a | test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-pro05b | Transparency prevents public relations disasters Transparency is necessary to avoid public relations disasters; particularly in countries where the media has some freedom to investigate for themselves. It is clearly the best policy for the military to make sure all the information is released along with the reasons be... | ch debate media and good government politics defence government digital freedoms This is clearly not always the case. Often transparency means that the public becomes aware when there is little need for them to know. There had been previous nuclear accidents that had caused no damage, and had not been noticed, such as ... |
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-con02a | test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-con02b | It is a basic principle of journalism that sources should be checked and verified by another, independent, source. British Foreign Secretary William Hague has pointed out that the actions of Wikileaks put British lives at risk. [1] Congressman Peter King described the mass leaking of documents as "Worse even than a ph... | free challenge house believes julian assange journalist The source material is at least open to scrutiny, and anyone can decide if it appears to be genuine. Equally many serious journalists take Assange and the rest of the Wikileaks team seriously enough and have no difficulty with trusting the stories put forward. If... |
test-culture-mthbah-pro04a | test-culture-mthbah-pro04b | Advertisements try to make people feel bad about not having the product Many adverts do more than just advertising products. Some try to make people feel inferior if they don't have the product, or if they have something which the product would change. Perceptions of beauty and fashion in particular have been terribly... | media television house believes advertising harmful The media and celebrity magazines do much more harm, by mocking unattractive or overweight people, and glorifying models who are often dangerously thin. Adverts never criticise people - that would be terrible for the companies behind them. Their aim is to understand a... |
test-international-iighbopcc-con01a | test-international-iighbopcc-con01b | Sovereign states should be allowed to set their own targets and be trusted to meet them States are sovereign entities meaning that only they have power within their borders and climate change should not be a cause for groups of countries meddling in the business of others. Each state making its own commitment and then... | imate international global house believes outcome paris climate conference Sovereignty is often taken to mean that states can do what they like without interference. This is not the kind of mentality that will help solve climate change or ensure that this deal sticks. Unfortunately climate change is a global issue wher... |
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-pro01a | test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-pro01b | Vulnerable to unrest Relying on tourism ensures that the economy is at the mercy of unrest. The violence and break down in law and order following the Tunisian revolution resulted in a notable decrease in tourists as tourists were unwilling to visit an area which they view as dangerous. This is demonstrated by the foo... | business economic policy africa house believes tunisia should not rely tourism The long term affects that instability have on industries such as tourism is overstated. Since the Tunisian revolution, there has been a continued effort by Salafists to attack tourist destinations. However, tourism has recovered from the lo... |
test-international-ssiarcmhb-pro02a | test-international-ssiarcmhb-pro02b | Going back on this rule would promote casual sex Condoning the use of barrier methods of contraception would be implicitly condoning casual sex since their primary function is within that context. This is particularly important since the Catholic Church's teachings on casual sex are not taken particularly seriously al... | sex sexuality international africa religion church morality house believes More casual sex with barrier contraception is preferable to the current amount without contraception. The amount of consensual sex is not going to change no matter what the church teaches. As long as the use of barrier contraception was promoted... |
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-con04a | test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-con04b | Leaving the EU will mean the UK will have less regional influence Like it or not the UK is a part of Europe geographically and as such the countries that are most important to UK foreign policy are also in Europe. Leaving the EU will damage relations with those powers that are currently a part of the EU, and potential... | onal europe politics leadership house believes uk would have more influence The UK will still be part of Europe just not in the EU. It will still be a member of a plethora of other organisations; NATO, OSCE, Council of Europe, European free trade area. Countries like France and Germany are not going to stop listening t... |
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-pro02a | test-law-sdiflhrdffe-pro02b | Democracies have an obligation to shield these people and to encourage further dissent The universality of human rights, of the freedom of speech and of due process is all touted as crucial by the world's democracies. Democratic countries are frequently vocal on the subject of liberty, on the superiority of their syst... | speech debate internet freedom law human rights digital freedoms freedom expression A democracy's first duty must always be to the citizens that elect it, not to foreign dissidents. Their duty therefore is to be engaging with these regimes to the benefit of their own citizens; through encouraging trade relations for ex... |
test-health-dhghwapgd-pro02a | test-health-dhghwapgd-pro02b | Allowing production of generic drugs saves lives, particularly in the developing world Many developing countries are fraught with terrible disease. Much of Africa and Asia are devastated by malaria, and in many parts of Africa AIDS is a horrendous scourge, infecting large percentages of many countries populations. For... | disease health general house would allow production generic drugs Allowing the sale of generic drugs will not help the plight of the developing world. Many drug companies invest substantial amounts of money, gleaned from the sale of profitable dugs in the developed world, into researching treatments for the developing ... |
test-health-dhpelhbass-con02a | test-health-dhpelhbass-con02b | If someone is threatening to kill themselves it is your moral duty to try to stop them Those who commit suicide are not evil, and those who attempt to take their own lives are not prosecuted. However, it is your moral duty to try and prevent people from committing suicide. You would not, for example, simply ignore a m... | disease healthcare philosophy ethics life house believes assisted suicide should Society recognises that suicide is unfortunate but acceptable in some circumstances – those who end their own lives are not seen as evil. It seems odd that it is a crime to assist a non-crime. The illegality of assisted suicide is therefor... |
test-politics-dhwem-con01a | test-politics-dhwem-con01b | PMCs have an interest in conflict. ncreased reliance on mercenaries is destabilising in the long term. It allows invaders and local governments to feel that they can get away with not providing sufficiently trained or numerous security forces because there are men on the ground. It also means that the most influential... | defence house would employ mercenaries PMCs do not really have an interest in conflicts never ending. Like any other organisation in a conflict zone they lose men and material while carrying out their missions. They may wish there to be an environment where they can still be useful but this does not mean stoking a conf... |
test-international-aghwrem-con04a | test-international-aghwrem-con04b | Vested international interest are harming Myanmar Certain members of the international community, especially regional players like China and India, have tended to ignore questions of legitimacy of the regime for economic and political benefits. While this may be beneficial to them in the short term, it is very harmful... | asia global house would re engage myanmar Regional players like China and India are interested in border security and internal stability for Myanmar. There is no basis to say that their political and commercial relationship with Myanmar must necessarily be for short-term benefit. It is unfair to compare Myanmar with We... |
test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-con01a | test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-con01b | Community radio just gives a megaphone to extremists. Experience suggests that the airwaves, unregulated, tend to attract pedagogues seeking followers more than democrats seeking the views of others. Particularly in areas of high sectarian divisions, technologies that propagate the views of every mullah with a mic are... | media and good government house believes community radio good Opposition is letting state-sanctioned media off the hook fantastically lightly. Just staying within the Arab world, the number of broadcasters that sully the name of journalism by acting as apologists for butchers and torturers is astonishing. One example o... |
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro01a | test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro01b | Being a performer limits a child's formal education Spending so much time either performing or training limits the amount of formal education the child can receive. For example, in the UK and other countries, child performers are only required to be educated for three hours each day. [1] Additionally, the focus on th... | media modern culture television youth sport house would ban child performers It is entirely possible for child performers to achieve high grades. For example, Jodie Foster graduated magna cum laude from Yale University, despite having been a child star. [1] Child performers who spend a lot of hours on-set will also hav... |
test-economy-beplcpdffe-con04a | test-economy-beplcpdffe-con04b | Other forms of online gambling What is the difference between gambling and playing the stock market? In each case people are putting money at risk in the hope of a particular outcome. Gambling on horse-racing or games involves knowledge and expertise that can improve your chances of success. In the same way, trading i... | business economic policy law crime policing digital freedoms freedom expression Gambling is quite different from buying stocks and shares. With the stock market investors are buying a stake in an actual company. This share may rise or fall in value, but so can a house or artwork. In each case there is a real asset that... |
test-international-ghbunhf-pro01a | test-international-ghbunhf-pro01b | : Main purpose of UN, to prevent war, has clearly not been achieved. The UN was set up with the express purpose of preventing global wars, yet it has done absolutely nothing to prevent them. Indeed, the UN has often served merely as a forum for countries to abuse and criticise each other, rather than resolve disputes ... | global house believes united nations has failed It is unfair to say that the United Nations has failed just because conflict has not been eradicated from the world. The causes that drive nations to war with one another often cannot be resolved by diplomatic means; to set global peace as the test for the UN's efficiency... |
test-international-siacphbnt-pro03a | test-international-siacphbnt-pro03b | Technology is building a platform for sharing ideas. Entrepreneurialism can be encouraged through an awareness, and sharing, of new ideas. The technological revolution has provided a platform for personal expression, delivery of up-to-date news, and the vital sharing of local ideas and thoughts. In Nigeria the Co-Crea... | ss international africa computers phones house believes new technologies Such platforms are known, and accessible, by a minority within Africa - limiting who benefits from the technology available. Rising entrepreneurs across Africa typically are able to access resources required and network their ideas, whilst a major... |
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-pro03a | test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-pro03b | Overseas competition Tunisia's tourism industry is at risk from overseas competition. International tourism is a very competitive market, relying on the industry is therefore an illogical policy. Tunisia is already being undercut on prices by other countries despite its low fees. Morocco, Spain and Turkey can afford t... | business economic policy africa house believes tunisia should not rely tourism The majority of modern economic industries have to face overseas competition. Tunisia, like its North African neighbours, was convinced in the 1990s to emplace neo-liberal reforms in return for increased lending from the World Bank and other... |
test-international-apwhbaucmip-pro01a | test-international-apwhbaucmip-pro01b | The Solemn Declaration The Solemn Declaration did not just highlight the goal but also that it would be achieved through three techniques: by 1, addressing the causes of conflicts – economic and social disparities, strengthening judicial systems to ensure accountability, and reaffirming collective responsibility, 2, p... | africa politics warpeace house believes african union can meet its pledge Having a system is useless if it is not sufficiently funded to fulfil its objectives, at the moment the AU does not provide sufficient funding for peacekeeping. [1] Moreover, reaction does not prevent war - just shortens it and reduces the inten... |
test-education-udfakusma-pro04a | test-education-udfakusma-pro04b | Students would be able to benefit from being able to use resources at other universities Having paid for access to universities and the materials they provide for research students have a right to expect that they will have all the necessary materials available. Unfortunately this is not always the case. University li... | university digital freedoms access knowledge universities should make all Most students most of the time stick to the core areas of their course and thus are not likely to encounter difficulties with finding the relevant information. For those who do require resources that the university library does not have access to... |
test-economy-beghwbh-pro01a | test-economy-beghwbh-pro01b | Fastest possible transportation over a short distance Public transportation has not been getting much faster over the last few decades. The fastest method of transport, supersonic jets in the form of Concorde ceased operation in October 2003. [1] Even if at some point a new generation of supersonic planes are built th... | business economy general house would build hyperloop People are not always interested in the fastest possible option; they often want comfort as well. Trains allow riders to work or relax as well as travel the Hyperloop has little space for passengers to move around in. This means that passengers may actually be more p... |
test-politics-oapghwliva-pro01a | test-politics-oapghwliva-pro01b | The present system of earmarking in Congress is wide open to abuse. The party leaderships in each house can use the offer of pork, or the threat to withhold it to enforce party discipline. "Logrolling" occurs whereby an earmark is obtained in return for support on an unrelated piece of legislation. All this leads to le... | onal americas politics government house wants line item veto amendment There are other means by which cutting earmarks could be achieved, without the drastic step of mutilating the work of the Founding Fathers. For a start, Congress could just ban the use of earmarks, unfortunately an attempt in 2010 was defeated 39-56... |
test-law-cplgpshwdp-con02a | test-law-cplgpshwdp-con02b | We already recognise that we cannot place complete trust in juries. Although we recognise that juries can provide valuable insight and represent the will of the general public in court cases [1] (and especially the communities in which the crimes occurred [2] ), there is also recognition that juries can be subject to ... | crime policing law general punishment society house would disclose previous Better training for jurors could easily override this problem. If we continue to use juries as an essential part of the justice system, it is important to make sure that they are as well-informed as possible. Ensuring that they are blind to the... |
test-international-apwhbaucmip-con01a | test-international-apwhbaucmip-con01b | War is in human nature War and conflict between groups is in human nature. As Hobbes famously wrote "the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short… Nature should thus dissociate and render men apt to invade and destroy one another". [1] Although the motives have changed, conflict has been a constant throu... | africa politics warpeace house believes african union can meet its pledge While we know that so long as there has been recorded history there has been war, we do not know that war is a part of human nature. Indeed there is some evidence that it is not. Research by Abo Academy University has found that primitive societi... |
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-con02a | test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-con02b | Policing and financing the system is unmanageable If a large proportion of the population decided not to vote it would be impossible to make every non-voter pay the fine. For example, if just 10% of the UK voters failed to do so the government would have to chase up about £4 million in fines. Even if they sent demand ... | y political philosophy politics government voting house would make voting Because mandatory voting means that no large campaign funds are needed to goad voters to the polls, the role of money in politics will decrease. Compulsory voting will reduce spending such as campaign spending on voter turnout. It can also lead t... |
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-pro02a | test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-pro02b | Boycotting Euro 2012 will highlight Ukraine's backsliding on human rights European leaders must take a stand on human rights in their own back yard if they are to be taken seriously on the issue anywhere in the world. There are numerous human rights abuses in Ukraine; migrants "risk abusive treatment and arbitrary det... | olympics team sports house would boycott euro 2012 ukraine unless yulia timoshenko Boycotting the football will not highlight Ukraine's human rights abuses any more than they already have been by the international press as a result of the calls to boycott. Whether leaders boycott or not the human rights abuses have bee... |
test-international-siacphbnt-pro04a | test-international-siacphbnt-pro04b | Changing education systems and democracy. Technology has enabled access to e-books and resources for students and teachers [1] . Such changes have enabled improved efficiency in teaching, with the availability of up-to-date resources and awareness of relevant theories. Furthermore, the ease by which students are able ... | ss international africa computers phones house believes new technologies Despite programs distributing technology into schools does the availability of technology provides future benefits? Having a tablet does not ensure teachers are well-trained to assist and guide the children. Without proper oversight it might prove... |
test-education-pstrgsehwt-con04a | test-education-pstrgsehwt-con04b | Creationism is a religious, not a scientific, explanation of reality. Creationism is, by definition, not science. It is not based in any empirical evidence. Rather, Creationists start with a presupposed answer and work back from it. They assume there is a designer, so they look for holes in evolutionary theory and cla... | primary secondary teaching religion god science evolution house would teach Creationism is a legitimate scientific endeavor. Researchers struck by the apparent design in organisms look for evidence of that design. There is nothing pseudoscientific in that. There are many issues that evolution cannot explain, but which ... |
test-science-cpisydfphwj-pro01a | test-science-cpisydfphwj-pro01b | Facebook encourages socialisation One of the most crucial elements in any child's development is the ability to socialize with peers. By having a large circle of friends to talk to and share interests, the child gains trust, self-esteem and self-confidence. If you have people to talk to when you have a problem, it is ... | computers phones internet society youth digital freedoms privacy house would join On this point, there are two levels of analysis which will demonstrate that, at the end of the day, Facebook has a detrimental effect on one's social abilities. First of all, of course having a lot of friends has numerous advantages and ... |
test-society-epiasghbf-con02a | test-society-epiasghbf-con02b | Women need alternatives for empowerment Empowerment cannot be gained for women through employment, alternatives are required. A gender lens needs to be applied to women's life course from the start. To tackle the discriminatory causes of gender inequality access to sexual and reproductive health rights is required for... | economic policy international africa society gender house believes feminisation How we define empowerment is broad - encompassing all changes that women are able to make, through agency, to tackle their subordinate position. Therefore labour force participation does provide empowerment. Labour participation provides an... |
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-pro02a | test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-pro02b | A bargaining chip In much the same way that material investment in countries can be used as a bargaining chip to secure improvements in areas of legislation, so cultural investment can be used to secure rights associated with related fields of endeavour. Free speech is merely the most obvious. It is reasonable for a w... | university free speech debate free know house believes western universities A bargaining chip, by definition needs to be part of a bargain. Using it to demand a change in the structure of the state as a whole is hardly reaching a bargain – it's dictating a fiat. An invitation from a country to a university is a big ste... |
test-international-iiahwagit-con01a | test-international-iiahwagit-con01b | African countries have little money to spare Africa has some of the least developed countries in the world, making extensive protection of endangered animals unviable. Many African countries are burdened by the more pressing issues of civil war, large debts, poverty, and economic underdevelopment. [1] These factors al... | imals international africa house would african government implement tougher There are numerous sponsors who contribute towards animal protection schemes, reducing the government's burden. Private wildlife custodians spend significant sums of money ensuring they are fully equipped to deal with poachers. There are also p... |
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-pro03a | test-science-wsihwclscaaw-pro03b | Currently there is no way to legally respond to cyber attacks by other states Currently international law on how a state can respond to cyber attacks by another state is lacking: it only covers cyber attacks during armed conflicts or those are tantamount to an armed conflict [15]. An attacked state thus has no legitim... | warpeace science internet house would consider large scale cyber attack act war While a modification to international law is needed in terms of acknowledging the gravity of cyber attacks, it does not mean that these should be considered acts of war. There are many things that states do that other states do not like and... |
test-economy-beghwbh-pro02a | test-economy-beghwbh-pro02b | The Hyperloop is comparatively cheap The Hyperloop would be cheap to build. The pods themselves would only cost $1.35million each, the pressurised tube just $650million (or double if wanting vehicles), with only two stations their cost would only be $250million. The biggest cost would be the construction of the pylons... | business economy general house would build hyperloop Less than $6billion seems to be suspiciously low. Some land would undoubtedly need to be purchased if only to allow for less tight corners. Added to this there would still be delays due to the need for permits for noise, light and vibration which will mean rising cos... |
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-con03a | test-religion-msgfhwbamec-con03b | The state should not be allowed to intrude in such personal matters Matters relating to how individuals conduct themselves in a private and consensual environment are arguably not the concern of the state. This extends to how people get married and within which tradition, religion or denomination. European states are ... | marriage society gender family house would ban arranged marriages eu countries When the harm spills over into society, the personal becomes public. Arranged marriages do pose provable harms to the women of diaspora communities in the European Union. In such situations where vulnerable individuals are at risk, the state... |
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-con01a | test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-con01b | Violent imagery can serve different purposes. Calls for a ban on music that references or glorifies violence are frequently based on an overly simplistic understanding of contemporary and popular musical genres. It is instructive that the loudest voices of protest raised against violent content in hip hop and rock mus... | living difference house would ban music containing lyrics glorify Hip hop is a diverse genre. The quote that opened this discussion is taken from a song by the English surrealist rapper Scroobius Pip. His albums cover themes entirely different from those found in "gangsta" rap. Similarly, artists such as MIA, Optimus R... |
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-con04a | test-sport-aastshsrqsar-con04b | Racial quotas don't develop new players The quota system could lead to moving players from the regional teams who generally have less non-white players pilfering them from other unions, rather "Home growing" them [1] . Former Springboks coach Peter de Villiers, the first non-white person in that role, has described q... | ational africa sport team sports house supports racial quotas south african rugby Even if it doesn't increase the numbers at the grass roots and youth levels, it will create more players who can be selected by the provinces for Currie Cup competition. This, in turn, could give more non-white players the development and... |
test-politics-eppghwlrba-con04a | test-politics-eppghwlrba-con04b | Effective gun control is not achievable in democratic states with a tradition of civilian gun ownership Much like the failure of the prohibition era to stop alcohol consumption, trying to restrict the use of guns that are already widely owned and prevalent in a society is an impossible task. [1] The people who intend... | eneral politics politics general house would limit right bear arms Limited restrictions on ownership and use are different in nature to absolute prohibition and are more easily enforced. Statistical analysis shows that that gun control laws do have a deterrent effect on firearm deaths and that the magnitude of the eff... |
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-pro01a | test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-pro01b | The EU has already been unifying on multiple fronts, this is just a step in the same direction. The EU has slowly been building up its own common military framework, with the UK and France leading the effort to pool European military capacity. In addition, the EU itself has created new institutional bodies such as the... | onal europe politics defence leadership house favours common eu foreign policy The very creation of a common military framework has been fraught with disagreement. The UK and France have only been willing to cooperate bilaterally and outside the EU framework, within a set of nationally-framed security interests. Both s... |
test-international-aghwrem-pro04a | test-international-aghwrem-pro04b | Disengagement has done more harm than good in the region The policy of disengagement has not resulted in any meaningful change in Myanmar, politically or economically. Since Myanmar has not been dependent on the US or the EU, sanctions and arms embargoes have not had any effect on the government. The changes in 2010-2... | asia global house would re engage myanmar While the policy of disengagement may not have achieved all its goals, it has brought to the forefront a moral standard by which the government can be judged. This has helped frame global opinion and influenced regional players' attitudes to Myanmar as well to some extent. More... |
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-pro01a | test-law-hrilpgwhwr-pro01b | The ICC allows for the prosecution of war criminals. Law-abiding states like the United States that have yet to ratify the ICC should have nothing to fear if they behave lawfully. The Prosecutor of the ICC is only concerned with the most grave offences and it defies belief that the US would approve a strategy of genoc... | human rights international law politics government warpeace house would recognise The ICC's ability to prosecute war criminals is both overstated and simplistic. It has no force of its own, and must rely on its member states to hand over criminals wanted for prosecution. This leads to cases like that of Serbia, where w... |
test-science-dssghsdmd-pro04a | test-science-dssghsdmd-pro04b | Strategic missile defense technology is substantially more advanced and discriminating in application than nuclear weapons, making potential future wars less potentially devastating An operational national missile defense system renders nuclear weapons, and intercontinental ballistic missiles generally, obsolete. When... | defence science science general house supports development missile defence Conventional war is a nasty thing, and can be just as destructive as nuclear war, if not as immediate. The threat of war is only increased with the breaking down of MAD, as countries will be able to engage one another without fear of the existen... |
test-economy-fiahwpamu-con03a | test-economy-fiahwpamu-con03b | Debt cycles and the curse of microfinance Microfinance is incorporating free market ideologies and subprime (lending to those who may not be able to repay) lending at a smaller scale. Unstable crises' form as a result, and debt is intensified for the poorest - of which are given access to credit they are not able to r... | finance international africa house would provide access microfinance unbanked Africa's microfinance schemes can be different, and are fundamentally different. Across Africa there is a history of informal lending. Microfinance is not new, but rather embedded in traditional practices. This means communities are aware of ... |
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-pro01a | test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-pro01b | The Identity and History of the United States are intrinsically linked to the English Language From its very founding, English was the common language of the United States, and full participation in the national life was dependent on the ability to speak it. Theodore Roosevelt himself once noted that "We have one lang... | culture general education education general house would make english official English is the de facto official language of the United States already and that is not under threat at this time. There is no prospect of it being replaced with Swahili and of children three generations in the future being unable to read the ... |
test-science-sghwbdgmo-pro01a | test-science-sghwbdgmo-pro01b | Genetically modified food is too new and little researched to be allowed for public use. There are two problems associated with scientifically testing the impact of genetically modifying food. The first is that 'Peer review' (the checking of scientific test results by fellow scientists) is often made impossible by the... | science general house would ban development genetically modified organisms This debate should be decided on the basis of hard facts, not woolly assertions and environmental sentiment. Until scientific tests show there to be some real risk of harm from farming and eating GM food there is no case for a ban or a moratoriu... |
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-con04a | test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-con04b | Masculinity The problem with leaving the painting, the spear, up is that to many young men President Zuma symbolises what excessive wealth can 'buy' you. He is the figure head of the nation, the pinnacle of capitalism and masculinity, of which the penis and sex are instrumental in this image. By leaving the painting u... | reputation and defamation house believes spear should have remained The painting should remain hanging as a reminder to young men that society is noting the particularly high prevalence of cases of rape, that are committed by all peoples within society, from the bottom to the top. This is not to argue that the Presiden... |
test-law-sdfclhrppph-pro03a | test-law-sdfclhrppph-pro03b | It may be necessary in the interests of national security The Government must protect its citizens from foreign enemies and internal enemies - thus freedom of speech can be acceptably curtailed during times of war in order to prevent propaganda and spying which might undermine the national interest. This has happened ... | speech debate free challenge law human rights philosophy political philosophy house The ends do not justify the means. The government may well wish to suppress publication of information that would be prejudicial to its success in the next elections or its war campaign, but it's in the public interest to know about the... |
test-education-pstrgsehwt-pro04a | test-education-pstrgsehwt-pro04b | Creationism is as valid a scientific theory as those of evolution and abiogenesis, and should therefore be given equal time in the classroom. Creationism can be drawn as an entirely reasonable scientific hypothesis, and it forms a coherent theory of the origin and development of life that opposes the naturalist theori... | primary secondary teaching religion god science evolution house would teach Creationism is not science. It makes no predictions that can be tested in the laboratory or field. Adherents of Creationism do not accept it because of evidence, but rather they shape disparate facts to fit their beliefs. That is the opposite o... |
test-education-pshhghwpba0-con01a | test-education-pshhghwpba0-con01b | Nutrition is the parents responsibility Parents are responsible for their children, and this includes responsibility for their meals. The parent has had to provide meals up until the start of school. They know their own child's preferences there is little reason for this to change. Splitting responsibility between par... | primary secondary health health general house would provide breakfast all 0 The split in responsibility under this proposal is clear; school provides breakfast, parents other meals. This split ensures that even if the parent is shirking their responsibility the child will receive some nutrition. |
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro04a | test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro04b | Reduces growth of tobacco Less people smoking means less tobacco being purchased – something that would contribute to the reduction in the tobacco industry. The industry is known for its exploitative labour practices, from child labour (80,000 children in Malawi work in tobacco farming, can result in nicotine poisonin... | addiction healthcare international africa house believes ghanas ban smoking public Yes, tobacco is harmful – but is it really a benefit to remove economic activity, which people choose to do? Labour abuses occur in other industries – but that's an argument for increased labour protections and economic development, not ... |
test-education-udfakusma-pro03a | test-education-udfakusma-pro03b | Openness benefits research and the economy Open access can be immensely beneficial for research. It increases the speed of access to publications and opens research up to a wider audience. [1] Some of the most important research has been made much more accessible due to open access. The Human Genome Project would have... | university digital freedoms access knowledge universities should make all Open access makes little difference to research. If an academic needs to use an article they don't have access to they can pay for it and gain access quickly and efficiently. The benefits to the economy may also be overstated; we don't know how ... |
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-pro04a | test-international-aahwstdrtfm-pro04b | Cannot avoid dealing with a UNSC member The PRC is a member of the United Nations Security Council and as such is one of the key members of the UN. It is therefore difficult for countries to avoid dealing with it. The Pacific island of Tonga's switched recognition because it feared the PRC would veto its membership of... | africa asia house would sao tome drop relations taiwan favour mainland São Tomé is not a large country; it is unlikely to have interests that are threatened by the kind of resolutions the UNSC makes unless it is itself the subject. Moreover Beijing has not let the lack of recognition undermine relations with the remain... |
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